Kejahatan Korporasi Tinjauan Perspektif Restoratif

KEJAHATAN KORPORASI MASA KINI DAN YANG AKAN DATANG: TINJAUAN
PERSPEKTIF RESTORATIF
Dedi Vitriyanto
Mahasiswa Pasca Sarjana Kajian Ilm K!"#lisian
Uni$!rsi%as In&#n!sia' Ja(ar%a
Email : $i%ri)an%#&!&i*)ah##+c#m
Abstrak
Korporasi sebagai badan hukum sudah tentu memiliki identitas hukum tersendiri. Identitas hukum suatu korporasi atau
perusahaan terpisah dari identitas hukum para pemegang sahamnya, direksi, maupun organ-organ lainnya. Dalam kaidah
hukum perdata (civil law), jelas ditetapkan bahwa suatu korporasi atau badan hukum merukapan subjek hukum perdata dapat
melakukan aktivitas jual beli, dapat membuat perjanjian atau kontrak dengan pihak lain, serta dapat menuntut dan dituntut di
pengadilan dalam hubungan keperdataan. ara pemegang saham menikmati keuntungan yang diperoleh dari konsep tanggung
jawab terbatas, dan kegiatan korporasi berlangsung terus-menerus, dalam arti bahwa keberadaannya tidak akan berubah
meskipun ada penambahan anggota-anggota ,ar a%a ,!rh!n%in)a a%a m!nin--aln)a an--#%a.an--#%a )an- a&a+ Namn
sam"ai saa% ini' (#ns!" pertanggungjawaban pidana oleh korporasi sebagai pribadi (corporate criminal liability) merupakan hal
yang masih mengundang perdebatan. !anyak pihak yang tidak mendukung pandangan bahwa suatu korporsi yang wujudnya
semu dapat melakukan suatu tindak kejahatan serta memiliki criminal intent yang melahirkan pertanggungjawaban pidana.
Disamping itu, mustahil untuk dapat menghadirkan di korporasi dengan "isik yang sebenarnya dalam ruang pengadilan dan
duduk di kursi terdakwa guna menjalani proses peradilan. !aik dalam sistem hukum common law maupun civil law, sangat sulit
untuk dapat mengatribusikan suatu bentuk tindakan tertentu (actus reus atau guilty act) serta membuktikan unsur mens rea
(criminal intent atau guilty mind) dari suatu entitas abstrak seperti korporasi. Di Indonesia, meskipun undang-undang diatas
dapat dijadikan sebagai landasan hukum untuk membebankan criminal liability terhadap korporasi, namun engadilan idana
sampai saat ini terkesan enggan untuk mengakui dan mempergunakan peraturan-peraturan tersebut. #al ini dapat dilihat dari
sedikitnya kasus-kasus kejahatan korporasi di pengadilan dan tentu saja berdampak pada sangat sedikitnya keputusan
pengadilan berkaitan dengan kejahatan korporasi. $kibatnya, tidak ada acuan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai preseden bagi
lingkungan peradilan di Indonesia. Dua kasus yang muncul di peradilan sampai dengan saat ini hanya berkaitan dengan
pelanggaran lingkungan hidup. endekatan restorati" dipandang sangat e"ekti" dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana korporasi
oleh karena konsep yang ditawarkan dalam pendekatan restorati" adalah di samping proses penyelesaiannya lebih cepat dan
sederhana, juga dapat meniadakan e"ek samping yang pada umumnya sering terjadi dalam implementasi pendekatan represi"
retributi". enerapan pendekatan restorati" sebagai suatu alternati" dalam menyelesaikan tindak pidana khususnya bagi tindak
pidana korporasi sebagai suatu kebijakan baru dalam sistem hukum pidana Indonesia dapat ber"ungsi melengkapi kebijakan
sistem peradilan pidana yang ada.
Kata kunci : korporasi, identitas hukum, c#r"#ra%! criminal lia,ili%), ac%s r!s a%a -il%) ac%' criminal
in%!n% a%a -il%) min&' !n%i%as a,s%ra(' r!"r!si/ r!%ri,%i/' "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/+
Dedi Vitriyanto/KIK-UI Angk XVIII Page 1
I. PENDAHULUAN
K#r"#rasi m!r"a(an is%ilah )an- ,iasa &i-na(an #l!h "ara ahli h(m "i&ana &an
(rimin#l#-i n%( m!n)!,% a"a )an- &alam ,i&an- h(m lain' (hssn)a ,i&an- h(m
"!r&a%a s!,a-ai ,a&an h(m' a%a &alam ,ahasa ,!lan&a &is!,% r!ch%"!rs##n a%a &alam
,ahasa In--ris &!n-an is%ilah l!-al "!rs#n a%a l!-al ,#&)+ P!n-!r%ian s,j!( h(m "a&a
"#(#(n)a a&alah mansia &an s!-ala s!sa% )an- ,!r&asar(an %n%%an (!,%han mas)ara(a%'
)an- #l!h h(m &ia(i s!,a-ai "!n&(n- ha( &an (!waji,an+ P!n-!r%ian )an- (!&a inilah
)an- &inama(an ,a&an h(m+
0

K!jaha%an (#r"#rasi 1corporate crime2 m!r"a(an salah sa% wacana )an- %im,l
&!n-an s!ma(in majn)a (!-ia%an "!r!(!n#mian &an %!(n#l#-i+ %orporate crime ,(anlah
,aran- ,ar' m!lain(an ,aran- lama )an- s!nan%iasa ,!r-an%i (!masan+ Ti&a( a&a )an- &a"a%
m!n)an-(al ,ahwa "!r(!m,an-an 3aman s!r%a (!majan "!ra&a,an &an %!(n#l#-i %r% &is!r%ai
&!n-an "!r(!m,an-an %in&a( (!jaha%an ,!rs!r%a (#m"l!(si%asn)a+ Di sisi lain' (!%!n%an
H(m Pi&ana )an- ,!rla( &i In&#n!sia ,!lm &a"a% m!njan-(an)a &an s!nan%iasa
(!%in--alan n%( m!rms(ann)a+ Salah sa% c#n%#hn)a a&alah Tin&a( Pi&ana P!nccian Uan-
1money laundering2 )an- ,ar &i(riminalisasi s!cara r!smi "a&a %ahn 4554+ 6#n%#h lain a&alah
(!jaha%an &nia ma)a a%a cyber crime )an- sam"ai &!n-an saa% ini "!n-a%rann)a masih
m!n-n&an- %an&a %an)a+ A(i,a%n)a' ,an)a( ,!rmnclan %in&a(an.%in&a(an a%a (ass.(ass
ill!-al' namn %i&a( &a"a% &i(a%!-#ri(an s!,a-ai crime
. 4

