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uM M eM Td TLi' w eM l`
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cT> KI! = Ix ]

412
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T>K= kV ` c^ c=u' uK?L
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413

Se
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u[< <M' u<U J uS[ c^} ke u[u


G<@ d u`:: u}sT~ L [c< < =U`T e^
` c< HM Ui U` e`~ <?  u\
G<K< uc^}<U L T> e^ Mik' ` c]'
<`h  SM e`~ uew L [d< <
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u<[ u"d SkeU u=J H MJ (c` wMi
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M}[u u`::
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KK SH@"TKU K< po (movement) T>M
u`:: c^}<U J K?L< Iw[}ew M u=T>< <e
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(Se' c^}< K?L< Iw[}ew) }< T>gS<u
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c^} vKTS< " ]~ ` K= T>M HM K=J
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414

S vMJ u`:& I Iw ^k H@< @=I  < u`::


=I S u] n T> uSJ
u^c< K+" K=f T" Se M M <a
KSq` c=M' Lw` c } UG<^ vKS<
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}KK<u< MM KT>kdkc< c^} G<K ` V (
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415

< H` e^ <wU J UI` M wq/S


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}) Su^ ` }U uSe u? vK< =I
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416

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417

a e^'  g<S KA S\ T>K<


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<K~/K?w Ua~ MT uTee KSg T>M


SM+ G<K< SM::
uwH@^ MKA <e }^< e^ G<K< KJ< U
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S[ uI ue}` uK?KA ` L T>`c<
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cT> KI! = Ix ]

418

v\ =c< G<@< LS SeS` <e evM::


TJ

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KTv

T>KK< G<K<' pU (K?w) g] KT


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KK?wU q i <:: u=I L e^ wMi~ e`q~ c=
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Tv[` u^c< i[ dS KAKA S K kcpdM::
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wM KSukM g< e`q Sd] J T>c^uU `
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c=KM' M S@ k[u? T>c< <v c=[v'
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ukK g<T@

419

} =f u=}< LM[c< T[e U Mik


Tv ue}p` T>k` ` T`" SS] w
SKU w< T }uLg< TIu^ c}
(fabric) uK< < <e =v S S Iw
U` ` U TMu Kn U Iw
ULe T>^u i` T[ SJ< S[ 
< JuM:: U I ScK< i`  d ^M::
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e^ G<K< e=SeK< [e& T>e< M

cT> KI! = Ix ]

420

pU dd< ^K<:: K KeM/Kc?T>` c


' K}d <KA uM& Kf' KUc` [k
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ue^ L T>[< SM& =G<U \w S e^
uS/uTp& }v` u%ELU KT>"H@ UT (K<K
KS dT Te[ SK< e^ G<K< T>"}<)
Su e^ uShT uSuM w< T> M:&
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uw& k e^ HM) u< w kckc& <
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du
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SK" ^ l` `u~ KA u`:: H^ K+"


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421

(}k K=KK<' }KK< K=k) T>K<u u` M::


=c< HL eU T>e^ =e h^ uTd[ L U
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TM< KK ] V' u[k c[< w


SS] kp TK hU:: u}K<  T>cvu
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cT> KI! = Ix ]

422

}kLpK<& }kLpK< u\ }Lk< <& ^h<


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423

KSqe U G<@ T< K?L< ` u`:: #uav


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424

cT> KI! = Ix ]

"vu= ue}k`)* "vu= }L ~a "vu=<


SK =c< ] pekd T[ #m$ J
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c` Td  G<K< =gU cT[ H@ "M
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<e S_ S}` < Se M d Kq `
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425
^c<

ekS #u? i$ 38% k[ c=^ qM:: I


< uJ x L }kMf U M L }e
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^c< <`" K K< Se =^u? MT 
vgu< T^ }v` <e wM:: ` S^<
I q" ^c<U v< u TKA lM
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K?K<' K\ SH@ SK vKHw~ <:: Se
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cT> KI! = Ix ]

426

n c ` vvu< M}k< ? "vu=


un "D T>[ UTU KvKHw e^ S} I/
K uTK K<x S] }S J MLDM:: ^
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427

KTK~ U ecMKA ` Sgg<& <e vLHw~U


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u< #}$ T@]" Huh v u%EL `
T@   SM U^M:: uK?L u<M "D =<
}Ku p` < ] du Te[ w` K<
K? e` (uS Ua x" =e S ldlf `
EE` uTe}"M ipU" u v=e S gk
`"

uu?

u?

