Title VIII.

- LEASE

CHAPTER 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1642. The contract o lea!e "a# $e o thin%!& or o 'or( an)
!er*ice. +1,42-
Art. 164.. In the lea!e o thin%!& one o the /artie! $in)! hi"!el to
%i*e to another the en0o#"ent or 1!e o a thin% or a /rice certain&
an) or a /erio) 'hich "a# $e )einite or in)einite. Ho'e*er& no
lea!e or "ore than ninet#-nine #ear! !hall $e *ali). +1,4.a-
Art. 1644. In the lea!e o 'or( or !er*ice& one o the /artie! $in)!
hi"!el to e2ec1te a /iece o 'or( or to ren)er to the other !o"e
!er*ice or a /rice certain& $1t the relation o /rinci/al an) a%ent
)oe! not e2i!t $et'een the". +1,44a-
Art. 164,. Con!1"a$le %oo)! cannot $e the !1$0ect "atter o a
contract o lea!e& e2ce/t 'hen the# are "erel# to $e e2hi$ite) or
'hen the# are acce!!or# to an in)1!trial e!ta$li!h"ent. +1,4,a-

CHAPTER 2
LEASE O3 R4RAL AN5 4R6AN LAN5S

SECTION 1. - General Pro*i!ion!

Art. 1646. The /er!on! )i!71aliie) to $1# reerre) to in Article!
1489 an) 1481& are al!o )i!71aliie) to $eco"e le!!ee! o the thin%!
"entione) therein.
Art. 164:. I a lea!e i! to $e recor)e) in the Re%i!tr# o Pro/ert#& the
ollo'in% /er!on! cannot con!tit1te the !a"e 'itho1t /ro/er
a1thorit#; the h1!$an) 'ith re!/ect to the 'ie<! /ara/hernal real
e!tate& the ather or %1ar)ian a! to the /ro/ert# o the "inor or
'ar)& an) the "ana%er 'itho1t !/ecial /o'er. +1,4=a-
Art. 164=. E*er# lea!e o real e!tate "a# $e recor)e) in the Re%i!tr#
o Pro/ert#. 4nle!! a lea!e i! recor)e)& it !hall not $e $in)in% 1/on
thir) /er!on!. +1,48a-
Art. 1648. The le!!ee cannot a!!i%n the lea!e 'itho1t the con!ent o
the le!!or& 1nle!! there i! a !ti/1lation to the contrar#.
Art. 16,9. >hen in the contract o lea!e o thin%! there i! no e2/re!!
/rohi$ition& the le!!ee "a# !1$let the thin% lea!e)& in 'hole or in
/art& 'itho1t /re01)ice to hi! re!/on!i$ilit# or the /eror"ance o
the contract to'ar) the le!!or. +1,,9-
Art. 16,1. >itho1t /re01)ice to hi! o$li%ation to'ar) the !1$le!!or&
the !1$le!!ee i! $o1n) to the le!!or or all act! 'hich reer to the
1!e an) /re!er*ation o the thin% lea!e) in the "anner !ti/1late)
$et'een the le!!or an) the le!!ee. +1,,1-
Art. 16,2. The !1$le!!ee i! !1$!i)iaril# lia$le to the le!!or or an#
rent )1e ro" the le!!ee. Ho'e*er& the !1$le!!ee !hall not $e
re!/on!i$le $e#on) the a"o1nt o rent )1e ro" hi"& in accor)ance
'ith the ter"! o the !1$lea!e& at the ti"e o the e2tra01)icial
)e"an) $# the le!!or.
Pa#"ent! o rent in a)*ance $# the !1$le!!ee !hall $e )ee"e) not to
ha*e $een "a)e& !o ar a! the le!!or<! clai" i! concerne)& 1nle!!
!ai) /a#"ent! 'ere eecte) in *irt1e o the c1!to" o the /lace.
+1,,2a-
Art. 16,.. The /ro*i!ion! %o*ernin% 'arrant#& containe) in the Title
on Sale!& !hall $e a//lica$le to the contract o lea!e.
In the ca!e! 'here the ret1rn o the /rice i! re71ire)& re)1ction
!hall $e "a)e in /ro/ortion to the ti"e )1rin% 'hich the le!!ee
en0o#e) the thin%. +1,,.-
SECTION 2. - Ri%ht! an) O$li%ation! o the Le!!or an) the Le!!ee
Art. 16,4. The le!!or i! o$li%e);
+1- To )eli*er the thin% 'hich i! the o$0ect o the contract in
!1ch a con)ition a! to ren)er it it or the 1!e inten)e)?
+2- To "a(e on the !a"e )1rin% the lea!e all the nece!!ar#
re/air! in or)er to (ee/ it !1ita$le or the 1!e to 'hich it ha!
$een )e*ote)& 1nle!! there i! a !ti/1lation to the contrar#?
+.- To "aintain the le!!ee in the /eace1l an) a)e71ate
en0o#"ent o the lea!e or the entire )1ration o the contract.
+1,,4a-
Art. 16,,. I the thin% lea!e) i! totall# )e!tro#e) $# a ort1ito1!
e*ent& the lea!e i! e2tin%1i!he). I the )e!tr1ction i! /artial& the
le!!ee "a# choo!e $et'een a /ro/ortional re)1ction o the rent an)
a re!ci!!ion o the lea!e.
Art. 16,6. The le!!or o a $1!ine!! or in)1!trial e!ta$li!h"ent "a#
contin1e en%a%in% in the !a"e $1!ine!! or in)1!tr# to 'hich the
le!!ee )e*ote! the thin% lea!e)& 1nle!! there i! a !ti/1lation to the
contrar#.
Art. 16,:. The le!!ee i! o$li%e);
+1- To /a# the /rice o the lea!e accor)in% to the ter"!
!ti/1late)?
+2- To 1!e the thin% lea!e) a! a )ili%ent ather o a a"il#&
)e*otin% it to the 1!e !ti/1late)? an) in the a$!ence o
!ti/1lation& to that 'hich "a# $e inerre) ro" the nat1re o
the thin% lea!e)& accor)in% to the c1!to" o the /lace?
+.- To /a# e2/en!e! or the )ee) o lea!e. +1,,,-
Art. 16,=. The le!!ee "a# !1!/en) the /a#"ent o the rent in ca!e
the le!!or ail! to "a(e the nece!!ar# re/air! or to "aintain the
le!!ee in /eace1l an) a)e71ate en0o#"ent o the /ro/ert# lea!e).
Art. 16,8. I the le!!or or the le!!ee !ho1l) not co"/l# 'ith the
o$li%ation! !et orth in Article! 16,4 an) 16,:& the a%%rie*e) /art#
"a# a!( or the re!ci!!ion o the contract an) in)e"niication or
)a"a%e!& or onl# the latter& allo'in% the contract to re"ain in orce.
+1,,6-
Art. 1669. I a )'ellin% /lace or an# other $1il)in% inten)e) or
h1"an ha$itation i! in !1ch a con)ition that it! 1!e $rin%! i""inent
an) !erio1! )an%er to lie or health& the le!!ee "a# ter"inate the
lea!e at once $# noti#in% the le!!or& e*en i at the ti"e the contract
'a! /erecte) the or"er (ne' o the )an%ero1! con)ition or 'ai*e)
the ri%ht to re!cin) the lea!e on acco1nt o thi! con)ition.
Art. 1661. The le!!or cannot alter the or" o the thin% lea!e) in
!1ch a 'a# a! to i"/air the 1!e to 'hich the thin% i! )e*ote) 1n)er
the ter"! o the lea!e. +1,,:a-
Art. 1662. I )1rin% the lea!e it !ho1l) $eco"e nece!!ar# to "a(e
!o"e 1r%ent re/air! 1/on the thin% lea!e)& 'hich cannot $e
)eerre) 1ntil the ter"ination o the lea!e& the le!!ee i! o$li%e) to
tolerate the 'or(& altho1%h it "a# $e *er# anno#in% to hi"& an)
altho1%h )1rin% the !a"e& he "a# $e )e/ri*e) o a /art o the
/re"i!e!.
I the re/air! la!t "ore than ort# )a#! the rent !hall $e re)1ce) in
/ro/ortion to the ti"e - incl1)in% the ir!t ort# )a#! - an) the /art
o the /ro/ert# o 'hich the le!!ee ha! $een )e/ri*e).
>hen the 'or( i! o !1ch a nat1re that the /ortion 'hich the le!!ee
an) hi! a"il# nee) or their )'ellin% $eco"e! 1ninha$ita$le& he
"a# re!cin) the contract i the "ain /1r/o!e o the lea!e i! to