Tin&a( "i&ana 1crime2 &a"a% &ii&!n%i/i(asi &!n-an %im,ln)a (!r-ian 1harm2' )an-
(!m&ian m!n-a(i,a%(an lahirn)a "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana a%a criminal liability.
7
Yan-
"a&a -ilirann)a m!n-n&an- "!r&!,a%an a&alah ,a-aimana "!r%an--n-jawa,an (#r"#rasi a%a
corporate liability m!n-in-a% ,ahwa &i &alam Ki%a, Un&an-.n&an- H(m Pi&ana 1KUHP2
In&#n!sia )an- &ian--a" s!,a-ai s,)!( h(m "i&ana han)alah #ran- "!rs!#ran-an &alam
(#n#%asi ,i#l#-is )an- alami 1naturlijkee person2+
0
h%%":88r!"#si%#r)+s+ac+i&8,i%s%r!am80479:;<=>8700==8786ha"%!r?45II
4
Sin--ih' Kejahatan Korporasi yang &engerikan' Psa% S%&i H(m @isnis Fa(l%as H(m Uni$!rsi%as P!li%a Hara"an' Tan-!ran-' 455:'
Hal+ >
7
H)man Gr#ss' $ 'heory o" %riminal (ustice' OA/#r& Uni$!rsi%) Pr!ss' N!w Y#r(' 0><>' hal+009+
Di sam"in- i%' KUHP j-a masih m!n-an% asas sociates delin)uere non potest &imana
,a&an h(m a%a (#r"#rasi &ian--a" %i&a( &a"a% m!la((an %in&a( "i&ana+
9
Ji(a s!an&ain)a
(!-ia%an a%a a(%i$i%as )an- &ila((an n%( &an a%as nama sa% (#r"#rasi %!r,(%i
m!n-a(i,a%(an (!r-ian &an hars &i,!ri(an san(si' sia"a )an- a(an ,!r%an--n-jawa, B
A"a(ah "ri,a&i (#r"#rasi i% s!n&iri a%a "ara "!n-rsn)a B A%as &asar "!mi(iran %!rs!,%'
"!nlis m!milih j&l ma(alah CKejahatan Korporasi masa kini dan yang akan datang:
Tinjauan Perspektif Restoratif &!n-an %jan n%( m!n&!%!(si sam"ai s!jah mana(ah
(!jaha%an (#r"#rasi %!rs!,% &a"a% &i%an-ani &!n-an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/' )an- %in&a( "i&ana
%!rs!,% &ila((an #l!h &an #l!h "!-awai a%a (ar)awan' (ar!na i% &a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a sa%
(#r"#rasi (ar!na a(%i$i%as.a(%i$i%as "!-awai a%a (ar)awann)a' )an- s!rin- j-a &is!,% s!,a-ai
D(!jaha%an (!rah "%ihC
1.1 Kejahatan Korporasi
@lac(Es Faw Dic%i#nar) m!n)!,%(an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a%a corporate crime a&alah any
criminal o""ense committed by and hence chargeable to a corporation because o" activities o" its
o""icers or employees (e.g., price "i*ing, to*ic waste dumping), o"ten re"erred to as +white collar
crime.
:
K!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a&alah %in&a( "i&ana )an- &ila((an #l!h &an #l!h (ar!na i%
&a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a sa% (#r"#rasi (ar!na a(%i$i%as.a(%i$i%as "!-awai a%a (ar)awann)a
1s!"!r%i "!n!%a"an har-a' "!m,an-an lim,ah2' s!rin- j-a &is!,% s!,a-ai D(!jaha%an (!rah
"%ihC+
Sall)+ A+ Sim"s#n )an- m!n-%i" "!n&a"a% J#hn @rai%hwai%! m!n)a%a(an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi
a&alah Dconduct o" a corporation, or employees acting on behal" o" a corporation, which is
proscribed and punishable by law+C
;
9
Rsmana'SH' ertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam 'indak idana erikanan' h%%":88www+s#lsih(m+c#m8ar%i(!l8ar%i(!l9:+"h"
:
H!nr) 6am",!ll @lac(' !lack,s -aw Dictionary, G!s% P,lishin- 6#+' S%+ Pal' Minn!ss#%a' 0>>5' hal+ 77>+
;
Sall) S+ Sim"s#n' S%ra%!-)' S%rc%r! an& 6#r"#ra%! 6rim!' 9 A&$anc!s in 6rimin#l#-ical Th!#r) 0<0 10>>72+
Sim"s#n m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa a&a %i-a i&! "#(#( &ari &!/inisi @rai%hwai%! m!n-!nai
(!jaha%an (#r"#rasi+ ertama' %in&a(an il!-al &ari (#r"#rasi &an a-!n.a-!nn)a ,!r,!&a &!n-an
"!rila( (riminal (!las s#si#.!(#n#mi ,awah &alam hal "r#s!&r a&minis%rasi+ Kar!nan)a' )an-
&i-#l#n-(an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi %i&a( han)a %in&a(an (!jaha%an a%as h(m "i&ana' %!%a"i j-a
"!lan--aran a%as h(m "!r&a%a &an a&minis%rasi+ Kedua' ,ai( (#r"#rasi 1s!,a-ai Ds,)!(
h(m "!r#ran-an Dlegal personsD2 &an "!rwa(ilann)a %!rmas( s!,a-ai "!la( (!jaha%an 1as
illegal actors2' &imana &alam "ra(%!( )&isialn)a' ,!r-an%n- "a&a an%ara lain (!jaha%an )an-
&ila((an' a%ran &an (ali%as "!m,(%ian &an "!nn%%an+ Ketiga' m#%i$asi (!jaha%an )an-
&ila((an (#r"#rasi ,(an ,!r%jan n%( (!n%n-an "ri,a&i' m!lain(an "a&a "!m!nhan
(!,%han &an "!nca"aian (!n%n-an #r-anisasi#nal+ Ti&a( m!n%" (!mn-(inan m#%i/
%!rs!,% &i%#"an- "la #l!h n#rma #"!rasi#nal 1in%!rnal2 &an s,.(l%r #r-anisasi#nal+
<
K!jaha%an (#r"#rasi mn-(in %i&a( %!rlal s!rin- (i%a &!n-ar &alam "!m,!ri%aan.
"!m,!ri%aan (riminil &i m!&ia+ A&a ,!,!ra"a ,!,!ra"a /a(%#r )an- m!m"!n-arhi hal ini+
=
ertama' (!jaha%an.(!jaha%an )an- &ila"#r(an #l!h mas)ara(a% han)alah (!jaha%an.(!jaha%an
(#n$!nsi#nal+ Kedua' "an&an-an mas)ara(a% c!n&!rn- m!liha% (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi a%a
(!jaha%an (!rah "%ih ,(an s!,a-ai hal.hal )an- san-a% ,!r,aha)a'&an j-a %r% &i"!n-arhi+
Ketiga' "an&an-an s!r%a lan&asan h(m m!n)an-(% sia"a )an- &ia(i s!,a-ai s,j!( h(m
"i&ana &alam h(m "i&ana In&#n!sia+ Keempat' %jan &ari "!mi&anaan (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi
a&alah l!,ih (!"a&a a-ar a&an)a "!r,ai(an &an -an%i r-i' ,!r,!&a &!n-an "!mi&anaan (!jaha%an
lain )an- (#n$!nsi#nal )an- ,!r%jan n%( m!nan-(a" &an m!n-h(m+ Kelima' "!n-!%ahan
a"ara% "!n!-a( h(m m!n)an-(% (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi masih &inilai san-a% minim' s!hin--a
%!r(a&an- %!r(!san !n--an n%( m!nin&a(lanj%in)a s!cara h(m+ Keenam' (!jaha%an
(#r"#rasi s!rin- m!li,a%(an %#(#h.%#(#h mas)ara(a% &!n-an s%a%s s#sial )an- %in--i+ Hal ini
&inilai &a"a% m!m"!n-arhi "r#s!s "!n!-a(an h(m+ Ki%a, Un&an-.n&an- H(m Pi&ana
In&#n!sia m!man- han)a m!n!%a"(an ,ahwa )an- m!nja&i s,j!( %in&a( "i&ana a&alah #ran-
"!rs#ran-an 1legal persoon2+
7
Ibid.
=
Diin%isari(an &ari Ssan%#' I+ S+ 0>>5' S%a%is%i( Kriminal s!,a-ai K#nsr(si S#sial' P!n)snan' P!n--naan &an P!n)!,arann)a' sa% S%&i
Krimin#l#-i' Dis!r%asi' S!maran- 1Ti&a( &i%!r,i%(an2+
@!r&asar(an KUHP' "!m,a% n&an-.n&an- a(an m!rj( "a&a "!n-rs a%a
(#misaris (#r"#rasi ji(a m!r!(a ,!rha&a"an &!n-an si%asi s!"!r%i i%+
>
S!hin--a' ji(a KUHP
In&#n!sia saa% ini %i&a( ,isa &ija&i(an s!,a-ai lan&asan n%( "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana #l!h
(#r"#rasi' namn han)a &imn-(in(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an #l!h "!n-rs (#r"#rasi+ Hal ini
,isa (i%a liha% &alam "asal 7>= KUHP )an- m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa ji(a s!#ran- "!n-rs a%a
(#misaris "!rs!r#an %!r,a%as' mas(a"ai an&il In&#n!sia a%a "!r(m"lan (#r"#rasi )an-
&in)a%a(an &alam (!a&aan "aili% a%a )an- &i"!rin%ah(an "!n)!l!saian #l!h "!n-a&ilan' &iancam
&!n-an "i&ana "!njara "alin- lama sa% %ahn 9 ,lan: 0+ ji(a )an- ,!rsan-(%an %r% m!m,an%
a%a m!n-i3in(an n%( m!la((an "!r,a%an."!r,a%an )an- ,!r%!n%an-an &!n-an an--aran
&asar' s!hin--a #l!h (ar!na i% s!lrh a%a s!,a-ian ,!sar &ari (!r-ian &i&!ri%a #l!h "!rs!r#an'
mas(a"ai' a%a "!r(m"lan+ 1&an s!%!rsn)a2+
Di @!lan&a s!n&iri' s!,a-ai %!m"a% asal KUHP In&#n!sia' "a&a %an--al 47 Jni 0><;'
(#r"#rasi &ir!smi(an s!,a-ai s,j!( h(m "i&ana &an (!%!n%an ini &imas((an (!&alam "asal
:0 KUHP @!lan&a 1Sr+2' )an- isin)a m!n)a%a(an an%ara lain:
0+ Tin&a( "i&ana &a"a% &ila((an ,ai( #l!h "!r#ran-an ma"n (#r"#rasiH
4+ Ji(a sa% %in&a( "i&ana &ila((an #l!h (#r"#rasi' "!nn%%an "i&ana &a"a% &ijalan(an
&an san(si "i&ana ma"n %in&a(an )an- &is!&ia(an &alam "!rn&an-.n&an-anI
s!"anjan- ,!r(!naan &!n-an (#r"#rasiI&a"a% &ija%h(an+ Dalam hal ini' "!n-!naan
san(si &a"a% &ila((an %!rha&a":
a+ (#r"#rasi s!n&iri' a%a
,+ m!r!(a )an- s!cara /a(%al m!m,!ri(an "!rin%ah n%( m!la((an %in&a( "i&ana )an-
&ima(s&' %!rmas( m!r!(a )an- s!cara /a(%al m!mim"in "!la(sanaan %in&a( "i&ana &ima(s&'
a%a
c+ (#r"#rasi a%a m!r!(a )an- &ima(s& &i a%as ,!rsama.sama s!cara %an--n- r!n%!n-+
>
Jan R!mm!lin(' #.K.& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan
adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia Ps%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557' Hal+ >=+
Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i @!lan&a s!,!lm "!r%an--n-.jawa,an
"i&ana (#r"#rasi &i%!%a"(an &alam KUHP @!lan&a' s!,a-aimana &is!,%(an #l!h R!mm!lin(
&alam ,(n)a #ukum idana 0 Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang-
.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana
Indonesia' &alam ,i&an- h(m "i&ana /is(al a%a !(#n#mi' &i%!m(an (!mn-(inan m!nn%%
"!r%an--njawa,an "i&ana %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi+ Pan&an-an ini ,ah(an s&ah &i(!nal lama
s!,!lm KUHP @!lan&a &i,a%+ Hal ini &imn-(in(an &!n-an m!m"!r%im,an-(an (!"!n%in-an
"ra(%is+ Dari s&% "an&an- ini' h(m "i&ana &a"a% &!n-an m&ah m!la((an "!rj(an "a&a
(!waji,an )an- &i,!,an(an #l!h h(m /is(al "a&a "!mili(' "!n)!wa' a%a )an- m!n)!wa(an
&an lain.lain' )an- s!rin- (ali ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ Namn' %!rl!"as &ari i%' &alam
"!r(!m,an-an s!lanj%n)a h(m "i&ana mm j-a s!ma(in s!rin- &!n-an masalah %!rs!,%+
S!ma(in ,an)a( "!rn&an-.n&an-an &an "!ra%ran a&minis%ra%i/ ,ar )an- ,!rmnclan+
Dalam a%ran.a%ran %!rs!,%' "!m,a% n&an-.n&an- m!rj( "a&a J"!n-!m,anE ha(.ha(
war-a )an- ,an)a( ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ @ilamana sa% (!waji,an %i&a( &i"!nhi' ma(a
,!ranja( &ari sis%!m "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an- a&a' J(#r"#rasiE j-a &imn-(in(an n%(
&i"an&an- s!,a-ai J"!la(E+ Di @!lan&a' (!mn-(inan ini s&ah lama &i(!nal &alam
waterschapsverordening1"!ra%ran- %!n%an- %a%a -na &an lal lin%as "!rairan2 )an- s!rin-
m!waji,(an "!mili( %anah )an- %!rl!%a( &isam"in- (ali a%a salran air n%( m!m,!rsih(an
a%a m!nja-a (!,!rsihanI(!waji,an )an- &iancam &!n-an san(si "i&ana a"a,ila &ilalai(an+
Dalam "ra(%!( common law' P!n-a&ilan In--ris "!r%ama (ali m!m,!rla((an
"!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi han)a ,a-i (ass.(ass "!lan--aran (!waji,an h(m
#l!h (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi )uasi-public )an- han)a ,!rsi/a% "!lan--aran (!%!r%i,an mm 1public
nuisance2+ S!jalan &!n-an s!ma(in m!nin-(a%n)a jmlah &an "!ranan (#r"#rasi' "!n-a&ilan
m!m"!rlas "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi "a&a ,!n%(.,!n%( "!lan--aran a%a
(!jaha%an )an- %i&a( %!rlal s!ris )an- %i&a( m!m!rl(an "!m,(%ian mens rea a%a criminal
intent 1o""enses that did not re)uire criminal intent2' )an- &i&asar(an "a&a &#(%rin vicarious
liability+ Hal ini &ii(%i #l!h "!n-a&ilan &i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- %r% m!m,!rla((an
(!%!%a"an )an- s!r"a+
P!m,!,anan "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!rha&a" (!jaha%an )an- m!m!rl(an
"!m,(%ian mens rea ,ar &ila((an s!%!lah m!lali wa(% &an "!r(!m,an-an )an- lam,a%+ Di
Am!ri(a S!ri(a%' "!n!ra"an corporate criminal liability "!r%ama (ali &i%!ra"(an &alam (ass
/ew 1ork %entral 2 #udson 3iver 3ailroad %ompany v. .nited 4tates' &imana "!m!rin%ah
Am!ri(a S!ri(a% m!n&a(wa "!rsahaan N!w Y#r( 6!n%ral %!lah m!lan--ar 5lkins $ct section.
1.2. Impementasi Kebijakan.
Analisa s!cara /a(%#r !(s%!nal' sa% (#r"#rasi a&alah s!,ah a,s%ra(si &imana (!jaha%an
(##r"#rasi+ Ia %i&a( ,!r&iri &an %m,h )ai% (ar!na a&a (!h!n&a( )an- hars &icari a%a
&i%!m(an n%( %jan %!r%!n% )an- &a"a% &is!,% s!,a-ai a-!n8"!ran%ara' )an- ,!nar.,!nar
m!r"a(an #%a( &an (!h!n&a( n%( m!n-arah(an 1directing mind and will2' ma(a %in&a(ann)a
"as%i m!r"a(an %in&a(an &ari "!rsahaan i% s!n&iri+ D!n-an (a%a lain nsr mens rea &ari
"!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!r"!nhi &!n-an &i"!nhin)a nsr mens rea "!n-rs
(#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan %!rs!,%+ @!-i% "la &!n-an actus reus )an- &iwj&(an #l!h
"!n-rs (#r"#rasi )an- ,!rar%i m!r"a(an actus reus "!rsahaan+ Hal ini &a"a% &iliha% %!rha&a"
"!la( %in&a( "i&ana )an- ,!r(#m"l#% a%a ,!r(#ns"irasi n%( m!n--!la"(an an- &an
m!m"!r#l!h an- &!n-an cara m!ni"+ Ji(a m!man- &!mi(ian s!harsn)a P!n-a&ilan
,!r"!n&a"a% ,ahwa %i&a( a&a alasan m!n-a"a sa% (#r"#rasi )an- &a"a% m!n-i(a%(an &irin)a
&alam sa% "!rjanjian &!n-an in&i$i& a%a (#r"#rasi lain %i&a( &a"a% m!m!nhi nsr mens
rea (!%i(a (#r"#rasi %!rs!,% m!li,a%(an &irin)a &alam "!rjanjian )an- m!nja&i &asar %ama
(#ns"irasi &an "!ni"an %!rs!,% &an s!cara mm %!rha&a" "!rsahaan )an- m!r"a(an
(!h!n&a( ,!r%in&a( &an m!n-arah(an 1acting and directing will2 &ari "!rsahaan+ Nia% n%(
m!la((an %in&a( "i&ana 1mens rea2 &an %in&a(an h(mn)a 1actus reus2 m!r"a(an nia% &an
%in&a(an &ari "!rsahaan &an ,ahwa (#ns"irasi n%( "!n--!la"an an- &an "!ni"an
m!r"a(an (!jaha%an )an- mam" &iwj&(an #l!h sa% "!rsahaan+
II+ PEM@AHASAN
4+0+ PE!"AN##UN#AN $A%A& PIDANA 'E&A#AI AKI&A" (ELA%AN HUKU(
KE$AHA"AN K)!P)!A'I
T!r&a"a%n)a ,!,!ra"a "rinsi" a%a (#ns!" )an- "!n%in-+ Pertama' directing mind &ari
sa% (#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan %i&a( %!r,a%as han)a sa% in&i$i& saja+ S!jmlah "!ja,a%
(#r"#rasi a%a an--#%a &ir!(si ,isa m!m,!n%( directing mind. Ked*a' /a(%#r -!#-ra/is %i&a(
,!r"!n-arh+ Fa(%a ,ahwa sa% (#r"#rasi m!mili(i ,an)a( #"!rasi a%a ca,an- &i &a!rah )an-
,!r,!&a.,!&a %i&a( a(an m!m"!n-arhi "!n!n%an in&i$i&.in&i$i& )an- mana )an- m!nja&i
directing minds (#r"#rasi+ D!n-an &!mi(ian' s!s!#ran- %i&a( &a"a% m!n-hin&ar &ari %an--n-
jawa, han)a (ar!na ia %i&a( &i%!m"a%(an a%a ,!r%-as &i &a!rah &imana "!r,a%an m!lawan
h(m &ila((an+ Keti+a' (#r"#rasi %i&a( ,isa lari &ari %an--n- jawa, &!n-an ,!r(ilah ,ahwa
in&i$i&.in&i$i& %!rs!,% m!la((an "!r,a%an m!lawan h(m m!s(i"n %!lah a&a ins%r(si
n%( m!la((an %in&a(an lain )an- sah 1%i&a( m!lawan h(m2+ An--#%a &ir!(si &an "!ja,a%
(#r"#rasi lainn)a m!mili(i (!waji,an n%( m!n-awasi %in&a( %an&( "ara "!-awai l!,ih &ari
s!(!&ar m!n!%a"(an "an&an mm )an- m!laran- %in&a(an ill!-al+Keempat' n%( &a"a%
&in)a%a(an ,!rsalah m!la((an "!r,a%an m!lawan h(m' in&i$i& ,!rsan-(%an hars
m!mili(i criminal intent a%a mens rea+ Directing mind &an mens rea a&a "a&a in&i$i& )an-
sama+ Namn &alam %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi' an--#%a &ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lain )an-
m!r"a(andirecting mind (#r"#rasi %i&a( ,isa &i(!na(an %an--n- jawa, a%as "!r,a%an
m!lawan h(m )an- &ila((an %an"a m!r!(a sa&ari+ Keima' n%( &a"a% m!n!ra"(an %!#ri
i&!n%i/i(asi hars &a"a% &i,(%i(an,ahwa %in&a(an s!#ran-directing mind a&alah : i2 ,!r&asar(an
%-as a%a ins%r(si )an- &i%-as(an "a&an)a' ii2 ,(an m!r"a(an "!ni"an 1"raud2 )an-
&ila((an %!rha&a" "!rsahaan' &an iii2 &ima(s&(an n%( &a"a% m!n&a%an-(an (!n%n-an
,a-i "!rsahaan+ Keenam' %an--n- jawa, (#r"#rasi m!m!rl(an analisa (#n%!(s%al+ D!n-an
(a%a lain' "!n!n%ann)a hars &ila((an ,!r&asar(ancase-to-case basis+ Ja,a%an s!s!#ran-
&alam "!rsahaan %i&a( s!cara #%#ma%is m!nja&i(ann)a ,!r%an--n-jawa,+ P!nilaian %!rha&a"
(!w!nan-an s!s!#ran- n%( m!n!%a"(an (!,ija(an (#r"#rasi a%a (!"%san (#r"#rasi )an-
"!n%in- hars &ila((an &alam (#n%!(s (!a&aan )an- %!r%!n% 1particular circumstances2+
Dalam hal P!r%an--n-an Jawa, Pi&ana s!,a-ai a(ai,a% P!r,a%an M!lawan H(m
K!jaha%an K#r"#rasi+ K#r"#rasi s!,a-ai ,a&an h(m s&ah %!n% m!mili(i i&!n%i%as h(m
%!rs!n&iri+ I&!n%i%as h(m sa% (#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan %!r"isah &ari i&!n%i%as h(m "ara
"!m!-an- sahamn)a' &ir!(si' ma"n #r-an.#r-an lainn)a+ Dalam (ai&ah h(m "!r&a%a 1civil
law2' j!las &i%!%a"(an ,ahwa sa% (#r"#rasi a%a ,a&an h(m m!r(a"an s,j!( h(m
"!r&a%a &a"a% m!la((an a(%i$i%as jal ,!li' &a"a% m!m,a% "!rjanjian a%a (#n%ra( &!n-an
"iha( lain' s!r%a &a"a% m!nn%% &an &i%n%% &i "!n-a&ilan &alam h,n-an (!"!r&a%aan+ Para
"!m!-an- saham m!ni(ma%i (!n%n-an )an- &i"!r#l!h &ari (#ns!" %an--n- jawa, %!r,a%as'
&an (!-ia%an (#r"#rasi ,!rlan-sn- %!rs.m!n!rs' &alam ar%i ,ahwa (!,!ra&aann)a %i&a( a(an
,!r,ah m!s(i"n a&a "!nam,ahan an--#%a.an--#%a ,ar a%a ,!rh!n%in)a a%a m!nin--aln)a
an--#%a.an--#%a )an- a&a+ Namn sam"ai saa% ini' (#ns!" "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana #l!h
(#r"#rasi s!,a-ai "ri,a&i 1corporate criminal liability2 m!r"a(an hal )an- masih m!n-n&an-
"!r&!,a%an+ @an)a( "iha( )an- %i&a( m!n&(n- "an&an-an ,ahwa sa% (#r"#rsi )an-
wj&n)a s!m &a"a% m!la((an sa% %in&a( (!jaha%an s!r%a m!mili(i criminal intent)an-
m!lahir(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana+ Disam"in- i%' ms%ahil n%( &a"a% m!n-ha&ir(an &i
(#r"#rasi &!n-an /isi( )an- s!,!narn)a &alam ran- "!n-a&ilan &an &&( &i (rsi %!r&a(wa
-na m!njalani "r#s!s "!ra&ilan+
@ai( &alam sis%!m h(m common law ma"n civil law' san-a% sli% n%( &a"a%
m!n-a%ri,si(an sa% ,!n%( %in&a(an %!r%!n% 1actus reus a%aguilty act2 s!r%a m!m,(%i(an
nsr mens rea 1criminal intent a%aguilty mind2 &ari sa% !n%i%as a,s%ra( s!"!r%i (#r"#rasi+ Di
In&#n!sia' m!s(i"n n&an-.n&an- &ia%as &a"a% &ija&i(an s!,a-ai lan&asan h(m n%(
m!m,!,an(an criminal liability %!rha&a" (#r"#rasi' namn P!n-a&ilan Pi&ana sam"ai saa% ini
%!r(!san !n--an n%( m!n-a(i &an m!m"!r-na(an "!ra%ran."!ra%ran %!rs!,%+ Hal ini
&a"a% &iliha% &ari s!&i(i%n)a (ass.(ass (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi &i "!n-a&ilan &an %!n% saja
,!r&am"a( "a&a san-a% s!&i(i%n)a (!"%san "!n-a&ilan ,!r(ai%an &!n-an (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi+
A(i,a%n)a' %i&a( a&a acan )an- &a"a% &ija&i(an s!,a-ai "r!s!&!n ,a-i lin-(n-an "!ra&ilan &i
In&#n!sia+ Da (ass )an- mncl &i "!ra&ilan sam"ai &!n-an saa% ini han)a ,!r(ai%an &!n-an
"!lan--aran lin-(n-an hi&"+

