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.@4=? 90-4+,/4.;, 0;-0/;,@64.;, A47A?, <2-2746,=0+, A-0@,+0, .-23J4@2/4@6? 3-2@64.; , 60@436? 0-,.;4/-0;./? 2/./+?8,@64.;, =2364 43 47,:26,1 A4:0 ,87,9:0J0 ;-03,<,=0. ".;4-,=2 60<,460+6,1 .,7>4+0, 4>2+2G=0 , <2-2746,=0 A-?G0=? 4>,:2 34>-4 34/?726;4@06,1 .+?E0=2@0 /46.;-?,.06,1, ;-06.54-7,.06,1 ,+, .,6/-2;,E/, A-2?82;,1 ;?K,1 ;-03,<,=0 (Morgan 2002, 133-137; Kanadin 2002, 149-240).
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/-0:2@0 A-4;2B04 ?60803 143 B262-0<,=2, .@2 34 $4=2@4B ?6?/0. $03709,4 B0 =2 .?60-436,/, +0?. !?3>2/, A4+,1,.;4-, /4=, =2 /-0=27 XVII @2/0 34/08,@04 30 =2 >09 D@23./0 62/030 >,+0 A-0@0 %;+06;,30, B32 .? 4;/-,@260 764B0 <,@,+,80<,=./0 34.;,B6?H0, a 30 .? A-2<, A-@,1 D@2K060
>,+, A4;47<, P052;0, $4=2@4B .,60 (RajiQ 2007). D@23./, 06;,/@0- P4106 L?-2 (1568-1652), . ;,;?+47 ")-0:2@./, 06;,/@0-" 34>,4 =2 E0/ 43
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60<,460+6? A-49+4.; , J262 70;2-,=0+62 4.;0;/2 6,=2 7,74,9+4 6,
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)0-+4 O2+,/, ,+, !4+06, 0 ? XVIII @2/? A-4>?3,+4 .2 806,70J2 80 )2+;2. ' $270E/4= =2 >,+4 .+,E64, . ;,7 9;4 .? B4;4@4 .@, 4.;0<, A-49+4.;, >,+, .70;-06, B2-706./,7, 0 4.64@? 80 ,6;2-A-2;0<,=? 60+080 A-?G0+0 =2 F0<,;4@0 =,%-$"*7$. I+,E06 A?; .+23,+, .? , 3-?B,, -2<,74 M0K0-,, A0 , .+4@26./, 60-43, (Trigger 1989, 49-51).
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4/4+64.;,70, 72K? ?E26,=,7 :?3,70 ?B+0@647 .@29;26,7 +,<,70
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A4+,;,E/, .'#1*".)* A4/-2;. "0/4 60.;04 ? 3?14@647 /-,+? /0;4+,E/2
<-/@2, .+4@,6./, A4/-2; =2 .@4=? ,.;4-,=./? 4.64@? 60904 ? .-A./4= ,
>4.06./4= .-23J4@2/4@64= 3-G0@64.;,, 60-4E,;4 ? 74H647 *?9064@47
<0-.;@? , 2A./4= ;-03,<,=, 4 .-A./,7 @2+74G070, =?60<,70, .+0@, , >4B0;.;@? 62/0309J2B .+4@26./4B .@2;0 (F47,H 1903; !0346,H 1950; I070-R,H 1993, 117-424).
'B+0@647 ,./-264 A-4G2;2 ".+4@,6./,7" -434:?>:27, A4=0@,+2 .?
.2 ,.;4-,=./2 /46.;-?/<,=2 /4=2 .? 34/08,@0+2 =23,6.;@4 "+,-0 , I+4@260, 4;/-,@0+2 60@4364 .+4@26./4 A4-2/+4 .+0@6,1 +,E64.;,, ,+, =2364.;0@64 B4@4-,+2 4 ,8B?>:2647 .=0=? , @2+,E,6, .+4@26./4B /-0:2@.;@0,
/4=2 >, .2 74B+4 A464@4 4>64@,;,. V@0-./, 347,6,/06./, .@29;26,/
O,6/4 C-,>4=2@,H =2 =49 1525. A,.04 4 ;472 30 .? I+4@26, A4;47<, $4=2@4B .,60 , 30 .? 764B2 06;,E/2 +,E64.;, L0+/060 80A-0@4 >,+, I+4@26, (%+2/.0630- O2+,/,, 764B, -,7./, <0-2@,, P?.;,6,=06, .@. P2-46,7
,;3.) (Banac 1991, 15). M:2;./, .@29;26,/ M0@-4 ->,6 4>=0@,4 =2
1601. ? C280-? 746?726;0+6? /J,B? >%$3,1.!1# ?'#1,"$, ?8 A43.;-2/ ,
5,606.,=./? A43-9/? A-4B6064B 3?>-4@0E/4B A0;-,<,=0 M0-,60 L4>0:2@,H0 /4=, =2 A-23 /-0= G,@4;0, ? ;?K,6,, >,4 ./+46 30 ,830964 A470G2
A-4=2/;2 9;4 .? @2+,E0+, 3?>-4@0E/? , .+4@26./? A-49+4.; (C06;,H
1968, XXXVII-XLVII). ->,6 A,92 30 .? I+4@26, A4;47<, P052;0, $4=2@4B .,60 (/04 , /0.6,=2 !?3>2/ 80 D@2K062), 30 .? 62/03 60.2:0@0+, E,;0@? N@-408,=?, ;2 30 .? 43 J,1 60.;0+, B4;4@4 .@, A4860;, 60-43, ( ->,6 1968, CXXXIX-CLII; Orbinii 1985). @4 A4A?+0-64 32+4, A-2A?64 7290@,62 ,.;4-,=./,1 A430;0/0, ;-03,<,=2, 0+, , -434:?>,@2 506;08,=2,
>,+4 =2 860E0=64 , 80 -08@4= =?G64.+4@26./2 12-0+3,/2 A49;4 =2 >,+4
,+?.;-4@064 B->4@,70 A-2<-;06,7 ,8 ,+,-./,1 B->4@6,/0. )0/4 .2 A4B-2964 .70;-0+4 30 .? <2+, <26;-0+6, , 80A036, L0+/06 62/030 60.2:0@0+, "+,-,, A462/03 =2 ,72 ;4B A0+24>0+/06./4B 60-430 .+?G,+4 /04
./?A6, .,646,7 80 .@2 =?G64.+4@26./2 , 3-?B2 >0+/06./2 60-432. ;?30
=2 A4;2/04 , 608,@ ",+,-./0" 12-0+3,/0. %?;4-, ,.;4-,=./,1 32+0 ;4B
@-27260 /04 P0/4@ &?/0-2@,H, M0@-4 ->,6 ,+, "@06 F47/4 M-60@,H
(/4=, .2 ,830@04 80 A4;47/0 M-J0@E2@,H0), 7290+, .? G2:2 , .;@0-64.;,
;-03,<,=? , ,.;4-,=?, A4+,;,E/2 , +,E62 <,:2@2, A-4-0E?60;4.; , -434:?>,@? 8062.264.; ? =23,6.;@26, 070+B07 .'#1*".)*6 ,32=0 XVI , XVII
@2/0 (!034=E,H 1940).
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64@4-4706;,E0-./2 A.2?34,.;4-,=./2 /46.;-?/;2 A4864B XX @2/0 (!034=E,H 1950; I070-R,H 1968; !03,H 2005). G,+0@4.;, 4@0/@,1 60<,460+6,1 7,;4@0 .@234E, A430;0/ 30 =2, /4+,/4 2008, 60 B43,9J27 ./?A?
"I-A./4B 0-124+49/4B 3-?9;@0" Y4-K2 P06/4@,H 60@4364 ?;@-3,4 30 =2
P?.;,6,=06 >,4 I+4@26, A48,@0=?H, .2 60 30@64 -0./-,6/062 50+.,5,/0;2 ,8 XVII @2/0 (P06/4@,H 2008, 86-87; !034=E,H 1940)!
"+,-./0 12-0+3,/0 ? ;2.64= =2 @28, .0 +,E6,7 , A4+,;,E/,7 07>,<,=070 9A06./4B 037,-0+0 346 C23-0 17?E2@,H0 #-B?-,H0, A4-2/+47 ,8
