Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) Root Extract as an Alternative Ovicide against Dengue Mosquito

(Aedes aegypti) Eggs

Submitted to:

Myrna H. Conol
SSR-III

Caraga Regional Science High School
San Juan, Surigao City



In partial fullfilment
of the requirements of
Advanced Statistics Research




Mary Ladyniel O. Apalisok
III-Newton



Introdution
The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades.
Over 2.5 billion people over 40% of the world's population are now at risk from dengue.
Recently the number of reported cases has continued to increase. Dengue is caused by any one of
four related viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. There are not yet any vaccines to prevent
infection with dengue virus and the most effective protective measures are those that avoid
mosquito bites. When infected, early recognition and prompt supportive treatment can
substantially lower the risk of medical complications and death.
Severe dengue was first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the
Philippines and Thailand. Today dengue affects most Asian and Latin American countries and
has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in these regions.
Transmission has increased predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas like in Caraga Region
396 suspected dengue cases were admitted to different disease.
Hence, alternative approaches free from such problems are the need for modern time to
development of environmentally safe, biodegradable, cost effective indigenous methods
consisting of legal scientific and technological weapons. Natural products like Makahiya root
extract are generally preferred because of their less harmful nature to target organisms and due to
their innate biodegradability. The objective of the present study was to evaluate ovicide effect of
ethanolic root extract of makahiya against (Ae. aegypti) mosquito eggs.


Statement of the Problem
The researchers aimed to determine if the Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) root extract could be an
alternative ovicide against dengue mosquito eggs.
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:
a. Is Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) Root Extract responsible for the activity against (Aedes
aegypti) mosquito eggs?
b. Is there a significant effect of Makahiya root extract in terms of mortality rate of the
(Aedes aegypti) mosquito eggs?
Hypotheses
Ho: There is no significant effect of Makahiya root extract in (Aedes aegypti) mosquito
eggs.
H1: There is a significant effect of Makahiya root extract in (Aedes aegypti) mosquito eggs.
Significance of the Study
The augmenting number of Dengue cases not only in our country but also to other countries
all over the world experiencing the abnormal change in weather is not of recent origin to us.
Along with this difficult situation, there are two-winged, dipterous insects that hatch their eggs
for a short time, reducing the size of their larvae and become nervous-biters. In that case,
they are harder to intercept in flight that is why it is more advisable to focus on the places where
they lay their eggs.
The researchers conducted this study in order to lessen the proliferation of mosquitoes or
prevent the eggs from hatching using the Makahiya Mimosa pudica roots extract as an ovicide.

Review of Related Literature
Aedes aegypti
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of dengue. The virus is transmitted to
humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes. The Aedes aegypti mosquito lives in
urban habitats and breeds in small collections of clean water such as storage tanks, cisterns,
flower vases, and backyard litter. Its incubation period is from three to 14 days, but commonly
from four to seven days.
Female Ae. aegypti bites multiple people during each feeding period. The life cycle of
female aedes mosquito undergoes four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. An egg becomes
an adult mosquito after eight to 12 days.
Makahiya Root
Mimosa pudica L. is a creeping annual or perennial herb. Makahiya root contains an
alkaloid called mimosine. Mimosine is a non-protein amino acid and it is known to enhance cell
proliferation,highly toxic and has tannins.. It has activities such as antidiabetic, antitoxin,
antihepatotoxin, antioxidant, antibacterial and wound healing activities. It yields flavonoids,
phytosterol, alkaloids, amino acids, tannins, glycoside, fatty acids. The antimicrobial activity was
attributed to the presence of active constituents like alkaloids or tannins.


According to Dr. Godofredo Umali-Stuart of University of Santo Tomas the root extract
of M. pudica has antifertility effect as it prolongs the estrous cycle and disturbs the secretion of
gonadotropin hormone in albino mice. Root considered aphrodisiac, and used for bladder gravel
and similar urinary complaints and used as diuretic, for dysentery and dysmenorrhea.
(http://www.stuartxchange.com/Makahiya.html)
Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of dried roots of M. pudica were tested for their
inhibitory activity on lethality, myotoxicity, and toxic enzymes of Indian Snake Naja kaouthi"
venom. The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: National Institute of Science
Commission and Information Resources; 2006. pp. 656.


































STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEMS:
The researchers aimed to determine if the Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) root extract could be
developed as a multi-colored fabric dye.
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:
Hypothesis
The makahiya root extract is effective in terms of alternative ovicide against dengue mosquito
eggs.

Significance of the Study


Introduction

Mosquito are a serious threat to public health through which several dangerous diseases are
transmitted in both animals and human beings. Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) occurs in Asia, Africa
and Central and South America.
The objective of the present study was to evaluate ovicide effect of ethanolic root extract of
makahiya against Ae. aegypti mosquito eggs.
Hence, alternative approaches free from such problems are the need for modern time to
development of environmentally safe, biodegradable, cost effective indigenous methods
consisting of legal scientific and technological weapons. Natural products are generally preferred
because of their less harmful nature to target organisms and due to their innate biodegradability
.







. As the experiment was proven to be effective, it is relevant to propagate the plant for mass
production and communicate the results to other people. It is also significant to conduct
experiments about the other potentialities of the said plant, such as the anti fertility property of
its root extract which was proven in Albino white mice sperm cells according to Dr. Godofredo
Umali-Stuart of University of Santo Tomas.

Roots yield flavonoids, phytosterol, alkaloids, amino acids, tannins, glycoside, fatty acids.
Makahiyas roots contain an alkaloid called mimosine. Mimosine is a non-protein amino acid
found in leaves, pods and seeds of tropical legumes of the genus Leucaena. It is known to
enhance cell proliferation and is highly toxic.
It majorly possesses antibacterial, antivenom, antifertility, anticonvulsant, antidepressant,
aphrodisiac, and various other pharmacological activities. The herb has been used traditionally
for ages, in the treatment of urogenital disorders, piles, dysentery, sinus, and also applied on
wounds.
Root
Cylindrical, tapering rependant, with secondary and tertiary branches, varying in length up to 2-
cm thick, surface more or less rough or longitudinally wrinkled; grayish-brown to brown, cut
surface of pieces pale yellow, fracture hard, woody, bark-fibrous; odor, distinct; taste, slightly
astringent.
Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of dried roots of M. pudica were tested for their inhibitory
activity on lethality, myotoxicity, and toxic enzymes of Indian Snake Naja kaouthi" venom.
Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: National
Institute of Science Commission and Information Resources; 2006. pp. 656.
The Mimosa pudica invites attention of the researchers worldwide for its pharmacological
activities such as anti
diabetic, antitoxin, antihepatotoxin, antioxidant and wound
healing activities. It is reported to contain alkaloid, glycoside,
flavonoid and tannis. It is used in suppresses kapha and pitta
heals wounds, coagulates blood and sexual weakness.
http://r13.pia.gov.ph/index.php?article=1711362447533#sthash.HnEfvVKv.dpuf
Antimicrobial activity of the successive extracts of M. pudica whole plant in petroleum ether,
chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water was studied against various Gram positive and
Gram negative bacterial strains using the zone of inhibition
The species roots produce
carbon disulfide, which selectively inhibits
colonization of the rhizosphere by mycorrhizal and
pathogenic fungi (Feng and others 1998). Thi


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