/ro*i)e a )'ellin% /lace or the le!!ee. +1,,=a-
Art. 166.. The le!!ee i! o$li%e) to $rin% to the (no'le)%e o the
/ro/rietor& 'ithin the !horte!t /o!!i$le ti"e& e*er# 1!1r/ation or
1nto'ar) act 'hich an# thir) /er!on "a# ha*e co""itte) or "a# $e
o/enl# /re/arin% to carr# o1t 1/on the thin% lea!e).
He i! al!o o$li%e) to a)*i!e the o'ner& 'ith the !a"e 1r%enc#& o the
nee) o all re/air! incl1)e) in No. 2 o Article 16,4.
In $oth ca!e! the le!!ee !hall $e lia$le or the )a"a%e! 'hich&
thro1%h hi! ne%li%ence& "a# $e !1ere) $# the /ro/rietor.
I the le!!or ail! to "a(e 1r%ent re/air!& the le!!ee& in or)er to
a*oi) an i""inent )an%er& "a# or)er the re/air! at the le!!or<! co!t.
+1,,8a-
Art. 1664. The le!!or i! not o$li%e) to an!'er or a "ere act o
tre!/a!! 'hich a thir) /er!on "a# ca1!e on the 1!e o the thin%
lea!e)? $1t the le!!ee !hall ha*e a )irect action a%ain!t the intr1)er.
There i! a "ere act o tre!/a!! 'hen the thir) /er!on clai"! no ri%ht
'hate*er. +1,69a-
Art. 166,. The le!!ee !hall ret1rn the thin% lea!e)& 1/on the
ter"ination o the lea!e& a! he recei*e) it& !a*e 'hat ha! $een lo!t
or i"/aire) $# the la/!e o ti"e& or $# or)inar# 'ear an) tear& or
ro" an ine*ita$le ca1!e. +1,61a-
Art. 1666. In the a$!ence o a !tate"ent concernin% the con)ition o
the thin% at the ti"e the lea!e 'a! con!tit1te)& the la' /re!1"e!
that the le!!ee recei*e) it in %oo) con)ition& 1nle!! there i! /roo to
the contrar#. +1,62-
Art. 166:. The le!!ee i! re!/on!i$le or the )eterioration or lo!! o
the thin% lea!e)& 1nle!! he /ro*e! that it too( /lace 'itho1t hi!
a1lt. Thi! $1r)en o /roo on the le!!ee )oe! not a//l# 'hen the
)e!tr1ction i! )1e to earth71a(e& loo)& !tor" or other nat1ral
cala"it#. +1,6.a-
Art. 166=. The le!!ee i! lia$le or an# )eterioration ca1!e) $#
"e"$er! o hi! ho1!ehol) an) $# %1e!t! an) *i!itor!. +1,64a-
Art. 1668. I the lea!e 'a! "a)e or a )eter"inate ti"e& it cea!e!
1/on the )a# i2e)& 'itho1t the nee) o a )e"an). +1,6,-
Art. 16:9. I at the en) o the contract the le!!ee !ho1l) contin1e
en0o#in% the thin% lea!e) or iteen )a#! 'ith the ac71ie!cence o
the le!!or& an) 1nle!! a notice to the contrar# $# either /art# ha!
/re*io1!l# $een %i*en& it i! 1n)er!too) that there i! an i"/lie) ne'
lea!e& not or the /erio) o the ori%inal contract& $1t or the ti"e
e!ta$li!he) in Article! 16=2 an) 16=:. The other ter"! o the
ori%inal contract !hall $e re*i*e). +1,66a-
Art. 16:1. I the le!!ee contin1e! en0o#in% the thin% ater the
e2/iration o the contract& o*er the le!!or<! o$0ection& the or"er
!hall $e !1$0ect to the re!/on!i$ilitie! o a /o!!e!!or in $a) aith.
Art. 16:2. In ca!e o an i"/lie) ne' lea!e& the o$li%ation!
contracte) $# a thir) /er!on or the !ec1rit# o the /rinci/al contract
!hall cea!e 'ith re!/ect to the ne' lea!e. +1,6:-
Art. 16:.. The le!!or "a# 01)iciall# e0ect the le!!ee or an# o the
ollo'in% ca1!e!;
+1- >hen the /erio) a%ree) 1/on& or that 'hich i! i2e) or the
)1ration o lea!e! 1n)er Article! 16=2 an) 16=:& ha! e2/ire)?
+2- Lac( o /a#"ent o the /rice !ti/1late)?
+.- Violation o an# o the con)ition! a%ree) 1/on in the
contract?
+4- >hen the le!!ee )e*ote! the thin% lea!e) to an# 1!e or
!er*ice not !ti/1late) 'hich ca1!e! the )eterioration thereo?
or i he )oe! not o$!er*e the re71ire"ent in No. 2 o Article
16,:& a! re%ar)! the 1!e thereo.
The e0ect"ent o tenant! o a%ric1lt1ral lan)! i! %o*erne) $# !/ecial
la'!. +1,68a-
Art. 16:4. In e0ect"ent ca!e! 'here an a//eal i! ta(en the re"e)#
%rante) in Article ,.8& !econ) /ara%ra/h& !hall al!o a//l#& i the
hi%her co1rt i! !ati!ie) that the le!!ee<! a//eal i! ri*olo1! or
)ilator#& or that the le!!or<! a//eal i! /ri"a acie "eritorio1!. The
/erio) o ten )a#! reerre) to in !ai) article !hall $e co1nte) ro"
the ti"e the a//eal i! /erecte).
Art. 16:,. E2ce/t in ca!e! !tate) in Article 16:.& the le!!ee !hall
ha*e a ri%ht to "a(e 1!e o the /erio)! e!ta$li!he) in Article! 16=2
an) 16=:. +1,:9-
Art. 16:6. The /1rcha!er o a /iece o lan) 'hich i! 1n)er a lea!e
that i! not recor)e) in the Re%i!tr# o Pro/ert# "a# ter"inate the
lea!e& !a*e 'hen there i! a !ti/1lation to the contrar# in the contract
o !ale& or 'hen the /1rcha!er (no'! o the e2i!tence o the lea!e.
I the $1#er "a(e! 1!e o thi! ri%ht& the le!!ee "a# )e"an) that he
$e allo'e) to %ather the r1it! o the har*e!t 'hich corre!/on)! to
the c1rrent a%ric1lt1ral #ear an) that the *en)or in)e"ni# hi" or
)a"a%e! !1ere).
I the !ale i! ictitio1!& or the /1r/o!e o e2tin%1i!hin% the lea!e&
the !1//o!e) *en)ee cannot "a(e 1!e o the ri%ht %rante) in the
ir!t /ara%ra/h o thi! article. The !ale i! /re!1"e) to $e ictitio1! i
at the ti"e the !1//o!e) *en)ee )e"an)! the ter"ination o the
lea!e& the !ale i! not recor)e) in the Re%i!tr# o Pro/ert#. +1,:1a-
Art. 16::. The /1rcha!er in a !ale 'ith the ri%ht o re)e"/tion
cannot "a(e 1!e o the /o'er to e0ect the le!!ee 1ntil the en) o the
/erio) or the re)e"/tion. +1,:2-
Art. 16:=. I the le!!ee "a(e!& in %oo) aith& 1!e1l i"/ro*e"ent!
'hich are !1ita$le to the 1!e or 'hich the lea!e i! inten)e)& 'itho1t
alterin% the or" or !1$!tance o the /ro/ert# lea!e)& the le!!or
1/on the ter"ination o the lea!e !hall /a# the le!!ee one-hal o the
*al1e o the i"/ro*e"ent! at that ti"e. Sho1l) the le!!or re1!e to
rei"$1r!e !ai) a"o1nt& the le!!ee "a# re"o*e the i"/ro*e"ent!&
e*en tho1%h the /rinci/al thin% "a# !1er )a"a%e there$#. He !hall
not& ho'e*er& ca1!e an# "ore i"/air"ent 1/on the /ro/ert# lea!e)
than i! nece!!ar#.
>ith re%ar) to orna"ental e2/en!e!& the le!!ee !hall not $e entitle)
to an# rei"$1r!e"ent& $1t he "a# re"o*e the orna"ental o$0ect!&
/ro*i)e) no )a"a%e i! ca1!e) to the /rinci/al thin%& an) the le!!or
)oe! not choo!e to retain the" $# /a#in% their *al1e at the ti"e the
lea!e i! e2tin%1i!he).
Art. 16:8. I nothin% ha! $een !ti/1late) concernin% the /lace an)
the ti"e or the /a#"ent o the lea!e& the /ro*i!ion! or Article 12,1
!hall $e o$!er*e) a! re%ar)! the /lace? an) 'ith re!/ect to the ti"e&
the c1!to" o the /lace !hall $e ollo'e). +1,:4-