I+064B /43 *?>-4@6,/0. ".;4-,=0; A4-43,<2 17?E2@,H, 8>4B ;4B0, =2306
=2 43 /:?E2@0 80 -08-292J2 ,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2. F4 .? 60.+?H,@0+, =49
O,3 O?+2;,H O?/0.4@,H, T-0J4 !0E/,, Z,-4 F-?12+/0 , I;4=06 $4@0/4@,H (O?+2;,H-O?/0.4@,H 1904, 367-374; RaSki 1880; F-?12+/0 1889, 8691; $4@0/4@,H, 1982: 293-434), 0+, =2 E?@26, @,806;4+4B , ,.;4-,E0A-0@0 %+2/.0630- I4+4@=2@, ? .@4=,7 -034@,70, -0.A+24 60=@2H, 324 4@2
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2000,175-189, 263-272; 2006). "+,-./0 12-0+3,/0, 72K?;,7, 324 =2 4A.2G6,=2B , .+4G26,=2B A-4=2/;0 62B4 9;4 =2 ,.;,<0J2 =2362 A4-43,<2.
C4E2<, ,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2 @28?=? .2 80 C2;-0 17?E2@,H0 #-B?-,H0
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,32=0 , 4.+4>43,+0E/,1 A4/-2;0 60 L0+/06?. *46 C23-4 =2, 72K?;,7,
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$0A?:?. #2620+49/2 /46.;-?/<,=2 C2;-0 "@2:,64B #-B?-,H0 17?E2@,H0 ?@?/+2 .? ? E,;0@? A-,E? , ,.;4-,=./4B H2.0-0 !2:? ,8 XIV @2/0,
/04 ;4>4GJ2B 037,-0+4@4B A-2;/0. !2:0 (V-2:0) =2 >,4 *?9064@ @2+74G0 , ?7-4 =2 >28 A4;470/0, /04 74601, ? 7060.;,-? !,+0 ? L?B0-./4=
1342. B43,62. *4 XVI @2/0 @2H =2 A-2-0.;04 ? 2A./? 5,B?-? ,8 60-436,1
A2.070 (!2:0 )-,+0;,<0, !2:0 43 )4.;?-0, ;=. 43 )0.;4-,=2) (I4+4@=2@
1933; *,6,H 1966, 95-118; Z,-/4@,H 1982: 473-474). ' .@0/47 .+?E0=?,
346 C23-4 =2 @-+4 .+4>4364 /4-,.;,4 ,.;4-,=./2 A430;/2 , 60-436? ;-03,<,=? /0/4 >, ?+2A904 .@4=? A4-43,E6? ,.;4-,=?. ".;4-,=./, ,8@4-, 4
A4-43,<, 17?E2@,H .0.@,7 .? /46;-03,/;4-6,, E2.;4 , 6072-64 8070B:26, -08+,E,;,7 B2620+49/,7 /46.;-?/<,=070 (Miniati 1663; Gelcich
1889).
)04 9A06./47 037,-0+?, 346 C23-? =2 >,+4 @2470 .;0+4 30 A4/0G2
.@4=2 .;0-4 , -08B-060;4 4;7264 A+2726,;4 A4-2/+4. .07 quartieri (4
A-03232 , 4 A-0>0>2) A+27.;@0, , ;4 E,.;4 /0;4+,E/4B, >,+4 =2, ?4.;0+47,
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17?E2@,H =2 DA06<2 A4E24 30 .60>32@0 A-@4 ?.726,7 .@234E06.;@,70
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.0 A-2/4 150 B->4@0 /4=, 34/08?=? .+0@? , 74H 62/0309J2B *?9064@4B
<0-.;@0, 0+, , .;0-4 , A+2726,;4 A4-2/+4 346 C23-0, J2B4@,1 -4K0/0 ,
A-230/0 (I4+4@=2@ 1933: 82-87). -,B,60+ 4@4B B->4@6,/0 3060. =2 ,8B?>:26, 0 .70;-0 .2 30 =2 74B04 60.;0;, =49 1590, 0 ? .@0/47 .+?E0=? 60=/0.6,=2 1595, /030 .2 A4=0@:?=2 80 .030 60=.;0-,=, 30;,-06 A-2A,. B->4@6,/0, A4860; /04 =%+#1"*) >#%,"*@$ A,#%*@$ (Banac 1991).
C4860;4 =2 A-2/4 3@032.2; -08+,E,;,1 /4A,=0, 3060. ,8B?>:264B "4-,B,60+0", 4364.64 A-4;4B-050 17?E2@,H2@4B B->4@6,/0. C0G:,@47 060+,847 -08+,E,;,1 A-2A,.0 74B? .2 ?;@-3,;, J,14@, 72K?.4>6, "-43>,6./," 4364.,, 0A.4+?;60 , -2+0;,@60 1-464+4B,=0 .0E?@06,1 B->4@6,/0,
A0 E0/ , 74;,@, 60.;06/0 A4=23,6,1 A-2A,.0. I@, ;, 32;0:, ?/08?=? 60
;4 30 .? 3060. A4860;, B->4@,<, A-2A,.,@06, , A-2<-;0@06,, 62 .074 =2306 . 3-?B4B0, @2H , .0 =2364B ,+, @,92 .;0-,=,1, 3060. ,8B?>:26,1,
8>4-6,/0. M4B?H2 =2, 60 4.64@? A4;4J,1 A-2A,.0, -2/46.;-?,.0;, .;-?/;?-? , 32;0:06 .03-G0=, 3060. ,8B?>:264B 17?E2@,H4@4B "4-,B,60+0"
(I4+4@=2@ 1954; C0+0@2.;-0 2006).
$0.+4@60 .;-060 B->4@6,/0 =2 A-4B-07./4B /0-0/;2-0 , =28B-4@,;4 ,8-0G0@0 .?9;,6? E,;0@2 ,87,9:262 12-0+3,E/4-B2620+49/2 /46.;-?/<,=2. F2/.; =2 3@4=28,E06, 60 +0;,6./47 , ",+,-./47" ;=. ".+4@,6./47" (H,-,+,E6,7 A,.747) , 4;A-,+,/2 B+0.,: "!434.+4@ ?8@,926,1 , .@2;,1
4;0<0 , @+0.;,;,1 B->4@0 8270:0 , .@2;+,1 A+27260 U0-.;@0 ,+,-./4B0
/4=2 .0/?A, , A4;47 .0.;0@, A4764, . @2+,/47 A0GJ47, I;06,.0@ !?>E,H, >06 <,72-=0 <0-0 I;25060 $270J,H0. $0 .+0@? <0-./4B , /-0:2@./4B @2+,E06.;@0 , 4.;0+2 B4.A432 A4B+0@,<0, >064@0, @4=@430, G?A060,
/62G2@0, /0;?60-0, @,;284@0, @+0.;2+2 , A+27,H0 .@,1 8270:0 ,+,-./,1
(). @4 =2 .+4G264 , A-2@23264 ,8 =2362 @2470 .;0-2 /J,B2, /4=0 .2 60+08, 72K? .;0-,7 /J,B070 >,>+,4;2/2 7060.;,-0 I@2;2 #4-2, .+0@64B ,
3,@64B0 -230 L08,+,=0."
C-270 ;472, 0?;4- B->4@6,/0 =2 ;4>4G2 I;06,.0@ !?>E,H, >06 <,72-=0 <0-0 *?9060 (;,;?+0 ,87,9:260 A4 ?B+23? 60 B+0@62 12-4+32: rex insigniarum, king of arms ,;3.), 0 /J,B0 =2 A-2@23260 . ",+,-./4B" 4-,B,60+0 /4=, =2 60K26 60 I@2;4= #4-, ? 7060.;,-? (7,.;2-,4864B) -230 .@2;4B
O0.,+,=0. I0.;0@:0E? 17?E2@,H2@4B B->4@6,/0, ,872K? 4.;0+4B, /04
4>-080< A4.+?G,+, .? ;0309J, 2@-4A./, 8>4-6,<, B->4@0, A-@26.;@264
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.3 (2010)

