REFERAT UJIAN PSIKIATRI

CIRI GANGGUAN KEPRIBADIAN

Penguji:
Prof. Dr.dr. H.A.Prai!no" S#.KJ $K%
Di&u&un o'e( :
Meyria Carolina
030.03.162
KEPANITERAAN KLINIK ILMU KESEHATAN JIWA
RUMAH SAKIT JIWA r. S!EHART! HEERJAN
PERI!E 0" #E$RUARI % 12 MARET 2011
#AKULTAS KE!KTERAN UNI&ERSITAS TRISAKTI
JAKARTA
2011
1
BAB I
PENDAHU)UAN
Si'()n* #re)* *an Eri+ Eri+,on (er)-a+an *)a oran' yan' .)+)- *i+enal *ala(
-er+e(/an'an il() 0i1a2 (ere+a (en'e(/an'+an 3eori P,i+oanali,i, *an P,i+o,o,ial.
Si'()n* #re)* (en'e(/an'+an +on,e- ,3r)+3)r -i+iran *en'an (en'e(/an'+an 4(in*
a--ara3),52 yai3) yan' *i+enal *en'an ,3r)+3)r +e-ri/a*ian #re)* *an (en0a*i +on,3r)+nya
yan' 3er-en3in'2 yai3) i* 6,3r)+3)r -alin' (en*a,ar *ari +e-ri/a*ian2 ,el)r)7nya 3i*a+
*i,a*ari *an /e+er0a (en)r)3 -rin,i- +e,enan'an82 e'o 6,3r)+3)r +e-ri/a*ian yan' (en'on3rol
+e,a*aran *an (en'a(/il +e-)3),an a3a, -erila+) (an),ia8 *an ,)-ere'o 6(ere9le+,i+an
nilai:nilai ,o,ial *an (enya*ar+an in*i;i*) a3a, 3)n3)3an (oral8.
Men)r)3 Eri+,on2 *ina(i+a +e-ri/a*ian ,elal) *i1)0)*+an ,e/a'ai 7a,il in3era+,i
an3ara +e/)3)7an *a,ar /iolo'i, *an -en')n'+a-annya ,e/a'ai 3in*a+an:3in*a+an ,o,ial.
I,3ila7 -,i+o,o,ial *i-a+ai *ala( +ai3annya *en'an -er+e(/an'an 3a7a-:3a7a- +e7i*)-an
,e,eoran' *ari la7ir ,a(-ai *i/en3)+ ole7 -en'ar)7:-en'ar)7 ,o,ial yan' /erin3era+,i *en'an
,)a3) or'ani,(e yan' (en0a*i (a3an' ,e.ara 9i,i+ *an -,i+olo'i,. Eri+,on (e(/)a3 ,e/)a7
/a'an )n3)+ (en')r)3+an *ela-an 3a7a- ,e.ara 3er-i,a7 (en'enai -er+e(/an'an e'o *ala(
-,i+o,o,ial2 yan' /ia,a *i+enal *en'an i,3ila7 <ela-an Ta7a- Per+e(/an'an Man),ia=.
Eri+,on 0)'a /er-en*a-a3 /a71a 3ia- 3a7a- -,i+o,o,ial 0)'a *i,er3ai ole7 +ri,i,.
Per/e*aan *ala( ,e3ia- +o(-onen +e-ri/a*ian yan' a*a *i*ala( 3ia-:3ia- +ri,i, a*ala7
,e/)a7 (a,ala7 yan' 7ar), *i-e.a7+an>*i,ele,ai+an. Men)r)3 Eri+,on *ela-an 3a7a-
-er+e(/an'an yan' a*a /erlan',)n' *ala( 0an'+a 1a+3) yan' 3era3)r (a)-)n ,e.ara
7irar+ri2 a+an 3e3a-i 0i+a *ala( 3a7a- ,e/el)(nya ,e,eoran' (en'ala(i +e3i*a+,ei(/an'an
,e-er3i yan' *iin'in+an (a+a -a*a 3a7a- ,e,)*a7nya *a-a3 /erlan',)n' +e(/ali ')na
(e(-er/ai+inya.
?an'')an +e-ri/a*ian a*ala7 +on*i,i -a3olo'i+ *ari .iri +e-ri/a*ian ,e,eoran' yan'
(en0a*i 3i*a+ 9le+,i/el *an ,)li3 (enye,)ai+an *iri *en'an lin'+)n'an 7i*)-2 ,e7in''a
(eni(/)l+an 7en*aya *i *ala( 9)n',i ,o,ial a3a) -e+er0aan a3a) -en*eri3aan ,)/0e+3i9 /a'i
*irinya.
?e0ala:'e0ala *ari oran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian /ia,anya allo-la,3i+. Ar3inya2
oran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian a+an /er),a7a (er)/a7 lin'+)n'an )n3)+ *i,e,)ai+an
*en'an +ein'inannya. Selain i3)2 'e0ala:'e0alanya 0)'a e'o,in3oni+. Ar3inya2 oran' *en'an
'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian *a-a3 (eneri(a *en'an /ai+ 'e0ala:'e0alanya. U()(nya oran'
*en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian (enola+ /an3)an ,e.ara -,i+ia3ri+.
2
!ran' 3er,e/)3 0a)7 le/i7 ()n'+in (enola+ /an3)an -,i+ia3ri+ *an (enyan'+al
(a,ala7nya *i/an*in'+an oran' *en'an 'an'')an +e.e(a,an2 'an'')an *e-re,i92 a3a)
'an'')an o/,e,i9 +o(-)l,i9. ?e0ala 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian a*ala7 alo-a,3i+ 6yai3)2 (a(-)
(en'a*a-3a,i *an (en')/a7 lin'+)n'an e+,3ernal8 *an e'o:,in3oni+ 6yai3)2 *a-a3 *i3eri(a
ole7 e'o8@ (ere+a *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian 3i*a+ (era,a .e(a, 3en3an' -erila+)
(ela*a-3i9nya2 +arena oran' 3er,e/)3 3i*a+ ,e.ara r)3in (era,a+an ,a+i3 *ari a-a yan'
*ira,a+an ole7 (a,yara+a3 ,e/a'ai 'e0alanya2 (ere+a ,erin'+ali *ian''a- 3i*a+ /er(o3i;a,i
)n3)+ -en'o/a3an *an 3i*a+ (e(-an 3er7a*a- -e()li7an.
3
BAB II
GANGGUAN KEPRIBADIAN
*.+ Penger!ian ,e#ri-adian
Ke-ri/a*ian *a-a3 *i*e9ini,i+an ,e/a'ai 3o3ali3a, ,i9a3 e(o,ional *an -erila+) yan'
(enan*ai +e7i*)-an ,e,eoran' *ari 7ari +e7ari *ala( +on*i,i yan' /ia,anya @ +e-ri/a*ian
rela3i9 ,3a/il *an *a-a3 *ira(al+an.
Selain i3) 3er*a-a3 0)'a *e9ini,i (a)-)n -en'er3ian (en'enai +e-ri/a*ian lainnya.
Mi,alnya2 K),)(an3o Se3yone'oro (en'a3a+anA Ke-ri/a*ian iala7 e+,-re,i +el)ar *ari
-en'e3a7)an *an -era,aan yan' *iala(i ,e.ara ,)/0e+3i9 ole7 ,e,eoran'. e9ini,i lain
(en'e()+a+an /a71a +e-ri/a*ian iala7 -ola -erila+) yan' +7a, /a'i ,e,eoran' yan'
(enye/a/+an oran' i3) *a-a3 *i+enal *ari -ola -erila+)nya i3). A3a) +e-ri/a*ian (en)n0)+
+e-a*a +e,el)r)7an -ola -i+iran2 -era,aan2 *an -erila+) yan' ,erin' *i')na+an ole7
,e,eoran' *ala( ),a7a a*a-3a,i yan' 3er),:(ener), *ala( 7i*)-nya. Ja*i +e-ri/a*ian
(eli-)3i ,e'ala .ora+ -erila+) (an),ia yan' 3er7i(-)n *i *ala( *irinya *an yan' *i')na+an
)n3)+ /erea+,i ,er3a (enye,)ai+an *irinya 3er7a*a- ,e'ala ran',an'2 /ai+ yan' *a3an' *ari
lin'+)n'annya 6<*)nia l)ar=:nya82 (a)-)n yan' /era,al *ari *irinya ,en*iri 6<*)nia *ala(=:
nya8 ,e7in''a .ora+ -erila+)nya i3) (er)-a+an ,)a3) +e,a3)an 9)n',ional yan' +7a, /a'i
(an),ia i3).
e9ini,i:*e9ini,i *i a3a, (en'e()+a+an +e-ri/a*ian *ala( ar3i +a3a e(-iri+ 6li7a3 *i
/a1a7 ini82 Ter*a-a3 3 +elo(-o+ -en'er3ian +e-ri/a*ian2 yai3) -en'er3ian -o-)ler2 9al,a9a3
*an e(-iri+. Ke-ri/a*ian *ala( ar3i +a3a #o#u'er ,a(a *en'an +)ali3a, ,e,eoran' yan'
(enye/a/+an ia *i,enan'i a3a) 3i*a+ *i,enan'i ole7 oran' lain.
