John U. Rees (Author's Articles Only) World of The Common Soldier

(J.U.
Rees articles only)

World of the Common Soldier
(Master List of Articles and Monographs)
(With links to online articles:
https://tinyurl.com/JohnURees-articles (author’s monographs only)
http://tinyurl.com/jureesarticles (including other authors posted monographs)
Academia https://tinyurl.com/JohnURees-articles
John U. Rees
2590 North Sugan Road,
New Hope, Pa. 18938
Phone: (215) 862-2348
Email: ju_rees@msn.com
Massachusetts sergeant of the Fort Ticonderoga rear guard detachment, July 1777.
(Special event, Fort Ticonderoga, New York, July 2021)
1
Jane Austen’s heroine Fanny Price sums up the historian’s quandary: “If any one faculty of our nature may be
called more wonderful than the rest, I do think it is memory. There seems something more speakingly
incomprehensible in the powers, the failures, the inequalities of memory, than in any other of our intelligences.
The memory is sometimes so retentive, so serviceable, so obedient: at others again so bewildered, and so weak;
and at others again, so tyrannic, so beyond control! We are, to be sure, a miracle in every way; but our powers of
recollecting and of forgetting, do seem particularly past finding out.” (Jane Austen, “Mansfield Park,” Jane
Austen: The Complete Novels (New York: Gramercy Books, 1981), 458.)
Subject Headings
1. African Americans in the Armies of the Revolution

2. Book Reviews
3. Campaign, Battle, Combat, and Operational Studies (1775-1783)
4. Women Following the Army and the Civilian Experience (1755-1760 and
1775-1783)
5. General George Washington’s Military Household, Headquarters Tents,
and the Commander-in-Chief’s Guard
6. Letters, Diaries, and Order Books
7. Military Musicians (1775-1783)
8. Enlistment and Conscription (1775-1783)
9. Family and Local History
Including Miscellaneous Subjects Not Related to the War for Independence
U.S. Marine’s letters from Parris Island to the occupation of Japan, Solebury
Township oral history (life before and during WW2 and service in the U.S. Army
Air Corps), annual Wrightstown, Pa. Friends Meeting carol sing (begun Dec. 1941),
two soldiers from Solebury Township (Civil War and WW2), Solebury artist’s
WW2 letter, and an early settler’s description of the area.
10. New Jersey Brigade (1775-1783)
11. Regimental, Battalion, and other Unit Studies (1775-1783)
12. Miscellaneous Military Material Culture (1775-1783)
(and other military miscellania)
Monographs on Continental Army equipage and vehicle returns (1775-1782),
knapsack types, evolution of British knapsacks, what soldiers’ carried (militia,
Continentals, British common soldiers and officers’ campaign equipage, images of
items soldiers carried in two parts), soldier’s blankets, hunting shirts (proper
terminology), unpaid volunteers in the Continental and British armies (1775-1781),
a look at order books in the Museum of the American Revolution, musket cleaning
and care, stacking arms, officers’ shoulder arms, artillery at the Battle of
Monmouth, shoe supply and soldier-artificers making shoes and other leather goods
(1776-1782), tin cartridge canisters, soldier-tailors, Continental Army surgeons,
stacking arms, officers’ waiters, Maj. Gen. Charles Lee at Monmouth
Courthouse, and "`Politeness', 'Mirth' and 'Vocal Musick'.”.
13. Tactics and Military Manuals
14. Transportation (1775-1783) plus Artillery
Proto-article on wagons and watercraft, more recent studies on pack horses,
Continental Army vehicle returns and vehicle paint colors, artillery at Monmouth
Courthouse (1778), artillery with Wayne’s Penna. Battalions in Virginia (1781),
Continental Army vessels on inland waterways (1775-1782), British army wheeled
transportation (1776-1781), Washington’s army’s march from Valley Forge to
Monmouth Courthouse (1778).
15. Soldiers' Shelter (1775-1783, 1861-1865)
2
16. Soldiers' Rations, Food Preparation and Cooking Utensils (1755-1945)
17. Brother Jonathan’s Images (an ongoing series, by fits and starts)
Studies of period military portraits/paintings: AWI (Henry Livingston (4th New
York), John Gassaway (2d Maryland), Charles Willson Peale (Philadelphia
Associators/Militia), James Innes (15th Virginia), Otho Holland Williams
(Maryland), Richard Cary (Virginia), Joseph Bloomfield (3d New Jersey), Samuel
Blodgett (2d New Hampshire), Virginia rifleman (1777), Virginia rifleman (1781),
“An American Soldier” (1778).
(Note: Titles in reddish brown have duplicate entries under another category.)
John Rees has written almost 200 articles, monograph, and studies since 1990 on various aspects of the common
soldiers' experience, focusing primarily on the War for Independence. Current works and interests include soldiers’
food (1755 to the present day), female army followers in the American War (1775-1783), Continental Army
conscription (1777-1782), and officers and enlisted men’s campaign equipage, 1775-1783.
John’s work has appeared in the ALHFAM Bulletin (Association of Living History, Farm, and Agricultural
Museums), American Revolution (Magazine of the American Revolution Association), The Brigade Dispatch
(Journal of the Brigade of the American Revolution), The Continental Soldier (Journal of the Continental Line),
Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture, Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association, Military
Collector & Historian, Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women and the Military, Muzzleloader Magazine, On Point:
The Newsletter of the Army Historical Foundation, Percussive Notes (Journal of the Percussive Arts Society),
Repast (Quarterly Publication of the Culinary Historians of Ann Arbor), and the online Journal of the American
Revolution ( https://allthingsliberty.com/author/john-rees/ ). He was a regular columnist for the quarterly newsletter
Food History News for 15 years writing on soldiers' food, wrote four entries for the Oxford Encyclopedia of
American Food and Drink, and thirteen entries for the revised Thomson Gale edition of Boatner’s Encyclopedia of
the American Revolution (2006).
John’s first book, “They Were Good Soldiers”: African Americans Serving in the Continental Army, 1775-1783
was published by Helion Books in 2019.
Article list available online at https://tinyurl.com/JohnURees-articles .
3
“They were good soldiers.”
African Americans Serving in the Continental Army, 1775-1783
John U. Rees
‘They Were Good Soldiers’: African–Americans Serving in the Continental Army, 1775–1783
(Helion and Company, UK; US distributor, Casemate Publishing)
(See below for contents)
Contents:
Preface viii
Acknowledgements x
Introduction xi
1 ‘I do promise to every Negroe … full security … within these Lines’: Black Americans in Service to the
Crown 15
2 ‘Numbers of Free Negroes are desirous of inlisting’: An Overview of African Americans in the
Continental Army 22
3 Analysis: ‘Return of the Negroes in the Army,’ August 1778 38
4 Soldier Narratives and Regimental Service 45
5 Massachusetts: ‘The Person of this … Negro Centers a Brave & gallant Soldier’ 50
6 Connecticut: ‘He … entered the service upon condition of receiving his freedom …’ 59
7 New Hampshire: ‘I was in the battles of Harlem-heights & Monmouth’ 70
8 Rhode Island: ‘Very much crippled in one arm … [by] a wound received … [at] Monmouth’ 74
9 New York: ‘The Enemy made a stand and threw up a b[r]east work’ 84
10 New Jersey: ‘Enlisted … for nine months … was in the Battles of Crosswick & [M]onmouth’ 92
11 Pennsylvania: ‘Wounded in the right thigh, at Brandywine …’ 102
12 Georgia: ‘He served as a drummer in this company’ 110
13 South Carolina: ‘A Ball … passed through his left side, killing the Drummer immediately behind’
114
14 Maryland: ‘He will never forget the roaring of Cannon …’ 120
15 Delaware: ‘Discharged … 1782, being a slave for life & claimed’ 129
16 Virginia: ‘Served for two years … in the light infantry commanded by Colo Harry Lee’ 134
17 North Carolina: ‘The men sent on Board of Prison Ships – myself among them …’ 146
18 ‘They had a great frollick … with Fiddling & dancing’: Small Things Forgotten 157
19 ‘Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness’: Post-War Societal Attitudes, the Black Experience, and
Slavery 165
Afterword: ‘They were good soldiers’ 172
Appendices
I ‘Being a coloured man he was taken as a waiter’: Overview of Soldiers as Officers’ Servants 176
II African American Women with the Army 185
III Compendium of Deserter Notices for Soldiers of Color 190
IV Analysis of the Chesterfield Supplement’s Black Soldiers 200
Recommended Further Reading and Resources 205
_________________
4
African American Veterans Featured in the Narrative of:
‘They Were Good Soldiers’: African–Americans Serving in the Continental Army, 1775–1783
https://www.scribd.com/document/444807314/African-American-Veterans-Featured-in-the-
Narrative-of-They-Were-Good-Soldiers or
https://www.academia.edu/42171396/Roster_of_African_American_Veterans_Featured_in_the_Bo
ok_They_Were_Good_Soldiers_African_Americans_Serving_in_the_Continental_Army_1775_178
3
Helion Blog: “They Were Good Soldiers”
https://helionbooks.wordpress.com/2020/01/23/they-were-good-soldiers-african-americans-serving-
in-the-continental-army-1775-1783/
Interview by Kabinettskriege: John Rees on “They Were Good Soldiers: African Americans
Serving in the Continental Army, 1775-1783”
https://kabinettskriege.blogspot.com/2019/09/author-interview-john-rees-on-they-
were.html?fbclid=IwAR0k5rciaz3gU3X9KVOY_nLwlcICBC2AFlIEqgSeyBfcoUzd0k6qt-ABNYo
________________________
Series for Journal of the American Revolution

Nineteenth Century Remembrances of Black Revolutionary Veterans:
Hannah Till: George Washington’s Cook
https://allthingsliberty.com/2021/02/nineteenth-century-remembrances-of-black-revolutionary-
veterans-tannah-hill-george-washingtons-cook/

Thomas Carney, Maryland Continental Soldier
veterans-thomas-carney-maryland-continental-soldier/

Edward Hector, Bombardier and Wagoner
veterans-edward-hector-bombardier-and-wagoner/

Jacob Francis, Massachusetts Continental and New Jersey Militia
veterans-jacob-francis-massachusetts-continental-and-new-jersey-militia/

New Jersey Soldier Oliver Cromwell
veterans-new-jersey-soldier-oliver-cromwell/
“’She had gone to the Army … to her husband’: Judith Lines’ Unremarked Life”
https://www.academia.edu/45159917/_She_had_gone_to_the_Army_to_her_husband_Judith_Lines
_Unremarked_Life
See also, https://allthingsliberty.com/2021/04/she-had-gone-to-the-army-to-her-husband-judith-
liness-unremarked-life/
_____________________________
5
“‘Lately apprehended in the first Maryland regiment …’: African American Women with the Continental
Army,”
Contents
1. Forward: Overview of Women with the Armies of the Revolution
2. Return of Women with the Rhode Island Regiment, September 1781
3. Regimental Followers: Rachael, formerly called Sarah, and a “Negro Woman named SUE”
4. With the Regiment, on the Homefront, and a Letter Home: Judith Lines
5. An Enslaved Woman in General Washington’s Military Household: Hannah Till, cook/servant
Appendix: Miscellaneous Information on General Washington’s Wartime Household:
Supervisors and Servants (with images of some of Washington’s campaign equipage.)
https://www.scribd.com/document/449822947/Lately-apprehended-in-the-first-Maryland-regiment-
African-American-Women-with-the-Continental-Army OR
https://www.academia.edu/38515415/_Lately_apprehended_in_the_first_Maryland_regiment_Afric
an_American_Women_with_the_Army
Excerpted and revised from, “‘They were good soldiers.’: African Americans Serving in the Continental
Army, 1775-1783,” John U. Rees https://tinyurl.com/Helion-Rees (ISBN 9781911628545, 2019)
“’Being a coloured man he was taken as a waiter’: Overview of African Americans as Officers’
Servants,”
https://www.academia.edu/38094359/Being_a_coloured_man_he_was_taken_as_a_waiter_Overvie
w_of_Officers_Servants
______________________
Articles Commissioned by American Battlefield Trust

“I offer freedom to the blacks of all Rebels that join me”: Lord Dunmore’s Loyalist Ethiopian
Regiment, 1775-1776
https://www.academia.edu/44364250/_I_offer_freedom_to_the_blacks_of_all_Rebels_that_join_me_L
ord_Dunmores_Loyalist_Ethiopian_Regiment_1775_1776
See also, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/lord-dunmores-ethiopian-regiment
“We … exchanged about ten Rounds … [until] obliged to retire with considerable Loss”
African Americans in the Rhode Island Regiments, 1775-1783
(work in progress)
“Many of them have Proved themselves brave”: An Overview of African Americans in the
Continental Army
https://www.academia.edu/76320287/_Many_of_them_have_Proved_themselves_brave_An_Overvi
ew_of_African_Americans_in_the_Continental_Army
Ten Facts: Black Patriots in the American Revolution

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/10-facts-black-patriots-american-revolution
or
https://www.academia.edu/76438882/Ten_Facts_about_Black_Patriots_in_the_American_Revoluti
on
____________________
“’They were good soldiers.’: African–Americans Serving in the Continental Army, 1775-1783”
(Including a Reevaluation of the Black 1st Rhode Island Regiment, 1778-1780)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/123231213/%E2%80%9CThey-were-good-soldiers-
African%E2%80%93Americans-Serving-in-the-Continental-Army
(Note: The article above is no longer available, having been revised and subsumed by the book
“They Were Good Soldiers”)
6
“Put up for winter quarters at Valley forge”: African American Soldiers at the 1777-1778
Overwintering Camp
Presentation given at “African Americans During the American Revolution: African American
military and civilian participation in the Philadelphia Campaign and the Valley Forge
Encampment in the winter of 1777-1778” (April 10 2021 Spring Research Symposium organized by
National Park Service-Valley Forge National Park and The Association for the Study of African
American Life and History.
https://www.academia.edu/46874420/_Put_up_for_winter_quarters_at_Valley_forge_African_Ame
rican_Soldiers_at_the_1777_1778_Overwintering_Camp
Bibliography for:
“Put up for winter quarters at Valley forge” *
African American Soldiers at the 1777-1778 Overwintering Camp
Contents
1. Sources by Topic
a. Documents and Resources for June and August 1778 Brigade Troop Strengths
b. Pension Accounts
c. Women with the Army
d. Continental Army African American Soldiers, 1775-1777
e. 1778: The First Congressionally Authorized Draft
f. 1778 Black Levy Soldier Numbers, Massachusetts and New Jersey
g. African Americans in the Rhode Island Regiments, 1777-1778
2. General Sources
a. African American Research Compendium
b. Miscellaneous Articles on the Continental Army and the War of the Revolution
https://www.academia.edu/46846220/_Bibliography_Put_up_for_winter_quarters_at_Valley_forge
_African_American_Soldiers_at_the_1777_1778_Overwintering_Camp
“’At Eutau Springs he received three wounds …’: Black Soldiers in Southern Continental Regiments”
Contents
Overview of Numbers
Gleaning Veterans’ Pensions
Georgia
South Carolina
Maryland
Delaware
Virginia
Analysis: William Ranney’s Painting “Battle of Cowpens” and Black Cavalry Soldiers
Analysis: Officers’ Servants
North Carolina
Post-War Comments on Unit Integration, Slavery, and Societal Attitudes towards Blacks
Appendices
A. "Return of the Negroes in the Army," 24 August 1778, White Plains, New York
B. Estimated Populations of the American Colonies, 1700-1780
C. Synopsis of African-American veterans’ pensions found on Southern Campaign Revolutionary War
Pension Statements & Rosters (with links to pension transcriptions)
D. Analysis of average number of African Americans in all the brigades listed in the 24 August 1778 “Return
of the Negroes in the Army” showing 755 black soldiers in fifteen brigades of Gen. George Washington’s main
army at White Plains, New York.
E. A Study in Complexity: Comparison of Virginia Continental regiment lineage with that of the
Pennsylvania and Massachusetts Lines
F. Synopsis of the Chesterfield List (Virginia, 1780-1781) (Including, “Numbers of African-Americans on the
Chesterfield List.”)
7
https://www.scribd.com/doc/290761045/At-Eutau-Springs-he-received-three-wounds-Black-
Soldiers-in-Southern-Continental-Regiments or
https://www.academia.edu/24443062/_At_Eutau_Springs_he_received_three_wounds_Black_Soldiers_in
_Southern_Continental_Regiments
Pensions used for the above study:
A. Delaware and Georgia Pensions Gleaned from “Southern Campaign Revolutionary War Pension
Statements & Rosters,”
https://www.academia.edu/18409677/Delaware_and_Georgia_Pensions_Gleaned_from_Southern_C
ampaign_Revolutionary_War_Pension_Statements_and_Rosters_as_of_14_April_2011_http_www.
southerncampaign.org_pen_
B. South Carolina Pensions Gleaned from SCRWP,
https://www.academia.edu/18409708/South_Carolina_Pensions_Gleaned_from_Southern_Campaig
n_Revolutionary_War_Pension_Statements_and_Rosters_as_of_14_April_2011_http_www.souther
ncampaign.org_pen_
C. Maryland Pensions Gleaned from SCRWP,
https://www.academia.edu/18409828/Maryland_Pensions_Gleaned_from_Southern_Campaign_Rev
olutionary_War_Pension_Statements_and_Rosters_as_of_14_April_2011_http_www.southerncamp
aign.org_pen_
D. Virginia Pensions Gleaned from SCRWP (Including a Synopsis of the 1780 Chesterfield Roll),
https://www.academia.edu/18409884/Virginia_Pensions_Gleaned_from_Southern_Campaign_Revol
utionary_War_Pension_Statements_and_Rosters_as_of_14_April_2011_http_www.southerncampai
gn.org_pen_
E. North Carolina Pensions Gleaned from SCRWP,
https://www.academia.edu/18409910/North_Carolina_Pensions_Gleaned_from_Southern_Campaig
n_Revolutionary_War_Pension_Statements_and_Rosters_as_of_14_April_2011_http_www.souther
ncampaign.org_pen_
F. Examples of African-Americans Serving in the North Carolina Militia Gleaned from SCRWP,
https://www.academia.edu/18409926/Examples_of_African-
Americans_Serving_in_the_North_Carolina_Militia
See also: Examples of the Complexity of Continental Army Unit Lineage: (The Virginia, Pennsylvania and
Massachusetts Continental Lines)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/307784931/Examples-of-the-Complexity-of-Continental-Army-Unit-Lineage-
The-Virginia-Pennsylvania-and-Massachusetts-Continental-Lines
“Revolutionary War Pension File: Jeffery Brace a.k.a. Stiles (African-American soldier,
6th Connecticut Regiment),” http://www.americanrevolution.org/rees.html
Other Authors’ Monographs
Michael C. Scoggins, “To Assist His Countrymen in Arms: Motivations and Incentives in African-
American Revolutionary War Service,” American Revolution (Magazine of the American Revolution
Association), vol. 1, no. 2 (May 2009), 47-52.
https://www.academia.edu/43680540/Michael_C._Scoggins_To_Assist_His_Countrymen_in_Arms_
Motivations_and_Incentives_in_African-American_Revolutionary_War_Service_
C.R. Cole (with Charles L Blockson), “Hannah Till Mother of Isaac Woorley Till,” (Daughters of the
American Revolution, commemorative marker research, 2015))
https://www.scribd.com/document/125409736/C-R-Cole-with-Charles-L-Blockson-Hannah-Till-
Mother-of-Isaac-Woorley-Till-Daughters-of-the-American-Revolution-commemorative-marker-
research
8
William L. Calderhead, “Thomas Carney: Unsung Soldier of the American Revolution,” Maryland
Historical Magazine, vol. 84 (Winter 1989), 319-326.
https://www.academia.edu/42201834/William_L._Calderhead_Thomas_Carney_Unsung_Soldier_of
_the_American_Revolution_Maryland_Historical_Magazine_vol._84_Winter_1989_319-326
George Fenwick Jones, "The Black Hessians: Negroes Recruited by the Hessians in South Carolina and
Other Colonies," The South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 83, no. 4 (Oct., 1982), 287-302.
https://www.academia.edu/42860211/The_Black_Hessians_Negroes_Recruited_by_the_Hessians_in
_South_Carolina_and_Other_Colonies
Todd W. Braisted, ‘The Black Pioneers and Others: The Military Role of Black Loyalists in the American
War for Independence’, in John W. Polis, (ed.), Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World
(New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1999), 3–37.
https://www.academia.edu/42861545/Todd_W._Braisted_The_Black_Pioneers_and_Others_The_M
ilitary_Role_of_Black_Loyalists_in_the_American_War_for_Independence_
_______________________
More information at,

Recommended Resources
African Americans in the Revolution and Racial Attitudes in America, Past and Present
https://www.academia.edu/43681036/Recommended_Resources_African_Americans_in_the_Revol
ution_and_Racial_Attitudes_in_America_Past_and_Present
See also, African Americans Serving in the Armies of the Revolution

https://tinyurl.com/BlackRevWar
9
“Remember the Ladies”: Emma Cross and Jenny Lynn as followers of the Delaware Regiment,
1781. Cowpens Battlefield, January 2018.
2. Book Reviews
Book Review: Joseph Lee Boyle, "`My last Shift Betwixt Us & death’: The Ephraim Blaine Letterbook,
1777-1778," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXIX, no. 1 (Winter 2001), 22.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124457540/Review-Ephraim-Blaine-Letterbook-New
Book Review: Frederick C. Gaede, “The Federal Civil War Shelter Tent,” Military Collector & Historian,
vol. 54, no. 4 (Winter 2002-2003), 197.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124457304/Review-Shelter-Tent-New
Book Review: Thomas J. McGuire, “Battle of Paoli,” On Point: The Newsletter of the Army Historical
Foundation, vol. 8, no. 3 (Fall 2002), 17.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124412310/Review-Rees-Paoli-Two-New
10
Book Review: Michael C. Scoggins, “The Day it Rained Militia: Huck’s Defeat and the Revolution in the
South Carolina Backcountry, May–July 1780,” The Dispatch of the Company of Military Historians,
Book Review Edition (December 2008).
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124457424/Review-Huck-s-Defeat-New or
https://www.academia.edu/16696176/_Book_Review_The_Day_it_Rained_Militia_Huck_s_Defeat_
and_the_Revolution_in_the_South_Carolina_Backcountry_May_July_1780_by_Michael_C_Scoggi
ns_Available_from_The_History_Press_18_Percy_St_Charleston_S_C_29403_2005_ISBN_1_59629
_015_3
Book Review: Agostino von Hassell, Herm Dillon, Leslie Jean-Bart, Military High Life: Elegant Food
Histories and Recipes (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2006), 162 pp., Illustrations. $34.95
(cloth), Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture, vol. 7, no. 4 (Fall 2007), 106-107.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124454282/Review-Military-High-Life-Final-Three-New
Book Review: “`We Were Marching on Christmas Day’: History, Food, and Civilian and Soldiers’
Celebrations,” Food History News, vol. XIII, no. 2 (50), 2, 7. Review of Kevin Rawlings, We Were
Marching on Christmas Day: A History and Chronicle of Christmas During the Civil War (Baltimore,
Md.: Toomey Press, 1996). 170 pages, index, illustrations. $24.95. Toomey Press, P.O. Box 122,
Linthicum, Md., 21090; phone, (410) 850-0831.
(http://www.libertyrifles.org/research/christmasday.html)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124281893/Review-Hard-Marching-on-Christmas-Day
Dual Book Review: Andrew F. Smith, Starving the South: How the North Won the Civil War (New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 2011), 304 pp., $27.99 (paper), and William C. Davis, A Taste for War: The Culinary
History of the Blue and the Gray (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2003), 233 pp., Illustrations.
$26.95 (hardback), Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture, vol. 12, no. 1 (Spring 2012), 103-
105.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124410014/Reviews-Civil-War-Starving-the-South-and-a-Taste-for-
War
11
3. Campaign, Battle, and Operational Studies
“`What is this you have been about to day?’: The New Jersey Brigade at the Battle of Monmouth,”
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthToc.htm
Narrative
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/Monmouth.htm#1
1. Introduction
2. "In readiness to march at a moment's warning ...": Pre-Battle Dispositions and Plans
3. "To get up with the enemy": Major General Charles Lee's Force Sets Off
4. "I found the whole of the troops upon my right retreating ...": Morning Confrontation at
Monmouth Courthouse
5. "The day was so excessively hot ...": Lee’s Retreat
6. “They answered him with three cheers ...”: Washington Recovers the Day
7. “The Action was Exceedingly warm and well Maintained …”: Infantry Fighting at the
Point of Woods, Hedge-row, and Parsonage
8. "The finest musick, I Ever heared.": Afternoon Artillery Duel, and Cilley’s Attack on the
42nd Regiment
9. “Detached to assist in burying the dead …”: Battle’s Aftermath
10. “The March has proved salutory to the troops.”: Post-Battle: The Continental Army Moves North
11.“A very irregular & ill managed Embarkation.”: Post-Battle British March to Sandy Hook
12. "The defective constitution of our army ...": Casting Blame for the Morning Debacle
13. Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778: Event Synopsis
Appendices
A. “Beware of being Burgoyned.”: Marching Toward Monmouth, Delaware River to Freehold, 18
to 27 June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthA.htm
B. “The whole army moved towards the Delaware …”: Continental Army March from Valley
Forge to Englishtown, N.J., 18 to 27 June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthB.htm
C. “General Lee being detached with the advanced Corps …”: Composition of Charles Lee’s
Force
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthC.htm
D. “Our Division formed a line on the eminence …”:Washington’s Main Army Order of Battle,
28 June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthD.htm
E. “A large Number of troops …”: Continental and British Army Field Returns, 28 June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthE.htm
F.“I resolved nevertheless to attack them …”: American Monmouth Battle Accounts
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthF.htm
G. “Charge, Grenadiers, never heed forming”: British Accounts of the Monmouth Battle
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthG.htm
H. "More Glorious to America than at first Supposed ...": New Jersey Officers Describe the Battle of
Monmouth
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthH.htm
I. "They answered him with three cheers ...": New Jersey Common Soldiers' Pension Depositions
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthI.htm
J. “A very smart cannonading ensued from both sides.”: Maxwell’s Jersey Brigade Artillery and
the Afternoon Cannonade at Monmouth
https://www.academia.edu/13926171/_A_very_smart_cannonading_ensued_from_both_sides_Artillery_at_M
onmouth_Courthouse_28_June_1778
K. “Jun 29th, Buried the Dead …”: Casualties in the Battle of Monmouth
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthK.htm
12
L. “We are informed by several persons …“: Contemporary Newspaper Accounts
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthL.htm
M. “That damned blue Regiment …”: Continental Army Clothing during the Monmouth
Campaign
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthM.htm
N. “General Wayne's detachment is almost starving.”: Provisioning Washington’s Army on the
March, June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthN.htm
O. “The canopy of heaven for our tent”: Soldiers' Shelter on Campaign, June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthO.htm
P. “Be pleased to fill up the vacancy with the eldest Captain in the line …”: Field Officers, Commissioned Officers,
and Staff of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment December 1777 to May 1779
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthP.htm
Q. “Exceeding Hot & water is scarce …”: Monmouth Campaign Weather, 15 June to 7 July, 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthQ.pdf
Solo March to Monmouth Courthouse, June 28 2019

https://www.academia.edu/42378476/Solo_March_to_Monmouth_Courthouse_June_28_2019
SNAPSHOT: Todd W. Braisted, James L. Kochan, Donald M. Londahl-Smidt, and Garry Wheeler
Stone, eds.,
“CROWN FORCES 28 JUNE 1778: Return of military personnel, wagoners, women and children
with British, German, and Loyalist Forces at Monmouth Courthouse, New Jersey.”
https://www.academia.edu/36671248/CROWN_FORCES_28_JUNE_1778_Return_of_wagoners_w
omen_and_children_with_British_German_and_Loyalist_Forces_at_Monmouth_Courthouse_New
_Jersey
“’Beware of being Burgoyned.’: Marching Toward Monmouth, Delaware River to Freehold, 18 to 27