188

%&N)I%$*%! C%&%ONIF!%

Wappenbuchlein O,-B,+0 I4+,.0 (Virgil Solis) ,8 1555. B43,62 (Solis

1882). '@436, ;2/.; 17?E2@,H2@4B B->4@6,/0, A4 .;-?/;?-, , 54-7?+0<,=070, 62434:,@4 A43.2H0 60 460= .0 60.+4@62 .;-062 I4+,.4@4B 8>4-6,/0 (I4+4@=2@ 1933, 100).
C4;47 .2 6,G?, ;0/4K2 @2470 A-47,9:264 ,80>-062, .+,/2 809;,;6,/0
, .@2;0<0: .@. P2-46,7 , +0@, .@. I;2506 , <0- "+,-,=2, L4B4-43,<0 (? A4+?72.2<?), , C0A0 #-B?- O2+,/, "A0;-46 L4.62". I@2;, P2-46,7, A-2@43,+0< L,>+,=2 60 +0;,6./,, >,4 =2 A4-2/+47 ,8 *0+70<,=2 , /04 ;0/0@ ,8?82;64 A4B4306 /04 "809;,;6,/ "+,-,=2" (Badurina 1985, 298). .,7 ;4B0 , .07, 17?E2@,H, .70;-0+, .? B0 80 .@4B 809;,;6,/0. ' <-/@, I@. P2-46,70
? I+0647 60+08, .2 B-4>6,<0 17?E2@,H0, . A4-43,E6,7 B->47 (60@4364
,8 1463) (Gelcich 1889, 50-51). I@. I;2506 .2 A4=0@:?=2 ? B->4@6,/? /04 809;,;6,/ .-A./,1 , >4.06./,1 /-0:2@0 /4=, .? .@, ?8 /-?6? "?8,70+," J2B4@4 ,72. I@2;, I;2506 >,4 =2 809;,;6,/ 3,60.;,=2 $270J,H0 , J2B4@
/?+; =2, =49 43 $270J,64B @-27260, ? I->,=, ,704 .60G6? ,324+49/4-A4+,;,E/? ?+4B? (M0-=064@,H-*?906,H 1997, 43-141; Z4-4@,H-X?>,6/4@,H
1961). )-0:/<0- /4=, /+2E, A-23 .@2<27, . 4>8,-47 60 4A9;? ,324+4B,=?
B->4@6,/0, 60=@2-4@0;6,=2 =2 I;2506 (*?906) $270J,H. L4B4-43,<0 .
V-,.;47 ? 60-?E=? A-23.;0@:260 =2 ? A4+?72.2<? 9;4 =2 @-+4 /0-0/;2-,.;,E60 ,/464B-05,=0. ' W0A0364= <-/@, 43 XV @2/0, 0 60-4E,;4 ? >0-4/?,
E2.;4 =2 A-,/08,@0J2 L4B4-43,<2 . /-?647 43 8@2830, /0/4 .;4=, ? A4+?72.2<?, 72K? 4>+0<,70. @0 ,/464B-05./0 .1270 .,7>4+,92 >28B-2964 80E2H2, 0 4.+0J0 .2 60 4A,. G262 ,8 2!)%#1,4$ B#1$"#1#/ (12,1): "G260 4>?E260 ? .?6<2, , 7=2.2< A43 64B070 J28,6,=27, , 60 B+0@, J28,64= @,=260<
43 3@0602.; 8@,=2830"(Badurina 1985, 144-145). I ;,7 ? @28, 74B+4 >, .2
A-2;A4.;0@,;, 30 =2 860726,;, B-> "+,-,=2 ? ,+,-./,7 B->4@6,<,70 (?
<-@2647 .-2>-6, 60B4-2 4/-26?;, A4+?72.2< , .-2>-60 8@2830) .074 12-0+3,E/, -23?/4@060 ,/464B-05./0 .1270 L4B4-43,<2 . V-,.;47 ? A4+?72.2<? .0 8@28347. C0A0 #-B?- O2+,/, A4=0@:?=2 .2 60 64@<? >4.06./4B
/-0:0 I;25060 F47092@,H0, 34/ .2 60 64@<? A-2;1436,1 >4.06./,1 /-0:2@0 F@-;/0 II , I;25060 F47090 A4=0@:?=2 =2306 3-?B, #-B?- .@. #-,B4-,=2 L4B4.+4@ (Badurina 1985, 247).
"80 4@,1 809;,;6,/0 6,G? .2 B->4@, ? .;-4B4 1,=2-0-1,84@0647 A4-2;/?: B-> <0-0 I;25060 $270J,H0, /4=, =2 80A-0@4 /47A48,;6, B->
",+,-./,1" 8270:0: M0/2346,=2, L4.62, *0+70<,=2, V-@0;./2, I+0@46,=2,
L?B0-./2, I->,=2, !09/2, C-,74-=0 , V?70; ? .-23,6, =2 B-> $270J,H0
3@4B+0@, 4-04, 0 ,.A43 J2B0 B-> )4;-4706,H0. /4 9;,;0 =2 +060< 4-3260 .@. I;25060. -326./0 /4+0=60 @,;29/4B -230 .@. I;25060 34>0- je
A-,72- 43=2/0 30@609J,1 .-23J4@2/4@6,1 ;-0B4@0, 60>?=0+,1 ? /46.;-?,.064= ;-03,<,=, XVI , XVII @2/0. "0/4 =2 60=@2-4@0;6,=2 324 5,/;,@64B -2A2-;40-0 ,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2, @,;29/, -23 <0-0 *?9060 "I;?>
.@. I;25060" .A47,J2 P0/4@ &?/0-2@,H ? .@4=4= C.!#%*7* D8+%#1"*)$
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.3 (2010)

"&"!I)% VN!%&*")% )%

"WM"DXN$% F!%*"U"P%...

