1.
ll.
8
][.
V.
VI.
45
58
Vll.
71
80
CONTENTS
1
. Introduction..... H ....... H ..... H ..... H ..... H ..... H .. .Shin TERAZAWA...2
n
.IdentificationandanatomicalcharactersofBangkiraiandWhitemeranti
woodsgrowni
nKalimantan - H H ..... H H H ..... H ..Yaichi KOBAYASHI'" 8
1
I
I
. DencityandshrinkageofBangkiraiandWhitemerantiwoodsgrown
i
n Kalimantan .... H ....... H ..... H ..... H - H H ... TatsuoNAKANOandJ
i
s
u
k
eKABURAGI...32
W. MechanicalpropertiesofBangkirai andVhitemerantiWOO:
lSgrown
i
nKalimantan H H ..... a ... H ..... H ..... H .. Ry zabur YAMAIandKi
c
h
i KOND 45
V
Drying
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
so
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
iandWhitem
e
r
a
n
t
iwoodsgrowni
n
hi
c
h
i5AT"'58
Kalimantan H H ..... H --... H -... H H H ..5hin TERAZAWAand5
V
I
. CuttingpropertiesofBangkiraiandWhitemerantiwoodsgrownin
Kalimantanbyr
o
t
a
t
i
n
gk
n
i
f
e ... H H H ..... H ..... H ..... H ..... H H H ..... H ..Tooru H
o
s
H
I
.
.
.
7
1
V
l
!
. RotaryveneercmtingofBangkiraiand'Vhitemerantiwoods
growni
nKalimantan... H ...... H -... H H H -... H .. .Yoshimasa E
G
U
S
A
.
.
.
8
0
1968 5 23
218
1.
(1)
1)
2 13j
9 207
1966, 12, 1
9
1966, 12 , 2
7
1967,
40m3
1
.3
1
18
8
2 Table 1
VIA-9 (Fig.1
Fig.2 \) VIA-l
VIA-2
T
(1)
11 (
Table 1.
|||
(cm) I (cm)
VIA- 1
6
2
.
5
VIA-2
6
5
57lb
VIA-3
6
6
6
2
A-
9
7
8
0
A-
6
6
6
0
VIA-7
7
5
7
4
VIA-8
.5
6
2 I , 10cm
VIA-9
7
0
6
5 I L
6
1
5
2
6
2
5
9
VIB-5
VIB-I0
5
9
I
25cm
I
I
(Fig.3
30cm
t
10~
Fig.l
15
VIA-3
8
VIA-7
VIA-l
VIA-2
t.::. o
VIB-5
Table
2
Fig.2
(VIA-9)
218
Fig.3
-4)
CVIA
(VIB-5)
Tab!e 2.
VIA-11 A2| A- 3
1VIA-4IVIA-61 A- 7 1 A- 8 I VIA B-51m-lO
30~100cm
VIA-1~VIA-4 A-6~VIA-9
RIDL /
a
e
v
i
s
Shorea l
(Bangkirai)
(Shea s
p
.
)
Table 3
- 5
11 (
Tab!e3.
I jL:;t1i%I (gfcm
3
)
A-
VIA- 3
A
VIA- 7
A-
A-
V
I
B
-5
B-
1
0
(%)
0.63~
0
.
9
6
0
.
8
6
0.81~ 0
.
9
1
0
.
8
6
0.67~ 0
.
9
3
0
.
8
5
o
.59~ 0.96
0
.
8
4
o
.80~ 0.90
0
.
8
3
o
.52~ 0.85
0
.
7
7
0.52~ 0
.
9
6
0
.
8
4
7
.22~10. 2
5
9
.
3
5
8
.21~ 9
.
2
2
8
.
5
3
8.48~ 9
.
5
1
8
.
9
4
7
.76~ 9
.
8
7
9
.
2
1
.51~ 9
.
4
2
8
.
8
9
8.06~ 9
.
1
0
8
.
7
2
5
7
.22~10. 2
8
.
9
6
O
.46~ 0
.
5
6
0
.
5
3
0.49~ 0
.
7
0
0
.
5
6
0.46~ 0
.
7
0
0
.
5
5
.
7
1
6
.83~ 7
7
.
3
1
.
9
0
7
.13~ 9
8
.
2
3
6.83~ 9
.
9
0
7
.
7
7
(
t
/
T
)
2~ 5.01 I
90~
2
.78~ 3
.
9
8
3
.
4
6
.
3
0
2
.82~ 5
3
.
9
5
2.78~ 5
.
3
0
3
.7
0
1
.95~ 2
.
7
5
2
.
1
8
1
.74~ 2
.
5
3
2
.
1
4
1
.74~ 2
.
7
5
2
.
1
6
4
.
5
1
3
.74~ 4.44
4
.
0
5
4
.61~ 6
.
2
0
5
.
5
5
3.81~ 5
.
8
7
4
.
9
3
4.11~ 5
.
4
7
4
.
6
4
3
.62~ 5
.
3
4
4
.
8
3
3
.32~ 6
.
2
0
4
.
8
1
2
.
2
7
2
.
0
8
1
.99~ 2
.
2
9
2
.
1
1
1
.46~ 1
.
8
8
1
.
62
1
.66~ 2
.
0
8
1
.8
8
1
.65~ 2
.1
7
1
.9
3
1
.67~ 2
.
2
3
1
.8
2
1
.46~ 2
.
2
9
1
.
8
9
(t/
VI A-6 (tfT) 1
.62
Tab!e4
20%
(Hoea i
e
r
T
e
i
)
2.7cm
10% 21 45 0 C
1. 8 0 C 75 0 C
12.3% 22~25%
7~8 55 0 C 4 0 C
80 0 C
218
Table4.
3)
(gfcm
(%)
0.88~0.98
15.0~16.5
155~173
VIA- 6
0.92~!.01
15;0~16.
177~213
VIA- 8
0.85~0.90
VIA- 9
0
.
9
1
0
.
9
4
0
.
8
7
O
.84~0. 9
0
0
.
8
6
O
.84~1. 0
1
0
.
8
9
1
6
.
0
1
6
3
1
5
.
5
1
5
.0~16. 5
1
6
.
0
150~180
15.0~17.
172~214
1
6
.
0
15.0~17.
1
5
.
5
1
9
6
1
6
7
1
8
8
150~214
1
7
7
9
5
2
7
8
9
806~
1353~1582
941~1135
1438~1825
1
0
2
6
9
8
4
8
4
1
806~ 8
7
3
8
3
8
734~
734~1135
15
111l~145
|31
1
5
.
5
1
2
8
0
.
5
6
(103kgfcm~\(kgfcm 2
r= 1 (k
gfc
m2 )
A-
1
4
4
8
1
6
4
6
1230~1610
1
4
5
4
1454~1698
1
5
2
4
1230~1825
8
6
0
1
5
0
5
5
0
1
9
1
9
(Shorea I ochra)
VIA-4
IJ
5 (VIA-6)
80% 90% 2
75%
ASTM D
1101 p
40%
20%
90 0 C
30 0
40~501
2mm)
0.99mm (1. 0
11 (
-7~
||
2
2
(
I
0
3
k
g
f
c
m2
)I (kgfcm
) I (kgfcm
) (
1
03
kgfcm2
)l _im2)
162~225
476~561
218~269
600~721
5
1
4
1
8
9
6
7
2
2
4
0
398~642
187~237
5
4
0
2
1
2
398~614
214~284
4
9
5
2
4
3
476~721
162~284
5
4
0
2
2
1
151 -188
1
6
5
I 255~384
3
2
5
661~701
139~221
6
7
4
788~813
|| l
950~1805
1
8
7
1
2
4
6
205~281
7
9
8
I025~2000
2
3
9
1
5
8
6
I__i_m 2 )
l_~fcm2)
I1347~2195
I 1
6
4
2
I1314~2510
I 1
9
9
2
I147~176
I 1
6
5
I132~164
I 1
5
1
601~743
6
8
6
596~748
195~237
6
5
0
596~813
6
9
1
I 384~459
4
2
3
1
5
2
2
139~281
950~2000
2
1
7
12q~156
1
4
3
I1565~2280
I 1
9
0
8
I1314~2510
I 1
8
7
0
1198~1863
2
1
7
1
4
7
4
I(kg~2_
I168~200
I 1
8
3
I164~204
I 1
8
6
148~176 I183~218
1
6
0 I 1
9
9
I115~163 I184~207
I 1
4
8 I 1
9
3
I115~176 I164~218
I 1
5
6 I 1
9
1
I
. 20~40kg!cm2.
j
II .
1 E
1O ~20kgfcm2
128
207 9
n
.
1.
10
10
2
2.
(1)
(A)
(Bangkirai)
HILDEBRAND
6)7) c
8
(Diptero
Bangkirai
Shorea
l
a
e
v
i
sRIDL. (=S.l
a
e
v
i
f
o
!
i
a ENDERT
Table
a boleensis Sh
(1)
11(
(12)
Barbata : (2)
(10)
(1)
WOOD 17)
(2)
(4) (3)
(1)
(1) (3)
(Selangan ba
(2)
(5)
Shorea
(Subgenus Shorea)
Shorea 50 30
15
(Sho
a) S
h
o
r
e
aa
t
r
i
n
e
r
v
o
s
aSVM.
Balau
hitam Black
1
HILDEBLAND
WOOD 1
b) S
h
o
r
e
ab
a
l
a
n
g
e
r
a
nBURCK
c
)S
h
o
r
e
ae
x
e
l
l
i
p
t
i
c
a W. MEIJER
ASHTON 1 )
S
h
o
r
e
ae
l
l
i
p
t
i
c
aBURCK
1943 SVMINGTON S.
?ell tica
sen SVM.
S. e
x
e
l
l
i
p
t
i
c
aW.MEIJER
W. MEIJER 9
1 S.
?e
l
l
i
p
t
i
c
aBURCK
d
)S
h
o
r
e
afoxwortkyi SVM.
SVMINGTON I6 )
WOOD
Balau bukit(=hill)
S.
semini,;
Selangan batuN
o.2
.
218
10
Table 1.
The t
r
e
enames o
fBalau
""L
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c name
sgprmavzrt
%
y '
L
o
c
a
l
i
t
y
P
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
lname
f
5
about 1
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
H
o
p
e
ac
e
l
e
b
i
c
a BURCK
C
.
1
.1
0
Balau matak
u
t
j
i
n
g
L
.e
tS
Y
M
.
*
l
P
a
r
a
s
h
o
r
e
adeiflora V. S
S
.
0
.
9
1
Tembalum
S
h
o
r
e
aa
l
r
i
n
e
r
v
o
s
a SYM.
S
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.
0
.
9
8
Balau hitam
S
. B.
0
.
8
6
Belangeran
.A
S
. B
0
.
9
4
Balaul
a
u
tbatu
t
>
S
.foxwort. i SYM.
S
.B
.
.
A
S
.b
a
l
a
n
g
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r
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S
.exell lica W. MEIJ
Tekan t
e
g
e
l
a
n
S
.g
l
a
u
c
aKING
S
.
1
.0
0
Balau bunga
S
.g
u
i
s
o (BLANCO) B
L
.
S
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0
.
8
3
G
i
s
o
B
.
0
.
9
1
Benuas
S
.B
.
0
.
9
9
Balau tanduk
S
.
1
.0
1
Balau mi ak
.
A
.
S.
l
a
e
v
i
f
o
l
i
a ENDEK
S.
l
a
e
v
i
sR
I
D
L
.*
4
S
.m
a
x
w
e
l
l
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a
n
a KING
t
>
S
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c
h
r
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p
h
l
o
i
a E.].
S
. ex SYM.
B
.
0
.
8
6
V. S
L
.
B
.
0
.
9
0
Terindak
0
.
8
8
Kedawang
1
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9
Balau penzau
.
A
S
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e
m
i
n
i
s
S
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m
a
t
r
a
n
a SYM.
Up
u
n
a borneeis SYM
S
.
B
.
L
.
*
1 Synonym-Parashoreaa
p
t
e
r
aV.S
Shorea ?e
l
l
i
p
t
i
c
a BURCK
=S
. ?e
l
l
i
p
t
i
c
ase'e SYM. (Mal
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o
r
. Rec. 1
6(
1
9
4
3
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3
)
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x
e
l
l
i
p
t
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c
a W. MEIJER (
A
c
t
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o
t
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r7
*
4
S yn
nllym~
h
S
or
ea
1 ae
vf
fo
l E
NDERT*3
5 B
.
: Borneo, C
.
:E
a
s
t Indonesia, S
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: P
r
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t
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di
nt
h
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n
v
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t
i
g
a
t
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no
fKalimantan F
o
r
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s
t(
1
9
6
2
)
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e
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h
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ag
u
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o (BLANCO) B
L
.
HILDEBLAND 6)7) 3
Guijo ()
Selangan
batu mera
'
1 (=Rd)
Ba)au
. Giso Belangiran
f
)S
h
o
r
e
al
a
e
v
i
sRIDL. (SynonymS
.I
n
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v
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f
o
r
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a ENDERT)
-11-
11 ()
groupgrowni
nI
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d
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Vernacularname
| )1
Malava13Sarawak and|
Sabah |pI11ooi
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r
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i
(
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tembaga
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tpA3ak
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a
k
t
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a
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l
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n
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(
d
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Malayakal
ang
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t
t
l
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.
;Balikpapan , Bl
.
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t
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: East-Kutei , M.: Mahakam ,.
T.N.: Nunukan I
s
l
a
n
do
fs
u
b
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
nTarakan.
I Shorea l
a
e
v
i
f
o
l
i
aENDERT
Balau c
g
)S
h
o
r
e
ao
c
h
r
o
p
h
l
o
i
aE
..
J
.STRUGNELL ex SYM.
SYMINGTON 16 )
300m
HILDEBRAND
218
12
13)
h
)S
h
o
r
e
as
e
m
i
n
i
s (DEVRIESE)V. SL.
Malayakal
Selangan
batu No. 2
(B) (Shorea
Hopea
Parashorea
(Eushorea) una
horneensis Shorea
Table2 8(9) c
(Shorea
DESCH 2)
Table 2
(2)
(A)
Table 2.
A summaryo
fc
e
r
t
a
i
nm
a
c
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tred-brown
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c
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a E.J.S
. ex SYM.
S
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.91~ 1. 03
0.98
le--b
O
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5
0.86
brown
Lightp
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le
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l
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grey
0
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11 (
13
(White meranti)
2 Anthoshorea
Richetia Parashorea
Anthoshorea
WOOD 17)
30 AsHTON 25
(1) (2)
(6) (9)
(6)
(5) (4)
(1 0)
(Anthoshorea)
Table 3
Table 6
a
)S
h
o
r
e
aa
g
a
m
iASHTON
1962 ASHTON
Balaugroupgrown i
n Kalimantan
S
i
l
i
c
a
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
S01itary
Chambered
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
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n
p
a
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s
t
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n
a
c
n
h
d
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ma t
h
ep
a
r
e
n
chymac
e
l
l
s
++
++
++
++
++
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C
.
r
n
y
s
t
a
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l
s
m t
n
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r
a
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e
l
l
s
S. viresce
Meranti
putehtimbul
S. vir
Anthosh
orea
++
b) S
h
o
r
e
ab
r
a
c
t
e
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l
a
t
a DYER
ASHTON 1 )
++
HILDEBRAND7)
218
14
Table3.
White
m
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r
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t
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h
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;
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15
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(
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s
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a
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l|H s
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ngan (
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b
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r
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w
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p
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M
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l
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Marabia
Maro hitam(M
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L
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s
u
l
a
n
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Melapis
u
l
a
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s
u
l
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g
c
c
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r
d
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n
gt
o HILDEBRANDgiven
T.N.:NunukanI
s
l
a
n
do
fs
u
b
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n Tarakan H: Doubtful name. a
VVOOD 17)
30cm
(23-36 ) Anthoshorea
5 Om 4m
f) S
h
o
r
e
av
i
r
e
s
c
e
n
sP
A
R
I
J
S
50m 5m
(B)
Anthoshorea
218
16
{ L
S
h
o
r
e
a agami
Parashorea
Shorea Richetia
a) ... H .. Allthoslzorea
.. H H H ..Richetia
c) H H - .Pashorea
m
e
r
a
n
t
i
DESCH
S
h
o
r
e
a bracteolata
S
h
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Anthoshorea
3
.
1. Table 1 8
5cm ~( 15cm 25 cm
VIA-2 VIA-4
5cm
2cm o
5cm IJ1. 5cm
1. 5cm VIA-1
VIA-2, VIA-4,
VIA-6,
VIA-3 Vl A-7
11 (
17
b~g( a
6 a~g 7
a)
(Rong l
e
a
n
g:tania sp.)
4.
(1)
i
)
VIA-3 VIA-7
Shorea
i
i
)
VIB-5 VIB-10
218
18
(2)
i
)
A.
f
VIA-3 VIA-7
Table 4.
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
v
ep
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
no
fwoode
l
e
m
e
n
t
s (%)
Librifiormw(00d
f
i
b
r
e
S
a
r
n
p
l
e
V
e
s
s
e
l
VIA-2-f
VIA-3-f
A-4-f
VIA-6-f
VIA-7-f
VIA-8-f
VIA-9-f
3124
5
1
7
1*
2
VIB-5
e
B-10-e
VIA-3-b
A-3-c
VIA-3-d
A-3-e
VIA-3-f
VIA-3-g
A-7-c
A-7-d
VIA-7-e
VIA-7-f
VIA-7-g
VIA-1 , VIA-2,
c
h
e
i
di
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
4
7
.
2
4
6
.