S!ma(in ,an)a( "!rn&an-.n&an-an &an "!ra%ran a&minis%ra%i/ ,ar )an-
,!rmnclan+ Dalam a%ran.a%ran %!rs!,%' "!m,a% n&an-.n&an- m!rj( "a&a
J"!n-!m,anE ha(.ha( war-a )an- ,an)a( ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ @ilamana sa% (!waji,an %i&a(
&i"!nhi' ma(a ,!ranja( &ari sis%!m "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an- a&a' J(#r"#rasiE j-a
&imn-(in(an n%( &i"an&an- s!,a-ai J"!la(E+ Di @!lan&a' (!mn-(inan ini s&ah lama
&i(!nal &alam waterschapsverordening1"!ra%ran- %!n%an- %a%a -na &an lal lin%as "!rairan2
)an- s!rin- m!waji,(an "!mili( %anah )an- %!rl!%a( &isam"in- (ali a%a salran air n%(
m!m,!rsih(an a%a m!nja-a (!,!rsihan.(!waji,an )an- &iancam &!n-an san(si "i&ana a"a,ila
&ilalai(an+
(!%!%a"an )an- s!r"a+ P!m,!,anan "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!rha&a" (!jaha%an
)an- m!m!rl(an "!m,(%ian mens rea ,ar &ila((an s!%!lah m!lali wa(% &an
"!r(!m,an-an )an- lam,a%+ Di Am!ri(a S!ri(a%' "!n!ra"an corporate criminal liability "!r%ama
(ali &i%!ra"(an &alam (ass /ew 1ork %entral 2 #udson 3iver 3ailroad %ompany v. .nited
4tates' &imana "!m!rin%ah Am!ri(a S!ri(a% m!n&a(wa "!rsahaan N!w Y#r( 6!n%ral %!lah
m!lan--ar 5lkins $ct section I+
Tin&a(an )an- &ila((an s!s!#ran- &i&-a m!la((an (!jaha%an &a"a% &iji ,!r&asar(an
(a!&ah h(m )an- &ilan--ar a"a(ah %in&a(an s!s!#ran- %!rs!,% %!rmas( (a%!-#ri %in&a(an
)an- m!r"a(an mala in se a%a "!r,a%an )an- m!r"a(an mala in prohibita+ Tin&a(an )an-
%!rmas( mala in se' a&alah "!r,a%an )an- m!lawan h(m' a&a a%a %i&a( a&a "!ra%ran )an-
m!laran-n)a misaln)a m!ncri' m!ni"' m!m,nh' &an s!,a-ain)a+ S!&an-(an "!r,a%an )an-
m!r"a(an mala in prohibita a&alah "!r,a%an )an- &in)a%a(an m!lan--ar h(m a"a,ila a&a
a%ran )an- m!laran-n)a misaln)a a%ran.a%ran lal lin%as &i jalan ra)a' a%ran.a%ran
a&minis%rasi in%!rnal sa% l!m,a-a+ A"a,ila %in&a(an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas( "!r,a%an mala in
prohibita' a&a (!mn-(inan &ia han)a m!lan--ar a%ran a&minis%rasi &an %i&a( &a"a% &i(!na(an
h(man "i&ana m!lain(an han)a %in&a(an a&minis%ra%i/+ Namn' a"a,ila %in&a(an )an-
&ila((an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas( (a%!-#ri mala in se' misaln)a' &alam (ass #,li-#r m!s(i"n
&ana %!rs!,% &i(!m,ali(an' nsr %in&a( "i&anan)a %i&a( hilan-' "!n-!m,alian %!rs!,% han)a
m!r"a(an nsr "!r%im,an-an n%( m!m,!ri (!rin-anan h(man+ Un%( i% "!rl &i%!lsri
(a!&ah h(m a"a )an- &ilan--ar B A"a(ah %in&a(an %!rs!,% %!rmas( m!lan--ar (a!&ah
h(m ,ahwa s!s!#ran- %i&a( ,#l!h m!n-am,il ,aran- #ran- lain %an"a ha( s!"!r%i "a&a
"!ncrian' "!ni"an a%a "!ram"#(an ma(a s!lanj%n)a &i %!lsri "la nsr lainn)a s!"!r%i
a&an)a mens rea &an actus reus+
S!ma(in ,an)a( "!rn&an-.n&an-an &an "!ra%ran a&minis%ra%i/ ,ar )an- ,!rmnclan+
Dalam a%ran.a%ran %!rs!,%' "!m,a% n&an-.n&an- m!rj( "a&a J"!n-!m,anE ha(.ha(
war-a )an- ,an)a( ,!r,!n%( (#r"#rasi+ @ilamana sa% (!waji,an %i&a( &i"!nhi' ma(a
,!ranja( &ari sis%!m "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an- a&a' J(#r"#rasiE j-a &imn-(in(an n%(
&i"an&an- s!,a-ai J"!la(E+ Di @!lan&a' (!mn-(inan ini s&ah lama &i(!nal &alam
waterschapsverordening 1"!ra%ran- %!n%an- %a%a -na &an lal lin%as "!rairan2 )an- s!rin-
m!waji,(an "!mili( %anah )an- %!rl!%a( &isam"in- (ali a%a salran air n%( m!m,!rsih(an
a%a m!nja-a (!,!rsihanI(!waji,an )an- &iancam &!n-an san(si "i&ana a"a,ila &ilalai(an+
05
(!%!%a"an )an- s!r"a+
P!m,!,anan "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!rha&a" (!jaha%an )an- m!m!rl(an
"!m,(%ian mens rea ,ar &ila((an s!%!lah m!lali wa(% &an "!r(!m,an-an )an- lam,a%+ Di
Am!ri(a S!ri(a%' "!n!ra"an corporate criminal liability "!r%ama (ali &i%!ra"(an &alam (ass
/ew 1ork %entral 2 #udson 3iver 3ailroad %ompany v. .nited 4tates' &imana "!m!rin%ah
Am!ri(a S!ri(a% m!n&a(wa "!rsahaan N!w Y#r( 6!n%ral %!lah m!lan--ar 5lkins $ct section I+
2.2. (ALA IN 'E
Tin&a(an )an- &ila((an s!s!#ran- &i&-a m!la((an (!jaha%an &a"a% &iji ,!r&asar(an
(a!&ah h(m )an- &ilan--ar a"a(ah %in&a(an s!s!#ran- %!rs!,% %!rmas( (a%!-#ri %in&a(an
)an- m!r"a(an mala in se a%a "!r,a%an )an- m!r"a(an mala in prohibita+ Tin&a(an )an-
%!rmas( mala in se' a&alah "!r,a%an )an- m!lawan h(m' a&a a%a %i&a( a&a "!ra%ran )an-
m!laran-n)a misaln)a m!ncri' m!ni"' m!m,nh' &an s!,a-ain)a+ S!&an-(an "!r,a%an )an-
m!r"a(an mala in prohibita a&alah "!r,a%an )an- &in)a%a(an m!lan--ar h(m a"a,ila a&a
a%ran )an- m!laran-n)a misaln)a a%ran.a%ran lal lin%as &i jalan ra)a' a%ran.a%ran
a&minis%rasi in%!rnal sa% l!m,a-a+ A"a,ila %in&a(an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas( "!r,a%an mala in
prohibita' a&a (!mn-(inan &ia han)a m!lan--ar a%ran a&minis%rasi &an %i&a( &a"a% &i(!na(an
h(man "i&ana m!lain(an han)a %in&a(an a&minis%ra%i/+
05
Jan R!mm!lin(' #.K.& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan
adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum idana Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia Ps%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557' Hal+ 055+
Namn' a"a,ila %in&a(an )an- &ila((an s!s!#ran- i% %!rmas( (a%!-#ri mala in se'
misaln)a' &alam (ass #,li-#r m!s(i"n &ana %!rs!,% &i(!m,ali(an' nsr %in&a( "i&anan)a
%i&a( hilan-' "!n-!m,alian %!rs!,% han)a m!r"a(an nsr "!r%im,an-an n%( m!m,!ri
(!rin-anan h(man+ Un%( i% "!rl &i%!lsri (a!&ah h(m a"a )an- &ilan--arB A"a(ah
%in&a(an %!rs!,% %!rmas( m!lan--ar (a!&ah h(m ,ahwa s!s!#ran- %i&a( ,#l!h m!n-am,il
,aran- #ran- lain %an"a ha( s!"!r%i "a&a "!ncrian' "!ni"an a%a "!ram"#(an ma(a s!lanj%n)a
&i %!lsri "la nsr lainn)a s!"!r%i a&an)a mens rea &an actus reus+
2.,. (EN' !EA DAN A-"U' !EU'
Dalam wacana common law' a&a ,!,!ra"a "!n&!(a%an )an- &a"a% &i-na(an n%(
m!n!n%(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi+
2.,.1. Identification Tests / Directing Mind Theory
@!r&asar(an %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi a%a directing minds theory' (!salahan &ari an--#%a &ir!(si
a%a #r-an "!rsahaan8(#r"#rasi )an- %i&a( m!n!rima "!rin%ah &ari %in-(a%an )an- l!,ih %in--i
&alam "!rsahaan' &a"a% &i,!,an(an (!"a&a "!rsahaan8 (#r"#rasi+ T!#ri ini &ia&#"si &i In--ris
s!ja( %ahn 0>0:' )ai% m!lali (ass -ennard,s %arrying %o. -td v. $siatic etroleum %o+'
K0>0:L A+6+ <5:' a% <07 1H+F+2+ Dalam (ass ini' Ha(im P!n-a&ilan ,!r"!n&a"a% :
D6$7 corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind o" its own anymore than it has a body o" its own8 its
active and directing will must conse)uently be sought in the person o" somebody who "or some purposes
maybe called an agent, but who is really the directing mind and will o" the corporation, the very ego and
centre o" the personality o" the corporation9.:or i" &r. -ennard was the directing mind o" the company,
then his action must, unless a corporation is not to be liable at all, have been an action which was the
action o" the company itsel"99C+
00
Sa% (#r"#rasi a&alah s!,ah a,s%ra(si+ Ia %i&a( "n)a a(al "i(iran s!n&iri &an ,!-i%
"la %,h s!n&iriH (!h!n&a(n)a hars &icari a%a &i%!m(an &alam &iri s!s!#ran- )an- n%(
%jan %!r%!n% &a"a% &is!,% s!,a-ai a-!n8"!ran%ara' )an- ,!nar.,!nar m!r"a(an #%a( &an
(!h!n&a( n%( m!n-arah(an 1directing mind and will2 &ari (#r"#rasi %!rs!,%MMJi(a Tan
F!nnar& m!r"a(an #%a( "!n-arah &ari "!rsahaan' ma(a %in&a(ann)a "as%i m!r"a(an %in&a(an
&ari "!rsahaan i% s!n&iri+
Dalam (ass lain &i In--ris' )ai% (ass 'esco 4upermarkets -td v /attrass K0><4L A+6+
0:7' Ha(im P!n-a&ilan ,!r"!n&a"a% :
+'he person who acts is not speaking or acting "or the company. #e is acting as the company
and his mind which directs his acts is the mind o" the company. I" it is a guilty mind then that
guilt is the guilt o" the company.;
04