189

A4E2;/47 XVII @2/0, 9;4 =2 A430;0/ /4=, >, @-2726./, 74B04 30 /4-2.A463,-0 .0 ,+,-./47 12-0+3,/47 (Z,-/4@,H 1968, 274-275). I 3-?B2
.;-062 ,70 ,63,<,=0 30 .? ? .-23J4@2/4@64= I->,=, 80,.;0 A4.;4=0+, @,;29/, -234@,. I,70 Z,-/4@,H ?A?H?=2 60 @2470 806,7:,@ .-23J4@2/4@6, 60;A,. 60 603B-4>647 .A4726,/? Y?-090 O-06E,H0, B32 .2 60@43, 30
=2 A4/4=6,/ >,4 "? <0-0 I;=2A060 ;-2;, @,;28" (Z,-/4@,H 1968, 274-275).
C4.+2 B->0 <0-0 *?9060 .+232 8270:./, B->4@,: M0/2346,=2, "+,-,=2, L4.62, *0+70<,=2, V-@0;./2, I+0@46,=2, L?B0-./2, I->,=2, !09/2,
C-,74-=0 , V?70, 0 ,80 ;4B0 3,60.;,E/, , A4-43,E6, B->4@,. $0 A-@47
72.;? 72K? J,70 .? .?, 60-0@64, @+030-./2 3,60.;,=2 , ,.;0/6?;2 @+0.;24./2 A4-43,<2. F? .? /-0:2@./2 A4-43,<2 ($270J,H,, M-J0@E2@,H,,
F@-;/4@,H,, )4;-4706,H,), /04 , @2+,/09/2 A4-43,<2 E,=0 .? ,7260 ?
XVI , XVII @2/? >,+0 80A07H260 , A4860;0 (V-2>2:064@,H,, L-06/4@,H,, U-64=2@,H,, L0+9,H,, )4.0E2). 17?E2@,H2@ B-> =2 60 ,.;0/6?;47
72.;?, 43701 A4.+2 60=@2H2B A+27.;@0, 0 ? B->4@6,<,70 .? 60 ?B+236,7
72.;,70 , B->4@, 17?E2@,H2@,1 -4K0/0 , A-230/0 (.?32H, A4 .0E?@06,7 5,/;,@6,7 -434.+4@,70 , A-4@2-26,7 ,.;4-,=./,7 A430<,70, E0/
19 A4-43,<0 ,8 B->4@6,/0). ' 4@0= >-4= 6,.? ?9+2 A4-43,<2 ? /4=2 .? .2
?30@0+2 32@4=/2 ,8 A4-43,<2 17?E2@,H0-#-B?-,H0. F2 A4-43,<2 .? .,B?-64 ;0/4K2 80.;?A:262 ? B->4@6,/?, 0+, .? 607 3060. 62A4860;2. F0.4@E,H, .?, 60 A-,72-, =2360 43 J,1, 0+, 80 J,14@? A4-43,E6? @28? .
17?E2@,H,70-#-B?-,H,70 860 .2 .+?E0=64, 801@0:?=?H, .+0@, 037,-0+0
I;25060 , Y4-K0 *4+,.;, F0.4@E,H0, 346 C23-4@,1 .2.;-,H0 (I4+4@=2@
1933, 99; C0+0@2.;-0 2006, 41-48).
A4-43,<070 ,8 B->4@6,/0 A,.04 =2 I-K06 !?3,H. 6 =2 /+0.,5,/4@04 A4-43,<2 ? 62/4+,/4 B-?A0. $0=@2H? B-?A? A-23.;0@:0 >4.06./4 ,
1?7./4 A+27.;@4: )4;-4706,H,, F@-;/4@,H,, P0>+06,H,, )4.0E2, V-@4=2@,H,. C4-43,<2 /4=2 .2 @28?=2 80 I->,=? (4.,7 =?60/0 60-436,1 A2.070)
.?: L-06/4@,H,, O4=64@,H,, \?A064@,H,, M-J0@E2@,H,, $270J,H,,
V-2>2:064@,H,. "8 W2;2: L0+9,H,, U-64=2@,H,. %->0609/,1 A4-43,<0
, 46,1 ,8 *?>-4@6,/0 =2 @2470 70+4. ' B->4@6,/? .? , B->4@, @+09/,1
>-0;.;0@0, /0;?60 , A4-43,<0, ?B+0@647 ,8 V2-<2B4@,62. ' +2B2630-64
A+27.;@4, A4860;4 ,8 60-4362 2A./2 ;-03,<,=2, .@-.;062 .? A4-43,<2 E,=, =2 ,.;4-,=./, ,326;,;2; .?7J,@ ,+, 62A4.;4=2H,: #4=/4@,H,, *2>2:,H,, *264@,H,, P0/9,H,, P?B4@,H,, )4>,+,H,, )4.4@,H,, M?.=2@,H,,
>+0E,H,, I2.;-,E,H,, I,;6,E06,H,, I@,+4=2@,H, , \2:,B4@,H, (!?3,H 2006, 243-259).
I,70 Z,-/4@,H 80/:?E?=2 /0/4 =2 /43 ,.;4-,=./,1 A4-43,<0 ,8 B->4@6,/0 A07H2J2 A462B32 ,86260K?=?H2 3?B4 , ;0E64: "*,60.;,=2, @2+,/09/2
A4-43,<2 , 30@64 ,8?7-+2 @+0.;24./2 A4-43,<2 >,+2 .? ;? 30 4>28>232
0?;4-,;2; , 64>,+,;2; 4647 ?G27 /-?B? ? /472 .? >,+, 0/;?2+6, /4-,.6,<, B->4@6,/0 ,+, J,14@, >+,G, A-2<,. I0.;0@:0E =2 .@0/0/4 A-,A0!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.3 (2010)

190

%&N)I%$*%! C%&%ONIF!%

304 /0;4+,E/4= .-23,6,, 34>-4 =2 A4860@04 ;-03,<,=2 >4.06./4B A+27.;@0, 34/ =2 4 .;0-,=4= ,.;4-,=, =?G64.+4@26./,1 3-G0@0 ,704 62=0.62 ,
62A4;A?62 A-23.;0@2" (Z,-/4@,H 1982, 477-478).
I03-G0= B->4@6,/0 =2 624>,E06, 0+, .0@-9264 43-0G0@0 .@? ,.A-2A+2;064.; ,63,@,3?0+6,1 , A4-43,E6,1 74;,@0 17?E2@,H0 .0 A4+,;,E/,7 , 3?14@6,7 ;26326<,=070 .+4@,6./4B A4/-2;0. "8>4- 80.;?A:26,1
A4-43,<0 B4@4-, 34.;0 4 74;,@,70, ,.;4-,=./47 , 3?14@647 4/-?G2J?,
/04 , 4 @-2726? 60.;06/0 ,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2 (I4+4@=2@ 1933; !?3,H
2006). *060., A4.+2 4;/-,H0 @2H2B >-4=0 B->4@6,/0, =0.64 =2 30 .? B->4@6,<, A-2A,.,@06, , 80 A4;-2>2 3-?B,1 A4-43,<0, , 30 .? ,80 E,;0@4B
A-4=2/;0 ,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2 .;0=0+, .+,E6, ,6;2-2., @,92 -434@0 ?=23,J26,1 ? 9,-, A4+,;,E/, /46;2/.; ".+4@,6./4B", 4364.64 ",+,-./4B" A4/-2;0 . /-0=0 XVI , A4E2;/0 XVII @2/0 (C06;,H 1968; I070-R,H 1968).
$0,72, 346 C23-4 6,=2 >,4 ?.07:26 ? .@4=,7 @2+,/,7 A+064@,70. $2/2
43 A4-43,<0 ,8 J2B4@4B B->4@6,/0 >,+2 .? 34>-4 A4860;2 ? ".+4@,6./,7" /-?B4@,70, . 4>2 .;-062 P03-060, 0 A4=23,6, 17?E2@,H2@, -4K0<,, E,=, .? B->4@, ,.;0/6?;, ? B->4@6,/? (/04 F0.4@E,H, , X?>,>-0;,H,) >,+, .? G,@4 ?/:?E26, ? A-,A-272 >0+/06./4B ?.;06/0 A-4;,@ F?-0/0 , 4>64@? ,32=2 ".+4@,6./4B" /-0:2@.;@0. $,=2 ,./:?E264 30 .? .2 17?E2@,H,, /04 , 3-?B2 A4-43,<2 ,8 /-?B0 J,14@,1 3?14@6,1 , A4+,;,E/,1 ,.;47,9:26,/0, 6030+, 34>,;/? A4.230 60 L0+/06? (Gelcich 1889, 940, O?+2;,H O?/0.4@,H 1891, 1904; Radimsky 1891; !?@0-0< 1890). 'B+2364 72.;4 , @,.4/, A4+4G0= ? @4=.<, /4=0 .2 .A-270+0 30 4.+4>43, A4-4>:26, L0+/06, .074 .? 4.60G,@0+, ;0/@2 A-2;268,=2. @0/@2 .72+2 , 07>,<,4862 .64@2 .,B?-64 .? ,70+, , 17?E2@,H2@, .2.;-,H, Y4-K2 ,
I;2506 *4+,.;, F0.4@E,H, 9A06./, A474-./, /0A2;06,, @,;284@, ;4./06./,1 , 9A06./,1 @,;29/,1 -234@0, 0+, , .;4G2-, .+4@,6./4B A4+,;,E/4B A4/-2;0 ? $0A?:?, ,+, /0+?K2- *07J06 X?>,>-0;,H, A4@2-26,/
.-A./4B C0;-,=0-10 P4@060 , +,E64.; 80 @28? .0 60A?:./,7 80@2-26,<,70
(F47,H 1903: 82, 86-89, 123, 140; Io+4@=2@ 1933: 105-107; C0+0@2.;-0
2006, 41-48). I 34.;0 4.64@0 74G2 .2 A-2;A4.;0@,;, 30 .? .2 .+,E64= ?+48,, 0 .,B?-64 , 34>,;/?, 6030+, , 3-?B,, E,=0 .? A-28,7260 , B->4@, ? B->4@6,<,70, 0 ,7260 , 32+0J0 .030 80>4-0@:260.
$2/, 43 B->4@6,/0 A-2A,.,@06, .? 34<6,=2 80 A4;-2>2 7+0K,1 B-060
A4-43,<2 17?E2@,H (/04 9#7"*E)*), 0+, @2H,60 3-?B,1 60.;0+0 =2 30 >,
A-4.+0@,+0 /0/0@ 3-?B, -43, ,+, /04 -28?+;0; 43-2K262 A4+,;,E/2 A-4A0B0632 (Solovjev 1954; C0+0@2.;-0 2006; LovrenoviQ 2004). ;/-,H2 @2H2B >-4=0 ,+,-./,1 B->4@6,/0 A4/080+4 =2 30 .? 12-0+3,E/, 8>4-6,<,
A-2A,.,@06, , A-,+0B4K0@06, >09 80 A4;-2>2 3-?B,1 A4-43,<0. O2H
1595. 60A-0@:26 =2 >#%,"*@-A,#%*@,1 /%+#1"*), /4=, =2 .0E,J26 ,+, A-2A-0@:26 80 A4-43,<? )4-26,H $24-,H P2-,6,H (Banac 1991). F$.#1E*@,1
6234@-926, B->4@6,/ <-;06 =2 60=@2-4@0;6,=2 80 =2364B 43 346 C23-4@,1
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.3 (2010)