June 1778”
Contents
1. Crown forces’ strength on 28 June 1778
2. Continental forces contending with Gen. Sir Henry Clinton’s columns
3. Additional advance detachments and the composition of Maj. Gen. Charles Lee’s Advanced Corps
4. British Baggage Train on the March Across New Jersey.
5. List of Narrators
6. “They got a full fire from Capt. Ross this morning with 50 men …”
Daily Accounts of the March to Monmouth Courthouse
7. Map of the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse, June 28, 1778, drawn by Capt. William Gray, 4th Pennsylvania
Regiment (New-York Historical Society)
8. March Events and Route Overview by Maj. Gen. Wilhelm von Knyphausen
9. “A very irregular & ill managed Embarkation.”
Post-Battle: British March to and Embarkation from Sandy Hook
10. Related Books and Online Articles
https://www.academia.edu/82063217/_Beware_of_being_Burgoyned_Marching_Toward_Monmout
h_Delaware_River_to_Freehold_18_to_27_June_1778 or
https://www.scribd.com/document/125412783/Beware-of-being-Burgoyned-Marching-Toward-
Monmouth-Delaware-River-to-Freehold-18-to-27-June-1778 or https://tinyurl.com/Burgoyned
13
“’A Detatchment of 1500 Pick’d men was taken to Day from the army …’: Troop Formations
Detached from Washington’s Army Prior to the Battle of Monmouth, June 1778 (Most of which
formed the Advance Force commanded by Maj. Gen. Charles Lee)”
https://www.academia.edu/82062328/_A_Detatchment_of_1500_Pickd_men_was_taken_to_Day_fr
om_the_army_Troop_Formations_Detached_from_Washingtons_Army_Prior_to_the_Battle_of_M
onmouth or
https://www.scribd.com/document/125408707/A-Detatchment-of-1500-Pick-d-men-was-taken-to-
Day-from-the-army-Troop-Formations-Detached-from-Washington-s-Army-Prior-to-the-Battle-of-
Monmouth or https://tinyurl.com/Lees-Force
“’A very smart cannonading ensued from both sides.’: Continental Artillery at Monmouth
Courthouse, 28 June 1778”
Appendices
1. Col. Richard Butler’s 1778 Map of the Monmouth Battle (drawn by William Gray)
2. “The Company was sent to Eastown with the pieces taken at Saratoga …”: Brig. Gen. William Maxwell’s Jersey
Brigade Artillery at Monmouth.
3. Recreations of late 18th Century Cannons, Limbers, and Ammunition Wagons
4. Period Images of English Cannon and Ammunition/Powder Wagons
5. Images of German (mostly Hessian) Artillery, Limbers, and Ammunition Wagons during the Period of the War
for American Independence
https://www.scribd.com/doc/139365107/A-very-smart-cannonading-ensued-from-both-sides-
Continental-Artillery-at-Monmouth-Courthouse-28-June-1778 or
https://tinyurl.com/y3qa2ony or
https://www.academia.edu/13926171/_A_very_smart_cannonading_ensued_from_both_sides_Artill
ery_at_Monmouth_Courthouse_28_June_1778
Events Following the Battle of Monmouth, late June and July 1778
Contents:
2. “The March has proved salutory to the troops.”: Post-Battle: The Continental Army Moves
North
3. “A very irregular & ill managed Embarkation.”: Post-Battle: British March to Sandy Hook
(New)
https://www.academia.edu/82063896/_Detached_to_assist_in_burying_the_dead_Aftermath_Battle
_of_Monmouth
(Old)
https://www.academia.edu/49457592/Events_Following_the_Battle_of_Monmouth_late_June_and_
July_1778
14
“’Reach Coryels ferry. Encamp on the Pennsylvania side.’: The March from Valley Forge
to Monmouth Courthouse, 18 to 28 June 1778”
https://www.academia.edu/4595085/_Reach_Coryels_ferry_Encamp_on_the_Pennsylvania_side_Th
e_March_from_Valley_Forge_to_Monmouth_Courthouse_18_to_28_June_1778_
or tinyurl.com/78CoryellsCrossing
Endnotes:
https://www.academia.edu/4595041/_Endnotes_Reach_Coryels_ferry_Encamp_on_the_Pennsylvan
ia_side_The_March_from_Valley_Forge_to_Monmouth_Courthouse_18_to_28_June_1778_
Contents
1. “We struck our tents and loaded our baggage.”: Leaving Valley Forge
2. Progress, June 18, 1778.
4. “Crost the dilliware pushed on about 5 milds …”: June 20, 1778: Progress and a River Crossing
5. “4 Wagons & Horses, and 1000 Men at a Try.”: The Mechanics of Ferrying an Army
6. “Halt on the first strong ground after passing the Delaware ...”: June 20th River Crossing
7. “The number of boats … will render the passage of the troops very expeditious.”:
June 21st Ferry Operation
8. “The Troops are passing the River … and are mostly over.”: June 22d Crossing
9. “The Army will march off …”: June 22d and 23d, Camp at Amwell Meeting
10. “Just after we halted we sent out a large detachment …”: Camp and Council: Hopewell
Township, 23 to 24 June
11. “Giving the Enemy a stroke is a very desireable event …”: Advancing to Englishtown,
24 to 28 June
a. Progress, June 25, 1778.
b. Progress, June 26, 1778.
c. Progress, June 27, 1778.
d. Forward to Battle, June 28, 1778.
12. “Our advanced Corps … took post in the evening on the Monmouth Road …”:
Movements of Continental Detachments Followng the British, 24 to 28 June 1778
a. The Advance Force: Scott’s, Wayne’s, Lafayette’s, and Lee’s Detachments.
b. Daily Movements of Detachments Later Incorporated into Lee’s Advanced Corps.
13. Echoes of 1778, Three Years After.
Addendum
1. Driving Directions, Continental Army Route from Valley Forge to Englishtown
2. Day by Day Recap of Route
3. The Road to Hopewell.
4. The Bungtown Road Controversy.
5. Weather During the Monmouth Campaign
6. Selected Accounts of the March from Valley Forge to Englishtown
a. Fifteen-year-old Sally Wister
b. Surgeon Samuel Adams, 3rd Continental Artillery
c. Henry Dearborn, lt. colonel, 3rd New Hampshire Regiment
d. Captain Paul Brigham, 8th Connecticut Regiment
e. Sergeant Ebenezer Wild, 1st Massachusetts Regiment
f. Sgt. Jeremiah Greenman, 2d Rhode Island Regiment
g. Dr. James McHenry, assistant secretary to General Washington
7. List of Related works by the author on military material culture and the
Continental Army
Endnotes contain:
1. Army General and Brigade Orders, June 1778.
a. Orders Regulating the Army on the March from Valley Forge.
b. Orders Issued During the Movement from Valley Forge to Englishtown.
2. Division and Brigade Composition for Washington’s Main Army to 22 June 1778
15
3. Washington’s army vehicle allotment for the march to Coryell’s Ferry,
4. Wheeled Transportation (a primer on the vehicles and artillery on the road to
Monmouth, including twenty-one illustrations)
5. Division and Brigade Composition for Washington’s Main Army after 22 June 1778
See also: http://www.scribd.com/doc/235994094/Bridget-Wingert-Happy-to-Be-Here-Washington-Crossed-the-
Delaware-in-1778-the-only-time-with-the-bulk-of-the-army-Bucks-County-Herald-26-June-
20?secret_password=Hr4pyF6D170zE9K0icIS
"’The Enemy Giting intelligence of our movement ...’: Surprise at Haddonfield and Cooper’s Ferry,
April 1778”
http://www.scribd.com/doc/131104556/The-Enemy-Giting-intelligence-of-our-movement-Surprise-at-
Haddonfield-April-1778 or
https://www.academia.edu/16584558/_The_Enemy_Giting_intelligence_of_our_movement_Surpris
e_at_Haddonfield_and_Cooper_s_Ferry_April_1778
“’One stout felow atackted me … But I parried him off …’: Alexander Dow's Account of Service, 1776
to 1781, Including a 1777 Skirmish and the 1778 Battle of Monmouth
https://www.academia.edu/36263043/_One_stout_felow_atackted_me_But_I_parried_him_off_Alexander_Do
ws_Account_of_Service_1776_to_1781_Including_a_1777_Skirmish_and_the_1778_Battle_of_Monmouth
or https://tinyurl.com/Alex-Dow
“Èndeavering to Keep them from going to New York ’: The New Jersey Brigade’s Pursuit of
the British Army, 18-27 June 1778” (manuscript)
“Ì Expect to hear the Enemy are on the Move ...’: The New Jersey Brigade, July 1778 to June
1779” (manuscript)
“`The road appeared to be full of red Coats …’: The Battle of Millstone, 20 January 1777: An
Episode in the Forage War,” Military Collector & Historian, vol. 62, no. 1
(Spring 2010), 24-35. http://www.scribd.com/doc/123985060/%E2%80%9C-The-road-appeared-
to-be-full-of-red-Coats-%E2%80%A6-An-Episode-in-the-Forage-War-The-Battle-of-Millstone-20-
January-1777 or
https://www.academia.edu/4595164/_The_road_appeared_to_be_full_of_red_Coats_The_Battle_of_Mills
tone_20_January_1777_An_Episode_in_the_Forage_War_
“Large droves of Cattle & flocks of Sheep go dayly into [the] Enemy …”
Countering British Foraging at Darby, Pennsylvania, 22 to 28 December 1778
http://www.scribd.com/doc/240762337/Large-droves-of-Cattle-flocks-of-Sheep-go-dayly-into-the-
Enemy-Countering-British-Foraging-at-Darby-Pennsylvania-22-to-28-December-1778
or https://tinyurl.com/December-forage or
https://www.academia.edu/16584837/_Large_droves_of_Cattle_and_flocks_of_Sheep_go_dayly_int
o_the_Enemy_Countering_British_Foraging_at_Darby_Pennsylvania_22_to_28_December_1778
“`The Enemy … will have no Mercey upon our loaded barns.’: British Foraging at Hackensack, September
and October 1778,” Carol Karels, ed., The Revolutionary War in Bergen County: The Time That Tried
Men’s Souls (Charleston, S.C. and London: The History Press, 2007), 112-117.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/forage.pdf
OSEN
16
“`The Enemy was in Hackansack last night Burning & Destroing …’: British Incursions into Bergen
County, Spring 1780”
Part 1. “`So much for a Scotch Prize.’: Paramus, New Jersey, 23 March 1780”
http://www.scribd.com/doc/133062410/%E2%80%9CSo-much-for-a-Scotch-Prize-%E2%80%9D-
Paramus-New-Jersey-23-March-1780 or
https://www.academia.edu/4595034/_So_much_for_a_Scotch_Prize_Paramus_New_Jersey_23_Mar
ch_1780_
OSEN
Part 2. “`Had all the Cavalry been in the front … not one man could have escaped …’:
Hopperstown, New Jersey, 16 April 1780,” Barbara Z. Marchant, ed.,
Revolutionary Bergen County, The Road to Independence (Charleston, S.C. and
London: The History Press, 2009), 123-135.
Published in Military Collector & Historian: part 1, vol. 65, no. 1 (Spring 2013), 28-42, and part 2, vol.
65, no. 3 (Fall 2013), 260-273.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/164512651/%E2%80%9C-Had-all-the-Cavalry-been-in-the-front-
%E2%80%A6-not-one-man-could-have-escaped-%E2%80%A6-Hopperstown-New-Jersey-16-
April-1780-Part-2-of-%E2%80%9C-The-Enemy-was-in-Ha or
https://www.academia.edu/4595029/_Had_all_the_Cavalry_been_in_the_front_not_one_man_could
_have_escaped_Hopperstown_New_Jersey_16_April_1780_
OSEN
“Ìt appeared to me as if here we should live secure …: A Family’s Precarious Refuge in Paramus, 1776
to 1780,” Barbara Z. Marchant, ed., Revolutionary Bergen County, The Road to Independence
(Charleston, S.C. and London: The History Press, 2009), 31-42.
https://www.academia.edu/14097122/_It_appeared_to_me_as_if_here_we_should_live_secure_A_F
amily_s_Precarious_Refuge_in_Paramus_1776_to_1780
or
http://www.scribd.com/doc/121845065/%E2%80%9CIt-appeared-to-me-as-if-here-we-should-live-
secure-%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D-A-Family%E2%80%99s-Precarious-Refuge-in-Paramus-
1776-to-1780
OSEN
"Eyewitness to Battle: The New Jersey Brigade at Connecticut Farms and Springfield, June 1780," The
Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXIX, no. 4 (Winter 1999), 20-22.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/smithandshreve.htm
“Receivd an Ensigncy in Capt Hagans Company Third Jersey Regt”

Ensign George Ewing’s Journal, New Jersey Line, 11 November 1775 to 21 May 1778
(Published as George Ewing, The Military Journal of George Ewing (1754-1824): A Soldier of Valley
Forge (Yonkers, N.Y.: Privately printed by T. Ewing, 1928))
http://www.scribd.com/doc/153505766/%E2%80%9CReceivd-an-Ensigncy-in-Capt-Hagans-
Company-Third-Jersey-Regt%E2%80%9D-Ensign-George-Ewing%E2%80%99s-Journal-New-
Jersey-Line-11-November-1775-to-21-May-1778-Pu
SNAPSHOT: “’For the use of the field pieces with Colonel Proctor’s Regiment …’: Equipping
Artillery for the Field, 1781”
https://www.academia.edu/36288660/Snapshot_For_the_use_of_the_field_pieces_with_Colonel_Pro
ctor_s_Regiment_Equipping_Artillery_for_the_Field_
17
“About an hour before day we dashed through the river again …”: The October 1777 Schuylkill
Expedition
https://www.scribd.com/document/347860978/About-an-hour-before-day-we-dashed-through-
the-river-again-The-October-1777-Schuylkill-Expedition or https://tinyurl.com/river-dash or
https://www.academia.edu/36536305/_About_an_hour_before_day_we_dashed_thr
ough_the_river_again_The_October_1777_Schuylkill_Expedition
“`Their presence Here … Has Saved this State …’: Continental Provisional Battalions with
Lafayette in Virginia, 1781”
Part 1. “`This Detachement is Extremely Good …’: The Light Battalions Move South”
A. “`The Fire of the Light Infantry …cheked the Enemys Progress …’: Light Battalion Composition
and Service”
B. “Ìll founded jealousies, and groundless suspicions.” ‘: Unrest in the Light Battalions”
C. “`The Cloathing you … long ago Sent to the light infantry is not Yet Arrived.‘: Apparel and
Equipment”
The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXXVI, no. 2 (Autumn 2006), 2-23.
https://www.academia.edu/45150039/_Their_presence_Here_Has_Saved_this_State_1_Con
tinental_Provisional_Battalions_with_Lafayette_in_Virginia_1781_Part_I_This_Detachem
ent_is_Extremely_Good_The_Light_Battalions_Move_South
or https://tinyurl.com/1781-light-battalions
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/light.pdf
Appendices for Above
1. Diary of Soldier with Lafayette’s Light Infantry, 1781
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/Atkins.pdf.pdf
2. Asa Redington, Scammell’s Light Infantry Regiment, 1781
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/Redington.pdf
3. Barber’s Light Battalion, 1781 (New Jersey Light Company Personnel)
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/Barber.pdf
Addendum: 1781 Light Battalion weapons,

https://www.academia.edu/45150054/1781_Light_Battalion_Weapons
“`Their presence Here … Has Saved this State …’: Continental Provisional Battalions with Lafayette in
Virginia, 1781”
Parts 2-4. “Àlmost all old soldiers, and well disciplined …’: Brigadier General Anthony Wayne’s 1781
Pennsylvania Provisional Battalions”
A. “I fear it is now too late …”: The Pennsylvania Line Mutiny, January 1781
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/PA-A.pdf
B. “Our Regiments are yet but very small …”: Settling with the Troops and Rebuilding the Line
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/PA-B.pdf
C. “The whole Line … behaved in a most orderly manner.”: Reorganizing
the Pennsylvania Provisional Battalions and Service in the 1781 Campaign
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/PA-C.pdf
The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXXVII, no. 2 (Summer 2007), 2-19; vol. XXXVII, no. 4 (Winter 2007), 2-
15; vol. XXXVIII, no. 1 (Spring 2008), 2-21.
18
1. “À Smart firing commenc’d from from both parties …’: Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne’s Pennsylvania
Battalions in Virginia, June to November 1781”
Contents:
A. “We will be much inferior to the enemy …”: May 31 to July 5 1781
B. “A charge … under a heavy fire of Grape shot …”:
Battle of Green Springs, 6 July 1781
C. “Cornwallis … threatens every Devastation that fire & sword can produce …”:
Marching and Countermarching, 9 July to 25 August
D. “The batteries were opened and fired with great success …”:
September to November 1781
E. “The Cloathing was drawn near twelve month ago …”:
1780-1781 Pennsylvania Clothing, Letters and Returns
https://www.scribd.com/document/125409123/Appendix-1-A-Smart-firing-commenc-d-
from-from-both-parties-Brig-Gen-Anthony-Wayne-s-Pennsylvania-Battalions-in-Virginia-June-to-
November-1781
2. “`The British army marched out and grounded their arms …’: Pennsylvania Lt. William
Feltman’s Diary, 26 May to 5 November 1781”
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/Feltman.pdf
3. “`Pennsylvania Battalion Troop Returns, 1781-1783’:
(In Camp and on Campaign in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina)”
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/Returns.pdf
John U. Rees and Bob McDonald, "`The Action was renew.d with a very warm Canonade’: A New Jersey
Officer’s Diary, June 1777 to August 1778”
Contents
1. Identity of the Diary Author
2. Composition of Maj. Gen. William Alexander, Lord Stirling's Division, 1777.
3. New Jersey Field Officers.
4. New Jersey Brigade Strength returns, November and December 1777, and June 1778
5. Diary Transcription
Appendices
A. “About an hour before day we dashed through the river again …”
The October 1777 Schuylkill Expedition
B. First-Person Accounts of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth
C. Additional Articles on the New Jersey Brigade
and the Campaigns in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 1777-1778
https://www.scribd.com/doc/216378254/The-Action-was-renew-d-with-a-very-warm-Canonade-
New-Jersey-Officer-s-Diary-21-June-1777-to-31-August-1778
19
“`None of you know the hardships of A soldiers life …’: Service of the Connecticut Regiments in Maj. Gen.
Alexander McDougall’s Division, 1777-1778”
https://www.academia.edu/14059235/_None_of_you_know_the_hardships_of_A_soldiers_life_
Service_of_the_Connecticut_Regiments_of_Maj_Gen_Alexander_McDougall_s_Division_177
7_1778
“Contents
“I am … Packing up my baggage in order to March”: Service on the North River, and
Movement into Pennsylvania, May to September 1777
“God Grant I may Always be Preserv'd …”: The Battle of Germantown and Schuylkill
Expedition, October 1777
“So small A Garrison never attaind Greater achievments …”: Forts Mifflin and Mercer, and
Maneuvers in New Jersey, November 1777
“Nothing to cover us But ye heavens …”: The Whitemarsh Encampment and Early Days at
Valley Forge, December 1777
“This is a very Different Spirit in the Army …”: Wintering Over at Valley Forge and Spring
Training, January to June 1778
“Sixty three bullet holes were made through the colours …”: Summer Campaign and the
Battle of Monmouth, June 1778
“Return of Negroes in the Army … Augt. 78”: African American Soldiers in the Connecticut
Regiments
“The Troops of the whole line will exercise and manoeuvre …”: The March to New York
and the White Plains Encampment, July to September 1778
“The Enemy are upon the eve of some general and important move.”: The Fredericksburgh
Camp and Shifting Commanders, September to October 1778
“Their countrymen would … conclude the Devil was in them …”: McDougall’s Division
Takes Post in Connecticut, October and November 1778
“Grievances … Justly complained of by your Soldiers …”: The Connecticut Line Winter
Camp, December 1778 to January 1779
Appendix
“Diary of Surgeon Albigence Waldo, of the Connecticut Line”
(1st Connecticut Regiment, Huntington’s Brigade)
Bibliography
tinyurl.com/CT-troops-77to79
Bibliography
Includes a transcription of, “Diary of Surgeon Albigence Waldo, of the Connecticut Line,” Pennsylvania
Magazine of History and Biography, vol. XXI, no. 3 (1897)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/111086856/YZ-List-Connecticut-Division-1777-79-Narrative-New-
Longer and http://www.scribd.com/doc/111086939/YZ-List-Connecticut-Division-1777-79-
Bibliography-New
or
https://www.academia.edu/14059235/_None_of_you_know_the_hardships_of_A_soldiers_life_
Service_of_the_Connecticut_Regiments_of_Maj_Gen_Alexander_McDougall_s_Division_177
7_1778 and
https://www.academia.edu/14059252/Bibliography_to_None_of_you_know_the_hardships_of
_A_soldiers_life_Service_of_the_Connecticut_Regiments_of_Maj_Gen_Alexander_McDouga
ll_s_Division_1777_1778 ( tinyurl.com/CT-troops-77to79 )
20
"’We ... wheeled to the Right to form the Line of Battle’: Colonel Israel Shreve's Journal, 23 November 1776
to 14 August 1777 (Including Accounts of the Action at the Short Hills)”
Contents
1. “The Enemy Came out fired several Cannon At our Pickets”: Journal Entries, 23 November 1776 to 25
June 1777
2. Composition of Maj. Gen. William Alexander, Lord Stirling's Division, Summer 1777
3. “Our Canister shot Did Great Execution.”: The Battle of the Short Hills: Journal Entries 26 to 28 June
1777
4. “There was a steady fire on us from out of the bushes …”: A German Officer’s View of Operations in
New Jersey, 24 to 28 June 1777
5. “A smart engagement ensued …”: A British Private’s View of the Short Hills Battle
6. "I propose leaving Colo. Daytons and Ogden's Regts. at Elizabeth Town … for the present ...”:
Movements of the 1st and 3d New Jersey Regiments, July and August 1777
7. “Crossed Delaware [River], halted At Doctor Enhams …”: Final Journal Entries, 29 July to 14 August
1777
Addenda
1. Listing of Field Officers, Commissioned Officers, and Staff of the 2d New Jersey Regiment December
1776 to December 1777
2. Company Strengths and Dispositions, Colonel Israel Shreve's 2d New Jersey Regiment December
3. 2d New Jersey Regiment, Monthly Strength as Taken From the Muster Rolls, December 1776 to
December 1777
4. 2d New Jersey Regiment, Company Lineage, 1777 to 1779
5. “The Troops of this Army … Appear to Manoeuvre upon false principles …”: The State of
Continental Army Field Formations and Combat Maneuver, 1777
6. Composition of British Columns at the Short Hills Action, 26 June 1777; Organization of British Light
Infantry and Grenadier Battalions, Spring and Summer 1777
7. “I have sent down Lord Stirling's Division, to reinforce Genl. Maxwell …”: Summer Campaign
Letters, Gen. George Washington and Virginia Captain John Chilton, plus the role of “late
Ottendorff’s Corps,” 22 to 29 June 1777
8. “At sunrise the fire began …”: New Jersey Brigade Accounts of the 1777 Philadelphia Campaign
9. "Without Covering but the H[eaven's].C[anop].y and boughs of Trees …": 4th New Jersey Officer's
Diary, 21 June 1777 to 18 February 1778 (plus Journal of Ensign George Ewing, 3d New Jersey, 1777-1778)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/153790118/%E2%80%99We-wheeled-to-the-Right-to-form-the-Line-of-
Battle%E2%80%99-Colonel-Israel-Shreve-s-Journal-23-November-1776-to-14-August-1777-
Including-Accounts-of or
https://www.academia.edu/14059298/_We_wheeled_to_the_Right_to_form_the_Line_of_Battle_Colon
el_Israel_Shreves_Journal_23_November_1776_to_14_August_1777_Including_Accounts_of_the_Acti
on_at_the_Short_Hills_
21
4. Women Following the Army and the Civilian Experience
1755-1760 and 1775-1783
http://www.scribd.com/doc/125414053/J-U-Rees-Article-List-Women-Following-the-Army-1775-
1783
The Civilian Experience, 1775-1783

“`To Cash paid the Revrd. John Mason for Servant Hannah’s wages …': Hannah Till, General
Washington’s Wartime Cook"
https://www.scribd.com/document/330715949/To-Cash-paid-the-Revrd-John-Mason-for-Servant-
Hannah-s-wages-Hannah-Till-General-Washington-s-Wartime-Cook
"The Mystery of Hannah Till & Isaac" (Courtesy of Jennifer Bolton and Dave Lawrence)
https://www.academia.edu/42120342/_The_Mystery_of_Hannah_Till_and_Isaac_Courtesy_of_Jenn
ifer_Bolton_and_Dave_Lawrence_
“Ìt appeared to me as if here we should live secure …: A Family’s Precarious Refuge in Paramus,
1776 to 1780,” Barbara Z. Marchant, ed., Revolutionary Bergen County, The Road to Independence
(Charleston, S.C. and London: The History Press, 2009), 31-42.
https://www.academia.edu/14097122/_It_appeared_to_me_as_if_here_we_should_live_secure_A_F
amily_s_Precarious_Refuge_in_Paramus_1776_to_1780
22
Women and Children in mid to late Eighteenth Century America:
Favorite Images and Artwork, Period and Recreations
(including Friends and Acquaintances)
From the Digital Collection of John U. Rees
Contents
Four Mirror Images
Children (Plus Toys (Including two small articles on children and toys.)
Sutlers and Market Women
Laundresses
Miscellaneous Images (Military and Civilian)
https://www.academia.edu/42991091/Favorite_Images_and_Artwork_Period_and_Recreations_incl
uding_Friends_and_Acquaintances
Companion to:
Women Following the Army and the Wartime Civilian Experience
1755-1760 and 1775-1783
https://www.scribd.com/document/125414340/Women-Following-the-Army-1775-1783-A-
compendium-of-online-articles
American Revolution Army Women Names Project