SECTION .. - S/ecial Pro*i!ion! or Lea!e! o R1ral Lan)!

Art. 16=9. The le!!ee !hall ha*e no ri%ht to a re)1ction o the rent on
acco1nt o the !terilit# o the lan) lea!e)& or $# rea!on o the lo!! o
r1it! )1e to or)inar# ort1ito1! e*ent!? $1t he !hall ha*e !1ch ri%ht
in ca!e o the lo!! o "ore than one-hal o the r1it! thro1%h
e2traor)inar# an) 1nore!een ort1ito1! e*ent!& !a*e al'a#! 'hen
there i! a !/eciic !ti/1lation to the contrar#.
E2traor)inar# ort1ito1! e*ent! are 1n)er!too) to $e; ire& 'ar&
/e!tilence& 1n1!1al loo)& loc1!t!& earth71a(e& or other! 'hich are
1nco""on& an) 'hich the contractin% /artie! co1l) not ha*e
rea!ona$l# ore!een. +1,:,-
Art. 16=1. Neither )oe! the le!!ee ha*e an# ri%ht to a re)1ction o
the rent i the r1it! are lo!t ater the# ha*e $een !e/arate) ro"
their !tal(& root or tr1n(. +1,:6-
Art. 16=2. The lea!e o a /iece o r1ral lan)& 'hen it! )1ration ha!
not $een i2e)& i! 1n)er!too) to ha*e $een or all the ti"e nece!!ar#
or the %atherin% o the r1it! 'hich the 'hole e!tate lea!e) "a#
#iel) in one #ear& or 'hich it "a# #iel) once& altho1%h t'o or "ore
#ear! ha*e to ela/!e or the /1r/o!e. +1,::a-
Art. 16=.. The o1t%oin% le!!ee !hall allo' the inco"in% le!!ee or the
le!!or the 1!e o the /re"i!e! an) other "ean! nece!!ar# or the
/re/arator# la$or or the ollo'in% #ear? an)& reci/rocall#& the
inco"in% le!!ee or the le!!or i! 1n)er o$li%ation to /er"it the
o1t%oin% le!!ee to )o 'hate*er "a# $e nece!!ar# or the %atherin%
or har*e!tin% an) 1tili@ation o the r1it!& all in accor)ance 'ith the
c1!to" o the /lace. +1,:=a-
Art. 16=4. Lan) tenanc# on !hare! !hall $e %o*erne) $# !/ecial la'!&
the !ti/1lation! o the /artie!& the /ro*i!ion! on /artner!hi/ an) $#
the c1!to"! o the /lace. +1,:8a-
Art. 16=,. The tenant on !hare! cannot $e e0ecte) e2ce/t in ca!e!
!/eciie) $# la'.
SECTION 4. - S/ecial Pro*i!ion! o the Lea!e o 4r$an Lan)!
Art. 16=6. In )ea1lt o a !/ecial !ti/1lation& the c1!to" o the /lace
!hall $e o$!er*e) 'ith re%ar) to the (in) o re/air! on 1r$an
/ro/ert# or 'hich the le!!or !hall $e lia$le. In ca!e o )o1$t it i!
1n)er!too) that the re/air! are char%ea$le a%ain!t hi". +1,=9a-
Art. 16=:. I the /erio) or the lea!e ha! not $een i2e)& it i!
1n)er!too) to $e ro" #ear to #ear& i the rent a%ree) 1/on i!
ann1al? ro" "onth to "onth& i it i! "onthl#? ro" 'ee( to 'ee(& i
the rent i! 'ee(l#? an) ro" )a# to )a#& i the rent i! to $e /ai)
)ail#. Ho'e*er& e*en tho1%h a "onthl# rent i! /ai)& an) no /erio)
or the lea!e ha! $een !et& the co1rt! "a# i2 a lon%er ter" or the
lea!e ater the le!!ee ha! occ1/ie) the /re"i!e! or o*er one #ear. I
the rent i! 'ee(l#& the co1rt! "a# li(e'i!e )eter"ine a lon%er
/erio) ater the le!!ee ha! $een in /o!!e!!ion or o*er !i2 "onth!.
In ca!e o )ail# rent& the co1rt! "a# al!o i2 a lon%er /erio) ater the
le!!ee ha! !ta#e) in the /lace or o*er one "onth. +1,=1a-
Art. 16==. >hen the le!!or o a ho1!e& or /art thereo& 1!e) a! a
)'ellin% or a a"il#& or 'hen the le!!or o a !tore& or in)1!trial
e!ta$li!h"ent& al!o lea!e! the 1rnit1re& the lea!e o the latter !hall
$e )ee"e) to $e or the )1ration o the lea!e o the /re"i!e!.
+1,=2-