"&"!I)% VN!%&*")% )%

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191

.2.;-,H0 (74G30 80 I;25060 F0.4@E,H0) (C0+0@2.;-0 2006, 41-48). G$'*"*@,1 ./-476, B->4@6,/ A,.06 =2 80 A4-43,<? O4=/4@,H C0+,6,H (TraljiQ
1954). " 80 M,:264@,H2 =2 A-2A-0@:06 =2306 43 -06,1 12-0+3,E/,1
8>4-6,/0 H#"0#".)* /%+#1"*) (C0+0@2.;-0 1996, 96-108; Goodall 1995,
255-310). O?/4.+0@,H, .? ?.A2+, 30 60/60364 ?B?-0=? .@4= B-> ? >#%,"*@-A,#%*@,1 /%+#1"*), 0 80 J,1 =2 60A-0@:26 , A4.2>06, I8)#.'$1*@,1
,+, <#%,'*7,1 /%+#1"*) (Solovjev 1954; M0;/4@./, 1970; %<4@,H 2008,
218, 325). C462/03 =2 B->4@6,/ .0.;0@:06 80 =236? A4-43,<?, 30 >, /J,B0
A4;47 A-29+0 ? 3-?B2 -?/2 (Solovjev 1954, 127-128). )-0=27 XVI , A4E2;/47 XVII @2/0 A-0@2 .2 A-2A,.,: <,#/%$0.)* II, 74G30 80 A4-43,<? M,10=+4@,H (Miheilovich), 2'#1.)*, <,%'*".)* , 62/, 3-?B, 12-0+3,E/,
8>4-6,<, (C0+0@2.;-0 2006). ?)#%#7,1*@,1 ,+, <,E)* /%+#1"*) A,.06 =2
1633. 4E,B+2364 80 A4-43,<? I/4-4=2@,H, A0 =2 E0/ ?72.;4 ?4>,E0=262
.+,/2 60 /4=4= .@. I;2506 30=2 >0-=0/ <0-? "+,-,=2, A-23.;0@:26 .@. O0.,+,=2 /0/4 A-230=2 80.;0@? 62/47 I;2506? I/4-4@4=?, ;4>4GJ27 A-2;/?
M0-/0 I/4-4=2@,H0 (C0+0@2.;-0 2006, 56-57).
C4-2K2J2 ,+,-./,1 B->4@6,/0 . 0?;26;,E6,7 0-124+49/,7, .5-0B,.;,E/,7 , 6?7,870;,E/,7 .-23J4@2/4@6,7 ,8@4-,70 A4/08?=2 30 4@,
8>4-6,<, .03-G2 34.;0 0?;26;,E6,1 12-0+3,E/,1 2+27260;0. "A0/, 764B,
B->4@, ? J,70 .? ? A4;A?64.;,, ,+, >0- 32+,7,E64, ,87,9:26,. M4B+4
>, .2 80/:?E,;, 30 =2 0?;4- 17?E2@,H2@4B B->4@6,/0 8604 34.;0 0?;26;,E6,1 B->4@0, 0 30 =2 464 9;4 7? =2 6234.;0=0+4 ,87,9:04, 34A?J0@04 ,
72J04 A-270 .4A.;@2647 6014K2J?. "8@4-, ,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2 .? =2364 43
60=806,7:,@,=,1 , 60=.+4=2@,;,=,1 A,;0J0 6092 60?/2 4 B->4@,70 A49;4
A4/08?=? .+4G26? B2628? ,87,9:262 ;-03,<,=2 , J262 ,324+49/2, A4+,;,E/2, 0+, , ,63,@,3?0+62 /4-262 , 74;,@2. )04 ,8@4- B-0K2 80 B->4@2 A4.+?G,+2 .? , 764B2, ;030 0/;?2+62, /J,B2 /04 9;4 =2 >#.-#/%$:*7$ I2>0.;,=060 M,6.;2-0 ,8 1544. I0.;0@:0E B->4@6,/0 .2 ;-?3,4 30 .;0-,6./,
.;,+,8?=2 B->4@2, 30 >, +,E,+, 60 462 ,8 XIV @2/0. F4 =2 4E,;4 ? >#%,"*@A,#%*@,1#-, H#"0#".)#-, F$.#1E*@,1#- , 3-?B,7 -06,7 ,+,-./,7 B->4@6,<,70. C4 12-0+3,E/47 .03-G0=?, @2H,60 B->4@0 ,A0/ 62 43B4@0-0 .-23J27 @2/? L4.62 , I->,=2, @2H -08@,=264= 80A03642@-4A./4= 12-0+3,<, XVI
@2/0 (I4+4@=2@ 1933, 100-103; C0+0@2.;-0 2006, 70-80).
$2/, /:?E6, 2+2726;, =?G64.+4@26./2 12-0+3,/2 @2-4@0;64 .? >,+,
A4860;, ? 4>-084@06,7 A-,74-./,7 /-?B4@,70 ? XVI @2/?, /04 -2<,74
3@4B+0@, 4-04 12-0+3,E/, 860/ 3,60.;,=2 $270J,H0, A0 .? ;0/4 ?9+, ?
17?E2@,H2@ B->4@6,/. I;,E2 .2 ?;,.0/, 72K?;,7, 30 62/, >,;06 ,8@4,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2 , 30:2 ,87,E2 ,.;-0G,@0E,70 (Z,-/4@,H 1982, 473).
%60+,80 46,1 B->4@0 ,8 ,+,-./,1 B->4@6,/0 80 /4=2 A4.;4=2 0?;26;,E6,
0-124+49/,, .5-0B,.;,E/, , 12-0+3,E/, A430<, ,8 XIV, XV A0 , XVI
@2/0 A462/03 30=2 80A0J?=?H2 -28?+;0;2. 'A4-2K2J2 ,+,-./,1 B->4@0 .
0?;26;,E647 B-0K47 -2E,;4 /08?=2 30 =2 .0.;0@:0E B->4@6,/0 >,4 34>0!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.3 (2010)

