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Mathematical Computation
June 2014, Volume 3, Issue 2, PP.68-75
Asymptotic Analysis of the Solution of
Schnakenberg Equation
Xianghu Lu, Yandan Zhang, Xinhua J iang
#
College of Science, Beijing University of chemical technology, Beijing100029
#Email: jiangxh@mail.buct.edu.cn
Abstract
This paper studied the initial value problem of the Schnakenberg equations. The first-order approximate solution was obtained by
using two-timing scales method, and then error estimate was obtained with the use of a nonlinear Gronwall inequality to show that
the obtained approximate solution is uniformly valid for
0
0 c c s s 0 t T c s s .
Keywords: Schnakenberg Equations; I nitial Value Problem; The Multiple Scales Method; Error Estimate
Schnakenberg
-

100029
Schnakenberg , Schnakenberg
Gronwall
Schnakenberg

1979 Schnakenberg
[1]

Schnakenberg Youfang Cao

[2]

Schnakenberg

[3]
1948

[3, 4]

[3,4]
,

[5]
Schnakenberg
Hope
[6]
Neumann Schnakenberg

Schnakenberg

-
236551

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Schnakenberg Schnakenberg
'
'
(2 2 ), 0
4 (2 2 ), 0
(0) 0, (0) 0
u u v u u v uv t
v u v u u v uv t
u a v b
c c
c c
= + + + + >

= + + >

= > = >

1
u v AB
'
u
'
v AB t
0 c > 0 c > 1

1
, 0,1
i
i
T t i c = = ,
0 1
d
dt T T
c
c c
= +
c c
2


0 1
0
0 1
0
( , )
( , )
n
n
n
n
n
n
u u T T
v v T T
c
c

3
31c

0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
4
(0) , (0)
u
u v
T
v
u v
T
u a v b
c
= +

c
=

= =

4
0 1
1 1 0 0 0
0 1
0 1
1 1 0 0 0
0 1
1 1
(2 2 )
4 (2 2 )
(0) 0, (0) 0
u u
u v u u v
T T
v v
u v u u v
T T
u v
c c
= + + +

c c

c c
= +

c c

= =

5
0 2
2 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1
0 2
2 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1
2 2
(2 2 ) (2 2 )
4 (2 2 ) (2 2 )
(0) 0, (0) 0
u u
u v u u v u v u u v
T T
v v
u v u u v u v u u v
T T
u v
c c
= + + + + + +

c c

c c
= + + +

c c

= =

6
4
0
0
0
u
U
v
| |
=
|
\ .

1 1
4 1
A
| |
=
|

\ .

1
1
1
u
U
v
| |
=
|
\ .


0
0 0 1
( )
AT
U e C T =

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0 1
0 1
0 1
( )
( )
( )
c T
C T
c T
| |
=
|
|
\ .


0
0
0
U
AU
T
c
=
c

0
( ) T u A
1 2
3 , 3 i i = =
1
1 3
4
i
q
| |
+
=
|
|

\ .

2
1 3
4
i
q
| |

=
|
|

\ .

0
( ) T u
0 0
0 0
3 3
0
3 3
(1 3 ) (1 3 )
( )
4 4
iT iT
iT iT
i e i e
T
e e

| |
+
| u =
|

\ .

1
3
2 3 8 3
(0)
3
2 3 8 3
i i
i i

| |
+

|
|
u =
|
+
|
|
\ .


0
0 0
0
1
0
0 0
0
sin( 3 ) sin( 3 )
cos( 3 )
3 3
( ) (0)
4sin( 3 ) sin( 3 )
cos( 3 )
3 3
AT
T T
T
e T
T T
T

| |
+
|
|
= u u =
|
|

|
\ .