})

=<

pM

K=ck[<

cT> KI! = Ix ]

576
KM::

uThhK<

G<@

}S`aU

G<

uSq w uH@u ` KU <a wKA k[ m


KU:: SMS p ul T>w" _ Mv wKA
S }SMf T>H@U K:: =< J Ku?}cw kKw
T>q`

#KU

uTd$

U<

U~ T>`eU K:: _ = =I uL
`q TKU nK::
u< "K< =< u<M p`w S =I
u=ye}S uMT  u~ }hK }d 
<:: #50 KAT>$ uT>M u= K?u= <<
<e #T< pU  g`$ uT>M `e <
S< =< ` u}"H@ Hdw M<< L uSe
u<M SS eLKv< a w< }wKA u`:: ^e
T>SK}< o M}ccU u`:: u< K<
=< uH^<  L T>u[~ e}*
S uSe k^[w w"u? SK" Ku ;
u<<~

}vK<

=<

l`

L<

[ H` fTK=< U =<< uK L`
H^< K=M< K<; ufTK= U G<@ eKu`; u<
] \p Ue^p ? uH^<  <e Mp T>
}~ H^< Se vv< eKu` <;
uU uU }~ d[ L` 
Sp H` HL <:: p Sqw uL
}a \ w Ss`& sb w ^ uJ
e^ <e cT` Tv& H` u? K< Se LU
`wU ` H` u? cK< (KkKw dJ) Ke^

ukK g<T@

577

S TM! =IU vK T>u e^ "


KA=" U`Ua c^` wx  k
H` u? Tg` c=< wT` }  HM
SJ

LK::

Mp

H^

HL

KS

SS]< } =< vK<u SM g S


U^M::
uH` u? K<U  }kv H^ pU
Te}M v< K=J vM:: IU `f H> uT^=
MKA u e} (~]U Tem `)
Se e e^ K= S< < vKHw w
=k`" e^ KTe ` =<M K?L e^
=ew uT>eM G<@ <e eS} cM:: G<
= K]<< T> `e JeM 90 g=
"_T@` (u.) x u e& >y]c=+ K=c^ Lk< }e
` u14 T>KA uK= x Sg K?KA H` ukM M
K? u=^ c=cn U wKA T ? KU::
cw ` e T ` o TeKS
vh` u` U` <e <e S``
[ c= bM:: av u= gk ` }
<e U` (IM" " [p Uw" w`Mwe
Mvd) " IM< T M c=p qM:: u`
>? }T@ c=hS<v< u\ KeLd vK<` w`Mwf
we<" u%ELU T@]" u[H TuM S }` u`
}^ u[< g Uw G<K< [ EE` Ua
Tvve KS u T T> u^<:: u\
KU^v

gk

u}u[

v`

>?

<eU

<

cT> KI! = Ix ]

578

Tev< KU:: M" S<K<

f S`] dk`

K::
_ V u=}`@ ccK a

< U]

T[p e^ c= KT }K:: k KAK? Mv


}c[< upU w KU:: #S< KAvLi eKJ

u`

K<U::

Ku

T>`u

a@

(traditional) w u?K?a>" w <e


Sv <:: u=I uw c^ uTS G<@
I~ K<M$ uT>M S d} ew u< Ua
vK<:: e^ wK< <

w <

S Thh uk` =I u<M h K?Ku <::


T>< ` K T>eTT MT/`p ]"
kSe Ku kKu" c SddK <:: S[h g<
U 5 g= w` eM:: ew~" =I #w`p p`e
kSe$ T>vK< ldlf uu u=g< < < J u`"
c< uc< ecK }[ c=uu< KTem K=
M u[< < eKT>k` #uU `"i$ < vLM::
#S`d<$ uL V uS w < 
}<u

u}SMT IK= <e ^M:: <

K=[`

#eKSK<$

Te] pU

u=e 5 g= w` T> ` uSv u^T>


pMM SKSK< eSKSK< <v< u TVp
` T>u <`h/T>i c=d T M <:: m
uw` c=ugug< TU KK?L< Skekh J pMKAi
^vM::

ukK g<T@
T><

<`h

579

T>n

KSJ<

Sc]< UnSc< #Tem <$ w


< T>M S^] <:: I  <e U]
Texx < c=vK<U ul`U G< u" T>}`<


G<K~U

<"