CHAPTER .
>ORA AN5 LA6OR

SECTION 1. - Ho1!ehol) Ser*ice

Art. 16=8. Ho1!ehol) !er*ice !hall al'a#! $e rea!ona$l#
co"/en!ate). An# !ti/1lation that ho1!ehol) !er*ice i! 'itho1t
co"/en!ation !hall $e *oi). S1ch co"/en!ation !hall $e in a))ition
to the ho1!e hel/er<! lo)%in%& oo)& an) "e)ical atten)ance.
Art. 1689. The hea) o the a"il# !hall 1rni!h& ree o char%e& to the
ho1!e hel/er& !1ita$le an) !anitar# 71arter! a! 'ell a! a)e71ate
oo) an) "e)ical atten)ance.
Art. 1681. I the ho1!e hel/er i! 1n)er the a%e o ei%hteen #ear!& the
hea) o the a"il# !hall %i*e an o//ort1nit# to the ho1!e hel/er or
at lea!t ele"entar# e)1cation. The co!t o !1ch e)1cation !hall $e a
/art o the ho1!e hel/er<! co"/en!ation& 1nle!! there i! a !ti/1lation
to the contrar#.
Art. 1682. No contract or ho1!ehol) !er*ice !hall la!t or "ore than
t'o #ear!. Ho'e*er& !1ch contract "a# $e rene'e) ro" #ear to
#ear.
Art. 168.. The ho1!e hel/er<! clothe! !hall $e !1$0ect to !ti/1lation.
Ho'e*er& an# contract or ho1!ehol) !er*ice !hall $e *oi) i there$#
the ho1!e hel/er cannot aor) to ac71ire !1ita$le clothin%.
Art. 1684. The hea) o the a"il# !hall treat the ho1!e hel/er in a
01!t an) h1"ane "anner. In no ca!e !hall /h#!ical *iolence $e 1!e)
1/on the ho1!e hel/er.
Art. 168,. Ho1!e hel/er !hall not $e re71ire) to 'or( "ore than ten
ho1r! a )a#. E*er# ho1!e hel/er !hall $e allo'e) o1r )a#!< *acation
each "onth& 'ith /a#.
Art. 1686. In ca!e o )eath o the ho1!e hel/er& the hea) o the
a"il# !hall $ear the 1neral e2/en!e! i the ho1!e hel/er ha! no
relati*e! in the /lace 'here the hea) o the a"il# li*e!& 'ith
!1icient "ean! thereor.
Art. 168:. I the /erio) or ho1!ehol) !er*ice i! i2e) neither the
hea) o the a"il# nor the ho1!e hel/er "a# ter"inate the contract
$eore the e2/iration o the ter"& e2ce/t or a 01!t ca1!e. I the
ho1!e hel/er i! 1n01!tl# )i!"i!!e)& he !hall $e /ai) the
co"/en!ation alrea)# earne) /l1! that or iteen )a#! $# 'a# o
in)e"nit#. I the ho1!e hel/er lea*e! 'itho1t 01!tiia$le rea!on& he
!hall oreit an# !alar# )1e hi" an) 1n/ai)& or not e2cee)in% iteen
)a#!.
Art. 168=. I the )1ration o the ho1!ehol) !er*ice i! not )eter"ine)
either $# !ti/1lation or $# the nat1re o the !er*ice& the hea) o the
a"il# or the ho1!e hel/er "a# %i*e notice to /1t an en) to the
!er*ice relation& accor)in% to the ollo'in% r1le!;
+1- I the co"/en!ation i! /ai) $# the )a#& notice "a# $e %i*en
on an# )a# that the !er*ice !hall en) at the clo!e o the
ollo'in% )a#?
+2- I the co"/en!ation i! /ai) $# the 'ee(& notice "a# $e
%i*en& at the late!t on the ir!t $1!ine!! )a# o the 'ee(& that
the !er*ice !hall $e ter"inate) at the en) o the !e*enth )a#
ro" the $e%innin% o the 'ee(?
+.- I the co"/en!ation i! /ai) $# the "onth& notice "a# $e
%i*en& at the late!t& on the ith )a# o the "onth& that the
!er*ice !hall cea!e at the en) o the "onth.
Art. 1688. 4/on the e2tin%1i!h"ent o the !er*ice relation& the
ho1!e hel/er "a# )e"an) ro" the hea) o the a"il# a 'ritten
!tate"ent on the nat1re an) )1ration o the !er*ice an) the
eicienc# an) con)1ct o the ho1!e hel/er.