1. John U. Rees, “Spent the winter at Jockey Hollow, and … washed together while there …”:
American Revolution Army Women Names Project - Continental Army
https://www.academia.edu/44791010/_Spent_the_winter_at_Jockey_Hollow_and_washed_together
_while_there_American_Revolution_Army_Women_Names_Project_Continental_Army
The aim of this project is to compile names and biographies of women attached to the military forces of
the War for American Independence, 1775 to 1783; Whig (Continental), French, Spanish, British,
German, and Loyalists. This includes females (and their offspring) who followed the troops on campaign,
or served in a camp, garrison, or other settled military post (including artificers and other military support
groups). Spouses and retainers of both enlisted men and officers are eligible. The project will begin with
Continental army and Whig militia female followers. Eventually, we hope to convince people with special
knowledge of the other nations’ armies involved to participate.
Material may be sent to the editor at ju_rees@msn.com or via Facebook messaging (John U. Rees).
Names must be accompanied by supporting source material and a transcription of the same. Please
include available pension narratives and as much detail from other sources as is available. Contributors
will be listed with their submissions. Appended is the recommended structure for entries (courtesy of
Eliza West, revised by John Rees):
BASIC FACTS
Date of birth/age at time of first service with the army:
Date of death:
Names of spouse(s) and date of marriage(s):
Names and birthdates of children:
MILITARY FACTS
Unit (army, regiment, company, etc.):
Campaigns:
Garrison locations:
Battles participated in/observed:
Active dates, during which she was part of the military establishment:
DOCUMENTATION
(Personal account, pension record, company or other returns, etc.)
NARRATIVE(S) and/or WEBLINK(S)
23
“‘Lately apprehended in the first Maryland regiment …’: African American Women with the
Continental Army,”
Contents

https://allthingsliberty.com/2021/02/nineteenth-century-remembrances-of-black-
revolutionary-veterans-tannah-hill-george-washingtons-cook/
“’She had gone to the Army … to her husband’: Judith Lines’ Unremarked Life”
https://www.academia.edu/45159917/_She_had_gone_to_the_Army_to_her_husband_Judith_Lines
_Unremarked_Life )
General George Washington’s Field Headquarters (Images of tents and equipment, original and
recreations)
Contents
1. “There were two Tents or rather Marquees attached to the baggage”: Eyewitness Accounts of General
Washington’s Headquarters
2. The Sleeping/Office Marquee
3. The Dining Marquee
4. The Baggage Tent
5. Washington’s Enslaved Servants
6. Images of Washington’s Original Military Equipage
7. Manufacture of General Washington’s Headquarters Tents, 1776 and 1778
8. Transportation for Gen. George Washington’s Headquarters and Guard, 1778, and 1780 -82.
9. Miscellaneous Images
https://www.scribd.com/document/452774430/General-George-Washington-s-Field-Headquarters-
Images-of-tents-and-equipment-original-and-recreations or
https://www.academia.edu/42378087/General_George_Washingtons_Field_Headquarters_Images_
of_tents_and_equipment_original_and_recreations
(With Neal T. Hurst) George Washington’s Wartime Household, Staff, Food, and Equipment,
Washington Papers (Library of Congress), Revolutionary War Accounts Vouchers and Receipted
Accounts (A compendium of primary research from the Washington Papers concerning Gen. George
Washington's military household and the people, free and enslaved, who staffed it.),
https://www.scribd.com/document/452773583/George-Washington-s-Wartime-Household-Staff-
Food-and-Equipment-Washington-Papers-Library-of-Congress-Revolutionary-War-Accounts-
Vouchers-and-Rec or
https://www.academia.edu/74331463/George_Washington_s_Wartime_Household_Staff_Food_and
_Equipment
24
(Above) Woman holding a camp kettle while two soldiers with spoons eat from it, east side of the
Hudson River, directly across from West Point. (Painted in August 1782.) Detail from Pierre Charles
L'Enfant’s painting of West Point and dependencies. Penciled on back, "Encampment of the
Revolutionary Army on the Hudson River" (Library of Congress description, “Panoramic view of
West Point, New York showing American encampments on the Hudson River”), watercolor, 142.7 x
27.7 cm (sheet), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540.
(Below) Soldier group, detail from the same L’Enfant painting.
25
Continental Army Female Followers, 1775-1783
"`The multitude of women': An Examination of the Numbers of Female Followers with the
Continental Army":
Contents
1777 and 1780: A Common Thread?
1776 to 1782: “Necessary to keep the Soldier's clean"
1781: "Their Wives all of whom ... Remained": Women on Campaign With the Army
1781: "The women with the army who draw provisions"
1782: "Rations ... Without Whiskey": Col. Henry Jackson's Regimental Provision Returns
1783: "The proportion of Women which ought to be allowed ..."
Appendices
A. Images, Articles and Additional Information Related to Sullivan’s 1779 Campaign
and Fort Sullivan, Tioga.
B. Articles Providing Contextual Information on the 1781 Virginia Campaign
C. Miscellaneous References to Army Women
1. 1775, 1776, and 1781: “Fire Ships,” “Veneral Disorder,” and Women in Hospital
2. A Woman with the Continental Army, 1777-1783
3. Hospitals, Nurses and a Female Spy, 1776 and 1777
4. Orders Concerning Female Followers, Maj. Gen. John Sullivan’s Division, 1777
5. Horses Belonging to Camp Followers
6. Women Riding Pack Horses on Maj. Gen. John Sullivan's 1779 Expedition
7. Women, 1778-1782: On the March, Doing Laundry, Selling Military Goods, and Sergeant's
Responsibility For Followers
8. Army Orders and George Washington Correspondence Concerning Female Followers
9. Link to Second Study Examining Numbers of Continental Army Female Followers
D. Additional Articles on Continental Army Female Followers by the Author
The Brigade Dispatch (Journal of the Brigade of the American Revolution)
Three parts: vol. XXIII, no. 4 (Autumn 1992), 5-17; vol. XXIV, no. 1 (Winter 1993),
6-16; vol. XXIV, no. 2 (Spring 1993), 2-6 (Reprinted in Minerva: Quarterly Report
on Women and the Military, vol. XIV, no. 2 (Summer 1996)).
https://www.scribd.com/document/125413359/The-multitude-of-women-An-Examination-of-the-
Numbers-of-Female-Followers-With-the-Continental-Army
or
https://www.academia.edu/36174985/_The_multitude_of_women_An_Examination_of_the_Numbe
rs_of_Female_Followers_With_the_Continental_Army
"`The number of rations issued to the women in camp.': New Material Concerning Female
Followers with Continental Regiments"
Female Followers with the Troops at Wyoming: Prelude to Sullivan's Campaign, 1779
"Provisions and Stores Issued to the Grand Army": Female Followers at
Middlebrook, 1779
“The women belonging to their respective corps": Further Analysis and Comparison of the
Returns of Women
The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXVIII, no. 1 (Spring 1998), 2-10; vol. XXVIII, no. 2
(Summer 1998), 2-12, 13.
https://www.scribd.com/document/125413719/The-number-of-rations-issued-to-the-women-in-
camp-New-Material-Concerning-Female-Followers-With-Continental-Regiments
or
https://www.academia.edu/36212357/_The_number_of_rations_issued_to_the_women_in_camp._N
ew_Material_Concerning_Female_Followers_With_Continental_Regiments
26
"'`Some in rags and some in jags,’ but none ‘in velvet gowns.’ Insights on Clothing Worn by
Female Followers of the Armies During the American War for Independence," ALHFAM
Bulletin (Association of Living History, Farm and Agricultural Museums), vol. XXVIII, no. 4
(Winter 1999), 18-21. http://www.scribd.com/doc/122521121/Some-in-rags-and-some-in-jags-
%E2%80%99-but-none-%E2%80%98in-velvet-gowns-%E2%80%99-Insights-on-Clothing-
Worn-by-Female-Followers-of-the-Armies-During-the-American-War-for or
https://www.academia.edu/14316733/_Some_in_rags_and_some_in_jags_but_none_in_velvet_g
owns_Insights_on_Clothing_Worn_by_Female_Followers_of_the_Armies_During_the_Americ
an_War_for_Independence or https://tinyurl.com/army-women-overview
"’The proportion of Women which ought to be allowed...’: An Overview of Continental Army

Female Followers”
1. “A clog upon every movement. “: Numbers
2. "Rations... Without Whiskey": Women’s Food Allowance
3. "Some men washed their own clothing.": Women's Duties and Shelter
4. Orders Concerning Women in the Summer of 1777 (Delaware Regiment of Maj. Gen.
John Sullivan’s Division
5. "Coming into the line of fire.": Women on the March or on Campaign
Appendices
A. An Estimate of Females with Continental Army Units
on the March to Yorktown, 1781
B. Mess Roll of Capt. John Ross’s Company, 3d New Jersey Regiment
C. Tent Assignments in Lt. Col. John Wrottesley’s (3d) Company, 1st Battalion,
Brigade of (British) Guards (Including “British Army orders regarding female
followers, summer 1777”)
D. Period Images of Army Followers or Poor to Middling Female Civilians
E. Photographs of Army Women at Living History Events
F. Online Articles Pertaining to Female Camp Followers and Related Subjects
During the War for American Independence
G. Other Authors’ Monographs (Women Following the Army)
The Continental Soldier, vol. VIII, no. 3 (Spring 1995), 51-58. ALHFAM Bulletin (Association of Living
History, Farm and Agricultural Museums), vol. XXVIII, no. 4 (Winter 1999), 18-21.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/255868431/The-proportion-of-Women-which-ought-to-be-allowed-An-
Overview-of-Continental-Army-Female-Camp-Followers or
https://www.academia.edu/13926086/_The_proportion_of_Women_which_ought_to_be_allowed_A
n_Overview_of_Continental_Army_Female_Camp_Followers
“’Remember[ing] the Ladies’: Margaret Johnson and Elizabeth Evans, Women of the New Jersey
Brigade” http://www.scribd.com/doc/235418684/Remember-ing-the-Ladies-Margaret-Johnson-
and-Elizabeth-Evans-Women-of-the-New-Jersey-Brigade
“Reading List: Women and the Military During the War for Independence," The
Continental Soldier, vol. IX, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1997), 52.
https://www.scribd.com/document/125414053/Female-Followers-of-the-Armies-of-the-
American-Revolution-A-Reading-List
“Women Following the Army, 1775-1783 (A compendium of online articles.)

https://www.scribd.com/document/125414340/Women-Following-the-Army-1775-1783-A-
compendium-of-online-articles
27
"`Sospecting the prisner to be a tory ...': A Continental Army Court Martial, July 1777" (This
court martial of a civilian took place in Brigadier General Prudhomme de Borre's 2nd Maryland
Brigade, Major General John Sullivan's Division. De Borre’s brigade contained the 2nd, 4th, and
7th Maryland Regiments, along with the German Regiment and Hazen's 2nd Canadian Regiment.
Of particular interest in these proceedings are the arguments used to entice the soldiers to desert,
reasons for their dissatisfaction, and the testimony of Alice Wood, attached to Hazen's Regiment,
who had left her children behind when she followed her husband into the army.}
The Continental Soldier, vol. IX, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1997), 45-46, and,
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 60, no. 3 (Fall 2008), 167.
https://www.scribd.com/document/364103303/Sospecting-the-prisner-to-be-a-tory-A-Continental-
Army-Court-Martial-July-1777
William Laffan, ed., The Cries of Dublin: Drawn from the Life by Hugh Douglas Hamilton, 1760
(Dublin: Irish Georgian Society, 2003), 107.
28
Sarah Elizabeth
29
5. General George Washington’s Military Household,
Headquarters Tents, and the Commander-in-Chief’s Guard
“43 men & 1 wash woman … of his Eccelency General Washington's Guard”: A Bunch of Facts About the
Commander-in-Chief’s Guard
Contents
1. Guard Appellations
2. Guard Numbers and Composition
3. Women with the Guard
4. Guard Commanders and Officers
5. Duties of the Guard
6. Guard Clothing and Accoutrements
7. The Guard in Combat
8. General Washington’s Mounted Escorts
9. General Washington’s Military Household
10. Transportation Needed for General Washington’s
and the Guard’s Baggage
11. Miscellania
12. Recreating the Commander-in-Chief’s Guard Coat
Appendix:
The Biography of Hannah Till
Miscellaneous Information on General Washington’s Wartime
Household: Supervisors and Servants
Select Bibliography
https://www.academia.edu/84111223/_43_men_and_1_wash_woman_of_his_Eccelency_General_Washington
s_Guard_A_Bunch_of_Facts_About_the_Commander_in_Chiefs_Guard
“‘Lately apprehended in the first Maryland regiment …’: African American Women with the
Continental Army,”
Contents

https://allthingsliberty.com/2021/02/nineteenth-century-remembrances-of-black-
revolutionary-veterans-tannah-hill-george-washingtons-cook/
30
(With Neal T. Hurst) George Washington’s Wartime Household, Staff, Food, and Equipment,
Washington Papers (Library of Congress), Revolutionary War Accounts Vouchers and Receipted
Accounts (A compendium of primary research from the Washington Papers concerning Gen. George
Washington's military household and the people, free and enslaved, who staffed it.),
https://www.scribd.com/document/452773583/George-Washington-s-Wartime-Household-Staff-
Food-and-Equipment-Washington-Papers-Library-of-Congress-Revolutionary-War-Accounts-
Vouchers-and-Rec or
https://www.academia.edu/74331463/George_Washington_s_Wartime_Household_Staff_Food_and
_Equipment
recreations)
Contents
4. The Baggage Tent
Transportation for Gen. George Washington’s Headquarters and Guard: 1778, 1780, 1781, and 1782
https://www.academia.edu/82138906/Transportation_for_Gen_George_Washington_s_Headquarte
rs_and_Guard_1778_1780_1781_and_1782
or
https://www.scribd.com/document/350372058/Transportation-for-Gen-George-Washington-s-
Headquarters-and-Guard-1778-1780-1781-and-1782

(Published as George Ewing, The Military Journal of George Ewing (1754-1824): A Soldier of
Valley Forge (Yonkers, N.Y.: Privately printed by T. Ewing, 1928))
http://www.scribd.com/doc/153505766/%E2%80%9CReceivd-an-Ensigncy-in-Capt-
Hagans-Company-Third-Jersey-Regt%E2%80%9D-Ensign-George-Ewing%E2%80%99s-
Journal-New-Jersey-Line-11-November-1775-to-21-May-1778-Pu
“`Marched at Day Break and fell in With the Rebels’: Anonymous British Diary, 13 April
1777 to 26 September 1777,” http://revwar75.com/library/rees/diary.htm
31
"`Necessarys … to be Properley Packd: & Slung in their Blanketts’: Selected
Transcriptions 40th Regiment of Foot Order Book,”
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/40th.htm
Captain William Wolfe’s Light Company, 40th Regiment
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/wolfe.htm
"’We ... wheeled to the Right to form the Line of Battle’: Colonel Israel Shreve's Journal, 23
November 1776 to 14 August 1777 (Including Accounts of the Action at the Short Hills)”
(Originally published in The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXII, no. 1 (Spring 1992), 7-16.)
Contents
June 1777
1777
1777
Addenda
December 1777
Including-Accounts-of
“`The end of the war will be the commencement of our felicity.’: Insights on Two
Campaigns, Col. Israel Shreve (1779) and Lt. Col. Francis Barber (1781),” American
Revolution (Magazine of the American Revolution Association), vol. 1, no. 3
(October 2009), 47-52.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/168698235/%E2%80%9C-The-end-of-the-war-will-be-the-
commencement-of-our-felicity-Insights-on-Two-Campaigns-by-Col-Israel-Shreve-1779-and-Lt-Col-
Francis-Barber-1
32
“Diary of Soldier with Lafayette’s Light Infantry, 1781” (diary transcription)
“Asa Redington, Scammell’s Light Infantry Regiment, 1781” (soldier’s memoir)
“`The British army marched out and grounded their arms …’: Pennsylvania Lt. William
Feltman’s Diary 26 May to 5 November 1781” (transcription)
“`We had a small attack … with our Riflemen …’: A Pennsylvania Soldier’s 1776
Letter,” Military Collector & Historian, vol. 61, no. 3 (Fall 2009), 155-156.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/krider.pdf
“`Remembour me to all inquiring friends’: New Jersey Private Henry Johnson’s Letters,
1778 to 1780” (manuscript)
John U. Rees and Bob McDonald, "`The Action was renew.d with a very warm Canonade’: A
New Jersey Officer’s Diary, June 1777 to August 1778”
Contents
Appendices
https://www.scribd.com/doc/216378254/The-Action-was-renew-d-with-a-very-warm-
Canonade-New-Jersey-Officer-s-Diary-21-June-1777-to-31-August-1778
33
Music, Military, vol. 2, 763-765 (1500 words), Mark M. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the
American Revolution: Library of Military History, Harold E. Selesky, ed. (2nd
Edition, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006)
Artwork Narrative: Pamela Patrick White, “Èach morning we… had to play and beat the Reveille’:
Continental Army Musicians,” (2004) http://www.whitehistoricart.com
"`The musicians belonging to the whole army': An Abbreviated Study of the Ages of
Drummers and Fifers in the Continental Army"
1. “Each morning we… had to play and beat the Reveille”: An Overview of Military Music.
2. “On account of his Youth was generally ordered to the rear...": Drummer and Fifer Ages.
I. The New Jersey Line
II. Colonel John Lamb's 2nd Continental Artillery Regiment
III. 11th Pennsylvania Regiment
IV. Miscellaneous Musicians
The Brigade Dispatch, two parts: vol. XXIV, no. 4 (Autumn 1993), 2-8; vol. XXV, no. 1 (Winter 1994),
2-12. Abridged version of this article published in Percussive Notes, Journal of the Percussive Arts
Society (August 2005), 64-66.
https://www.scribd.com/document/441360543/The-music-of-the-Army-An-Abbreviated-Study-of-
the-Ages-of-Drummers-and-Fifers-in-the-Continental-Army
"`Bugle Horns', 'conk shells' and 'Signals by Drum': Miscellaneous Notes on Instruments and Their Usage
During the American War for Independence," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXVI, no. 4 (Winter 1996),
13-15 http://revwar75.com/library/rees/buglehorns.htm
8. Enlistment and Conscription

Continental Army draft, vol. 1, 250 (300 words)
https://www.academia.edu/42684591/Continental_Army_draft_1777-1783
German soldiers serving in British regiments, vol. 1, 424-425 (250 words)
https://www.academia.edu/42684580/German_soldiers_serving_in_British_regiments_1777-1783
Entries in Mark M. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of
Military History, Harold E. Selesky, ed. (2nd Edition, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006)
“Friedrich Lacour: A German Deserter with the Second New Jersey Regiment,”
Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association, vol. 7, no. 4 (2004), 55-56.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/lacour.pdf
"`The new Leveys are coming in dayly ...': The Nine Month Draft in the Second New
Jersey Regiment and Maxwell's New Jersey Brigade” (Including a study of "The
Use and Effect of the Nine-Month Draft in the Other Brigades of Washington's
Army"), included in "I Expect to be stationed in Jersey sometime...": An Account
of the Services of the New Jersey Regiment, December 1777 to June 1778, Part I
MSS (1994), for which see Regimental and Battalion Studies.)
34
“`The pleasure of their number’: 1778, Crisis, Conscription, and Revolutionary Soldiers’
Recollections”
Part I. “’Filling the Regiments by drafts from the Militia.’: The 1778 Recruiting Acts”
Contents
1. Overview
2. The New Jersey Draft in Actuality
3. Four States Relied on Previous Enlistment Laws
4. Alternative Measures Adopted by Rhode Island and Virginia
5. Five States Enacted a Nine-Month Levy
6. Afterward
Appendices
A. Definitions of Draft and Levy
B. 1778 Congressional Recruiting Resolution
C. Levies and Drafts, Militia versus Continental:
The 1778 Massachusetts and North Carolina Levy Regiments
D. “Return of Number of Men whose term of service will expire between the 27 October 1778 and the
Spring.”
E. Washington’s Main Army Strength, March to September 1778 (Infantry only)
Reflecting the Contribution Made by the 1778 Levy
F. Levy Ages: New Jersey and North Carolina (1778), and Massachusetts (1778-1780)
http://tinyurl.com/blz2gjw
Part II. "’Fine, likely, tractable men.’: Levy Statistics and New Jersey Service Narratives”
Contents
1. Jersey and North Carolina Individual and Group Data
2. Levies’ Prior Service
3. Drafts and Substitutes
4. Mustering and Joining the Regiments.
5. The Monmouth Campaign, 19 to 27 June 1778
http://tinyurl.com/cttrxe8
Part III. "He asked me if we had been discharged …”: New Jersey, Massachusetts, New
York, Maryland, and North Carolina Levy Narratives”
Contents
1. New Jersey Levies Monmouth Battle and Subsequent 1778-79 Service
2. Reenlistment and New Jersey Post-1778 Service
3. Other States’ Levies:
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
New York
Maryland
North Carolina
4. Miscellaneous Details and Later-Life Circumstances
5. Conclusion
http://tinyurl.com/cayayg5
ALHFAM Bulletin, vol. XXXIII, no. 3 (Fall 2003), 23-34; no. 4 (Winter 2004),
23-34; vol. XXXIV, no. 1 (Spring 2004), 19-28.
35
Two of four Continental soldiers drawn in 1781 by French Sublieutenant Jean-Baptiste-Antoine de Verger,
Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment. The soldier on the left has long been thought to be from the Rhode Island
Regiment of 1781, that on the right of Hazen’s Canadian Regiment. Another version, found in French officer
Baron Ludwig von Closen’s journal, is headed “Costumer de l’Armé Américaine en 1782.” Closen’s copy
notes that the left-hand soldier belongs to a Massachusetts Continental regiment, that on the right a New
Jersey regiment. Howard C. Rice and Anne S.K. Brown, eds. and trans., The American Campaigns of
Rochambeau's Army 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, vol. I (Princeton, N.J. and Providence, R.I.,: Princeton University
Press, 1972), between pages 142-143 (description on page xxi). Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown
University. Sidney Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 1770-1800 (Greenwich, Ct.:
New York Graphic Society, Ltd. in Association with the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1973), 42.
36
Including Miscellaneous Subjects (Not Related to the War for Independence)
“Our job is to keep the planes flying and if necessary, defend the airfield.”
Lester E. Folkenson, Jr., War Letters, June 1943 to February 1946
Aircraft Mechanic, M.A.G. (Marine Air Group) 31
https://tinyurl.com/MAG43to46
http://www.scribd.com/doc/143992218/%E2%80%9COur-job-is-to-keep-the-planes-flying-
and-if-necessary-defend-the-airfield-%E2%80%9D-Lester-E-Folkenson-Jr-War-
Letters-June-1943-to-February-1946-Airc
and
https://www.academia.edu/14387029/_Our_job_is_to_keep_the_planes_flying_and_if_nece
ssary_defend_the_airfield._Lester_E._Folkenson_Jr._War_Letters_June_1943_to_Febr
uary_1946_Aircraft_Mechanic_M.A.G._Marine_Air_Group_31
“Miscellaneous Family Information: Rees Family (See also Kauth Family at end)”
https://www.academia.edu/18245855/Miscellaneous_Family_Information_Rees_Family_Se
e_also_Kauth_Family_at_end_
“Miscellaneous Family Information: The Claytons and Related Families”

https://www.academia.edu/18245952/Miscellaneous_Family_Information_The_Claytons_a
nd_Related_Families
“Miscellaneous Family Information: Urban Family”

https://www.academia.edu/18245996/Miscellaneous_Family_Information_Urban_Family
“Miscellaneous Family Information: Folkenson Family”

https://www.academia.edu/18246066/Miscellaneous_Family_Information_Folkenson_Family
“Miscellaneous Family Information: Townsend Family”

https://www.academia.edu/18246126/Miscellaneous_Family_Information_Townsend_Family
“Carols by Candlelight" (History of the Wrightstown Friends Meeting Carol Sing)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/290796276/Carols-by-Candlelight
"Headmaster with a Heart" by Charlotte Andersen (Article on George Rowe, new headmaster of
Buckingham Friends School, from the Panorama Magazine, October 1972)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/290795176/Headmaster-with-a-Heart-by-Charlotte-
Andersen
”’There was a family dance at Phillips Mill …’: Family and Township History: It’s Easy and Fun
to Do,” Solebury Chronicle (Newsletter of the Solebury Township Historical Society), vol. 12,
no. 3 (Fall 2010)
http://soleburyhistory.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/newsletterfall2010.pdf
37
“’Think of me kindly for my spirit may want help ere this terrible work is done.’:
Commemorating Solebury’s Soldiers,” Solebury Chronicle (Newsletter of the Solebury
Township Historical Society), vol. 12, no. 2 (Spring 2010)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/191677126/%E2%80%9CThink-of-me-kindly-for-my-spirit-may-want-
help-ere-this-terrible-work-is-done-%E2%80%9D-Two-of-Solebury%E2%80%99s-Soldiers-
Robert-Kenderdine-and-William-Tinsman
or
https://tinyurl.com/http-www-scribd-com-doc-1916
https://tinyurl.com/y984zm7j
Also:
http://soleburyhistory.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/newsletterspring2010.pdf
OSEN
“’A source of great comfort to his stricken parents.’: A Civil War Soldier at Solebury Friends”
https://www.scribd.com/document/370092178/A-source-of-great-comfort-to-his-stricken-
parents-A-Civil-War-Soldier-at-Solebury-Friends
“’Schickelgruber is getting the worst licking everywhere.’: A Lumberville Artist’s Letter to a
Soldier, 1943,” Solebury Chronicle (Newsletter of the Solebury Township Historical Society),
vol. 13, no. 1 (Winter 2011)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/210921391/%E2%80%9C-Schickelgruber-is-getting-the-worst-
licking-everywhere-A-Lumberville-Artist%E2%80%99s-Letter-to-a-Soldier-1943
https://tinyurl.com/http-www-scribd-com-doc-2109
Also:
http://soleburyhistory.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/newsletterwinter2011.pdf
"’But you may Plough with ease …’: An Early 18th Century Letter from Solebury,” Solebury
Chronicle (Newsletter of the Solebury Township Historical Society), vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer
2011), 4-5.
http://soleburyhistory.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/newslettersummer2011.pdf
10. New Jersey Brigade

New Jersey Brigade, vol. 2, 808 (250 words), Mark M. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the
American Revolution: Library of Military History, Harold E. Selesky, ed. (2nd
Edition, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006)
(Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 7)

Major Joseph Bloomfield, 3d New Jersey Regiment (John U. Rees)
Artist: Charles Willson Peale
Year: 1777
Collection: Private
http://www.scribd.com/doc/179477933/Brother-Jonathan%E2%80%99s-Images-No-7-Major-
Joseph-Bloomfield-3d-New-Jersey-Regiment-Artist-Charles-Willson-Peale-Year-1777-Collection-
Privatel
“’The Blues offered again to fight …’: Contemporary Use of the Terms ‘Jersey Blues’ and ‘Jersey Greys’
(Appendix of Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 7, above.)
38
"’The Enemy Giting intelligence of our movement ...’: Surprise at Haddonfield, April 1778”
http://www.scribd.com/doc/131104556/The-Enemy-Giting-intelligence-of-our-movement-Surprise-
at-Haddonfield-April-1778
OSEN
“`What is this you have been about to day?’: The New Jersey Brigade at the Battle of Monmouth,”
Narrative
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/Monmouth.htm#1
1. Introduction
2. "In readiness to march at a moment's warning ...": Pre-Battle Dispositions and Plans
3. "To get up with the enemy": Major General Charles Lee's Force Sets Off
4. "I found the whole of the troops upon my right retreating ...": Morning Confrontation at
Monmouth Courthouse
5. "The day was so excessively hot ...": Lee’s Retreat
6. “They answered him with three cheers ...”: Washington Recovers the Day
7. “The Action was Exceedingly warm and well Maintained …”: Infantry Fighting at the
Point of Woods, Hedge-row, and Parsonage
8. "The finest musick, I Ever heared.": Afternoon Artillery Duel, and Cilley’s Attack on the
42nd Regiment
10. “The March has proved salutory to the troops.”: Post-Battle: The Continental Army Moves North
11.“A very irregular & ill managed Embarkation.”: Post-Battle British March to Sandy Hook
12. "The defective constitution of our army ...": Casting Blame for the Morning Debacle
13. Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778: Event Synopsis
Appendices
A. “Beware of being Burgoyned.”: Marching Toward Monmouth, Delaware River to Freehold, 18
to 27 June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthA.htm
B. “The whole army moved towards the Delaware …”: Continental Army March from Valley
Forge to Englishtown, N.J., 18 to 27 June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthB.htm
C. “General Lee being detached with the advanced Corps …”: Composition of Charles Lee’s
Force
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthC.htm
D. “Our Division formed a line on the eminence …”:Washington’s Main Army Order of Battle,
28 June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthD.htm
E. “A large Number of troops …”: Continental and British Army Field Returns, 28 June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthE.htm
F.“I resolved nevertheless to attack them …”: American Monmouth Battle Accounts
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthF.htm
G. “Charge, Grenadiers, never heed forming”: British Accounts of the Monmouth Battle
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthG.htm
H. "More Glorious to America than at first Supposed ...": New Jersey Officers Describe the Battle of
Monmouth
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthH.htm
I. "They answered him with three cheers ...": New Jersey Common Soldiers' Pension Depositions
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthI.htm
J. “A very smart cannonading ensued from both sides.”: Maxwell’s Jersey Brigade Artillery and
the Afternoon Cannonade at Monmouth
https://www.scribd.com/doc/139365107/A-very-smart-cannonading-ensued-from-both-sides-Continental-
Artillery-at-Monmouth-Courthouse-28-June-1778
39
K. “Jun 29th, Buried the Dead …”: Casualties in the Battle of Monmouth
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthK.htm
L. “We are informed by several persons …“: Contemporary Newspaper Accounts
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthL.htm
M. “That damned blue Regiment …”: Continental Army Clothing during the Monmouth
Campaign
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthM.htm
N. “General Wayne's detachment is almost starving.”: Provisioning Washington’s Army on the
March, June 1778
O. “The canopy of heaven for our tent”: Soldiers' Shelter on Campaign, June 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthO.htm
P. “Be pleased to fill up the vacancy with the eldest Captain in the line …”: Field Officers, Commissioned Officers,
and Staff of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment December 1777 to May 1779
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthP.htm
Q. “Exceeding Hot & water is scarce …”: Monmouth Campaign Weather, 15 June to 7 July, 1778
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/monmouth/MonmouthQ.pdf
“’Beware of being Burgoyned.’: Marching Toward Monmouth, Delaware River to Freehold, 18 to