<v<

c=}` hh<U

}`K"I =<U H` UkUu e^

u}

Su[

Ku

K=nKM

<

T>Mu

eTK

(u_=

eKJ
``

uSe
dk`)

^K<! <U m S @ uL Ld` T>M


u= S<L `::
L` l` u uSU J < <e
K=v

T>K<

`k

uTek[

K=I

u=e

p< TM w < c=vK<"vcu p K M


T>M

S<

TK

H@K<::

K?L<

c=

e

KU

SJ< <:: T>ek< M u=a

vK =I ~ p M}TS J< dK" }ua


=I #e^$

<e v }T] e^ =G<U Skdkh<

K u G<K< #u T>}e$ vK 5 g= w` c
c=J T <::
em~U J m ^ T@< ` <::
um >?
d}

<e 20 g=

kvv"k

K= T>M c w

pS

T>K<

u=u[

SS~ u=kM l` u< \p K\p SS\ MS


TK vh` < ` uI S K=v T>K<
< U] [k < ^M" u}K ul` u<
<e:: ue<` u T>[< Lk L` <U

cT> KI! = Ix ]

580

u< u< "vu= T>g^g` L` u}K


s^

T>cMwu

G<@

^M::

<

U]

[ - S < S - w` S<p - n
Sgw - =T> k<e - G<K<U T>e`u `
<k S[h< ` I JM::
u` S I uScK ccK <`h L` S
k<e

Tvve h` }"H> u`:: _< = >?<

T>K< @ T>S< L` u[l SJ<

uG<< <e

n SK< w <:: u=I S =I SM K+"


w L< (<U <eU) "K< `>~ u? L
sT> T` eS< KK?L uTdK u? Te[e TK
SJ< Mw K=K< vM:: K? }T] " }S`k< c=^
T>M<

e^

<

u=I

kvv

<e

S}^Sd< de " uK ] <U luK<


K?v

c=c<e

c=SKUM

TS<

T>d

<::

u=T>e u}T S< }S[k c< v` L T>`e


< Te}M c=[< T K< vI` K< =e
HM u=I exv <e Tv uK <k
U ^M!
I <k K=}`@ w I uTu S
Ku uT T>k` KU::I ML K`>~ SqU
e JU:: uH` pU L SqS` T>"H@<U u=I
p w KU:: eSeK< }c\ j" ^g<
Hc} J<"}uLg< >=?< K gk
uav S T uK< we <::

uIU J

ukK g<T@

581

I ScKA KTg Sd]


u< ` < u_< KU K pU


uT>d<p

=c^

T[ <::  K K=e ` p`w J<


=e <M H^ pS< d<q v=c< de uw
weKA u_< }^S KU <e TM <:: u=I
SeS`

<e

u=}`@

u<M

K<

MU"

T^ ux keV K^e u? pU =<K< T[


M K:: p`e uw ` } Hw w< <::
u=I [ <e < =< }< u=e\ w<
S^S LM::
K) H^ Iv ^ uw Gw S_ Td
K?L< p <:: u= M M "vu= h `
e^ u= U SK& =e ` SpKw&
^

d]

TT>

SK

SK

MUU L< Iw[}cw KA Kcx K<:: K?L< k`


uS`"-=e}T e`< i`lL <e K< e}i
MT> uw& ^ <[

_ pU }q

T>Mp KU:: eLeM& q& w[w[& pMS


e^! <m n cwex kp KMKA
Twn& < ldlf u` uw eSeKA Se^&
S

}vK<

<

Mvd

kMx

<

uTK ^ Tp[w } } S`" M< KU::


I ScK< ^ Sp KA uS< eM' u}hK
Sd] uS[ KA= }^ Se^ u=g`' `
<e ^ vLu? wa

^ uT ucK<

cT> KI! = Ix ]

582

Ha T>Tg^< uw Hw L M uS<c S"M


K< M v? S e^ eUv` uw
vS SM u=^ u=e] MT <e U` K=c^
LM::
H[cw

u?

