Hi thi Gio vin gii

thnh ph
nm hc 2007 2008.
V cc em hc sinh
DY THT TT - HC THT TT DY THT TT - HC THT TT
H tn GV: Li Th Hanh
Trng THPT Phm Ng Lo
Tit 31: Khong cch t
mt im n mt
ng thng
Bi 3: Khong cch v gc
DY THT TT- HC THT TT
Cu hi:
Cu 1:
Em hy nu dng phng trnh tham s ca ng
thng? PT ny c xc nh bi nhng yu t no ?
Cu 2:
Nu cch chuyn PT ng thng t dng PT
tham s v dng PT tng qut?
( HD: PT tham s ca ng thng
c xc nh bi: 1 im M(x
0
;y
0
)
v vtcp )
= +

A

= +

0
0
( ) :
.
x x at
y y bt
( ; ) u a b
Kh tham s t a v dng PT chnh tc

. . . chuyn v PTTQ
0 0
x - x y - y
( ) =
a b
A
Cu 3:
Trong mt phng ta , cho ng thng c ph-
ng trnh tng qut ax + by + c = 0. Hy nu cch
tm khong cch t M(x
M
;y
M
) n ng thng ?
A
A
y
x
0
A
M
Tit hc hm nay
chng ta cng nghin
cu, tm ra cng thc
tng qut gii bi
ton ny v xt mt s
ng dng ca n .
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:
y
x
0
A
( ; )
M M
M x y
'( '; ') M x y
Bi ton:
Trong mt phng ta , cho ng thng c phng trnh TQ:
ax + by + c = 0. Tm khong cch t im M(x
M
;y
M
) n ng thng
?
A
A
Gii.
Gi M l hnh chiu ca M trn Th di on
MM chnh l khong cch t im M n , k
hiu: d(M;)
A
A

Nu M (x; y) th
1. Khong cch t mt im n mt ng
thng

M M
M M
x - x' =ka x' =x - ka
hay
y - y' =kb y' =y - kb.
( )
; n a b
A = ' M M kn
' M M Hin nhin cng phng vi vectphp tuyn
ca , vy c s k sao cho
A
( ) ( )
M M
a x -ka +b y -kb +c=0
V M nm trn nn
M
2 2
ax
.
M
by c
k
a b
+ +
=
+
T suy ra:
(1)
+ +
A =
+
M
2 2
| ax |
( ; ) .
M
by c
d M
a b
Thay gi tr ca k vo (2) ta
c
( )
A = = = +
2 2
; ' | | = . . .(2) d M M M kn k n k a b Mt
khc,
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:
y
x
0
A
( ; )
M M
M x y
( '; ')
'
x y
M
1. Khong cch t 1 im n mt ng
thng

Khong cch t im n( ): ax + by +c
= 0 l:
( ) ;
M M
M x y A
M; A
M M
2 2
| ax +by +c |
d( ) = .
a +b
p dng: Tnh khong cch t im M
n ng thng trong mi trng hp
sau:


A
( )
) 13;14 : 4 3 15 0 a M v x y A + =
( )
7 2
) 5; 1 :
4 3 .
x t
b M v
y t
=
A

= +

Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008

3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:
y
x
0
A
( ; )
M M
M x y
( '; ')
'
x y
M
Nhn xt:

Cho ng thng: v im
Nu M l hnh chiu (vung gc) ca M trn
ta c
A + + = ( ) : 0 ax by c
( )
;
M M
M x y
A ( )
M
2 2
ax
' , trong .
M
by c
M M kn k
a b
+ +
= =
+
Tng t: Nu c im N(x
N
;y
N
) vi N l hnh
chiu (vung gc) ca N trn ta c
A ( )
+ +
= =
+
N
2 2
ax
' ' , trong ' .
N
by c
N N k n k
a b
?1. Em nhn xt g v v tr ca
hai im M, N i vi khi k v k
cng du ? khi k v k
khc du ?
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

Nhn xt: V tr ca hai im M, N i vi
khi k v k cng du?
khi k v k khc du ?
k v k tri du ngc h-
ng
M v N v hai pha i vi .
M'M ; N'N
y
x
0
A
M
' M
N
' N
n
k v k cng du cng h-
ng
M v N v mt pha i vi .
M'M ; N'N
y
x
0
A
M
' M
N
' N
n
y
0
A
M
' M
N
' N
n
x
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

Vn dng: Xt v tr tng i ca hai im i vi mt ng
thng:
Cho (): ax + by + c =0 v hai im M(x
M
;y
M
), N(x
N
;y
N
) khng nm trn .
+Hai im M, N nm cng pha i vi khi (ax
M
+by
M
+c)(ax
N
+by
N
+c) >
0.
+Hai im M, N nm khc pha i vi khi (ax
M
+by
M
+c)(ax
N
+by
N
+c) <
0.
V d:
Cho ABC c cc nh l A(1; 0). B(2; -3), C(-2; 4) v -
ng thng (): 2x y + 1 = 0. Xt xem () ct cnh no
ca tam gic.
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

V d:
Cho ABC c cc nh l A(1; 0), B(2; -3), C(-2; 4) v -
ng thng (): 2x y + 1 = 0. Xt xem () ct cnh no
ca tam gic.
GII
Ln lt thay to ca A, B, C vo v tri ca PT ()
ri rt gn ta c cc s 3; 8; -7.
3.8 > 0 vy () khng ct cnh AB.
3.(-7) < 0 vy () ct cnh AC.
8.(-7) < 0 vy () ct cnh BC.
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:
1. Khong cch t 1 im n mt ng
thng