2
4
7
.
6
5
3
.
5
4
8
.
5
5
8
.
8
45.0
43.4
4
8
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23.0
2
9
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1
2
8
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3
0
.
2
6
0
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1
5
5
.
9
5
8
.
2
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3
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8
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2
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3
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7
5
9
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3
6
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8
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1
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1
5
7
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8
5
8
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8
5
5
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1
1
5
.
2
2
6
.
9
2
4
.
5
2
3
.
3
2
2
.
5
2
3
.
8
2
7
.
0
A-7-a
VIA-7-b
... H .. Mark
a: The
b:
A
x
i
a
l
p
a
r
e
n
c
h
y
r
n
a
(vasicent tr)
2
4
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9
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28.3
24.5
3
4
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6
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3
3
.
5
3
3
.
5
2
9
.
7
2
3
.
0
2
9
.
1
2
8
.
1
3
0
.
2
1
8
.
1
21
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2
0
.
8
23.4
2
8
.
3
3
0
.
6
VIA-l
Ray
4
.
0
3
.
8
5
.2
3
.
7
3
.
4
7
.
6
4
.
9
3
.
9
4
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6
6
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0
8
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6
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8
9
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0
1
1
.
3
8
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2
1
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.
6
5
.
2
1
1
.
9
1
6
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0
5
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5
5
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1
6
.
0
7
.
3
7
.
6
9
.
1
2
3
.
6
1
5
.
7
1
7
.
0
1
7
.
8
1
2
.
8
9
.
4
1
6
.
5
1
8
.
9
1
6
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5
1
6
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9
.
1
1
6
.
4
1
2
.
9
o
.3
11
.8
.0
11
1
2
.
1
11
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1
7
.
0
1
2
.
7
.1
11
8
.
2
9
.
5
9
.
3
1
1
.
5
9
.
4
8
.
8
1
.0
0
.
0
o
.7
0
.
9
1
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2
.
5
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.
0
0
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1
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1
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3
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.
9
0
.
4
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.
0
0
.
1
1
.
9
o
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O
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0
.
4
0
.
1
0
.
3
0
.
5
3
.
0
0
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7
0
.
0
0
.
1
o
fs
t
u
d
yeachl
o
g
s
.
p
a
r
t5
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.5
c
r
nf
r
o
r
np
i
t
h
.
I
!
10.0~1 1. 5cm
I
!
I
!
d:
15. O~ 1
6
.5
c
r
n
/
1
/
1
e:
/
1
2
5
.0~26. 5cm
1
1
1
1
g
:
3
0
.0~3 1. 5cm
1 A r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
especimen (
S
h
o
r
e
a laelia ENDERT).
A r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
especimen (
S
h
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r
e
al
a
e
v
i
sR
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L
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.
1
1
A
x
i
a
l
i
n
t
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c
e
l
l
u
l
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c
a
n
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l
p
a
r
tn
e
a
rp
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t
h
.
c
:
f
:
10.0~1 1. 5crn
1
1
1
5
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6
.5cm
20. 0~2 1. 5cm
2
5
.0~26. 5cm
30.0~31.5cm
I
!
/
1
I
!
11 ()
5cm
19
Table 4
a)
Vl A-1 .
Vl A-4 A-7
Vl A-7
8 29.7% 48.7
4.6%.
16.5%
0 5%
b)
10crn 15cm
(c
Vl A-7 a
B.
Table 5(1) e
a)
L G
2 3
J
1mm 2 4 ~12
Vl A-7 5. 6
Vl A-2 8.1
Bangkirai Shorea
l
a
e
u
i
f
o
l
i
aENDERT
Selanganbatu
S.
l
a
e
v
i
sRID L.
J U
RJVFDRRURU
t7tOJQJ74?47'
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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4~
6~10
5~14
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4~
HW
H
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8
9
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3~
7
9
8
7
2~
fiRU
12346789M71333333
5~10
731875765633576678M875655
5~11
3~10
4~
2~
8
4~
W
H
WNWU
l
i
l
i
j
i
i
1
3
3
;
;
l
;
i
;
i
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j
j
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i
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j
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11 -53
5~11
5~10
nu--8066113951561L44846246nVAu-
5~12
V
e
s
s
e
l
......
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5~12
ffffffff
6~10
Diameter
,
.................
4~10
nrn
C
.
218
20
Table 5. (1)
Anatomical c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s(
1
)
Sample
a: The p
a
r
tnearp
i
t
h
.
a
r
t 5
.O~ 6.5cmfrom t
h
ep
i
t
h
.
b
: flj 5.0~ 6.5cm f The p
c:
10. O~ 1
1
.5cm
10.0~l 1. 5cm
1
/
1
1
d:
15. O~ 1
6
.5cm
1
/
1
5
.O~ 1
6
.5cm
,
1
1
1
1
e:
3
0
.0~3 1. 5cm
1: A r
e
f
e
r
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n
c
especimen (
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h
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v
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f
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f
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b)
g {
20.0~
21
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11 (
Table5.
21
(2)
Anatomicalc
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s(
2
)
V
asicentr
ic tr
ache
i
d
Sample
380~
VIA-c2
A-3-f
400~
1 A-8-f
VIA-9-f
7
5
0
770
31241
280~
5171
320~
16~40
20~40
2.0~3.0
2.0~2.5
7
3
0
7
8
0
7
3
0
6
3
0
7
0
0
7
0
0
7
6
0
6
7
0
6
1
0
6
9
0
2.0~2.5
18~44
2
.0~2. 0
2
.0~2. 5!
I
20~42
17~44
21~42
2.0~2.5
2
.0~2. 5
2
.0~3. 0
2
.0~2. 5
1
7
8
0
1
7
5
0
1
5
8
0
Wall
t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Diameter
20~45
20~46
20~37
6
0
0
730
Length
16~55
360~1250
330~ 6
7
0
330~1000
300~ 8
60
280~ 7
6
0
400~ 7
6
0
Wall
Diameter t
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Length
f
.
l
VIA-I-f
VIA-4-f
f
VIA-6f
VIA-7-
i
ifoform
fiiber
Libr
br
woodf
15~33
3.5~7.0
15~31
5.0~7.0
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
6
7
0
1
6
7
0
1
3
3
2
1
3
5
3
1
2
5
8
1
2
9
7
1
2
7
6
1
3
3
6
1
2
2
8
1
2
0
9
1
5
3
0
1
5
0
0
1
1
5
1
1
1
2
1
l 00
5.0~7.0
15~30
15~33
5
.0~7. 0
5
.0~7. 0
4
.0~7. 0
4.0~7. 0
15~33
4.0~7.0
20~30
20~30(40)
4.0~7.0
5
.0~7. 0
15~32
15~30
15~30
VIB-5
e
VIB-10-e
VIA-3-b
VIA-3 C
VIA-3-d
VIA-3-e
VIA-3-f
VIA-3-g
430~1200
390~1250
25~46
2.0~2.5
2.0~2.5
900
1
1
0
0
2230
2100
1
6
3
0
1
5
8
6
20~35
2.0~3.5
20~45
20~35
2.0~3.5
320~ 7
00
350~ 8
20
320~ 6
4
0
3eo~ 8
20
360~1250
320~ 8
30
17~34
2.0~3.0
2.C~3.0
1
4
8
0
1
8
7
0
1
8
6
0
1
7
8
0
1
5
8
0
1
6
5
0
1
0
7
4
1
2
1
2
1
1
6
6
1
2
0
6
1
2
5
8
1
2
7
0
15~25
20~40
6
0
0
5
4
0
5
1
0
5
7
0
7
3
0
800
3.0~6.0
3.0~6.0
15~30
5.0~7.0
VIA-7-a
VIA-7-b
VIA-7-c
V1A-7-d
VIA-7-e
VIA 7 f
VIA-7 -,g
320~
340~
320~
310~
310~
300~
400~
470
6
2
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
7
0
0
6
3
0
1
1
8
0
1
5
6
0
1
5
5
0
1
5
5
0
1
7
2
0
1
8
5
0
1
8
0
0
836
1
0
7
8
1
0
8
2
1
1
8
0
1
2
2
2
1
3
3
6
1
2
9
2
15~25
15~25
15~25
15~25
2.0~3.0
2.0~6.0
2
.0~6. 0
2
.0~6.0
15~30
2
.5~7. 0
4
.0~7.0
4
.0~7.0
22~40
20~43
18~44
20~40
700
6
7
0
7
0
0
6
8
0
7
2
0
860
920
20~34
20~40
20~45
2
.O~3. 0
2
.0~3.0
2
.O~3. 0
2
.O~3. 0
1
.5
2.0~3.0
2.0~2.5
18~36
2.0~2.5
20~40
2.0~2.5
20~47
i
I
!2
.C~3. 0i
15~25
5
.0~7. 0
5
.0~7. 0
5.0~7. 0
15~30
15~30
15~30
15~30
15~30
300 .
( 30~50
Table 5(2)
a)
1 000
No.3124 No.5171
VIA-9 1 209
VIA-2 1 353
b)
T
able5(2)
VIA-7-a
218
22
Table5.
(3)
Anatomicalc
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s(
3
)
Sample
J
"U
Typeo
farrangement
1:
I
y
c onIP0yrali. t
centn I
IOrm I~ent If~rm I
h
e
a
l l
e
a
3124
5
1
7
1
.2
( )
>
B-I0-e
A-7-a
A-7-b
VIA-7-c
VIA-7-d
VIA 7-e
VIA-7-f
VIA-7-g
<
++
++
++
)
> ++
++
++
++
++
++
( >
]
++
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++
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]
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++
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++ i<<(< >)))i l
++
++
( F
VIB-5
e
VIA-3-b
VIA-3-c
VIA-3-d
VIA-3-e
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VIA-3-g
v-Aliateralil-ate
ra- ntypal B d.usin
a:?
VIA-l-f
VIA-2-f
VIA-3-f
VIA-4-f
VIA-6-f
VIA-7-f
VIA-8-f
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[([
>]
++
++
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++
++
++
++
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++
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j
i
;
j
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A
x
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a
lparenchyma
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
40~180
50~180
60~220
15~31 1 1. 0~2.0
15~30 1
.O~ 1
.5
.0~ 1. 5
15~30 1
15~30 1
.0~2. 0
16~32 1
.O~ 1
.5
60~180
15~33
50~190
15~32
1.0~ 51
40~200
15~30
1
.0~2. 0
40~160
20~30
0~2.0
80~190
60~1 O
15~40
1
.O~ 1
.5
20~40
1. 0~1.5
70~150
20~150
15~30
15~30
30~200
70~230
70~220
15~30
15~30
15~30
50~170
70~220
50~220
70~220
70~180
70~150
70~220
70~170
70~170
70~200
70~170
1.0~ 5
1
.O~ 1
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5
1
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1
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1
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0~ 1.
1106P~42581110~
< 11 0
5
15~30 1
1
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1 15~30 1
1
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15~35 1 1. 0~ 1. 5
1
1
.O~ 1
.5
16~32
15~31
1 1. 0~ 1. 51
+: Present
++: Abundant
: Sometimes
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
: Scarces
): lrregular
form
g ( 30. 0~3 1. 5
<:m) f ( 25. 0~26.
5cm) VI
A-3 b c A f
VIA-7
. Fig.50
D
.
VIA-3
Table 5(3)
Anatomicalc
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s(
4
)
4m
-d++
-++
pmillili--Illi--il--1111--
lili--111111
|
m-m +++++++++++++++++++++++
||L
.
N-m
ppppppppppppppppppkppppPR
Illi--R'
IS
J j J1
J1
j J J J J J1
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vnh&&&&&nh&&&&&&&&
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l
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RU19
b3
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U4UAU467nv45
68b4566635553445655465666
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555-54-4745445333
AU u-rkrLrkrkf
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pzf
4444343344333444443444
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u
p--
---
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x:
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Illl1Ill111111111111
mMh ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
U |6h
m
mo
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3
4 -mB Fr'
r
5
7
6
3
9
0
6
7
5
0
3
5
5
5
7
5
6
JlJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
MF (L
M
M1U
Ub
hbbpbpppbbLEbb
pp
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b
u
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+++++++++++++++++++++++
----
fffffffflzhbbcdefEMbedEfg
Withs
t
o
r
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t
r
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c
t
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r
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s
.
41
Withl
a
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r
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r
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p
r
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a
t
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r
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f t
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(Abaxial parenchym
i~~~~11~!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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-
U | kJihhhhhhhhHHh
t
hH
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h AAJoJJJJJJJJJJJJJJlJJJJJJJ
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lil-
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r U.+++
dd ++++++++++++++++++++++++
mJ ------
.
Sample
hLjt114---lili-----
B
M
NJ
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
m 221112111141122121111111
(4)
Table 5.
- 23 11 ()
(
U
n
i
l
a
t
e
r
a
l
l
y aliform) (Unilaterally confluent)
Table
a)
- 24-
218
Table 5. (5)
Anatomical c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s(
5
)
Axial i
ntercellul
ar
Sample
Form
o
fa
rrangement
ar
~I
3
1
2
4
*
1
5171
V
lA-3-b
V
lA-3-c
V
lA-3-d
V
lA-3-e
V
lA-3-f
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
4C~110
50~130
45~110
50~180
40~150
50~120
55~130
50~120
40~160
35~110
45~130
55~150
55~130
30~ 8
0
5
e
V
lA-.l0-e
A-
T
a
n
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e
n
t
i
a
ld
i
a
m
e
t
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+
+
+
+
+
+
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Radial d
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a
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t
e
r
r
c
S
o
l
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t
a
r
y S
h
o
r
ta
r
c1 Longa
V
lA-l-f
V
lA-2-f
V
lA-3-f
V
lA-4-f
V
lA-6-f
V
lA-7-f
V
lA-8-f
V
lA-9-f
c
a
n
a
l
40~160
50~130
30~110(260)
30~150(180)
40~150
40~150
60~140
80~220
60~120
40~160
60~145
60~145
40~140
50~130
50~135
40~160
70~170
55~160
50~180
50~120
40~ 1
10
(
2
5
0
)
V
]A-3-g
Vl A-7-
A-7-b
50~
50~100
35~
35~120
60~135
60~ 1
5
0
(
2
3
0
)
50~140(210)
55~130
40~160
70~
50~110
V
lA-7-c
V
lA-7-d
V
lA-7-e
V
lA-7-f
V
lA-7-g
40~ 1
0
5
(
1
9
0
)
+
+
~12 3
80
9
5
40~
6
0
55~140
50~125
9
5
20 11
A-1
Vl A-9
Vl A-2 A-8
b)
j T
able5(3)
Vl A-3 b c d
Vl A-7 (a)
Fig.49 A
Vl A-7-a
Vl A-3
E
.
T
able5(4)
11 (
25
1~14
a)
2~4(5) 2 ~ 3(4)
1~3 i
b)
A-3 15cm
VIA-7
g e
VIA-3 b 2~3
2~4
c, d, e, f
g 5
VIA-7
a c 2
3 l d 3
e , f , g 4
Fig. 53~65
VIA-3 b
f A-7 b c
1~3
VIA-3
F
.
VIA-7 e
218
26
Shorea Hopea
T
able5(5)
a)
2 3
VIA-1 , VIA-9
Table (
).
VIA-3
No.3124
b)
VIA-7 a
VIA-3
b , c, g
e f
VIA-7 a
A-3
b , c {
VIA-7 a e
i
i
)
Table (
A-3-g VIA-7-e
(e {)
A.
e L
TabJe4
B.
- 2
7
11 (
Table
5(1)
2, 3
lmm 2 2~6
110~380
C
.
D.
Table 5(3)
60~190 15~401. 0~ 1. 5
E
.
Table 5(4) 4~28
2
3 4
9~56
O. 23~ 1
.27mm
1~5
.
10~25
F
.
1
60~220'60~170
(Table (
5
)
(3)
i
)
8
- 28-
218
Table 1
2 (1) B Table 2
i
i
)
(Synonym :S
. laalia ENDERT)
AntllOshorea
Table2
5.
(1)
i
)
a) 8 Shorea l
a
e
v
i
sRIDL.
S
h
o
r
e
a laet lia ENDERT S. l
a
e
v
i
sRIDL.
ASHTON 1)
(Synonym) WOOD
ENDERT
Shorea laevifolia S
.l
a
e
v
i
s RIDL.
b) 8 'horea)
Shorea Hopea
DESCH
Shorea (Eushorea)
11 (
29
i
e
r
r
e
a
c) Table 2 2 (1) B S
l
l
Or
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T
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(2)
(f) u Table4
b) 4
(1) VIA-3
A-7
VIA-3 , VIA-7
A-3 b
VIA-7
5cm
(Fig.50) a e f
g
218
30
VIA-3
VIA-7 e
(Fig. 53~58 59~65
1
) ASHTO
P.S.:
ManualoftheD
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:A Manualo
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Plate1
WA-1-fBangkirai
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VIA-4-fBang>drai
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31
218
32
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. IdentificationandAnatomicalCharacters ofBangkirai
andWhiteMerantiWoods grow
in
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15 :( 15%)
Shrinkagep
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Shrinkagep
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t (%).
: (%)
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twhen g
r
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%
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.
t :
T
a
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r :
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t
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A
x
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c
t
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Volume.
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3)
.
Bulkd
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r
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Apparentspecic g
r
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a
l
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11 (
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X A-6 14.26%
VIA-3 12.52%
13.62%
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Fig.1 ~ 3
Fig.4 ~ 6
Fig.1
600kgJ m 3
(Fig.7)
5)9)
Table 3
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Fig.2
()
Frequencypolygon o
fbulk d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
)
.