ldle

c^`

"vu=

w[ _ n Sc[ [  }vuk <::


k`H

MT

uw

c=<

u=}v

}^<

c<

evK< u? [e e` K=c' U K=ee


T>M <::
H[cw Mvd iS p` Su`'
MU < u K=T`< TK<u M M}"U
TK LM:: }TS[< S = e^ iS p`
S<^ ` S}dc` MM:: uM Mvd uw
uK Hw "L<  I "K< Ha UI` S<cU
K`U

uM:: gSU J K?KA c^ u}hhK S^[

G<@ <e KTev T>[< Se [U w<


`k SH@ Se `uM::
\ Iw U` } w< T[

Uw

U Te K ' [ (Kv Ki)


Ux T>uM< #u$ SK"

Tn' ?T

Sw "D K[ dk` T>}`< nT Uw


vIL

(qKA'

a/g<p&

^& uf& p&

kKA/uqM&

g'

u` o L M}Sc[}< &

T> x& }) }hK w` uK

TeM

pcnc? u^c< MT ` <:: H[cv Uw


S vM e} =c] TdU =G< `

ukK g<T@

583

T> <:: KUdK? K[U >? T>q< }uw


=< K= T>K< [q L uSd' MM M<
u}S =e] S^[ =< ^i L
(instant L) g< Ku Tp[w uL L K<
"U TnKM LM:: c? <MU }d" T>S<
=I K<

c? <Mu ^i e^ w]" w uJ

S^[ KA= uTnKM <::


w< Iw T>kUu H[cw IU (e^
e` pM =G<U T <H <e) T TS<
}v`U K=}`u T>v "u=v <::
K) qu= pU Tp
= w w HwU wM T
JU::

uIw[}cv

<e

}T

e

uSe <a <e L e T> <:: e^


e ] ^i ~ (} ' cv' 12'
}e"` <' ` c<' Ud ^ i`i` SMe pMpM
T>M

pMM

u<

c`'

`e

U`n

Scvu < S dc<) S[ < S<::


< f ^c< u?}cu< =d^ L K `' TIu^
"vu=< uHT@  S q^`M:: u=
L d[< K< SUcM' duK< TwL #vSe$
SvM

T>d`

dJ

#pUK<$

#Hw}w<$

T>

dJ

T>^

T>M

T>

S<M

<::
K

T>gMU

#
<g

<$
<c?

<:: T]<

cT> KI! = Ix ]

584

S<d' S<j <^ u<H@ ]< U `^ =G<


Se <::
U w~ T T dM uT>M <` kLDM::
H^ vKHw u k<e u<` Sg T><
Mp' w uT>c y=L' S=' e p L [~
uT uv  uH^ i ^c< c=eM M::
kV U < TvK< I M M uM (u}K
SS]< ST) u}T@ e V}

}KA

>

u<
S<

T>[u
UI`

Mp

uc`}?

J

SM::

[c<

}T]

U`n< uJM T>c<u q <:: uG<< p


e[ S[c< M K u? <e e T>eM J
<:: KLMp <S w[uM e^ wKA T>^pU'
i lw T>v "MJU }ua p`<' u<' a<
L< T>^`w }T H w< <:: _ _T =I
M< <e=U T>U\ T g?  <::
vK<T ^! u}V "vu= UM w }c"u
` Snw` T w`p J cvwM:: i HU u=J'
` u}[ w L S `v }TUa
K=j H<M dc^K k`U:: eM VM [ S~
kw` S Sw uu[u >? #K? ku[< ` 
<$ KTc fe ^ ` <e v u`::
` U uSe p <e w dJ
uKcx <a p' <e }"}} q:: c` p' M
u? U`n' u?}cw vM < Sg G<K<
uM M SM w Tn ` }dc\ <:: K=IU

ukK g<T@

585

} J T>KK< K< } <:: MS


v SJ vK" ud <weU KT Se] u?
=J [< M S (w p c]) <::
ucLU T>KK< a uTnKM L dJ' T
ep; uT>M <` }k< u?}`e+ uSv L
T>"H@< =G< S <:: Le}K< c< Mp
w` uI L Tce u] uK T>c
SeLM::
`p [Hw }SLKc T>lc< u_ U]~ [v
S`