27 June 1778”
Contents
1. Crown forces’ strength on 28 June 1778
2. Continental forces contending with Gen. Sir Henry Clinton’s columns
3. Additional advance detachments and the composition of Maj. Gen. Charles Lee’s Advanced Corps
4. British Baggage Train on the March Across New Jersey.
5. List of Narrators
6. “They got a full fire from Capt. Ross this morning with 50 men …”
Daily Accounts of the March to Monmouth Courthouse
7. Map of the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse, June 28, 1778, drawn by Capt. William Gray, 4th Pennsylvania
Regiment (New-York Historical Society)
8. March Events and Route Overview by Maj. Gen. Wilhelm von Knyphausen
9. “A very irregular & ill managed Embarkation.”
Post-Battle: British March to and Embarkation from Sandy Hook
10. Related Books and Online Articles
https://www.scribd.com/document/125412783/Beware-of-being-Burgoyned-Marching-Toward-
Monmouth-Delaware-River-to-Freehold-18-to-27-June-1778 or https://tinyurl.com/Burgoyned
“’A Detatchment of 1500 Pick’d men was taken to Day from the army …’: Troop Formations
Detached from Washington’s Army Prior to the Battle of Monmouth, June 1778 (Most of which
formed the Advance Force commanded by Maj. Gen. Charles Lee)”
https://www.scribd.com/document/125408707/A-Detatchment-of-1500-Pick-d-men-was-taken-to-
Day-from-the-army-Troop-Formations-Detached-from-Washington-s-Army-Prior-to-the-Battle-of-
Monmouth or https://tinyurl.com/Lees-Force
40
“’A very smart cannonading ensued from both sides.’: Continental Artillery at Monmouth
Courthouse, 28 June 1778”
Appendices
Continental-Artillery-at-Monmouth-Courthouse-28-June-1778
"He Come Out with us this time As a Volunteer ...":

Soldiers Serving without Pay in the Continental and British Armies, including Aaron Burr,
Matthias Ogden, Eleazer Oswald, and Richard St. George Mansergh St George
(Based Around a Case Study of the Second New Jersey Regiment, 1777-1780)
Contents
1. “James Paul a Volunteer & wounded at sho[r]t hills was promised … Commis[sio]n.”
Second New Jersey Regiment Volunteers, 1777-1780
2. “Major Ogden who came out with me a volunteer …”
Volunteer Officers’ Fortunes under Generals Montgomery and Arnold, 1775 and After.
3. “A fine, high-spirited, gentleman-like young man, but uncommonly passionate.”
British Volunteers and the Vicissitudes of War, 1775-1783
Appendices
A. A Partial Roster of British Officers who began as Volunteers during their Service in the American War
B. Related Books and Articles
https://www.scribd.com/document/125413869/He-Come-Out-with-us-this-time-As-a-Volunteer-
Soldiers-Serving-without-Pay-in-the-Continental-and-British-Armies
or
https://www.academia.edu/36750594/_He_Come_Out_with_us_this_time_As_a_Volunteer_..._Soldi
ers_Serving_without_Pay_in_the_Continental_and_British_Armies_
“`Be pleased to fill up the vacancy with the eldest Captain in the line …’: Field Officers,
Commissioned Officers, and Staff of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment
December 1777 to May 1779” http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/MonmouthP.htm
41
"'The Great Neglect in provideing Cloathing': Uniform Colors and Clothing in the New Jersey
Brigade, from Northern New York, 1776, to the Monmouth Campaign, 1778
Part 1.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Overview of Military Operations, 1776-1778
3 "The Jersey Blues": The New Jersey Battalions, 1755-1776
a. New Jersey Buttons
4. "Never...Our Proper Quantity:" The New Jersey Brigade of 1777
Appendices
A. The Proportion of Men from the Second New Jersey of 1776 Who Reenlisted in the 1777 Regiment
B. 1777 Clothing Returns (Wanting and Issued) for the New Jersey Regiments
C. “The Blues offered again to fight …”: Contemporary and Later Use of the Term “Jersey Blues,” “Jersey
Grays,“ and “fifth Jersey regiment.”
D. “Had on when he went away …”: New Jersey Deserter Advertisements, 1775-1777
E. A Quantity of Tow Cloth, for the Purpose of making of Indian or Hunting Shirts …”: Proper
Terminology: Hunting shirt, Rifle Shirt, Rifle Frock …
F. Related Articles by the Author on the New Jersey Brigade and the 1777-1778 Campaigns
https://www.scribd.com/document/408478638/Part-1-The-Great-Neglect-in-
Provideing-Cloathing-Uniform-Colors-and-Clothing-in-the-New-Jersey-Brigade-from-
Northern-New-York-1776-to-the-Monmo
"'The Great Neglect in provideing Cloathing': Uniform Colors and Clothing in the New Jersey
Brigade, from Northern New York, 1776, to the Monmouth Campaign, 1778
Part 2.
1. "The Regiments Have No Uniforms or Distinguishing Colours:" Uniform Coats of the New Jersey Brigade
during 1778
2. “The following Articles of Cloathing …”: 1778 Nine Months Levies’ Apparel
3. “Only a few light things in the Spring.": Clothing the Jersey Brigade’s Long-Term Soldiers, 1778
Appendix
(Research File) “Short skirted, according to the dress of our soldiery.”: An Overview of Continental Army
Early-War Regimental Coat Design
1. New England, 1775.
2. Regimental Coats, 1777, and the von Germann Drawings
3. Coats Without Lapels
4. Coat Construction Revisions, 1778 and 1779.
https://www.scribd.com/document/435746302/Part-2-The-Great-Neglect-in-provideing-Cloathing-
Uniform-Colors-and-Clothing-in-the-New-Jersey-Brigade-from-Northern-New-York-1776-to-
the-Mon
Military Collector & Historian, two parts: vol. XLVI, no. 4. (Winter 1994), 163-170;
vol. XLVII, no. 1 (Spring 1995), 12-20.
42
"`The great distress of the Army for want of Blankets ...': Supply Shortages, Suffering
Soldiers, and a Secret Mission During the Hard Winter of 1780":
1. "Our condition for want of ... Blankets is quite painful ..."
Shortages in the Continental Army, 1776-1779
2. "Without even a shadow of a blanket ..."
Desperate Measures to Procure Covering for the Army, 1780
Addendum.
“To Colonel Morgan, for the use of the Light Infantry, twenty four Dutch Blankets & four pair of rose
Blankets.”: Examples of Bed Coverings Issued to Continental Troops
Endnote Extras.
Note
20. Clothing New Jersey's Soldiers, Winter 1779-1780
38. The Effect of Weather on the Squan Mission
Location of Squan Beach
43. Captain Bowman's Soldiers
46. Bowman's 2d New Jersey Light Company at the Battle of Connecticut Farms
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 52, no. 3 (Fall 2000), 98-110.
https://www.academia.edu/15020470/_The_great_distress_of_the_Army_for_want_of_Blan
kets_Supply_Shortages_Suffering_Soldiers_and_a_Secret_Mission_During_the_Hard_Wi
nter_of_1780
"'One of the best in the army.': An Overview of Brigadier General William Maxwell's Jersey
Brigade," The Continental Soldier, vol. XI, no. 2 (Spring 1998), 45-53
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/njbrigade.htm
“`The end of the war will be the commencement of our felicity.’: Insights on Two
Campaigns, Col. Israel Shreve (1779) and Lt. Col. Francis Barber (1781),” American
Revolution (Magazine of the American Revolution Association), vol. 1, no. 3
(October 2009), 47-52.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/168698235/%E2%80%9C-The-end-of-the-war-will-be-the-
commencement-of-our-felicity-Insights-on-Two-Campaigns-by-Col-Israel-Shreve-1779-
and-Lt-Col-Francis-Barber-1
John U. Rees and Bob McDonald, "`The Action was renew.d with a very warm Canonade’: A
New Jersey Officer’s Diary, June 1777 to August 1778”
Contents
Appendices
https://www.scribd.com/doc/216378254/The-Action-was-renew-d-with-a-very-warm-
Canonade-New-Jersey-Officer-s-Diary-21-June-1777-to-31-August-1778
43
June 2013 Battle of Monmouth "Recreated New Jersey Continental Regiment Augmented With
Nine-months Levies" (June 1778 Roster for Capt. Jonathan Phillips' Company, 2d New Jersey
Regiment. For members and friends of the Augusta County Militia interested in portraying a
New Jersey Continental company with both long-term soldiers and nine-month drafts from the
militia during the 1778 Monmouth Campaign)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/126071601/June-2013-Battle-of-Monmouth-Recreated-New-
Jersey-Continental-Regiment-Augmented-With-Nine-months-Levies
“’I have ... got the Arms from Easton, [and] is now divideing them out.’: Clothing and Equipment
Needed to Recreate a 1778 New Jersey Continental Company Augmented with Nine-Months
Levies”
http://www.scribd.com/doc/130606718/%E2%80%9CI-have-got-the-Arms-from-Easton-
and-is-now-divideing-them-out-%E2%80%9D-Clothing-and-Equipment-Needed-to-
Recreate-a-1778-New-Jersey-Continental-Compa
A. “`The Fire of the Light Infantry …cheked the Enemys Progress …’: Light Battalion
Composition and Service”
C. “`The Cloathing you … long ago Sent to the light infantry is not Yet Arrived.‘: Apparel
and Equipment”
https://tinyurl.com/1781-light-battalions
"Eyewitness to Battle: The Pension Depositions of Frederick Van Lew and Isaac Childs," The Brigade
Dispatch, vol. XXIX, no. 3 (Autumn 1999), 18-20.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/vanlewchilds.htm
"Eyewitness to Battle: The New Jersey Brigade at Connecticut Farms and Springfield, June 1780," The
Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXIX, no. 4 (Winter 1999), 20-22.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/smithandshreve.htm
“Èndeavering to Keep them from going to New York ’: The New Jersey Brigade’s
Pursuit of the British Army, 18-27 June 1778” (manuscript)
“`The Combat was Renewed very Briskly ...': Maxwell's Brigade and the 1780 British
Incursion into New Jersey" (manuscript)
"`The enemy hove in a tollerable fire ...': New Jersey Brigade Casualties in the Actions of
Connecticut Farms and Springfield, June 1780"
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/hove.htm
44
"`The new Leveys are coming in dayly ...': The Nine Month Draft in the Second New
Jersey Regiment and Maxwell's New Jersey Brigade” (Including a study of "The Use
and Effect of the Nine-Month Draft in the Other Brigades of Washington's Army"). *
"Ìn reduced circumstances': Pension Papers of the Soldiers of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment" *
"`From thence to the Battle ...': Gleanings from the Pension Depositions of the Soldiers of
the New Jersey Brigade for 1778" *
"Losses in the New Jersey Brigade at the Battles of: Short Hills (June 26, 1777);
Brandywine (September 11, 1777); Germantown (October 4, 1777)." *
http://www.scribd.com/doc/130997982/Losses-in-the-New-Jersey-Brigade-at-the-Battles-of-Short-
Hills-June-26-1777-Brandywine-September-11-1777-Germantown-October-4-1777
"`They answered him with three cheers …’: New Jersey Brigade Losses in the
Monmouth Campaign, 17 June to 6 July 1778" *
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/NJlosses.htm
"Listing of the Names of Casualties in the 2nd New Jersey Regiment from 1777 to Spring of 1779" *
* (Note: All the above marked with an asterisk are included in "I Expect to be stationed
in Jersey sometime...": An Account of the Services of the New Jersey Regiment,
December 1777 to June 1778, Part I MSS (1994), for which see below.)
"’We ... wheeled to the Right to form the Line of Battle’: Colonel Israel Shreve's Journal, 23
November 1776 to 14 August 1777 (Including Accounts of the Action at the Short Hills)”
Contents
June 1777
1777
1777
Addenda
December 1777
45
Including-Accounts-of
"’I Expect to be stationed in Jersey sometime...’: An Account of the Services of the Second
New Jersey Regiment”:
Part I. December 1777 to June 1778 (1994, unpublished, copy held in the collections of the David Library
of the American Revolution, Washington Crossing, Pa.), contains seventeen appendices covering
various subjects including studies of the casualties incurred by the New Jersey Brigade (1777-1779), the
uniform clothing of the New Jersey Brigade (1776-1778), the use of the nine-month draft in 1778, and
names of all the officers and enlisted men of the regiment. Also included is a collection of pension
narratives of the common soldiers of the New Jersey Brigade:
Section A.
https://www.scribd.com/document/347859920/I-Expect-to-be-stationed-in-Jersey-sometime-A-Narrative-
History-of-Second-New-Jersey-Regiment-December-1777-to-June-1779-Section-A
1. The March to Winter Quarters: 13 December to 25 December 1777
2. General Orders, 20 December to 25 December 1777
3. Countering the "depredations of the Enemy": 23 December to 28 December 1777
4. The Valley Forge Camp in the Waning Days of 1777
A. General Orders: 25 December to 31 December 1777
B. "I fancy we may ... Content ourselves in these Wigwams ...": 1 January to 19 March 1778
5. Valley Forge in the First Months of 1778
A. General Orders, 1 January to 19 March 1778
6. "I Expect to be stationed in Jersey sometime ...": 22 March to 1 April 1778
Section B.
7. General Orders of the Army, 20 March to 28 March 1778
8. "The Enemy Giting intelligence of our movement ...": 4 April to 30 May 1778
9. General Orders of the Army, 8 April to 6 May 1778
10. Reinforcements and Alarms: The Actions of Brigadier General William Maxwell and
the Remainder of the Jersey Brigade, May 7 to May 24, 1778
11. The Institution of Nine Month Enlistments from the New Jersey Militia, February to June 1778
12. Procuring Arms and Equipment for the Regiment, March to June 1778
Section C.
13. Clothing the Men in the Spring of 1778
14. The Jersey Brigade is Reunited, May 28 to June 19, 1778
Appendices (partial list)
1. Company Strengths and Dispositions, December 1777 to May 1779
(including tables of casualties, deserters, etc.)
2. Monthly Regimental Strength as Taken from the Muster Rolls, December 1777 to May 1779
3. Listing of Field Officers, Company Officers, and Staff, December 1777 to May 1779
4. Company Organization, December 1777 to May 1779
A. Lineage of Companies, 1777 to 1779
B. Continuity of Company Command Through May 1779
5. Proportion of Men from 2nd N.J. of 1776 Who Reenlisted in 2nd N.J. of 1777
6. A Listing of Non-Commissioned Officers and Privates of the 2nd N.J. of 1778
46
Part II. “`What is this you have been about to day?’: The New Jersey Brigade at the Battle of
Monmouth, 28 June 1778,” narrative and appendices available only on the World Wide Web,
Part III. "’I Expect to hear the Enemy are on the Move ...’: The New Jersey Brigade, July 1778 to
June 1779,” covers the period just after the 1778 Monmouth Campaign to the unit’s departure for
the 1779 expedition led by Major General John Sullivan against the Iroquois (manuscript).

(Published as George Ewing, The Military Journal of George Ewing (1754-1824): A Soldier of Valley
Forge (Yonkers, N.Y.: Privately printed by T. Ewing, 1928))
http://www.scribd.com/doc/153505766/%E2%80%9CReceivd-an-Ensigncy-in-Capt-Hagans-
Company-Third-Jersey-Regt%E2%80%9D-Ensign-George-Ewing%E2%80%99s-Journal-New-
Jersey-Line-11-November-1775-to-21-May-1778-Pu
Preliminary Study of the Proportion of Veterans in the 1781 New Jersey Brigade,
with a Correlating Study of the Five New Jersey Companies Detached to Virginia Under the
Marquis de Lafayette
Contents
1. Overview
2. New Jersey Troop Experience, 1777 Reenlistees, and the Effect of Short-Term Levies
3. Numbers of Veteran Soldiers in the 1781 New Jersey Regiments, and Barber’s Battalion in the South
4. Combined Statistics for: Giles company, 1st New Jersey, and Helms’ Company, 2nd New Jersey,
1 August 1781
5. Statistics for Capt. Giles Mead’s company, 1st New Jersey Regiment, Dobb’s Ferry, 1 August 1781
6. Statistics for Capt. William Helms company, 2nd New Jersey Regiment, northern New Jersey,
1 August 1781
7. Statistics for Five New Jersey companies in Lt. Col. Francis Barber’s Battalion, the Marquis de Lafayette’s
Detachment, Head of Elk. Maryland, 11 April 1781
Appendices
1. Analysis: “Muster Roll of Captain Giles Meads Compy and first Jersey Rigmt. Commanded by Colo
Mathias Ogden Taken for the Months January Feby March Aprill June and July 1781”
2. Analysis: “Muster Roll of Capt. Helms Compy. 2d Regt. Jersey … Comd. by Col. Elias Dayton. For the
Months of Jany. Feby., March, April, May, June & July 1781”
3. Returns of Five New Jersey Companies in Lt. Col. Francis Barber’s Light Battalion, Head of Elk,
Maryland, 11 April 1781
4. Overview: The Use of Short-Term Levies to Fill Continental Regiments, 1777-1782
https://www.academia.edu/43459666/Preliminary_Study_of_the_Proportion_of_Veterans_in_the_1781_New_
Jersey_Brigade_with_a_Correlating_Study_of_the_Five_New_Jersey_Companies_Detached_to_Virginia_Un
der_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette
47
11. Regimental, Battalion, and other Unit Studies
“43 men & 1 wash woman … of his Eccelency General Washington's Guard”: A Bunch of Facts About the
Contents
1. Guard Appellations
2. Guard Numbers and Composition
3. Women with the Guard
4. Guard Commanders and Officers
5. Duties of the Guard
6. Guard Clothing and Accoutrements
7. The Guard in Combat
8. General Washington’s Mounted Escorts
9. General Washington’s Military Household
10. Transportation Needed for General Washington’s
and the Guard’s Baggage
11. Miscellania
12. Recreating the Commander-in-Chief’s Guard Coat
Appendix:
The Biography of Hannah Till
Miscellaneous Information on General Washington’s Wartime
Household: Supervisors and Servants
Select Bibliography
https://www.academia.edu/84111223/_43_men_and_1_wash_woman_of_his_Eccelency_General_Washington
s_Guard_A_Bunch_of_Facts_About_the_Commander_in_Chiefs_Guard
Preliminary Study of the Proportion of Veterans in the 1781 New Jersey Brigade,
with a Correlating Study of the Five New Jersey Companies Detached to Virginia Under the
Marquis de Lafayette
Contents
1. Overview
2. New Jersey Troop Experience, 1777 Reenlistees, and the Effect of Short-Term Levies
3. Numbers of Veteran Soldiers in the 1781 New Jersey Regiments, and Barber’s Battalion in the South
4. Combined Statistics for: Giles company, 1st New Jersey, and Helms’ Company, 2nd New Jersey,
1 August 1781
5. Statistics for Capt. Giles Mead’s company, 1st New Jersey Regiment, Dobb’s Ferry, 1 August 1781
6. Statistics for Capt. William Helms company, 2nd New Jersey Regiment, northern New Jersey,
1 August 1781
7. Statistics for Five New Jersey companies in Lt. Col. Francis Barber’s Battalion, the Marquis de Lafayette’s
Detachment, Head of Elk. Maryland, 11 April 1781
Appendices
1. Analysis: “Muster Roll of Captain Giles Meads Compy and first Jersey Rigmt. Commanded by Colo
Mathias Ogden Taken for the Months January Feby March Aprill June and July 1781”
2. Analysis: “Muster Roll of Capt. Helms Compy. 2d Regt. Jersey … Comd. by Col. Elias Dayton. For the
Months of Jany. Feby., March, April, May, June & July 1781”
3. Returns of Five New Jersey Companies in Lt. Col. Francis Barber’s Light Battalion, Head of Elk,
Maryland, 11 April 1781
4. Overview: The Use of Short-Term Levies to Fill Continental Regiments, 1777-1782
https://www.academia.edu/43459666/Preliminary_Study_of_the_Proportion_of_Veterans_in_the_1781_New_
Jersey_Brigade_with_a_Correlating_Study_of_the_Five_New_Jersey_Companies_Detached_to_Virginia_Un
der_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette
48
Huntington’s and Parson’s Connecticut Brigades:
"`None of you know the hardships of A soldiers life …’: Service of the Connecticut Regiments in
Maj. Gen. Alexander McDougall’s Division, 1777-1778 (2009)
“I am … Packing up my baggage in order to March”: Service on the North River, and
Movement into Pennsylvania, May to September 1777
“God Grant I may Always be Preserv'd …”: The Battle of Germantown and Schuylkill Expedition,
October 1777
“So small A Garrison never attaind Greater achievments …”: Forts Mifflin and Mercer, and Maneuvers
in New Jersey, November 1777
“Nothing to cover us But ye heavens …”: The Whitemarsh Encampment and Early Days at Valley Forge,
December 1777
“This is a very Different Spirit in the Army …”: Wintering Over at Valley Forge and Spring Training,
January to June 1778
“Sixty three bullet holes were made through the colours …”: Summer Campaign and the
Battle of Monmouth, June 1778
“The Troops of the whole line will exercise and manoeuvre …”: The March to New York and the
White Plains Encampment, July to September 1778
“The Enemy are upon the eve of some general and important move.”: The Fredericksburgh Camp and
Shifting Commanders, September to October 1778
“Their countrymen would … conclude the Devil was in them …”: McDougall’s Division Takes
Post in Connecticut, October and November 1778
“Grievances … Justly complained of by your Soldiers …”: The Connecticut Line Winter Camp,
December 1778 to January 1779 http://www.scribd.com/doc/111086856/YZ-List-Connecticut-
Division-1777-79-Narrative-New-Longer and http://www.scribd.com/doc/111086939/YZ-List-
Connecticut-Division-1777-79-Bibliography-New
Lafayette’s Light Troops, 1781 and Wayne’s Pennsylvania Battalions, 1781-1783:

A. “`The Fire of the Light Infantry …cheked the Enemys Progress …’:
Light Battalion Composition and Service”
C. “`The Cloathing you … long ago Sent to the light infantry is not Yet Arrived.‘: Apparel and
Equipment”
https://tinyurl.com/1781-light-battalions
49
Post # 16 Part 2. “Àlmost all old soldiers, and well disciplined …’:
Brigadier General Anthony Wayne’s 1781 Pennsylvania Provisional Battalions”
A. “I fear it is now too late …”: The Pennsylvania Line Mutiny, January 1781
The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXXVII, no. 2 (Summer 2007), 2-19.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/PA-A.pdf
Part 3. B. “Our Regiments are yet but very small …”: Settling with the Troops and
Rebuilding the Line
The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXXVII, no. 4 (Winter 2007), 2-15.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/PA-B.pdf
Part 4. C. “The whole Line … behaved in a most orderly manner.”: Organizing and
Disciplining the Pennsylvania Provisional Battalions for the 1781 Campaign
The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXXVIII, no. 1 (Spring 2008), 2-21.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/PA-C.pdf
Appendices for 1781 Pennsylvania Battalions
1. “À Smart firing commenc’d from from both parties …’: Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne’s
Pennsylvania Battalions in Virginia, June to November 1781”
Contents:
A. “We will be much inferior to the enemy …”: May 31 to July 5 1781
B. “A charge … under a heavy fire of Grape shot …”:
Battle of Green Springs, 6 July 1781
C. “Cornwallis … threatens every Devastation that fire & sword can produce …”:
Marching and Countermarching, 9 July to 25 August
D. “The batteries were opened and fired with great success …”:
September to November 1781
E. “The Cloathing was drawn near twelve month ago …”:
1780-1781 Pennsylvania Clothing, Letters and Returns
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/Virginia.pdf
2. “`The British army marched out and grounded their arms …’: Pennsylvania Lt. William
Feltman’s Diary, 26 May to 5 November 1781”
3. “`Pennsylvania Battalion Troop Returns, 1781-1783’:
(In Camp and on Campaign in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina)”
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/Returns.pdf
(Pennsylvania Battalion series continued)
(Future article) D. “We pick’d a Quarrel with the British …”: With Lafayette in Virginia,
June to December 1781
(Future article) E. “Trivial skirmishes happen daily but nothing worth relating …”:
Operations in South Carolina, January to September 1782
(Future article) F. “Now incorporated into one regiment of six hundred men …”:
Winding Down, October 1782 to November 1783
Lafayette’s Light Division, 1780:

“`Firm built men inur'd to the Field ...’: The Embodied Corps of Light Infantry, 1780”
(manuscript) (Available upon request)
50
2nd New Jersey Regiment:
"’I Expect to be stationed in Jersey sometime...’: An Account of the Services of the Second
New Jersey Regiment”:
Part I. December 1777 to June 1778 (1994, unpublished, copy held in the collections of the David Library
of the American Revolution, Washington Crossing, Pa.), contains seventeen appendices covering
various subjects including studies of the casualties incurred by the New Jersey Brigade (1777-1779), the
uniform clothing of the New Jersey Brigade (1776-1778), the use of the nine-month draft in 1778, and
names of all the officers and enlisted men of the regiment. Also included is a collection of pension
narratives of the common soldiers of the New Jersey Brigade:
Section A.
https://www.scribd.com/document/347859920/I-Expect-to-be-stationed-in-Jersey-sometime-A-Narrative-
History-of-Second-New-Jersey-Regiment-December-1777-to-June-1779-Section-A
1. The March to Winter Quarters: 13 December to 25 December 1777
2. General Orders, 20 December to 25 December 1777
3. Countering the "depredations of the Enemy": 23 December to 28 December 1777
4. The Valley Forge Camp in the Waning Days of 1777
A. General Orders: 25 December to 31 December 1777
B. "I fancy we may ... Content ourselves in these Wigwams ...": 1 January to 19 March 1778
5. Valley Forge in the First Months of 1778
A. General Orders, 1 January to 19 March 1778
6. "I Expect to be stationed in Jersey sometime ...": 22 March to 1 April 1778
Section B.
7. General Orders of the Army, 20 March to 28 March 1778
8. "The Enemy Giting intelligence of our movement ...": 4 April to 30 May 1778
9. General Orders of the Army, 8 April to 6 May 1778
10. Reinforcements and Alarms: The Actions of Brigadier General William Maxwell and
the Remainder of the Jersey Brigade, May 7 to May 24, 1778
11. The Institution of Nine Month Enlistments from the New Jersey Militia, February to June 1778
12. Procuring Arms and Equipment for the Regiment, March to June 1778
Section C.
13. Clothing the Men in the Spring of 1778
14. The Jersey Brigade is Reunited, May 28 to June 19, 1778
Appendices (partial list)
1. Company Strengths and Dispositions, December 1777 to May 1779
(including tables of casualties, deserters, etc.)
2. Monthly Regimental Strength as Taken from the Muster Rolls, December 1777 to May 1779
3. Listing of Field Officers, Company Officers, and Staff, December 1777 to May 1779
4. Company Organization, December 1777 to May 1779
A. Lineage of Companies, 1777 to 1779
B. Continuity of Company Command Through May 1779
5. Proportion of Men from 2nd N.J. of 1776 Who Reenlisted in 2nd N.J. of 1777
6. A Listing of Non-Commissioned Officers and Privates of the 2nd N.J. of 1778
Part II. “`What is this you have been about to day?’: The New Jersey Brigade at the Battle of
Monmouth, 28 June 1778,” narrative and appendices available only on the World Wide Web,
Part III. "’I Expect to hear the Enemy are on the Move ...’: The New Jersey Brigade, July 1778 to
June 1779,” covers the period just after the 1778 Monmouth Campaign to the unit’s departure for
the 1779 expedition led by Major General John Sullivan against the Iroquois (manuscript).
51
1st Pennsylvania Regiment of 1777:
Documentation of the Clothing Worn by the1st Pennsylvania Regiment of 1777
(unpublished, 1991), 15 pages.
Reflections on the Clothing Worn by the Soldiers of the Rifle Company of the 1st
Pennsylvania Regiment of 1777 with Additional Thoughts Concerning Riflemen in the
Continental Army (unpublished, 1994), 43 pages with 1 map and 17 illustrations.
(manuscript)
5th Pennsylvania Battalion of 1776:

“The Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion of 1776” (1987, unpublished, copy held in the collections
of the David Library of the American Revolution, Washington Crossing, Pa., U.S.
Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pa., and Spruance Library, Bucks County Historical
Society, Doylestown, Pa.) Including a 65 page narrative history, 5 page
appendix and 31 page addenda with 12 maps, 6 charts and 2 illustrations. Including
A Brief Itinerary of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment of 1777 (unpublished, 1991):
Formation
Equipment and Clothing
Beginning of Active Service, June 1776
Action on Long Island, 27 to 30 August 1776
The American Evacuation of New York, 30 August to 16 September 1776
Council of War and Condition of the Army
Service on the Lines, 13 September to 8 October 1776
The British Move: Prelude to Fort Washington, 9 October to 4 November 1776
The Fall of Fort Washington, 18 October to 16 November 1776
Prisoners of War, 16 to 19 November 1776
Parole and Release of the Prisoners, 20 November 1776 to 2 June 1777
Appendices
Chronology of the 5th Pennsylvania Battalion
Brief History of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment of 1777
Miscellaneous Information
Names and Service of 5th Pennsylvania Battalion Officers
Battalion Strength Returns, 28 May to 15 November 1776
Bibliography for Narrative
List of Muster Rolls and Sources for Same
Alphabetical Listing of Known Personnel
Material from Nathaniel Vansandt Papers
Letters to and from Thomas Mifflin and William Heath
List of 5th Pennsylvania Battalion Soldiers Likely Reenlisted in 6th Regiment of 1777
https://www.scribd.com/doc/290762089/5th-Penna-Battalion-1776-Two
or
https://www.academia.edu/18735173/_The_Fifth_Pennsylvania_Battalion_of_1776_
6th Pennsylvania Regiment, 1777