Frequency polygons o
fradial , t
a
n
g
e
n
t
i
a
l andv
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
cs
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
ewhengreen t
o oven dry
(
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
).
( )1
s
o
o
Q20
5h kage n
g
rt
:e
nto
n d
F
i
g
. 3
(
Frequencypolygon ofaxial s
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
e when
green t
o ovendry (
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
)
.
Bulk density
F
i
g
. 4 (
Frequencypolygon o
fbulkd
e
n
s
i
t
y("'hite
m
e
r
a
n
t
i
)
.
- 38-
218
.3
R
a
d
i
a
l
d
e
c
t
l
o
n
Tq;I$~ til
Volum
dir' t
Shorea b
r
a
c
t
e
o
l
a
t
a
(2)
Fig.5
10
5h k113e gr.';;I;n
t
donmd
Frequencyp
o
l
y
g
o
n
so
fradial , t
a
n
g
e
n
t
i
a
l andv
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
ewhengreen t
ooven dry (White m
e
r
a
n
t
i
)
.
Fig.7
Fig.
Fig.7
30%
Fig.8
Q'
nT
B- lO 50
Shr!nkd
.
$
e whensren t
o 0n d.
F
i
g
.6
% 70% L
2
2
Table 3.
Comparison between t
h
ev
a
l
u
e
si
nt
h
i
sr
e
p
o
r
t and t
h
e
s
ec
i
t
e
di
nt
h
el
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
Vernacular
name
B
o
t
a
n
i
c
a
l
name
Bulk d
e
n
s
i
t
y
3)
(kgJm
s
hrinetLiFP
(
g|re
enRtoado
lvaelndry
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Th
is r
e
p
o
r
t
7
4
1
9.03
4
.7
5
7
3
0
8
.
3
4
.
5
1
0
)
8
0
0
9
.
3
4
.
2
5
)
S
h
o
r
e
as
p
.
490
7.56
3
.
3
9
S
h
o
r
e
a
b
r
a
c
l
e
o
l
a
ta
480
8
.
2
4.4
S
h
o
r
e
al
a
e
v
i
s
Th
is r
e
p
o
r
t
11 (
1\/
Sh retJ
7A1
'
7 A -3
vl A -6
lae S
--0-
l
7
TA-7
l
7
TA-8
--YTA-~
H4
J
F
v__
L A
5horetl
sp
- V
TB-5
- 1
'
7
8 -10
C; t
<0
39
V~
6/XJ
,r.JI
'vl __ me
"lume
MJ
MF
?n-w
za
T
a
n
s
e
n
t
i.
l
dedion
101
<>
'
<
'i!
Rad
i
a
l
5~
d;rec!t/c
Rdd
i
t
Jl
d
i
r
e
d
i
o
n
fh
s
o
11
&J
r
k
50
( j
&r*
th
f.: r:1J
Re disb n
c
e from
R
e
l
a
f
i
v
ed
;
5
t
a
n
c
ef
r
o
mp
i
t
h
F
i
g
. 7
F
i
g
. 8
(
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
a
ld
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
no
fbulk d
e
n
s
i
t
y and
s
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
ewhen green t
o ovendry i
nr
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
or
e
l
a
t
i
v
ed
i
s
t
a
n
c
e from p
i
t
h(
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
)
.
3
.
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
a
ld
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
no
f bulk d
e
n
s
i
t
y and
s
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
e when green t
o oven dryi
nr
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
or
e
l
a
t
i
v
ed
i
s
t
a
n
c
efromp
i
t
h(Whitem
e
r
a
n
t
i
)
.
(1)
(R) Fig.9
v 17 R~21R
21
16.6
JR
10 Shorea ( Eushorea ) R
.a v
40
218
2/R
28R
/6.
(
J
)
/"
./'
c
n
0
.
D
~ d
@
;
z
@ J/f7R
A_
RU ~ .
.
~r
'
"
Dac.4 "
:
_
"'_/
/~
_
;
y
-
}\';.-
S~retJ.
l
a
e
v
i
s
VTA-/
VTA
S
h
o
r
e
as
p
.
-3
v1 A
-6
v1 A - 9
..WB-S
J7T B-/O
VTA - 7
o VTA-8
0
.6
Bu/kd
e
n
s
i
t
Fig.9
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
nbetweenv
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
cs
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
ewhen green t
oovendry
and bulkd
e
n
s
i
t
y
.
Table4
. JR
Value of vJRon each s
p
e
c
i
e
s and l
o
g
S
p
e
c
i
e
s
JR
Max.
VIA-l
2
0
.
0
1
7
.
3
2
3
.
9
2
2
.
5
1
8
.
8
2
5
.
6
1
7
:4
1
5
.
7
1
7
.
9
1
7
.
4
1
8
.
0
1
8
.
7
1
8
.
4
1
6
.
6
1
9
.
8
1
9
.
4
1
8
.
4
2
0
.
4
2
5
.
6
1
5
.
7
1
9
.
0
2
8
.
9
3
5
.
6
2
0
.
9
2
0
.
5
2
3
.
5
2
5
.1
3
5
.
6
2
0
.
5
2
4
.3
A-3
VIA-6
VIA-7
VIA-8
VIA-9
S
h
o
r
e
al
a
e
v
i
s
Table4
Over a
l
l
V
I
B
5
V
I
B
1
0
S
h
o
r
e
as
p
.
IMMin. IM
Lognumber
Over a
l
l
JR 35.6 20.5
24.3 1) JR 28
vJR Fig.
10 , Fig.ll Fig.10
JR {i 30%
Fig.ll
JR VIB-5
VIB-10
50%
JR
11 (
$_'"
Sh rea sp
Shoreala e.~i's
'>- V
TA - I
_"_VTA-3
-<>-VTA-6
7 A - 7
<
>
-Y
TA
- I
'
TA
41
-< YTB-5
--VTB-IO
-8
-9
1
0
0r%)
50
8D
.r
k
P
i
t
h
P
i
t
h
4
Re/a. te
l
'
1
tn
c
ef
r
o
mp
t
h
Re Uve d;e fr
F
i
g
.1
1 /R (
F
i
g
. 10 vJR (
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
a
ld
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
no
f v/R v
a
l
u
e
i
nr
e
l
a
t
i
v
edistance om p
i
t
h (White
m
e
r
a
n
t
i
)
.
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
a
ld
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
no
f .jR v
a
l
u
ei
n
i
t
h(
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
)
.
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
ed
i
s
t
a
n
c
efm p
(2)
(I/r) ( 15%)
(115/ r 1% (t /r)
Table 5 1% ]1S
Z 2103
I /r
Table5 I /r , t
1
5
/
r15 I /r VIA-3
2.11 , 2.38 2.04
VIA-6 1.
62 , 1
.94
1. 52
Table5. I /r , t
1
5
/
r15 l/r
Valueo
f t/r , t
r
1
5 andt
/
r
oneachs
p
e
c
i
e
sandl
o
g
1
5/
S
p
e
c
i
e
s
Shoea
l
a
e
v
i
s
Shosp.
Lognumber
VIA-1
VIA-3
VIA-6
VIA-7
VIA-8
VIA-9
~ 42
218
3
/
.
0
a9(~m')
05
8
u
l
k dsi
F
i
g
. 12
Relation between t
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e shrinkage aniso
tropy and bulkd
e
n
s
i
t
y
.
V
/
l
i
:t1
; I
j;4J4
jT~~
I
1I ~~
1lG]
So
r
e
t
1 s
p
.
t ./
t /r
F
E 25
_'tF 15
15
VTB-10
E 25
21-
ith
R
e
/
a
+
i
v
ed
/
s
t
a
n
c
ef
r
o
mp
i
t
h
B:
Border between s
a
p
-andh
e
a
r
t
-
wood.
F
i
g
.1
4 (
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
a
ld
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
no
ft
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
es
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
e
a
n
i
s
o
t
r
o
p
yi
nr
e
l
a
t
i
v
ed
i
s
t
a
n
c
efromp
i
t
h(White
m
e
r
a
n
t
i
)
.
1. 89 , 2.30 1. 75
t 1s lr15 t6fr 6
0.55
]3:
Borderbetweens
a
p
-andh
e
a
r
t
-
wood.
_
Fi
g
.1
3
(
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
a
ld
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
no
ft
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
es
h
r
i
n
i
t
h
kagea
n
i
s
o
t
r
o
p
yi
nr
e
l
a
t
i
v
edistance 0111 p
(
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
).
Table5
tfr , t15fr1 t 6 f r 6
2.16
2.56 1. 96
t 1 d r 15 t fr
0.60
t fr
Fig.12
11(
43
I/r
Ifr
m <p8) Fig.12
t /r ?
2.83
2.05
I/r
Fig.14
(3) ( 15%)
( 15%) 15/0
Table 6
A-1 39%
33% 36%
%
VIA-3
A-6 31
A-3 25%
A-7 9% 19%
6)7)8)
40%
23%
Table6.
Value of15/0 o
ne
a
c
hs
p
e
c
i
e
sandl
o
g
4J
S
p
e
c
i
e
s
Sho ea
l
a
e
v
i
s
S
h
o
r
e
aS
p
.
V
IB-10 18
218
44
4.
(Shorea
sp. , S
e
c
t
i
o
n
Anthoshorea) 2
1
.
(Table 2 , F
i
g
.1~ 6)
(Table 3)
2
. (Fig. 7~ 8)
3
. (R) {
(Table4, F
i
g
.9~ 11)
4
. (t /r) (t 15/'15)
1% (t 6 !r6)
t/r t /r t 15 /r15
(Table
5, F
i
g
.12 , 13 ,
14)
5
. ( 15%) (Table6)
1) ;:( 13l
90, p
p
. 109~144 (
1
9
5
6
)
2) :( 15
144 , p
p
. 53~111 (
19
6
2
)
.
]
.
E
.RISDON:Shrinkage and d
e
n
s
i
t
yo
fA
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
nand o
t
h
e
rSouthwest
3) KINGSTON , R.S.T. andC
i
v
.o
fF
o
r
e
s
tP
r
o
d
. Tech. Paper, 13 , (
1
9
6
1
)
P
a
c
i
f
i
c woods , C.S. I. RO. , D
.
:Technologied
e
sHolzesundHolzwerkstoffe, E
r
s
t
e
rBand , ZweiteAuflage, Springer
4) KOLLMANN , F
Verlag , Berlin , (
1
9
5
1
)
5
) MALAYANFORESTSERVICE: Trade Leaflet , 5 , (1961) , 8, 9 , (1 964) , 2
0
. (1961) , 21 ,
(
1
9
6
4
)
6) : 1
7) : 4
190, p
p
. 31~61 (
19
6
6
)
197 , p
p
. 61~74 (
1
9
6
7
)
8) : 7
T
206, p
p
. 17~29 (
1
9
6
7
)
9) :(
11 ()
45
]
[
. Densityand Shrinkage ofBangkirai andWhite
leranti
Woods growninKalimantan
TatsuoNAKANO andJ
i
s
u
k
e KABUGI
(Rum
In t
h
i
si
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
nwe madc a s
t
u
d
yo
ft
h
ed
e
n
s
i
t
yand t
h
es
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
e ons
i
xB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i (Shoa
l
a
e
v
i
sRID L.), and White meranti (
S
h
o
r
e
a sp. , S
e
c
t
i
o
nA
l
l
l
h
o
s
h
o
r
e
a
)l
o
g
s grown i
n Kalimantan , I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
.
Theg
e
n
e
r
a
ld
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
so
ft
h
el
o
g
s andspecimensa
r
e shown i
n Table1
.
Thet
e
s
ts
p
e
c
i
m
e
n
s were takenfrom t
h
eoned
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n along t
h
e medium r
a
d
i
u
si
nt
h
ed
i
s
ko
f
t
h
emiddle l
o
c
a
t
i
o
na
teach l
o
g
. Sampling methods o
ft
h
et
e
s
t specimens and t
h
et
e
s
tmethodsf
o
r
studyo
ft
h
ed
e
n
s
i
t
yand s
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
eweredetermined a
si
nt
h
e metbod o
ft
h
eformerreport.
Ther
e
s
u
l
t
so
b
t
a
i
n
e
di
nt
h
i
si
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
na
r
ca
sf
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
1
. Themaximum , minimumandmeanv
a
l
u
e
so
fs
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
eandd
e
n
s
i
t
ya
teachl
o
gwereo
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
and t
h
e
s
ev
a
l
u
e
sa
r
eshown i
n Table2
. Then, t
b
efrequency polygons o
f bulkd
e
n
s
i
t
yands
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
e
when greent
oovendrys
t
a
t
ea
r
eshowni
nF
i
g
s
. 1~6.
2
. Thet
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
a
ld
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
no
ft
h
ebulkd
e
n
s
i
t
yand t
h
es
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
ewheng
r
e
e
nt
ooven-dryi
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
nt
or
e
l
a
t
i
v
ed
i
s
t
a
n
c
efromp
i
t
ha
r
e shown i
nF
i
g
. 7 and8
.
3
3
. Ther
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p between t
h
ebulkd
e
n
s
i
t
y (Rgfcm
) a
nd t
h
ev
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
cs
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
e (a%)
i
sg
i
v
e
ni
nF
i
g
. 9and t
h
ed
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
no
ft
h
e ./R v
a
l
u
e
si
nr
e
l
a
t
i
o
nt
ot
h
e
distance
om
p
i
t
h on
0 and 1
1
. The v
a
l
u
e
s of v/R a
t eachs
p
e
c
i
e
s and l
o
g
each l
o
gwere a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
e
da
sshowni
nF
i
g
s
.1
areshowni
nTable4
.
4
. Thev
a
l
u
e
so
ft
h
et
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
es
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
ea
n
i
s
o
t
r
o
p
ywhen green t
o ovendry (
t
!
r
) and a
i
r
d
r
y
(
115/r andt
h
eu
n
i
ts
h
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1
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218
48
Table 2.
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218
52
Table5. (
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9
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Table 6. (
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t
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Mean
Range
p: Strain
Mean
Range
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9 L:R:T =100:9.5:6.3
11 (
Table
8,
L:R:T
=100:6.0
:
2
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L:R:T =100:101:5.8
7.1:3.1 L:R:
L:R:T=100:
T=100:6.3:3.5
Table10 (B C D) Fig.
1 TjET Fig.2 %
Table7. (
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111
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Compression
Table 8. 3
Comparison o
fYOUNG'S modulusa
l
o
n
gt
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r
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emutuallyp
e
r
p
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n
d
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9
3
218
54
Table9. 3
Comparisono
fmechanicalp
r
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p
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r
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l
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B-I0
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l
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1
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5 81
1003.5
1
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Table 10. ()
R
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l
t
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ft
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n
.
p
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r
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fromd
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nwetc
o
n
d
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n(
T
a
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g
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)
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Me
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4
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8
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4
3
Range
8
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2
2
h1e
an
8
.
5
8
7
.
4
2
R
ange
Me
an
Range
~8.83
~9.87
7.24
6
.
4
7
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1
0
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4
5
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4
2
.
3
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0
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4
3
0
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4
3
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0
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3
5
4
3
.
2
0
.
3
5
3
6
.
9
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4
8
.
1
0
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4
1
0
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3
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44.4
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4
0
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5
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4
8
3
9
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7
0
.
4
5
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0
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3
0
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4
7
0
.
4
2
~0.55
3
7
.
6
0
.
5
2
0
.
4
5
~0.59
~40.8
8
2
.
2
7
4
.
5
~89.
Range
Mean
Range
1
.0
8
0
.
9
6
~1.
2
2
~5.46
6
.
8
3
5
.
5
9
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0
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5
3
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i0
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4
4
3
4
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7
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31
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0
.
5
1
0
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4
5
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5
5
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5
1
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0
.
5
3
0
.
4
5
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~0.64
81
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0
.
9
7
0
.
7
9
7
5
.
2
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71
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7
3
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6
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6
5
.
8
5
6
.
3
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1
.
1
3
1
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7
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1
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8
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7
6
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1
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3
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5
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9
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7
5
8
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0
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0.70
0.56
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0
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8
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0.83
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4
1
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1
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4.84
Tp/T
1
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4
4
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8
4.57
Me
an
1
0
-2
Relation
81
.5
7
3
.
5
7
0
.
7
~43.6
3
2
.
8
kg/cm2
6
9
.
3
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3
3
.
9
max
Me
an
Range
V
lB-I0
3
1
0
2
kgfcm
kg/cm2 I
0
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6
0
0
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5
2
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0
.
5
6
0
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5
4
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0
.
8
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0
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5
5
0
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4
8
0
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7
3
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0.94
0.66
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0
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8
0
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4
8
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9
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11 ()
1CO1E
11l
llJill4lll
ILlLILI--
DSbED
lil
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41%
15
70%
b20
FlMAUEE'hnunu
16%
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14
A---A-
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55
S
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43%
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P
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P
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nf c
r
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F
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. 1 T ET
section
F
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. 2 TJET
R
e
l
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t
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s between p
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nc
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andv
a
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nt
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a
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o
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)
.
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Table 11. (
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16.3 km 7.5km
24.2 km
3
) (m x/E)
X 10- 2
x10
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0.73 X 10- 2
0.87x
10- 2
4
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20%
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) 3 L:R:T
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9
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5
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1) : 2
2) : 3 194 , p
p
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3) : 4 197, p
p
.74~88
4) : 7
5) : 10
190, p
p
.127~133 (
19
6
6
)
(
1
9
6
6
)
(
1
9
6
7
)
206, p
p
.30~41 (
19
6
7
)
208 , p
p
.llf~130 (
19
6
8
)
- 57-
11 ()
andWhite meranti (
S
h
o
r
e
as
p
.