Ke-ri/a*ian *ala( ar3i +a3a fa'&afa! iala7 ,e,)a3) yan' ra,ional 6*a-a3 /er-i+ir2
(e(-)nyai *aya -enalaran8 *an in*i;i*)al 6(er)-a+an +e,a3)an yan' *a-a3 /er*iri ,en*iri2
(e(-)nyai .iri:.iri +7a,8. Ke-ri/a*ian i3) (er)-a+an in3i (an),ia 6yai3) /ila +i3a (en0a1a/
-er3anyaan *ala( 9al,a9a7A <A-a+a7 (an),ia i3)=8 yan' (en'a3)r *an (en'a1a,i
-erila+)nya ,e.ara 3i*a+ *a-a3 *ili7a3 ole7 oran' lain *an yan' (er)-a+an -enye/a/ )3a(a
,e'ala ,e,)a3) yan' /er7)/)n'an *en'an (an),ia.
Ke-ri/a*ian *ala( ar3i +a3a e.#iri& iala7 0)(la7 -erila+) yan' *a-a3 *ia(a3i *an
yan' (e(-)nyai .iri:.iri /iolo'i+2 -,i+olo'i+2 ,o,iolo'i+2 *an (oral yan' +7a, /a'inya2
yan' *a-a3 (e(/e*a+annya *ari +e-ri/a*ian yan' lain. A+an 3e3a-i 7ar), *iin'a3 /a71a
0)(la7 -erila+) a3a) 0)(la7 ,i9a3 ,e,eoran' 3i*a+ ,a(a *en'an +e-ri/a*iannya yan'
4
,e/enarnya. Perila+) *an ,i9a3 7anya (er)-a+an (ani9e,3a,i +e-ri/a*ian oran' i3). en'an
(e(-ela0ari -erila+) a3a) ,i9a3:,i9a3 +e-ri/a*ian ,e,eoran' (a+a +i3a *a-a3 (enyela(i
+e-ri/a*ian yan' ,e/enarnya.
DEFINISI
Sa(-ai ,aa3 ini -enye/a/ 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian /el)( *i+e3a7)i *en'an -a,3i. Te3a-i2
3er*a-a3 /e/era-a 9a+3or *i*)'a (e(-)nyai 7)/)n'an yan' era3 *en'an 'an'')an
+e-ri/a*ian. #a+3or:9a+3or 3er,e/)3 a*ala7 A
Fa,!or Gene!i,
Ternya3a ,a)*ara +e(/ar ,a3) 3el)r *ari -en*eri3a 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian 0)a7 le/i7 /anya+
yan' (en*eri3a 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian *i/an*in'+an *en'an ,a)*ara +e(/ar *)a 3el)r.
Fa,!or -io'ogi, $-io#&i,o&o&ia'%
: Fa,!or (or.ona'A !ran' yan' (en)n0)++an ,i9a3 i(-)l,i9 ,erin' +ali 0)'a
(en)n0)++an -enin'+a3an +a*ar 3e,3o3eron2 1" e,3ra*iol2 *an e,3rone. Pa*a -ri(a3a
/)+an (an),ia2 an*ro'en (enin'+a3+an +e()n'+inan a're,i *an -rila+) ,e+,)al@
3e3a-i -eranan 3e,3o3eron -a*a a're,i (an),ia a*ala7 3i*a+ 0ela,. Ha,il ST a*ala7
a/nor(al -a*a /e/era-a -a,ien 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian a(/an' *en'an 'e0ala *e-re,i9.
Monoa(in o+,i*a,e 3ro(/o,i3. Ka*ar (onoa(in o+,i*a,e 6MA!8 3ro(/o,i3 yan'
ren*a 3ela7 *i7)/)n'+an *en'an a+3i;i3a, *an ,o,ioa/ili3a, -a*a +era. Pela0ar -er')r)an
3in''i *en'an MA! 3ro(/o,i3 yan' ren*a7 (ela-or+an (en'')na+an le/i7 /anya+ 1a+3)
*ala( a+3i;i3a, ,o,ial *i/an*in'+an -ela0ar *en'an +a*ar MA! 3ro(/o,i3 yan' 3in''i.
Ka*ar MA! 3ro(/o,i3 yan' ren*a7 0)'a 3ela7 *i3e()+an -a*a /e/era-a -a,ien ,+iBo3i-al.
?era+an (a3a (en'e0ar yan' 7al), (smooth pursuit eye movement). ?era+an (a3a
(en'e0ar yan' 7al), a*ala7 a/nor(al -a*a oran' *en'an ,i9a3 in3ro;er,i2 7ar'a *iri
ren*a72 (enari+ *iri *an -a*a -a,ien *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian ,+iBo3i-al. ?era+a
(a3a -a*a oran' 3er,e/)3 a*ala7 3i*a+ (e(ili+i -enera-an +lini,2 3e3a-i (enya3a+an
-eranan -en)r)nan.
: Neuro!ran&.i!er. En*or9in (e(ili+i e9e+ yan' ,er)-a *en'n (or9in e+,o'en2
3er(a,)+ anal'e3i+ *an ,)-re,i ran',an'an. Ka*ar en*or9in en*o'en yan' 3in''i
()n'+in /er7)/)n'an *en'an oran' yan' 9le'(a3i+:-a,i9. Peneli3ian ,i9a3 +e-ri/a*ian
*an ,i,3e( *o-a(iner'i+ *an ,ero3oner'i+ (enya3a+an ,)a3) 9)n',i (en'a+3i;a,i
+e,a*aran *ari ne)ro3ran,(i3er 3er,e/)3. Ka*ar C:7y*roDyin*olea.e3i. a.i* 6C:HIAA82
5
,)a3) (e3a/oli3 ,ero3onin2 a*ala7 ren*a7 -a*a oran' yan' /er),a7a /)n)7 *iri *an
-a*a -a,ien yan' i(-)l,i9 *an a're,i9.
Menin'+a3+an +a*ar ,ero3onin *en'an o/a3 ,ero3oner'i+ 3er3en3) ,e-er3i 9l)oDe3in
6ProBa.8 *a-a3 (en'7a,il+an -er)/a7an *ra(a3i+ -a*a /e/era-a +ara3eri,3i+
+e-ri/a*ian. Sero3onin (en)r)n+an *e-re,i2 i(-)l,i;i3a,2 *an -eren)n'an -a*a
/naya+ oran' *an *a-a3 (en'7a,il+an -era,aan +e,e7a3an )()(. Menin'+a3nya +a*ar
*o-a(in *i *ala( ,i,3e( ,ara9 -),a32 *i7a,il+an ole7 -,i+o,3i()lan 3er3en) 6,e/a'i
.on3o72 a(9e3a(in8 *a-3 (en'in*)+,i e9oria. E9e+ ne)ro3ran,(i3er -a*a ,i9a3
+e-ri/a*ian 3ela7 (en.i-3a+an (ina3 *an +on3ro;er,i 3en3an' a-a+a7 ,i9a3 +e-ri/a*ian
*i/a1a ,e0a+ la7ir a3a) *i*a-a3.
i*ala( /)+)nya Listening to Prozac,Pe3er +ra(er (en''a(/ar+an -er)/a7an
+e-ro/a*ian *ra(a3i+ 6,e/a'ai .on3o72 -en)r)nan +e-e+aan 3er7a*a- -enola+an2
(enin'+a3nya +e3e'a,an2 (enin'+a3nya 7ar'a *iri2 (e(/ai+nya +e(a(-)an )n3)+
(en3oleran,i ,3re,8 yan' *a-a3 3er0a*i 0i+a +a*ar ,ero3onin *i3in'+a3+an ole7 9l)oDe3in.
: E'e,!rofi&io'ogi. Per)/a7an +on*)+3an,i ele+3ri+ -a*a ele+3oen,e9alo'ra( 6EE?8
3ela7 *i3e()+an -a*a /e/era-a -a,ien *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian2 -alin' ,erin'
-a*a 3i-e an3i ,o,ial *an a(/an'2 *i (ana *i3e()+an a+3i;i3a, 'elo(/an' la(/a3.
Fa,!or P&i,o'ogi,
Si'()n* #re)* (en*)'a .iri +e-ri/a*ian /er7)/)n'an era3 *en'an 9i+,a,i -a*a ,ala7 ,a3)
9a,e -er+e(/an'an ,e/el)(nya. Mi,alnya2 oran' yan' -a,i9 *an *e-en*en (e(-)nyai
9i+,a,i -a*a 9a,e oral. Selan0)3nya2 Wil7e( Rei.7 (en'e()+a+an /a71a 'e0ala 'an'')an
+e-ri/a*ian ,an'a3 *i3en3)+an ole7 0eni, *e9en (e+ani,(e yan' *i-er')na+annya.
Mi,alnya2 oran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian -aranoi* (en'')na+an *e9en (e+ani,(e
-roye+,i2 oran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian +o(-)l,i9 (en'')na+an *e9en (e+ani,(e
i,ola,i2 *an oran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian 7i,3rioni+ (en'')na+an *e9en
(e+ani,(e *i,o,ia,i.
ari /er/a'ai -eneli3ian (en)n0)++an /a71a C ,a(-ai 10E -en*)*)+ *e1a,a
(en*eri3a 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian. Ja*i -re;alen,i 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian 3ernya3a C ,a(-ai 10
+ali le/i7 3in''i *ari -re;alen,i ,+iBo9renia *an 'an'')an a9e+3i9 /era32 ,er3a 7a(-ir ,a(a
*en'an -re;alen,i 'an'')an ne)ro3i+.