1. "Revolutionary Services of Captain John Markland"
2. "Brief History of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment of 1777"
3. "Return of Clothing delivered to NCO’s and Privates of Capt. Jacob Bower’s Company, 6th
Pennsylvania Regt. in 1777 " (Transcribed by John U. Rees)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/259067396/6th-Pennsylvania-Regiment-1777-to-1783-Revolutionary-Services-of-
Captain-John-Markland?secret_password=7eVCzzepODSEDDfBo5gD
52
Continental Army and Militia Riflemen
Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 9

Virginia Rifleman (John U. Rees)
Artist: Richard St George Mansergh St George, 52d Regiment of Foot, 1777
Year: 1777
Collection: Harlan Crow Library, Dallas, Texas (purchased from the estate of Arthur E. Bye,
Bucks County, Pennsylvania)
Contents
1. Background
2. Virginia Rifleman, 1777
3. “Chosen Men Selected from the Army at large …”: Rifle-Armed
Companies, Battalions, and Regiments, 1775-1779.
Appendices
A. “A Quantity of Tow Cloth, for the Purpose of making of Indian or Hunting
Shirts …”: Proper Terminology: Hunting shirt, Rifle Shirt, Rifle Frock …
B. Letter by Jesse Lukens, describing Pennsylvania riflemen and service at the siege of Boston, 1775.
C. Capt. William Dansey, 33d Regiment, describes two encounters with rifle troops.
D. Morgan’s Rifle Corps: Selected Documents Not Included in the Narrative
E. “We returned them a very brisk fire …”: A Rifleman’s View of Two Campaigns
F. “He was in that noted Battel in the Bukwheat field with Morgan …”
Riflemen’s Pension Service Narratives, 1775-1779
G. The Rebels (Sung to the tune, Black Joak), originally published in the Pennsylvania Ledger, 1778
https://www.scribd.com/doc/245356391/Brother-Jonathan-s-Images-No-9-St-George-s-Virginia-
Rifleman-Artist-Richard-St-George-Mansergh-St-George-52d-Regiment-of-Foot-1777-Collection
or https://tinyurl.com/Va-Rifleman

Verger’s Rifleman (John U. Rees)
Artist: Jean-Baptiste-Antoine de Verger, Sublieutenant, Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment.
Year: 1781
Collection: Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University.
Contents
1. Background
3. “Joined Gen’l. [Daniel] Morgan … about 36 hours … before the Battle at the
Cowpens”: Riflemen in the Carolina Campaigns, 1780-1781 (sources)
4. “My riflemen, their faces smeared with charcoal, make the woods resound
with their yells …”: The Marquis de Lafayette’s 1781 Summer Virginia Campaign
5. “The American riflemen insulted the outposts, whilst a body of continentals
advanced …”: British Accounts of the Green Spring Action
6. “My brave boys give them one more fire …”: Riflemen Pension Narratives, 1781 Virginia Campaign
https://www.scribd.com/doc/293382911/Brother-Jonathan-s-Images-No-10-Verger-s-Virginia-
Rifleman-1781
53
12. Miscellaneous Military Material Culture
"I would like to forget this Christmas Day ": A Soldier's Holiday?
https://www.academia.edu/65498494/_I_would_like_to_forget_this_Christmas_Day_A_Soldiers_Holid
ay (Published in the online Journal of the American Revolution, December 23 2021,
https://allthingsliberty.com/2021/12/christmas-day-a-soldiers-holiday/ )
“Short skirted, according to the dress of our soldiery.”: An Overview of Continental Army
Early-War Regimental Coat Design, and Comparison with Late-War Attributes
Part 1.
Contents
1. “Very difficient in necessary Clothing …”: New England, 1775.
2. “Made in the fashion of the Continental Army”: The von Germann Drawings and Regimental Coats, 1777-
1778.
3. Conclusion: Synopsis of Early-War Coat Attributes
https://www.academia.edu/53289370/Part_1_1775_1778_Short_skirted_according_to_the_dress_of
_our_soldiery_Continental_Army_Early_War_Regimental_Coat_Design_and_Comparison_with_
Late_War_and_Post_War_Attributes
or https://tinyurl.com/Part-1-short-skirted
“Short skirted, according to the dress of our soldiery.”: An Overview of Continental Army
Early-War Regimental Coat Design, and Comparison with Late-War Attributes
Part 2.
Contents
1. “The lapells … to button over & the coats not sloped away …”: Continental Army Coat Construction
Revisions, 1778-1781.
2. Conclusion: Early-War versus Late-War Coat Attributes
3. “Warm & comfortable during the winter.”: Post-War American Regimental Coats, circa 1785 and 1799
4. Further Reading
Resource File: Examples of Continental Army Camp Equipage and Vehicle Returns, 1775-1781 (John U.
Rees) http://www.scribd.com/doc/223095304/Resource-File-Examples-of-Continental-Army-Camp-
Equipage-and-Vehicle-Returns-1776-1781-John-U-Rees
Contents
1. Clothing and Equipment Lost at Bunker Hill, 17 June 1775 (including a discussion of “snapsacks”)
2. Cooking and Other Equipment in Brig. Gen. John Sullivan’s Brigade, 24 March 1776
3. Main Army: Return of Arms and Accoutrements issued from 1 April to 1 August 1777
4. Return of Camp Equipage Delivered to the Army during the 1777 Campaign
5. Partial List of Stores Captured on the British Ship Symmetry, Wilmington, Delaware, January 1778
6. Camp Equipage in the 1st Pennsylvania Brigade, Valley Forge, 3 June 1778
7. "A Return of Quarter-Master-General's Stores in The Brigades at West Point & Constitution Island," 1 August
1779: North Carolina, 4th Massachusetts, and Paterson’s (Massachusetts) Brigades
8. "A Return of Quarter-Master-General's Stores in the Second Pennsylvania Brigade ... at Camp West Point," 4
August 1779
9. Return of Quartermaster’s Stores for Maj. Gen. John Sullivan’s Army, Tioga, 21 August 1779.
10. Return of Clothing and Camp Equipment in Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair’s Pennsylvania Division in the Hudson
Highlands, 1 October 1779.
54
11. Return of Quartermaster’s Stores in the 1st Connecticut Brigade (Including Brigadier General and Staff),
Hudson Highlands, 25 May 1781
12. "Return of Waggons, Horses … &c the property of the United States Army – Camp Tappan – 27th September
1780"
13. "Return of all Public Property in the Quarter Masters Department with the Southern Army"
14. Two Returns of Horse and Wagons with the Pennsylvania Line in Virginia, 12 June and 27 November 1781
Appendices.
1. Overview of Wheeled Transportation.
2. Material Culture Articles Related to Items on the Equipment Returns
Addenda
Additional images:
Musket tools
Rose blanket (Robert G. Stone)
Staved mess bowls
“New Model” cartridge pouch
Additional equipment returns:
New Jersey Brigade, 1780
2d Massachusetts Brigade, 1781
3d Massachusetts Brigade, 1781
2d New York Regiment, 1780 and 1782
2d New Jersey Regiment, May and December 1782
Lincoln’s Company, 7th Massachusetts Regiment, 1782
"A Return of Military Stores wanting for Six compleat Regiments of Va Troops to enable them to perform their
Duty in the Field"
“’Cost of a Knapsack complete …’: Notes on Continental Army Packs and the Soldiers’ Burden”
Part 1. “This Napsack I carryd through the war of the Revolution”
Knapsacks Used by the Soldiers during the War for American Independence
a. Overview
b. Knapsacks and Tumplines, Massachusetts, 1775
c. The Uhl Knapsack
d. Leather and Hair Packs, and Ezra Tilden’s Narrative
e. The Rufus Lincoln and Elisha Gross Hair Knapsacks
f. The “new Invented Napsack and haversack,” 1776
g. The Benjamin Warner Linen Pack
h. British Linen Knapsacks
Appendices
a. Carrying Blankets in or on Knapsacks.
b. “Like a Pedlar's Pack.”: Blanket Rolls and Slings
c. More Extant Artifacts with Revolutionary War Provenance or with a Design Similar to Knapsacks
Used During the War
d. Extant Knapsacks Discounted as having Revolutionary War Provenance
https://www.academia.edu/83835889/_This_Napsack_I_carryd_through_the_war_of_the_Revolution_Knapsa
cks_Used_by_the_Soldiers_during_the_War_for_American_Independence or
http://www.scribd.com/doc/210794759/%E2%80%9C-This-Napsack-I-carryd-through-the-war-of-
the-Revolution-Knapsacks-Used-by-the-Soldiers-during-the-War-for-American-Independence-
Part-1-of-%E2%80%9C-Cos
(Projected addition to knapsack series.)
Part 2. “I have a Number of Women employ’d in making Knapsacks …”
Miscellaneous General Orders and Notes on Knapsack Manufacture and Supply
OSEN
“The ‘new Invented Napsack and haversack,’ 1776.”
https://www.academia.edu/21701404/New_Invented_Knapsack_and_Haversack_1776
55
“`Square knapsacks are most convenient …’: A Hypothesis Regarding British and American Knapsack
Evolution, 1775-1783”
Contents
1. British Knapsack Timeline, 1758-1794
2. Discussion of British Knapsack Evolution, Single-Pouch and Double-Pouch Packs, and Carrying Blankets
3. Notes Regarding the Use of Over-the-Shoulder Blanket Rolls
4. Follow-Up: “Like a Pedlar's Pack.”: Blanket Rolls and Slings
5. Articles on Knapsacks and What Soldiers Carried in Them
https://www.academia.edu/35677994/_Square_knapsacks_are_most_convenient_A_Hypothesis_Re
garding_British_Knapsack_Evolution or
Blankets, vol. 1, 77-78 (250 words);

Cartridge boxes, pouches, canisters, vol. 1, 173-174 (250 words);
Knapsacks and the soldiers’ burden, vol. 1, 591 (300 words);
Entries in, Mark M. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military
History, Harold E. Selesky, ed. (2nd Edition, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006)
“`Taking to the field only what is essential for decency and comfort …’: Officers’ Food, Mess,
and Campaign Equipage during the American War, 1775-1783”
Part 1. “’With my pack and large blanket at my back …’: British and American Officers’
Equipage and Campaign Gear’
Contents
1. “Things necessary for a Gentleman to be furnished with …”
Officers’ Kit for Regimental Service
a. British Officers’ Belongings
b. Continental Army Officers’ Kit.
c. Cooking and Eating Utensils.
2. "The officers must be satisfied walking …”: Allotment of Horses
3. Officers and Knapsacks: A Compendium of Accounts and Images
a. 1762, British Grenadiers
b. 1771, 7th Regiment
c. Undated, Brigade of Guards
d. August 1776, Gen. Sir William Howe’s troops
e. 1776, Brigade of Guards
f. 1777, 40th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings
g. 1777, 49th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings
h. 1778, Guards Battalion
4. Other Resources (Online Articles)
Appendix A.
Officers and Knapsacks: A Compendium of Accounts and Images
a. Knapsack: Rufus Lincoln, Massachusetts militia and 14th Massachusetts
b. 1775, British, 43d Regiment, officer’s knapsack
c. 1776, 17th Regiment, Officer’s Rolled Blanket (“Pedlar's Pack “) and
Personal Belongings
d. 1776, Continental, 22d Continental Regiment, knapsack and belongings
e. 1777, Massachusetts Militia officer carrying a knapsack
f. 1777, British, 42d Regiment, portmanteau, no knapsack
g. 1777, British 49th Regiment, officers’ blanket slings
h. 1777, Continental Officers’ Knapsack Contents Described by a German Officer
i. 1777, British Officers, Saratoga Campaign, Knapsacks and Packhorses
j. 1779, British, 43d Regiment, officer’s marquee and possibly officer’s knapsack
k. 1781, British, Cornwallis’s Southern Army, officers and knapsacks
l. 1782, Continental, 2d Maryland Regiment, lieutenant colonel wearing a knapsack.
56
m. 1782, Continental Army, New Jersey Regiments, officers issued canteens
but not knapsacks
Appendix B.
Miscellaneous Narratives on Officers’ Belongings and Campaign Living
a. 1776, British, Suggested Officers’ Campaign Equipage
b. 1776, British, 5th Regiment, campaign camp and food
c. 1776, Continental, 3d Virginia officer’s chest
d. 1776, Continental, Gen. Thomas Mifflin’s blanket coat and Colonel Lippitt’s andirons
e. 1776/1777, Militia, 1st Battalion Philadelphia Associators, Deceased Officer’s Belongings
f. 1776/1777, British, 33d Regiment, Officer’s Necessaries
g. 1777, British, 40th Regiment, Reduction of Officers’ Baggage
h. 1777, British, 24th Regiment and 24th Regiment, Saratoga Campaign
i. 1777, British, 46th Regiment, Officer’s Field Equipage
j. 1777, Continental, 7th Pennsylvania Regiment, Officer’s Belongings
k. 1777-1778, Continental, Rev. Enos Hitchcock’s personal belongings
l. 1777 and 1782, British and Continental, a bed made of chairs or stools (In honor of Joshua Mason)
m. 1778, Continental Officers and Horse Canteens
n. 1778, British, 42d Regiment, campaign living
o. 1780, German, Jaeger Camp Description
p. 1781, Continental Maryland Regiments, Officers’ Portmanteaus
q. 1781, French Officer’s Remarks on Continental Officers’ Life Style
r. 1781, Continental, 3d Maryland Regiment, Officer’s Greatcoat and wearing red coats
https://www.scribd.com/document/338154147/With-my-pack-and-large-blanket-at-my-back-
British-and-American-Officers-Equipage-and-Campaign-Gear or https://tinyurl.com/officers-gear
Part 2. "’A better repast …’: Continental Army Field and Company Officers’ Fare”
Contents
Series Titles
List of Images
Overview.
The Variety of Officers’ Foods.
Officer Mess Groups.
Alcohol.
Foreign Places and Unfamiliar Foods.
Afterward: The Army Ration and Cooking Methods.
Appendices
1. Officers’ Mess Groups, Miscellaneous
a Mess Rules for Officers of the Royal Artillery on the Voyage to Canada, 1776.
b. Food, drink and utensils of an officers' mess, Continental Army, 1778.
c. “’Make use of Pack-Horses as far as may be practicable ...’: Baggage Carried on Horseback
during the American War, 1776 to 1781”
2. British and Continental Army Ration Allotments, 1754-1783.
French and Indian War Rations, 1754-1763
Continental Army Rations, 1775-1783
Continental Army rations (summary).
British Army rations (summary).
3. A New Jersey Officer Describes the Arrival of Rations at a Frontier Fort, 1779
4. Revolutionary Soldiers and Chocolate
5. Soldiers Pay and Economic Inflation
(Including Molly Gutridge, "A New Touch on the Times. Well adapted to the distressing situation of every Sea-
port Town. By a Daughter of Liberty, living in Marblehead,” 1779)
6. State Issue of Special Rations, 1779 and 1780
57
7. Officers’ Pack Horses
a. Officer’s pack horse and horse canteens mentioned in the “Court Martial of Cosmo Gordon of the
3d Regiment of Foot Guards for neglect of duty near Springfield, New Jersey, June 1780”
b. British Army, Saratoga Campaign
8. A Massachusetts Officer’s Fare in 1777; at Fort Ticonderoga, during the Retreat to Hubbardton, and
Afterwards (April 23 to July 11 1777)
9. British Officers’ Accounts of Food and Lodging, 1775 to 1778
10. Officers’ Cooking and Eating Utensils
11. Officers’ Celebratory Toasting
12. List of Related Articles
https://www.academia.edu/44870185/_A_better_repast_Continental_Army_Field_and_Company_Officers_F
are
Part 3. “’The repast was in the English fashion’: Revolutionary General Officers’
Culinary Equipage in Camp and on Campaign” (work in progress)
1. “Plates, once tin but now Iron …”: General Washington’s Mess Equipment
2. “40 Dozens Lemons, in a Box”: British Generals’ Provisions and Mess Equipage
3. “My poor cook is almost always sick …”: General Riedesel Goes to America
4. “A Major General & family”: Nathanael Greene’s Food Ware
"’The load a soldier generally carries during a campaign …”’: The British Soldier's Burden in the
American War for Independence”
Contents
1. Overview
2. “Complement of necessaries, etc., for the soldier.”
Personal Equipage as Stipulated in Military Treatises
3. "An enormous bulk, weighing about sixty pounds"
British Troops’ Necessaries in Garrison and on Campaign
a. 1762, British Grenadiers
b. 1771, 7th Regiment
c. Undated, Brigade of Guards
d. August 1776, Gen. Sir William Howe’s troops
e. 1776, Brigade of Guards
f. 1777, 40th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings
g. 1777, 49th Regiment, Personal Effects and Blanket Slings
h. 1778, Guards Battalion
i. 1779, 17th Regiment
j. 1780-1781, Cornwallis’s Army
4. British Camp Kettles, 1776-1782
5. “A habersack for Each Soldier"
Ways and Means of Carrying Food, and the Burden of Rations
6 "Four Days' flour to be Issued to the Troops": The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783
7. "The men having no other way ..."
Shortages of Equipment for Food Carriage and Cooking
8. "Very Dirty and muddy."
Carrying Beverages and Difficulties in Finding Drinkable Water
9. Other Resources (Online Articles)
https://www.scribd.com/document/335479170/The-load-a-soldier-generally-carries-during-a-
campaign-The-British-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence
58
"An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack.”: The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American
War for Independence
https://www.scribd.com/document/340889214/An-Account-of-some-things-I-carried-in-my-Pack-The-
Continental-Soldier-s-Burden-in-the-American-War-for-Independence
Contents
1. Overview: “Our almost incessant marching – marching almost day & night.”
2. “Complement of necessaries, etc., for the soldier.”
Personal Equipage as Stipulated in British Treatises
3. “The load a soldier generally carries during a campaign …”
What British Troops Actually Carried, 1755-1783
4. “Only such articles as are necessary and useful …”: Lightening the Soldiers’ Load
5. “Spare cloathing and necessaries ..."
Personal and Other Items Carried by Continental and Militia Soldiers
a. Ezra Tilden, 1775 to 1779
b. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment
(including discussion of “snapsack[s]”)
c. An "Estimate of the Expences of raising a foot soldier … 1776, in Colo. Smallwood's
battalion & ye 7 independent Companies …”
d. An inventory of the possessions of the late Samuel Lamson of Colonel Fisher
Gay's Connecticut Regiment, 1776.
e. Sergeant Major John Hawkins, 2nd Canadian Regiment, September 1777
f. Inventory of a Deceased Rhode Island Soldier’s Belongings, October 1777
g. References to Soldiers’ Belongings and Knapsacks in Regulations for the Order and
Discipline of the Troops of the United States. 1779
h. "Plan for the Cloathing of the [light] Infantry,"circa 1779
i. Massachusetts Soldier: Sgt. Andrew Kettell’s Journal, May 1780-March 1781
j. Soldier-Tailor: “Inventory of the Effects of Frederick Oblieskie,” West Point,
September 1780
6. "All the tin Camp-kettles they can procure ...": Cooking Gear and other
Food-Related Items
a. Light-Weight Military Kettles, and Cast-Iron Cooking Gear, 1775-1782.
b. Continental Army and States' Militia, 1775-1780.
c. American Sheet-Iron Kettles, 1781-1782.
d. Iron Pots and Pans.
e. Makeshift Cookware.
d. Eating Utensils.
7. The Ways Soldiers Carried Food.
8. The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783.
9. Carrying Drink and Procuring Water.
10. Equipment Shortages
Appendix A.
“I hired some of my pack carried about a dozen miles …”:
Excerpts from Ezra Tilden’s diary, 1776-1777
Appendix B.
Soldiers had what and how many?
List of Related Articles by the Author
IMAGES, PART ONE
Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings, Shoes and
Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment.
https://tinyurl.com/Images-Part-One
IMAGES, PART TWO
Plates, Bowls, Eating Utensils, Clasp Knives, Pillow Cases, Blankets, Rugs, Coverlets, Slipcase Pocket Books,
common Pocket Books, Linen Wallets, Mittens, Cups, Pipes, Tobacco and Snuff Boxes, and Writing
Implements.
https://tinyurl.com/Image-Part-Two
59
Two image collections created to accompany the above article on Continental soldiers' belongings
carried on campaign:
IMAGES, PART ONE
Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings,
Shoes and Buckles, Watches, Sewing Gear (including Housewives), and Fire Making Equipment.
https://www.academia.edu/35932946/IMAGES_PART_ONE_Wool_and_Linen_Caps_Combs_Raz
ors_Neckwear_Shirts_Drawers_Breeches_Overalls_Stockings_Shoes_and_Buckles_Watches_Sewin
g_Gear_including_Housewives_and_Fire_Making_Equipment or
https://www.scribd.com/document/125413179/IMAGES-PART-ONE-Wool-and-Linen-Caps-
Combs-Razors-Neckwear-Shirts-Drawers-Breeches-Overalls-Stockings-Shoes-and-Buckles-
Watches-Sewing-Gea
or https://tinyurl.com/Images-Part-One
Contents
1. Contents of Main Monograph
2. 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center
3. Items Carried by Ezra Tilden During Military Service, 1776, 1777, 1779, and 1780
4. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment
5. Images Included in the Narrative of
"An Account of some things I carried … in my Pack.”
The Continental Soldier's Burden in the American War for Independence
6. Additional images and examples of personal items soldiers carried.
Part 1: Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings,
7. Related Articles by the Author
Representative Images of Whig Soldiers’ Belongings
Companion Resource for
IMAGES, PART TWO

Plates, Bowls, Eating Utensils, Clasp Knives, Pillow Cases, Blankets, Rugs, Coverlets,
Slipcase Pocket Books, common Pocket Books, Linen Wallets, Mittens, Cups, Pipes,
Tobacco and Snuff Boxes, and Writing Implements.
https://www.academia.edu/35932877/IMAGES_PART_TWO_Plates_Bowls_Eating_Utensi
ls_Clasp_Knives_Pillow_Cases_Blankets_Rugs_Coverlets_Slipcase_Pocket_Books_commo
n_Pocket_Books_Linen_Wallets_Mittens_Cups_Pipes_Tobacco_and_Snuff_Boxes_and_W
riting_Implements or
https://www.scribd.com/document/125413552/IMAGES-PART-TWO-Plates-Bowls-Eating-
Utensils-Clasp-Knives-Pillow-Cases-Blankets-Rugs-Coverlets-Slipcase-Pocket-Books-
common-Pocket-Books-L
or https://tinyurl.com/Image-Part-Two
Contents
1. Contents of Primary Monograph
2. 18th Century Material Culture Resource Center
3. Items Carried by Ezra Tilden During Military Service, 1776, 1777, 1779, and 1780
4. Equipment Lost on 17 June 1775 in Col. James Reid’s New Hampshire Regiment
5. Additional images and examples of personal items soldiers carried.
Part 1: Wool and Linen Caps, Combs, Razors, Neckwear, Shirts, Drawers, Breeches, Overalls, Stockings,
60
6. Related Articles by the Author
Representative Images of Whig Soldiers’ Belongings
Companion Resource for
“`That damned blue Regiment …’: Continental Army Clothing during the Monmouth
Campaign,” Appendix M of, "’What is this you have been about to day?’: The New Jersey
Brigade at the Battle of Monmouth,”
"`The great distress of the Army for want of Blankets ...': Supply Shortages, Suffering
Soldiers, and a Secret Mission During the Hard Winter of 1780":
1. "Our condition for want of ... Blankets is quite painful ..."
Shortages in the Continental Army, 1776-1779
2. "Without even a shadow of a blanket ..."
Desperate Measures to Procure Covering for the Army, 1780
Addendum.
“To Colonel Morgan, for the use of the Light Infantry, twenty four Dutch Blankets & four pair of rose
Blankets.”: Examples of Bed Coverings Issued to Continental Troops
Endnote Extras.
Note
20. Clothing New Jersey's Soldiers, Winter 1779-1780
38. The Effect of Weather on the Squan Mission
Location of Squan Beach
43. Captain Bowman's Soldiers
46. Bowman's 2d New Jersey Light Company at the Battle of Connecticut Farms
https://www.scribd.com/doc/274667902/The-great-distress-of-the-Army-for-want-of-Blankets-
Supply-Shortages-Suffering-Soldiers-and-a-Secret-Mission-During-the-Hard-Winter-of-1780
"`White Wollen,' 'Striped Indian Blankets,' 'Rugs and Coverlids': The Variety of
Continental Army Blankets," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXVI, no. 4 (Winter 2000), 11-14.
http://www.revwar75.com/library/rees/variety.htm
“To Colonel Morgan, for the use of the Light Infantry, twenty four Dutch Blankets & four
pair of rose Blankets.”: Examples of Bed Coverings Issued to Continental Troops
https://www.scribd.com/doc/273957204/To-Colonel-Morgan-for-the-use-of-the-Light-
Infantry-twenty-four-Dutch-Blankets-four-pair-of-rose-Blankets-Examples-of-Bed-
Coverings-Issued-to?secret_password=xY0eynb69XnvEPEOnKFY
“Images and Descriptions of Wool Blankets and Wool, Wool/Linen Coverlets in the American
Textile History Museum, Lowell, Massachusetts (The Chace Catalogue)”
https://www.scribd.com/doc/273789670/Images-and-Descriptions-of-Wool-Blankets-and-
Wool-Wool-Linen-Coverlets?secret_password=9AeF0J9Ae2vyuCCoKqRC
61
“A Quantity of Tow Cloth, for the Purpose of making of Indian or Hunting Shirts …”:
Proper Terminology: Hunting shirt, Rifle Shirt, Rifle Frock … ?
http://www.scribd.com/doc/241410261/A-Quantity-of-Tow-Cloth-for-the-Purpose-of-
making-of-Indian-or-Hunting-Shirts-Proper-Terminology-Hunting-shirt-Rifle-Shirt-
Rifle-Frock?secret_password=B5Ass1zGmYgykkILpBjz
“Continental Soldiers' Milled Wool Caps, 1778," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXX, no. 2
(Summer 2000), 16-17.
My first published article:

"On the Use of Tin Cartridge Boxes in the Continental Army," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXI,
no. 1 (Spring 1989), 8-9; Military Collector & Historian, vol. XLII, no. 4 (Winter 1990),
150-51. Illustration by Ross Hamel.
“’To hold thirty-six cartridges of powder and ball …’: Continental Army Tin and Sheet-Iron
Canisters, 1775-1780”
Also including:
1. “They will … scarcely last one Campaign.” The Problem of Poorly-Made Continental Army
Cartridge Pouches and Introduction of the New Model Box
2. “The tin magazines … preserve the ammunition from wet … better than any other.”
Miscellania Concerning Crown Forces and Tin Canisters.
3. Alternative Names for Tin/Iron Cartridge Boxes
4. “Carried by Moses Currier in the Rev. War.”: Descriptions of Extant Canisters
http://www.scribd.com/doc/145591110/%E2%80%9C-To-hold-thirty-six-cartridges-of-powder-
and-ball-%E2%80%A6-Continental-Army-Tin-and-Sheet-Iron-Canisters-1775-1780
or https://tinyurl.com/tin-canisters
"He Come Out with us this time As a Volunteer ...":