Oran- )an- ,!r%in&a( ,(an ,!r,icara a%a ,!r%in&a( atas nama "!rsahaan+ Ia
,!r%in&a( seba+ai "!rsahaan' &an a(al "i(irann)a )an- m!n-arah(an %in&a(ann)a ,!rar%i
a&alah a(al "i(iran &ari "!rsahaan+ Ji(a a(al "i(irann)a ,!rsalah' ,!rar%i (!salahan i%
m!r"a(an (!salahan "!rsahaan+
D!n-an (a%a lain nsr mens rea &ari "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi %!r"!nhi
&!n-an &i"!nhin)a nsr mens rea "!n-rs (#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan %!rs!,%+ @!-i% "la
&!n-an actus reus )an- &iwj&(an #l!h "!n-rs (#r"#rasi )an- ,!rar%i m!r"a(an actus reus
"!rsahaan+
T!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi ini %r% &ia&#"si #l!h Kana&a+ Hal ini &a"a% &iliha% &alam (ass 3. v.
:ane 3obinson -td+' &imana "!rsahaan :ane 3obinson &an &a #ran- &ir!(%rn)a )an-
m!r"a(an "!n-!l#la )an- a(%i/' &alam %in-(a% ,an&in-' &i&a(wa m!la((an %in&a( "i&ana
,!r(#m"l#% a%a ,!r(#ns"irasi n%( m!n--!la"(an an- &an m!m"!r#l!h an- &!n-an cara
m!ni"+
2.7+4+ Doktrin Vicarious ia!"i"ity
D#(%rin )an- "a&a mlan)a &ia&#"si &i In--ris ini s!,a-aimana &is!,%(an &i "!nj!lasan
s!,!lmn)a' m!n)!,%(an ,ahwa (#r"#rasi ,!r%an--n-jawa, a%as "!r,a%an )an- &ila((an
#l!h "!-awai."!-awain)a' a-!n8"!ran%ara a%a "iha(."iha( lain )an- m!nja&i %an--n- jawa,
(#r"#rasi+ D!n-an (!salahan )an- &ila((an #l!h salah sa% in&i$i& %!rs!,%' (!salahan i%
s!cara #%#ma%is &ia%ri,si(an (!"a&a (#r"#rasi+
12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_liabilit. di akses hari !elasa tgl 2" #ebruari 2$1%, &am 1$.1" 'ib.
D!n-an (!salahan )an- &ila((an #l!h salah sa% in&i$i& %!rs!,%' (!salahan i% s!cara
#%#ma%is &ia%ri,si(an (!"a&a (#r"#rasi+ Dalam hal ini (#r"#rasi ,isa &i"!rsalah(an m!s(i"n
%in&a(an )an- &ila((an %!rs!,% %i&a( &isa&ari a%a %i&a( &a"a% &i(#n%r#l+ @!r&asar(an hal ini'
%!#ri ini &i(ri%i( (ar!na %i&a( m!m"!&li(an nsr mens rea 1guilty mind2 &ari m!r!(a )an-
&i,!,an(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an+ P!n-a&ilan &i In--ris &an Kana&a %!lah m!n#la( &#(%rin ini'
&an m!n-a&#"si %!#ri i&!n%i/i(asi+ Namn' "!n&!(a%an &#(%rin ini masih &i-na(an &i
"!n-a&ilan /!&!ral Am!ri(a S!ri(a%+
07
Di In&#n!sia' &#(%rin ini &i%!ra"(an &alam Un&an-.n&an- N#+47 %ahn 0>>< %!n%an-
Fin-(n-an+
2.,.,. The #orporate #u"ture Mode"
P!n&!(a%an j!nis ini &i-na(an #l!h As%ralia+ Is%ilah corporate culture &a"a% (i%a liha%
&alam $ustralian %riminal %ode $ct 0>>: 1Un&an-.n&an- Pi&ana As%ralia2 )an-
&i&!/inisi(an s!,a-ai ,!ri(% :
Dan attitude, policy, rule, course o" conduct or practice e*isting within the body corporate
generally or in the part o" the body corporate in which the relevant activities take place;.
Yai% sa% ,!n%( si(a"' (!,ija(an' a%ran' ran-(aian "!r,a%an a%a "ra(%!( )an- "a&a
mmn)a %!r&a"a% &alam %,h (#r"#rasi a%a &alam ,a-ian %,h (#r"#rasi &imana (!-ia%an.
(!-ia%an %!r(ai% ,!rlan-sn-+
M!nr% n&an-.n&an- ini' %an--n- jawa, "i&ana ,isa &ija%h(an a"a,ila %!r,(%i
,ahwa : Pertama' &!wan &ir!(si (#r"#rasi &!n-an s!n-aja a%a &!n-an %i&a( ha%i.ha%i 1c!r#,#h2
m!la((an %in&a(an.%in&a(an 1conduct2 )an- r!l!$an' a%a s!cara %!r,(a' s!cara &iam.&iam a%a
s!cara %i&a( lan-sn- m!n-!sah(an 1authori<e2 a%a m!n-i3in(an 1permit2 "!rwj&an
"!r,a%an "!lan--aran a%a (!jaha%an+
07 6hris%#"h!r M+ Fi%%l! N Na%asha Sa$#lin!' %orporate %riminal -iability in %anada0 'he %riminali<ation o" =ccupational #ealth 2 4a"ety
=""ences' Fili#n Ga(!l) Th#r" An-!l!%%i 1Mana-!m!n% Fa,#r Faw)!rs2' hal+ =' www+/ili#n+#n+ca8"&/86MF?454557?45Pa"!r+' &i a(s!s
hari Ra,' 4; P!,rari 4509' jam 09+7: Gi,+
Ked*a' a-!n manaj!rial (#r"#rasi %in-(a% %in--i 1s!"!r%i &ir!(si' (#misaris' manaj!r2 s!cara
s!n-aja' m!n-!%ahi ,!nar a%a %i&a( ha%i.ha%i %!rli,a% &alam %in&a(an.%in&a(an )an- r!l!$an'
a%a s!cara %!r,(a' s!cara &iam.&iam a%a s!cara %i&a( lan-sn- m!n-!sah(an 1authori<e2 a%a
m!n-i3in(an 1permit2 "!rwj&an "!r,a%an "!lan--aran a%a (!jaha%an+ Keti+a' a&a ,&a)a
a%a (!,iasaan &alam %,h (#r"#rasi )an- m!n-ins%r(si(an' m!n&#r#n-' a%a m!n-arah(an
&ila((ann)a %in&a(an.%in&a(an "!lan--aran 1non compliance2 %!rha&a" "!ra%ran."!ra%ran
%!r%!n%+ Keempat' (#r"#rasi -a-al m!m,!n%( &an m!m"!r%ahan(an ,&a)a )an- m!nn%%
(!"a%han 1compliance2 %!rha&a" "!ra%ran."!ra%ran %!r%!n%+
09+
Di Kana&a' ,!n%( "!n&!(a%an ini &i%#la( (ar!na &inilai %!rlal (a,r a%a samar.samar
ji(a &i%!ra"(an n%( m!n!n%(an mens rea (#r"#rasi+
2.,... $ggregation Test
M!nr% %!#ri ini' &!n-an cara m!njmlah(an 1a--r!-a%in-2 %in&a(an 1ac%s2 &an (!lalaian
1#missi#n2 &ari &a a%a l!,ih #ran- "!r#ran-an )an- ,!r%in&a( s!,a-ai "!rsahaan' nsr ac%s
r!s &an m!ns r!a &a"a% &i(#ns%r(si(an &ari %in-(ah la( 1c#n&c%2 &an "!n-!%ahan
1(n#wl!&-!2 &ari ,!,!ra"a in&i$i&+ Inilah )an- &is!,% &!n-an D#c%rin! #/ 6#ll!c%i$!
Kn#wl!&-! a%a D#(%rin P!n-!%ahan K#l!(%i/+
Am!ri(a S!ri(a% j-a m!n-a&#"si %!#ri ini+ Hal ini &a"a% &iliha% &alam sa% (ass' )ai% .nited
4tates v. !ank o" /ew 5ngland 10>=<2 =40 F4& =99+ @an( #/ N!w En-lan& &i&a(wa &!n-an
%&han s!cara s!n-aja %i&a( m!la"#r(an sa% %ransa(si ma%a an-+ T&han ini %!r,(%i (ar!na
)an- &ian--a" s!,a-ai J"!n-!%ahanE ,an( m!r"a(an %#%ali%as &ari s!ma )an- &i(!%ahi #l!h
"ara "!-awai &alam ran- lin-(" (!w!nan-an m!r!(a+
0:
09
I,i&' hal 00
0:
h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i86#r"#ra%!Olia,ili%)' &ia(s!s hari Ra, %-l 4; P!,rari 4509' jam 45+4: Gi,+
2.,./. %"ame&orthiness Test
G#,!r% m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa ji(a sa% (#r"#rasi %i&a( m!la((an %in&a(an "!nc!-ahan
a%a m!la((an &! &ili-!nc! -na m!n-hin&ari m!la((an sa% %in&a( "i&ana' ma(a hal ini
a(an %am"a( &ari ,&a)a &an (!"!rca)aann)a )an- %!rc!rmin &ari s%r(%r' (!,ija(an' "ra(%!(
&an "r#s!&r )an- &i%!m"h #l!h (#r"#rasi %!rs!,%+
T!#ri ini m!n#la( "!mi(iran ,ahwa (#r"#rasi hars &i"!rla((an sama s!"!r%i haln)a
#ran- "!r#ran-an &an m!n&(n- ,ahwa hars a&a (#ns!" h(m lain n%( m!n)#(#n-
"!r%an--n-jawa,an s,)!(.s,)!( h(m "ictitious 1(#r"#rasi2+ Hal ini m!r!/l!(si(an s%r(%r
(#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi m#&!rn )an- mmn)a %!r&!s!n%ralisasi &an &imana (!jaha%an %i&a( %!rlal
&i(ai%(an &!n-an "!r,a%an jaha% a%a (!lalaian in&i$i&al' %!%a"i l!,ih (!"a&a sis%!m )an- -a-al
n%( m!n-a%asi "!rmasalahan "!n-awasan &an "!n-a%ran r!si(#
+ 0;
4+9+ PENYEFESAIAN KEJAHATAN KORPORASI MEFAFUI PENDEKATAN RESTORATIF
4+9+0+ K#ns!" P!n&!(a%an R!s%#ra%i/+
K#ns!" "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/

m!r"a(an sa% "!r(!m,an-an &ari "!mi(iran mansia
)an- &i&asar(an "a&a %ra&isi.%ra&isi "!ra&ilan &ari "!ra&a,an ,an-sa.,an-sa ara, "r,a' ,an-sa
Ynani' &an ,an-sa R#mawi &alam m!n)!l!sai(an masalah %!rmas( m!n)!l!sai(an masalah
%in&a( "i&ana+
0<
Dalam

"!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana m!lali "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i$!' sa% (#n/li(
a%a (!rsa(an )an- %im,l a(i,a% %in&a( "i&ana a&alah &i"an&an- s!,a-ai sa% (#n/li( )an-
%!rja&i &alam h,n-an an%ara an--#%a mas)ara(a% )an- hars &is!l!sai(an &an &i"lih(an #l!h
s!lrh "iha( s!cara ,!rsama.sama+ Fin-(aran "!n)!l!saian ,!r"sa% (!"a&a (!s!im,an-an
m!lali "!m,!rian (!s!m"a%an %!rha&a" (#r,an n%( ,!r"!ran &alam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saian
%in&a( "i&ana+
0;
I,i&+
0<
R/ins H#%malana H%ar(' enanggulangan Kejahatan Korporasi melalui endekatan 3estorati"' Sinar Gra/i(a' Ja(ar%a 4507' hlm+ 057+
Um,r!i% m!nj!las(an ,ahwa:
3estorative justice is a +victim-centered response to crime that allows the victim, the
e""ender, their "amilies, and representative o" the community toaddress the harm caused
by the crime;.
1 K!a&ilan r!s%#ra%i/ a&alah s!,ah D%an--a"an %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana )an- ,!r"sa%(an
"a&a (#r,an' "!la( %in&a( "i&ana' (!lar-a.(!lar-a m!r!(a' &an "ara "!rwa(ilan &ari
mas)ara(a% n%( m!nan-ani (!rsa(an &an (!r-ian )an- &ia(i,a%(an #l!h %in&a(
"i&anaC+2
M!nr% "!n&a"a% "!nlis' "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ s!sn--hn)a %!lah &i(!nal &an
&i"ra(%!((an &i In&#n!sia &alam lin-(" h(m a&a%+ Ji(ala &alam sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana
,!r&asar(an h(m ,ara% s!%ia" %in&a( "i&ana a&alah "!lan--aran h(m %!rha&a" n!-ara ,(an
#ran-."!r#ran-an s!cara "ri,a&i' ma(a &alam h(m a&a% sa% %in&a( "i&ana &a"a% &i"an&an-
s!,a-ai sa% "!lan--aran %!rha&a" #ran-."!r#ran-an' sa% "!lan--aran %!rha&a" sa%
-#l#n-an (!lar-a a%a sa% "!lan--aran %!rha&a" sa% &!sa' s!hin--a m!r!(a masin-.masin-
,!rha( n%( m!n-rsn)a+