SECTION 2. - Contract o La$or

Art. 1:99. The relation! $et'een ca/ital an) la$or are not "erel#
contract1al. The# are !o i"/re!!e) 'ith /1$lic intere!t that la$or
contract! "1!t #iel) to the co""on %oo). Thereore& !1ch contract!
are !1$0ect to the !/ecial la'! on la$or 1nion!& collecti*e $ar%ainin%&
!tri(e! an) loc(o1t!& clo!e) !ho/& 'a%e!& 'or(in% con)ition!& ho1r!
o la$or an) !i"ilar !1$0ect!.
Art. 1:91. Neither ca/ital nor la$or !hall act o//re!!i*el# a%ain!t the
other& or i"/air the intere!t or con*enience o the /1$lic.
Art. 1:92. In ca!e o )o1$t& all la$or le%i!lation an) all la$or
contract! !hall $e con!tr1e) in a*or o the !aet# an) )ecent li*in%
or the la$orer.
Art. 1:9.. No contract 'hich /racticall# a"o1nt! to in*ol1ntar#
!er*it1)e& 1n)er an# %1i!e 'hat!oe*er& !hall $e *ali).
Art. 1:94. In collecti*e $ar%ainin%& the la$or 1nion or "e"$er! o
the $oar) or co""ittee !i%nin% the contract !hall $e lia$le or non-
1lill"ent thereo.
Art. 1:9,. The la$orer<! 'a%e! !hall $e /ai) in le%al c1rrenc#.
Art. 1:96. >ithhol)in% o the 'a%e!& e2ce/t or a )e$t )1e& !hall not
$e "a)e $# the e"/lo#er.
Art. 1:9:. The la$orer<! 'a%e! !hall $e a lien on the %oo)!
"an1act1re) or the 'or( )one.
Art. 1:9=. The la$orer<! 'a%e! !hall not $e !1$0ect to e2ec1tion or
attach"ent& e2ce/t or )e$t! inc1rre) or oo)& !helter& clothin% an)
"e)ical atten)ance.
Art. 1:98. The e"/lo#er !hall neither !ei@e nor retain an# tool or
other article! $elon%in% to the la$orer.
Art. 1:19. 5i!"i!!al o la$orer! !hall $e !1$0ect to the !1/er*i!ion o
the Go*ern"ent& 1n)er !/ecial la'!.
Art. 1:11. O'ner! o enter/ri!e! an) other e"/lo#er! are o$li%e) to
/a# co"/en!ation or the )eath o or in01rie! to their la$orer!&
'or("en& "echanic! or other e"/lo#ee!& e*en tho1%h the e*ent
"a# ha*e $een /1rel# acci)ental or entirel# )1e to a ort1ito1!
ca1!e& i the )eath or /er!onal in01r# aro!e o1t o an) in the co1r!e
o the e"/lo#"ent. The e"/lo#er i! al!o lia$le or co"/en!ation i
the e"/lo#ee contract! an# illne!! or )i!ea!e ca1!e) $# !1ch
e"/lo#"ent or a! the re!1lt o the nat1re o the e"/lo#"ent. I the
"i!ha/ 'a! )1e to the e"/lo#ee<! o'n notorio1! ne%li%ence& or
*ol1ntar# act& or )r1n(enne!!& the e"/lo#er !hall not $e lia$le or
co"/en!ation. >hen the e"/lo#ee<! lac( o )1e care contri$1te) to
hi! )eath or in01r#& the co"/en!ation !hall $e e71ita$l# re)1ce).
Art. 1:12. I the )eath or in01r# i! )1e to the ne%li%ence o a ello'
'or(er& the latter an) the e"/lo#er !hall $e !oli)aril# lia$le or
co"/en!ation. I a ello' 'or(er<! intentional "alicio1! act i! the
onl# ca1!e o the )eath or in01r#& the e"/lo#er !hall not $e
an!'era$le& 1nle!! it !ho1l) $e !ho'n that the latter )i) not
e2erci!e )1e )ili%ence in the !election or !1/er*i!ion o the
/lainti<! ello' 'or(er.