"ev

Tw

qwU::

uu<

wn

"vu= uu< i p Suhui n S' p


M  v c=J V < u<m Sg w`
<e Sv  ` KU:: n u_ K< u_ <
K< u_ ` }e"` eT< T>uU vIM K::
c< c=uL a v` ` < K=K< <! T>J <
KA u?}cu< KS<K< I cM:: U J _ w
vKu c` vIMU <e =< <:: Ke~ c`
c= [ v u^c< M c` L u_ KA f H>dw
#TeSKe$ Ku:: Kcu< vIK< TIu\ e[ <::
# ] <nM$'#S` u= ` U$
#K- uM MJ w KS K=J$" #V c` k
<$ =I }KS <a SS] <:: <a Mp V
TdS` a < w dJ c< ddu= <
<:: SekM K< } uL S S<K< }qu<
< T>H@u G<@ K:: uc`' w c< Mun
wKA uU}` kLM c` ] [k Tc^ <` J

cT> KI! = Ix ]

586

I ` [e }ha gu[k ] [k T>dS<'


S<i] S<i^< eU Ku lM S u=^ S
e`}< T>u< K<:: L k cV ] u^M:: <a
vKu [M lMlM H@M:: KU u du
p ` u' u u_ S<
Sq'

u?u?~

II

TK

kLM::

e^

eL>' K c=M VvM eM u` u=e 50


w` T><' VvM u=p}< VvM ScM H>dw
TeK= T>q< u?~ l[<::
#uh <\ < w\ M$ vLM:: u<
I ~ EE` w` Sup <; ]  U
v k <V STkp w` S< c=J MU::
#i$ e^ Se^ Mp c<   S` T>S`<
m

K<U::

w`

S<

KU::

e^

uSkMU G< u} vD< k\ c <e


k e^ c` e T < kuK< w
MKA uwe K< u?~ l^<:: I uw`
SV K=J MU::
I IM ` w[ Jw w u < V
` M:: u` Sk } #U ` <!$
K<

kw`

SH@'

ukw`

e^

K<

eU

Sg' u u? <e c< e=kM [e Ud ^


Tp[u= c T`U' TK H<M U`n ` }"`
w Tup! c` ` S<ia e=S< KTpSe'
w KSke T` v` c e x
S[e' }T[\ e S Se... I G<K< <

ukK g<T@

587

S}w u<} pU uw S"M K< >


T>d <::
>?<' uK= uISU uV uK?L ` K
S}dcw d <} pU L ` Mvv LL<e
K v? S Mue KM:: u=I K<
<e

S<

<

<

=I
<!

"_

<

G<LU

dJ

(Iw[}cv'

Se =IU) SK T>SK <::


=I Se "_ u`U u}TU upU
S` =KS T`< [ Mgg<U ` K<
<:: u=e uv }T }"H> u[< #1990 w$ }vK
Iw[ u ee` w m uK?L SM
["'

uS"

S<"i

"v

qq

kLM

de}U` K u`:: ew< #G<K K< c$


T>K< }[ <:: < lv c=^ }v^
Se < EE^< V  kV
w e}M - e}U^M::
ueS

<M

"H@D<

K<

iL'

[e

[e \ uT>wc< L KT}` ` }< <::


U\ }av< aT> ] K?y= a^V
uUU

SK=

KaV

K^

Iw

wu=<

Mu\U:: uc< U[I KU KK?L<e MU T>K<


o u=S um SMeU KU:: u=c< UI` K=c=
Sc[ }"H>< u\ ST] SI ^
Ki' U ` v< u`T uH u<
w

}Sv<

<::

u^M

ML

Se

cT> KI! = Ix ]

588

[ <e }"H@< }"H@ K< (g<Tg<U V


}Su)

Sp`

ii

Se

"

p uu <:: }M<KA  SekM (formality)


TTEL }hK e^ KK?Ku `LT T< u^c< w
<::* Iw I d K< dd uMK< I
Tev'

uS

?Mae

n

}^

u=a

ewcv ^j uTTEL uSdcK< j @ MMq


L KS[e T>"H@ \ e}vM:: v T><
ewcv T>< Mp T>}< uMM::
u_<
T>S\'

v"
pU

SkU

T>\

p`)

w<

g=

}"`

TE
Se
w`

D
S"

uv<

=Lkp

d+U

vvu<

pL

e

uT>g<

S<S< ua L T><' uT>w[k`l S'


U}`' ewcv [u? `v S`] }uu<'
KeLd U T>[<' T>d Se S=
M w[ IM T>kS< <:: ^U V K?L x`
vM uSdcK }^u= g<S T> u= K:: uSe
<w U e^ U e^ uT>` ewcv T><
<KA uM ~ TTEii K?L V <:: uc?T>` S
uS>< e L K}< u<^' S<K< }d <KA uM
SM K <:: }^ ? Uu ewcv c=S\ "
D d+U vvu< SkU dU:: [
*