@!r(!naan &!n-an "ra(%i( "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &i In&#n!sia' @rai%hwair! m!n-a%a(an:
0=
+Indonesia is a nation with wonder"ul resources o" intracultural restorative justice.
'raditions o" musaywarah decision by "riendly cooperation and deliberation-traverse the
archipelago. $dat law at the sama time allows "or devercity to the point o" local criminal laws
being written to complement universal national laws.;
1 In&#n!sia a&alah s!,ah ,an-sa &!n-an sm,!r &a)a )an- san-a% m!na(j,(an &ari
"!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ lin%as ,&a)a+ Tra&isi.%ra&isi ms)awarah O"!n-am,ilan (!"%san m!lali
ramahn)a (!rja sama &an "!r%im,an-an )an- c!rma%O%!rs!,ar &i (!"laan ini+ H(m a&a%
&!n-an (!an!(ara-amann)a "a&a saa% )an- ,!rsamaan &i"!r%im,an-(an &!n-an h(m "i&ana
l#(al )an- %!r%lis &!n-an %jan n%( m!l!n-(a"i h(m nasi#anal )an- ,!rsi/a% ni$!rsal2+
0=
I,i&' hlm+ 05>+
Marc Anc!l m!n-a%a(an ,ahwa %in&a( "i&ana a&alah m!r"a(an masalah (!mansiaan
&an masalah s#sial (a human and social problem2 )an- %i&a( &a"a% &is!l!sai(an s!cara
m!n)!lrh m!lali (#ns!"si (!a&ilan &is%ri,%i$! a,s%ra(' (!,ija(sanaan "i&ana )an- hars
&i"!r-na(an &alam "!r%an--n-jawa,ann)a hars ,!r%#la( "a&a (#ns!"si "!r%an--n-jawa,an
)an- ,!rsi/a% "ri,a&i (individual responsibility2+ K#ns!" in&i$i& a%a ,a-aimana"n j-a' %i&a(
&a"a% m!n-a,ai(an (!n)a%aan m!n-!nai "!rasaan in&i$i& &an mas)ara(a% %!n%an-
"!r%an--n-jawa,an )an- ,!rsi/a% "!r#ran-an+
M!nr% h!ma% "!nlis' &alam (!,ija(an h(m masa (ini' "!ma(naan %in&a( "i&ana
s!,a-aimana )an- &isam"ai(an #l!h Marc Anc!l ,(an han)a s!,a-ai "!n-!jawan%ahan a%as
"!n-a(an &an "!n-har-aan %!rha&a" ha(.ha( asasi mansia )an- s&ah m!nja&i "rinsi" "#(#(
&alam s!%ia" N!-ara h(m' %!%a"i j-a m!r"a(an "!m,!rian (!s!im,an-an %!rha&a" ha(.ha(
(#r,an )an- s!cara n#rma%i/ masih ,!lm &a"a% &i,!ri(an s!cara ma(simal #l!h sis%!m "!ra&ilan
"i&ana+ D!n-an a&an)a "an&an-an ,ahwa %in&a( "i&ana ,(an s!ma%a.ma%a s!,a-ai "!lan--aran
%!rha&a" h(m n!-ara %!%a"i j-a m!r"a(an "!r,a%an )an- m!nim,l(an (!r-ian ,a-i
mas)ara(a% (hssn)a (#r,an )an- lan-sn- m!rasa(ann)a' ma(a m&ah &i"ahami
"!r%an--n-jawa,ann)a ,(an &i%j(an (!"a&a n!-ara %!%a"i l!,ih &i"sa%(an (!"a&a (#r,an
s!,a-ai ,!n%( "!r%an--n-jawa,an )an- hars &i%!,s m!lali "!m,!rian -an%i r-i ,a-i si
(#r,an &an ,(an (!"a&a n!-ara+
M!nr% Mla&i'
0>
hars &ia(i ,ahwa "!r(!m,an-an (#ns!" (!a&ilan r!s%#ra%i/ %i&a(
%!rl!"as &ari "!r(!m,an-an ilm "!n-!%ahan %!n%an- (#r,an (!jaha%an 1victimology2' )an-
&i"!l#"#ri #l!h P#n H!n%i-' s!#ran- ahli (rimin#l#-i "a&a %ahn 0>90 &an m!n&!ls#hn "a&a
%ahn 0>9<+ P!r(!m,an-an ini m!lali ,!,!ra"a %aha"+
Taha" "!r%ama (panel victimology>interactionist victimology2 )an- m!l!(a% "a&a h(m
"i&ana &an (rimil#l#-i m!liha% (#r,an s!,a-ai "ar%isi"an &an "!n)!,a, %!rja&in)a sa%
(!jaha%an (ar!na (!salahann)a s!hin--a hal ini m!r"a(an sa% hal )an- hars
&i"!r%im,an-(an &alam "!mi&anaan "!la(+
0>
Mla&i' KKR &an K!a&ilan R!s%#ra%i/' h%%":88www+(#m"as+c#m8(#m"as.c!%a(85:598408#"ini80<50770+ h%m' &i a(s!s hari Kamis' 4< P!,rari
4509' jam 07+7: wi,+
Taha" (!&a 1general victimology2 )an- ,!r(!m,an- s!%!lah "!ran- &nia II 10>:;2'
m!r"a(an s%&i %!n%an- $ic%imi%as &alam ran-(a n%( m!nc!-ah %!rja&in)a (#r,an m!lali
%in&a(an "!nc!-ahan &an ,an%an "a&a (#r,an 1victim assistance2+
Taha" (!%i-a ,!r(!m,an- "a&a %ahn 0><5.an m!nan&ai $ic%im#l#-i s!,a-ai sa%
&isi"lin "!n!li%ian+ Hal ini !ra% (ai%ann)a &!n-an a(%i/i%as 'he world 4ociety o" ?ictimology
(@4?). Pa&a %aha" ini victimology &iar%i(an s!,a-ai sa% s%&i ilmiah %!n%an- %in-(a%' ha(!(a%
&an (asa $ic%imisasi (riminal' (#ns!(w!nsin)a %!rha&a" #ran-.#ran- )an- %!rli,a% &an r!a(si
)an- &i%im,l(an m!lali mas)ara(a%' (hssn)a "#lisi &an sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana ma"n
"ara "!(!rja s#sial &an "r#/!si#nal+
Taha" (!!m"a% &i"!l#"#ri #l!h S!"ar#$ic "a&a %ahn 0>=<' )an- m!m"!rlas jan-(aan
&!/inisi $i(%im#l#-i s!hin--a m!nca(" (#r,an "!lan--aran HAM 1victims o" human right
abuses2 s!,a-ai is s!n%ral $ic%im#l#-i &an m!n-!lar(an &ari &!/inisi' (#r,an ,!ncana alam &an
(!c!la(aan (ar!na &i"an&an- %!rlal las &ari sisi ilmiah+ Dalam hal ini (#r,an &iar%i(an s!,a-ai
#ran-.#ran- )an- s!cara in&i$i&al a%a (#l!(%i/ %!lah m!n&!ri%a /isi( a%a m!n%al' !m#si#nal'
(!r-ian !(#n#mi a%a "!lan--aran s,%ansial %!rha&a" ha(.ha( /n&am!n%aln)a' m!lali
"!r,a%an."!r,a%an h(m "i&ana' %!rmas( "!n)alah-naan (!(asaan 1abuse o" power2+
P!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ m!ma(nai ,ahwa (!a&ilan i% &a"a% %!rca"ai ,ila "r#s!s
"!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana &a"a% m!li,a%(an s!lrh "iha( )an- %!rli,a% &a"a% m!n!n%(an
(#ns!" "!n)!l!saian "!m,!rian san(si+ P!ma(naan ini %!lah m!m,awa "!r-!s!ran "ara&i-ma
&alam m!mahami (#ns!" "!m,!rian (!a&ilan )an- a&a &alam sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana+
Di(a%a(an &!mi(ian (ar!na &alam (#ns!" s)s%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a mmn)a' (!a&ilan
&ian--a" %!lah %!rca"ai ,ila "!la( &a"a% &i,!ri san(si #l!h N!-ara &an (#r,an %i&a( m!n&a"a%
%!m"a% &alam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saiann)a' s!&an-(an &alam (#ns!" (!ran-(a (!rja (!a&ilan
r!s%#ra%i// "!la( %in&a( "i&ana' (#r,an &an (!s!lrhan mas)ara(a% &ili,a%(an &alam
m!n)!l!sai(an %in&a( "i&ana s!cara lan-sn- &an ,!r/#(s (!"a&a "!mlihan )an- &i&!ri%a(an
(#r,an 1victim-centred2'
45
s!&an-(an N!-ara ,!r/n-si s!,a-ai "!m,!ri /asili%as &alam "r#s!s
"!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana+
45
R/ins H#%malana H%ar(' enanggulangan Kejahatan Korporasi melalui endekatan 3estorati"' Sinar Gra/i(a' Ja(ar%a 4507' hlm+
04:.04;+
4+: PRINSIP.PRINSIP PENDEKATAN RESTORATIF
@!,!ra"a "rinsi"."rinsi" )an- ,!rla( s!cara ni$!rsal )an- m!l!(a% &alam (#ns!"
"!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &alam "!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana' an%ara lain s!,a-ai ,!ri(%:
a2 Prinsi" P!n)!l!saian )an- A&il 1Due rocess2
Dalam s!%ia" sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana &i s!lrh n!-ara' (!"a&a %!rsan-(a
s!lal &i,!ri(an ha( n%( m!n-!%ahi %!rl!,ih &ahl %!n%an- "r#c!&ral."r#s!&ral
"!rlin&n-an %!r%!n% (!%i(a &iha&a"(an "a&a "!nn%%an' a%a "!n-h(man+ Pr#s!s
"!ra&ilan 1&! "r#c!ss2 harslah &ian--a" s!,a-ai ,!n%( "!rlin&n-an n%(
m!m,!r (!s!im,an-an ,a-i (!(asaan n!-ara n%( m!nahan' m!mnn%%' &an
m!la(sana(an h(man &ari sa% "%san h(man+
40
,2 P!rlin&n-an )an- s!%ara
Dalam "r#s!s "!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana m!lali "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/'
(!a&ilan hars %im,l &ari sa% "r#s!s salin- m!mahami a(an ma(na &an %jan
(!a&ilan i%' %an"a m!man&an- s(' j!nis (!lamin' a-ama' asal ,an-sa' &an
(!&&(an lainn)a+ T!r&a"a% (!ra-an %!n%an- (!mam"an sis%!m "!n&!(a%an
r!s%#ra%i/ &alam m!n)!l!sai(an sa% masalah &an m!m,!ri(an Drasa (!a&ilanC
&ian%ara "ara "ar%isi"an )an- ,!r,!&a.,!&a' (ar!ns &a"a% saja salah sa% "iha(
m!m"n)ai (!l!,ihan (!(a%an !(#n#mi' in%!l!(%al' "#li%i(' a%a ,ah(an /isi('
44
s!hin--a

a(an

%!rja&i sa% (!%i&a(s!%araan &i an%ara "ara "iha( )an- ,!r"ar%isi"asi
&alam sa% "r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/+
c2 Ha(.Ha( K#r,an
Dalam sa% "!n)!l!saian sa% masalah m!lali "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/' ha(.
ha( (#r,an "!rl m!n&a"a% "!rha%ian' (ar!na (#r,an a&alah "iha( )an-
,!r(!"!n%in-an )an- s!harsn)a m!m"n)ai (!&&(an 1h(m2 &alam "r#s!s
"!n)!l!saiann)a+
40
Pan N!ss &an S%r#n-' 0>><' hlm+ 0:' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari S!n!n %-l 7 mar!% 4509' jam 05+7:
wi,+
44 Gri-h%' 0>>0' hlm+ ;=' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari S!n!n %-l 7 mar!% 4509' jam 07+4: wi,+
R#wlan& ,!r"!n&a"a%' ,ahwa (!"!n%in-an.(!"!n%in-an (#r,an s!rin-
,!rsim"an-an &!n-an (!"!n%in-an.(!"!n%in-an n!-ara+
47
Para "!n&(n- %!rha&a"
(#ns!" "!rlin&n-an ,a-i ha(.ha( (#r,an j-a ,!r"an&an-an a&alah j!las %i&a( a&il
,a-i (#r,an ,ila n!-ara l!,ih m!n-in&ah(an (!,%han.(!,%han ma%!rial'
"si(#l#-i' h(mm' ,a-i "!la( "!lan--ar' s!m!n%ara n!-araa %i&a( m!m,!ri(an
%an--n- jawa,n)a a%as (!hi&"an )an- la)a( ,a-i (#r,an+
49