Soldiers Serving without Pay in the Continental and British Armies, including Aaron Burr,
Matthias Ogden, Eleazer Oswald, and Richard St. George Mansergh St George
(Based Around a Case Study of the Second New Jersey Regiment, 1777-1780)
Contents
1. “James Paul a Volunteer & wounded at sho[r]t hills was promised … Commis[sio]n.”
Second New Jersey Regiment Volunteers, 1777-1780
2. “Major Ogden who came out with me a volunteer …”
Volunteer Officers’ Fortunes under Generals Montgomery and Arnold, 1775 and After.
3. “A fine, high-spirited, gentleman-like young man, but uncommonly passionate.”
British Volunteers and the Vicissitudes of War, 1775-1783
Appendices
A. British Officers who began as Volunteers during their Service in the American War
B. Related Books and Articles
https://www.scribd.com/document/125413869/He-Come-Out-with-us-this-time-As-a-Volunteer-
Soldiers-Serving-without-Pay-in-the-Continental-and-British-Armies
or
https://www.academia.edu/36750594/_He_Come_Out_with_us_this_time_As_a_Volunteer_..._Soldi
ers_Serving_without_Pay_in_the_Continental_and_British_Armies_
62
"’The taylors of the regiment’: Insights on Soldiers Making and Mending Clothing, and
Continental Army Clothing Supply, 1776 to 1783”
1. “Have the Clothes made up … employing the Soldiers in that Business …”: Regimental Tailors, 1777–1778
2. “The coats were good enough for soldiers without lining …”: New Jersey and Pennsylvania Tailors, 1779–
1780
3. “Four Chests wth Taylors Tools”: Massachusetts Soldier–Tailors, 1780–1782
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 63, no. 4 (Winter 2011), 254-265.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/131742393/The-taylors-of-the-regiment-Insights-on-Soldiers-Making-
and-Mending-Clothing-and-Continental-Army-Clothing-Supply-1778-to-1783
“When the whole are completely formed, they may ground their arms …”: Grounding versus
Stacking Arms in the Continental Army (With Notes on British and German Practices)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/292407335/When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-
ground-their-arms-When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-ground-their-arms-
Groundin
Examination of Order Books in the Museum of the American Revolution (MoAR) Collection
(Several formerly held by the Valley Forge Historical Society.)
Evaluation of content to determine unit identities for seven Continental Army order books in the
collections of the Museum of the American Revolution, Philadelphia, Pa.
https://www.academia.edu/35923409/Examination_of_Order_Books_in_the_American_Revolution
_Center_Collection_Several_formerly_held_by_the_Valley_Forge_Historical_Society._
"The Care and Cleaning of Firelocks in the 18th Century: A Discussion of Period Methods
and Their Present Day Applications," published in The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXII, no. 2
(Summer 1991), 2-11, and Muzzleloader, vol. XXI, no. 4, (September/October 1994),
62-66.
Contents
1. Errata for "The Care and Cleaning of Firelocks in the 18th Century: A Discussion of Period Methods and
Their Present Day Applications."
2. Sweet oil
3. Brick Dust
4. Tying Tow to a Ramrod
5. Metalwork: Brown or Shiny?
6. Excerpts from Four Manuals
7. Soldiers’ Access to Musket Tools
8. More on Bell Tents
9. Scans of complete article, "The Care and Cleaning of Firelocks in the 18th Century …,” : A Discussion of
Period Methods and Their Present Day Applications," Muzzleloader, vol. XXI, no. 4, (September/October
1994), 62-66.
10. Scans of endnotes from "The Care and Cleaning of Firelocks in the 18th Century …,” The Brigade
Dispatch, vol. XXII, no. 2 (Summer 1991)
11. Scans of article, Richard Claydon, Crown Forces (Summer 1973). Research on the use and construction of
cloth muzzle stoppers, based upon an original.
12 “When the whole are completely formed, they may ground their arms …”: Grounding versus Stacking
Arms in the Continental Army (With Notes on British and German Practices)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/292985859/The-Care-and-Cleaning-of-Firelocks-in-the-18th-
Century-A-Discussion-of-Period-Methods-and-Their-Present-Day-Applications
"`That the Soldiers may Know... Respect': Military Courtesies Shown to Officers by Enlisted
Men in the Continental Army," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXIII, no. 3 (Summer 1992),
11-13, 19.
63
"Shoulder Arms of the Officers of the Continental Army (With some mention of bayonets and
the lack thereof)," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXIII, no. 1 (Winter 1992), 12-14.
https://tinyurl.com/officers-arms
"Firelocks in the Continental Army: Their Supply, Care and Condition," The Continental
Soldier, two parts: vol. 4, no. 1 (Winter, 1991), 19-26; vol. 4, no. 2 (Spring 1992), 20-25.
“’A very smart cannonading ensued from both sides.’: Continental Artillery at Monmouth Courthouse, 28
June 1778”
Appendices
“’A quantity of public leather … made up into shoes and accoutrements …’: Soldiers, Prisoners, and
Deserters at the Continental Manufactory in Philadelphia” (Including the role of artificer companies and
regiments.)
Contents
1. “The Soals were worth nothing and would not last …”: Continental Army Shoe Manufacturing and Supply
2. “A shoemaker by trade …”: Leather Workers in the Public Factory at Philadelphia
Addendum
“They will … scarcely last one Campaign.”: The Problem of Poorly-Made Continental Army Cartridge Pouches
and Introduction of the New Model Box
https://www.academia.edu/36377821/_A_quantity_of_public_leather_made_up_into_shoes_and_accoutrements_
Soldiers_Prisoners_and_Deserters_at_the_Continental_Manufactory_in_Philadelphia_Including_the_role_of_ar
tificer_companies_and_regiments_ or
https://www.scribd.com/doc/306876120/A-quantity-of-public-leather-made-up-into-shoes-and-
accoutrements-Soldiers-Prisoners-and-Deserters-at-the-Continental-Manufactory-in-Philadel or
https://www.academia.edu/36377821/_A_quantity_of_public_leather_made_up_into_shoes_and_ac
coutrements_Soldiers_Prisoners_and_Deserters_at_the_Continental_Manufactory_in_Philadelphia
_Including_the_role_of_artificer_companies_and_regiments_
or https://tinyurl.com/Leather-and-artificers
“When the whole are completely formed, they may ground their arms …”: Grounding versus
Stacking Arms in the Continental Army (With Notes on British and German Practices)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/292407335/When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-
ground-their-arms-When-the-whole-are-completely-formed-they-may-ground-their-
arms-Groundin
64
“I Extracted 4 balls by cutting in the oposite side from where they went in …”: Miscellaneous Accounts of
Continental Army Surgeons, Surgeon’s Mates, and Soldiers’ Sickness and Wounds
Contents
1. Return of Surgeon’s Equipment
2. Clothing for Dr. Lewis Howell, 2d New Jersey Regiment, 1778
3. “The sufferings of the wounded were extreme …”: Accounts of Wounded and Dead Soldiers, During and
After a Battle, Saratoga Campaign, Northern New York, 1777
4. Diary of Albigence Waldo, Surgeon, 1st Connecticut Regiment, 1777-1778
5. “I dressd 17 or 18 Men. Wounded in different Parts …”: Jonathan Todd’s 1777 Accounts of Peekskill Garrison
Life and Advancing with the Attack at Germantown
6. “Tearing away clothing, skin, ligaments, and muscles, to its extremity …”:
Volunteer Surgeon William Read during and after the Battle of Monmouth, June and July 1778
7. “I am in hopes With the Assistance of god that I Shall git wel again”: New Jersey Private Henry Johnson is
Wounded at the Battle of Connecticut Farms, 7 June 1780
8. “I Lay sick all night on the Ground": Massachusetts Sergeant Andrew Kettell’s Illness on Campaign,
June/July 1780
9. “A cannonball having passed through both his thighs …”: Surgeon James Thacher at the Battle of
Springfield, June 1780
10. “I assisted in amputating a man s thigh.”: A Surgeon’s Experiences during the Siege of Yorktown, 1781
11. “Their wounded … were no more fortunate than ours.”: Hospital Conditions in and near at
Williamsburg, Virginia, after the Yorktown Siege, 1781
12. “Litters were exceedingly wanted for the wounded Men.”: Carrying Wounded from the Battlefield, 1759 to
1781
13. “Our Army Consists of about six thousand one third or more sick mostly of the small pox ...”
Continental Soldiers’ Observations and Experience of Smallpox, 1776 and 1781-82.
14. Surgeons’ Diaries, War for American Independence
https://www.scribd.com/document/361685398/I-Extracted-4-balls-by-cutting-in-the-oposite-side-
from-where-they-went-in-Miscellaneous-Accounts-of-Continental-Army-Surgeons-and-Surgeon-s-
Mates or https://tinyurl.com/Extracted-by-cutting
“A Primer on Continental Regiments State by State, and How Their Contingents Changed, 1775-1783”
https://www.academia.edu/43278892/A_Primer_on_Continental_Regiments_State_by_State_and_
How_Their_Contingents_Changed_1775-1783
Excerpted from:
John U. Rees, ‘They Were Good Soldiers’: African–Americans Serving in the Continental Army, 1775–
1783 (Published by Helion and Company, United Kingdom; available in the U.S. from Casemate
Publishing, Inc.)
Unit Lineage and Why it Matters
To fully appreciate an individual Continental soldier’s experience, especially long-term, it is necessary to understand
how the unit, or units, he served in changed over time. Any study of each state’s Continental regiments must account
for the reduction of the number of regiments/battalions due to recruiting shortfalls, as well as when units were
combined, on a temporary or permanent basis.
The number and composition of regiments allotted to each state changed as the war progressed. The war’s first two
years witnessed the formation of the early Continental regiments, usually enlisted for a single year or less. With the
prospective dissolution of most states’ regiments at the turn of the new year, Congress enacted legislation in autumn
1776 calling for the raising of 88 battalions with long-term enlistments. Beginning in January 1777 most states’
existing units were reorganized and reenlisted, others formed anew. Each state had a unit quota, apportioned
according to population. All enlistments spanned three years or the war’s duration, in what became known as the
Continental Army Second Establishment. There were several exceptions, including six North Carolina and nine
Virginia regiments, all formed in 1776, with enlistments expiring in 1778 or early 1779. Besides these there were
organizations like the stateless 1st and 2nd Canadian Regiments, or the German Battalion, the latter formed in 1776
of three-year soldiers in companies enlisted in either Maryland or Pennsylvania. Also included in the new
arrangement were 16 Additional regiments, only 13 of which were actually formed, with varying success.
65
“’Was not in the battles ... being a Waiter.’ Enlisted Men and Civilians as Officers’ Servants
during the War for American Independence”
Part 1. “Our boys bring down something to eat ...”: Overview: Field and Company Officers’
Servants
https://www.scribd.com/doc/260955648/Was-not-in-the-battles-being-a-Waiter-Enlisted-Men-and-
Civilians-as-Officers-Servants-during-the-War-for-American-
Independence?secret_password=OJ0XV4DLMfjssaEcdU34
see also http://allthingsliberty.com/2015/04/war-as-a-waiter-soldier-servants/
Part. 2. “When the Cook has a mind to cut a figure …”: General Officers’ Personal and Household
Servants (Work in progress)
“’Being a coloured man he was taken as a waiter’: Overview of African Americans as Officers’
Servants,”
https://www.academia.edu/38094359/Being_a_coloured_man_he_was_taken_as_a_waiter_Overvie
w_of_Officers_Servants
"`Sospecting the prisner to be a tory ...': A Continental Army Court Martial, July 1777,"
The Continental Soldier, vol. IX, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1997), 45-46, and,
https://www.scribd.com/document/364103303/Sospecting-the-prisner-to-be-a-tory-A-Continental-
Army-Court-Martial-July-1777
“Ì … am Determined to serve you … If Possible.’- John Coryell (1778): General

Washington’s Request for Assistance during the Valley Forge Winter,” History in
the Making (The Newsletter of the New Hope Historical Society), vol. 4, no. 1 (May
2006), 4-5.
“Echoes of 1778, Three Years After,” Bravo Pastimes (Battlefield Restoration and
Archaeological Volunteer Organization Newsletter), vol. 2.06 (February 2006), 3.
"`Politeness', 'Mirth' and 'Vocal Musick': Sidelights of General John Sullivan's Indian
Campaign of 1779," The Continental Soldier,vol. XII, no. 1 (Spring 1999), 37-39.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/mirth.htm
“With Peale to Princeton: Events leading up to the battles of the Assunpink and Princeton, 2 and 3
January 1777 or Just How Did We Get Into This Mess?”
https://www.scribd.com/doc/249551727/With-Peale-to-Princeton-Events-leading-up-to-the-battles-
of-the-Assunpink-and-Princeton-2-and-3-January-1777-or-Just-How-Did-We-Get-Into-This-Mess
With Peale to Princeton: Recreating General George Washington’s Flank March, 3 January 1777
(A Photo Essay)
https://www.academia.edu/44678856/With_Peale_to_Princeton_Recreating_General_George_Wash
ington_s_Flank_March_3_January_1777_A_Photo_Essay_
66
“The common necessaries of life …” A Revolutionary Soldier’s Wooden Bowl”
Contents Include
Narrowing Down the Identity of the Bowl’s Owner.
(See also endnote 10)
Addendum
1. 1750-1800 Staved Treenware Tray
2. Additional Images of Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Eating Utensils and Receptacles
(Including other staved food or beverage vessels)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/123562525/%E2%80%9CThe-common-necessaries-of-life-
%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D-A-Revolutionary-Soldier%E2%80%99s-Wooden-Bowl
or http://tinyurl.com/at3dj3e
Originally published, “Òur wants of the common conveniences were sometimes curiously
supplied …’: A Revolutionary Soldier’s Wooden Bowl,” Military Collector & Historian,
vol. 61, no. 3 (Fall 2009), 210-214. Revised and published in Solebury Chronicle
(Newsletter of the Solebury Township Historical Society), vol. 12, no. 1
(Winter 2010), 4-5. http://www.soleburyhistory.org/pdf/newsletterwinter2010.pdf
(Charles Lee at the Battle of Monmouth) "'The defective constitution of our army ...': Casting
Blame for the Morning Debacle"
https://www.scribd.com/doc/248758117/Charles-Lee-at-the-Battle-of-Monmouth-The-
defective-constitution-of-our-army-Casting-Blame-for-the-Morning-Debacle
Portrayal of Col. James Dunlap's Rifle Corps, autumn 1777, "The Buck and Ball" (Newsletter of
the Augusta County Militia) Philadelphia Campaign, 2010.
https://www.scribd.com/document/354538274/The-Buck-and-Ball-Newsletter-of-the-
Augusta-County-Militia-Philadelphia-Campaign-2010

Military manuals, vol. 2, 721-722 (250 words);
Tactics and maneuvers, vol. 2, 1137-1138 (300 words);
Entries in, Mark M. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of
Military History, Harold E. Selesky, ed. (2nd Edition, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006)
OSEN
Post # 13. “`Knowledge necessary to a soldier …’: The Continental Officer’s Military Reading
List, 1775-1778,” Military Collector & Historian, vol. 59, no. 1 (Spring 2007), 65-71.
https://www.academia.edu/16562948/_Knowledge_necessary_to_a_soldier_The_Continental_Officer_s_Milita
ry_Reading_List_1775_1778_ or
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124458058/YZ-List-Military-Manuals-Plus-Cavalry-New
“’Our Troops were drawn upon a Battalion … supported by solid Colums …’: Continental Army
Training, Tactics, and Field Maneuvers, 1776 to 1782” (manuscript)
67
14. Transportation (plus Artillery)
Transport (wheeled), vol. 1, 1159-1160 (750 words);
Watercraft on inland waterways, vol. 2, 1243-1244 (750 words);
Entries in, Mark M. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military
History, Harold E. Selesky, ed. (2nd Edition, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006)
“`Reach Coryels ferry. Encamp on the Pennsylvania side.’: The Monmouth Campaign
Delaware River Crossing,” History in the Making (The Newsletter of the
New Hope Historical Society), vol. 4, no. 4 (December 2006), 1-12.
rs_and_Guard_1778_1780_1781_and_1782
or
“`You will extend your Enquiry to the Number and Kind of Waggons …’: Continental Army Wheeled
Vehicles, 1776-1783” (unfinished)
"Èmployed in carrying cloathing & provisions': Wagons and Watercraft During the War for
Independence" (abbreviated article):
Part I. "`Country Waggons,' `Tumbrils,' and `Philadelphia Carts': Wheeled Transport in
The Armies of the Revolution," ALHFAM Bulletin, vol. XXIX, no. 3 (Fall
1999), 4-9, and The Continental Soldier, vol. XII, no. 2 (Winter 1999), 18-25.
https://tinyurl.com/ycdlzg7w or
https://www.continentalline.org/CL/wp-
content/uploads/Articles/article.php?date=9902&article=990202
Part II. "Sloops, `Scows,' `Batteaux,' and `Pettyaugers': Continental Army Rivercraft,
1775-1782," ALHFAM Bulletin, vol. XXIX, no. 4 (Winter 2000), 8-16, and The
Continental Soldier, vol. XIII, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 2000), 34-46.
https://www.continentalline.org/CL/wp-
content/uploads/Articles/article.php?date=0001&article=000101
“’Make use of Pack-Horses as far as may be practicable ...’: Baggage Carried on Horseback during the
American War, 1776 to 1781”
Contents
American Campaigns, 1755-1764.
The British Army in 1776.
The 1777 Campaign.
Marching Through New Jersey, 1778.
Going Against the Iroquois, 1779.
Continental Army, 1780-1782.
Cornwallis’s Campaigns, 1781.
Addenda: Miscellaneous Pack Saddle Images and Narratives
https://www.academia.edu/14014259/_Make_use_of_Pack_Horses_as_far_as_may_be_practicable_
Baggage_Carried_on_Horseback_during_the_American_War_1776_to_1781
68
“’It is in Contemplation to employ as few Waggons as possible …’: Continental Army Vehicle Returns,
1778 to 1781”
Contents
1. Gen. George Washington’s Main Army, Monmouth Campaign, 1778
2. Maj. Gen. John Sullivan’s Army/Division, Tioga, Pennsylvania, August 1779
3. Gen. George Washington’s Main Army, “Camp Tappan,” New York, 1780
4. “Estimate of Waggons for a regiment of infantry … Octr. 1780”
5. Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene’s Army, North Carolina, August 1781
6. Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne’s Pennsylvania Brigade, Virginia, June 1781
7 Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair’s Pennsylvania Division, Southern Virginia, November 1781
8. Images of Wheeled Transportation
https://www.academia.edu/35923511/_It_is_in_Contemplation_to_employ_as_few_Waggons_as_possi
ble_Continental_Army_Vehicle_Returns_1778_to_1781_
“`Little chariots painted red …’: Continental Army Vehicle Paint Colors”
Appendices
1. Transcription of, “A Return of Painters Work done in Colonel Benjmn. Flower’s Departmt Commissary
General of Military Stores at the Ordnance Yard under the Direction of Lieutenant Henry Stroop for the Month
of January 1780”
2. Images of Wheeled Transportation in the American War
3. Related Monographs by the Author
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 60, no. 2 (Summer 2008), 154-156.
https://www.scribd.com/document/364227450/Little-chariots-painted-red-Continental-Army-
Vehicle-Paint-Colors
Or
https://www.academia.edu/36300676/_Little_chariots_painted_red_Continental_Army_Vehicle_Paint_C
olors
“’A very smart cannonading ensued from both sides.’: Continental Artillery at Monmouth Courthouse, 28
June 1778”
Appendices
or
https://www.academia.edu/13926171/_A_very_smart_cannonading_ensued_from_both_sides_Artillery_a
t_Monmouth_Courthouse_28_June_1778
SNAPSHOT: “’For the use of the field pieces with Colonel Proctor’s Regiment …’: Equipping Artillery
for the Field, 1781”
https://www.academia.edu/36288660/Snapshot_For_the_use_of_the_field_pieces_with_Colonel_Pro
ctor_s_Regiment_Equipping_Artillery_for_the_Field_
69
70
"`The uses and conveniences of different kinds of Water Craft’: Continental Army Vessels
on Inland Waterways, 1775-1782”
http://www.scribd.com/doc/208475142/The-uses-and-conveniences-of-different-kinds-of-Water-Craft-
Continental-Army-Vessels-on-Inland-Waterways-1775-1782
or
https://www.academia.edu/14013932/_The_uses_and_conveniences_of_different_kinds_of_
Water_Craft_Continental_Army_Vessels_on_Inland_Waterways_1775_1782
Table of Contents:
(page)
1 Introduction
2-8 “In transporting of stores.”: Sailing Vessels
3 Sloop
4 Schooner
4 Pettiauger
8 Shallop
8-11 “A Thirty two Pounder in the Bow ”: Rowed Vessels for River Defense
8 Gunboat
9 Galley
11 Xebec
12-34 “4 Wagons & Horses, and 1000 Men at a Try.”
Flat-Bottomed Transport for Soldiers, Supplies, and Vehicles
12-16 Ferry Boats and River Crossings
16-19 Scows and Flatbottom Boats
19-20 Barge
20-22 Durham Boat
22-28 Bateaux
28-34 Wagon Boat
34-52 1781 Campaign: Bateaux, Flat Boats, Wagon Boats and Other Craft
52-54 “For the purpose of sounding Haverstraw Bar.”: Miscellaneous Small Craft
52-53 Whale Boat
53 Skiff
53 Rowboat
53 Wherry
54 Round-futtock Boat
54-57 “The best Oars men in the Army”: Soldiers Serving in Boat Crews and at Ferries
57-58 Conclusion
59-64 Addendum
59-60 I. British Military Flatboats and Landing Craft
60-64 II. More on Bateaux in the 1776 New York and Canadian Campaign
64-77 Endnotes
“’The Waggons sent from England were found to be totally unfit for the Country ...’: British Army
Wheeled Transport in the American War: A Primer”
Contents
1. “’Orders were given, to hire Country Waggons in preference ...’: An Overview of British Army Wheeled
Transport in the American War, 1775-1783”
2. “Proceedings of a Board of General Officers of the British Army at New York, 1781,” Collections of the
New-York Historical Society for the Year 1916, vol. XLIX (New York: Printed for the Society, 1916)
“PREFACE THIS volume contains the proceedings of a Board of General Officers of the British
Army at New York, appointed by Sir Henry Clinton, August 7, 1781 to consider the expenditure of public
money in the different departments established by him when he succeeded to the command of the British
Army at New York.
71
The volume is of great local interest, and has among other items a return of men, women and children in
the British Regiments victualled in New York, in the Civil Department and in Foreign Regiments, with
Muster Roll of Assistants, Overseers, Coopers, Laborers, Artificers in various departments and where
employed, and covers Brooklyn and this city; also list of vessels, giving names of masters, and a comparative
view of the expenses in different departments of the Army from December 17, 1775, to December 5, 1781,
under Sir William Howe and Sir Henry Clinton.”
3. Images of Vehicles Used by the British Army in America, 1775-1783
(Note: The Appendices contents are scanned pages of “Proceedings of a Board of General Officers of the
British Army at New York, 1781,” Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1916, vol. XLIX
(New York: Printed for the Society, 1916))
Appendices
1. “No. 9 – Return of Drivers, Horses and Waggons furnished by Brigadr-General William Dalrymple,
Quarter Master General of the Army in North America in the District of New York by order of His
Excellency the Commander in Chief for the General and Staff Officers and several Corps of the
Army between 1st January & 31st March 1781 inclusive being 90 days”
2. “Return of Drivers, Horses and Waggons belonging to the Quart. Master General’s Department
attached to the General and Staff Officers and Several Corps of Hessians in the District of New
York. – 26th August 1781.”
3. “Return of Drivers, Horses and Waggons attached to the several British Regiments in the District of
New York 26th August 1781.”
4. “Enclosure 2d Return of Drivers, Horses and Waggons that are with the Corps to the Southward
[Virginia] New York 23d August 1781.”
5. “Enclosure 4 Return of Conductors, Drivers, Horses and Waggons in the Quarter Master General’s
Department, attached to the Several Corps at and near the Six Mile Stone. 26 th August 1781.”
6. Enclosure No. 6, Johann Friedrich Cochenhausen (also Cockenhausen or Kochenhausen), colonel
and quartermaster general, Hessian forces, to Board of General Officers, 14 May 1781 (regarding
wagons for the German troops).
7. Related Works by the Same Author
https://www.scribd.com/document/269138948/The-Waggons-sent-from-England-were-found-to-be-
totally-unfit-for-the-Country-British-Army-Wheeled-Transport-in-the-American-War-A-Primer
or
https://www.academia.edu/36300601/_The_Waggons_sent_from_England_were_found_to_be_totally_
unfit_for_the_Country_..._British_Army_Wheeled_Vehicles_in_the_American_War_A_Primer
“’Reach Coryels ferry. Encamp on the Pennsylvania side.’: The March from Valley Forge to Monmouth
Courthouse, 18 to 28 June 1778”
http://www.scribd.com/doc/133301501/“Reach-Coryels-ferry-Encamp-on-the-Pennsylvania-side-”-The-
March-from-Valley-Forge-to-Monmouth-Courthouse-18-to-28-June-1778
Endnotes:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/133293312/Endnotes-“Reach-Coryels-ferry-Encamp-on-the-Pennsylvania-side-”-
The-March-from-Valley-Forge-to-Monmouth-Courthouse-18-to-28-June-1778
Contents
1. “We struck our tents and loaded our baggage.”: Leaving Valley Forge
4. “Crost the dilliware pushed on about 5 milds …”: June 20, 1778: Progress and a River Crossing
5. “4 Wagons & Horses, and 1000 Men at a Try.”: The Mechanics of Ferrying an Army
6. “Halt on the first strong ground after passing the Delaware ...”: June 20th River Crossing
7. “The number of boats … will render the passage of the troops very expeditious.”:
June 21st Ferry Operation
8. “The Troops are passing the River … and are mostly over.”: June 22d Crossing
9. “The Army will march off …”: June 22d and 23d, Camp at Amwell Meeting
10. “Just after we halted we sent out a large detachment …”: Camp and Council: Hopewell
Township, 23 to 24 June
72
11. “Giving the Enemy a stroke is a very desireable event …”: Advancing to Englishtown,
24 to 28 June
e. Progress, June 25, 1778.
f. Progress, June 26, 1778.
g. Progress, June 27, 1778.
h. Forward to Battle, June 28, 1778.
12. “Our advanced Corps … took post in the evening on the Monmouth Road …”:
Movements of Continental Detachments Followng the British, 24 to 28 June 1778
c. The Advance Force: Scott’s, Wayne’s, Lafayette’s, and Lee’s Detachments.
d. Daily Movements of Detachments Later Incorporated into Lee’s Advanced Corps.
13. Echoes of 1778, Three Years After.
Addendum
1. Driving Directions, Continental Army Route from Valley Forge to Englishtown
2. Day by Day Recap of Route
3. The Road to Hopewell.
4. The Bungtown Road Controversy.
5. Weather During the Monmouth Campaign
6. Selected Accounts of the March from Valley Forge to Englishtown
a. Fifteen-year-old Sally Wister
b. Surgeon Samuel Adams, 3rd Continental Artillery
c. Henry Dearborn, lt. colonel, 3rd New Hampshire Regiment
d. Captain Paul Brigham, 8th Connecticut Regiment
e. Sergeant Ebenezer Wild, 1st Massachusetts Regiment
f. Sgt. Jeremiah Greenman, 2d Rhode Island Regiment
g. Dr. James McHenry, assistant secretary to General Washington
7. List of Related works by the author on military material culture and the Continental Army
Endnotes contain:
1. Army General and Brigade Orders, June 1778.
a. Orders Regulating the Army on the March from Valley Forge.
b. Orders Issued During the Movement from Valley Forge to Englishtown.
2. Division and Brigade Composition for Washington’s Main Army to 22 June 1778
3. Washington’s army vehicle allotment for the march to Coryell’s Ferry,
4. Wheeled Transportation (a primer on the vehicles and artillery on the road to
Monmouth, including twenty-one illustrations)
5. Division and Brigade Composition for Washington’s Main Army after 22 June 177
rs_and_Guard_1778_1780_1781_and_1782
or
73
15. Soldiers’ Shelter
"`Soldiers are ingenious animals.’: American Civil War Campaign Shelters,”
Comparative Use of Makeshift Shelters, 1755 to 1812
"More like a chicken-coop er a dog-kennel": Civil War Soldiers' Tents
A. Soldier-Built Supports and Shelter Tent Amenities.
B. Southern Tents and Substitutes.
"Ther' ain't no use lyin' 'n the mud.": Soldiers' Bedding Arrangements With and Without Shelter
"Their shebang enclosures of bushes.": The Variety of Brush and Board Huts
"It is so awful hot here to-day": Soldier-Built Shades
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 56, no. 4 (2004), 248-266.
https://www.scribd.com/document/358566878/Soldiers-are-ingenious-animals-American-Civil-War-
Campaign-Shelters or
https://www.academia.edu/71073868/_Soldiers_are_ingenious_animals_American_Civil_War_Cam
paign_Shelters
"`Shebangs,' `Shades,' and Shelter Tents: An Overview of Civil War Soldiers' Campaign Shelters," part I.
Muzzleloader, vol. XXX, no. 1 (March/April 2003), 69-75.
part II. Muzzleloader, vol. XXX, no. 2 (May/June 2003), 63-69.
Soldiers’ shelter, vol. 2, 1068-1069 (750 words), Mark M. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the
American Revolution: Library of Military History, Harold E. Selesky, ed. (2nd Edition,
Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006)
recreations)
Contents
4. The Baggage Tent
“`The canopy of heaven for our tent’: Soldiers' Shelter on Campaign, June 1778,” Appendix 0 of "`What
is this you have been about to day?’: The New Jersey Brigade at the Battle of Monmouth”
74
“`They had built huts of bushes and leaves.’: Analysis of Continental Army Brush Shelter
Use, 1775-1782,” The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXXII, no. 3 (Autumn 2002), 7-10.
Appendices
A. American Brush Huts.
B. Brush Huts and the British Army.
Addendum: List of articles and links for author’s series on soldiers’ campaign shelters (1775-1783, 1861-1865)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/299341406/They-had-built-huts-of-bushes-and-leaves-Analysis-of-
Continental-Army-Brush-Shelter-Use-1775-1782 or
https://www.academia.edu/22008316/_They_had_built_huts_of_bushes_and_leaves._Analysis_o
f_Continental_Army_Brush_Shelter_Use_1775-1782
"`We ... got ourselves cleverly settled for the night': Soldiers' Shelter on Campaign
During the War for Independence,"
part I, "Òznabrig tabernacles’: Tents in the Armies of the Revolution":
1. “Put our Men into barns …”: The Vagaries of Shelter
2. "We Lay in the open world": Troops Without Shelter on Campaign
3. "State of Marquees and Tents delivered to the Army...": Varieties of Tentage
a. British Common Tents
b. American Common Tents
c. Horseman’s and Cavalry Tents
d. Wall Tents
e. Marquees
f. Bell Tents for Sheltering Arms
g. Dome, Square, and Hospital Tents
h. French Tents
4. "Return of Camp Equipage": More on Tents.
Appendices
A. Illustrations of French Tents
B. The Common Tent as Illustrated in a German Treatise
C. How to Fold a Common Tent for Transport (from a German Treatise)
D. Interior Views of Common Tents: Sleeping Arrangements in Three
Armies
E. A Melange of Marquees: Additional Images of Officers’ Tents
F. Encampment Plans: Continental Army, Hessian, and British
1. Friedrich Wilhelm de Steuben, Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the
Troops of the United States Part I. (Philadelphia, Pa.: Styner and Cist, 1779)
2. “A Correct View of the Hessian Camp on Barton Farm near Winchester … by
Willm. Godson, Land Surveyor to the Right Worshipful the Corporation of
Winchester occupé le 16 Juillet 1756”
3. Lewis Lochee, An Essay on Castrametation (London, 1778)
(British treatise on tents and encampments.)
4. Humphrey Bland, A treatise of military discipline: in which is laid down
and explained the duty of the officer and soldier, through the several
branches of the service. The 8th edition revised, corrected, and altered to
the present practice of the army (London: B. Law and T. Caslon, 1762).
https://www.scribd.com/doc/262657282/Oznabrig-tabernacles-Tents-in-the-Armies-of-the-
Revolution-part-1-of-We-got-ourselves-cleverly-settled-for-the-night-Soldiers-Shelter
or
https://www.academia.edu/12360099/_We_..._got_ourselves_cleverly_settled_for_the_night
_Soldiers_Shelter_on_Campaign
75
part II, “The great [wastage] last Campaign was owing to their being wet in the Waggons."
Allotment and Transporting Tents in the Armies of the Revolution
1. "The Allowance of Tents is not sufficient ...”: An Overview of Tents as Shelter
a. Tent Allotment, 1776 to 1779
b. Female Followers and Tents
c. Tent Allotment, 1779 to 1782
d. Tent Supply and Shortfalls
2. "The fewer the Waggons to the Army, the better...": Transporting Tents
a. Wagons
b. Pack Horses
c. Soldiers as Beasts of Burden
d. Watercraft
Appendix: ”British Army Wheeled Transport in the American War: A Primer”
Addendum
7. “No. 9 – Return of Drivers, Horses and Waggons furnished by Brigadr-General William
Dalrymple, Quarter Master General of the Army in North America in the District of New York
by order of His Excellency the Commander in Chief for the General and Staff Officers and
several Corps of the Army between 1st January & 31st March 1781 inclusive being 90 days”
8. “Return of Drivers, Horses and Waggons belonging to the Quart. Master General’s
Department attached to the General and Staff Officers and Several Corps of Hessians in the
District of New York. – 26th August 1781.”
9. “Return of Drivers, Horses and Waggons attached to the several British Regiments in the
District of New York 26th August 1781.”
10. “Enclosure 2d Return of Drivers, Horses and Waggons that are with the Corps to the
Southward [Virginia] New York 23d August 1781.”
11. “Enclosure 4 Return of Conductors, Drivers, Horses and Waggons in the Quarter Master
General’s Department, attached to the Several Corps at and near the Six Mile Stone. 26th
August 1781.”
12. Enclosure No. 6, Johann Friedrich Cochenhausen (also Cockenhausen or Kochenhausen),
colonel and quartermaster general, Hessian forces, to Board of General Officers, 14 May 1781
(regarding wagons for the German troops).
https://www.scribd.com/doc/301615108/We-got-ourselves-cleverly-settled-for-the-night-
Soldiers-Shelter-on-Campaign-During-the-War-for-Independence-Part-2-The-great-
wastage-l
or
https://www.academia.edu/22669568/_We..._got_ourselves_cleverly_settled_for_the_night...
_Soldiers_Shelter_on_Campaign_During_the_War_for_Independence_Part_2._The_great_
wastage_last_Campaign_was_owing_to_their_being_wet_in_the_Waggons._Tents_in_the_
Armies_of_the_Revolution
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 49, no. 4 (Winter 1997), 156-168.
76
part III, "`The camps ... are as different in their form as the owners are in their dress ...':
Shades, Sheds, and Wooden Tents, 1775-1782":
1. "Not a bush to make a shade near [at] hand ...":
Bush Bowers, "Arbours," and "Shades," 1776-1782
2. "An elegant shade ...": Officers' Bowers
3. "The Men employed in making Bowers before their Tents ..."
Shades for Common Soldiers
a. Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1777 to 1780
b. Virginia Peninsula, 1781
c. New York, 1782
d. Bowers and British Troops, 1776 and 1781
4. "The troops hutted with Rails and Indian Corn Stocks ..."
Sheds, Planked Huts, and Straw Tents, 1775-1777
Addendum
“The … roof consists of boughs, or branches … curiously interwoven …”: The
“curious edifice” Built at West Point to Celebrate French Dauphin’s Birth, 1782
https://www.scribd.com/document/351091933/The-camps-are-as-different-in-their-form-as-
the-owners-are-in-their-dress-Shades-Sheds-and-Wooden-Tents-1775-1782
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 53, no. 4 (Winter 2001-2002), 161-169.
part IV, "`We are now ... properly ... enwigwamed.': British and German Soldiers and
Brush Huts, 1776-1781":
1. Overview
2. "Laying up poles and covering them with leaves ...": Building Brush Huts
3. Comparative Use of Makeshift Shelters in the French and Indian War,
and American Civil War
Appendix
1. A Narragansett Wigwam, 1761
2. Recreated Brush Shelters
3. Additional Articles on Campaign Shelter, 1775-1865
https://www.scribd.com/document/350786577/We-are-now-properly-enwigwamed-British-
and-German-Soldiers-and-Brush-Huts-1776-1781
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 55, no. 2 (Summer 2003), 89-96.
part V, “`We built up housan of branchis and leavs ’: Continental Army
Brush Shelters, 1775-1777”
A. "This night we lay out without shelter ...”:
Overview of American Soldiers' Campaign Lodging
B. "We maid us some Bush huts ...": Brush Shelters, 1775 and 1776.
C. "Huts of sticks & leaves": Washington's Army in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, 1777.
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 55, no. 4 (Winter 2003-2004), 213-223.
https://www.scribd.com/document/134028900/Part-V-We-built-up-housan-of-branchis-
leavs-Continental-Army-Brush-Shelters-1775-1777-Series-We-got-ourselves-cleverly-settled-f
77
part VI, "`We built up housan of branchis & leavs ...’: Continental Army Brush Shelters,
1778-1782
A. "Found the regiment lying in bush huts ...": Continental Troops on
Campaign and on the March, 1778-1780.
B. "Pine huts," "Huts of rails," and "Bush Tents":
Virginia and the Carolinas, 1781-1782.
C. "Return of Camp Equipage": More on Tents.
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 56, no. 2 (2004), 98-106.
https://www.scribd.com/document/133993824/Part-VI-We-built-up-housan-of-branchis-
leavs-Continental-Army-Brush-Shelters-1778-1782-Series-We-got-ourselves-cleverly-settled
16. Soldiers' Rations, Food Preparation and Cooking Utensils