SUI^ #uUI`~ L K< e=S<$  T]


Mv< G<K< T>ea U` u? vL }K K<
S SeM u1997 V  }eM::

ukK g<T@

589

S~ u g <H' [ SMe K< k`


K?L =e i c=L< c u%ELU =G< c=[L<
uM::

w`~

g<TU

TcM

TM

T>ek< e^ S^` IKA Mp m <


uUw

KA

<::

c=u<

U<

g<TU

y=L

(vK vKG<K p) ~\ KTep T>`v<


SeLK<:: g<V =<U Hw KT"u K[
V T>L< SeLK<::
 = vK @ H` <e MT Se
SJ' G<K<U uL kLM EE` lv ` SJ'
pU v^] Mp pU c Td <:: MT
`+ KS<e KKA Tu[< "^ q^ 
^T ^M = c`p <x uL uKA
Lu< uT>M u? c^U:: < <
Iw ` }< u[p ui^ u` = uKA
}VV< Mu[U:: ` <e S<}< KS< =
}< < <v }[< e< u< Mu[U::
KesL H\  T>q[q` ?U DSTV e` uL`
U:: DSTV u? M uM u?
uSe] u? uv <e G<K< wM:: < kKM u=MM
V w< }T@ uiT> U}[< <p <::
U d< uS^ } < U] KS
 (up K?L H` kU< H_ MT G<
< T>M wH@^ wM du)  M LK;
I < Ske ` KU k ?K?a>e S
<` T>< MT> ` K? T"M K=ew T>M

cT> KI! = Ix ]

590

SeU }S[< a^V cvex u}c SeS` c


ukLM U u=J Tp[w SL <U::
KT q[ Iw[}cv Se }}}
T>`u v" EE` S Ku:: #T@ M iUw^
Sq`U

e`

Sq`U!$

H^

vvM

Iw[}cu<U SeU S` SJ Ku:: Iw Hw


xu<< ` KT>K< K?x < K< U SqU Ku::
Mgk ` ` S}p <:: TT` S<
u%EL

`euKG<

wKA

upT>

I~

KT^

q`

}d H u Tcw uT>we kT> uJ< MT


}v` L S[v[u< upwM::
MT` K um~ %EL SKe u=M " w< T^M::
MM G<K< u`h uI kI }vK SeM v
S[[ K?L< u= dm u[u >? u`:: %EL %EL
` K < k` K?L<U (H^ IM<U <)
SJ< S uK?L< "_ VM } S^S
J ::
_< >?  w #G<K< p[$ #T
g?$ uT>M "H@ "vu= L }^[u SK
eU] ` u` u"vu=< K< K<
K ~ u=J M wKA x uH` [ Tk
nM:: SqU IM "pU u c\ u\ `n`p
w`"
T"H@u

K[U

KTk

>?

Sq'

aL

KTk

T[

(K<L

u^^
v)

u^ Se^' u<w >y`c+ c==e< [e }a


q< d < JeM v^ L ` M}S<

ukK g<T@

591

e^ <:: e T>we MT < K' uT>K=


T>q` L` < d}L Ky= UI` uu<w
]" T (u< ` K= c=M)' } <
e^ L TM w< T>K= w` V T>u SUI`
K?y= > T[ U K v^ <::
S u=G< K=un!

=I Se K< 8

>y`+ uc< HM uT]M vvu< ^ }^


S<} T] d` K?L 13 >y[c=+ K=ev }eM::
>y`c=+

wu=

J<

J;

K?L<

p`

uc<U uw[w`H >y`c=+ S KG< cL> <;


`! fTK? u?h<M Ix ]e J <;
u"vu=<e

>y`c=+

T>p

S[[ }a J; e

UI`

=I a

KT`U S< gL a <; `` K<U::


= K?y= T< `' fTK? u?h<M
Uu?L Ix EE` T>d (M pw`) MV'
K@M uwI

?ae K?KA vK] H M Sh

=<(uJd) Sc<' k iw`

KkT<'

}T S] u? v< SdcK< x 97 U` `
u^< }U =T>p G<K< >y`c=+U S
U nM:: #UI` e` Tw w
K<U K^ cw$ c=vM =I a #}nT>
T>M<