6
Pre;alen,i 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian le/i7 3in''i -a*a +elo(-o+ (a,yara+a3 yan'
*i-en0ara+an *an -en*)*)+ *en'an ,o,ial e+ono(i ren*a7.
/era.a',an a,i-a! gangguan ,e#ri-adian
$ia,anya 'e0ala 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian a+an (ene3a- ,e)()r 7i*)-. Te3a-i2 ,e/a'ian
+e.il oran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian (en'ala(i -en')ran'an 'e0ala *en'an
/er3a(/a7nya ),ia.
!ran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian (e(-)nyai +e()n'+inan le/i7 /e,ar a+an
(en'ala(i +e,)li3an /er)-a 7al2 ,e-er3i A
Pe+er0aan
!ran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian le/i7 ,erin' (en'ala(i +e,)li3an *ala( -e+er0aan
*i/an*in'+an -o-)la,i )()(2 (ere+a ()n'+in a+an ,erin' 'an3i:'an3i -e+er0aan.
Penye,)aian *iri *ala( -er+a1inan
!ran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian le/i7 /anya+ yan' (en'ala(i +e,)li3an *ala(
-enye,)aian *iri *ala( -er+a1inannya.
H)/)n'an So,ial
!ran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian ,erin' (en'ala(i +e,)li3an /er7)/)n'an ,o,ial
*ala( +e7i*)-an ,e7ari:7ari. M)n'+in ,erin' /er3en'+ar *en'an 3e3an''a2 a3a) 3e(an
,e+an3or.
Ke.en*er)n'an -enyala7')naan Ba3
!ran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian le/i7 /anya+ yan' (enyala7')na+an Ba32 3er)3a(a
al+o7ol
Serin' /er)r),an *en'an -e3)'a, 7)+)(
!ran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian le/i7 ,erin' /er)r),an *en'an -e3)'a, 7)+)(2
,e-er3i -oli,i.
*.* Ber-agai Jeni& Gangguan Ke#ri-adian
Kur! S0(neider 61F238 (e(/a'i 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian (en0a*i ,e-)l)7 0eni,
(en)r)3 ,i9a3 yan' 3er'an'') -alin' (enon0ol.
Eugen Ka(n 61F2G8 (e(/a'i 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian (en0a*i 3i'a +elo(-o+2 yai3)
'an'')an *oron'an2 3e(-era(en *an 1a3a+.
Pe(/a'ian 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian (en)r)3 SM:I& *i+elo(-o++an *ala( 3i'a
.l),3erA
Cl),3er AA : 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian -aranoi*
: 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian ,+iBoi*
7
: 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian ,+iBo3i-al
Cl),3er $A : 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian an3i,o,ial
: 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian a(/an'
: 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian 7i,3rioni+
: 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian nar,i,3i+
Cl),3er CA : 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian (en'7in*ar
: 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian 3er'an3)n'
: 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian anan+a,3i+
: 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian yan' 3i*a+ *i3en3)+an
*.*.+ Gangguan Ke#ri-adian Paranoid
Ke-ri/a*ian -aranoi* iala7 ,)a3) 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian *en'an ,i9a3 .)ri'a yan'
(enon0ol2 7i-er,en,i3i92 /anya+ .)ri'a2 iri 7a3i *an .e(/)r)2 (era,a *iri -en3in'2
+e.en*er)n'an ,elal) (enyala7+an oran' lain *an (en.)ri'ai oran' lain /er(o3i;a,i /)r)+
3er7a*a- *irinya. !ran' ,e-er3i ini ()n'+in a're,i9 *an ,e3ia- oran' yan' lain *ian''a-
,e/a'ai ,eoran' a're,or 3er7a*a-nya2 ia 7ar), (e(-er3a7an+an *irinya. Ia /er,i+a- ,e/a'ai
-e(/eron3a+ *an an'+)7 )n3)+ (ena7an 7ar'a *iri2 ,erin' ia (en'an.a( oran' lain ,e/a'ai
a+i/a3 -roye+,i ra,a /er(),)7annya ,en*iri. Ciri:.iri 3er,e/)3 (en'7alan'i -en*eri3a )n3)+
(en*a-a3+an 7)/)n'an in3er-er,onal yan' (e()a,+an. !ran' 9ana3i+2 -en')(-)l
+e3i*a+a*ilan2 -a,an'an yan' .e(/)r) ,e.ara -a3olo'i,2 *an oran' yan' ane7 ,erin'+ali
(e(ili+i 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian.
E#ide.io'ogi. Pre;alen,i 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian -aranoi* a*ala7 02C:22CE. ?an'')an le/i7
,erin' -a*a la+i:la+i *i/an*in'+an 1ani3a2 *an 'an'')an 3a(-a+nya 3i*a+ (e(ili+i -ola
9a(ilial.
Diagno&i&. Pa*a -e(eri+,aan -,i+ia3ri2 -a,ien 3a(-a+ +e7eranan +arena *i(in3a /an3)an
-,i+ia3ri+. Ke3e'an'an o3o32 3i*a+ *a-a3 ,an3ai2 *an +e/)3)7an )n3)+ (en.ari -e3)n0)+:
-e3)n0)+ *i lin'+)n'an ()n'+in *i3e()+an. A9e+ -a,ien ,erin' 3an-a 7)(or *an ,eri),.
Wala)-)n /e/era-a ala,an ar')(en3a,i (ere+a ()n'+in ,ala72 -e(/i.araan (ere+a
*iara7+an ole7 3)0)an *an lo'i,. I,i -i+ir (ere+a (en)n0)++an /)+3i:/)+3i -roye+,i2 -ra*)'a2
*an +a*an':+a*an' 'a'a,an (en'enai *iri ,en*iri.
Kri!eria diagno&!i, gangguan #aranoid :
A. Ke3i*a+-er.ayaan *an +e.)ri'aan yan' -er;a,i9 +e-a*a oran' lain ,e7in''a (o3i9 (ere+a
*ian''a- ,e/a'ai /er7a3i *en'+i2 *i()lai -a*a (a,a *e1a,a a1al *an 3a(-a+ *ala(
/er/a'ai +on3e+,2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 e(-a3 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
8
1. Men*)'a2 3an-a *a,ar yan' .)+)-2 /a71a oran' lain (e(an9aa3+an2 (e(/a7aya+an2
a3a) (en'+7iana3i *irinya.
2. Preo+)-a,i *en'an +era')an yan' 3i*a+ -a*a 3e(-a3nya 3en3an' loyali3a, a3a)
+e0)0)ran 3e(an a3a) re+an +er0a
3. En''an )n3)+ (en.eri3a+an ra7a,ia oran' lain +arena ra,a 3a+)3 yan' 3i*a+ -erl)
/a71a in9or(a,i a+an *i')na+an ,e.ara 0a7a3 (ela1an *irinya
H. Me(/a.a ar3i (eren*a7+an a3a) (en'an.a( yan' 3er,e(/)nyi *ari ).a-an a3a)
+e0a*ian yan' /ia,a
C. Se.ara -er,i,3en (enan'')n' *en*a(2 yai3) 3i*a+ (e(aa9+an +er)'ian2 .e*era2 a3a)
+elalaian
6. Mera,a+an ,eran'an 3er7a*a- +ara+3er a3a) re-)3a,inya yan' 3i*a+ 3a(-a+ /a'i oran'
lain *an *en'an .e-a3 /erea+,i ,e.ara (ara7 a3a) /ala, (enyeran'
". Me(ili+i +e.)ri'aan yan' /erl)lan'2 3an-a -er3i(/an'an2 3en3an' +e,e3iaan -a,an'an
a3a) (i3ra ,e+,)al.
$. Ti*a+ 3er0a*i ,e(a3a:(a3a ,ela(a -er0alanan ,+iBo9renia2 ,)a3) 'an'')an (oo* *en'an
.iri -,i+o3i+2 a3a) 'an'')an -,i+o3i+ lain *an /)+an +arena e9e+ 9i,iolo'i, lan',)n' *ari
+on*i,i (e*i, )()(.
*.*.* Gangguan Ke#ri-adian S,i1oid
Mal):(al)2 7y-er,en,i3i92 (enyen*iri2 (en'7in*ar+an 7)/)n'an ra-a3 *an +o(-e3i3i9
*an ,erin' ,e+ali e+,en3ri+. Serin' (ela()n *an 3i*a+ *a-a3 (enya3a+an -era,aan (ara7.
Ter7a*a- -en'ala(an:-en'ala(an yan' (en''an') *irinya /ia,anya *ia /era+,i 3i*a+
-er*)li. Serin'+ali *i-an*an' ole7 oran' lain ,e/a'ai e+,en3ri+2 3eri,ola,i2 a3a) +e,e-ian.
E#ide.io'ogi. M)n'+in (en'enai "2CE -o-)la,i )()(. $e/era-a -eneli3ian (ela-or+an
ra,io la+i:la+i 3er7a*a- 1ani3a a*ala7 2 /er/an*in' 1. oran' 3er,e/)3 .en*er)n' (en.ari
-e+er0aan yan' (eli/a3+an ,e*i+i3>3an-a +on3a+ *en'an oran' lain.