192

%&N)I%$*%! C%&%ONIF!%

A4860@0+0< .-23J4@2/4@62 .-A./2 , >4.06./2 .5-0B,.;,/2 , 12-0+3,/2,

,+, A0/ 30 7? =2 >,4 34.;?A06 62/, ,8@4- (.A,.0/ A+27.;@0, B->4@6,/)
B32 =2 >,+0 A-,/?A:260 .-23J4@2/4@60 12-0+3,E/0 B-0K0. #-> $270J,H0
.0 3@4B+0@,7 4-+47, -2<,74, 4.@234E26 =2 ? .-23J4@2/4@6,7 ,8@4-,70
(IA0.,H , 3-. 1991, 47-51). )-.; . 4<,+,70, /4=, =2 A4.;04 E?@26 801@0:?=?H, ,+,-./4= 12-0+3,<,, 34>-4 =2 A4860; ,8 A4862 @,806;,=./2 ;-03,<,=2, 0+, .2 =0@:0 , ? .-23J4@2/4@64= I->,=,, 60 32E06./47 A4+,=2+2=? ,
64@<? 32.A4;0 I;25060, 343?92 .;-4B4 12-0+3,E/, B+23064 62 /04
B-> (I4+4@=2@ 2000, 33-54; C0+0@2.;-0 2000: 98-105). #-> F@-;/4@,H0 ,8
B->4@6,/0 ? A4;A?64.;, =2 ,326;,E06 4647 A-460K2647 60 F@-;/4@47
A+09;? A-,+,/47 0-124+49/,1 ,./4A0@0J0 (An]eliQ 1962, 165-171). #->4@, V-2>2:064@,H0, L-06/4@,H0, U-64=2@,H0, )4.0E0, L0+9,H0, V-@4=2@,H0, P0>+06,H0 A4;@-K26, .? (62/, ? <2+4.;,, 0 62/, .074 32+,7,E64)
0?;26;,E6,7 12-0+3,E/,7, 0-124+49/,7, .5-0B,.;,E/,7 , 6?7,870;,E/,7 ,8@4-,70 (IA0.,H , 3-. 1991). "86260K?=?H0 =2 G26./0 5,B?-0 ? E2+26<, B->0 M-J0@E2@,H0 ? ,+,-./,7 B->4@6,<,70, A49;4 .2 60 64@<? ,
A2E0;? /-0:0 O?/09,60 ,8 XIV @2/0 80,.;0 =0@:0 G26./0 B+0@0 ,+, 5,B?-0 ? E2+26<, ,8603 /0<,B2 (IA0.,H , 3-. 1991, 89-92). "8@2.;06 324
.-A./2 , >4.06./2 .-23J4@2/4@62 12-0+3,E/2 B-0K2 74B04 =2 34.A2;, 34
.0.;0@:0E0 B->4@6,/0 , A-2/4 80A036,1 ,8@4-0 (A4-;4+060 , B->4@6,/0).
' B->4@6,<,70 '+-,10 !,126;0+0 , )46-030 #-,626>2-B0 ,8 XV @2/0 80>2+2G26 =2 43-2K26, >-4= B->4@0 =?G64.+4@26./,1 .-23J4@2/4@6,1 @+030-0 , @+0.;2+2, /04 -2<,74, B-> 32.A4;0 I;25060 (I4+4@=2@ 2000, 55;
C0+0@2.;-0 2000, 106-107).
*4>0- 324 B->4@0 ? ,+,-./4= 12-0+3,<,, 60 4.64@? -0.A4+4G,@2 B-0K2
,A0/ .2 62 74G2 @280;, 80 0?;26;,E6? .-23J4@2/4@6? ;-03,<,=?, @2H =2
60=@2-4@0;6,=2 A4;A?64 ,87,9:26. M64B0 86072J0 ,.?@,92 +,E2 60 @2G>2 ,8 12-0+3,/2, B32 .2 12-0+3,E/2 4-3,60-,=2 (92@-46,, ;-0/2, >4-3?-2, ,;3.) /47>,6?=? . ?4>,E0=26,7 -2A2-;40-47 5,B?-0 (+0@4@,, 4-+4@,,
,;3.). $2/, .? B->4@, .0.;0@:06, /04 %,E*!* /%+#1* (canting arm), B32 =2
,72 A4-43,<0 ,+?.;-4@064 .03-G0=27 B->0: B+0@2 ? B->? #+0@,H0, /-,+0 ?
B->? D2.;4/-,+4@,H0, .4/4 /43 I4/4+4@,H0, ,;3.
"+,-./, B->4@6,<,, =49 43 XVII @2/0 A0 34 3060., ?A-/4. .?7J,@4=
0?;26;,E64.;,, .70;-06, .? @0G6,7 B2620+49/,7 , 12-0+3,E/,7 34/?726;,70, E,72 .2 ;-03,<,=0 ,87,9:260 /-0=27 XVI @2/0 60.;0@:0+0, 72J0+0 , A-,+0B4K0@0+0 64@,7 A4;-2>070 , ?.+4@,70. M64B2 A4-43,<2, 62
.074 462 /4=2 .? 60-?E,@0+2 B->4@6,/2, A48,@0+2 .? .2 60 A430;/2 ,8
,+,-./,1 12-0+3,E/,1 8>4-6,/0 /030 .? A4;-0G,@0+2 .@4=0 ,.;,6./0,
,+, E29H2 ;4>4GJ0, 3-2@60 60.+2360 A-0@0, ;,;?+2 , 52?32. C4-43,<2
/4=2 .? 34>,=0+2 0?.;-,=./4 ,+, ?B0-./4 A+27.;@4 A4 A-0@,+? .? 34>,=0+2
B->4@2 ,8 -2A2-;40-0 ,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2. ' 62/,7 .+?E0=2@,70 A48,@0J2
60 ,+,-./? 12-0+3,/? >,+4 =2 80.64@064 60 ,.;,6./,7 @28070 .0 A4-43,!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.3 (2010)