) woodsgrowni
nKalimantan. The t
e
s
t
s wereconducted mainly by
t
h
e methodsprovided i
njapanesel
n
d
u
s
t
r
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l Standards o
ft
e
s
t
i
n
gf
o
rs
m
a
l
lc
l
e
a
rs
p
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c
i
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e
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s(
JIS Z
2111~2117).
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e
n
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r
a
ld
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
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o
no
ft
e
s
tm
a
t
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r
i
a
l
s and t
e
s
tgroups a
r
eg
i
v
e
ni
n Table 1
. The
mainr
e
s
u
l
t
so
b
t
a
i
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e
dfrom t
h
e
s
et
e
s
t
smay besummarized a
sf
o
l
l
o
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s
:
a
r
a
l
l
e
lt
og
r
a
i
n test, t
e
n
s
i
o
np
a
r
a
l
l
e
lt
o grain
(
1
) The r
e
s
u
l
t
so
fs
t
a
t
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c bending test, compression p
h
e
a
rp
a
r
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l
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r
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n test, p
a
r
t
i
a
l compression papendicular t
og
r
a
i
ntest, h
a
r
d
n
e
s
st
e
s
t and
test, s
impactbending t
e
s
tofspecimens a
ta
i
rdry c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
na
r
eg
i
v
e
ni
n Table2
. Ther
e
s
u
l
t
so
ft
h
o
s
e
t
e
s
t
sa
twetc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
sa
r
eg
i
v
e
ni
nTable4
.
(
2
) Themeanv
a
l
u
eo
ft
h
e apparents
p
e
c
i
f
i
cg
r
a
v
i
t
ya
ta
i
rdry c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n(
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
econtent=about
3f
3f
15.5%).i
s0.89g
Jcm
o
rB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i and0.56gJcm
o
rWhite m
e
r
a
n
t
i
.
(
3
)Ther
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
samongmechanical p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
so
fspecimensa
ta
i
rdryc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
na
r
eg
i
v
e
ni
nTable3
.
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
ia
r
e about 1
6
.
9kmf
o
r mo
Themeanv
a
l
u
e
so
fs
p
e
c
i
f
i
cs
t
r
e
n
g
t
h (maxJRIl Gezahl) o
d
u
l
u
so
fr
u
p
t
u
r
ei
ns
t
a
t
i
c bending, 7.7kmf
o
r maximum c
r
u
s
h
i
n
gs
t
r
e
n
g
t
hi
nc
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
np
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
1
0g
r
a
i
n and20.7kmf
o
r maximum s
t
r
e
n
g
t
hi
nt
e
n
s
i
o
np
a
r
a
l
l
e
lt
og
r
a
i
n
. For
\hite
meranti t
h
o
s
e
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
v
a
l
u
e
sa
r
eabout16.3km , 7.5kmand24.2km , r
(
4
) Thev
a
l
u
e
so
fmaximums
t
r
e
n
g
t
ht
oYOUNG'S modulus xJE) o
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
ia
ta
i
rdryc
o
n
0
-2f
o
rs
t
a
t
i
c bending, 0.33X 10-2f
o
rcompressionp
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
l
og
r
a
i
nand0.8&
d
i
t
i
o
na
r
e about0.86X 1
f
o
rt
e
n
s
i
o
np
a
r
a
l
l
e
lt
og
r
a
i
n
. Int
h
e
V
h
i
t
emeranti t
h
ev
a
l
u
e
sa
r
e about0.73x10-2 , 0.26x10
0.96X 10-2 , r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
. The v
a
l
u
e
so
fJE i
ns
t
a
t
i
cbendinga
twet c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
na
r
e0.87x1
0
-2 f
o
r
0
-2 f
o
rWhitem
e
r
a
n
t
i
. Thev
a
l
u
e ofcJEc i
n compression p
a
r
a
l
l
e
lt
og
r
a
i
n
Bangkirai , and 0.73x1
o
fWhitemeranti a
twet c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ni
s0.25X 1
0
-2 a
sshowni
n Table5
.
(
5
) Thev
a
l
u
e
so
fmaximum c
r
u
s
h
i
n
gs
t
r
e
n
g
t
ht
os
h
e
a
r
i
n
gs
t
r
e
n
g
t
h alongr
a
d
i
a
ls
u
r
f
a
c
e(c/rR) a
t
a
i
rdry c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
na
r
e about4.5 f
o
rB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i and 4.1 f
o
r White meranti , but t
h
ev
a
l
u
eo
f White
merantia
twet c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ni
s about4
.9 a
s shown i
nT
a
b
l
e
.5
. The s
h
e
a
r
i
n
gs
t
r
e
n
g
t
ha
l
o
n
g the
r
a
d
i
a
ls
u
r
f
a
c
eo
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
ii
ss
m
a
l
l
e
r than t
h
a
talongt
h
et
a
n
g
e
n
t
i
a
!surface, buts
u
c
har
e
l
a
t
i
o
nwas
not d
e
f
i
n
i
t
e
l
yd
e
t
e
c
t
e
d f
o
r
V
h
i
t
em
e
r
a
n
t
i
.
)a
ta
i
r dryc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n are
(
6
) Thev
a
l
u
e
so
fmaximum c
r
u
s
h
i
n
gs
t
r
e
n
g
t
ht
o end h
a
r
d
n
e
s
s ( C/H 1
h
ev
a
l
u
eo
f'
'
'
h
i
t
e meranti a
twet c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ni
s about 1
0
4a
sshown
about80f
o
rbothspecies , but t
i
nTable5
.
(
7
) Ther
e
s
u
l
t
so
fcompression and t
e
n
s
i
o
n perpendicar t
og
r
a
i
n tts a
ta
i
rdry c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n are
h
er
e
s
u
l
t
so
ft
e
n
s
i
o
np
e
r
p
e
n
d
i
c
u
l
a
rt
og
r
a
i
nt
e
s
to
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
ia
r
enot
g
i
v
e
ni
nTables6and 7 , but t
given owingt
of
r
e
q
u
e
n
toccurrenceo
fc
r
a
c
k
.
(
8
) The comparisons o
fs
t
r
e
n
g
t
hp
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
sa
ta
i
rdryc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
nalong t
h
r
e
emutuallyp
e
r
p
e
n
d
i
c
u
l
a
r
:R:Ti
nYOUNG'Smodulusa
r
e1
0
0
:9
.
5
:
a
x
e
so
fsymmetrya
r
eg
i
v
e
ni
n Tables8 and 9
.Ther
a
t
i
o
sL
6.3f
o
rB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i(
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
nonly) , and 1
0
0
:6
.
6
:3.0f
o
r',\'hite m
e
r
a
n
t
i
. Ther
a
t
i
o
si
nt
h
es
t
r
e
s
s
.
a
tp
r
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p
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
ll
i
m
i
ti
n compression a
r
e about 1
0
0
:1
4
.
7
:9.1f
o
r Bangkirai , and 1
0
0
:1
0
.
1
:5.8 f
o
r
'
'
T
h
i
t
em
e
r
a
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i
. Ther
a
t
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o
si
nt
h
emaximumt
e
n
s
i
l
es
t
r
e
n
g
t
ha
r
eabout 1
0
0
:6
.
3
:3.5f
o
rwhitemeranti
218
58
o
n
l
y
.
(
9
)Ther
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s between t
h
ep
o
s
i
t
i
o
ni
nc
r
o
s
ss
e
c
t
i
o
no
ft
h
ewetd
i
s
kand t
h
ev
a
l
u
e
so
f YOUNG'S
modulus, maximums
t
r
e
n
g
t
h andr/Er i
nt
e
n
s
i
o
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a
n
g
e
n
t
i
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la
x
i
sa
r
eshowni
nF
i
g
s
.1, 2and
Table9, r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
. Nod
e
f
i
n
i
t
er
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s due t
od
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
eo
fp
o
s
i
t
i
o
n along r
a
d
i
u
sc
o
u
l
d be d
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
.
V
.
(1)
1.
8 VIA-1
2 VIB- lO
VIA-3 A-8 3
( 2.7cm
2.
90cm Fig.1 , 2
a b 1
2 1
100 0 C
3.
1)-
2 c
100 0 C
(1)
(2)
11 (
~ 59
dal--tl'AU
i
711111155
v
l8-10
al--tb
d
d44
1'b
l
62cm
F
i
g
. 1
(Vl A-l , VIA-3)
Sawingmethodso
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
il
o
g
s
(VIA-l , V
I
A
3
)
.
F
i
g
.2
(VIA-8)
(VIB-I0)
Sawingmethodso
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i(
V
lA-8) dWhite
V
lB-I0)l
o
g
s
.
m
e
r
a
n
t
i(
Fig.3
3cm 15~8% 5
4
.
4- 1.
Table1
3 >
12.77
F
i
g
. 3
Measuringmethodo
fs
t
r
e
s
sr
e
v
e
r
S
'
l
f
p
o
i
n
tonB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
iwood.
218
60
lfli
Vl A-8 2 Vl A
>> )1
C Vl B-10-13)
C Vl B-10-13 a, V
lB-10-13b)
1. 22
4
2
. 100 0 C
100 0 C T
able2
Vl B-5
T
able2 3*
Table2 2.7cm
D.B.T.45 0 C, D.B.T.-W.B.T.1
.80C
D.B.T.790C
D. B. T.55 0 C , D.B.T.-W.B.T.3
.60C
D.B.T.830C
4-3.
100 0 C
6
1
11 (
Table 1.
Drying rate , s
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
e and apparent s
p
e
c
i
fc g
r
a
v
i
t
ya
toven-dryed
o
fBangkirai and White meranti
.T.60 C , W.B.T.I
35 0 C
|
0
1
1
VIA 1
1
3
1
6
VIA- 1
0
7
b
08b
VIA- 1
1
4
a
1
4
b
uwhw
VIA- 3
1
4
1
5
1
8
3 10a
1
0
b
10|
VIA
3
1
5
a
1
5
b
0
.
0
9
0
.
1
0
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
6
o
!
1
) (/
/
h
rx10-2
2
.
6
0
2
.
7
7
2
.
0
0
2
.
4
6
0
.
7
6
0
.
8
0
3
.
1
5
O
.7
8
1
.0
4
1
.1
6
0
.
0
6
1
.1
0
0
.
1
3
0
.
1
5
0
.
1
0
3
.
5
0
3.50
2
.
3
3
0
.
1
3
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
4
3
.
1
1
0
.
9
6
1
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0
0
.
9
8
1
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8
l
.6
5
1
.4
7
0
.
0
4
0.06
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
7
3
.
1
7
C%)
| i
3
)
Cgfcm
8
.
0
6
9
.
5
3
9
.
6
7
9
.
0
9
4
.
0
0
3
.
7
2
3
.
8
6
7
.
8
3
7.94
7
.
8
9
3
.
5
0
4
.
6
4
4
.
4
3
4
.
1
9
1
0
.
4
3
1
0
.
4
5
1
0
.
4
4
6
.
6
3
6
.
9
0
6
.
7
7
0
.
9
3
8.28
7
.
8
3
8.06
8
.
0
6
4
.
1
7
3
.
6
1
4
.
3
8
4
.
2
7
4
.
2
0
4
.
2
8
9
.
0
3
7
.
6
3
8
.
3
3
6
.
1
4
4
.
9
9
5
.
5
7
0
.
9
0
0
.
8
5
0
.
8
6
0
.
8
7
0
.
9
3
0
.
8
6
3
.
8
9
6
.
3
1
6
.
3
9
6
.
3
5
0
.
7
1
0
.
8
7
0
.
9
2
0
.
8
3
O. 6
0
.
9
5
0
.
9
6
0
.
9
2
0
.
9
4
0
.
9
0
0
.
8
8
0
.
8
5
0
.
8
7
VIA- 8
1
3
1
4
1
8
1
0
a
VIA 8
1
0
b
VIA- 8-14b
1
8
a
V
I
B
1
0
-1
3
1
6
1
7
V
I
B
I
O
- 9
a
9b
B-10-
1
3
a
1
3
b
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
5
0
.
1
7
0
.
1
5
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
3
0
.
1
3
0
.
1
3
75 0 C
- 62-
218
Table 2
. 100 0 C
Resu
I
tofquickdryingt
e
s
t
(cm)
| l
VIA- 1
1
6
.
5
1
8
.
0
VIA-3
1
9
.
0
22.0
8
8
1
7
.
0
20.0
7~8
V
lB-5
1
9
.
0
22.0
4
4
1~2
B-10
1
9
.
0
21
.0-
3
4
A-
=
-
2~3
1~2
l
%
(%)
(
h
r
)
36.3
36.5
48.0
71
.0
4
5
45
34.6
3
3
.
9
67.0
57.0
4
5
4
5
2~3
3
4
.
9
35.4
34.0
45.3
46
4
8
51
.7
5
4
.
0
25.0
23.0
5
5
5
5
52.5
52.5
25.5
27.0
6
0
5
5
6~7
: 1) ( 2.7cm
(mm)
3) 1~8 1~6
80 0 C
4-3-1.
2 Table 3
Fig.4~6 Fig.7
Table4
1
(1) L
(2)
'51j VIA-8
(2)
Table3 2
VIA-I-04
30 hr A-I-02
Vl A-3-03 , Vl A-3-06 ,
Vl A-8-06 19.6~23.8%
11 (
63
a
t1
0
00C t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
COC)
()
(
%)
|( I (
(mm)
1
.8
1
.8
7
9
7
9
2
2
.
5
9
.
8
1
0
.
4
5
.
0
5
.
3
0
.
5
1
0
.
5
1
4.0
1
4
.
0
1
.8
1
.8
7
7
7
9
2
2
.
1
21
.0
8
.
2
7.0
5.4
5
.
4
0
.
6
5
0
.
7
7
4
.
5
7
.
0
2
.
1
1.
7
9
8
0
1
6
.
2
1
5
.
5
6
.
7
9
.
2
4
.
5
4
.
5
0
.
6
7
0
.
4
8
2
.
0
4.0
3
.
6
3
.
6
8
3
8
3
7.4
7
.
1
6
.
7
6
.
5
4
.
1
4
.
3
0
.
5
9
0
.
6
6
1
.0
1
.
0
4
.
3
3.6
8
5
8
3
6
.
5
7.6
7.4
7
.
5
4
.
3
4.4
0
.
5
8
0
.
5
8
2
.
5
6
.
0
19.
Table 3. ()
Drying c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s and number o
ft
e
s
tp
i
e
c
e
s(
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
)
33.5~37.5
: 1 2
1)
20%
set set
- 64
218
VJA
-/
60
100 C. 1hr )
- 03
1-066
--.-3-04
3 -086
2
4
--8-15
22
2ljf
(
0864
--i: 8-08
1
2
A
)
20
/
0
o (
h
r
.l
(day)
F
i
g
. 4 ( 1
Dryingp
r
o
c
e
s
so
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i(
1
s
tt
e
s
t
)
.
V
IA
70
()
/
-02
/- 0
4
.
.
-3-03
3-06
60
-- 8-06
-8-03
~ 5
0
1
B. T.
iS,
20
/0
o
4
(
)
..L
o
2
(
d
a
Y
l
B
Fig.5 (( 2
Dryingp
r
o
c
e
s
so
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i(
f
l
a
tg
r
a
i
n
)(
2
n
dt
e
s
t
)
2 220 (18~
23%) (1000C lhr)
(3)
- 65
11 ()
V
TA
70
()
OBd
09<
1
8 08<
1
--0-- 8 09d
3
60
'
K
~:L<
50
2
0
/
0
200
240
280
/0
/
2
360
320
400(h
U;--(
d
d
y
!
14
Fig.6 ()( 2 )
Dryingp
r
o
c
e
s
so
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i(
e
d
g
eg
r
a
i
n
) (2nd tt).
2~3mm cup
(4)
Table4 2
3. 92~5. 03%. 7. 90~10. 21%
1)
12
/.
16
('/.)
-4
F
i
g
. 7
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
nbetweenm
o
i
s
t
u
r
ec
o
n
t
e
n
t
andd
r
y
i
n
gs
t
r
e
s
s
.
i
(5)
2.7cm
- 66
218
Table 4
.
I
n
i
t
i
a
l moisture c
o
n
t
e
n
t ands
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
e fromgreen t
o oven-dry o
fk
i
l
n
d
r
i
e
d and a
i
rs
e
a
s
o
n
e
d boards (
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
)
C%)
A-3-04
VIA-3-08b
A-I-12
~A-1-06b
NHUHUH
VIA-1-03
VIA-8-15
A-8-16
A-8-08b
A-8-09b
iF
A-1-02
A 04
VIA-1-05b
VIA-3-03
VIA-3-05
VIA-3-06
VIA-3-08a
VIA-3-09a
1
1
VIA 8-03
VIA-8-06
A-8-08a
A-8-09a
>
3
7
.
2
37.5
3
7
.
3
1
0
.
6
9
9
.
6
9
4
.
6
9
4.40
4.76
1
0
.
4
0
3
3
.
5
3
6
.
2
8.56
3.78
35.0
3
5
.
2
35.8
3
5
.
9
9.06
.68
4
.
3
3
4
.
0
1
5
.
2
1
8
.7
2
4.76
7
.
8
9
8.10
5
.
4
9
4
.
4
1
8
.
2
3
7
.
6
7
8
.
3
3
4
.
8
9
3
.
7
2
4.76
4
.
2
5
7
.
7
7
8.74
7.95
8.75
5.14
4.52
4
.
6
7
4
.