Kri!eria diagno&!i, un!u, ,e#ri-adian &,i1oid
A. Pola -er;a,i9 -ele-a,an *ari 7)/)n'an ,o,ial *an ren3an' -en'ala(an e(o,i yan'
3er/a3a, *ala( lin'+)n'an in3er-er,onal2 *i()lai -a*a (a,a *e1a,a a1al *an *i3e()+an
*ala( /er/a'ai +on3e+,2 ,e-er3i yan' *inya3a+an ole7 e(-a3 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
1. Ti*a+ (e(ili+i (ina3 a3a)-)n (eni+(a3i 7)/)n'an *e+a32 3er(a,)+ (en0a*i /a'ian
*ari +el)ar'a
2. Ha(-ir ,elal) (e(ili7 +e'ia3an ,e.ara ,en*irian
9
3. Me(ili+i ,e*i+i32 0i+a a*a2 ra,a 3er3ari+ )n3)+ (ela+)+an -en'ala(a( ,e+,)al *en'an
oran' lain
H. Mera,a+an +e,enan'an *ala( ,e*i+i32 0i+a a*a a+3i;i3a,
C. Ti*a+ (e(ili+i 3e(an *e+a3 a3a) oran' yan' *i-er.aya ,elain ,ana+ ,a)*ara *era0a3
-er3a(a
6. Ta(-a+ 3i*a+ a.)7 3er7a*a- -)0ian a3a) +ri3i+ oran' lain
". Men)n0)++an +e*in'inan e(o,i2 -ele-a,an a3a) -en*a3aran a9e+3i;i3a,
$. Ti*a+ 3er0a*i ,e(a3a:(a3a ,ela(a -er0alanan S+iBo9renia2 'an'')an2 ,)a3) 'an'')an
(oo* *en'an .iri -,i+o3i+2 'an'')an -,i+o3i+ lain a3a) ,)a3) 'an'')an -er+e(/an'an
-er;a,i92 *an /)+an +arena e9e+ 9i,iolo'i, lan',)n' *ari +on*i,i (e*i, )()(.

*.*.2 Gangguan Ke#ri-adian S,i1o!i#a'
Serin' *i3e()+an -el/a'ai .a(-)ran +e.e(a,an2 *e-re,i2 *an a9e+ *i,9ori+ lainnya.
Sela(a -erio*e ,3re, yan' /era3 *a-a3 3i(/)l 'e0ala -,i+o3i+ yan' ,e-in3a,. Karena +eane7an
.ara -i+irnya oran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian ,+iBo3i-al .en*er)n' /er+eya+inan
e+,en3ri+2 ,e-er3i +eya+inan a'a(a yan' ane7:ane7.
E#ide.io'ogi. Ter0a*i -a*a I 3E -o-)la,i. Ra,io 0eni, +ela(in 3i*a+ *i+e3a7)i. Ter*a-a3
7)/)n'an +a,), yan' le/i7 /e,ar an3ara ,ana+ ,a)*ara /iolo'i, -a,ien ,+iBo9reni+
*i/an*in'+an +on3rol *an in,i*en,i yan' le/i7 /e,ar *ian3ara +e(/ar (onoBi'o3
*i/an*in'+an +e(/ar *iBi'o3i+.
Kri!eria Diagno&!i, Gangguan Ke#ri-adian S,i1o!i#a'
A. Pola -er;a,i9 *e9i,i3 ,o,ial *an in3er-er,onal yan' *i3an*ai ole7 +e3i*a+,enan'an a+)3
*en'an2 *an -en)r)nan +a-a,i3a, )n3)+2 7)/)n'an era3 *an 0)'a ole7 -enyi(-an'an
+o'ni3i9 a3a) -er,e-,i *an -erila+) e+,en3ri+2 *i()lai -a*a (a,a *e1a,a a1al *an 3a(-a+
*ala( /er/a'ai +on3e+,2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 li(a 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
1. ?a'a,an yan' (enyan'+)3 *iri ,en*iri 6i*ea, o9 re9eren.e8 +e.)ali 1a7a( yan'
(enyan'+)3 *iri ,en*iri8
2. Keya+inan ane7 a3a) -i+iran (a'i, yan' (e(-en'ar)7i -erila+) *an 3i*a+ +on,i,3en
*en'an nor(a +)l3)ral 6(i,alnya2 -er.aya 3a+7y)l J,)-er,3i3io),ne,,K2 -er.aya *a-a3
(eli7a3 a-a yan' a+an 3er0a*i J.lair;oyan.eK2 3ele-a3i2 a3a) in*era +eena(2 -a*a ana+:
ana+ *an re(a0a +7ayalan a3a) -reo+)-a,i yan' +a.a)8
3. Pen'ala(an -er,e-,i yan' 3i*a+ laBi(2 3er(a,)+ il),i 3)/)7
H. Pi+iran *an /i.ara yan' ane7 6(i,alnya2 ,a(ar ,a(ar2 ,ir+)(,3an,iali3a,2 (e3a9ori+2
3erlal) /er/eli3:/eli32 a3a) ,3ereo3i-i+8
10
C. Ke.)ri'aan a3a) i*e -aranoi*
6. A9e+ yan' 3i*a+ ,e,)ai a3a) 3er/a3a,
". Perila+) a3a) -ena(-ilan yan' ane72 e+,en3ri+ a3a) 0an''al
G. Ti*a+ (e(ili+i 3e(an a+ra/ a3a) oran' yan' *i-er.aya ,elain ,ana+ ,a)*ara *era0a3
-er3a(a
F. Ke.e(a,an ,o,ial yan' /erle/i7an yan' 3i*a+ (en'7ilan' *en'an +ea+ra/an *an
.en*er)n' *i,er3ai *en'an +e3a+)3an -aranoi* +e3i(/an' -er3i(/an'an ne'a3i9
3en3an' *iri ,en*iri.
$. Ti*a+ 3er0a*i ,e(a3a:(a3a ,ela(a -er0alanan ,+iBo9renia2 ,)a3) 'an'')an (oo* *en'an
.iri -,i+o3i+ lain2 a3a) ,)a3) 'an'')an -er+e(/an'an -er;a,i9.
*.*.3 Gangguan Ke#ri-adian An!i So&ia'
i ,ini -ola 3in'+a7 la+) /er+ali:+ali /erla1anan *en'an -era3)ran (a,yara+a3.
Pen*eri3a ,an'a3 e'oi,2 3i*a+ *a-a3 ,e3ia +a1an2 3i*a+ (e(-er*)li+an nilai ,o,ial *an 3i*a+
/er3an'')n' 0a1a/2 +a,ar2 i(-)l,i92 3i*a+ /i,a (era,a /er,ala7 a3a) /ela0ar *ari -en'ala(an
a3a) 7)+)(an. $ila (en'ala(i 9r),3a,i ,elal) (enyala7+an oran' lain *an (e(/enar+an *iri
,en*iri.
E#ide.io'ogi. Pre;alen,i 3E -a*a la+i:la+i *an 1E -a*a 1ani3a. Serin' *i3e()+an
*i-er+o3aan yan' (i,+in. Ana+ la+i:la+i /era,al *ari +el)ar'a yan' le/i7 3in''i *i/an*in'+an
ana+ -ere(-)an. !n,e3 'an'')an a*ala7 ,e/el)( 1C 3a7)n. Ana+ -ere(-)an (e(ili+i 'e0ala
,e/el)( -)/er3a,2 *an ana+ ala+i:la+i le/i7 a1al. S)a3) -ola 9a(ilial *i3e()+an.
Diagno&i&. Pa,ien ()n'+in 3a(-a+ 3enan' *an *a-a3 *i-er.aya *ala( 1a1an.ara. Te3a-i2 *i
/ali+ la-i,an 6a3a)2 (en'')na+an i,3ila7 Her;ey Cle.+ley2 3o-en' +e0i1aan 82 3er*a-a3
+e3e'an'an2 -er(),)7an2 ,i+a- ()*a7 3er,in'')n'2 *an +e+era,an. Wa1an.ara ,3re,2 *i(ana
-a,ien ,e.ara a+3i9 *i7a*a-+an *en'an in+on,i,3en,i *ala( ri1aya3 -enya+i3nya2 ()n'+in
*i-erl)+an )n3)+ (en')n'+a-+an -a3olo'i. S)a3) -e(eri+,aan *ia'no,3i+ 7ar), 3er(a,)+
-e(eri+,aan ne)rolo'i, len'+a-.
Kri!eria Diagno&!i, Gangguan Ke#ri-adian An!i &o&ia'
A. Ter*a-a3 -ola -er;a,i9 3i*a+ (en'7ar'ai *an (elan''ar 7a+ oran' lain yan' 3er0a*i ,e0a+
),ia 1C 3a7)n2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 3i'a 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
1. ?a'al )n3)+ (e(a3)7i nor(a ,o,ial *en'an (en'7or(a3i -erila+) ,e,)ai 7)+)(
,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an *en'an /er)lan' +ali (ela+)+an 3in*a+an yan' (en0a*i
*a,ar -ena7anan.
11
2. Ke3i*a+0)0)ran2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 /er)lan' +ali /er/o7on'2
(en'')na+an na(a ,a(aran2 a3a) (eni-) oran' lain )n3)+ (en*a-a3+an +e)n3)n'an
a3a) +e,enan'an -ri/a*i.