SECTION .. - Contract or a Piece o >or(

Art. 1:1.. 6# the contract or a /iece o 'or( the contractor $in)!
hi"!el to e2ec1te a /iece o 'or( or the e"/lo#er& in con!i)eration
o a certain /rice or co"/en!ation. The contractor "a# either
e"/lo# onl# hi! la$or or !(ill& or al!o 1rni!h the "aterial. +1,==a-
Art. 1:14. I the contractor a%ree! to /ro)1ce the 'or( ro"
"aterial 1rni!he) $# hi"& he !hall )eli*er the thin% /ro)1ce) to the
e"/lo#er an) tran!er )o"inion o*er the thin%. Thi! contract !hall
$e %o*erne) $# the ollo'in% article! a! 'ell a! $# the /ertinent
/ro*i!ion! on 'arrant# o title an) a%ain!t hi))en )eect! an) the
/a#"ent o /rice in a contract o !ale.
Art. 1:1,. The contract !hall e2ec1te the 'or( in !1ch a "anner that
it ha! the 71alitie! a%ree) 1/on an) ha! no )eect! 'hich )e!tro# or
le!!en it! *al1e or itne!! or it! or)inar# or !ti/1late) 1!e. Sho1l)
the 'or( $e not o !1ch 71alit#& the e"/lo#er "a# re71ire that the
contractor re"o*e the )eect or e2ec1te another 'or(. I the
contract ail! or re1!e! to co"/l# 'ith thi! o$li%ation& the e"/lo#er
"a# ha*e the )eect re"o*e) or another 'or( e2ec1te)& at the
contractor<! co!t.
Art. 1:16. An a%ree"ent 'ai*in% or li"itin% the contractor<! lia$ilit#
or an# )eect in the 'or( i! *oi) i the contractor acte)
ra1)1lentl#.
Art. 1:1:. I the contractor $o1n) hi"!el to 1rni!h the "aterial& he
!hall !1er the lo!! i the 'or( !ho1l) $e )e!tro#e) $eore it!
)eli*er#& !a*e 'hen there ha! $een )ela# in recei*in% it. +1,=8-
Art. 1:1=. The contractor 'ho ha! 1n)erta(en to /1t onl# hi! 'or(
or !(ill& cannot clai" an# co"/en!ation i the 'or( !ho1l) $e
)e!tro#e) $eore it! )eli*er#& 1nle!! there ha! $een )ela# in
recei*in% it& or i the )e!tr1ction 'a! ca1!e) $# the /oor 71alit# o
the "aterial& /ro*i)e) thi! act 'a! co""1nicate) in )1e ti"e to the
o'ner. I the "aterial i! lo!t thro1%h a ort1ito1! e*ent& the contract
i! e2tin%1i!he). +1,89a-
Art. 1:18. Acce/tance o the 'or( $# the e"/lo#er relie*e! the
contractor o lia$ilit# or an# )eect in the 'or(& 1nle!!;
+1- The )eect i! hi))en an) the e"/lo#er i! not& $# hi! !/ecial
(no'le)%e& e2/ecte) to reco%ni@e the !a"e? or
+2- The e"/lo#er e2/re!!l# re!er*e! hi! ri%ht! a%ain!t the
contractor $# rea!on o the )eect.
Art. 1:29. The /rice or co"/en!ation !hall $e /ai) at the ti"e an)
/lace o )eli*er# o the 'or(& 1nle!! there i! a !ti/1lation to the
contrar#. I the 'or( i! to $e )eli*ere) /artiall#& the /rice or
co"/en!ation or each /art ha*in% $een i2e)& the !1" !hall $e /ai)
at the ti"e an) /lace o )eli*er#& in the a$!ence i !ti/1lation.
Art. 1:21. I& in the e2ec1tion o the 'or(& an act o the e"/lo#er i!
re71ire)& an) he inc1r! in )ela# or ail! to /eror" the act& the
contractor i! entitle) to a rea!ona$le co"/en!ation.
The a"o1nt o the co"/en!ation i! co"/1te)& on the one han)& $#
the )1ration o the )ela# an) the a"o1nt o the co"/en!ation
!ti/1late)& an) on the other han)& $# 'hat the contractor ha! !a*e)
in e2/en!e! $# rea!on o the )ela# or i! a$le to earn $# a )ierent
e"/lo#"ent o hi! ti"e an) in)1!tr#.
Art. 1:22. I the 'or( cannot $e co"/lete) on acco1nt o a )eect in
the "aterial 1rni!he) $# the e"/lo#er& or $eca1!e o or)er! ro"
the e"/lo#er& 'itho1t an# a1lt on the /art o the contractor& the
latter ha! a ri%ht to an e71ita$le /art o the co"/en!ation
/ro/ortionall# to the 'or( )one& an) rei"$1r!e"ent or /ro/er
e2/en!e! "a)e.
Art. 1:2.. The en%ineer or architect 'ho )re' 1/ the /lan! an)
!/eciication! or a $1il)in% i! lia$le or )a"a%e! i 'ithin iteen
#ear! ro" the co"/letion o the !tr1ct1re& the !a"e !ho1l) colla/!e
$# rea!on o a )eect in tho!e /lan! an) !/eciication!& or )1e to the
)eect! in the %ro1n). The contractor i! li(e'i!e re!/on!i$le or the
)a"a%e! i the e)iice all!& 'ithin the !a"e /erio)& on acco1nt o
)eect! in the con!tr1ction or the 1!e o "aterial! o inerior 71alit#
1rni!he) $# hi"& or )1e to an# *iolation o the ter"! o the
contract. I the en%ineer or architect !1/er*i!e! the con!tr1ction& he
!hall $e !oli)aril# lia$le 'ith the contractor.
Acce/tance o the $1il)in%& ater co"/letion& )oe! not i"/l# 'ai*er
o an# o the ca1!e o action $# rea!on o an# )eect "entione) in
the /rece)in% /ara%ra/h.
The action "1!t $e $ro1%ht 'ithin ten #ear! ollo'in% the colla/!e
o the $1il)in%.
Art. 1:24. The contractor 'ho 1n)erta(e! to $1il) a !tr1ct1re or an#
other 'or( or a !ti/1late) /rice& in conor"it# 'ith /lan! an)
!/eciication! a%ree) 1/on 'ith the lan)-o'ner& can neither
'ith)ra' ro" the contract nor )e"an) an increa!e in the /rice on
acco1nt o the hi%her co!t o la$or or "aterial!& !a*e 'hen there ha!
$een a chan%e in the /lan! an) !/eciication!& /ro*i)e);
+1- S1ch chan%e ha! $een a1thori@e) $# the /ro/rietor in
'ritin%? an)
+2- The a))itional /rice to $e /ai) to the contractor ha! $een
)eter"ine) in 'ritin% $# $oth /artie!. +1,8.a-
Art. 1:2,. The o'ner "a# 'ith)ra' at 'ill ro" the con!tr1ction o
the 'or(& altho1%h it "a# ha*e $een co""ence)& in)e"ni#in% the
contractor or all the latter<! e2/en!e!& 'or(& an) the 1!e1lne!!
'hich the o'ner "a# o$tain therero"& an) )a"a%e!. +1,84a-
Art. 1:26. >hen a /iece o 'or( ha! $een entr1!te) to a /er!on $#
rea!on o hi! /er!onal 71aliication!& the contract i! re!cin)e) 1/on
hi! )eath.
In thi! ca!e the /ro/rietor !hall /a# the heir! o the contractor in
/ro/ortion to the /rice a%ree) 1/on& the *al1e o the /art o the
'or( )one& an) o the "aterial! /re/are)& /ro*i)e) the latter #iel)
hi" !o"e $eneit.
The !a"e r1le !hall a//l# i the contractor cannot ini!h the 'or(
)1e to circ1"!tance! $e#on) hi! control. +1,8,-
Art. 1:2:. The contractor i! re!/on!i$le or the 'or( )one $#
/er!on! e"/lo#e) $# hi". +1,86-
Art. 1:2=. The contractor i! lia$le or all the clai"! o la$orer! an)
other! e"/lo#e) $# hi"& an) o thir) /er!on! or )eath or /h#!ical
in01rie! )1rin% the con!tr1ction.
Art. 1:28. Tho!e 'ho /1t their la$or 1/on or 1rni!h "aterial! or a
/iece o 'or( 1n)erta(en $# the contractor ha*e an action a%ain!t
the o'ner 1/ to the a"o1nt o'in% ro" the latter to the contractor
at the ti"e the clai" i! "a)e. Ho'e*er& the ollo'in% !hall not
/re01)ice the la$orer!& e"/lo#ee! an) 1rni!her! o "aterial!;
+1- Pa#"ent! "a)e $# the o'ner to the contractor $eore the#
are )1e?
+2- Ren1nciation $# the contractor o an# a"o1nt )1e hi" ro"
the o'ner.
Thi! article i! !1$0ect to the /ro*i!ion! o !/ecial la'!. +1,8:a-
Art. 1:.9. I it i! a%ree) that the 'or( !hall $e acco"/li!he) to the
!ati!action o the /ro/rietor& it i! 1n)er!too) that in ca!e o
)i!a%ree"ent the 71e!tion !hall $e !1$0ect to e2/ert 01)%"ent.
I the 'or( i! !1$0ect to the a//ro*al o a thir) /er!on& hi! )eci!ion
!hall $e inal& e2ce/t in ca!e o ra1) or "anie!t error. +1,8=a-
Art. 1:.1. He 'ho ha! e2ec1te) 'or( 1/on a "o*a$le ha! a ri%ht to
retain it $# 'a# o /le)%e 1ntil he i! /ai). +1699-

SECTION 4. - Co""on Carrier!

S46SECTION 1. - General Pro*i!ion!

Art. 1:.2. Co""on carrier! are /er!on!& cor/oration!& ir"! or
a!!ociation! en%a%e) in the $1!ine!! o carr#in% or tran!/ortin%
/a!!en%er! or %oo)! or $oth& $# lan)& 'ater& or air& or
co"/en!ation& oerin% their !er*ice! to the /1$lic.
Art. 1:... Co""on carrier!& ro" the nat1re o their $1!ine!! an)
or rea!on! o /1$lic /olic#& are $o1n) to o$!er*e e2traor)inar#
)ili%ence in the *i%ilance o*er the %oo)! an) or the !aet# o the
/a!!en%er! tran!/orte) $# the"& accor)in% to all the circ1"!tance!
o each ca!e.
S1ch e2traor)inar# )ili%ence in the *i%ilance o*er the %oo)! i!
1rther e2/re!!e) in Article! 1:.4& 1:.,& an) 1:4,& No!. ,& 6& an) :&
'hile the e2traor)inar# )ili%ence or the !aet# o the /a!!en%er! i!
1rther !et orth in Article! 1:,, an) 1:,6.

S46SECTION 2. - Vi%ilance O*er Goo)!