4
9
8
.
3
0
8
.
3
8
3
9
.
5
3
7
.
5
3
7
.
3
1
0
.
2
1
1
0
.
2
1
6.66
4.06
4.36
8.94
8.93
8.69
6.58
4
.
0
8
4
.
1
8
7
.
8
6
3
3
.
0
3
4
.
2
35.0
3
4
.
5
3
3
.
9
8
.
0
3
8
.7
9
8.48
5
.
0
3
4
.
6
9
4
.
2
1
4.79
4.20
8.60
9.06
8.25
8.18
8.03
4.13
4
.
6
1
4.48
4.28
8
.
2
4
9
.
3
5
3
4
.7
3
3
.
8
34.6
7
.
9
0
8
.
3
2
4.69
4
.
2
3
3
.
9
2
4
.5
2
8
.
4
2
8.74
8.2
35.
4. 6
7
.
8
9
4.46
4.69
4
.
4
2
5
.
7
7
8
.
5
0
8
.
7
5
: 1 2
2
Fig.5
(1) 2 31~38%
1. 8 0 C 2.0 0 C
2 1. 8 0 C
30%
(2) 20~24% 55 0 C
5 0 C 8 0 C
22~24%
70C
50 0 C
(3) : 20%
12% 15%
15% 2
60 0 C 12 0 C 55 0 C
13%
(4) (1) ~ (3)
11 (
67
ffil
(5) (1) ~ ( Fig.5 , 6
Fig.10
Fig.5
2 1
20%
10%
10% 16 20
10%
21
20~22
43-2.
(1 000C 1hr)
100 0 C
55 C C 3 0 C
5 0 C 60 0 C 1
3.0 0 C
Table 5 Fig.8 9
Table 6
(1)
Fig.8 , 9 10% l
143~148
hr ,
160~164hr
2 97~107 hr 124
hr
Table5. (
Drying c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s andnumber o
ft
e
s
tp
i
e
c
e
s
(White merantiwoods)
COC)
{J
8
0
.
0 I
80.0 I
218
68
80
V
fB-IO ( .li.
+
70
03
100 "c.
Ih ,.)
I
3
05 J
06"1
- 0
8a/
60
(
%
}
j
_
;
()
20
10
60
2
80
3
1
0
0
4
1
2
0
1
4
0
1
6
0
1
8
0 (hd
8(ddY'
Fig.8 ( 1
Dryingp
r
o
c
e
s
so
fWhitem
e
r
a
n
t
i(
1s
tt
e
s
t
)
.
70
.
B
.T
.
80
8-10
3 1
2
L
22~30% 1
1 2
H
.
.30
10%. 17%
20
10
60
80
j
100 ~O(hd
4
6(dayl
F
i
g
'
. 9 ( 2
Dryingp
r
o
c
e
s
so
fWhitemeranti2nd (
t
e
s
t
)
.
2 .
2 .
100 0 C ~
60 0 C 3.5~4CC
55 0 C 4~4. 5 0 C
(2)
11 ()
1
69
Table6 1
1 1. O1~1. 03
O. 84~0.
99
2 1. 04~
1. 15 O. 98~ 1. 09
2 1 2
1 1
(3)
10%
.Table 6.
I
n
i
t
i
a
lm
o
i
s
t
u
r
ec
o
n
t
e
n
tand s
h
r
i
n
k
a
g
efrom green t
o oven-dry
o
fk
i
l
nd
r
i
e
dand a
i
rs
e
a
s
o
n
e
dboards (White m
e
r
a
n
t
i
)
I
||
(%)
VIB-I0-03
VIB-I0-05
VIB-I0-06a
VIB-I0-08a
VIB-1
O-04
VIB-I0-14
VIB-I0-15
VIB-I0-07a
1
1
1
1
5
2
.
6
5
3
.
7
5
3
.
3
5
3
.
6
5
2
.
9
5
2
.
9
5
3
.1
7
.
5
3
7.94
4
.
6
7
5
.i1
3
.
5
1
4.80
6
.
9
3
8.47
7
.
4
7
7
.
7
0
5
.
3
1
5
.
3
1
36
0
4
.
1
3
7
6
.
7
5
8.34
8
.
8
9
6.94
7.44
5
.
3
3
4
.
3
9
5
.
1
8
3.18
8.08
7
.
7
5
6
.
6
9
7
.
1
7
5
.
4
5
4.14
4.75
3
.
2
3
7
.
4
8
: l 2
'-70
218
2
55 0 C 4 0 C ( 25~20%)
60 0 C 8 0 C 80 0 C 2
6 7~8
Fig.10
5.
2.7cm
1
.
2
. 2.66~3.17
1. 22
3
. 12.3%
4
.
10% 21
5
.
7~8
2.7cm Fig.10
6
.
2.7cm
100 0 C
1) : 1
62~85
8 190
p
p
.
(
1
9
6
6
)
2) : 2
190, p
p
. 134~149 (
1
9
6
6
)
3)
: 4
197
p
p
. 88~ 100, (
19
6
7
)
4) : 7
206 , p
p
. 42~54 (
1
9
6
7
)
11
-71
V
. DryingSchedules ofBangkiraiandWhiteMeranti
Woods growninKalirnantan
Sh TERAZAWAand Sh hiSATO
(Rum
Th t
e
s
th
a
s been carrd o
u
tt
oc
l
a
r
yt
h
e dryg s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
so
f 2.7 cm thk board f
o
r two
kindofKalantanwoods.
The r
e
s
u
l
t
so
ft
h
t
e
s
ta
r
ea
sf
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
1
) The coecient o
fdrygr
a
t
eo
ff
l
a
t
g
r
a
board was g
r
e
a
t
e
r
than t
h
a
to
fe
d
g
e
g
r
a
board o
fboth B
a
n
g
k
and '
W
h
i
t
em
e
r
a
n
t
t
h
er
a
t
i
oo
fd
r
y
i
n
gr
a
t
ec
o
e
f
f
i
c
n
twas2
.66~3.17 Bangkai and
1
.22 vVhem
e
r
a
n
t
2
) Concerning Bangkrai , t
h
em
o
i
s
t
u
r
ec
o
n
t
e
n
twhereint
h
edrying
s
t
r
e
s
s s
u
r
f
a
c
el
a
y
e
r changedfrom tensn s
i
d
et
o compressn se
a
l
u
e was e
s
p
e
c
l
l
ylawa
s compared wh many
was 12.3%, whhv
o
t
h
e
r tropalwoods.
3
) The s
p
l
i
to
ff
l
a
t
g
r
a
i
n board o
fB
a
n
g
k
a during kn dryg
occurredfreely , andt
h
e2.7cmthkboards o
fB
a
n
g
k
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d2
1
days t
obedrdfrom t
h
e itl moture c
o
n
t
e
n
tt
o 10% whereas
Whem
e
r
a
n
t requed 7~8 d
a
y
s
.
4
) Thes
u
a
b
l
eschedu
esof 2.7cm thk boards o
fboth woods
.
obtaedfrom t
h
edrygt
e
s
t
sc
(
)
n
d
u
c
t
e
dtwe wereshown F
i
g
.1
0
.
U
n
s
ut
a
b
l
eI
U
n
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
1
n
;
!
;
a
l I
s
t
e
a
m
;
n
gI
I
Orj; tmel
2
1d
a
y
s
I7-8days
: l
n
;
l
;
a
lm
o
;
s
t
u
r
ec
o
n
t
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
ls
a
m
p
l
e
:E
d
g
egrd brd
F. 1
0 Suabledryg
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
so
f2.7cm t
h
i
c
k
board f
o
rB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i and
Vhi
t
emerantiwoods.
V
l
.
( 6 )
(1)
1.
L
(1)
218
72
2.
2- 1.
Tab!e 1 VIA-1 A-6
VIA-7 , VIA-8
VIB-5 5
400mm 60mm 0
Tab!e 1.
Sawnboardf
o
rt
e
s
tp
i
e
c
eo
fc
u
t
t
i
n
gt
e
s
t
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
CVIA-l
)
SawnboadNo.
No
T
e
s
N
t
0
p
.
i
e
c
e
I
I
1
2
3
I
I
(
L)
||(
T)
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
3
1
1
l|
(C)
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
1
2
1
2
3
0
2
0
3
1
3
0
3
1
2
1
3
0
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
I
I
1
3
1
4
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
( A-6)
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
CVIA-7)
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
( A-8)
4
11
1
2
0
4
1
1
1
2
1-2
I
0
1
I
0
2
1-6
I
0
2
I
0
1
l - - 7 1 3 1 2
Whltem
e
r
a
n
t
l
C
V
I
l
3
5
)
* Fig.1
01 02 , 11
12
Fig.1 Tab!e 1
Table1
2
60 0 C 10%
1)2) 45 0 20 0 )
F
i
g
.1
3
3
Sawnboardc
u
tfromt
h
el
o
gWhite
m
e
r
a
n
t
iC
V
I
B
5
)
.
- 7
3
11 ()
VIB-5 6 1 600~3
VIA-7, VIA-8,
000mm
33mm 4~13
60mm () 60mmx 30mmx 1 500'
~2 200mm 3~4 VIA-2
VIA
VIA-4 B-5
50m 5
0cm
2-2.
1
) 20mrn_
20m mx50mmx40~25mm
(110 0 C)
Table 2~ 5
50
m mx5
0m mx28mm H
Table 6
2
)
5mm
(110 0 C)
Table6
Kett M-8
Table2~ 5
2-3.
1
) 3 ( 900 r. p.m.
170mm 56 0 40 0 4 1
3
4, 5, 6, 7mfmin (1
3.3
SKH3)
3 m fmin
7mJ
'
min 3 20
1 f (cm) P(kgfcm)
f P P=a+ f a
2
) ( 6 180 r. p.m '
125mm 130mm 56 0 40 0 4
1 SKH3) 20mfmin
-74
218
3
.
1
)
v
lA1
'1
/
V
o.f
--.4__. " 2
_.
T
f
l
Jn
s
v
e
r
s
ec
u
t
N I P-/.36 ..'] U
A1
#
0
.2p./ j5~'71
#
0
.
'P-.
o
9
0 2
At.' r-I.12"1.64
Av
VIA-6 , VIA-7 ,
VIA-8
B-5 5
3
1 (j)
F4FFJF
?OI4
te
7
0hAm
A
m
UMmn
H PA--e
35'
16605
0b
65a
mf-0000
hh
JtF23
L
(P)
.""
"
./
'
/
/
.
.
.
Table2 ~4
/"
/"
'
.,"""
'
l
(
,/"6,
__/
IO.OV./
/'
./"
__.....
-~4
--~__..-
_
.
.
.
.
-___'-1--.
-:":i j
:~.-
'"
..:::=-_":~-
tn
udm t
A
(
. P 2.34
1
l
I
~~.
.1
.
6
.
0 ~It
II
., 5.020I
I
NO.2P 1 78
010:'--
"
'
1
0
.2
0
.
'
O.
l
1
.
l=
tIJn
o
.
s
0
.6
7mm
Ij
a Table5
5
.
'
.
3I I
t
-
2
)
2.0
0
.1
1 3.3~7.
--~ 40
_.;......-
"",'
_..--
""_._.... 8.0
.
y
:
'
_".,,-
_
.
/
.
F
i
g
.2~
P=a+ f a
0.7 8
VIA-2 A-4 A-
6, VIA-7 ,
f (
(
T
n
)
t
=
e
e
dp
e
r J<nl
l
e
VIA-8 B
5 6 (L)
(P)
(D) F
i
g
.7~12
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n between c
u
t
t
i
n
gf
o
r
c
e (P) and f
e
e
dp
e
r ~ _
k
n
i
f
e(
f
)(
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i VIA-1)
70%
Table6
3
)
13
P=a+ J
L A-1 A-6
VIA-8
VIB-5
VIA7
Table6
-2 VIA-6<VIA-7 L
A-2
VIA-4 300m
VIA-4
VIB-5
11 (
V
IA-6
75
V
IA - 7
.
0 0.-.
I
I
I
l!'<.0.1
tn
Tt;;IIS;'f' f
N
o
.
1p-I.O.~ 2.09 f
Nn.21
'-Q96 1.791
NaJp
..1
.
0
0
'
"1
.
8
7:
;
A
p lOO + /87 T
p 2
.
3QI
l
I
: /'
//
'//
//
ln
/'
"
'
l1
0
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q4
,,,,
1
C
nuednu
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tn
::
(.'
E q 12.D
2
5
.
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4
.
0
'~'
K.'
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1
8
.
1
2f
No.3 P 5.20'" 2
0
.
0
0f
Av P 4.80'" 18
NO.2P 4. 80+
16 0
h' /
.
J
'
-
tlJ JI']
Cr. wt
#0./ -4.J'. 17. 81
1
8
.
0
///
dp
Y /
b 8.0
E/
/_r "
'.0'/~
/
V
4
.
0
0
.2
Q'5
Feedp
'f'
0
.6
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1 'J tI)l W
f(fm)
(
)
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f
l
F
i
g
. 4 Vl A-7 1 Cf)
0
1
.
.
o
l
0
.2
0.7
1 '}{I J
f
_'
J1
1
1 f(<,,'
Feedper k
f
le
(P)
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n between c
u
t
t
i
n
gf
o
r
c
e(
P
)andfeedper
lA-7).
k
n
i
f
e( (Bakirai V
F
i
g
. 3 Vl A-6 1 (
(P)
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n between c
u
t
t
i
n
gf
o
r
c
e (P) andf
e
e
d
p
e
rk
n
i
f
e(
f
)(Bangkirai A-6).
Table 2.
Thea and of l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
lc
u
t
'"
"
I No.
"
1 T
e
"
t
'" 1 p
i
e
c
e
LO No. "
'
1 No.
V
lA-l
V
lA-6
V
lA-7
A-8
B-5
~
2
3
2
3
2
3
dJJi:-1EZlpZL
o
Jl A
g
r
a
v
i
t
y
c
u
t
t
i
n
g 1c
u
t
t
i
n
g 1Average 1d
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
1 Ovendry
I i3
.15'
0.95 I
1
.01'
0
.
9
7
0
.
9
1
0.96 I
0
.
9
3 I
2.30
2
.
7
8
4
.
8
0
5
.
0
2
9
.
6
2 i 1
2
.
0
5 1 1
0
.
8
4
8
.7
6 I 1
3
.45 I 11
.1
1
1
0
.
H
5 I 1
3
.
2
6 I 1
2
.
0
6
0
.
9
1 I
O
.9
1
0.93'
0
.
8
7 I
O
.8
8 I
0.90 I
1
.4
0
1
.1
2
0.60
5
.
5
1
5
.
1
8
5
.
8
0
9.90 I 1
4
.
5
6 I 12.23!
8.92 I 1
3
.
6
0 I 1
1
.2
6
1
4
.
2
1
11
.9
1
9.60
8
.5
0 1 1
3
.5
1 1 1
1
.0
1 I
9.33
1
3
.
4
3 I 11
.3
A
1
3
.
5
6 1 11
.1
3
8.70
1
1
.5
1 '
1
1
.
2
8
.15
- I
11
0.88
0.87
0.89
O
.8
5
0.85
0
.
8
7
2
.
6
3
1
.8
0
1
.8
0
3
.
9
6
3
.
7
3
3
.
7
3
1
.2
0
1
.
2
3
2.77
4
.
0
3
5
.
4
0
4.80
0.54
0.85
0.84
0.86
O
.8
2
0.80
0.83
0.50
0.60
0.55
0
.
6
7
0
.
9
2
2.96
2.64
2
.
9
5
9.90 ,
9
.
7
2
1
3
.5
4
1
6
.
3
9
1
6
.
0
5
-
I
i
a ; P=a f (
12.89'
0.63
0.58 I
1. 0
-76-
218
V
TA-o
'
l
v
l 8-5
n
t 1(1
1
~.
c
:
.
t
l
f
M 2p 1.00 1. 1l 7
10 3 "'.10 . 061
AI' p
.
.081. f .
Av P -O. ,\}
t :;o
mp{qJU
/hv
2
2
.
0
{!dflsvenp C/
f
!
NO.I P"O.t 2
.
0
2
8f
w'} J
'"
0.52" 1
.
7
7
4I
M 3P 0 o f .
'
.
895f
42
rhU
hwu
\
4
Mn
JTj,JtIS\t:rse
42
mp
70.
C
r
o
s
sc
u
t
18.0
/:_ y
Nu f P 8. Q O t 1
3.
74 f
N
(
)
.
:
'P
/' 0.55+19.6.'>1
AI,I
l' 1\ 88+/'14
..'
!.O
~~
J-:;
I
1
1
././
P{'g
//
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/
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1)
... 12.
1
'
1
: I
LO
f
r
Ji
t
u
d
i
n
d
lc
u
f
NO.IP O. ~.(l 3 I
"
'
1 I
O
.
(
)
l ...J/
A.
0.'-
1
.
<
'
0
1
c '1
/.4/
y J'"
NU.IP- 7, 73 ,. 1
0
.
l
jO f
/
1
1
0.2P 25" 1
5
.
h20 I
N(l .3P U8 . Ij.8~O f
Av !
'-5
.80"14.830I
//
420
34
L//
odO
Eh
tm
P ..
(j4-~
1
1
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1
C!O ut
d:/
,
4.
1
6
.
0
.// , -
tn
80
8.3 2 11+.081
V {J, _~
08
QU
6
a
e
Ed
A
ppar
en(glc
e
mci3a
)
ts
p
c
l
h
c
g
r
a
v
l
t
y
Aer I
con-
d
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
gI
Ovendry
1
4
.