Bi ton 2: Cho hai ng thng ct nhau c PT: (
1
): a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0
v (
2
): a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0. Tm tp hp tt c cc im cch u (
1
)
v (
2
):
1
A
2
A
( ; ) x y
M
Gii:
Gi s M(x;y) cch u (
1
) v (
2
):
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a x+b y+c a x+b y+c
= 0
a +b a +b
Vy tp hp cc im M l ng thng c phng trnh:


L PT ng phn gic gc to bi 2 ng thng (
1
) v
(
2
):
2
d
1
d
+ + + +
+ +
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
| a x | | a x |
=
b y c b y c
a b a b
A
1 1 1
1
2 2
1 1
| a x+b y+c |
d(M; ) = ;
a +b
A
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
| a x+b y+c |
d(M; ) = .
a +b
T gi thit d(M;
1
) = d(M;
2
)
m




Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

p dng: cho ABC vi
a, Vit phng trnh cc cnh AB, AC.
b, Vit PT ng phn gic trong gc A.
( ) ( )
| |
|
\ .
A=
7
;3 ,B=1;2 ,C=-4;3
4
Gii:
a.D thy cc ng thng AB v AC c phng trnh
b.Cc ng phn gic trong v phn gic ngoi ca gc A c phng trnh

hay
: 4 3 2 0 v : 3 0. AB x y AC y + + = =
+
+ =
+
=
4 3 2 3
0
5 1
4 3 2 3
hoc 0
5 1
x y y
x y y
( )
( )
+ =
+ =
1
2
4 2 13 0 ng phn gi c d
4 8 17 0 ng phn gi c d
x y
x y
Thay ta ca B, C ln lt vo v tri ca

d
2
ta

c
tc l B, C nm khc pha i vi d
2
.
Vy phng trnh ng phn gic trong ca gc A l :
4- 16+17 = 5> 0 v- 16- 24+17 =-23< 0,
+ = 4 8 17 0 x y
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

1. Khong cch t im n(): ax + by
+c = 0 l:
( )
;
M M
M x y
A
M M
2 2
| ax + by +c |
d(M, ) = .
a + b
2. V tr tng i ca hai im i vi mt ng thng:
Cho (): ax + by + c = 0 v hai im M(x
M
;y
M
), N(x
N
;y
N
) khng nm trn .
+ Hai im M, N nm cng pha i vi khi (ax
M
+ by
M
+ c)(ax
N
+ by
N
+
c) > 0.
+ Hai im M, N nm khc pha i vi khi (ax
M
+ by
M
+ c)(ax
N
+ by
N
+
c) < 0.
3. PT ng phn gic gc to bi 2 ng thng (
1
) v
(
2
):
+ + + +
=
+ +
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a a
0
x b y c x b y c
a b a b
Ghi nh:
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

Cu 1:
Khong cch t im M(1;-1) ti ng thng ():3x - 4y -
17 =0 l:
18
-
5
2

5
10

5
A. 2 B. C. D. A. 2
Khong cch t im n( ): 3x - 4y -
17 = 0 l:

Chn A.
( )
1; 1 M
A
M, A
M M
2 2 2 2
| ax +by +c | | 3.1- 4.(-1) - 17 |
d( ) =
a +b +(-4)
10
= = = 2
5
3
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

A ( )
2;0 M
M, A
M M
2 2 2 2
| ax +by +c | | 4.2- 3.0+ 2|
d( ) =
a +b +(-3)
10
= = = 2
5
4
Kh t t PT tham s ca , a v dng TQ: 4x 3y + 2 = 0
Khong cch t im n( ): 4x - 3y + 2 = 0 l:


Chn D.
Cu 2:
Khong cch t im M(2;0) ti ng thng ():
l:
= 1 + 3t
y = 2 + 4t
x

A. B. C. D.
10

5
5

2
2
2

5
D. 2
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

, BC
2 2
| 3.1+4. 2 - 12 |
d(A ) =
+4
1
= = 0,2
5
3
+ PT cnh BC l: 3x + 4y 12 = 0
+K/c t nh A n BC l

Chn B.
Cu 3:
Cho ABC vi A(1;2), B(0;3), C(4;0). Chiu cao ca tam
gic ng vi cnh BC bng:

A. 3 B. 0,2 C. D.
1
25
3
5
B.0,2
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

Cu 4
Tnh din tch ABC nu A(3;2) v B(0;1), C(1;5)

A. 5,5 B. C. 11 D.
11
17
17 A.5,5
17
17 11
. = 5,5
2
17
+ PT cnh BC l: 4x - y + 1 = 0, v di BC l: BC =
+ K/c t nh A n BC l
+ Din tch S =
Chn A.
2 2
| 4.3 - 2.1 + 1 | 11
( , ) = =
17
4 + 1
d A BC
Th 4 ngy 27 thng 2 nm 2008
3: KHONG CCH V GC
Tit 31:

Cu 5: Cho ng thng (d): 21x - 11y - 10 = 0. Trong cc
im
M(21;-3), N(0;4), P(-19,5), Q(1,5) im no xa ng thng (d)
nht ?

A. im P B. im Q C.im M D. im N
C.im M
Xin chn thnh cm n qu v i biu,
qu thy c cng ton th cc em hc sinh
v d hi thi gio vin gii . Knh chc qu v
i biu, qu thy c cng ton th cc em hc
sinh mnh kho.
DY THT TT - HC THT TT DY THT TT - HC THT TT