3. I(-)l,i;i3a, a3a) 3i*a+ *a-a3 (eren.ana+an (a,a *e-an
H. Iri3a/ili3a, *an a're,i;i3a,2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 -er+ela7ian 9i,i+ a3a)
-enyeran'an yan' /er)lan'
C. Se.ara ,e(/rono (en'a/ai+an +e,ela(a3an *iri ,en*iri a3a) oran' lain
6. Ter), (ener), 3i*a+ /er3an'')n' 0a1a/2 ,e-er3i *i3)n0)++an ole7 +e'a'alan /er)lan'
+ali )n3)+ (e(-er3a7an+an -erila+) +er0a a3a) (en'7or(a3i +e1a0i/an 9inan,ial.
". Ti*a+ a*anya -enye,alan2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 a.)7 3a+ a.)7 3er7a*a- a3a)
(en.ari:.ari ala,an 3ela7 *i,a+i3i2 *ianiaya2 a3a) *i.)ri ole7 oran' lain.
$. In*i;i*) ,e+)ran':+)ran'nya /er),ia 1G 3a7)n
C. Ter*a-a3 3an*a:3an*a 'an'')an +on*)+,i *en'an on,e3 ,e/el)( ),ia 1C 3a7)n.
. Ter0a*inya -erila+) an3i,o,ial 3i*a+ ,e(a3a:(a3a ,ela(a -er0alanan ,+iBo9renia a3a) ,)a3)
e-i,o*e (ani+.
*.*.4 Gangguan Ke#ri-adian A.-ang
Serin' *i3e()+an ,i+a- (ela1an 3er7a*a- (a,yara+a3 *an -an*an'an -e,i(i,3i+.
J)'a ,erin' a*a -er'an3ian an3ara ,i+a- +e3er'an3)n'an *en'an ,i+a- (an*iri. A-a/ila a*a
-erio*e ,3re, yan' /era32 +a*an':+a*an' a*a 'e0ala -,i+o3i+ yan' la(a *an -ara7nya 3i*a+
.)+)- (ene'a++an *ia'no,i, 3a(/a7an.
E#ide.io'ogi. Pre;alen,i +ira:+ira 1:2E -o-)la,i2 2L le/i7 ,erin' -a*a 1ani3a. S)a3)
-enin'+a3an -re;alen,i 'an'')an *e-re,i9 /era32 'an'')an -en'')naan al+o7ol2*an
-enyala7')naan Ba3 *i3e()+an -a*a ,ana+ ,a)*ara *era0a3 -er3a(a.
Kri!eria Diagno&!i, Gangguan Ke#ri-adian A.-ang
Pola -er;a,i9 +e3i*a+,3a/ilan 7)/)n'an in3er-er,onal2 .i3ra *iri2 *an a9e+2 *an
i(-)l,i;i3a, yan' 0ela, -a*a *e1a,a a1al *an *i3e()+an *ala( /er/a'ai +on3e+,2 ,e-er3i
yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 li(a 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
1. U,a7a (a3i:(a3ian )n3)+ (en'7in*ari +e3in''alan yan' nya3a a3a) +7ayalan. Ca3a3an
3i*a+ 3er(a,)+ -erila+) /)n)7 *iri > ()3ila,i *ari yan' *i3e()+an *ala( +ri3eria C.
2. Pola 7)/)n'an in3er-er,onal yan' 3i*a+ ,3a/il *an +)a3 yan' *i3an*ai ole7 -er)/a7an
an3ara e+,3ri(:e+,3ri( i*eali,a,i *an *e;al)a,i
3. ?an'')an i*en3i3a, A .i3ra *iri a3a) -era,aan *iri ,en*iri yan' 3i*a+ ,3a/il ,e.ara 0ela,
*an -er,i,3en.
12
H. I(-)l,i;i3a, -a*a ,e+)ran'nya *)a /i*an' yan' -o3en,ial (e(/a7aya+an *iri ,en*iri
6(i,alnya2 /er/elan0a2 ,e+,2 -enyala7')naan Ba32 n'e/)3 'ila:'ilaan2 -e,3a (a+an8.
Ca3a3an A 3i*a+ 3er(a,)+ -erila+) /)n)7 *iri a3a) ()3ila,i *iri yan' *i3e()+an *ala(
+ri3eria C.
C. Perila+)2 i,yara32 a3a) an.a(an /)n)7 *iri yan' /er)lan' +ali2 a3a) -erila+) ()3ila,i
*iri.
6. Ke3i*a+,3a/ilan a9e+3i9 +arena rea+3i;i3a, (oo* yan' 0ela, 6(i,alnya2 *i,9oria
e-i,o*i+ +)a32 iri3a/ili3a, a3a) +e.e(a,an /ia,anya /erlan',)n' /e/era-a 0a( *an
0aran' le/i7 *ari /e/era-a 7ari8
". Pera,aan +o,on' yan' +roni,
G. Ke(ara7an yan' +)a3 *an 3i*a+ -a*a 3e(-a3nya a3a) +e,)li3an *ala( (en'en*ali+an
+e(ara7an 6(i,alnya2 ,erin' (en)n0)++an 3e(-er2 (ara7 3er), (ener),2 -er+ela7ian
9i,i+ /er)lan' +ali8.
F. I*e -aranoi* yan' 3ran,ien *an /er7)/)n'an *en'an ,3re,2 a3a) 'e0ala *i,o,ia3i9 yan'
-ara7
*.*.5 Gangguan Ke#ri-adian Hi&!rioni,
La/ili3a, e(o,i2 /erea+,i ,e.ara /erle/i7an2 *ra(a3i,a,i *iri ,en*iri )n3)+ (enari+
-er7a3ian *an (en''o*a 7a3i oran' lain 6*en'an ,a*ar a3a) 3i*a+ ,a*ar8. Ke-ri/a*ian ini 0)'a
(en)n0)++an in9an3ili3a,2 ,i9a3 e'o,en3ri,2 ,o(/on' *an /ia,anya *i,er3ai /anya+ 3)n3)3an.
E#ide.io'ogi. ari -eneli3ian -o-)la,i )()( (enya3a+an ,)a3) -re;alen,i 'an'')an
+e-ri/a*ian 7i,3rioni+ +ira:+ira 2 ,a(-ai 3 -er,en. Serin' *i*ia'no,i, -a*a 1ani3a. an a*a
,)a3) 7)/)n'an *en'an 'an'')an ,o(a3i,a,i ,er3a 'an'')an -en'')naan al.o7ol.
Diagno&i&. ala( 1a1an.ara2 -a,ien 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian 7i,3rioni+ /ia,anya *a-a3
/e+er0a ,a(a *an (a) (e(/eri+an ri1aya3 -enya+i3 yan' 3erin.i. ?era+ i,yara3 *an
-ene+anan yan' *ra(a3i, *ala( -er.a+a-an (ere+a ,erin' *i3e()+an. Mere+a ()n'+in
,erin' (e(/)a3 -ele,e3an2 *an /a7a,a (ere+a /er(a.a(:(a.a(. Per3)n0)+an e9e+3i9 a*ala7
,erin'2 3e3a-i2 0i+a *i-a+,a )n3)+(en')n'+a-+an -era,aan 3er3en3) 6,e-er3i +e(ara7an2
+e,e*i7an2 *an 7ara-an ,e+,)al82 (ere+a ()n'+in /ere,-on *en'an ra,a 3er+e0)32 +e(ara7an2
*an -enyan'+alan. Ha,il *ari -e(eri+,aan +o'ni3i9 /ia,anya nor(al2 1ala)-)n 3i*a+ a*anya
+e3e+)nan *a-a3 *i3)n0)++an -a*a 3)'a, ari3(a3i+a a3a) +on,en3ra,i2 *an ,i9a3 -el)-a -a,ien
-a*a (a3erial yan' (eli/a3+an e9e+ ()n'+in (en'7eran+an.