0
7
1
4
.
0
2
1
4
.
5
1
1
5
.
4
6
1
4
.
2
8
1
5
.
0
0
1
4
.
7
7
1
4
.
1
5
1
4
.
7
6
0.98
0
.
9
7
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.90
1
.3
6
1
.
3
5
0.90
2
.
2
2
1
.~7
2
.
3
2
1
2
.
5
8
1
3
.
9
7
1
4
.
9
9
1
3
.
2
8
1
4
.
0
6
0.89
0
.
9
2
0
.
9
2
0.86
0
.
9
1
0.88
1
.1
4
1
.2
5
1
.0
8
1
.
5
5
1
.5
3
1
.3
6
1
2
.
5
2
1
2
.
9
8
1
2
.
7
3
1
3
.
6
9
1
3
.
1
1
1
3
.
6
4
1
4
.
3
0
3
.
5
5
1
4
.
3
7 i 1
0
.
8
9
0
.
8
7
0
.
8
7
0.85
0.84
0.86
1
.
0
3
0.96
1
.0
0
2
.
1
0
1
.
7
9
1
.8
7
1
2
.
5
5
11
.8
1
1
2
.
6
4
1
4
.
4
1
1
3
.
7
4
1
4
.
4
9
0.86
0.90
0
.
8
7
0
.
8
2
0
.
8
7
0.84
2
.
8
0
1
.8
7
1
.
3
6
0
.
5
2
0
.
5
3
0.55
0.52
0.48
0
.
5
2
0.55
1
.0
0
1
.3
0
0.18
0.52
0.40
2
3
1
2
.
7
9
VIA-7
2
3
VIA-8
1
2
.
9
9
a ; P=a+ f
FFJ{
c
o
n
t
e
n
ta
tc
u
t
t
i
n
g
VIA-6
(%)
10isture
2
3
VIB-5
e
e
d
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
nbetweenc
u
t
t
i
n
gf
o
r
c
e(P)and f
f
)(White merantiVIB-5).
p
e
rk
n
i
f
e(
Table 3.
Theaandof t
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
ecut
VIA-I
jn
f
r
7
i
r,
nu
(P)
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n between c
u
t
t
i
n
gf
o
r
c
e(
P
) andf
e
e
d
p
e
rk
n
i
f
e(
f
)(Whitemeranti , VIA-8).
T
e
s
t
P
N
I
e
o
c
e
.
.,
F
i
g
. 6 B-5 1 (f)
(P)
No.
F
i
g
. 5 VIA-8 1 (f)
ji'Ed
2
0
1 'l! J Ip f ((1
rr' !"'f '
f
l
i
l
i
LO
/
l
(
j
t
't
lldalcuf
A
!
O
.
IP 67
2.9 "
NO.2""a92. 2.MO f
N 3P 00 ,. 2
.950 (
Ap 0.8 0 .. 2, 950 I
1
3
.
7
6
1
3
.
4
8
1
2
.
7
8
1
3
.
5
7
1
.
7
7
1
.9
0
2
.
0
0
1l()
Table4.
77
Thea andof c
r
o
s
sc
u
t
i
i
No.
T
e
s
t
P
N
I
e
o
c
.
e
1
3
.
8
6
1
3
.
3
4
1
3
.
6
4
0.90
0
.
9
1
0
.
9
7
1
3
.
3
8
1
3
.
0
8
1
3
.
3
6
1
2
.
7
8
1
3
.
1
0
1
2
.
5
6
1
2
.
3
9
1
3
.
0
1
1
3
.
0
2
1
2
.
3
2
1
3
.
0
1
1
2
.
6
8
1
2
.
4
0
1
2
.
8
0
1
2
.
5
9
1
2
.
3
4
1
2
.
4
0
1
2
.
2
7
1
3
.
1
0
1
2
.
9
6
1
2
.
8
8
1
3
.
2
8
1
3
.
4
2
VIA-6
2
3
1
2
.
8
1
1
2
.
4
7
1
2
.
8
3
VIA-7
2
3
VIA-8
2
3
VIB-5
2
3
; P=a+ f
ts
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
g
r
a
v
l
t
y
Af
te
r I
con
2
3
VIA-I
Ap
pa
ren (g/cms)
M
oilst
(%ttiz
u
r
ec
o
n
t
e
n
ta
tcuttmg
1
8
.
6
0
6
.
6
5
.
5
4
.
3
7
4
.
8
0
5
.
2
0
1
9
.
9
3
22.40
1
4
.
4
1
0
.
9
5
0
.
9
3
0.94
0.86
0.88
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
1
0.90
0
.
9
5
1279i
1
2
.
3
6
0
.
8
1
0
.
9
2
0.83
0
.
7
8
0.88
0.85
3
.
0
5
1
.5
0
6
.
1
6
1
6
.
4
7
2
1
.
2
3
2
3
.
5
8
1
2
.
6
4
1
2
.
3
7
0
.
8
2
0.84
0
.
8
6
0
.
8
8
0.80
0.88
0.55
0.56
0.58
8
.
9
0
8
.
3
2
6
.
5
5
1
3
.
7
4
1
4
.
0
8
1
9
.
6
5
1
0
.
1
3
1
5
.
6
2
1
3
.
8
4
0
.
5
8
0
.
5
9
7
.
7
3
5
.
2
5
4
.
3
8
1
7
.
8
1
1
8
.
2
2
20.00
Table5.
Thea andof c
u
t
t
i
n
gf
o
r
c
et
e
s
t
'~iece
T
:
:
t
VIA-l
VIA-6
A-7
VIA-8
VIB-5
A
p
g
c
p
r
o
a
a
n
(
r
v
g
d
e
i
l
n
i
t
c
t
y
t
imosan3p]f
i
t
e
n
e
c
E
r
i
a
c
nmg
3
(gfcm
)
Apparents
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
g
r
a
v
l
d
t
r
y
yoven
(
L
)
0 ~1 (097)|
(
T
)
0.957~
0
.
9
8(
0
.
9
7
)
0
.
9
0~ 0
.
9
4(
0
.
9
2
)
1
.
2
2
1
.
6
4
(
c
)
.
9
9(
0
.
9
3
)
0
.
8
2~ 0
0
.
7
9~ 0
.
9
5(
0
.
8
8
)
8
.
5
0
2
2
.
2
4
(
L
)
0
.
9
1~ 0
.
9
3(
0
.
9
2
)
0
.
8
8
)
0
.
8
7 ~ 0.90 (
1
.
1
5
5
.
3
3
(
T
)
.
9
1(
0
.
8
8
)
0.86 ~ 0
1
.0
8
1
.5
2
(
C
)
0
.
8
9~ 0
.
9
2(
0
.
9
1
)
.
9
7
6
(
0
.
9
4
)
0
.
9
2~ 0
0
.
8
9 ~ 0.94 (
0
.
9
1
)
4
.
8
0
1
8
.
5
6
3
.
7
7
2.34
(
L
)
(
T
)
8
9
0
.
8
7~ 0
.
8
9(
0
.
8
8
)
(
c
)
o
.74 ~
(
L
)
0
.
8
5~ 0
.
8
7(
0
.
8
6
)
(
T
)
0
.
8
8
)
0.85 ~ 0.90 (
(
C
)
(
C
)
5
.
3
4
0.86 (
0
.
8
5
)
1
.8
7
.
8
6(
0
.
8
5
)
0.84 ~ 0
1
.0
0
o
.71 ~
1
.8
7
.
r70
2
4
.
3
0
0.80 ~ 0
.
8
3(
0
.
8
2
)
1
.7
6
4
.
7
8
0
.
8
2~ 0
.
8
7(
0
.
8
4
)
0
.
8
2
0
.
8
3 ~ 0.94 (
0
.
8
7
)
.
9
2(
0
.
8
4
)
0
.
7
9~ 0
6
.
8
8
1
.8
4
1
7
.
3
4
(
L
)
0
.
5
3~ 0
.
5
8(
0
.
5
5
)
(
T
)
0
.
5
2~
(
0
.
5
3
)
0
.
5
2~ 0
.
5
5(
0
.
5
3
)
.
5
2(
0
.
5
1
)
0.48 ~ 0
0
.
3
2
0.48 ~ 0
.
6
1(
0
.
5
1
)
0
.
5
7
)
0
.
5
5 ~ 0.58 (
0
.
9
3(
0
.
8
5
)
0~55
0.90 (
0
.
8
3
)
a : P= +f
0
.
8
0
2
.
9
5
2
.
0
0
1
4
.
8
3
218
78
/00
100
WA 2
{ la!J
//
F
i
g
.7
//
,,
/1
64
+ID
EAt Jt
u
uk
M
zzy a
ndRai5ed
,,
,,
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n between
r
a
t
i
oof d
e
f
e
c
t
i
v
e S
4
E
M
p
i
e
c
e(L)and l
i
n
e
a
rl
e
n
g
t
ho
f wo
od c
u
t(
L
)
(
B
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
i
AV
I2
.
)
'.-eo-..__
--
F
i
g
.8
v
rA-6
VIA-4
(L) (D)
'
'
'
'
h
F
A J
D92
n
hH
k
600
800
:1.
F
i
g
.9
kr''fJt
400
x
-----4
..
200
80
B 60
(D)
J
.
,,.
/00
W
VIA-2
(L)
WA-4
1
0
0
0
VIA-6
(L) (D)
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
nbetweenr
a
t
i
o
o
fd
e
f
e
c
t
i
v
ep
i
e
c
e (D)
and l
i
n
e
a
r l
e
n
g
t
ho
f
woodcut(L)(Bangkirai ,
VIA-6)
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n betweenr
a
t
i
o
o
fd
e
f
e
c
t
i
v
ep
i
e
c
e (D)
andl
i
n
e
a
rl
e
n
g
t
ho
fwood
c
u
t(L) (Bangkirai ,
A-4).
1
2
0
0
L (m)
Lr th o
fwoodc
u
t
/00
1
;
r
vA-7
W A-B
64
"
4 60
U
D
U
UL
'
.~
80
D 40
y
.
"
20
200
F
i
g
. 10
4o
tn
6
0
0
000
L 1m)
Ler /
e
ngthof lVo
o
dc
u
t
1
2
0
0
'1
VIA-7 (L)
F
i
g
.1
1
2
0
0
4
0
0
6015
.
)
<
oo-7io
l
L {m}
Lmear 'l7qth o
fwoodc
u
t
(D)
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n betweenr
a
t
i
oo
fd
e
f
e
c
t
i
v
ep
i
e
c
e(
D
)
andl
i
n
e
a
rl
e
n
g
t
hofwoodc
u
t(
L
) (Bangkirai ,
VIA-7).
_x'
20
,,
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n between r
a
t
i
o of d
e
f
e
c
t
i
v
ep
i
e
c
e (D)
and l
i
n
e
a
rl
e
n
g
t
ho
fwood c
u
t (L) (Bangkirai
A-8).
11 ()
79
W 8-5
F
i
g
.1
2 VIB-5 (L) (D)
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n betweenr
a
t
i
oo
fd
e
f
e
c
t
i
v
ep
i
e
c
e(
D
)andl
i
n
e
a
r
l
e
n
g
t
ho
fwoodc
u
t (L) (Whitemeranti , V
I
B
5
)
.
Table 6.
M
o
i
s
t
u
r
ec
o
n
t
e
n
tands
p
e
c
i
f
i
cg
r
a
v
i
t
yo
fweart
e
s
to
fk
n
i
f
e
edge, andrsult o
ft
e
s
t
. .
M 1r
.
'
I
2
i
ten
t
(g/cm 3 )
App
ar
t
t spific
n
I g
lt
v
EL
;?a.
|
F | - I
I 10.1
~12.2 I
VIA-4
i12.0 ~
1
3
.
2
I0.90 ~
1
.
0
3
I ~
0.96
2
7
5~
3
2
5
U
qJlM
i
l
hJV
0
.
8
8
020
0.94
9
7
0 ~1
Unu
lnU
nU4
un
nU7
QJ'b
nunU
10 , 0
A-8
-nHV
1
0
.
1~ 1
2
.
5
VIA-7
11
.1~ 1
3
.
5
q
l
l
VIA-6
1
2
.
4
I 0.8E
dnu
nu
'i
ll
A-2
VIB-5
(%)
1
1
.
0
1
0
.
5
0.83 ~ 0
.
9
1
0.86
6
2
0~
6
7
0
2
.
0
9
.
9~ 1
1
0
.
7
.
7
1
0
.
5
1~ 0
0.58
1
1
5~
1
5
5
4
.
Fig.
2~
6 Table2~4 Fig.
7~12
Table
13
P=a+ f
P=a+ f VIA
-1 , VIA-6 , VIA-8 ,
VIB-5
VIA-7
B-5
3 1 000m
218
80
1) : 2
1 )
2)
: 4
190, p
p
. 150~16U (
19
6
6
)
3 )
197, p
p
. 101~ 1l 0. (
1
9
6
7
)
V
I
. CuttingPropertiesbyRotating
nife
ofBangkiraiand
Whi
t
eMerantiWoodsgrowninKaliznantan
l
I
t
t
n
g propertiesoftropi1 woodsbyrotatingknife6
)
(C
TooruHOSHI
(Rum
.
sconducted t
oc
l
a
r
i
f
yt
h
ec
u
t
t
i
n
gp
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
so
fB
a
n
g
k
i
r
a
iandWhitem
e
r
a
n
t
iwoods
T
h
i
sr
e
p
o
r
twa
oo
b
t
a
"
nt
h
ev
a
l
u
e
growni
nKalimantana
sa p
a
r
to
ft
h
es
t
u
d
i
e
so
fp
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
sont
r
o
p
i
c
a
lwoods , andt
o
fc
u
t
t
i
n
gf
o
r
c
e andwearo
fk
n
i
f
e edgef
o
rt
h
o
s
e specie
by
r
o
t
a
t
i
n
gc
u
t
t
i
n
g
. Measurementmethod
9
0
.
u
s
e
di
nt
h
i
sexperiment wast
h
esamemethodt
h
a
twasd
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
di
nB
u
I
I
.o
fF
o
r
.S
t
a
t
i
o
nNo. 1
Ther
e
s
u
l
t
so
fc
u
t
t
i
n
gf
o
r
c
et
e
s
t
swereshowni
nF
i
g
.2~ 6andTable2~ 5.Ther
e
su
It
so
f wear
2andTable6
t
e
s
t
so
fk
n
i
f
eedgewereshowni
nF
i
g
.7~ 1
l a mmaofrests
t
h
er
e
l
a
t
i
o
no
fc
u
t
t
i
n
gf
o
r
c
e(
P
)t
of
e
e
dp
e
rkn
(.f)
c
o
u
I
d bee
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
byt
h
ef
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
gI
i
n
e
a
rf
o
r
m
u
l
a
:
P= f+a
Int
h
i
sformula , t
h
ev
a
l
u
eoffor eachI
o
gi
sshowni
nTable5
.
Conceng
t
h
ewear o
fk
n
i
f
eedge when c
u
t
t
i
n
g Meranti wood, t
h
et
e
s
t
sseemedt
oshow
middlep
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
scomparingw
i
t
ho
t
h
e
rs
p
e
c
i
e
so
ft
r
o
p
i
c
a
lwood.
- 80
218
(1)
8 VIA-3
VIA-9 2
VIB-5
VIB
-10
190
2)3)4)
1. (Bangkirai)
() !f (Eb) )(0) Table 1,
(1)
11 (
3
Table
81
Table 2 , F
i
g
.1
4, F
i
g
.2, 3
Table5 6
Fig.4
Table 1 VIA-3 3.3 kgJmm 2 ,
VIA-9 2.4
kg/mm2
VIA-3 VIA-9
O. 5~0.
90 0 C
6kgJmm 2
03kgfcm 2
(Eb) VIA-3 12 X 1
VIA-9 9x
3
1
0
kgJcm 2
90 0 C 5~6 x
103kgJcm 2 2
3kgJcm 2
X1
0
L (Table4)
1. 2% "
90 0 C 1. 6~ 1. 7%
4
(1.
80 o C
90 0 C
0
2mm)
Table1. (kgJmm 2 )
Hardnessofe
a
c
hl
o
g
sa
tg
r
e
e
nc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
Mark fo~~1
nng
10!!'~ I p
a
r
t
Tanfgaecnetial
VIA-3
3.
Radial
f
a
c
e
Ri
/lT%
.F.
"
'
"
'
~J
o3.?J
/
o3.~
0
2.8
96.6
(2.7~4.2)
3
.
1
.
5 I 3
.
2
2
.
8 I 3
9
3
.
3
9
7
.
2
2211926i
(2.5~3.8)
9
3
.
9
91
.4
2
.
1
1ean
3
.
3
(2.5~3.2) (2.5~3.2)1(3.0~3.8)i(2.7~3.8)
f
a
c
e
R.F}
E%
.E.
VIA-9
Radial
Tanfgaecnetial
2.5
3
.
3
2.4
2
.
1
1
.
8
1
.9
1
.9
72.71100.0188.51100.0
1
0
0
.
0
7
2
.
0
5
7
.
6
7
9
.
1
3cm
Note) Eachsymbol
t
h
emeasuredp
a
r
ti
nt
h
el
o
g
.
heartwoodeach 3cma
p
a
r
tfromt
h
e sapwood boundarytoward
t
h
ep
i
t
h
. B
r
i
n
e
l
lh
a
r
d
n
e
s
s
. Averageo
ff
o
u
rmeasuredv
a
l
u
e
s
.
: sapwood V :
indicates
218
82
Table2.