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193

<070 ? B->4@6,/?. $0-0@64, >,+4 =2 764B4 @,92 .?7J,@,1 A-2;268,=0 /4=2 .? .2 ;272:,+2 60 A4-43,E6,7 A-230J,70 ,+, .074 60 .+,E64.;, A-28,7260 . A4-43,<070 ? B->4@6,<,70. L4=6,E,H, V2=2-, *?,9,6 , C4A4@,H, ? .@4=,7 A-2B+23,70 A+27,H/,1 A4-43,<0 V-@0;./2, *0+70<,=2 ,
O4=@43,62 60@432 >-4=62 A-,72-2 A4-43,<0 /4=,70 =2 A-,860;4 A+27.;@4,
0 E,=, .? B->4@, ;47 A-,+,/47 A-2?82;, ,8 ,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2 (TraljiQ
1954, 184-185; BojniSiQ 1899; Heyer v. Rosenfeld 1873; Duiin 1938, 1939;
*?,9,6 1940; *?,9,6 , C4A4@,H 1940, 111-137).
#->4@, ,8 ,+,-./,1 B->4@6,/0 A-2<-;0@06, .? , A-29;07A0@06, ?
/J,B070 @0G6,7 80 60<,460+6, ,326;,;2; =?G64.+4@26./,1 60-430, /04
9;4 =2 @2H A4726?;4 ->,64@4 >%$3,1.!1# ?'#1,"$. W0 A-4?E0@0J2 52647260 ,87,9:262 ;-03,<,=2 A4.2>64 .? 806,7:,@2 3@2 9;07A062 /J,B2 . =?G64.+4@26./,7 B->4@,70, A49;4 .? ? J,70 - 60 4.64@? ,.;2 12-0+3,E/2 B-0K2 - /46.;-?,.060 3@0 .0.@,7 -08+,E,;0 60<,460+60 A-4B-070.
P2360 43 ;,1 /J,B0 =2 ?!,-$!#/%$:*7$ *'* "$J%!, #&*. * #+"#1$ *'*%.)*6 /%+#1$ C0@+0 !,;2-0 O,;284@,H0, /4=0 =2 4>=0@:260 ? L2E? 1701. B43,62. O,;284@,H =2 >,4 A4+,1,.;4- , ?72;6,/, A0 =2 ? ?!,-$!#/%$:*7*
.@4=2-?E64 ,8-03,4 >0/-4-282 56 B->4@0 -08+,E,;,1 .+4@26./,1 , ",+,-./,1" 8270:0, ?/:?E?=?H, , <0-.;@4 $270J,H0, 0 .@0/, B-> A-4A-0;,4 =2
A-,/+036,7 .;,14@,70 60 +0;,6./47 =28,/?. B-06,E,4 .2 ,./:?E,@4 60
;2-,;4-,=0+62 B->4@2, 0 /0/4 ,1 .@2 6,=2 74B04 60H, ? ,+,-./,7 B->4@6,<,70 /4-,.;,4 =2 , 3-?B2 12-0+3,E/2 8>4-6,/2 , ,8@4-2 -08+,E,;2 A4?83064.;,, 34/ =2 62/0 86072J0 , .07 ,87,9:04. "80 O,;284@,H2@2 ?!,-$!#/%$:*7, 72K?;,7, 6,=2 .;0=0+0 ,32=0 4 4>64@, ""+,-./4B" *?9064@4B <0-.;@0, /04 /43 17?E2@,H0 /-0=27 XVI @2/0. $0A-4;,@, O,;e84@,H?
=2 >,4 <,: 30 A4/0G2 30 .? .@, I+4@26, 80A-0@4 V-@0;,, ;2 30 >,, A43
A0;-460;47 0?.;-,=./4B <0-0 &24A4+30, ;-2>0+4 4>64@,;, @2+,/4 "V-@0;./4 <0-.;@4". O,;284@,H2@ A06/-40;,.;,E/, A4+,;,E/, A-4B-07 ,8+4G26 =2 ? J2B4@4= /J,8, 2+"#13,"$ K%1$!.)$ (Croatia rediviva) ,8 1700. 0
@2H 60-2362 B43,62 A4=0@,+0 .2 J2B4@0 ?!,-$!#/%$:*7$, /04 12-0+3,E/, 43-08 ,.;,1 ,324+49/,1 .;-27:2J0 (Banac 1991:17-19).
*-?B, 9;07A06, B->4@6,/ =2 ?!,-$!#/%$:*7$, *5#+%$L,"*7, #%8L*7
*'*%*E,.)*6 V-,.;,54-0 \250-4@,H0, /4=0 =2 4>=0@:260 1741. B43,62. F4
=2, 80A-0@4, A-2<-;060 , 34A?J260 O,;284@,H2@0 ?!,-$!#/%$:*7$, A-2@23260 60 .-A./,. L0/-4-282 =2 ,8-03,4 >2E/, B-0@2- F470 M2.72-, 0 \250-4@,H =2 ?!,-$!#/%$:*78 A4.@2;,4 A0;-,=0-1? %-.26,=? IV P4@064@,H? D0/0>26;,. \250-4@,H , A0;-,=0-1 %-.26,=2 IV ,./4-,.;,+, .? O,;284@,H2@ A-23+4G0/ 30 A-474@,9? .0.@,7 3-?B0E,=, @2-./,, 60<,460+6, , A4+,;,E/, A-4B-07. C4.+2 *-?B2 .24>2 I->0 1739. A0;-,=0-1 %-.26,=2 IV A4/?904 =2 30 4.,B?-0 A-,726? <0-./,1 C-,@,+2B,=0 3432:26,1
I->,70, 0 ,872K? 4.;0+4B =2 A4;-0G,@04 30 .2 J2B4@0 A0;-,=0-09/0 =?-,.3,/<,=0, 4.,7 ;2-,;4-,=2 )0-+4@0E/2 7,;-4A4+,=2, A-49,-,, 60 E,!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.3 (2010)

194

%&N)I%$*%! C%&%ONIF!%

;0@? I->,=?, M0/2346,=?, *0+70<,=?, L4.6?, V-@0;./? , 3-?B2 827:2 B32

,70 =?G64.+4@26./4B 60-430 A-0@4.+0@62 @2-2 (*0@,34@ 1972, 6-9). \250-4@,H ? A4.@2;, A0;-,=0-1? %-.26,=? IV, 60 A4E2;/? ?!,-$!#/%$:*7,, 623@4.7,.+264 @2+,: "" 2;4 /-0=J, -08+4B 74B0 32+0 =2/ *0 .? A-232+,
? J4= "+,-,=0 <2+0,/ % ;, J26 A0;-,=0-1 A4 60.+23647 A-0@?"(*0@,34@
1972, 10). *0 >, A4=0E04 60<,460+64-,324+49/, ;46 .@4=2 ?!,-$!#/%$:*7,, \250-4@,H ? J4=, 4.,7 B->4@0, 4>=0@:?=2 , 3@032.2; 32@2; A4-;-2;0 .-A./,1 .@2;,;2:0 , @+030-0, A4-;-2; %-.26,=0 IV, /04 , A-,B4362
A-4B-07./2 .;,14@2. C4.2>64 =2 /0-0/;2-,.;,E06 A4-;-2; <0-0 *?9060,
/4=, 60 /4J? ;-,=?750+64 =283, A4 62>2.,70 B082H, F?-/2. \250-4@,H =2
4/4 A4>23464.64B <0-0 A-,/0804 , @260< ",+,-./,1" 8270:./,1 B->4@0.
F0/4 =2 12-0+3,E/0 ;-03,<,=0, 34>-,7 32+47 ,87,9:260 , /46.;-?,.060
? ,+,-./,7 B->4@6,<,70, ? \250-4@,H2@4= ?!,-$!#/%$:*7* 34>,+0 64@4 ,324+49/4 860E2J2: A4;@-3? 60.+236,1 A-0@0 .-A./,1 <-/@26,1 A4B+0@0-0, /4=0 .2G? =49 43 $270J,H0.
I@, B->4@, ? \250-4@,H2@4= ?!,-$!#/%$:*7* ,.;4@2;6, .? /04 ,
/43 O,;284@,H0, 4.,7 B->0 !09/2, B32 ? A+0@47 9;,;? .-2>-6, 4-04 3-G, ;-, .-2>-62 A4;/4@,<2: =236? ? /:?6?, 0 3@2 ? /06R070. @4 =2 80A-0@4 /47>,60<,=0 B->4@0 I;0-4B O+010 (4-04) , !09/2 (A4;/4@,<2). ' ?!,-$!#/%$:*7* .2, ,872K? 4.;0+,1, /04 , /43 O,;284@,H0 A4=0@:?=2 , @2A-4@0 B+0@0 A-4>,=260 .;-2+47 /04 B-> F-,>0+,=2 (D?703,=2) /4=0 /04
=2364 43 86072J0 I->,=20 ,70 /4-262 ? 6270E/,7 B->4@6,<,70 XV @2/0,
a 80E?34 =2 6270 ? ,+,-./4= 12-0+3,<, (C0+0@2.;-0 2000, 106-107; %<4@,H 2008, 245-250).
\250-4@,H2@0 ?!,-$!#/%$:*7$ ,70+0 =2 4B-4706 ?;,<0= 60 60<,460+6,, 3?14@6, , A4+,;,E/, A4/-2; I->0 ? 'B0-./4= ? 3-?B4= A4+4@,6,
XVIII @2/0 , A4E2;/47 XIX @2/0, A0 .? =2 E0/ 0?.;-,=./2 @+0.;, , 80>-06,+2, A43 A-2;J47 .7-;62 /0862, ,872K? 4.;0+4B , 8>4B ;4B0 9;4 .? B->4@, , +,/4@, .@2;,;2:0 ,8 \250-4@,H2@2 ?!,-$!#/%$:*7, >,+, A-23+4G0/ 80 12-0+3,E/0 86072J0 , 80.;0@2 .-A./,1 ?.;06,/0 1804 (*0@,34@
1972,12). W0,.;0, ,8 ?!,-$!#/%$:*7, .? A-2<-;0@06, B->4@, 80 A-@2
?.;06,E/2 >0-=0/2 , A2E0;2 7+032 .-A./2 3-G0@2, 0 @2A-4@0 B+0@0 F-,>0+,=2, 4364.64 D?703,=2, >,+0 =2 A4.2>64 47,:260. V2-0+3,/0 =2 ? C-@47 .-A./47 ?.;06/? .+23,+0 462 ,.;2 ,324+49/2 4>-0.<2 ,.;4-,=./4B
/46;,6?,;2;0 .0 .-23J4@2/4@647 I->,=47 $270J,H0, /46.;-?,.062 =49
? ,+,-./4= 12-0+3,<,. $29;4 4A-286,=2 =2 ;0= A?; .+23,4 , /628 M,+49 ?
4>64@:264= 7+034= .-A./4= 3-G0@,, ? /4=4= .? 3-G0@60 86072J0 - 80.64@060 60 ;-03,<,=070 ,+,-./2 12-0+3,/2 /460E64 , 8@06,E6o .06/<,46,.060 (I070-R,H 1983; %<4@,H 2008, 564-596). $270 .?7J2 30 .? 4.64@6, 2+2726;, 3-G0@62 12-0+3,/2 I->,=2 ,8 1835, 1838, 1882, )-0:2@,62
IVI , )-0:2@,62 P?B4.+0@,=2 ,8 1919. , 1922, I0@2862 !2A?>+,/2 P?B4.+0@,=2 ,8 1993, , !2A?>+,/2 I->,=2 ,8 2002. (3@4B+0@, 4-04, /-.; .0
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.3 (2010)