0
0 0
0
0 1
0
0 0 1
0
0 1
0 0
0
sin( 3 ) sin( 3 )
cos( 3 )
( )
3 3
( )
( )
4sin( 3 ) sin( 3 )
cos( 3 )
3 3
AT
T T
T
c T
u
U e C T
v c T
T T
T
| |
+
|
| | | |
|
= = =
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
|

|
\ .
7
75
2 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0
0
2
0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
2 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0
0
0
0 1 0 1
sin(2 3 )
2(cos(2 3 ) ) ( ) 2(cos(2 3 )
3
sin(2 3 ) sin(2 3 )
) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos( 3 ) sin( 3 )
3 3
sin(2 3 )
4 2(cos(2 3 ) ) ( ) 2(cos(2 3 )
3
sin(2 3 )
) ( ) ( )
3
T u
u v T c T T
T
T T
c T c T c T A T B T
T v
u v T c T T
T
T
c T c T
c
= + + +
c
+ + + +
c
=
c
+
2
0
0 1 2 0 2 0
sin(2 3 )
( ) cos( 3 ) sin( 3 )
3
T
c T A T B T

+ +

8

0 1
1
1
( ) c T
A
T
c
=
c

0 1 0 1
1
1 1
( ) ( ) 1
( )
3
c T c T
B
T T
c c
= +
c c

0 1
2
1
( ) c T
A
T
c
=
c

0 1 0 1
2
1 1
( ) ( ) 1
(4 )
3
c T c T
B
T T
c c
= +
c c


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1 1
, u v 8
1
A
1
B
2
A
2
B
1 2 1
1 2 2
3
4 3
B B A
B B A

+ =

+ =

1
A
1
B ,
2
A
2
B 9
0 1
1
0 1
1
( )
0
( )
0
c T
T
c T
T
c
=

0 1
( ) c T
0 1
( ) c T
0 1
0 1
( )
( )
c T a
c T b
=

0
0 0
0
0
0 0 1
0
0 0
0
sin( 3 ) sin( 3 )
cos( 3 )
3 3
( )
4sin( 3 ) sin( 3 )
cos( 3 )
3 3
A T
T T
T
u a
U e C T
v b
T T
T
| |
+
|
| | | |
|
= = =
| |
|
\ . \ .
|

|
\ .
10
8
0 0
0
1 1 1 1 0
1
2 0 1 1 1
0 0
0
sin( 3 ) sin( 3 )
cos( 3 )
( ) ( )
3 3
( )
( )
4sin( 3 ) sin( 3 )
cos( 3 )
3 3
T T
T
c T u f T
U
f T v c T
T T
T
| |
+
|
| | | | | |
|
= = +
| | |
| |
\ . \ . \ .
|

|
\ .
11

2 2 2
1 0 0 0
2 2
2
0 0
4 2 4 2 3 2 3
( ) ( ) cos( 3 ) ( )sin( 3 )
9 9 9 9 9
4 2 4 4 3
( ) cos(2 3 ) ( )sin(2 3 )
9 9 9 9
f T a b ab T a ab T
a b ab
T a ab T
= + + +
+ + +

2 2
2 2
2 0 0 0
2
2 2 2
0 0
2 2 10 2 3 2 3 2 3
( ) ( ) cos( 3 ) ( )sin( 3 )
9 9 9 3 9 9
2 2 10 2 3 3 2 3
( ) cos(2 3 ) ( )sin(2 3 )
9 9 9 3 9 9
a b ab
f T a b ab T T
a
a b ab T b ab T
= +
+ + + + +

116
2
2 2 1 0 1 0 1
0
2
2 2 2 0 2 0 2
0
cos( 3 ) sin( 3 )
4 cos( 3 ) sin( 3 )
u
u v A T B T NST
T
v
u v A T B T NST
T
c
= + + + +

= + + +

12

3 3 2 2 1 1
1
1
( ) 10 1 2 1
9 36 3 3
c T
A a b a b ab
T
c
=
c
3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
( ) ( ) 1 1 2 3 3 4 3 2 3
9 12 9 9 3 3
c T c T
B a b a b ab
T T
c c
=
c c

3 3 2 2 1 1
2
1
( ) 10 1 2 1
9 36 3 3
c T
A a b a b ab
T
c
= + + + +
c


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3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
( ) ( ) 4 1 2 3 3 4 3 2 3
9 12 9 9 3 3
c T c T
B a b a b ab
T T
c c
= + + + + +
c c