13
Kri!eria Diagno&!i, Gangguan Ke#ri-adian Hi&!rioni,
Pola -er;a,i9 e(o,ionali3a, *an (en.ari -er7a3ian yan' /erle/i7an2 *i()lai -a*a
(a,a *e1a,a ()*a *an 3a(-a+ *ala( /er/a'ai +on3e+,2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 li(a
6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
1. Ti*a+ (era,a nya(an *ala( ,i3)a,i *i (ana ia 3i*a+ (er)-a+an -),a3 -er7a3ian
2. In3era+,i *en'an oran' lain ,erin' *i3an*ai ole7 'o*aan ,e+,)al yan' 3i*a+ -a*a
3e(-a3nya a3a) -erila+) -ro;o+a3i9
3. Men)n0)++an -er'e,eran e(o,i yan' .e-a3 *an e+,-re,i e(o,i yan' *an'+al
H. Se.ara 3er), (ener), (en'')na+an -ena(-ilan 9i,i+ )n3)+ (enari+ -er7a3ian +e-a*a
*irinya
C. Me(ili+i 'aya /i.ara yan' ,an'a3 i(-re,ioni,3i+ *an 3i*a+ (e(ili+i -erin.ian
6. Men)n0)++an *ra(a3i,a,i *iri2 3ea3ri+al2 *an e+,-re,i e(o,i yan' /erle/i7an
". M)*a7 *i,)'e,3i2 yai3)2 ()*a7 *i-en'ar)7i ole7 oran' lain a3a) ,i3)a,i
G. Men'an''a- 7)/)n'an (en0a*i le/i7 in3i( +e3i(/an' +ea*aan ,e/enarnya.
*.*.6 Gangguan Ke#ri-adian Nar&i&!i,
Ter*a-a3 a9e+ *e-re,i92 *i,er3ai *en'an -er7a3ian 3er7a*a- *iri ,en*iri ,e.ara /erle/i7
*an *i,er3ai -reo+)-a,i *ala( /er*an*an *an /er),a7a a'ar *irinya 3e3a- 3a(-a+ ()*a2
*i,er3ai ra,a iri 7a3i +roni+ *an (en*ala( 3er7a*a- oran' lain. Ka*an':+a*an' a*a -)la
-reo+)-a,i *en'an ra,a nyeri *ari /er/a'ai +el)7an 9i,i+. A-a/ila a*a +e+)ran'an2(a+a
+e+ala7an a3a) -erila+) yan' 3i*a+ /er3an'')n' 0a1a/ *ari *irinya2 (a+a oran' 3er,e/)3
,erin' (e(/enar+an *iri *en'an ra,ionali,a,i2 a3a) /er*),3a. Pera,aannya ,erin' *i-al,)+an
a'ar (e(/eri +e,an yan' /ai+ +e-a*a oran' lain.
E#ide.io'ogi. Per+iraan -re;alen,i 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian nar,i,3i+ 3eren3an' an3ara 2 ,a(-ai
16 -er,en *ala( -o-)la,i +lini, *an +)ran' *ari 1 -er,en *ala( -o-)la,i )()(. M)n'+in
3er*a-a3 ri,i+o yan' le/i7 3in''i *ari /ia,anyanya -a*a +e3)r)nan oran' 3)a *en'an 'an'')an
ini yan' (enana(+an -a*a ana+:ana+nya ra,a +e(a7a:+)a,aan yan' 3i*a+ reali,3i+2
+e/e,aran2 +e.an3i+an2 *an /a+a3.
Kri!eria Diagno&!i, Gangguan Ke#ri-adian Nar&i&!i,
Pola -er;a,i9 +e/e,aran 6*ala( +7ayalan a3a) -erila+)82 (e(/)3)7+an +e/an''aan2
*an 3i*a+ a*a e(-a3i2 *i()lai -a*a (a,a *e1a,a a1al *an 3a(-a+ *ala( /er/a'ai +on3e+,2
,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 li(a 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
1. Me(ili+i ra,a +e-en3in'an *iri yan' /e,ar 6 (i,alnya2 -en.a-aian *an /a+a3 yan' *ile/i7:
le/i7+an2 /er7ara- 3er+enal ,e/a'ai ,)-erior 3an-a ),a7a yan' ,e-a*an8
14
2. Preo+)-a,i *en'an +7ayalan a+an +e/er7a,ilan2 +e+)a3an2 +e.er*a,an2 +e.an3i+an2 a3a)
.in3a i*eal yan' 3i*a+ 3er/a3a,.
3. Ma+in /a71a ia a*ala7 +7),), *an )ni+ *an *a-a3 *i(en'er3i 7anya ole7 a3a) 7ar),
/er7)/)n'an *en'an oran' lain 6a3a) in,3i3),i8 yan' +7),), a3a) (e(ili+i ,3a3), 3in''i.
H. Me(/)3)7+an +e/an''aan yan' /erle/i7an
C. Me(ili+i -era,aan /erna(a /e,ar2 yai3)2 7ara-an yan' 3i*a+ /erala,an a+an -erla+)an
+7),), a3a) +e-a3)7an o3o(a3i, ,e,)ai 7ara-annya
6. E+,-loi3a3i9 ,e.ara in3er-er,onal2 yai3) (en'a(/il +e)n3)n'an *ari oran' lain )n3)+
(en.a-ai 3)0)annya ,en*iri.
". Ti*a+ (e(ili+i e(-a3iA 3i*a+ (a) (en'enali a3a) (en'e3a7)i -era,aan *an +e/)3)7an
oran' lain
G. Serin' .e(/)r) 3er7a*a- oran' lain *an (era,a oran' lain 0)'a .e(/)r) +e-a*a *irinya
F. Men)n0)++an -erila+) a3a) ,i+a- .on'+a+ *an ,o(/on'.
*.*.7 Gangguan Ke#ri-adian /eng(indar
e-re,i2 +e.e(a,an *an +e(ara7an -a*a *iri ,en*iri +arena 'a'al )n3)+ (e(/ina
7)/)n'an ,o,ial.
E#ide.io'ogi. Pre;alen,i 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian (en'7in*ar a*ala7 1 ,a(-ai 10 -er,en.
Ti*a+ a*a in9or(a,i 3en3an' ra,io 0eni, +ela(in *an -ola 9a(ilial. $ayi yan' *i+la,i9i+a,i+an
(e(ili+i 3e(-era(en yan' (al):(al) ()n'+in le/i7 ren3an 3er7a*a- 'an'')an ini
*i/an*in'+an (ere+a yan' /era*a -a*a ,+ala a+3i;i3a, -en*e+a3an yan' 3in''i.
Diagno&i&. ala( 1a1an.ara +lini, a,-e+ yan' -alin' -en3in' a*ala7 +e.e(a,an -a,ien
3en3an' /er/i.ara *en'an -e1a1an.ara. Ke.e(a,an *an +e3e'an'an -a,ien 3a(-a+nya 7ilan'
*an 3i(/)l *en'an -er,e-,i (ere+a a-a+a7 -e1a1an.ara (eny)+ai *iri (ere+a. Mere+a
3a(-a+ ren3an 3er*a- +o(en3ar *an ,)'e,3i-e1a1an.ara *an ()n'+in (en'an''a- ,)a3)
-en0ela,an a3a) ,)a3) in3er-re,3a,i ,e/a'ai ,)a3) +ri3i+.
Kri!eria Diagno&!i, Gangguan Ke#ri-adian .eng(indar
Pola -er;a,i9 7a(/a3an ,o,ial2 -era,aan 3i*a+ .a+a-2 *an +e-e+aan /erle/i7an
3er7a*a- -enilaian ne'a3i92 *i()lai -a*a (a,a *e1a,a a1al *an 3a(-a+ *ala( /er/a'ai
+on3e+,2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 e(-a3 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
1. Men'7in*ari a+3i;i3a, -e+er0aan yan' (e(erl)+an +on3a+ in3er-er,onal yan' /er(a+na
+arena 3a+)3 a+an +ri3i+2 .elaan *an -enola+an
2. Ti*a+ (a) 3erli/a3 *en'an oran' lain +e.)ali (era,a ya+in a+an *i,enan'i
15
3. Men)n0)++an +e3er/a3a,an *ala( 7)/)n'an in3i( +arena ra,a 3a+)3 *i-er(al)+an a3a)
*i3er3a1ai
H. Preo+)-a,i *en'an ,e*an' *i+ri3i+ a3a) *i3ola+ *ala( ,i3)a,i ,o,ial
C. Ter7a(/a3 *ala( ,i3)a,i in3er-er,onal yan' /ar) +arena -era,aan 3i*a+ a*e+)a3
6. Me(an*an' *iri ,en*iri 3i*a+ laya+ ,e.ara ,o,ial +arena (era,a *irinya 3i*a+ (enari+ a3a)
le/i7 ren*a7 *ari oran' lain
". Ti*a+ /ia,anya en''an )n3)+ (en'a(/il ri,i+o -ri/a*i a3a) (ela+)+an a+3i;i3a, /ar)
+arena *a-a3 (e(/)+3i+an -en'7inaan.
*.*.8 Gangguan Ke#ri-adian De#enden
M)*a7 lela72 +)ran' /er,e(an'a32 +)ran' (ina32 3erlal) ,en,i3i9 3er7a*a- ,3re, *an
e(o,i ,)+ar *ia0a+ /er,enan':,enan'. Selal) 3er*a-a3 -reo+)-a,i /a71a *irinya a+an
*i3in''al+an2 +e.)ali a-a/ila ia 3ela7 /er7a,il (e(/en3)+ 7)/)n'an yan' -er(anen *en'an
,e,eoran' yan' *a-a3 (e()a,+an +e/)3)7an +e3er'an3)n'annya.
E#ide.io'ogi. ?an'')an +e-ri/a*ian *e-en*en a*ala7 le/i7 ,erin' -a*a 1ani3a
*i/an*in'+an la+i:la+i. Sa3) -eneli3ian (en*ia'no,i, 22C -er,en *ari ,e()a 'an'')an
+e-ri/a*ian (a,)+ +e *ala( +a3e'ori 3er,e/)3. ?an'')an ini le/i7 ,erin' 3er0a*i -a*a ana+
+e.il *i/an*in'+an ana+ yan' le/i7 /e,ar. !ran' *en'an -enya+i3 9i,i+ yan' +roni, -a*a
(a,a ana+:ana+nya ()n'+in yan' -alin' ren3an 3er7a*a- 'an'')an.