Art. 1:.4. Co""on carrier! are re!/on!i$le or the lo!!& )e!tr1ction&
or )eterioration o the %oo)!& 1nle!! the !a"e i! )1e to an# o the
ollo'in% ca1!e! onl#;
+1- 3loo)& !tor"& earth71a(e& li%htnin%& or other nat1ral
)i!a!ter or cala"it#?
+2- Act o the /1$lic ene"# in 'ar& 'hether international or
ci*il?
+.- Act o o"i!!ion o the !hi//er or o'ner o the %oo)!?
+4- The character o the %oo)! or )eect! in the /ac(in% or in
the container!?
+,- Or)er or act o co"/etent /1$lic a1thorit#.
Art. 1:.,. In all ca!e! other than tho!e "entione) in No!. 1& 2& .& 4&
an) , o the /rece)in% article& i the %oo)! are lo!t& )e!tro#e) or
)eteriorate)& co""on carrier! are /re!1"e) to ha*e $een at a1lt or
to ha*e acte) ne%li%entl#& 1nle!! the# /ro*e that the# o$!er*e)
e2traor)inar# )ili%ence a! re71ire) in Article 1:...
Art. 1:.6. The e2traor)inar# re!/on!i$ilit# o the co""on carrier
la!t! ro" the ti"e the %oo)! are 1ncon)itionall# /lace) in the
/o!!e!!ion o& an) recei*e) $# the carrier or tran!/ortation 1ntil the
!a"e are )eli*ere)& act1all# or con!tr1cti*el#& $# the carrier to the
con!i%nee& or to the /er!on 'ho ha! a ri%ht to recei*e the"& 'itho1t
/re01)ice to the /ro*i!ion! o Article 1:.=.
Art. 1:.:. The co""on carrier<! )1t# to o$!er*e e2traor)inar#
)ili%ence o*er the %oo)! re"ain! in 1ll orce an) eect e*en 'hen
the# are te"/oraril# 1nloa)e) or !tore) in tran!it& 1nle!! the
!hi//er or o'ner ha! "a)e 1!e o the ri%ht o !to//a%e in transitu.
Art. 1:.=. The e2traor)inar# lia$ilit# o the co""on carrier
contin1e! to $e o/erati*e e*en )1rin% the ti"e the %oo)! are !tore)
in a 'areho1!e o the carrier at the /lace o )e!tination& 1ntil the
con!i%nee ha! $een a)*i!e) o the arri*al o the %oo)! an) ha! ha)
rea!ona$le o//ort1nit# thereater to re"o*e the" or other'i!e
)i!/o!e o the".
Art. 1:.8. In or)er that the co""on carrier "a# $e e2e"/te) ro"
re!/on!i$ilit#& the nat1ral )i!a!ter "1!t ha*e $een the /ro2i"ate
an) onl# ca1!e o the lo!!. Ho'e*er& the co""on carrier "1!t
e2erci!e )1e )ili%ence to /re*ent or "ini"i@e lo!! $eore& )1rin% an)
ater the occ1rrence o loo)& !tor" or other nat1ral )i!a!ter in or)er
that the co""on carrier "a# $e e2e"/te) ro" lia$ilit# or the lo!!&
)e!tr1ction& or )eterioration o the %oo)!. The !a"e )1t# i!
inc1"$ent 1/on the co""on carrier in ca!e o an act o the /1$lic
ene"# reerre) to in Article 1:.4& No. 2.
Art. 1:49. I the co""on carrier ne%li%entl# inc1r! in )ela# in
tran!/ortin% the %oo)!& a nat1ral )i!a!ter !hall not ree !1ch carrier
ro" re!/on!i$ilit#.
Art. 1:41. I the !hi//er or o'ner "erel# contri$1te) to the lo!!&
)e!tr1ction or )eterioration o the %oo)!& the /ro2i"ate ca1!e
thereo $ein% the ne%li%ence o the co""on carrier& the latter !hall
$e lia$le in )a"a%e!& 'hich ho'e*er& !hall $e e71ita$l# re)1ce).
Art. 1:42. E*en i the lo!!& )e!tr1ction& or )eterioration o the %oo)!
!ho1l) $e ca1!e) $# the character o the %oo)!& or the a1lt# nat1re
o the /ac(in% or o the container!& the co""on carrier "1!t
e2erci!e )1e )ili%ence to ore!tall or le!!en the lo!!.
Art. 1:4.. I thro1%h the or)er o /1$lic a1thorit# the %oo)! are
!ei@e) or )e!tro#e)& the co""on carrier i! not re!/on!i$le& /ro*i)e)
!ai) /1$lic a1thorit# ha) /o'er to i!!1e the or)er.
Art. 1:44. A !ti/1lation $et'een the co""on carrier an) the !hi//er
or o'ner li"itin% the lia$ilit# o the or"er or the lo!!& )e!tr1ction&
or )eterioration o the %oo)! to a )e%ree le!! than e2traor)inar#
)ili%ence !hall $e *ali)& /ro*i)e) it $e;
+1- In 'ritin%& !i%ne) $# the !hi//er or o'ner?
+2- S1//orte) $# a *al1a$le con!i)eration other than the
!er*ice ren)ere) $# the co""on carrier? an)
+.- Rea!ona$le& 01!t an) not contrar# to /1$lic /olic#.
Art. 1:4,. An# o the ollo'in% or !i"ilar !ti/1lation! !hall $e
con!i)ere) 1nrea!ona$le& 1n01!t an) contrar# to /1$lic /olic#;
+1- That the %oo)! are tran!/orte) at the ri!( o the o'ner or
!hi//er?
+2- That the co""on carrier 'ill not $e lia$le or an# lo!!&
)e!tr1ction& or )eterioration o the %oo)!?
+.- That the co""on carrier nee) not o$!er*e an# )ili%ence in
the c1!to)# o the %oo)!?
+4- That the co""on carrier !hall e2erci!e a )e%ree o
)ili%ence le!! than that o a %oo) ather o a a"il#& or o a "an
o or)inar# /r1)ence in the *i%ilance o*er the "o*a$le!
tran!/orte)?
+,- That the co""on carrier !hall not $e re!/on!i$le or the
act! or o"i!!ion o hi! or it! e"/lo#ee!?
+6- That the co""on carrier<! lia$ilit# or act! co""itte) $#
thie*e!& or o ro$$er! 'ho )o not act 'ith %ra*e or irre!i!ti$le
threat& *iolence or orce& i! )i!/en!e) 'ith or )i"ini!he)?
+:- That the co""on carrier i! not re!/on!i$le or the lo!!&
)e!tr1ction& or )eterioration o %oo)! on acco1nt o the
)eecti*e con)ition o the car& *ehicle& !hi/& air/lane or other
e71i/"ent 1!e) in the contract o carria%e.
Art. 1:46. An a%ree"ent li"itin% the co""on carrier<! lia$ilit# "a#
$e ann1lle) $# the !hi//er or o'ner i the co""on carrier re1!e) to
carr# the %oo)! 1nle!! the or"er a%ree) to !1ch !ti/1lation.
Art. 1:4:. I the co""on carrier& 'itho1t 01!t ca1!e& )ela#! the
tran!/ortation o the %oo)! or chan%e! the !ti/1late) or 1!1al ro1te&
the contract li"itin% the co""on carrier<! lia$ilit# cannot $e a*aile)
o in ca!e o the lo!!& )e!tr1ction& or )eterioration o the %oo)!.
Art. 1:4=. An a%ree"ent li"itin% the co""on carrier<! lia$ilit# or
)ela# on acco1nt o !tri(e! or riot! i! *ali).
Art. 1:48. A !ti/1lation that the co""on carrier<! lia$ilit# i! li"ite)
to the *al1e o the %oo)! a//earin% in the $ill o la)in%& 1nle!! the
!hi//er or o'ner )eclare! a %reater *al1e& i! $in)in%.
Art. 1:,9. A contract i2in% the !1" that "a# $e reco*ere). $# the
o'ner or !hi//er or the lo!!& )e!tr1ction& or )eterioration o the
%oo)! i! *ali)& i it i! rea!ona$le an) 01!t 1n)er the circ1"!tance!&
an) ha! $een airl# an) reel# a%ree) 1/on.
Art. 1:,1. The act that the co""on carrier ha! no co"/etitor alon%
the line or ro1te& or a /art thereo& to 'hich the contract reer! !hall
$e ta(en into con!i)eration on the 71e!tion o 'hether or not a
!ti/1lation li"itin% the co""on carrier<! lia$ilit# i! rea!ona$le& 01!t
an) in con!onance 'ith /1$lic /olic#.
Art. 1:,2. E*en 'hen there i! an a%ree"ent li"itin% the lia$ilit# o
the co""on carrier in the *i%ilance o*er the %oo)!& the co""on
carrier i! )i!/1ta$l# /re!1"e) to ha*e $een ne%li%ent in ca!e o
their lo!!& )e!tr1ction or )eterioration.
Art. 1:,.. The la' o the co1ntr# to 'hich the %oo)! are to $e
tran!/orte) !hall %o*ern the lia$ilit# o the co""on carrier or their
lo!!& )e!tr1ction or )eterioration.
Art. 1:,4. The /ro*i!ion! o Article! 1:.. to 1:,. !hall a//l# to the
/a!!en%er<! $a%%a%e 'hich i! not in hi! /er!onal c1!to)# or in that
o hi! e"/lo#ee. A! to other $a%%a%e& the r1le! in Article! 188= an)
2999 to 299. concernin% the re!/on!i$ilit# o hotel-(ee/er! !hall $e
a//lica$le.