1
NST
2
NST 8
1
A ,
1
B ,
2
A ,
2
B
1 2 1
1 2 2
3
4 3
B B A
B B A

+ =

+ =

13

1
A ,
1
B ,
2
A ,
2
B 13
3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
1
( ) ( ) 10 1 2 1
3 3( )
9 36 3 3
( ) 2 3 3 4 3 2 3
3
3 4 3 3
( ) 10 1 2 1
3( )
9 36 3 3
c T c T
a b a b ab
T T
c T
a b a b ab
T
c T
a b a b ab
T
c c
=

c c

= + + + +
c

3 3 2 2 1 1
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
1
( ) 5 1 1 1
9 72 3 6
( ) 2 1 1 1
9 9 3 6
c T
a b a b ab
T
c T
a b a b ab
T
c
=

5
1 1
(0) (0) 0 c c = =
3 3 2 2
1 1 1
3 3 2 2
1 1 1
5 1 1 1
( ) ( )
9 72 3 6
2 1 1 1
( ) ( )
9 9 3 6
c T a b a b ab T
c T a b a b ab T

1
U
0 1
0 1
u u u
U
v v v
c
| | | | | |
= = +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
14

2
10
2
2
0
2
3 3
a b
a b
u a
+
+ | |
s + <
|
\ .

2
2
0
2 2
4
3 3
a b
a b
v b
+
+ | |
s + <
|
\ .

T
1
0 T T s s 0 c > 0 d >
1
u c s
1
v d s
2 2
max , ,
3
a b
A c d
+

=
`

)

i
u A s
i
v A s 0,1 i = 15


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0 1 1
0 1 2
u u u R
v v v R
c
c
= + +

= + +

1
'
1 1 2 1 2
'
2 1 2 1 2
( , , , )
4 ( , , , )
R R R F t R R
R R R F t R R
c
c
= + +

16

1 2 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 2
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 2
0 1 1 0 1 2
( , , , ) [2 ( ) 2( ) ( )( )]
( )[2( ) 2 ( ) 2( )
( )( )]
F t R R u u v R R u u R v v R
u R u v u v R R
u u R v v R
c c c c c c
c c c
c c c
= + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + +


1
2
( )
( )
( )
R t
R t
R t
| |
=
|
\ .


( )
1 2
0
( ) (0) ( , , , )
t
At t s A
R t e R e F s R R ds c

= +
}
17

1
2
(0) 0
(0)
(0) 0
R
R
R
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .


( )
0
1
( ) ( , )
1
t
t s A
R t e F s ds c

| |
=
|

\ .
}


( )
1 2
0
1
( ) = ( , , , )
1
t
t s A
R t e F s R R ds c

| |

|

\ .
}
18

( )
sin( 3( )) sin( 3( ))
cos( 3( ))
1 1
3 3
1 1
4sin( 3( )) sin( 3( ))
cos( 3( ))
3 3
cos( 3( ))
cos( 3( )) 3sin( 3( ))
t s A
t s t s
t s
e
t s t s
t s
t s
t s t s

| |

+
|
| | | |
|
=
| |
|

\ . \ .
|

|
\ .
| |

= |
|

\ .


1
2
( )
( ) ( )
( )
R t
R t R t
R t
c c
| |
= = |
|
\ .
,
1 2 0 1 1 2
( , , , ) ( , ) ( , , , ) F t R R F t F t R R c c c = +

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
2
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
( , ) [2 ( ) ( )( )]
[2( ) 2 ( ) ( )( )]
F t u u v u u v v
u u v u v u u v v
c c c c c c
c c c c c
= + + + +
+ + + + + + +


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1 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 2
1 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 2
( , , , ) ( )[2( ) ( ) ( ) ]
[2( ) 2 ( ) 2( ) ( )( )]
F t R R u u R R R u u R v v R R
R u v u v R R u u R v v R
c c c c c c c c
c c c c c
= + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +

1
2
( )
( ) ( )
( )
R t
R t R t
R t
c c
| |
= = |
|
\ .