Other authors:
A RECEIPT For a CHEAP SOUP for six Persons Published for the Use of the PRIVATE SOLDIERS and
their FAMILIES, encamped on Cox-Heath, near Maidstone, 1778" (Courtesy of the 40th Regiment of Foot
(recreated)),
https://www.academia.edu/37203574/1778_Army_Stew_A_RECEIPT_For_a_CHEAP_SOUP_for_s
ix_Persons_Published_for_the_Use_of_the_PRIVATE_SOLDIERS_and_their_FAMILIES_encam
ped_on_Cox-Heath_near_Maidstone_1778_
“Some Useful Receipts for Camp,” compiled by Scott Douglas,

https://www.academia.edu/37203469/Some_Useful_Receipts_for_Camp_Compiled_by_S._Douglas
_________________________
Soldiers’ rations, vol. 2, 1066-1068 (1250 words), Mark M. Boatner, Encyclopedia of the
American Revolution: Library of Military History, Harold E. Selesky, ed.
(2nd Edition, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2006)
“Hard Tack,” vol. 1, 589-590.
“Historical Overview: The Revolutionary War,” vol. 1, 622-624.
(Including a complete transcription of Molly Gutridge’s broadside poem “A New Touch on the Times” by a
“Daughter of Liberty” (Marblehead, Mass. circa 1779)
(Posted online at tinyurl.com/Oxford-Rev-War-Food
https://www.academia.edu/42882997/_Historical_Overview_The_Revolutionary_War_and_Food_Oxford_Encyclop
edia_of_Food_and_Drink_in_America_ )
“Historical Overview: The Civil War and Reconstruction,” vol. 1, 631-633.
(Posted online at http://www.libertyrifles.org/research/cwreconstfoods.html )
“Supawn,” vol. 2, 516.
Entries in, Andrew F. Smith, ed., Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, 2
vols. (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 2004)
Artwork Narrative: Pamela Patrick White, “’Victuals well dressed’: Revolutionary Soldiers’ Food and
Cooking,” (2004) http://www.whitehistoricart.com
“Ò carrion sublime …’: Doughboy Odes to Army Food,” Military Collector &
Historian, vol. 56, no. 4 (Winter 2004), 238.
“`Things were fine. Then things weren’t.”: Donuts and Coffee, 1862 to 1968,”
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 57, no. 2 (Summer 2005), 99.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/168461891/%E2%80%9CThings-were-fine-Then-things-
weren%E2%80%99t-%E2%80%9D-Donuts-and-Coffee-1862-and-1968
78
“`Sufficient for the army for fifteen days …’: Continental Army Frozen Meat Ration,”
“`Baked Beans 140 Men’: Earnest Harrison’s 1909 Army Recipe Book,”
Military Collector & Historian)
“’A wave struck the ship, the soup flew out of my bowl …’: Food and Accommodations for Soldiers at Sea
during the War for Independence” (Including a section titled, “German Troops on Campaign in America”)
https://www.scribd.com/doc/259230707/A-wave-struck-the-ship-the-soup-flew-out-of-my-bowl-
Food-and-Accommodations-for-Soldiers-at-Sea-during-the-War-for-Independence-Including-a
“À capital dish …’: Revolutionary Soldiers and Chocolate”

Contents
Overview
British Use of Chocolate
Continental Troops and Chocolate
Addenda
"Breakfast on Chocolate”: The Diary of Moses Greenleaf, 1777
Order book, 43rd Regiment of Foot (British), 26 August 1781 to 22 October 1781
Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXXVIII, no. 3 (Autumn 2008), 2-17.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/131353233/%E2%80%9CA-capital-dish-%E2%80%A6-
Revolutionary-Soldiers-and-Chocolate
“`General Wayne's detachment is almost starving.’: Provisioning Washington’s Army on the
March, June 1778,” Appendix N of "’What is this you have been about to day?’: The
New Jersey Brigade at the Battle of Monmouth,”
“’It's hard living … but living too high ain't healthy no how.’: Soldiers Making the Best of Army
Food, 1861-1865,”
1. “Seeing the Elephant’: New Soldiers and Army Food”
2. Experienced Soldiers and the Practicalities of Food Preparation
3. “A very palatable mess’: Seasoned Soldiers and Cooking Innovations”
Sidebars:
A. A Victual-Rich Vocabulary
B. Confederate Soldiers and Scanty Food
Repast: Quarterly Publication of the Culinary Historians of Ann Arbor,
vol. XXVIII, no. 2 (Summer 2012), 4-10.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/236075560/It-s-hard-living-but-living-too-high-ain-t-healthy-no-how-
Soldiers-Making-the-Best-of-Army-Food-1861-1865-Repast-Quarterly-Publication-of-t
"`The foundation of an army is the belly.' North American Soldiers' Food, 1756-1945,"
ALHFAM: Proceedings of the 1998 Conference and Annual Meeting, vol. XXI (The Assoc.
for Living History, Farm and Agricultural Museums, Bloomfield, Ohio, 1999), 49-64.
Part I. "'I live on raw salt pork ... hard bread and sugar.': The Evolution of
Soldiers' Rations"
Part II. "Salt Beef to C Rations: A Compendium of North American Soldiers'
Rations, 1756-1945"
(World Wide Web, http://revwar75.com/library/rees/belly.htm )
79
"’False hopes and temporary devices’: Organizing Food Supply in the Continental Army”
Part I. “To subsist an Army well”: An Organizational Overview
Part II. “Owing to this variety of waste …”: Producing, Storing, and Transporting Bread
Part III. “We now have 500 head of fat cattle”: Procuring, Transporting, and Processing Livestock
http://www.scribd.com/doc/227059610/False-hopes-and-temporary-devices-Organizing-Food-
Supply-in-the-Continental-Army-1-To-subsist-an-Army-well-An-Organizational-Overview
or
https://www.academia.edu/74638067/_False_hopes_and_temporary_devices_Organizing_Food_Supply_i
n_the_Continental_Army
"Compendium of Ration Allotments, 1754-1785," The Continental Soldier, vol. IX, no. 2
(Summer 1996), 30-34.
"`To subsist an Army well ...': Soldiers' Cooking Equipment during the American War for
Independence”:
"’All the tin Camp-kettles they can procure ...’: Iron Pots, Pans, and Light-
Weight Military Kettles, 1759-1782”
Subheadings:
Tin Kettles, 1759-1771”
“British Kettles in the American War, 1776-1781”
“Continental Army and States’ Militia, 1775-1780”
“American Sheet Iron Kettles, 1781-1782”
“Iron Pots, Pans, and Makeshift Cookware”
“Eating Utensils”
“Officers’ Cooking Equipment”
“Kettle Covers”
“’The extreme suffering of the army for want of … kettles …’:
Continental Soldiers and Kettle Shortages in 1782”
“’A disgusting incumbrance to the troops …’:
Linen Bags and Carts for Carrying Kettles”
“’The Kettles to be made as formerly …”: Kettle Capacity and Weight, and Archaeological
Finds”
Subheadings:
“Kettle Capacity and Sizes, 1759-1782”
“Louisbourg Kettle, Cape Breton Island”
“Fort Ligonier (Buckets or Kettles?)”
“Rogers Island (Bucket or Kettle?)”
“1812 Kettles, Fort Meigs, Ohio”
“Overview of Cooking Equipment, 1775-1783”
Addendum to online version:
“Two brass kettles, to contain ten gallons each … for each company …”
Brass and Copper Kettles
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 53, no. 1 (Spring 2001), 7-23.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/180835470/To-subsist-an-Army-well-Soldiers-Cooking-Equipment-Provisions-
and-Food-Preparation-During-the-American-War-for-Independence or https://tinyurl.com/Rev-War-Utensils
(Addendum to above): Brass Kettles, Military Collector & Historian, vol. 53, no. 3 (Fall 2001),
118-119.
80
“`Six of our regt lived together …’: Mess Groups, Carrying Food … (and a Little Bit of Tongue)
in the Armies of the Revolution”
Mess Groups
Food Distribution
Carrying Food
The Burden of Rations
And … Tongue
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/pdfs/tongue.pdf
“Ìron pots,’ ‘Spiders,’ and Tea Kettles: Cooking and Eating Utensils in Sullivan’s Brigade, 1776,”
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 62, no. 2 (Summer 2010), 100.
"`To the hungry soul every bitter thing is sweet.’: Soldiers' Food and Cooking in the War
for Independence”
"The manner of messing and living together": Continental Army Mess Groups
“Who shall have this?”: Food Distribution
"A hard game ...": Continental Army Cooks
“On with Kittle, to make some hasty Pudding …”: How a "Continental Devil" Broke His Fast
1. The Army Ration and Cooking Methods.
2. Eating Utensils.
3. The Morning Meal.
4. Other Likely Breakfast Fare.
Addenda
“The men were very industrious, in baking, all the forepart of the evening.”: Soldiers’ Ingenuity,
Regimental Bakers, and the Issue of Raw Flour
“The Commissary [is] desired … to furnish biscuit and salt provisions …”:
Hard Bread in the War for Independence.
"The victuals became putrid by sweat & heat ...": Some Peripheral Aspects of Feeding an Army
1. The Ways Soldiers Carried Food
2. The Burden of Rations, 1762-1783
3. Carrying Drink and Procuring Water
4. Equipment Shortages
5. Spoilage of Issued Meats
"We had our cooking utensils ... to carry in our hands.": Continental Army Cooking and Eating Gear,
and Camp Kitchens, 1775-1782
Endnotes: #50. Compendium of Ration Allotments, 1754-1782
Continental Army rations (summary)
British Army rations (summary)
Caloric Requirements and Intake
#73. Miscellaneous returns of cooking gear and eating utensils, 1778-1781
(Appended) List of author’s articles on food in the armies of the American Revolution
Military Collector & Historian, vol. 62, no. 4 (Winter 2010), 288-298; vol. 63, no. 1 (Spring 2011), 12-25.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/129368664/To-the-hungry-soul-every-bitter-thing-is-sweet-Soldiers-Food-
and-Cooking-in-the-War-for-Independence
81
“`Taking to the field only what is essential for decency and comfort …’: Officers’ Food, Mess,
and Campaign Equipage during the American War, 1775-1783”
Part 1. covers British and American Officers’ Equipage and Campaign Gear
Part 2. "’A better repast …’: Continental Army Field and Company Officers’ Fare”
Contents
Series Titles
List of Images
Overview.
The Variety of Officers’ Foods.
Officer Mess Groups.
Alcohol.
Foreign Places and Unfamiliar Foods.
Afterward: The Army Ration and Cooking Methods.
Appendices
1. Officers’ Mess Groups, Miscellaneous
a Mess Rules for Officers of the Royal Artillery on the Voyage to Canada, 1776.
b. Food, drink and utensils of an officers' mess, Continental Army, 1778.
c. “’Make use of Pack-Horses as far as may be practicable ...’: Baggage Carried on Horseback during the
American War, 1776 to 1781”
2. British and Continental Army Ration Allotments, 1754-1783.
French and Indian War Rations, 1754-1763
Continental Army Rations, 1775-1783
Continental Army rations (summary).
British Army rations (summary).
3. A New Jersey Officer Describes the Arrival of Rations at a Frontier Fort, 1779
4. Revolutionary Soldiers and Chocolate
5. Soldiers Pay and Economic Inflation
(Including Molly Gutridge, "A New Touch on the Times. Well adapted to the distressing situation of every Sea-
port Town. By a Daughter of Liberty, living in Marblehead,” 1779)
6. State Issue of Special Rations, 1779 and 1780
7. Officers’ Pack Horses
a. Officer’s pack horse and horse canteens mentioned in the “Court Martial of Cosmo Gordon of the 3d
Regiment of Foot Guards for neglect of duty near Springfield, New Jersey, June 1780”
b. British Army, Saratoga Campaign
8. A Massachusetts Officer’s Fare in 1777; at Fort Ticonderoga, during the Retreat to Hubbardton, and Afterwards
(April 23 to July 11 1777)
9. British Officers’ Accounts of Food and Lodging, 1775 to 1778
10. Officers’ Cooking and Eating Utensils
11. Officers’ Celebratory Toasting
12. List of Related Articles
https://www.academia.edu/44870185/_A_better_repast_Continental_Army_Field_and_Company_Officers_F
are
“The common necessaries of life …” A Revolutionary Soldier’s Wooden Bowl”

Contents Include
Narrowing Down the Identity of the Bowl’s Owner.
(See also endnote 10)
Addendum
1. 1750-1800 Staved Treenware Tray
2. Additional Images of Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Eating Utensils and Receptacles
(Including other staved food or beverage vessels)
https://www.academia.edu/84144559/_The_common_necessaries_of_life_A_Revolutionary_Soldiers
_Wooden_Bowl
82
Originally published, “Òur wants of the common conveniences were sometimes curiously supplied …’:
A Revolutionary Soldier’s Wooden Bowl,” Military Collector & Historian,
vol. 61, no. 3 (Fall 2009), 210-214. Revised and published in Solebury Chronicle
(Newsletter of the Solebury Township Historical Society), vol. 12, no. 1
(Winter 2010), 4-5. http://www.soleburyhistory.org/pdf/newsletterwinter2010.pdf
Soldier’s mess bowl (original artifact), see article above.

Brigade Dispatch series on Continental soldiers' utensils, food and cooking during the
War for Independence:
1. "`We had our cooking utensils  to carry in our hands.’: Light-Weight Military
Kettles, 1775-1782,” The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXXI, no. 1 (Spring 2001), 2-11.
2. “`The Kettles to be made as formerly ’: Kettle Capacity and Weight, and
Excavated Artifacts,” The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXXI, no. 1 (Spring 2001), 5-8.
3. “`They were made of cast iron and consequently heavy.’: Less Commonly Used Utensils,
Eating Implements, and Officers’ Cooking Equipment,” The Brigade Dispatch, vol.
XXXI, no. 2 (Summer 2001), 2-7.
"`Sufficient ... to strip a soldier to the skin.': Sutlers in the Continental Army, 1777-1782," The
Continental Soldier, vol. X, no. 2 (Summer 1997), 27-28.
"À disgusting incumbrance to the troops': More on Kettle Bags and Carts in the Continental
Army, 1781," The Brigade Dispatch, vol. XXVIII, no. 3 (Autumn 1998), 12-13.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/encumberance.htm
83
“`Properly fixed upon the Men’: Linen Bags for Camp Kettles,” The Brigade Dispatch, vol.
XXVII, no. 3 (Autumn 1997), 2-5.
http://revwar75.com/library/rees/kettlebags.htm
OSEN
"Às many fireplaces as you have tents ...': Earthen Camp Kitchens”:
Contents
Part I. "Cooking Excavations": Their History and Use by Soldiers in North America
A. Advantages.
B. Digging a Field Kitchen.
Part II. Complete 1762 Kitchen Description and Winter Covering for Field Kitchens
Part III. Matt and I Dig a Kitchen.
Sequenced photos of kitchen construction, June 1997, Bordentown, New Jersey.
Part IV. Original Earthen Kitchens Examined by Archaeologists.
A. The Laughanstown, Ireland Earthen Kitchen.
B. The Gloucester Point (VIMS) Kitchen, 1781.
C. Hessian Kitchens, Winchester, England, 1756.
Appendices:
1. Encampment Plans (with an emphasis on kitchen placement): Continental Army, Hessian, and British
2. British Image of Cooking Excavations (Redcoat Images No. 2,000)
3. Newspaper Article on the Discovery of the Gloucester Point Kitchen
4. Miscellaneous Images of Earthen Camp Kitchens and Soldiers Cooking
https://www.scribd.com/document/229610630/As-many-fireplaces-as-you-have-tents-Earthen-Camp-
Kitchens
(Video of Old Barracks kitchen, courtesy of David Niescior, https://vimeo.com/151154631 )
(Video of David Niescior cooking on and speaking about the merits of earthen kitchens
https://www.facebook.com/NewJerseyBuzz/videos/1801416753210960/ )
First published in Fall 1997 Food History News (see below). Also published as "Earthen Camp Kitchens,”
Muzzleloader, vol. XXX, no. 4 (September/October 2003), 59-64.
Also available at,
https://www.academia.edu/21056265/_As_many_fireplaces_as_you_have_tents_..._Earthen_Camp_
Kitchens
Book Review: Agostino von Hassell, Herm Dillon, Leslie Jean-Bart, Military High Life: Elegant Food
Histories and Recipes (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2006), 162 pp., Illustrations. $34.95
(cloth), Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture, vol. 7, no. 4 (Fall 2007), 106-107.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124454282/Review-Military-High-Life-Final-Three-New
Book Review: “`We Were Marching on Christmas Day’: History, Food, and Civilian and Soldiers’
Celebrations,” Food History News, vol. XIII, no. 2 (50), 2, 7. Review of Kevin Rawlings, We Were
Marching on Christmas Day: A History and Chronicle of Christmas During the Civil War (Baltimore,
Md.: Toomey Press, 1996). 170 pages, index, illustrations. $24.95. Toomey Press, P.O. Box 122,
Linthicum, Md., 21090; phone, (410) 850-0831.
(http://www.libertyrifles.org/research/christmasday.html)
Dual Book Review: Andrew F. Smith, Starving the South: How the North Won the Civil War (New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 2011), 304 pp., $27.99 (paper), and William C. Davis, A Taste for War: The Culinary
History of the Blue and the Gray (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2003), 233 pp., Illustrations.
$26.95 (hardback), Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture, vol. 12, no. 1 (Spring 2012), 103-
105.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124410014/Reviews-Civil-War-Starving-the-South-and-a-Taste-for-
War
84
“‘It was my turn to cook for the mess’: Provisions of the Common Soldier in the Continental
Army, 1775-1783" (entire article, 39 pages) First conceived as a lecture for the Historic
Foodways Society of the Delaware Valley, given 15 January 1995. Reworked as a feature
column in Food History News beginning with vol. VII, no. 1 (Fall 1995). Below are the
column titles:
OSEN
FHN, vol. VII, no. 1 (Fall 1995), 2, 8.
"It was my turn to cook for the Mess"
Provisions of the Common Soldier in the Continental Army
1775-1783
FHN, vol. VII, no. 3 (Winter 1995), 2-3.

"Sometimes we drew two days rations at a time."
The Soldiers' Daily Issue
FHN, vol. VIII, no. 1 (Summer 1996), 2-3.

"Drew 2 pound of Shugar and 1 pound of Coffee"
Extraordinary Foodstuffs Issued the Troops
FHN, vol. VII, no. 4 (Spring 1996), 2-3.

"The unreasonable prices extorted ... by the market People":
Camp Markets and the Impact of the Economy
https://www.scribd.com/document/453711857/The-unreasonable-prices-extorted-by-the-
market-People-Camp-Markets-and-the-Impact-of-the-Economy
FHN, vol. VIII, no. 2 (Fall 1996), 1-2, 7.

"Complaint has been made by many of the Inhabitants"
Soldiers' Efforts to Supplement the Ration Issue
FHN, vol. VIII, no. 3 (Winter 1996), 2, 6-7.
"Whilst in this country"
Supplementing Soldiers’ Rations with Regional Foods - Sullivan's Expedition (1779) and
the Carolina Campaigns (1780-1782)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/172542103/Whilst-in-this-country-Supplementing-
Soldiers%E2%80%99-Rations-with-Regional-Foods-Sullivan-s-Expedition-1779-and-the-
Carolina-Campaigns-1781-1782
FHN, vol. VIII, no. 4 (Spring 1997), 2, 3-5, 6-7.

"Hard enough to break the teeth of a rat."
Biscuit and Hard Bread in the Armies of the Revolution
(Also in the same issue, information on cooking with biscuit
and hardtack during the American Civil War and the War for
Independence in "Joy of Historical Cooking: Using Hardtack &
Crackers.")
85
FHN, vol. IX, no. 1 (Summer 1997), 2, 6.
"The essential service he rendered to the army"
Christopher Ludwick, Superintendent of Bakers
http://www.scribd.com/doc/125310836/The-essential-service-he-rendered-to-the-army-
Christopher-Ludwick-Superintendent-of-Bakers
FHN, vol. XVII, no. 1 (Summer 2005) (65), 2.