S46SECTION .. - Saet# o Pa!!en%er!

Art. 1:,,. A co""on carrier i! $o1n) to carr# the /a!!en%er! !ael#
a! ar a! h1"an care an) ore!i%ht can /ro*i)e& 1!in% the 1t"o!t
)ili%ence o *er# ca1tio1! /er!on!& 'ith a )1e re%ar) or all the
circ1"!tance!.
Art. 1:,6. In ca!e o )eath o or in01rie! to /a!!en%er!& co""on
carrier! are /re!1"e) to ha*e $een at a1lt or to ha*e acte)
ne%li%entl#& 1nle!! the# /ro*e that the# o$!er*e) e2traor)inar#
)ili%ence a! /re!cri$e) in Article! 1:.. an) 1:,,.
Art. 1:,:. The re!/on!i$ilit# o a co""on carrier or the !aet# o
/a!!en%er! a! re71ire) in Article! 1:.. an) 1:,, cannot $e
)i!/en!e) 'ith or le!!ene) $# !ti/1lation& $# the /o!tin% o notice!&
$# !tate"ent! on tic(et!& or other'i!e.
Art. 1:,=. >hen a /a!!en%er i! carrie) %rat1ito1!l#& a !ti/1lation
li"itin% the co""on carrier<! lia$ilit# or ne%li%ence i! *ali)& $1t not
or 'il1l act! or %ro!! ne%li%ence.
The re)1ction o are )oe! not 01!ti# an# li"itation o the co""on
carrier<! lia$ilit#.
Art. 1:,8. Co""on carrier! are lia$le or the )eath o or in01rie! to
/a!!en%er! thro1%h the ne%li%ence or 'il1l act! o the or"er<!
e"/lo#ee!& altho1%h !1ch e"/lo#ee! "a# ha*e acte) $e#on) the
!co/e o their a1thorit# or in *iolation o the or)er! o the co""on
carrier!.
Thi! lia$ilit# o the co""on carrier! )oe! not cea!e 1/on /roo that
the# e2erci!e) all the )ili%ence o a %oo) ather o a a"il# in the
!election an) !1/er*i!ion o their e"/lo#ee!.
Art. 1:69. The co""on carrier<! re!/on!i$ilit# /re!cri$e) in the
/rece)in% article cannot $e eli"inate) or li"ite) $# !ti/1lation& $#
the /o!tin% o notice!& $# !tate"ent! on the tic(et! or other'i!e.
Art. 1:61. The /a!!en%er "1!t o$!er*e the )ili%ence o a %oo)
ather o a a"il# to a*oi) in01r# to hi"!el.
Art. 1:62. The contri$1tor# ne%li%ence o the /a!!en%er )oe! not $ar
reco*er# o )a"a%e! or hi! )eath or in01rie!& i the /ro2i"ate ca1!e
thereo i! the ne%li%ence o the co""on carrier& $1t the a"o1nt o
)a"a%e! !hall $e e71ita$l# re)1ce).
Art. 1:6.. A co""on carrier i! re!/on!i$le or in01rie! !1ere) $# a
/a!!en%er on acco1nt o the 'il1l act! or ne%li%ence o other
/a!!en%er! or o !tran%er!& i the co""on carrier<! e"/lo#ee!
thro1%h the e2erci!e o the )ili%ence o a %oo) ather o a a"il#
co1l) ha*e /re*ente) or !to//e) the act or o"i!!ion.

S46SECTION 4. - Co""on Pro*i!ion!

Art. 1:64. 5a"a%e! in ca!e! co"/ri!e) in thi! Section !hall $e
a'ar)e) in accor)ance 'ith Title BVIII o thi! 6oo(& concernin%
5a"a%e!. Article 2296 !hall al!o a//l# to the )eath o a /a!!en%er
ca1!e) $# the $reach o contract $# a co""on carrier.
Art. 1:6,. The P1$lic Ser*ice Co""i!!ion "a#& on it! o'n "otion or
on /etition o an# intere!te) /art#& ater )1e hearin%& cancel the
certiicate o /1$lic con*enience %rante) to an# co""on carrier that
re/eate)l# ail! to co"/l# 'ith hi! or it! )1t# to o$!er*e
e2traor)inar# )ili%ence a! /re!cri$e) in thi! Section.
Art. 1:66. In all "atter! not re%1late) $# thi! Co)e& the ri%ht! an)
o$li%ation! o co""on carrier! !hall $e %o*erne) $# the Co)e o
Co""erce an) $# !/ecial la'!.