2 2
1 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 2
2
1 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 2
( , , , ) ( )[2( ) ( ) ( ) ]
[2( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( )( )]
F t R R u u R R R u u R v v R R
R u v u v R R u u R v v R
c c c c c c c c
c c c c c c c c
= + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +

(18)
0
0
1 1 2
0
cos( 3( ))
( ) ( , )
cos( 3( )) 3sin( 3( ))
cos( 3( ))
( , , , )
cos( 3( )) 3sin( 3( ))
t
t
t s
R t F s ds
t s t s
t s
F t R R ds
t s t s
c c
c
| |

s |
|

\ .
| |

+ |
|

\ .
}
}
19
Maple
0
c T
0
0 c c s s 0 t T c s s
2
0 0 0
0
cos( 3( )) ( , ) ( , )
t
t s F t ds M T c c c s
}
,
2
0 1 0
0
[ cos( 3( )) 3sin( 3( ))] ( , ) ( , )
t
t s t s F t ds M T c c c s
}

0 0
( , ) M T c
1 0
( , ) M T c
0
c T
2
0 2 0
0
cos( 3( ))
( , ) ( , )
cos( 3( )) 3sin( 3( ))
t t s
F t ds M T
t s t s
c c c
| |

s |
|

\ .
}
20

2 2
2 0 0 0 1 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) M T M T M T c c c = +
19
( ) 2 2
2
2
1
cos ( 3( )) [ cos( 3( )) 3sin( 3( ))]
1
5 1
3sin(2 3( )) cos(2 3( ))
2 2
5 1 5 13
3 ( )
2 2 2
t s A
e t s t s t s
t s t s

| |
= +
|

\ .
= +
+
s + + =
21
2
1 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 1
2 2
1 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1
1 2 0 1 1 0 1 2
( , , , ) ( )[2( ) ( )
( ) ] [2( ) 2 ( )
2 ( ) ( )( )]
F t R R u u R R R u u
R v v R R R u v u v
R R u u R v v R
c c c c c
c c c c c
c c c c c c
s + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

15
2 3
2 2 5
1 1 2 3 4
( , , , ) ( ) ( ) F t R R M R M R R c c c c c c s + + 22

2 2
3
( ) 8 (1 ) 3 (1 ) M A A c c c c = + + + ,
2
4
( ) 4 3 (1 ) M A c c c = + +
0
0 c c s s 0 t T c s s
1
0
2 3
2
5 0
0
cos( 3( ))
( , )
cos( 3( )) 3sin( 3( ))
( ) [ ]
t
t
t s
F s ds
t s t s
M R R R ds
c
c c
| |

|
|

\ .
s + +
}
}
23

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5
5 0 3 0 4 0 0
5 13 5 13 5 13
( ) max{ ( ), ( ), }
2 2 2
M M M c c c c
+ + +
=
1920230 t T c s s 18
2 3
2 0 5 0
0
( ) ( , ) ( ) [ ] { }
t
R t M T M R R R ds c c c s + + +
}
24
Gronwall .
[7][8]

0
0 c c s s 0 t T c s s
0
( ) M T c

0
( ) ( ) R t M T c c s 24

2
0 1 0
( ; ) ( ; ) ( ; ) ( ) ( ) U t U t U t R t M T c c c c c c = s

3
Schnakenberg
Gronwall 0 t T c s s

REFERENCES
[1] Schnakenberg, J. Simple chemical reaction systems with limit cycle behavior [J]. J. Theor. Biol. 1979, 81:389400
[2] Cao Youfang, Liang Jie. .Nonlinear Coupling for Improved Stochastic Network Model: A Study of Schnakenberg Model[C].//The
3rd International Symposium on Optimization and System Biology(The 3rd international conference on optimization and system
biology OSB'09), vol.2009:379-386
[3] Qian wei-chang. The singular perturbation theory and its application in mechanics [M]. Beijing: Science press, 1981
[4] R.E.O'malley. An introduction to singular perturbation [M].Beijing: Science press,1983
[5] Feng Xiugong, Liu ping, Shi Junping, Wang Yuwen. Qualitative analysis of Schnakenberg type chemical reaction equations
[J]. Harbin normal university journal of natural science, 2009, 25(5)
[6] Yang Yansi, Liu Ping. Two coupled Schnakenberg prior estimate of the solution of the steady-state system model [J]. Harbin
normal university journal of natural science, 2012,28(4)
[7] SMITH, D. Singular-Perturbation Theory [M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985
[8] Jiang X.H., Wong R., Justification of a Perturbation Approximation of the Klein-Gordon Equation [J]. Stud. Appl. Math. 1999,
Vol. 102: 37541

2008-2012
Email: 2012200905@grad.buct.edu.cn

2

Email: 289239652@qq.com
3

Email: jiangxh@mail.buct.edu.cn