“The Gingerbread Man”
More on Washington’s Baking Superintendent, Then and Now
http://www.scribd.com/doc/125310836/The-essential-service-he-rendered-to-the-army-
Christopher-Ludwick-Superintendent-of-Bakers
FHN, vol. IX, no. 2 (Fall 1997), 2, 8-9.

"As many fireplaces as you have tents"
Earthen Camp Kitchens
http://www.scribd.com/doc/229610630/As-many-fireplaces-as-you-have-tents-Earthen-
Camp-Kitchens
FHN, vol. IX, no. 3 (Winter 1998), 2.

Matt and I Dig a Kitchen
Recreating an 18th-Century Cooking Excavation
http://www.scribd.com/doc/229610630/As-many-fireplaces-as-you-have-tents-Earthen-
Camp-Kitchens
FHN, vol. IX, no. 4 (Spring 1998), 2, 7-8.

"Our pie-loving ... stomachs ... ache to even look."
Durable Foods for Armies, 1775-1865
https://www.scribd.com/doc/262786402/Our-pie-loving-stomachs-ache-to-even-look-
Durable-Foods-for-Armies-1775-1865
FHN, vol. X, no. 1 (37), 2, 8-9.

"Tell them never to throw away their ... haversacks or canteens"
Finding Water and Carrying Food
During the War for Independence and the American Civil War
FHN, vol. X, no. 2 (38), 2, 6-7.

"The victuals became putrid by sweat & heat"
Equipment Shortages, the Burden of Rations and Spoilage
During the War for Independence and the War Between the States
FHN, vol. X, no. 3 (39), 2, 7.

(1775-1945)
An "unrational predicament."
Soldiers, Food, and Humor
86
FHN, vol. XI, no. 1 (41), 2, 9.
(1775-1945)
"This is the way they live"
Soldiers' Observations of Other Regions, Other Cultures
FHN, vol. XI, no. 2 (42), 2, 12-13.

(1775-1945)
"Happy New Year, you guys."
A Soldier's Holiday
https://www.scribd.com/doc/291192804/Happy-New-Year-you-guys-A-Soldier-s-Holiday
Food History News, vol. XI, no. 3 (43), 2.

Extreme Cuisine: Doughnuts and Coffee
"The Zouave Doughnuts" (1862)
"A Cup of Coffee in the Tet Offensive" (1968)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/168461891/%E2%80%9CThings-were-fine-Then-things-
weren%E2%80%99t-%E2%80%9D-Donuts-and-Coffee-1862-and-1968
FHN, vol. XI, no. 4 (44), 2, 5.

(1775-1945)
From Firecake to K Rations:
Books on the American Soldier's Diet.
FHN, vol. XII, no. 1 (45), 2.

Extreme Cuisine: Alligator Soup, Louisiana, 1864
(Captain John DeForest, 12th Connecticut Volunteers)
FHN, vol. XII, no. 2 (46), 2.

Extreme Cuisine: The Indispensable Frying Pan and Coffee Pot,
(Civil War mess groups and utensils; contents of a Confederate Haversack)
FHN, vol. XII, no. 3 (47), 2, 9-10.

"False hopes and temporary devices"
Organizing Food Supply in the Continental Army
Part I. “To subsist an Army well”
An Organizational Overview
http://www.scribd.com/doc/227059610/False-hopes-and-temporary-devices-Organizing-
Food-Supply-in-the-Continental-Army-1-To-subsist-an-Army-well-An-Organizational-
Overview
or
https://www.academia.edu/74638067/_False_hopes_and_temporary_devices_Organizing_F
ood_Supply_in_the_Continental_Army
87
FHN, vol. XII, no. 4 (48), 2, 9-10.
Part II. “Owing to this variety of waste …”
Producing, Storing, and Transporting Bread
Overview
or
https://www.academia.edu/74638067/_False_hopes_and_temporary_devices_Organizing_Food_Sup
ply_in_the_Continental_Army
FHN, vol. XIII, no. 1 (49), 2, 8-9.

Part III. “We now have 500 head of fat cattle”
Procuring, Transporting, and Processing Livestock
Overview
or
https://www.academia.edu/74638067/_False_hopes_and_temporary_devices_Organizing_Food_Sup
ply_in_the_Continental_Army
FHN, vol. XIII, no. 2 (50), 2, 7.

“We Were Marching on Christmas Day”
History, Food, and Civilian and Soldiers’ Celebrations: A Book Review
(Also posted online at http://www.libertyrifles.org/research/christmasday.html )
http://www.scribd.com/doc/124281893/Review-Hard-Marching-on-Christmas-Day
FHN, vol. XIII, no. 4 (52), 2.

“The new process of cooking”
Robert Beecham’s 1862 Birthday Meal
.
FHN, vol. XIV, no. 1 (53),
“A perfect nutriment for heroes!”
Apples and North American Soldiers, 1757-1918
http://www.scribd.com/doc/169286285/%E2%80%9C-A-perfect-nutriment-for-heroes-
Apples-and-North-American-Soldiers-1757-1918
FHN, vol. XIV, no. 2 (54), 2.

“The oficers are Drunk and Dancing on the table …”
U.S Soldiers and Alcoholic Beverages
https://www.scribd.com/document/439459724/The-oficers-are-Drunk-and-Dancing-on-the-table-U-
S-Soldiers-and-Alcoholic-Beverages
88
FHN, vol. XIV, no. 3 (55), 2.
“The repast was in the English fashion …”
Washington’s Campaign for Refined Dining in the War for Independence
FHN, vol. XIV, no. 4 (56), 2-3.

“We'll eat as we ne'er ate before …”
The Immutable Army Bean
Part I.
“The proof of the pudding is in the eating.”: U.S. Army Baked Bean How-to and Recipe
FHN, vol. XV, no. 1 (57), 2, 9-10.

Part II. Eating Beans, 1775 to 1945
FHN, vol. XV, no. 2 (58), 2, 7.

Part III. Beans in Song and Verse
FHN, vol. XV, no. 3 (59), 2, 8.
“Indolence is the mother of invention.”
Private Post’s 1898 Culinary Campaign
https://www.scribd.com/doc/266597944/Indolence-is-the-mother-of-invention-Private-Post-s-1898-
Culinary-Campaign
FHN, vol. XV, no. 4 (60), 2, 9-10.

"Give us Our Bread Day by Day."
Continental Army Bread, Bakers, and Ovens
Part I.
“Waste and bad management …”
Regulating Baking
http://www.scribd.com/doc/125174710/Give-us-day-by-day-our-daily-bread-Continental-
Army-Bread-Ovens-and-Bakers
FHN, vol. XVI, no. 1 (61), 2, 9-10.
Part II.
“A bake-house was built in eleven days …”
Contemporary Baking Operations and Army Masonry Ovens
89
FHN, vol. XVI, no. 3 (63), 2, 8-9.
Part III.
“Seeing that the Ovens may be done right …”
Bake Oven Designs
FHN, vol. XVI, no. 4 (64), 2.

Part IV.
“The mask is being raised!!”
Denouement: Early-War Iron Ovens, and a Yorktown Campaign Bakery
(See above for issue 65 column, Christopher Ludwick: Reprise )
FHN, vol. XVII, no. 2 (66), 2, 8.

“Invited to dine with Genl Wayne; an excellent dinner …”
Revolutionary Commanders’ Culinary Equipage in Camp and on Campaign
(Part 1)
“Plates, once tin but now Iron …”
General Washington’s Mess Equipment
FHN, vol. XVII, no. 3 (67), 2, 8.
(Part 2)
“40 Dozens Lemons, in a Box”
British Generals’ Provisions and Mess Equipage
FHN, vol. XVII, no. 4 (68),2.

(Part 3)
“A Major General & family”
Nathanael Greene’s Food Ware
90
FHN, vol. XVIII, no. 1 (69), 2-3.
(Part 4)
“My poor cook is almost always sick …”
General Riedesel Goes to America
FHN, vol. XVIII, no. 2 (70), 2.

“Sufficient for the army for fifteen days …”
Continental Army Frozen Rations
FHN, vol. XVIII, no. 3 (71), 2, 9.

Condensed Milk, “Corned Willie,” and K Rations
Canned Foods for American Troops
Part I
“Manufactories sprung up everywhere …”
Early Use of Tinned Goods, and Their Proliferation During the American Civil War
(Column No. 43)
FHN, vol. XVIII, no. 3 (72), 2, 5.

Part II
“Pat and I ate a can of salmon and some hard tack.”2
The Incorporation of Canned Foods into U.S. Army Rations
(Column No. 44)
FHN, vol. XVIV, no. 1 (73), 2, 5.

Part III
“We hated them until we ran out and started to starve.”
U.S. Military Tinned Field Rations, 1940 to 1981
(Column No. 45)
FHN, vol. XVIV, no. 2 (74), 2, 5.

"The manner of messing and living together"
Continental Army Mess Groups
(Column No. 46)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/129368664/To-the-hungry-soul-every-bitter-thing-is-sweet-Soldiers-
Food-and-Cooking-in-the-War-for-Independence
91
FHN, vol. XVIV, no. 3 (75), 2, 9.
“On with Kittle, to make some hasty Pudding …”
How a "Continental Devil" Broke His Fast
(Column No. 47)
FHN, vol. XVIV, no. 4 (76)), 2, 9.

"A hard game"
Cooks in the Continental Army
(Column No. 48)
FHN, vol. XX, no. 1 (77)), 2, 7, 10.

"We had our cooking utensils ... to carry in our hands."
Light-Weight Military Kettles, 1775-1782
Included in the endnotes:
“Tin Kettles, 1759-1771”
“British and German Kettles”
“Kettle Capacity and Weight, and Excavated Artifacts, Circa 1750-1815”
(Column No. 49)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/180835470/To-subsist-an-Army-well-Soldiers-Cooking-Equipment-
Provisions-and-Food-Preparation-During-the-American-War-for-Independence
FHN, vol. XX, no. 2 (78)), 2, 4-5.

"They were made of cast iron and consequently heavy."
Eating Utensils and Less Commonly Used Cooking Implements, 1775-1783
(Column No. 50)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/180835470/To-subsist-an-Army-well-Soldiers-Cooking-Equipment-
Provisions-and-Food-Preparation-During-the-American-War-for-Independence
Food History News, vol. XX, no. 3 (79)), 2, 9, 12.

“A capital dish …"
Revolutionary Soldiers and Chocolate
(Column No. 51)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/131353233/%E2%80%9CA-capital-dish-%E2%80%A6-
Revolutionary-Soldiers-and-Chocolate
http://tinyurl.com/ce22e6t
(Final Issue, 2010)

FHN, vol. XX, no. 4 (79), 2-3.
"A better repast"
Continental Army Field and Company Officers’ Fare
(Column No. 52)
____________________
92
"Give us day by day our daily bread."
Continental Army Bread, Ovens, and Bakers
or
https://www.academia.edu/74638419/_Give_us_day_by_day_our_daily_bread_1_Continent
al_Army_Bread_Ovens_and_Bakers
Compiled and updated for:
“Their best wheaten bread, pies, and puddings…,”
An Historic Baking Symposium,
Fort Lee Historic Park, N.J., 28 August 2010
(Hosted by Deborah's Pantry)
Contents
“Waste and bad management …”

Regulating Baking
"Hard enough to break the teeth of a rat."

Biscuit in the Armies of the Revolution
“A bake–house was built in eleven days …”

Contemporary Baking Operations and Army Masonry Ovens
“Seeing that the Ovens may be done right …”

Bake Oven Designs
“The mask is being raised!!”

Early–War Iron Ovens, and a Yorktown Campaign Bakery
“Hands are most wanted to bake bread for the Soldiers …"
The Superintendent's Bakers
"The essential service he rendered to the army ..."

Christopher Ludwick, Superintendent of Bakers
Addendum: Hard Biscuit Recipes
“Continental Army Portable Ovens”

https://www.academia.edu/36419160/Continental_Army_portable_ovens_1777-177
"’The essential service he rendered to the army ...’: Christopher Ludwick, Superintendent
of Bakers,” http://www.scribd.com/doc/125310836/The-essential-service-he-rendered-to-
the-army-Christopher-Ludwick-Superintendent-of-Bakers
Jeff Pavlik, "Summary of Reproducing the 18th Century English Sea Biscuit"
http://www.scribd.com/doc/238489016/Jeff-Pavlik-Summary-of-Reproducing-the-18th-
Century-English-Sea-Biscuit
93
17. Brother Jonathan’s Images
(An ongoing series, by fits and starts)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/236989726/Articles-List-Brother-Jonathan-s-Images
https://www.academia.edu/16583533/Brother_Jonathan_s_Images
Brother Jonathan’s Images (Relaunch introduction, July 2012)

https://www.academia.edu/84148265/_Series_Relaunch_Brother_Jonathans_Images
Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 1. (Gregory J. W. Urwin)

Colonel Henry Beekman Livingston, 4th New York Regiment
Year: Circa 1778-1780
Collection: Smithsonian
https://www.academia.edu/84147932/Brother_Jonathans_Images_No_1_Formerly_Continental_Im
ages_by_Gregory_J_W_Urwin_Phd_Colonel_Henry_Beekman_Livingston_4_th_New_York_Regi
ment_Artist_Charles_Willson_Peale_Year_Circa_1778_1780_Collection_Smithsonian or
http://www.scribd.com/doc/175414586/Brother-Jonathan-No-1-Colonel-Henry-Beekman-
Livingston-7-22-2012

Captain John Gassaway, 2d Maryland Regiment
Year: Circa 1781-83
Collection: Smithsonian
http://www.scribd.com/doc/175419675/Brother-Jonathan-No-2-Captain-John-Gassaway-7-22-2012
Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 3. (Matthew C. White)

Captain Charles W. Peale, 2d Battalion Philadelphia City Associators
Year: Circa 1777-78
Collection: American Philosophical Society
http://www.scribd.com/doc/175423051/Brother-Jonathan-No-3-Charles-Willson-Peale-7-22-2012
Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 4 (Contributor: Stephan P. Zacharias)

Lt. Col. James Innes, Williamsburg Volunteers and 15th Virginia Regiment
Artist: Charles Wilson Peale
Year: 1774 -1777
Collection: Virginia Historical Society
http://www.scribd.com/doc/175454391/Brother-Jonathan-No-4-Col-James-Innes

Brigadier General Otho Holland Williams
Year: 1786
Collection: Private
http://www.scribd.com/doc/175454771/Brother-Jonathan-No-5-Brigadier-General-Otho-Holland-
Williams
94
Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 6. (Neal Hurst)
Lt. Colonel Richard Cary
Year: 1776
Collection: Private
http://www.scribd.com/doc/175455267/Brother-Jonathan-No-6-Lt-Colonel-Richard-Cary
(Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 7) (John U. Rees)

Major Joseph Bloomfield, 3d New Jersey Regiment
Year: 1777
Collection: Private
(Including “The Blues offered again to fight …”: Contemporary Use of the Term “Jersey Blues”)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/179477933/Brother-Jonathan%E2%80%99s-Images-No-7-Major-
Joseph-Bloomfield-3d-New-Jersey-Regiment-Artist-Charles-Willson-Peale-Year-1777-Collection-
Privatel
(Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 8) (Gregory J. W. Urwin, with John U. Rees)

Captain Samuel Blodget, Jr., 2d New Hampshire Regiment or New Hampshire Militia
Artist: John Trumbull
Year: circa 1786
Collection: Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/240639514/Brother-Jonathan-s-Images-No-8-Captain-Samuel-Blodget-
Jr-2d-New-Hampshire-Regiment-or-New-Hampshire-Militia
Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 9 (John U. Rees)

Virginia Rifleman
Artist: Richard St George Mansergh St George, 52d Regiment of Foot, 1777
Year: 1777
Collection: Harlan Crow Library, Dallas, Texas (purchased from the estate of Arthur E. Bye,
Bucks County, Pennsylvania)
Contents
1. Background
3. “Chosen Men Selected from the Army at large …”: Rifle-Armed
Companies, Battalions, and Regiments, 1775-1779.
Appendices
A. “A Quantity of Tow Cloth, for the Purpose of making of Indian or Hunting
Shirts …”: Proper Terminology: Hunting shirt, Rifle Shirt, Rifle Frock …
B. Letter by Jesse Lukens, describing Pennsylvania riflemen and service at the siege of Boston, 1775.
C. Capt. William Dansey, 33d Regiment, describes two encounters with rifle troops.
D. Morgan’s Rifle Corps: Selected Documents Not Included in the Narrative
E. “We returned them a very brisk fire …”: A Rifleman’s View of Two Campaigns
F. “He was in that noted Battel in the Bukwheat field with Morgan …”
Riflemen’s Pension Service Narratives, 1775-1779
G. The Rebels (Sung to the tune, Black Joak), originally published in the Pennsylvania Ledger, 1778
https://www.academia.edu/84147972/_Brother_Jonathan_No_9_St_Georges_Virginia_Rifleman_11_4_2014_
Final or
https://www.scribd.com/doc/245356391/Brother-Jonathan-s-Images-No-9-St-George-s-Virginia-Rifleman-
95
Artist-Richard-St-George-Mansergh-St-George-52d-Regiment-of-Foot-1777-Collection
or https://tinyurl.com/Va-Rifleman

Verger’s Rifleman
Artist: Jean-Baptiste-Antoine de Verger, Sublieutenant, Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment.
Year: 1781
Collection: Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University.
Contents
1. Background
3. “Joined Gen’l. [Daniel] Morgan … about 36 hours … before the Battle at the
Cowpens”: Riflemen in the Carolina Campaigns, 1780-1781 (sources)
4. “My riflemen, their faces smeared with charcoal, make the woods resound
with their yells …”: The Marquis de Lafayette’s 1781 Summer Virginia Campaign
5. “The American riflemen insulted the outposts, whilst a body of continentals
advanced …”: British Accounts of the Green Spring Action
6. “My brave boys give them one more fire …”: Riflemen Pension Narratives, 1781 Virginia Campaign
https://www.scribd.com/doc/293382911/Brother-Jonathan-s-Images-No-10-Verger-s-Virginia-
Rifleman-1781
“An American Soldier”
Artist: Friedrich Konstantin von Germann
Year: circa 1778
Collection: Braunschweig Municipal Archives, Lower Saxony
https://www.scribd.com/document/353945221/Brother-Jonathan-s-Images-No-11-An-American-
Soldier-Artist-Friedrich-Konstantin-von-Germann-Year-Circa-1778
“Short skirted, according to the dress of our soldiery.”: An Overview of Continental Army Early-
War Regimental Coat Design, and Comparison with Late-War Attributes
Part 1.
Contents
1. “Very difficient in necessary Clothing …”: New England, 1775.
2. “Made in the fashion of the Continental Army”: The von Germann Drawings and Regimental Coats, 1777-
1778.
3. Conclusion: Synopsis of Early-War Coat Attributes
“Short skirted, according to the dress of our soldiery.”: An Overview of Continental Army Early-
War Regimental Coat Design, and Comparison with Late-War Attributes
Part 2.
Contents
1. “The lapells … to button over & the coats not sloped away …”: Continental Army Coat Construction
Revisions, 1778-1781.
2. Conclusion: Early-War versus Late-War Coat Attributes
3. “Warm & comfortable during the winter.”: Post-War American Regimental Coats, circa 1785 and 1799
96
4. Further Reading

Captain Judah Alden, 2nd Massachusetts Regiment
Contributor: John Hannigan
Artist: Tadeusz Kościuszko
Year: circa 1779
Source: Location of original unknown. Image from Justin Winsor, A Memorial History of Boston
(Boston: James R. Osgood, 1881), v. 3, p. 99.
https://www.academia.edu/49128992/Brother_Jonathan_s_Images_No_12_Captain_Judah_Alden_
2nd_Massachusetts_Regiment_John_Hannigan_
97
(Above and below) 4th Connecticut Regiment, Valley Forge, March 2013.
98
99
Grenadiers of Virginia, Yorktown Campaign, 1781
Dunlap’s Partisan Corps, 1777
100
Dunlap’s Partisan Corps, 1777
Commander-in-Chief’s Guard, Williamsburg, Virginia

101
Private soldier, Lt. Charles Willson Peale’s company, 2d Battalion, Philadelphia Associators, January
1777
102
Peale’s Company, 2d Battalion Philadelphia Associators, Princeton Battlefield, 2015
103
More images from “With Peale to Princeton”
https://www.facebook.com/john.u.rees/media_set?set=a.10205283481149549.1073741830.132288856
7&type=3
“Trenton to Princeton March Route and Schedule”

https://www.scribd.com/doc/251085624/Trenton-to-Princeton-March-Route-and-
Schedule?secret_password=ylNxQE0my27enMtx14oT
104
Peale’s Company, march to Princeton, January 2017.
105
Peale’s Company, march to Princeton, January 2017.
106
4th Connecticut Regiment, 1778-1779
107
Commander-in-Chief’s Guard, 1778
(Endview Plantation, near Yorktown, Virginia)
108
Private soldier of the Commander-in-Chief’s Guard. Presidents’ Day 2018, closing day of the
special exhibit, “Among His Troops: Washington’s War Tent in a Newly Discovered
Watercolor,” Museum of the American Revolution.
109
Massachusetts sergeant of the Fort Ticonderoga rear guard detachment, July 1777.
(Special event, Fort Ticonderoga, New York, July 2021)
110
111
112
https://tinyurl.com/JohnURees-articles
https://www.academia.edu/39349285/_Only_authors_articles_John_U_Rees_World_of_the_Common_
Soldier_Abbreviated_List_of_Articles_and_Monographs_August_2022
https://www.scribd.com/document/436713206/Author-s-Articles-Only-John-U-Rees-World-of-the-
Common-Soldier
https://tinyurl.com/Rees-author-only (Scribd)
Subject Headings

2. Book Reviews
3. Campaign, Battle, Combat, and Operational Studies (1775-1783)
4. Women Following the Army and the Civilian Experience (1755-1760 and 1775-1783)
5. General George Washington’s Military Household, Headquarters Tents, and the
8. Enlistment and Conscription (1775-1783)
9. Miscellaneous Subjects (1775-1783)
Including Miscellaneous Subjects Not Related to the War for Independence
U.S. Marine’s letters from Parris Island to the occupation of Japan, Solebury Township
oral history (life before and during WW2 and service in the U.S. Army Air Corps), annual
Wrightstown, Pa. Friends Meeting carol sing (begun Dec. 1941), two soldiers from
Solebury Township (Civil War and WW2), Solebury artist’s WW2 letter, and an early
settler’s description of the area.
11. New Jersey Brigade (1775-1783)
12. Regimental, Battalion, and other Unit Studies (1775-1783)
13. Miscellaneous Military Material Culture (1775-1783)
(and other military miscellania)
Monographs on Continental Army equipage and vehicle returns (1775-1782), knapsack
types, evolution of British knapsacks, what soldiers’ carried (militia, Continentals, British
common soldiers and officers’ campaign equipage, images of items soldiers carried in two
parts), soldier’s blankets, hunting shirts (proper terminology), unpaid volunteers in the
Continental and British armies (1775-1781), a look at order books in the Museum of the
American Revolution, musket cleaning and care, stacking arms, officers’ shoulder arms,
artillery at the Battle of Monmouth, shoe supply and soldier-artificers making shoes and
other leather goods (1776-1782), tin cartridge canisters, soldier-tailors, Continental Army
surgeons, stacking arms, officers’ waiters, Maj. Gen. Charles Lee at Monmouth
Courthouse, and "`Politeness', 'Mirth' and 'Vocal Musick'.”.
15. Transportation (1775-1783) plus Artillery
113
Proto-article on wagons and watercraft, more recent studies on pack horses, Continental
Army vehicle returns and vehicle paint colors, artillery at Monmouth Courthouse (1778),
artillery with Wayne’s Penna. Battalions in Virginia (1781), Continental Army vessels on
inland waterways (1775-1782), British army wheeled transportation (1776-1781),
Washington’s army’s march from Valley Forge to Monmouth Courthouse (1778).
16. Soldiers' Shelter (1775-1783, 1861-1865)
17. Soldiers' Rations, Food Preparation and Cooking Utensils (1755-1945)
18. Brother Jonathan’s Images (an ongoing series, by fits and starts)
Studies of period military portraits/paintings: AWI (Henry Livingston (4th New York),
John Gassaway (2d Maryland), Charles Willson Peale (Philadelphia Associators/Militia),
James Innes (15th Virginia), Otho Holland Williams (Maryland), Richard Cary (Virginia),
Joseph Bloomfield (3d New Jersey), Samuel Blodgett (2d New Hampshire), Virginia
rifleman (1777), Virginia rifleman (1781), “An American Soldier” (1778).
114

John U. Rees (Author's Articles Only) World of The Common Soldier

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

John U. Rees (Author's Articles Only) World of The Common Soldier

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

(J.U.

Rees articles only)

1. African Americans in the Armies of the Revolution

Series for Journal of the American Revolution

Nineteenth Century Remembrances of Black Revolutionary Veterans:

Nineteenth Century Remembrances of Black Revolutionary Veterans:

Nineteenth Century Remembrances of Black Revolutionary Veterans:

Nineteenth Century Remembrances of Black Revolutionary Veterans:

Articles Commissioned by American Battlefield Trust

Ten Facts: Black Patriots in the American Revolution

Other Authors’ Monographs

More information at,

See also, African Americans Serving in the Armies of the Revolution

Solo March to Monmouth Courthouse, June 28 2019

“’Beware of being Burgoyned.’: Marching Toward Monmouth, Delaware River to Freehold, 18 to 27

“Receivd an Ensigncy in Capt Hagans Company Third Jersey Regt”

Addendum: 1781 Light Battalion weapons,

The Civilian Experience, 1775-1783

American Revolution Army Women Names Project

Nineteenth Century Remembrances of Black Revolutionary Veterans:

"’The proportion of Women which ought to be allowed...’: An Overview of Continental Army

“Women Following the Army, 1775-1783 (A compendium of online articles.)

Nineteenth Century Remembrances of Black Revolutionary Veterans:

6. Letters, Diaries, and Order Books

8. Enlistment and Conscription

“Miscellaneous Family Information: The Claytons and Related Families”

“Miscellaneous Family Information: Urban Family”

“Miscellaneous Family Information: Folkenson Family”

“Miscellaneous Family Information: Townsend Family”

10. New Jersey Brigade

(Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 7)

“’Beware of being Burgoyned.’: Marching Toward Monmouth, Delaware River to Freehold, 18 to

"He Come Out with us this time As a Volunteer ...":

“Receivd an Ensigncy in Capt Hagans Company Third Jersey Regt”

Lafayette’s Light Troops, 1781 and Wayne’s Pennsylvania Battalions, 1781-1783:

Lafayette’s Light Division, 1780:

5th Pennsylvania Battalion of 1776:

6th Pennsylvania Regiment, 1777

Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 9

Brother Jonathan’s Images, No. 10

Blankets, vol. 1, 77-78 (250 words);

IMAGES, PART TWO

My first published article:

"He Come Out with us this time As a Volunteer ...":

“`I … am Determined to serve you … If Possible.’- John Coryell (1778): General

13. Tactics and Military Manuals

16. Soldiers' Rations, Food Preparation and Cooking Utensils

“Some Useful Receipts for Camp,” compiled by Scott Douglas,

“`A capital dish …’: Revolutionary Soldiers and Chocolate”

“The common necessaries of life …” A Revolutionary Soldier’s Wooden Bowl”

Soldier’s mess bowl (original artifact), see article above.

FHN, vol. VII, no. 3 (Winter 1995), 2-3.

FHN, vol. VIII, no. 1 (Summer 1996), 2-3.

FHN, vol. VII, no. 4 (Spring 1996), 2-3.

FHN, vol. VIII, no. 2 (Fall 1996), 1-2, 7.

FHN, vol. VIII, no. 4 (Spring 1997), 2, 3-5, 6-7.

FHN, vol. XVII, no. 1 (Summer 2005) (65), 2.

FHN, vol. IX, no. 2 (Fall 1997), 2, 8-9.

FHN, vol. IX, no. 3 (Winter 1998), 2.

FHN, vol. IX, no. 4 (Spring 1998), 2, 7-8.

FHN, vol. X, no. 1 (37), 2, 8-9.

FHN, vol. X, no. 2 (38), 2, 6-7.

FHN, vol. X, no. 3 (39), 2, 7.