&2 Pr#"#rsi#nali%as
Ga-asan "airness &i &alam sis%!m r!s%#ra%i/ &i&asar(an "a&a (#ns!nss
"!rs!%jan )an- m!m,!ri(an "ilihan al%!rna%i/ &alam m!n)!l!sai(an masalah
s!&an-(an "!n-!r%ian "r#"#rsi#nali%as a&alah ,!r(ai%an &!n-an lin-(" (!samaan
san(si.san(si "!n&!ri%aan )an- hars &i(!na(an "a&a "!lan--ar )an- m!la((an
"!lan--aran+ Pa&a "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a mmn)a' "r#"#rsi#nali%as &ian--a" %!lah
%!r"!nhi ,ila %!lah m!m!nhi sa% "!rasaan (!a&ilan r!%ri,%i/ 1(!s!im,an-an
%im,al! ,ali( an%ara punish &an reward2' s!&an-(an &alam "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &a"a%
m!m,!rla((an san(si.san(si )an- %i&a( s!,an&in- %!rha&a" "!lan--ar )an-
m!la((an "!lan--ran )an- sama+
4:
@!,!ra"a (#r,an mn-(in han)a m!n-in-in(an
"!rmin%aan maa/ )an- ,!rsahaja' s!m!n%ara (#r,an.(#r,an lainn)a mn-(in
m!n-hara"(an r!s%#rasi "!nh &ari "!lan--ar+
!2 Pra&-a Ta( @!rsalah
Dalam "!ra&ilan "a&a mmn)a' n!-araa m!mili(i ,!,an "!m,(%ian n%(
m!m,(%i(an (!salahan %!rsan-(a+ S!ja( &an sam"ai ,!,an "!m,(%ian i%
&ila((an' %!rsan-(a hars &ian--a" %i&a( ,!rsalah+ @!r,!&a haln)a &!n-an "r#s!s
r!s%#ra%i//' )an- m!ns)ara%(an sa% "!n-a(an ,!rsalah m!r"a(an s)ara% &a"a%
&ilanj%(ann)a lin-(aran "!n)!l!saian+ Dalam "r#s!s."r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/' ha(.ha(
%!rsan-(a m!n-!nai "ra&-a %a( ,!rsalah &a"a% &i(#m"r#mi(an &!n-an cara' )ai%
%!rsan-(a m!mili(i ha( n%( m!la((an %!rminasi "r#s!s r!s%#rasi &an m!n#la(
"r#s!s "!n-a(an ,ahwa ia ,!rsalah' &an s!lanj%n)a m!milih #"si "r#s!s /#rmal
&imana (!salahan hars &i,(%i(an+
4;
47
R#wlan&' 0>>4' hlm+ 0=>' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari S!lasa %-l 9 Mar!% 4509' jam 04+7: wi,+
49 Karm!n' 0>>5' hlm+ 700' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari S!lasa %-l 9 Mar!% 4509' jam 07+45 wi,+
4:
Garn!r' 0>>9' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari Ra, %-l : Mar!% 4509' jam 05+7: wi,+
4; M##r!' 0>>7' hlm+ 0>' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari Ra, %-l : Mar!% 4509' jam 07+4: wi,+
/2 Ha( @an%an K#nsl%asi a%a P!nas!ha% H(m
Dalam "r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/' a&$#(a% a%a "!nas!ha% h(m m!mili(i "!ran
)an- san-a% s%ra%!-is n%( m!m,an-n (!mam"an "!lan--ar &alam m!lin&n-i
ha(n)a vis a vis ,an%an "!nas!ha% h(m+ Dalam s!ma %aha"an "r#s!s in/#rmal
)an- r!s%#ra%i/' %!rsan-(a &a"a% &i,!ri in/#rmasi m!lali ,an%an "!nas!ha%
h(mm m!n-!nai ha( &an (!waji,ann)a )an- &a"a% &i"!r-na(an s!,a-ai
"!r%im,an-an &alam m!m,a% (!"%san+
4<
4+; MODEF SISTEM PENDEKATAN RESTORATIF
P!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana m!lali "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i// %i&a( a(an m!nja&i sa%
r!ali%as )an- &a"a% &iim"l!m!n%asi(an ji(a %i&a( &a"a% &i,an-n a%a &i(!m,an-(an sa% m#&!l
s%r(%ral &!n-an "ara&i-m r!s%#ra%i/ )an- a(an m!nja&i "ilihan al%!rna%i/ &alam sis%!m h(m
"i&ana+ M!nr% Pan N!ss' ,!,!ra"a m#&!l "!n&!(a%an s!,a-ai "ilihan al%!rna%i/ )an- &a"a%
m!n--am,ar(an %!m"a% &an (!&&(an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &alam sis%!m h(m "i&ana
s!,a-ai ,!ri(%:
4=
4+;+0+ Uni/i!& S)s%!m
Dalam mas)ara(a% )an- s!ma(in sa&ar a(an "!n%in-n)a (!s!%araan &alam h(m m!liha%
hi"#%!sa 6hris%i!' )ai% ,ahwa n!-ara %!lah m!ncri (#n/li( &ari "ara "iha( m!nja&i sa% "ilihan
)an- &a"a% m!m,!r "an&an-an n%( m!m$isi(an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ m!n--an%i(an "!ra&ilan
"i&ana+
4+;+4+ Dal Trac( S)s%!m
M#&!l dual track system ini &a"a% &i,a% m!nja&i sa% "!n&am"in- al%!rna%i/ ,!rsama
s)s%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana )an- a&a+ Ji(a (!s!"a(a%an m!mas(i "r#s!s r!s%#ra%i/ %i&a( &a"a%
&ica"ai 1&!n-an (#ns!nss s!ma "iha( )an- ,!r(!"!n%in-an2 ma(a sis%!m "!n-a&ilan "!ra&ilan
"i&ana a(an %!%a" %!rs!&ia+ Ja&i' &alam hal ini "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &i%!m"a%(an m!n&&(i
"#sisi "rim!r s!&an-(an l!m,a-a.l!m,a-a /#rmal a&alah ,!r"!ran s!,a-ai sa% nsr
"!n&(n-' s!,a-aimana m#&!l "!ra&ilan "i&ana J!"an- "a&a &asarn)a %!r&iri &ari sa% sis%!m
&a jalr+
4>
)an- sis%!m "!ra&ilan /#rmaln)a sama &!n-an ma)#ri%as n!-ara &!m#(rasi in&s%ri'
4<
M##r! &an 6#nn!l' 0>>9' hlm+ ;<' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari Ra, %-l : Mar!% 4509' jam 0;+9: wi,+
4=
R/ins H#%malana H%ar(' enanggulangan Kejahatan Korporasi melalui endekatan 3estorati"' Sinar Gra/i(a' Ja(ar%a 4507' hlm+ 090+
4>
Hal!)' 0>>;' hlm+ 7:0' &i a(s!s &ari w!,si%! h%%":88www+r!s%#ra%i$!js%ic!+#r-' "a&a hari Ra, %-l : Mar!% 4509' jam 0<+:: wi,+
&!n-an h(m "i&ana ma%!riil &an h(m "i&ana /#rmiln)a m!n-a%r jalann)a "r#s!s sa%
(ass %in&a( "i&ana+
4+;+7+ Sa/!-ar& S)s%!m
M#&!l ini a&alah sa% m#&!l )an- &irancan- n%( m!nan-ani %in&a( "i&ana m!lali
"!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/' &i mana "r#-ram."r#-ram r!s%#rasi a(an m!nja&i sarana %ama n%(
m!nan-ani "!rmasalahan."!rmasalahan %in&a( "i&ana ma(a hal ini ,!rar%i ,ahwa a(an %!rja&i
sa% "!ralihan ,!sar &ari s)s%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a mmn)a )an- a(an m!n-alami r!&(si
(! s)s%!m (!a&ilan r!s%#ra%i/+
4+;+9+ H),ri& S)s%!m
Dalam m#&!l ini' "r#s!s "!n!n%an a%a "!n!%a"an s!s!#ran- ,!rsalah &i"r#s!s &alam
sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana "a&a mmn)a &an (!m&ian &alam"r#s!s "!n!n%an san(si ma(a
(#ns!" "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &a"a% &i-na(an n%( m!n!n%(an j!nis san(sin)a+ Dalam system
hybrid' ,ai( r!s"#n "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i// ma"n r!s"#n "!ra&ilan "i&ana (#n%!m"#r!r
&i"an&an- s!,a-ai ,a-ian.,a-ian n#rma%i/ &ari sis%!m "!ra&ilan+
Mar%in Gri-h% m!n-a%a(an' ,ahwa sis%!m "!n-a&ilan a(an han)a &i"!rl(an &alam
s!jmlah (ass.(ass %!r%!n% &i mana "!mlihan a%a r!"arasi s(ar!la %i&a(lah c("' s!"!r%i
"!lan--ar m!n#la( n%( m!la((an "!mlihan a%a r!"arasi s!cara s(ar!laH (#r,an m!n!rima
"!mlihan a%a r!"arasi )an- %i&a( s!sai &!n-an m!m!nhi hara"an ",li(H "!lan--ar m!n#la(
a%a %i&a( m!n-a(i %!lah m!la((an "!lan--aranH "!m!njaraan a%a "!m,a%asan."!m,a%asan
(!,!,asan si "!lan--ar &i"!rl(an n%( m!lin&n-i ",li(+
III+ PENUTUP
III+0+ K!sim"lan
U"a)a "!n!-a(an h(m %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi &i In&#n!sia &i mlai s!ja(
%ahn 0>:5.an )an- (!m&ian &ii(%i &!n-an ,!,!ra"a (!%!n%an "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an-
,ar )an- m!n-a%r %!n%an- "!n!-a(an h(mm a%a "!mi&anaan %!rha&a" %in&a( "i&ana
(#r"#rasi' namn "a)a %!rs!,% ,!lm &a"a% m!m,!r rasa (!a&ilan (!"a&a mas)ara(a%
(hssn)a %!rha&a" (#r,an+ K#n&isi %!rs!,% %i&a( %!rl!"as &ari (ran-n)a "!nilaian %!rha&a"
ha(.ha( (#r,an &alam "!rmsan (!,ija(an "i&ana &alam sis%!m "!rn&an-.n&an-an )an-
m!n-a%r %!n%an- "!m,!ran%asan %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi &i In&#n!sia+ U"a)a "!nan--lan-an
masih l!,ih m!n!(an(an "!n&!(a%an )an- ,!rsi/a% r!"r!si/ &an r!%ri,%i/ )an- c!n&!rn- l!,ih
m!n!(an(an as"!( "!m,alasan n%( m!m,!r !/!( j!ra (!"a&a "!la( m!n-a(i,a%(an
(!"!n%in-an si (#r,an (ran- %!rwa(ili &an s!rin- %!ra,ai(an+
P!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ &i"an&an- san-a% !/!(%i/ &alam m!nan--lan-i %in&a( "i&ana
(#r"#rasi #l!h (ar!na (#ns!" )an- &i%awar(an &alam "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ a&alah &i sam"in-
"r#s!s "!n)!l!saiann)a l!,ih c!"a% &an s!&!rhana' j-a &a"a% m!nia&a(an !/!( sam"in- )an-
"a&a mmn)a s!rin- %!rja&i &alam im"l!m!n%asi "!n&!(a%an r!"r!si/ r!%ri,%i/+
P!n!ra"an "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ s!,a-ai sa% al%!rna%i/ &alam m!n)!l!sai(an %in&a(
"i&ana (hssn)a ,a-i %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi s!,a-ai sa% (!,ija(an ,ar &alam s)s%!m
h(m "i&ana In&#n!sia &a"a% ,!r/n-si m!l!n-(a"i (!,ija(an sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana )an-
a&a+
III+4+ Saran.Saran
Fan-(ah.lan-(ah &alam m!n)!l!sai(an %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi' &a"a% &ila((an s!,a-ai
,!ri(%:
02 P!n)!l!saian %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasi &a"a% &is!l!sai(an %!rl!,ih &ahl m!lali
"!n&!(a%an "!rsasi/ n%( m!n-hin&ari "!n-!laran ,ia)a &an (!r-ian )an- a(an
hilan- 1"#%!n%ial l#s%2+
42 P!rln)a &i,!n%( (!,ija(an l!-islasi )an- m!m,!ri(an &(n-an )ri&is a-ar:
a2 s%r(%r (!l!m,a-aan "!n&!(a%an r!s%#ra%i/ m!m"n)ai %!m"a% (!&&(an
&alam sis%!m h(m "i&ana &i In&#n!siaH
,2 %!r&a"a% lan&asan )an- "as%i s!,a-ai "!&#man ,a-i "ara a"ara% "!n!-a(
h(m a%a sis%!m "!ra&ilan "i&ana &alam m!la(sana(an %-asn)a m!la((an
"!nan-anan &an "!m,!ran%asan %in&a( "i&ana (#r"#rasiH
c2 "r#s!s s#sialisasi %!rha&a" mas)ara(a% a-ar &a"a% m!n!rima (#ns!"
"!m,!rian san(si m!lali "!n--naan %!#ri responsive regulation+
((((((((((((((( !eri"a ka#i$% !eri"a Ka#i$% !eri"a
Ka#i$& ((((((((((((((((((

0=
S"#m#' @a,.@a, %!n%an- H(m A&a%' P!n!r,i% Uni$!rsi%as' 0>;7' Hlm+ >;+
0;
I,i&+
Pertan++*n+ja0aban Pidana oeh Pen+*r*s Korporasi
Dalam (#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan' "ara an--#%a &ir!(si &an (#misaris s!,a-ai salah sa% #r-an
$i%al &alam ,a&an h(m %!rs!,% m!r"a(an "!m!-an- amanah 1"iduciary2 )an- hars
,!r"!rila( s!,a-aimana la)a(n)a "!m!-an- (!"!rca)aan+ Di sini (#misaris &an &ir!(%r
m!mili(i "#sisi "iducia &alam "!n-rsan "!rsahaan &an m!(anism! h,n-ann)a hars
s!cara "air. M!nr% "!n-alaman common law h,n-an i% &a"a% &i&asar(an "a&a %!#ri
"iduciary duty.K74L H,n-an "iduciary duty %!rs!,% &i&asar(an a%as (!"!rca)aan &an
(!rahasiaan 1trust and con"idence2 )an- &alam "!ran ini m!li"%i' (!%!li%ian 1scrupulous2' i%i(a&
,ai( 1good "aith2' &an (!%!rs%!ran-an 1candor2+K77L Dalam m!mahami h,n-an "!m!-an-
(!"!rca)aan 1"iduciary relationship2 %!rs!,%' common law m!n-a(i ,ahwa #ran- )an-
m!m!-an- (!"!rca)aan 1"iduciary2 s!cara na%ral m!mili(i "#%!nsi n%( m!n)alah-na(an
w!w!nan-n)a+ Ol!h s!,a, i% h,n-an "!m!-an- (!"!rca)aan %!rs!,% hars &i&asar(an
(!"a&a s%an&ar )an- %in--i+K79L
N!-ara.n!-ara common law s!"!r%i Am!ri(a S!ri(a% )an- %!lah m!m"n)ai s%an&ar )an- j!las
n%( m!n!n%(an a"a(ah s!#ran- &ir!(%r &a"a% &imin%ai "!r%an--n-jawa,ann)a &alam
%in&a(an )an- &iam,iln)a' )ai% &i&asar(an "a&a s%an&ar duty o" loyality &an duty o" care.
K!waji,an %ama &ari &ir!(%r a&alah (!"a&a "!rsahaan s!cara (!s!lrhan ,(an (!"a&a
"!m!-an- saham ,ai( s!cara in&i$i& ma"n (!l#m"#(+K7:L 's!sai &!n-an "#sisi s!#ran-
&ir!(%r s!,a-ai s!,ah trustee &alam "!rsahaan+ P#sisi ini m!n-hars(an s!#ran- &ir!(%r
n%( %i&a( ,!r%in&a( c!r#,#h &alam m!la((an %-asn)a 1duty o" care2K7;L+ S!lain i% &alam
m!la((an %-asn)a %!rs!,% s!#ran- &ir!(%r %i&a( ,#l!h m!n-am,il (!n%n-an n%( &irin)a
s!n&iri a%as "!rsahaan 1duty o" loyality ).K7<L P!lan--aran %!rha&a" (!&a "rinsi" %!rs!,%
&alam h,n-ann)a &!n-an :iduciary Duty &a"a% m!n)!,a,(an &ir!(%r n%( &imin%ai
"!r%an--n- jawa,an h(mn)a s!cara "ri,a&i %!rha&a" "!r,a%an )an- &ila((ann)a' ,ai(
(!"a&a "ara "!m!-an- saham ma"n (!"a&a "iha( lainn)a+K7=L
D#(%rin a%a "rinsi" "iduciary duty ini &a"a% (i%a jm"ai &alam Un&an-.n&an- N#+0 %ahn 0>>:
%!n%an- P!rs!r#an T!r,a%as+ M!nr% Pasal l<> a)a% 102 UUPT "!n-rsan PT &i"!rca)a(an
(!"a&a Dir!(si F!,ih j!lasn)a "asal =4 UUPT m!n)a%a(an' ,ahwa Dir!(si ,!r%an--n- jawa,
"!nh a%as "!n-rsan "!rs!r#an n%( (!"!n%in-an &an %jan "!rs!r#an s!r%a m!wa(ili
"!rs!r#an ,ai( &i &alam ma"n &i lar "!n-a&ilan+ S!&an-(an Pasal =: UUPT m!n!%a"(an
,ahwa s!%ia" an--#%a Dir!(si waji, &!n-an i%i(a& ,ai( &an "!nh %an--n- jawa, m!njalan(an
%-as n%( (!"!n%in-an &an saha P!rs!r#an+ P!lan--aran %!rha&a" hal ini &a"a% m!n)!,a,(an
Dir!(si ,!r%an--n- jawa, "!nh s!cara "ri,a&i a"a,ila )an- ,!rsan-(%an ,!rsalah a%a lalai
m!njalan(an %-asn)a %!rs!,%+
Dalam (#n%!(s &ir!(%r' san-a% "!n%in- n%( m!n-#n%r#l "!rila( &ari "ara &ir!(%r )an-
m!m"n)ai "#sisi &an (!(asaan ,!sar &alam m!n-!l#la "!rsahaan' %!rmas( m!n!n%(an
s%an&ar "!rila( 1standart o" conduct2 n%( m!lin&n-i "iha(."iha( )an- a(an &ir-i(an
a"a,ila s!#ran- &ir!(%r ,!r"!rila( %i&a( s!sai &!n-an (!w!nan-ann)a a%a ,!r"!rila( %i&a(
jjr+K7>L
Un%( m!m,!,an(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an %!rha&a" &ir!(%r a%a "!n-rs (#r"#rasi' ma(a
hars &i,(%i(an a&an)a "!lan--aran %!rha&a" (!(asaan (!waji,an (!w!nan-an )an-
&imili(in)a+ P!n-rs (#r"#rasi &alam hal ini hars &a"a% &i,(%i(an %!lah m!lan--ar good
"aith )an- &i"!rca)a(an "a&an)a &alam m!njalan (#r"#rasi a%a "!rsahaan' s!,a-aimana &ia%r
&alam "rinsi" "iduciary duty+
Ji(a (i%a m!n-h,n-(ann)a &!n-an identi"ication theory &alam wacana common law
s!,a-aimana %!lah &irai(an &ia%as' (!salahan )an- &ila((an #l!h an--#%a &ir!(si a%a "!ja,a%
(#r"#rasi lainn)a han)a &a"a% &i,!,an(an "a&a (#r"#rasi ji(a m!m!nhi s)ara%: i2 %in&a(an )an-
&ila((an #l!h m!r!(a ,!ra&a &alam ,a%as %-as a%a ins%r(si )an- &i,!ri(an "a&a m!r!(a' ii2
,(an m!r"a(an "!ni"an )an- &ila((an %!rha&a" "!rsahaan' iii2 &ima(s&(an n%(
m!n-hasil(an a%a m!n&a%an-(an (!n%n-an ,a-i (#r"#rasi+ D!n-an (a%a lain' ji(a salah sa%
s)ara% ini %i&a( &i"!nhi' ma(a (!salahan %!rs!,% %i&a( &a"a% &i"i(l #l!h (#r"#rasi' namn
hars &i"i(l s!cara "ri,a&i #l!h #r-an (#r"#rasi )an- m!la((an %in&a(an %!rs!,%+