HaJ;
d
n
e
s
sofeachl
o
g
sa
te
a
c
h
6
00C
9
6
7
2
1
2
0
IGreen
Mean Ic
o
n
d
i
-
VIA-3
Rati
o
(
9
6
)
VIA-9
R
a
t
i
o
C%)
N
o
t
e
)l
l
r
i
n
e
l
lh
a
r
d
n
e
s
s
. Averageoff
o
u
rmeasuredv
a
l
u
e
s
.
}3700
65
(
V
TA
-3J
(Table
5 , 6)
9I7
1
0 20 30
6
0
.
(
.
0B
00
9
70
6
3
SRQ3auE04
(
V
T
A
9
J
50
060
7
(
)
80 90100110120
(90 0 C )
4
Cookin! tlme.
21 0
Fig.1
5%
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
eo
fh
a
r
d
n
e
s
so
feachl
o
g
sa
te
a
c
hc
o
o
k
i
n
g
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
eandt
i
m
e
.
2
.
(White r
n
e
r
a
n
t
i
)
Table 7, F
i
g
.5
Table 9
Table 8 , 10 , F
i
g
.6 , 7 , 8 9
Table 11~
11 (
83
(kgJmm 2 )
c
o
o
k
i
n
gt
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
eandtime
8
00C
7
2
9
6
2
.
1
2
.
2
2
.
2
202l22135124
(
2
.
1
1
.
8
(
2
.
0
L7~23 (ZO~Z3ll 17~: (3. 400~02
63(
2
.
1
7
2
4
8
2
.
3
9
00 C
1
2
0
96
Green
l
1ean c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
24
48
~2.3)
7
6
.
7
2
.
4
Mean
2
.
1
2
.
2
(1.8~2.6) (1.8~2.7)
~2.5)
7
3
.
3
6
2
.
8
6
0
.
0
2
.
3
2
.
0 I 1
.
9 I 2
.
2 I 2.0 I 1
.
5
1
.7
1
.
6
(
1
.
4
(
2
.
0
(
1
.
6
(1.7~2. 1) 1(~2.0): (l .7~2|(ia~ (1
4
1
.6
6
6
.
7 I7
0
.
0 I7
3
.
3 I 1
0
0 I6
8
.
6
9
5
.
8
1
0
0
.
0
1
2
0
6
0
.
0
8
3
.
3 I7
9
.
3 I9
1
.
8 I 1
0
0 175.0
8
5
.
0
80.0
6
0
.
0
6
2
.
8
1
.
6
1
.
6
(1.5~1.9) (1.3~1.9)
~1.9)
8
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
Measuring
-_
_
_ p
a
r
tI
Markoflogs
~~I
~
~___
Eb
103kgJcm2
A-3
kgJcm2
Eb
kgJcm2
1
03
VIA-9
2
kgfcm
Mean
11
.4
(
1
0
.1~13. 3
)
(12.8~13.3)
11
.1
(
1
0
.6~11. 7
)
1
3
6
.
5
(
1
3
0
.
6
1
4
9
.
2
(
1
4
3
.
9
1
2
4
.
9
(
1
2
0
.
2
1
3
.
1
~141.2)
~155.
1
.2
0
1
.2
9
9
.
7
0
)
9
.
9
(9.3~10.1)
1
1
2
.
4
(
1
1
0
.
4
(9.6~10.1)
.9
1
21
(
1
1
5
.
3
~130.
1
2
2
.
6
(
1
2
0
.
6
~128.0)
~125.
1
.
1
5
1
.
1
9
1
.
2
2
(120.2~155.0)
1
.
2
1
8.4
9
.
1
)
(7.1~
1
1
.9
(10.1~13.3)
1
4
3
.
5
8
)
1
.1
3
~113.0)
) 1
"
-1
9
.
3
)
(
7
.1~10. 1
1
1
3
.
8
2
8
.0
)
9
3
.8~ 1
9
)(
1
.
1
9
5~6cm 1
N
o
t
e
) Eachsymbol "" /....1 .. indicates t
h
emeasuredp
a
r
ti
nt
h
elog. ': sapwood" r
:heartwood each5"-'6cmapartfromthesapwoodbounda~y tOwardthepith.
Averageoff
i
v
emeasuredv
a
l
u
e
s
.
218
84
Table 4.
YOUNG'S m
odulus (
E
b
), bendi strength (b) and
temperatureand time (
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
nof g
r
a
i
ni
s pe
6
00C
Eb
1
03kgfcm2
R
atio%
VIA-3
kg/cm2
Green
c
o
n
d
i
t
lOn
2
4
1
1
.
4
8
.
2
(
1
0
.
1
4
8
7
2
00
R
atio%
Eb
1
03kg/cm2
8
.
5
(
7
.
7
VIA-9
kg/cm2
8
.
2
(
7
.
8
R
atio%
(
7
.
7
1
(
7
.
5
1
(
7
.
7
Green
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
2
4
1
3
.
1
6
.
7
(
1
2
.
8
(
6
.
3
~8.9)
~8.8)
~8.0)
~8.4)
~8.9)
1
0
0
7
1
.
9
7
4
.
6
7
1
.
9
6
8
.
4
7
0
.
2
7
1
.
5
1
0
0
51
.1
1
3
6
.
5
1
1
4
.
6
1
2
2
.
4
1
1
0
.
5
1
0
5
.
5
1
1
7
.
4
1
1
2
.
1
1
6
9
.
2
1
0
3
.
6
(
1
3
0
.
6 (
1
0
9
.
0 (
9
3
.
0
1
1
6
.
2 (
~13.3)
1
1
7
.
3 (
9
8
.
0 (
1
4
3
.
9 (
9
6
.
3
(
9
8
.
2 (
4
)~104. 4
)~117.4) ~129. 7
)~155. 0
)~113.9)1
1
0
0
84.0
8
9
.
7
.3
81
7
7
.
3
8
6
.
0
8
3
.7
1
0
0
61
.2 :
1
1
.2
0
1
.4
0
1
.4
4
1
.3
5
1
.
3
6
1
.
4
6
1
.4
0
1
.2
9
1
1
.
5
5 1
1
0
0
1
1
6
.
0
1
2
0
.
0
1
1
2
.
5
1
1
3
.
3
1
2
2
.
3
1
1
6
.
8
1
0
0
9
.
7
6
.
8
6
.
3
6
.
2
6
.
5
7.0
6.6
9
.
9
(
9
.
3
(
6
.
6
(
6
.
0
~6.9)
~6.5)
1
0
0
7
0
.
1
6
4
.
9
1
1
2
.
4
1
0
2
.
7
3.7
(
1
1
0
.
4
~113.0) ~11 1.
6
R
atio9
~8.8)
~10. 1
)
R
atio%
1
2
0
i[ean
R
atioP
U
9
6
(
6
.
0
(
6
.
3
(
6
.
4
(
6
.
0
(
9
.
6
1
2
0
.
2
5
.
7
(
5
.
2
~6.6)
~7. 5
) ~6.1)
) ~7.5) ~1O. 1
6
3
.
9
6
7
.
0
7
2
.2
67.6
1
0
0
5
7
.
6
9
5
.
8
9
3
.
6
9
2
.
5
9
5
.
7
1
2
1
.
9
9
3
.
1
91
8
8
.
3 (
1
1
5
.
3 (
9
0
.
4
8
9
.
4 (
.3 (
(
8
8
.
3 (
8
9
.
5 (
)~128. 0
) ~95. 8
)
3
) ~96. 5
) ~95.7) ~11 1. 3
) ~98. 2
)
[ ~95. 5
1
0
0
.4
91
83.4
8
5
.
2
8
3
.
3
2.3
8
5
.
1
1
0
0
76.4
1
.1
5
1
.5
1
1
.4
9
1
.
5
5
1
.4
4
1
.3
1
1
.4
6
1
.
1
9
1
.
6
3
1
0
0
1
31
.3
1
2
9
.
6
1
3
4
.
8
1
2
5
.
2
1
1
3
.
9
1
2
7
.
0
1
0
0
1
3
7
.
0
s
11 (
-85
(
E
b
) (b) () (
ctitious s
t
r
a
i
n () ofeachl
o
g
sa
teachcooking
p
e
n
d
i
c
u
l
a
rt
ot
h
es
p
a
n
)
8
00C
4
8
6
.
9
7
2
6
.
5
9
00 C
9
6
7
.
0
(
6
.
3
1
2
0
7
.
6
(
6
.
5
Green
Mean c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
6
.
9
(
5
.
7
~7.8)
~8.6)
~8.6)
4
9
.
6
5
3
.
4
5
8
.
0
5
3
.
0
1
1
0
.
1 1
0
4
.
3
1
0
4
.
6
1
0
0
.
6
1
0
4
.
6
5
2
.
7
2
4
4
8
7
2
9
6
1
2
0
Mean
6
.
1
1111606251162
_
J
7
)
:
_
J
_,:
(
4
.
? J(5.? (
4
.~
(
5
.
4
(
1
0
.
.~
~1
1
.
~6. 8
)
1 ~6. 5
)
1 ~5. 9y ~6. 5
)
~6.
5
.
9
(
4
.
5
7
) ~6.8)
5
.
9
1
0
0 1
5
4
.1 155.9 145.9 I5
5
5
.
0
5
3
.
4
i
B75
9
2
.
5
9
2
.
3
1
2
4
.
9
9
6
.
9 1
0
1
.
7
828
(
1
0
3
.
9(
9
8
.
4 (
.9 (
1
01
9
8
.
4 (
9
6
.
3 (
8
4
.
8 (
1
2
0
.
2 (
9
8
.
4 (
.5 '
(
8
3
.
3 (
71
9
0
.
2 (
7
1
.
5
1
1
6
.
3
)1
1
1
.
3
)~108.8) ~103.9) ~116.3) ~130.8) 1
0
3
.
7
)
1
-1
)~93. 2
)~93. 9
) ~99. 8
0
9.
3
)~109.3)
6
5
.
1
.6
61
6
1
.
8
5
9
.
5
6
1
.
8
1
0
0
7
7
.
6
81.4
6
6
.
3
I70.1
7
4
.
1
7
3
.
9
1
.6
0
1
.
6
0
1
.4
9
1
.
3
2
1
.
5
1
1
.
1
3
1
.
6
1
1
.6
4
1
.6
2 ;1
.4
1
1
.
5
2
J
;5
6
1
2
4
.
0 1
2
4
.
0
1
1
6
.
3
1
0
2
.
3
1
1
7
.
4
1
0
0 1
4
2
.
5 1
4
5
.
1 1
4
3
.
4 1
2
4
.
8
1
3
4
.
5
5
.
7
5
.
5
5
.
4
5
.
4
4
.
9
(
4
.
0
(
5
.
4
(
4
.
8
(
4
.
0
9
.
7
(
9
.
3
4
9
.
5
5
7
.
6
5
5
.
6
5
5
.
0
9
3
.
1
7
8
.
3
8
7
.
1
8
9
.
7
8
8
.
3
(
9
0
.
4
(
8
4
.
8
~98.4) ~85.0)
(
8
4
.
6
~93.2)
(
3
.
9
4
.
9
4
.
6
4
.
8
(
4
.
1
5
.
4
4
.
8
~4.5)
(
4
.
2 (
4
.
4
~5. 7
) ~4.8)
4
3
.
3
5
0
.
5
47.4
4
9
.
5
5
5
.
7
4
9
.
3
11241823
8
3
.
9
80.4
7
8
.
2
7
6
.
9
8
0
.
3
~1O .1)
5
4
.
6
4
.
2
13 .1
1
0
0
(
1
1
0
.
4 1
(
7
5
.
2 (
8
2
.
2 (
7
2
.9
~98. 4
)~ 1
1
3
.0)1~87. 5
)~85. 9
)~89.4)
(
4
.
9
(
3
.
9
~5.
.3
(
71
~82.2)
7
)
(
7
6
.
9
~83.
9
)
7
6
.
4
6
4
.
2
7
1
.4
7
3
.
6
7
2
.
4
1
0
0
7
3
.
2
7
4
.
6
.5
71
6
9
.
6
6
8
.
4
7
1
.5
1
.
7
2
1
.6
0
1
.
5
3
1
.6
3
1
.6
2
1
.1
5
1
.9
6
1
.7
1
1
.
7
5
1
.6
3
1
.4
2
1
.6
9
1
4
4
.
5 1
3
4
.
4
1
2
8
.
6
1
3
7
.
0
1
3
6
.
3
1
0
0 1
7
0
.
4 1
4
8
.
7 1
5
2
.
2
1
41
.7
1
2
3
.
5
1
4
7
..
3
-86-
218
()
140
~..
.''-t
120
Em
.
g
60
100
i
I
!
50
70113
50 -60
'08
0
- 90
110
/20(h
EM0
1
:
2SJ30
90
80'
c
80
5
1
7
0
1;
110
90 c
100
/
0 20 30 40 50 60 7U 8U /20 (h )
/0 20 30 40 50 60 7
0 80 90 / 110
r;o }
C<xh t
F
i
g
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{
n
U
50
n
MM
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2
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9
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M
Qfl
7(1'fl
MMMU
I
.rl
>]
00000
"
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r
I "" .f1
i
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100
{/
~dw
h
EMn2s-ukKGS
80 c
Ckng te
(Eb)
F
i
g
. 3
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
eofYOUNG'Smodulus(
E
b
)o
feachl
o
g
sa
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e andt
i
m
e
.
e
a
c
hoking t
((
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
eo
ff
i
c
t
i
t
i
o
u
ss
t
r
a
i
n (0) o
feachl
o
g
sa
t
eachc
o
o
k
i
n
gt
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
eandt
i
m
e(
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
no
f
g
r
a
i
ni
s pe endicularthe s
p
a
n
)
.
Table5.
Rateofl
a
t
h
echeckofe
a
c
hl
o
g
sa
t
\\
6
00C
\I\nc\lin\eo(mpemning
Markofl
o
g
s
4
8
24
5
7
.
4
24
Mean
1
.0
9
--~
800 C
6
5
.
2
61
.3
48
1ean
1
.0
9
6
2
.
9
6
4
.
1
6
3
.
5
V
I
A
-3
(40~80)
5
6
.
1
(40~80)
5
9
.
6
(40~80)
5
7
.
9
(40~80)
5
3
.
0
(50~80)
5
3
.
8
V
I
A
-9
(40~80)
(50~70)
(40~80)
(40~70)
(40~70)
) 20 0 40~50' 1. 02mm
N
o
t
e
)K
n
i
f
ea
n
g
l
e
: 21 0 ,
C
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
ea
n
g
l
e
: 40~50'
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
sofv
e
n
e
e
r
:1
.02m m
(40~80)
5
3
.
4
(40~70)
- 87 -
11 (
i~
1.1
L
0
2mm
~ >> .
1
0
9
m
m
!nd openi
7hicklS 01 ot!er
lm
/
J
1
)
1.
L
I.Ot
E 4
J
5'
M
1
0
1
1
1
1
I
I
'
!
[
Nl
1
m
h
e
r0
1r
e
v
O
/
l
1f
i
o
n
1.02mm
JJJIIi .
l
0
4
m
m
ThCJ'e5S 01 'er
l
n
c
/
"
n
eo
p
e
n
i
n
g
(mml
1.1
'.0
..
1.
.'
? 9
:;
Jmher
M
'1.0
I.I r
kk
Ss 01
- -
I.O~ J
0
1 A~t'/1
/nc/
'ne qj
g
"
.
.
.
.
.
. ;<
:
1
.
'
.
G9
/0
Nl
1
m
h
e
r0
1re'o/ufion
"
: 21 0 : 40~50'
Knife a
n
g
l
e
: 21 0 ,
C
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
ea
n
g
l
e
: 40~50'
(%)
Each c
o
o
k
i
n
gt
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
eand t
i
m
e C%)
9
00C
24
96
4
8
1
2
0
Mean
1
.0
9
58.4
61.0
6
0
.
2
UV
Ku
rd
4
8
.
3
n
u
t\
C40~80)
44.5
iu
n
u
q
ft
(30~60)
4
6
.
2
42.0
n
u
(40~60)
RU
5
0
.
0
nU
(40~80)
61
.9
48
(3 0~60)
1
.04
1
.
0
2
0
.
9
9
3
7
.
9
(3 0~50)
3
4
.
8
(30~50)
218
~ 88
Table6
. Table
Frequencyo
fl
a
t
h
e
6
0C
OOC
2
4
4
8
24
1ean
1
.0
9
4
8
Mean
1
.0
9
20%Under(203Z>
20~40% (
2
2
.
6( 7
)
9
.
1( 3
) 1
5
.
9( 5
)
1
.8 (
0
.
5
)
40~60% (
2
.
4
(
1
3
.
5
) 6
48.4 ( 1
5
) 36.4 ( 1
0
.
7 (1
7
) 4
4
.
8(1
3
) 6
2
.
8 (1
5
)
11
2
) 4
VIA-36O ~eo%
2
9
.
0( 9
) 5
1
.
7
(
1
3
.
5
) 3
4
.
5 (1
8
) 4
5
.
7 (1
0
) 5
5
.
2 (1
6
) 4
5
.
4 (1
3
)
1
:
3
.
6( 1
)
80%Ov(%>
lcm
10.3
Numbero
f
l
a
t
hec
h
e
c
kp
e
rcm
11.0
10.7
9.7
9.7
20%Under(20%>
20~40% (
1
3
.
0( 3
)
6
.
7( 5
) 2
4
.1( 7
) 2
5
.
3(
1
.3
) 1
0
.
4 ( 6)~
40~60% (
6
9
.
6 (1
6
) 6
7
.
9
(
1
6
.