Diagno&i&. ala( 1a1an.ara -a,ien 3a(-a+ -en)7 +el)7an Mere+a (en.o/a )n3)+ /e+er0a
,a(a2 (enya(/)3 -er3anyaan ,-e,i9i+2 *an (en.ari /i(/in'an
Kri!eria Diagno&!i, Gangguan Ke#ri-adian De#enden
Ke/)3)7an yan' -er;a,i9 *an /erle/i7an )n3)+ *ia,)72 yan' (enye/a/+an -erila+)
3)n*)+ *an (en''an3)n' *an ra,a 3a+)3 a+an -er-i,a7an2 *i()lai -a*a (a,a *e1a,a a1al
*an 3a(-a+ *ala( /er/a'ai +on3e+,2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 li(a 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
1. Me(ili+i +e,)li3an *ala( (en'a(/il +e-)3),an ,e3ia- 7ari 3an-a ,e0)(la7 /e,ar na,e7a3
*an -enen3era(an *ari oran' lain
2. Me(/)3)7+an oran' lain )n3)+ (eneri(a 3an'')n' 0a1a/ *ala( ,e/a'ian /e,ar /i*an'
)3a(a +e7i*)-annya
3. Me(ili+i +e,)li3an *ala( (en'e+,-re,i+an +e3i*a+,e3)0)an -a*a oran' lain. Ca3a3anA
3i*a+ 3er(a,)+ ra,a 3a+)3 yan' reali,3i+ a+an 'an3i r)'i
H. Me(ili+i +e,)li3an *ala( (e()lai -roye+ a3a) (ela+)+an 7al *en'an *irinya ,en*iri
6+arena 3i*a+ (e(ili+i +eya+inan *iri *ala( -er3i(/an'an a3a) +e(a(-)an +e3i(/an'
3i*a+ (e(ili+i (o3i;a,i a3a) ener'i8
16
C. $er),a7a /erle/i7an )n3)+ (en*a-a3+an a,)7an *an *)+)n'an *ari oran' lain2 ,a(-ai
-a*a 3i3i+ ,e.ara ,)+arela (ela+)+an 7al yan' 3i*a+ (enyenan'+an
6. Mera,a 3i*a+ nya(an a3a) 3i*a+ /er*aya 0i+a ,en*irian +arena 3i(/)lnya ra,a 3a+)3 3i*a+
(a(-) (era1a3 *iri ,en*iri
". Se'era (en.ari 7)/)n'an *en'an oran' lain ,e/a'ai ,)(/er -en'a,)7an *an *)+)n'an
0i+a 7)/)n'an *e+a3nya /era+7ir
G. Se.ara 3i*a+ reali,3i+ 3er-reo+)-a,i *en'an ra,a 3a+)3 *i3in''al )n3)+ (era1a3 *irinya
,en*iri.
*.+9. Gangguan Ke#ri-adian :-&e&if Ko.#u'&if
Terlal) (eni3i+/era3+an +on9or(i3a, *an +e-a3)7an 3er7a*a- ,3an*ar (orali3a,.
!ran':oran' *ala( +elo(-o+ ini /er,i9a3 +a+)2 3i*a+ 9le+,i/el2 ,elal) (ene+an+an +e1a0i/an
*an *i,i-lin2 ,)+ar /er,an3ai. Per9e+,ioni,(e2 +a+)2 -e(al)2 *an -en'a1a,an *iri yan' 3in''i.
E#ide.io'ogi. Pre;alen,i 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian o/,e,i9:+o(-)l,i9 a*ala7 3i*a+ *i+e3a7)i.
Kea*aan ini le/i7 ,erin' -a*a la+i:la+i *i/an*in'+an 1ani3a *an *i*ia'no,i, -alin' ,erin'
-a*a ana+ yan' 3er3)a. ?an'')an 0)'a le/i7 ,erin' 3er0a*i -a*a ,ana+ ,a)*ara /iolo'i, *era0a3
-er3a(a *ari oran' *en'an 'an'')an 3er,e/)3 *i/an*in'+an -ol)-la,i )()(. Pa,ien
,erin'+ali (e(ili+i la3ar /ela+an' yan' *i3an*ai ole7 *i,i-lin yan' +era,. #re)*
(en'7i-o3e,i,+an /a71a 'an'')an ini a*ala7 /er7)/)n'an *en'an +e,)li3an -a*a ,3a*i)(
anal *ari -er+e(/an'an -,i+o,e+,)al2 /ia,anya *i ,e+i3ar ),ia 2 3a7)n. Te3a-i2 -a*a /er/a'ai
-eneli3ian 3eori 3er,e/)3 /el)( *i,a7+an.
Diagno&i&. ala( 1a1an.ara2 -a,ien 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian o/,e,i9:+o(-)l,i9 ()n'+in
(e(ili+i +ela+)an yan' +a+)2 re,(i2 *an *in'in. A9e+ (ere+a 3i*a+ 3)(-)l a3a) *a3ar 3e3a-i
*a-a3 *i'a(/ar+an ,e/a'ai 3er+on3ri+,i. Mere+a 3i*a+ (e(ili+i ,-on3ani3a,. Moo* (ere+a
/ia,anya ,eri),. Pa,ien 3er,e/)3 ()n'+in +e3a+)3an 3en3an' 3i*a+ *ala( -en'en*alian
1a1an.ara. Ja1a/an (ere+a 3er7a*a- -er3anyaan /ia,anya 3erin.i. Me+ani,(e -er3a7anan
yan' *i')na+an a*ala7 ra,ioali,a,i2 i,ola,i2 in3ele+3)ali,a,i2 -e(/en3)+an rea+,i2 *an
(er)n3)7+an 6)n*oin'8.
Kri!eria Diagno&!i, Gangguan Ke#ri-adian :-&e&if Ko.#u'&if
Pola -er;a,i9 -reo+)-a,i *en'an )r)3an2 -er9e+,ioni,(e2 *an -en'en*alian (en3al
*an in3er-er,onal2 *en'an (en'or/an+an 9le+,i/ili3a,2 +e3er/)+aan2 *an e9i,ien,i2 *i()lai
-a*a (a,a *e1a,a a1al *an 3a(-a+ *ala( /er/a'ai +on3e+,2 ,e-er3i yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7
e(-a3 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
17
1. Ter-reo+)-a,i *en'an -erin.ian2 a3)ran2 *a93ar2 )r)3an2 ,),)nan a3a) 0a*1al ,a(-ai
3in'+a3 *i(ana a+3i;i3a, )3a(a 7ilan'
2. Men)n0)++an -er9e+,ioni,(e yan' (en''an'') -enyele,aian 3)'a, 6(i,alnya2 3i*a+
(a(-) (enyele,ai+an ,)a3) -roye+ +arena 3i*a+ (e(en)7i ,3an*arnya ,en*iri yan'
3erlal) +e3a38
3. Se.ara /erle/i7an ,e3ia +e-a*a -e+er0aan *an -ro*)+3i;i3a, ,a(-ai (en'a/ai+an a+3i;i3a,
1a+3) l)an' *an -er,a7a/a3an 63*a+ *i,e/a/+an ole7 +e/)3)7an e+ono(i yan' /e,ar8
H. Terlal) /er7a3i:7a3i2 3eli3i2 *an 3i*a+ 9le+,i/el 3en3an' (a,ala7 (orali3a,2 e3i+a a3a) nilai:
nilai 63i*a+ *i,e/a/+an ole7 i*en3i9i+a,i +)l3)ral a3a) reli'i),8.
C. Ti*a+ (a(-) (e(/)an' /en*a:/en*a yan' ),an' a3a) 3i*a+ /er')na 1ala)-)n 3i*a+
(e(ili+i nilai ,en3i(en3al
6. En''an )n3)+ (en*ele'a,i+an 3)'a, a3a) )n3)+ /e+er0a *en'an oran' lain +e.)ali (ere+a
3)n*)+ *en'an 3e-a3 .aranya (en'er0a+an 7al
". Me(ili+i 'aya /elan0a yan' +i+ir /ai+ )n3)+ *irinya ,en*iri (a)-)n oran' lain@ )an'
*i-an*an' ,e/a'ai ,e,)a3) yan' 7ar), *i3i(/)n )n3)+ /en.ana *i(a,a *e-an
G. Men)n0)++an +e+a+)an *an +era, +e-ala.
*.++ Gangguan Ke#ri-adian ;ang Tida, Di!en!u,an
Ka3e'ori ini a*ala7 )n3)+ 'an'')an:'an'')an 9)n',i +e-ri/a*ian yan' 3i*a+
(e(en)7i +ri3eria )n3)+ 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian ,-e,i9i+. Con3o7nya a*ala7 a*anya .iri:.iri
le/i7 *ari ,a3) 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian ,-e,i9i+ yan' 3i*a+ (e(en)7i +ri3eria len'+a- )n3)+
,ala7 ,a3) 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian 6<+e-ri/a*ian .a(-)ran=82 3e3a-i /er,a(a:,a(a
(enye/a/+an -en*eri3aan yan' /er(a+na ,e.ara +lini, a3a) 'an'')an *ala( ,a3) a3a) le/i7
9)n',i -en3in' 6(i,alnya2 ,o,ial a3a) -e+er0aan8. Ka3e'ori ini 0)'a *a-a3 *i')na+an 0i+a
+lini,i (en'an''a- /a71a ,)a3) 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian ,-e,i9i+ yan' 3i*a+ *i(a,)++an
*ala( +la,i9i+a,i ini a*ala7 ,e,)ai. Con3o7nya a*ala7 +e-ri/a*ian -a,i9 a're,i9 *an 'an'')an
+e-ri/a*ian *e-re,i9.