&*siness $*d+ment !*e
@!r(ai%an &!n-an %in&a(an an--#%a &ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi )an- m!n-am,il %in&a(an
n%( (!"!n%in-an &an (!n%n-an ,a-i (#r"#rasi' %!r&a"a% "la &#(%rin &alam h(m (#r"#rasi
)an- m!lin&n-i "ara &ir!(%r )an- ,!ri%i(a& ,ai( %!rs!,% s!,a-aimana %!r&a"a% &alam %!#ri
!usiness (udgment 3ule )an- m!r"a(an salah sa% %!#ri )an- san-a% "#"lar n%( m!njamin
(!a&ilan ,a-i "ara &ir!(%r )an- m!m"n)ai i%i(a& ,ai(+ P!n!ra"an %!#ri ini m!m"n)ai misi
%ama' )ai% n%( m!nca"ai (!a&ilan' (hssn)a ,a-i "ara &ir!(%r s!,ah "!rsahaan %!r,a%as
&alam m!la((an sa% (!"%san ,isnis+ K95L
Salah sa% %#la( (r n%( m!m%s(an a"a(ah sa% (!r-ian %i&a( &is!,a,(an #l!h (!"%san
,isnis 1business judgment2 )an- %i&a( %!"a% s!hin--a &a"a% m!n-hin&ar &ari "!lan--aran "rinsi"
duty o" care a&alah: pertama, m!mili(i in/#rmasi %!n%an- masalah )an- a(an &i"%s(an &an
"!rca)a ,ahwa in/#rmasi %!rs!,% ,!nar Kedua, %i&a( m!mili(i (!"!n%in-an &!n-an (!"%san
&an m!m%s(an &!n-an i%i(a& ,ai(+ Ketiga, m!mili(i &asar rasi#nal n%( m!m"!rca)ai ,ahwa
(!"%san )an- &iam,il a&alah )an- %!r,ai( ,a-i "!rsahaan+K90L S!hin--a' a"a,ila %!r,(%i
,ahwa %in&a(an a%a (!"%san )an- &iam,il #l!h &ir!(%r n%( m!m,!rla((an sa%
(!,ija(an (#r"#rasi )an- &i&asar(an a%as business judgment )an- %!"a% &alam ran-(a m!raih
(!n%n-an s!,an)a(.,an)a(n)a ,a-i (#r"#rasi' ma(a a"a,ila %!rn)a%a %in&a(an )an- &iam,il
%!rs!,% m!nim,l(an (!r-ian )an- m!lahir(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana' %i&a( &a"a%
&i,!,an(an "a&a "ri,a&i "!n-rs 1&ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a2' %!%a"i &i,!,an(an
"a&a (#r"#rasi+ P!r%an--n-jawa,an #l!h "!n-rs han)a &imn-(in(an a"a,ila %!r,(%i
%!rja&i "!lan--aran duty o" care &an duty o" loyalty.
A"a,ila (i%a m!m,an&in-(an &!n-an "ra(%!( )an- &ila((an &i @!lan&a' (i%a &a"a% m!liha%
sa% beschikking %an--al 0> N#$!m,!r 0>=<' NJ 0>=;' 04:' #oge 3aad' )an- m!n!%a"(an
,ahwa s!s!#ran- ,ar &a"a% &i(a%a(an s!cara /a(%al m!mim"in &alam (#n%!(s %in&a( "i&ana
(#r"#rasi han)a ji(a ia m!n-!%ahi %!rja&in)a %in&a( "i&ana )an- ,!rsan-(%an 1)an- &alam
(ass ini m!n)an-(% &!n-an "!malsan sra%2+ Namn (!,ija(an ini &inilai (ran- %!"a% (ar!na
"ara "!mim"in8&ir!(si8"!ja,a% (#r"#asi lainn)a )an- %i&a( s!cara lan-sn- %!rli,a% a%a ,!(!rja
s!ram"an-an %!r,!,as &ari %an--n- jawa,+ K94L
K!m&ian &alam (!"%san ,!ri(%n)a &alam (ass )an- sama' %an--al 0; D!s!m,!r 0>=;' NJ
0>=<' 740' maj!lis ha(im m!m,!ri(an "!r%im,an-an )an- m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa &i(a%a(an
m!mim"in /a(%al a"a,ila /n-si#nari a%a "!ja,a% )an- ,!rsan-(%an s!(ali"n ,!rw!nan- &an
s!cara mas( a(al &a"a% m!la((ann)a js%r %i&a( m!la((an lan-(ah.lan-(ah n%( m!nc!-ah
%in&a(an %!rlaran- &an s!cara sa&ar m!n!rima (!s!m"a%an )an- (!m&ian mncl a-ar %in&a(an
%!rlaran- %!rs!,% %!rla(sana+ Dalam si%asi %!rs!,%' m!nr% "!n-a&ilan' &ian--al s!n-aja
m!n&(n- &ila((ann)a %in&a(an %!rlaran- i%+ Dalam (ass )an- &i"!ri(sa' "!n!rimaan a%as
%in&a( "i&ana %!rs!,% &ian--a" %!rja&i ji(a )an- ,!rsan-(%an m!n-!%ahi ,ahwa &ila((ann)a
%in&a( "i&ana s!cara /a(%al #l!h (#r"#rasi 1sa% ,an(2 ,!r(ai%an lan-sn- &!n-an a"a )an-
&i&a(wa(an+ K97L
Ji(a (i%a m!liha% "ra(%!( )an- &i%!ra"(an &i Kana&a' ,!r&asar(an Un&an-.n&an- H(m
Pi&ana Kana&a' &ir!(si &an "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a &a"a% ,!r%an--n- jawa, s!cara "ri,a&i+
Al%!rna%i/ lain )an- &imn-(in(an a&alah m!r!(a j-a &a"a% &i%n%% s!,a-ai "iha( a%as
%in&a(an )an- &ila((an #l!h in&i$i& )an- lain+K99L
Pri$a%! M!m,!rEs @ill 6.4=9 K9:L %!lah m!n!%a"(an ,ahwa "!nja%han "!r%an--n-jawa,an
"i&ana %!rha&a" &ir!(si &an "!ja,a%."!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a &imana m!r!(a ,!r%in&a( s!n&iri.
s!n&iri a%a ,!rsama.sama &!n-an #ran- lain' &an m!nsah(an 1authori<e2 %in&a(an a%a
(!lalaian )an- m!nja&i %in&a( (!jaha%an+ Ji(a &ir!(si a%a "!ja,a% (#r"#rasi lainn)a: i2
m!n-!%ahi a%a s!harsn)a m!n-!%ahi ,ahwa %in&a(an a%a (!lalaian i% m!r"a(an %in&a(
"i&ana' ii2 m!n-!%ahi ,ahwa %in&a(an i% &ila((an a%a a(an &ila((an' &an iii2 %i&a( a%a
-a-al m!n-am,il lan-(ah )an- m!mn-(in(an n%( m!nc!-ah &ila((ann)a %in&a(an i%'
ma(a m!r!(a &a"a% &i"i&ana a%a &i,!n,an(an %an--n- jawa,+ K9;L
Kesimp*an
D!n-an "!r%im,an-an &am"a( )an- &a"a% &i%im,l(an #l!h (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi ,ai( ,a-i
mas)ara(a%' "!r!(#n#mian' "!m!rin%ahan &an as"!(.as"!( lainn)a )an- ,!r,aha)a' ,ah(an l!,ih
s!ris &i,an&in-(an &!n-an &am"a( )an- &i%im,l(an #l!h ,!n%(.,!n%( (!jaha%an )an-
(#n$!nsi#nal' ma(a hars a&a (#nsis%!nsi &an lan&asan )an- s#li& &alam h(m n%( &a"a%
m!m,!,an(an "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (!"a&a (#r"#rasi+ Dalam ,!r,a-ai hars %!r&a"a%
"!n-a%ran m!n)an-(% "!r%an--n-jawa,an ini+
S!lain i%' &i"!rl(an "!rha%ian s%&i )an- l!,ih m!n&alam' ,ai( &i (alan-an a(a&!mis'
"r#/!si#nal ma"n a"ara% "!n!-a( h(m' -na m!m,an-n sa% (!ran-(a %!#ri%is ,a-i
"!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana (#r"#rasi+ Hal ini h!n&a(n)a &iim,an-i "la &!n-an "a)a
"!nin-(a%an (ali%as &an (!mam"an "ara "!n!-a( h(m )an- a(an m!n!ra"(ann)a+ M!r!(a
hars mam" &an (r!a%i/ n%( m!la((an %!r#,#san.%!r#,#san h(m+