5
) 7
0
.
0 (2
1
) 6
5
.
5(1
9
) 6
7
.
7 (2
0
)
5
.
4 (1
7
) 6
A-9 6O ~80% ()
1
7
.
4( 4
) 3
6
.
8(
6
.
5
) 1
3
.
3( 4
) 1
0
.
4( 3
) 1
1
.9 (
3
.
5
)
4
.
6( 9
) 2
30%(
80%]
Over
lcm
Numberoflat-
7.7
8.7
9.7
10.0
8.2
9.9
hec
h
e
c
kp
e
rcm
Note) ( )Numberofl
a
t
h
ec
h
e
c
k
.
( )
Tab!e7. (kgjmm2)
Hardnessofeachl
o
ga
tg
r
e
e
nc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n (kgJmm2)
ifpartl
1
.1
1
.5
(
1
.
3
0
Tangentia! face (1-~1.4)
VIR-5
R
a
d
i
a
lf
a
c
e
R/.
F.fT(.F96.>
Radial f
a
c
e
Et/.
F. (%)
f
T
.
F
.
1
.1
0
.
9
(
0
.
8
(
1
-0
1
.
2
(
1
.0
l
1
.4
~1. 3)
1
-0
I
1
.
3
6
0
.
0
1
.
3
~1.3)
1
0
0
1
-2
I
1
.3
(
1
.
0
~1.7)
1
.
2
1
.2
(
0
.
8
~2.4)
~1.3)
9
2
.
3
84.6 1
0
9
.
1
8
3
.
4 1
4
2
.
9
1
.
1
1
.
3
1
.
1
1
-0
1
.6
2
.
0
(
1
.
0
(
0
.
9
(
0
.
9
(
1
.
0
(
1
.3
(
1
.9
~1.4)
1
.
3
1
-1
~1.5)
1
-1
2.0
(
0
.
9
(
1
-9
~2.4)
1
0
0
1
.3
0.9
1
.0
(
0
.
8
(
0
.
9
~1- 4)
~1.2)
9
2
.
3
45.0
1
0
0
~1. 9)
~1.2)
1
.
0
1
.0
6
2
.
5
9
0
.
9
~2.9
1
-0
1
.1
(
0
.
8
(
0
.
9
~1.2)
~1.4)
9
0
.
9
8
4
.
6
11 (
89
(%)
heck
onTable5 (%)
9
00C
24
8
6
4
8
1
2
0
Mean
1
.
0
9
4
8
1
.
0
4
1
.
0
2
0.9
) 3
8
.1( 8
) 8
1
.3
) 24.0 ( 6
4
.
3(
5
.
7 (24)
1
2
.
9( 4
)
6
4
.
5 (2
0
)6
2
.
5 (2
0
) 65.5(19)
8
.
0(1
7
) 52.4 ( 1
1
) 1
6
4
.
2
(
1
9
.
7
) 6
4
.
3( 4
)
.
2
2
.
6( 7
)3
4
.
5(1
0
)
7
.
5 (1
2
)3
3
1
.
5(
9
.
7
)
8
.
0( 2
)
9
.
5( 2
)
10.2
8.3
7.0
10.3
10.7
9.7
2
8
.
0( 7
)4
3
.
5(1
0
)5
4
.
5 (1
2
)6
6
.
6
(
1
0
.
5
)
5
.
0(1
3
)4
9.7
(2
0
) 7
0
.
4 (1
9
) 9
6
.
3 (26)
5
.
.
5 (1
0
)3
2
.
4
(
11
6
.
7( 4
) 2
9
.
6( 8
)
.8
) 1
5
.
0( 7
) 5
6
8
.
0 (1
7
)5
6
.
5 (1
3
)4
1
.
0(
0
.
3
)
4.0 ( 1
)
8.3
3
.
7( 1
)
7.7
7.3
7.5
6.7
3cm
4
Note) Eachsymbol indicates t
h
e
measuredp
a
r
ti
nt
h
el
o
g
.
woodeach
3cma
p
a
r
t fromt
h
esapwood boundary
towardt
h
ep
i
t
h
.B
r
i
n
e
l
lh
a
r
d
n
e
s
s
.
Averageoff
o
u
rmeasuredv
a
l
u
e
s
.
: sl!pwood. heart
8.0
9.0
9.0
_WB-5
1
.
8
-VTB1
O
-'lC
1
.
7
6
~ ~ 1.5
1.4
~ 3
1
.
2
~f.f
1
.
0
0
.9
3cm
Note Brinell h
a
r
d
n
e
s
s
Each symbol indicates
0
.
8
0
.
7
1
06
t
h
e
measuredp
a
r
ti
nt
h
el
o
g
.
: sapwood : h
eartwood each
h
e sapwood boundary
3cm~part from t
towardt
h
ep
i
t
h
.
1
<
-
rf
of IdCh /01
Fig.5
Hardnesso
feachl
o
ga
tg
r
e
e
nc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
218
90
Table8.
HardnessofVIB-10a
te
a
c
hc
o
o
k
i
n
g
6
00C
V
I
B
I
0
7
6
.
9
1
0
0
(%)
1
0
0
R
a
t
i
o(
G
r
e
e
nc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n100%)
~14 Table
VIB-IO
15, 1
6
FO
nu
Fig.10
A)
K
L1
40
Table
7,
3
0
1
1
0 20 30 40 50 60 7
0 8
0 90 1
0
0/
1
0 1
2
0
(r.l
COO/<Jng lime
Fig.6
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
eo
fh
a
r
d
n
e
s
so
fVIB-10a
teach c
o
o
k
i
n
g
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
eandt
i
m
e
.
(
Fig.5
Table 8, Fig.6 60 0 C
80 0 C 90 0 C
B) (Eb) (b) ()
: Table 9
6.0 X 1
03kg/cm 2
able10, F
i
g
.7
T
90 0 C
2x10 3 kg/cm 2
1mm /
90 0 C
%)
11 (
91-
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IJ Table 10, F
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: Table9
1. 5%
218
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Fl
J(hr) I |
6
00 C
2
4
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kgjcm2
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)
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7
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6
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5
7
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~77. 9
)~10['1) ~62. 8
)
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6
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3
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9
6
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1
3
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1
0
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3
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7
*
1Temperature , *
2Time, *
3Greencondition , *
4Greencondition100%.
1
0
0
4
300000
&16rJ43
Z
\ 100
r
v8-10
90
60 c
] 70
<
5
c
;
. (%)
50
-----------._'_ 90'C
40
30
20
1
0 20 jO 40 S
1
0
10
20 :; 40
50 60 7
0 80 90
D
e
c
r
e
a
s
eo
fYOUNG'S moduluso
fVIB-10a
teach
c
o
o
k
i
n
gt
e
m
p
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r
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t
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r
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D
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c
t
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a
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sp
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r
p
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d
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c
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l
a
rt
ot
h
es
p
a
n
)
.
Table
COOkIng tlme
F
i
g
.8
Cooklng tlme
6070 80 90 1
0
0 / /
2
0
{ d
o /
10 /
2
0
F
i
g
.7
60C
sz60
-----_-'_-.'0c
v
lB -/0
g 80
(b)
bendings
t
r
e
n
g
t
hof B-10 a
teach
c
o
o
k
i
n
g temperature an time (
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n of
g
r
a
i
ni
sp
e
r
p
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n
d
i
c
u
l
a
rt
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h
es
p
a
n
)
.
Decrea f
10, F
i
g
.9 90 0 C
2.5%
C)
11 ()
93
(b) () (
f
VIA-10a
teachc
o
o
k
i
n
gt
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
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r
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m
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s
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n
)
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9
O
O
G
4
8
3
.
2
(
2
.
7
3
.
2
~3.5)
4
9
.
3
3
.
2
3
.
1
(
3
.
0
~3.4)
4
9
.
3
7
.
6
24
2
.
3
1
.
9
2
.
1
2.0
1
.8
(
1
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~8.9)
4
7
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7
4
9
.
3
0
.
8
0
.
9 6
5
6
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9 6
(
5
7
.
2
{49.4
~65. 7
)
~65. 5
)
1
0
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3
0
.
3
2
3
.7
25.0
2
7
.
6
2
6
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1
2
3
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7
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5
0
.
8
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4
4
.
6 4
6
.
1 4
4
.
1
4
5
.
6
0
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.
7
3
6
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4
(
4
9
.
4 (
1
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.
2 (
4
4
.
5 (36.4 (
3
6
.
5 (
4
1
.
8 (
3
6
.
4 (
~72.2) ~116.6) ~55. 3
) ~49.9) ~52.6) ~49. 9
)
6
3
.
6
6
8
.
0
6
7
.
9
66.4
1
0
0
4
8
.
1
4
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2
4
2
.
2
4
3
.
6
4
1
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4
3
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1
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8
1
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0
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6
1
.
8
9
1
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3
9
2
.
2
1
2
.
3
6
2
.
3
2
2
.
2
0
2
.
4
5
2
.
3
1
3
7
.
7 1
1
2
9
.
0 1
4
2
.
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1
3
7
.
0
1
0
0
1
5
8
.
9
1
6
9
.
8
f
6
7
.
0
7
6
.
3
1
5
8
.
3 1
1
6
6
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1
1
8
0
<
:
:
:
170
3
160
2 150
~l
140
U
.
.
_1
1
f
t1
3
0
F
i
g
. 9
Q
h
t 120
~(")
((
60'C
110
1
0
0
1
0 20
4050607
80
90 1
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
eoff
i
c
t
i
t
i
o
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ss
t
r
a
i
no
f VIB-10 a
te
a
c
h
c
o
o
k
i
n
g temperature and t
i
m
e(
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
no
f
g
r
a
i
ni
sp
e
r
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n
d
i
c
u
l
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rt
ot
h
es
p
a
n
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.
(A r.)
Cooking time
.
I
n
c
l
i
n
eo
p
e
n
i
n
g
1.02mm
1easurin part
Markoflog----
VIB- 1
0
48.7
(3 0~70)
4
7
.
3
(30~60)
4
8
.
7
(40~60)
5
0
.
0
(3 0~70)
4
2
.
8
(3 0~60)
Mean
4
7
.
5
O~70)
: 21 0 : 40~501 : 1
.02mrn
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
ea
n
g
l
e
: 40~50 thickness o
fv
e
n
e
e
r
:1
.02mm.
N
o
t
e
) Knifea
n
g
l
e
: 21 0 c
60%
F
i
g
.
1
0
218
94
Table 1
2
. Table11 (%)
Frequencyo
fl
a
t
h
echeckonTable 1
1 (%)
pZ~I
1
.0
2m m
1-- ~ --I-~-I
Mean
20%(
20~40%
40.0 (
1
0
)
40.0 (
1
0
)
45.8 (
1
1
)
38.7 (
1
2
)
61
.9 (
1
3
)
43.1(11.6)
40~60%
52.0 (
1
3
)
60.0 (
1
8
)
54.2 (
1
3
)
5
8
.1(
1
8
)
3
8
.1(8
)
5
1
.
3(
1
4
)
60~80%
8.0 (2
)
5
.
6(
1
5
)
3.2 ( 1
)
80%
(
Over80%
1cm
8.3
10.0
10.3
8.0
8.7
7.0
*3 R
ate o
fl
a
t
h
e check
*4U
nder20% *5Numbero
fl
a
t
h
e
Note) ( )Number o
fl
a
t
h
ec
h
e
c
k
.
"
1.09mm
1
.04mm
(40~80)
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
so
fveneer 2lncline opening,
0.99mm
54.2
61.6
V
I
B
-1
0
1
1.02mm
43.4
(40~70)
(3 0~60)
*3Marko
fl
o
g
.
): 21 0 : 40/~50'
Note) K
n
i
f
ea
n
g
l
e
: 21 0 , Clearancea
n
g
l
e
: 40'~501.
Table 1
4
. Table13 (%)
Frequencyo
fl
a
t
h
echeckon Table 1
3 (%)
1.02mm
1.09mm
1.04mm
O.99mm
20%
20~40%
()
7.8 (2)
20.8 (5)
58.6 (7)
40~60%
4
6
.1 (
1
2
)
58.4 (
1
4
)
41
.4 (
1
2
)
6O ~80%
4
6
.1 (
1
2
)
20.8 (5)
80%
()
Under20%
Ov%
1cm
1
8.7
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
sof'veneer 2 l
n
c
l
i
n
eopening,
8.0
*3 R
ateo
fl
a
t
h
echeck
Note) ( ) Numbero
fl
a
t
h
e check~
9.7
*4Numbero
fl
a
t
h
echeckpercm.
11 (
r.02mm
1. 02mm
0.99mm
11 I.09mm
7hiCJ~ of ".
/.'1
L
'
"
95
Inc!;1/~
0.9
:
(mm) t
.
1mm
Ij 40%
~ ;
_ 1.0 1
1
0
/
1
my
mmi-a
-R
POM
r-
9 1
0 /1
1
2
Numberof r
e
v
o
/
u
l
Green condition , k
n
i
f
ea
n
g
l
e
: 21 0 , c
l
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
a
n
g
l
e
:4
0
/~501
F
i
g
.1
0
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
so
fveneera
tb
e
g
i
n
i
n
go
fc
u
t
t
i
n
gwith
each i
n
c
l
i
n
eo
p
e
n
i
n
g
.
30%(1. 02mm)
1
2
21 0 40~501
90 0 C
-MMh
2.5%
"
"
7'-em
mML
8t
Ec
~ (m
3kgJcm
2 X1
0
UMAU-
E 0. 9
/!t
j
7
1
.
0
"
t
.
.
. -:-
1.1
AZLYwz
O.9 t"
7_ 8
34/
Table15 Table 16
Number o
fr
e
v
o
/
u
t
i
zlIL
( 20%
20%
20%
900C
1
90
30 0
40~501
3
.
1
)
2
)
20%
90 0 C
19 0 30 0 0.99
m m (1. 02mm
218
96
Table 15.
Rate o
fl
a
t
h
echeck o
fVIB-10a
t
mm
k- T log
800C
24
Mean
~i
(30~60)
4
8
1
.
0
9
46.0
nuv
40.0
3
7
.
9
(3 0~50)
(30~60)
J hU
(3 0~60)
A-nU
1
0
) 21 0
24
FL~
B-
6
00 C
J
Time (
h
r
.
)I
40/~501
N
o
t
e
)T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
so
fv
e
n
e
e
r
: 1. 02mm, k
n
i
f
ea
n
g
l
e
: 21 0 , c
1earance a
n
g
l
e
: 40/~50
Ta
.
bl
e1
6
. Table15
Frequencyo
fl
a
t
h
e
\\~\\--\\\
6
00C
(hr) *2
24
48
(mm)
Mean
9
1
.0
------------
1
.0
9
i %
Under 20%
20~40%
5
4
.
2(
1
3
)
5
6
.
5(
1
3
)
55.4 (
1
3
)
65.2 (
1
5
)
8
4
.
2(
1
6
)
I40~60%
4
5
.R (
1
1
)
4
3
.
5(
1
0
)
44.7 (
1
0
.
5
)
34.8 (8
)
1
5
.
8 (3
)
VIA-IO I
6O ~80%
0%
Over 80%
1cm
Temperature
8.0
*2 Time Incline
7.9
7.7
opening ,
7.7
*4R
ate o
fl
a
t
h
e check Numher
6.3
o
fl
a
t
h
e
Note) ( )Numhero
fl
a
t
h
ec
h
e
c
k
.
1) : 1
8 190,
p
p
. 86---100 , (
1966)
2) : 2
190, p
p
. 168~177
(
1
9
6
6
)
3) : 4
197, p
p
. 110~ 120 ,
(
19
6
7
)
4) :( 1
203 , p
p
. 131~171
(
1
9
6
7
)
(1)
11 (
97
e
a
c
hc
o
o
k
i
n
gt
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e and t
i
m
e
9
00C
4
8
Mean
4
8
3
3
.
9
(20~40)
1
2
0
9
6
1
.
0
2
39.0
(3 0~60)
24
4
8
Mean
1
.0
9
3
1
.
5
3
5
.
0
(30~40(2 0~40)
(3 0~50)
(20~40)
3
2
.
9
(20~50)
1
.
0
2
3
1
.
5
(20~50)
checkon Table1
5
900
C
4
8
Mean
7
4
.
7(
1
5
.
5
)
24
4
8
9
6
1
.
0
2
1
0
.
0
(2
)
8
8
.
9
(
1
6
)
8
0
.
0
(
1
6
)
9
5
.
2
(
2
0
)
1
0
.
0
(2
)
I4.8( 1)
7.0
6.0
6.7
7.0
!?
Mean
1
.
0
9
1
1
.1
(2
)
2
5
.
3(
5
.
5
)
1
2
0
1
9
.
0
(4
)
2
5
.
0
(5
)
1
8
.
0(
3
.
7
)
2
0
.
0
(4
)
8
1
.
0
(
1
7
)
7
5
.
0
(
1
5
)
8
2
.
8(
1
7
)
6
5
.
0
(
1
3
)
7
.
4
(1
.5
)
1
5
.
0
(3
)
7.0
6.7
6.9
6
.7
c
h
e
c
kp
e
rcm.
V
l
l
. RotaryVeneerCuttingofBangkiraiandWhite
MerantiWoodsgrowninKalitnantan
Yo
s
h
i
m
a
s
aEGUSA
(Rsum)
T
h
i
sr
e
p
o
r
td
e
a
l
tw
i
t
ht
h
er
o
t
a
r
yv
e
n
e
e
rc
u
t
t
i
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gandsomemechanicalp
r
o
p
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r
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swhichwerecon
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