*.+* Gangguan Ke#ri-adian Pa&if < Agre&if
!ran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian -a,i9:a're,i9 *i3an*ai ole7 o/,3r)+,ioni,(e
6,enan' (en'7alan':7alan'i82 (en)n*a:n)n*a2 ,i+a- +era, +e-ala *an 3i*a+ e9i,ien.
E#ide.io'ogi. Ti*a+ a*a *a3a yan' 3er,e*ia 3en3an' e-i*e(iolo'i 'an'')an. Ra,io 0eni,
+ela(in2 -ola 9a(ilial2 *an -re;aleni, /el)( *i3eli3i ,e.ara a*e+)a3.
18
Kri!eria Ri&e! Gangguan Ke#ri-adian Pa&if=Agre&if
A. Pola -er;a,i9 ,i+a- ne'a3i;i,3i+ *an re,i,3en,i -a,i9 3er7a*a- 3)n3)3an a+an +iner0a yan'
a*e+)a32 *i()lai -a*a (a,a *e1a,a a1al *an 3a(-a+ *ala( /er/a'ai +on3e+,2 ,e-er3i
yan' *i3)n0)++an ole7 e(-a3 6a3a) le/i78 /eri+)3 A
1. Se.ara -a,i9 (enola+ (e(en)7i 3)'a, ,o,ial *an -e+er0aan r)3in
2. Men'el)7 3i*a+ *i(en'er3i *an 3i*a+ *i7ar'ai ole7 oran' lain
3. Ce(/er)3 *an ar')(en3a3i9
H. Tan-a ala,an (en'+ri3i+ *an (en.e(oo7 a3a,an
C. Men)n0)++an ra,a .e(/)r) *an +e/en.ian 3er7a*a- (ere+a yan' 3a(-a+nya le/i7
/er)n3)n'
6. S)ara yan' *i-er+era, *an +el)7an 3er), (ener), a3a, +e3i*a+ /er)n3)n'an *irinya
". $er'an3i:'an3i an3ara 3an3an'an -er(),)7an *an -era,aan *o,a
C. Ti*a+ 3er0a*i ,e(a3a:(a3a ,ela(a e-i,o*e *e-re,i9 /era3 *an 3i*a+ *i3eran'+an le/i7 /ai+
ole7 'an'')an *i,3i(i+.
*.+2 Gangguan Ke#ri-adian De#re&if
!ran' *en'an 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian *e-re,i9 *i3an*ai ole7 ,i9a3 ,e)()r 7i*)- yan'
(a,)+ +e *ala( ,-e+3r)( *e-re,i9. Mere+a a*ala7 -e,i(i,3i+2 an7e*oni+2 3eri+a3 -a*a
+e1a0i/an2 (era')+an *iri ,en*iri2 *an 3i*a+ 'e(/ira ,e.ara +roni,. ?an'')an ini /ar)
*i+la,i9i+a,i+an *ala( SM:I&2 3e3a-i +e-ri/a*ian (elan+oli+ 3ela7 *i'a(/ar+an -a*a a1al
a/a* +e 20 ole7 *o+3er -,i+ia3ri+ Ero-a2 ,e-er3i Ern,3 Kre3,.7(er.
E#ide.io'ogi. Karena 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian *e-re,i9 a*ala7 +a3e'ori yan' /ar)2 3i*a+ a*a
an'+a e-i*e(iolo'i yan' 3er,e*ia2 Te3a-i2 /er*a,r+an -re;alen,i 'an'')an *e-re,i9 -a*a
-o-)la,i +e,el)r)7an2 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian *e-re,i9 3a(-a+nya ,erin'2 3er0a*i ,a(a /anya+
-a*a la+i:la+i *an 1ani3a2 *an 3er0a*i *i *ala( +el)ar'a *i (ana 'an'')an *e-re,i9
*i3e()+an.
19
BAB III
KESI/PU)AN
Ke-ri/a*ian iala7 e+,-re,i +el)ar (en'enai -en'e3a7)an ,er3a -era,aan yan' *iala(i
,e.ara ,)/0e+3i9 ole7 ,e,eoran' *an e+,-re,i +el)ar yan' *a-a3 *ia(a3i ini2 (en)n0)+ -a*a
+e,el)r)7an -ola -i+iran2 -era,aan *an -erila+) yan' ,erin' *i')na+an ole7 oran' i3) *ala(
),a7a -enye,)aian *iri yan' 3er), (ener), *ala( 7i*)-nya ,e7in''a ia *a-a3 *i+enal *ari
-olanya i3).
?an'')an +e-ri/a*ian a*ala7 +on*i,i -a3olo'i+ *ari .iri +e-ri/a*ian ,e,eoran' yan'
(en0a*i 3i*a+ 9le+,i/el *an ,)li3 (enye,)ai+an *iri *en'an lin'+)n'an 7i*)-2 ,e7in''a
(eni(/)l+an 7en*aya *i *ala( 9)n',i ,o,ial a3a) -e+er0aan a3a) -en*eri3aan ,)/0e+3i9 /a'i
*irinya.
Pe(a3an'an +e-ri/a*ian *i-en'ar)7i ole7 9a+3or +e3)r)nan2 9a+3or /a*ania72
-,i+olo'i+ *an ,o,ial2 3er)3a(a -a*a (a,a +ana+:+ana+. ?an'')an +e-ri/a*ian (en)r)3
SM:I& *i/a'i (en0a*i 3i'a .l),3er2 yai3) A
Cl),3er AA+e-ri/a*ian -aranoi*2 ,+iBoi* *an ,+iBo3i-al
Cl),3er $A+e-ri/a*ian an3i,o,ial2 a(/an'2 7i,3rioni+2 nar,i,3i+
Cl),3er CA+e-ri/a*ian (en'7in*ar2 3er'an3)n'2anan+a,3i+ *an 3i*a+ ,-e,i9i+
ala( -en'o/a3an -erl) *iin'a3 /a71a ,i9a3:,i9a3 'an'')an +e-ri/a*ian 3er(a,)+
*ala( -ola ,e)()r 7i*)- *an -en*eri3a 3i*a+ (e(-)nyai (o3i;a,i *a,ar )n3)+ /er)/a7.
Tera-i *a-a3 (e(9o+), -a*a a,-e+ +er)'ian a+i/a3 -erila+) ini. Selain *ari-a*a 3era-i
in*i;i*) yan' /erlan',)n' la(a2 a*a /ai+nya /ila -en*eri3a *i(a,)++an +e *ala( 3era-i
+elo(-o+ ,e7in''a ia *a-a3 /ela0ar .ara:.ara yan' /ar) (en'enai 7)/)n'an an3ara (an),ia.
20
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Ka-lan I Harol*2 $en0a(in J Sa*o.+2 Ja.+ A ?re//. Ka-lan Sa*o.+5, Sino-,i, P,i+ia3ri
Il() Pen'e3a7)an Prila+) P,i+ia3ri Klini,2 E*i,i 3)0)72 Jili* ,a3).$inar)-a
Tan'eran'.2010@3F2:H02
2. Tony Se3ia/)*7i2 Ca3a3an Il() Ke*o+3eran Ji1a 6P,i+ia3ri82 Ce3a+an +e *ela-an2 200G2 7al
12:23.
3. Mara(i,. W.#@ ?an'')an Ke-ri/a*ian *ala( Ca3a3an il() Ke*o+3eran Ji1a@ Airlan''a
Uni;er,i3y Pre,,@ S)ra/aya@1FFC.
H. Ka-lan H.I an* Sa*o.+ $.J M.@ T7eorie, o9 Per,onali3y an* P,y.7o-a37olo'y in
Syno-,i, o9 P,y.7ia3ry2 ,iD37 e*i3ion@ Willia( an* Wil+in,@ $al3i(ore USA@
C. ire+3ora3 Ke,e73an Ji1a2 ire+3ora3 Jen*ral Pelayanan Me*i+2 e-ar3e(en Ke,e7a3an
R.I2 Pe*o(an Pen''olon'an *an ia'no,i, ?an'')an 0i1a *i In*one,ia@ E*i,i III@
Ja+ar3a@ 1FF3.
6. Sa*o.+ $.J2 M. an* Sa*o.+ &.A2 M.@ Per,onli3y i,or*er in Co(-re7en,i;e TeD3
$oo+ o9 P,y.7ia3ry@ ,e;en37 e*i3ion@ &ole(e 1 A Li--n.o3 Willia(, a(* Wil+in,@
P7ila*el-7ia USA@ 2000.
". A(eri.an P,y.7ia3ry A,,o.ia3ion2 ia'no,3i. Cr3i3eria #ro( SM % I&2 A(eri.an
P,y.7ia3ry A,,o.ia3ion@ Wa,7in'3on C@1FFH.
G. ire+3ora3 Ke,e73an Ji1a2 ire+3ora3 Jen*ral Pelayanan Me*i+2 e-ar3e(en Ke,e7a3an
R.I2 Pe*o(an Pen''olon'an *an ia'no,i, ?an'')an 0i1a *i In*one,ia@ E*i,i II@ Ja+ar3a@
1FGC.
21