DA1"A! PU'"AKA
@lac(' H!nr) 6am",!ll' !lack,s -aw Dictionary, G!s% P,lishin- 6#+' S%+ Pal' Minn!ss#%a'
0>>5' !&+;' hal+ 77>+
Din!' Jan!%' %ompany -aw' Macmillan Pr!ss F%&+' 0>>=+
F!r-s#n' G!rr)' %orruption and %riminal -iability' h%%":88www+icclr+law+,c+ca8 P,lica%i#ns8
R!"#r%s8 F!r-s#nG+PDF
Gr#ss' H)man' $ 'heory o" %riminal (ustice' OA/#r& Uni$!rsi%) Pr!ss' N!w Y#r(' 0><>'
hal+009+
K!!nan' D!nis N J#s!"hin! @iscar!' 4mith 2 Keenan,s %ompany -aw :or 4tudents' Financial
Tim!s' Pi%man P,lishin-' 0>>;+
Khanna' P+S' %orporate %riminal -iability0 @hat urpose Does It 4erveA' 05> Har$+ F+R!$+
09<<' Th! Har$ar& Faw R!$i!w Ass#cia%i#n' 0>>;
Fi"%#n' Phili" &an A,raham H!r3,!r-' .nderstanding %ompany -aw, @ris,an!' Th! @##( Faw
6#m"an) F%&' 0>>4+
Fi%%l!' 6hris%#"h!r M+ N Na%asha Sa$#lin!' %orporate %riminal -iability in %anada0 'he
%riminali<ation o" =ccupational #ealth 2 4a"ety =""ences, Fili#n Ga(!l) Th#r" An-!l!%%i
1Mana-!m!n% Fa,#r Faw)!rs2' www+/ili#n+#n+ca8"&/8 6MF?454557?45Pa"!r+"&/
Pr#&j#&i(#r#' Girj#n#' $sas-asas #ukum idana di Indonesia' E&+4' 6!%+;' @an&n- : Er!sc#'
0>=>+
R!mm!lin(' Jan' #.K.& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab .ndang-
Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia Ps%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557
Rsmana'SH' ertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam 'indak idana erikanan'
h%%":88www+s#lsih(m+c#m8ar%i(!l8ar%i(!l9:+"h"
Sc#%%' 6hari%)' D%aveat ?endor0 !roker-Dealer -iability .nder the 4ecurities 5*change $ct'C
S!cri%i!s R!-la%i#n Faw J#rnal' 1P#l+ 0<' 0>=>2
S!li-man' J#!l' %orporations %ases and &aterials' Fi%%l! @r#wn an& 6#m"an) @#s%#n N!w
Y#r( T#r#n%# F#n&#n' 0>>:+
Sim"s#n' Sall) S+' S%ra%!-)' S%rc%r! an& 6#r"#ra%! 6rim!' 9 A&$anc!s in 6rimin#l#-ical
Th!#r) 0<0 10>>72+
Sin--ih' Kejahatan Korporasi yang &engerikan' Psa% S%&i H(m @isnis Fa(l%as H(m
Uni$!rsi%as P!li%a Hara"an' Tan-!ran-' 455:+
S#!san%#' F+6' Uni$!rsi%as Di"#n!-#r#' 'he 4pectrum o" %orporate %rime in Indonesia'
h%%":88www+aic+-#$+a8",lica%i#ns8"r#c!!&in-s8048s#!san%#+"&/
Ssan%#' I+ S' S%a%is%i( Kriminal s!,a-ai K#nsr(si S#sial' P!n)snan' P!n--naan &an
P!n)!,arann)a' sa% S%&i Krimin#l#-i' Dis!r%asi' S!maran-' 0>>5 1Ti&a( &i%!r,i%(an2+
Pa-%s' D!%l!$ F+, !asic %orporation -aw &aterials-%ases 'e*t, 1N!w Y#r(: Th! F#n&a%i#n
Pr!ss Inc+ 0>=>2
h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i
K0L Sin--ih' Kejahatan Korporasi yang &engerikan' Psa% S%&i H(m @isnis Fa(l%as H(m
Uni$!rsi%as P!li%a Hara"an' Tan-!ran-' 455:' Hal+ >+
K4L H)man Gr#ss' $ 'heory o" %riminal (ustice' OA/#r& Uni$!rsi%) Pr!ss' N!w Y#r(' 0><>'
hal+009+
K7LRsmana'SH' ertanggungjawaban Korporasi dalam 'indak idana erikanan'
h%%":88www+s#lsih(m+c#m8ar%i(!l8ar%i(!l9:+"h"
K9L H!nr) 6am",!ll @lac(' !lack,s -aw Dictionary, G!s% P,lishin- 6#+' S%+ Pal' Minn!ss#%a'
0>>5' !&+;' hal+ 77>+
K:L Sall) S+ Sim"s#n' S%ra%!-)' S%rc%r! an& 6#r"#ra%! 6rim!' 9 A&$anc!s in 6rimin#l#-ical
Th!#r) 0<0 10>>72+
K;L Ibid.
K<LDiin%isari(an &ari Ssan%#' I+ S+ 0>>5' S%a%is%i( Kriminal s!,a-ai K#nsr(si S#sial'
P!n)snan' P!n--naan &an P!n)!,arann)a' sa% S%&i Krimin#l#-i' Dis!r%asi' S!maran-
1Ti&a( &i%!r,i%(an2+
K=L Jan R!mm!lin(' #.K.& ID$/$, Komentar atas asal-asal 'erpenting dari Kitab
.ndang-.ndang #ukum idana !elanda dan adanannya dalam Kita .ndang-.ndang #ukum
idana Indonesia' PT+ Gram!&ia Ps%a(a U%ama' Ja(ar%a : 4557' Hal+ >=+
K>L Ibid. hal+054+
K05L Girj#n# Pr#&j#&i(#r#' $sas-asas #ukum idana di Indonesia' E&+4' 6!%+;' @an&n- :
Er!sc#' 0>=>' hal+::+
K00L Pasal 9; Un&an-.n&an- N#m#r 47 %ahn 0>>< %!n%an- Fin-(n-an Hi&" m!n)!,%(an :
A)a% 102: Ji(a %in&a( "i&ana s!,a-aimana &ima(s& &alam @a, ini &ila((an #l!h a%a a%as
nama ,a&an h(m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain' %n%%an "i&ana
&ila((an &an san(si "i&ana s!r%a %in&a(an %a%a %!r%i, s!,a-aimana &ima(s& &alam Pasal 9<
&ija%h(an ,ai( %!rha&a" ,a&an h(m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain
%!rs!,% ma"n %!rha&a" m!r!(a )an- m!m,!ri "!rin%ah n%( m!la((an %in&a( "i&ana
%!rs!,% a%a )an- ,!r%in&a( s!,a-ai "!mim"in &alam "!r,a%an i% a%a %!rha&a" (!&a.&an)a+
A)a% 142: Ji(a %in&a( "i&ana s!,a-aimana &ima(s& &alam @a, ini' &ila((an #l!h a%a a%as
nama ,a&an h(m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain' &an &ila((an #l!h
#ran-.#ran-' ,ai( ,!r&asar(an h,n-an (!rja ma"n ,!r&asar h,n-an lain' )an- ,!r%in&a(
&alam lin-(n-an ,a&an h(m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a #r-anisasi lain' %n%%an
"i&ana &ila((an &an san(si "i&ana &ija%h(an %!rha&a" m!r!(a )an- m!m,!ri "!rin%ah a%a
)an- ,!r%in&a( s!,a-ai "!mim"in %an"a m!n-in-a% a"a(ah #ran-.#ran- %!rs!,%' ,ai( ,!r&asa
h,n-an (!rja ma"n ,!r&asar h,n-an lain' m!la((an %in&a( "i&ana s!cara s!n&iri a%a
,!rsama.sama+
A)a% 172: Ji(a %n%%an &ila((an %!rha&a" ,a&an h(m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a
#r-anisasi lain' "an--ilan n%( m!n-ha&a" &an "!n)!rahan sra%.sra% "an--ilan i% &i%j(an
(!"a&a "!n-rs &i %!m"a% %in--al m!r!(a' a%a &i %!m"a% "!n-rs m!la((an "!(!rjaan )an-
%!%a"+
A)a% 192: Ji(a %n%%an &ila((an %!rha&a" ,a&an h(m' "!rs!r#an' "!rs!ri(a%an' )a)asan a%a
#r-anisasi lain' )an- "a&a saa% "!nn%%an &iwa(ili #l!h ,(an "!n-rs' ha(im &a"a%
m!m!rin%ah(an s"a)a "!n-rs m!n-ha&a" s!n&iri &i "!n-a&ilan+
K04L ?icarious -iability a&alah "!m,!,anan "!r%an--n-jawa,an "a&a s!s!#ran- a%as %in&a(an
)an- &ila((an #l!h #ran- lain' s!ma%a.ma%a ,!r&asar(an h,n-an an%ara (!&a #ran- %!rs!,%+
K07L $ctus 3eus a%a guilty act a&alah "!r,a%an m!lawan h(m )an- m!n-a(i,a%(an "!la(
,!r%an--n- jawa, s!cara "i&ana ji(a nsr mens rea j-a %r% %!r,(%i+
K09L &ens rea a%a gulty mind a&alah salah sa% nsr &ari "!r%an--n-jawa,an "i&ana' &is!,%
j-a &!n-an "!n-!%ahan a%a %jan )an- salah+
K0:L F+6 S#!san%#' Uni$!rsi%as Di"#n!-#r#' 'he 4pectrum o" %orporate %rime in Indonesia'
h%%":88www+aic+-#$+a8",lica%i#ns8"r#c!!&in-s8048s#!san%#+"&/
K0;L Jan R!mm!lin(' =p.%it' hal+055+
K0<L Buasi-public corporations a&alah (#r"#rasi.(#r"#rasi )an- %i&a( s!%hn)a ,!rsi/a% ",li('
&alam ar%i ,!r(!rja n%( %jan "!m!rin%ahan' %!%a"i #"!rasi a%a a(%i$i%as &ari (#r"#rasi
%!rs!,% %r% m!m,!ri(an (!n)amanan' (!m&ahan' a%a (!s!jah%!raan (hala)a( mm' s!"!r%i
"!rsahaan %!l!"#n' -as' air' lis%!ri(' &an "!rsahaan+ 1@lac(Es Faw Dic%i#nar)2
K0=L P+S+ Khanna' %orporate %riminal -iability0 @hat urpose Does It 4erveA' 05> Har$+ F+R!$+
09<<' Th! Har$ar& Faw R!$i!w Ass#cia%i#n' 0>>;' hal+4
K0>L5lkins $ct a&alah Un&an-.n&an- /!&!ral Am!ri(a S!ri(a% 10>572 )an- m!n&(n-
"!la(sanaan Interstate %ommerce $ct 1n&an-.n&an- "!r&a-an-an an%ara n!-ara ,a-ian2
&!n-an m!laran- "!m#%#n-an har-a &an ,!n%(.,!n%( "!rla(an is%im!wa lainn)a %!rha&a"
jasa "!n-an-(% 1shipper2 )an- ,!sar 1!lack,s -aw Dictionary2+
K45LG!rr) F!r-s#n' %orruption and %riminal -iability'
h%%":88www+icclr+law+,c+ca8P,lica%i#ns8 R!"#r%s8 F!r-s#nG+PDF' hal+ :
K40L h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i86#r"#ra%!Olia,ili%)
K44L G!rr) F!r-s#n' =p.%it' hal+ :+
K47L 6hris%#"h!r M+ Fi%%l! N Na%asha Sa$#lin!' %orporate %riminal -iability in %anada0 'he
%riminali<ation o" =ccupational #ealth 2 4a"ety =""ences' Fili#n Ga(!l) Th#r" An-!l!%%i
1Mana-!m!n% Fa,#r Faw)!rs2' hal+ :' www+/ili#n+#n+ca8"&/86MF?454557?45Pa"!r+"&/
K49L Ibid' hal+;+
K4:L h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i86#r"#ra%!Olia,ili%)
K4;L G!rr) F!r-s#n' =p.%it' hal+<+
K4<L 6hris%#"h!r M+ Fi%%l! N Na%asha Sa$#lin!' =p.%it, hal+ =+
K4=L Ibid' hal+00
K4>L Ibid.
K75L h%%":88!n+wi(i"!&ia+#r-8wi(i86#r"#ra%!Olia,ili%)
K70L Ibid.
K74L 7<: U+S+ 0=5' 0>:.0>; 10>;:2+
K77L T!#ri "iduciary duty a&alah sa% (!waji,an )an- &i%!%a"(an n&an-.n&an- ,a-i s!s!#ran-
)an- m!man/aa%(an s!s!#ran- lain' &imana (!"!n%in-an "ri,a&i s!s!#ran- )an- &irs #l!h
"ri,a&i lainn)a' )an- si/a%n)a han)a h,n-an a%asan.,awahan s!saa%+ Oran- )an- m!m"n)ai
(!waji,an ini hars m!la(sana(ann)a ,!r&asar(an sa% s%an&ar &ari (!waji,an 1standard o"
duty2 )an- "alin- %in--i s!sai &!n-an )an- &in)a%a(an #l!h h(m+ S!&an-(an "iduciary ini
a&alah s!s!#ran- )an- m!m!-an- "!ran s!,a-ai sa% wa(il 1trustee2 a%a sa% "!ran )an-
&isama(an &!n-an s!sa% )an- ,!r"!ran s!,a-ai wa(il' &alam hal ini "!ran %!rs!,%
&i&asar(an (!"!rca)aan &an (!rahasiaan 1trust and con"idence2 )an- &alam "!ran ini m!li"%i'
(!%!li%ian 1scrupulous2' i%i(a& ,ai( 1good "aith2' &an (!%!rs%!ran-an 1candor2+ :iduciary ini
%!rmas( h,n-an s!"!r%i' "!n-rs a%a "!n-!l#la' "!n-awas' wa(il a%a wali' &an
"!lin&n- 1-ar&ian2+ T!rmas( j-a &i &alamn)a s!#ran- lawyer )an- m!m"n)ai h,n-an
"iduciary &!n-an client.n)a+ H!nr) 6am",!ll @lac( ' @lac(Es Faw Dic%i#nar)' hal+ ;4:+
K79L 6hari%) Sc#%%' D6a$!a% P!n&#r: @r#(!r.D!al!r Fia,ili%) Un&!r %h! S!cri%i!s EAchan-! Ac%'C
4ecurities 3egulation -aw (ournal' 1P#l+ 0<' 0>=>2' hal+ 4>0+
K7:L Fiha%' Jan!% Din!' %ompany -aw. 4weet 2&a*well,s 'e*tbook 4eries' Sw!!% N MaAw!ll'
4550' hal 40<+
K7;L D!nis K!!nan N J#s!"hin! @iscar!' 4mith 2 Keenan,s %ompany -aw :or 4tudents'
Financial Tim!s' Pi%man P,lishin-' 0>>;' hal 70<+
K7<L J#!l S!li-man' %orporations %ases and &aterials' Fi%%l! @r#wn an& 6#m"an) @#s%#n N!w
Y#r( T#r#n%# F#n&#n' 0>>:+
K7=L Phili" Fi"%#n &an A,raham H!r3,!r-' .nderstanding %ompany -aw, @ris,an!' Th! @##(
Faw 6#m"an) F%&' 0>>4' hal 794+
K7>L Jan!% Din!' %ompany -aw' Macmillan Pr!ss F%&+' 0>>=' hal 0<>+
K95L T!#ri !usiness judgment rule m!n-alami "!r(!m,an-ann)a s!,a-ai )ris"r&!nsi &alam
Prinsi" 6#mm#n Faw &i Am!ri(a &imlai &!n-an (!"%san F#sianna S"r!m! 6#r%' &alam
(ass P!rc) P Milla&#n "a&a %ahn 0=4>+ Fiha% D!nnis J+ @l#c(' Nanc) R+ @ar%#n &an S%!"h!n
A+ Ra&in' 'he !usiness judgment 3ule :iduciary Duties o" %orporate Directors, Pr!n%ic! Hall
law N @sin!ss' Thir& !&i%i#n' 0>>5' hal 9
K90L D!%l!$ F+ Pa-%s, !asic %orporation -aw &aterials-%ases 'e*t, 1N!w Y#r(: Th! F#n&a%i#n
Pr!ss Inc+ 0>=>2 hal 404+ ' liha% j-a R#,!r% 6harl!s 6lar(' %orporate -aw' @#s%#n NT#r#n%#:
li%%l!' @r#wn an& 6#m"an)' 0>=;' hal 047 )an- m!n)a%a(an ,ahwa !usiness (udgement 3ule
adalah + a presumption that in making a business decision, the director o" corporation acted on
an in"ormed basis in good "aith and in the the honest belie" that the action was taken in the best
interest o" the company;.
K94L Jan R!mm!lin(' =p.%it' hal+000+
K97L Ibid.
K99L 6hris%#"h!r M+ Sa$#lin!' =p.%it' hal+<+
K9:L Un&an-.n&an- ini a&alah "!ra%ran )an- &i%!%a"(an n%( m!n-a&!m!n a%a m!nam,ah
(!%!n%an isi enal %ode Kana&a' m!n)an-(% (!jaha%an (#r"#rasi ,!s!r%a "ara "!n-rsn)a+
K9;L Ibid.

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