=T\

<"

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` K=lUu V[:: #*aV Iw }KK TK 
LM uIw[~ <e *w K M;$ c=vMU c< SMe
#*wT Iw[ vM <& @ T<^< eK *aV `
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K}vu[

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c=vM

706

cT> KI! = Ix ]

T>gSpn< G<K< u= K+" T@ <e e}i


=< "^ Iw[ M =w` *aVU J K?L<
Iw en =` veK u`::
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Sw

Te}M& wH@` `U u}M penc? <e S


S< upvM:: c=V U wKA T K?L<
l` " u%EL S U @ >? u` v }^
u}^ SS T> "H@ SJ< =
M ] e=cK [e c=e}U[ qM:: IU w
KU S=f =I M wa KSe^ eKU
wK< u1960 TKm S L "[c< =G<
ST` uM:: c< Mm Su} u%EL u`^
S M T> `U:: =G< ST` "M}K
k JM::
=I c=h< u` ukK K=Uc&
c=h< u"_ m uKvi }kS ewx euu
I u? ` `+ eU q K< K (u*w
L }S<) IM< LG<U K=K& c=h< ^c< T>c^<
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wK ^K; Ix K=V^c= }vw[< c=qS< }
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Kkp [ Ix c=gw` U ; "D U&
*w * n< "[< Iu< H@
^ TK uK HL KwU; =V^ UM

ukK g<T@

707

^ M < K; uhu= L S
u=I @ }dd} "H@ U ^ Iw L
}uk SJ<
SJ K=v vU; =I eK<
Te[p < U J d l` K=& ^iU
Kcw K? =I wKA }du uT>M w _ K=vL
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UM!

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SM TUbM:: Ix =I ` =\
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u%EL U uK?KA Ha J< Ix uHT uwH@`
w ` } u%EL < Mw U<; ![ Ua
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vD^ ^d L ^:: u`-=TK?I u=I SHM
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Se S< u}q[< =I }nT> G<K<


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cT> KI! = Ix ]

708

< vK< M ? K _ <e V =I


L c Sii ` M::
uSL H]~ }` u[< <^ dT> `
@-I #u$ }qa =I S T>" G<
Td}U k` }S< "D  MU:: K<
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T>} =I u T>d G<  u=U


u IK= u?  c=< c=U~u q}M:: K<
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K

709

SU

KTs[ e^:: }vu[  M T>L vK?


U `+ U u nU:: Kvw eM pU
}wKA T> e^] a u? u< c=}
#Iu? L S }}$ K< wH@` MM h
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HT

Sd] ` SkU T>k`u& Se w<H S& U` TeT> "L& SL K=e }sT


u`+ }k=L <e Tlu G<@ TMT Mp
< <:: SL HM KSe Mu TMM
Sk K?Kw G<K< #ISe e`~ L <$
uTK k< T>"H>< I p Sup
TqU M HL <::
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Se

HL

Iw

Hw

Ku<

SnkT> ST T><K<u& u}SddU I w


S T>K< T>c<u }v` u S
vM::
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u</Kcw

T>U

eM c=[ w dJ ueM L K<U


KSp u^ "MqU S M }n<V u
S~ dl S` }K }V LKSS< eU
[U::

cT> KI! = Ix ]

710

- =V^c=  u[ p` d

SU

Ix M u}hK

e?T M <e vM:: [=V[c= p


UM::

w&

Ua&

<Mu

ee

K?Ku MT penc? S}} LM:: i


c^a w [ S~ }v` G<K<U < G<K
eK K< JM:: v u<M < ^e T (SK)
M

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c

vm<&

c=cU L }^ uM::
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pT@ <e KS T>eM K+" S_ [
SM:: K+" u< uL S[ T>TEii G<K<
ug? LS<= L }S< KU I `+
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H@K<::* >y`e+U #T$ LKSJ Se M
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(}k[`x Se^) MM wKA e p `<
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M ? SH@ T>\ u=I ~ H> <e = K@e
KU J<MU K< uS`` U ue up uSkk
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711

J; _< KT ec? "M KSJ Sa


<:: ST` <]< ` Svv S K
kLM:: MK H>~ (<) [< JM:: 
< LMqU "U [ SJ; e <
uwMH Muwu LK; dJ _ SSKe Ku
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