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195

4<,+,70, ,+, 1-@0;./0 9014@6,<0,) 0?;26;,E64 12-0+3,E/4 60.+2K2

.-23J2B @2/0 (%<4@,H 2008, 527-632). I 3-?B2 .;-062, J,14@4 12-0+3,E/4 ?4>+,E0@0J2, A0 , 764B, 3430;6, 2+2726;, (-2<,74 ,+,-./, A4+?72.2< , 8@2830), 3?B?=? 764B4 ?A-0@4 ,.;4-,=./,7 /46.;-?/<,=070 ,+,-./,1 B->4@6,/0. "0/4 .? =?G64.+4@26./, 60<,460+6, .,7>4+, , B->4@,
34>-,7 32+47 80.64@06, 60 0?;26;,E64= .-23J4@2/4@64= 12-0+3,E/4=
B-0K,, ,324+49/, 4/@,-, J,14@2 ,6;2-A-2;0<,=2 , .+4=2@, ,87,9:262
;-03,<,=2 72J0+, .? .2 43 XVI @2/0 34 3060.: 43 346 C23-4@,1 .72+,1
+,E6,1 , A4+,;,E/,1 07>,<,=0, A-2/4 -08+,E,;,1 ,324+49/,1 A-4B-070
O,;28o@,H0, \250-4@,Ha, A0;-,=0-10 %-.26,=0 IV, )0-0K4-K0, /6280 M,+490, A0 .@2 34 7432-6,1 A4+,;,E/,1 /46.;-?/0;0.
:/+"(%+8(%
An]eliQ, P. 1962. Grbovi bosanskih kraljeva u ArnautoviQima kod Visokog. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu n.s. XVII: 165-171.
%<4@,H, *. 2008. K,%$'0*)$ * ?%+*. L24B-03: W0@43 80 ?R>26,/2.
Badurina, A. (ur.) 1985. Leksikon ikonografije, liturgike, i simbolike zapadnog krManstva. Zagreb: SveuSilina naklada Liber i KrQanska sadanjost.
Banac, I. 1991. Grbovi biljezi identiteta. Zagreb: GrafiSki zavod Hrvatske.
BojniSiQ, I. 1899. Der Adel von Kroatien und Slavonien, J. Siebmachers grosses und
allgemeines Wappenbuch. Nrnberg: Bauer und Raspe
O?+2;,H-O?/0.4@,H, O. 1891. I;0-, 60<-; .7?E/2 G?A2 ?.-23 /-0:. L4.62. ='$."*) N,-$3.)#/ -85,7$ 8 <#."* * K,%J,/#1*"* III-3: 274-280.
O?+2;,H-O?/0.4@,H, O. 1904. !434.+4@=2 A4-43,<2 17?H2@,H0, A+2726,;2 B4.A432 >4.06./2. ='$."*) N,-$3.)#/ -85,7$ 8 <#."* * K,%J,/#1*"* XVI-3: 367-374.
Gelcich, G. 1889. I conti di Tuhelj. Contibuto alla Storia della Marina Dalmata. Ragusa
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Aleksandar Palavestra
The Invention of Tradition: Illy rian Heraldry
The "Illyrian heraldry", as a phenomenon of the invented tradition, encompasses the rolls of arms - armorials, which appear in Dalmatia, Italy, Spain
and Austria at the end of the XVI and beginning of the XVII century. These
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armorials contained Serbian and other southern Slav monarchic, territorial and
family coats of arms. The authenticity, heraldic sources and origins of these
armorials are extremely complex problems that can be traced back to the medieval heraldic heritage of the Serbs, on the one hand, and reveal the intricate
web of political circumstances in the XVI and XVII centuries. Illyrian heraldry is also closely linked to the personal and political ambitions of the Spanish
admiral, Don Pedro OhmuSeviQ GrguriQ, from Slano near Dubrovnik. One
cannot, however, link the entire Illyrian heraldry movement only to the daring
ambitions of Petar OhmuSeviQ GrguriQ. In in the XVI and XVII centuries historical constructions, inspired for the most part by sincere Slav patriotism,
emerged that proved the unity of the Illyrians and the Slavs, revealed the alleged Slav origins of famous figures (Alexander the Great, Justinian), or simply
extolled the splendor and magnitude of a lost Slav kingdom, that could be restored again. Much as it was developing within the spiritual scope of the Catholic church, this "Slovine" movement found its historical basis in the medieval statehood of Serbia and Bosnia, particularly in the powerful empire of
Stephan Dushan (1331-55), in the Serbian potentates, heroes, their glitter and
opulence, which used to glorify the Slav world. Since the XVII century till today, despite their doubtful authenticity, the Illyrian armorials have been considered important genealogical and heraldic documents. Many families relied
on the information in Illyrian heraldic collections when claiming their true, or,
more often purported, ancient hereditary rights, titles and lands. The Illyrian
armorials were transcribed and reprinted in books that were important for the
national identity of the southern Slav peoples, such as Orbini's Kingdom of the
Slavs (1601), Stemmatographia or the Drawing, Description and Renewal of
Illyrian Coats of Arms by Pavao Riter VitezoviQ, published in Vienna in 1701,
and Stemmatographia by Hristifor efaroviQ, published in 1741. After the liberation of Serbia and Montenegro from the Turks, heraldry was granted official sanction, and the coats of arms are based on the tradition preserved in
Illyrian heraldry.
Key words: Invention of tradition, Illyrian heraldry, armorials, medieval
heritage, national mythology.
Aleksandar Palavestra
Linvention de la tradition: lhraldique ilyrienne
L"hraldique ilyrienne", en tant que phnomne de tradition invent, englobe les registres manuscrits darmoiries les armoriaux, qui sont apparus
sur le littoral Adriatique, en Italie, en Espagne et en Autriche vers la fin du
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199

XVI et au dbut du XVII sicle. Ces armoriaux contiennent des armoiries

dynastiques, terriennes et familiales serbes et sud-slaves. Lhraldique illyrienne est due aux ambitions personnelles et politiques de lamiral espagnol don
Pedro hmuSeviQ GrguriQ, mais galement aux constructions historiques qui
au XVI et XVII sicles dmontraient lunit des Illyriens et des Slaves et
dvoilaient lorigine prtendument slave des personnages illustres de lAntiquit. De mme, les rcits piques sur lempire puissant de Duan, les seigneurs serbes, les hros, la gloire et la richesse du monde slave dautrefois, ont
t utiliss pour servir de base cette tradition invente de lhraldique illyrienne. Les armoiries des armoriaux illyriens ont plus tard souvent t copies
et rdites, et cest pourquoi elles sont dune importance primordiale pour la
formation de la symbolique nationale et tatique des peuples sud-slaves.
Mots-cls: tradition invente, hraldique illyrienne, armoriaux, hritage
mdival, mythologie nationale
)(/.1"&; 9.04.2010
)(/5*%<"&; 13.04.2010

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