Learn C

2
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3
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15................................................................................................
16......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................... C

1.1 19......................................................................................................
1.2 21....................................................................................................... C
1.3 30..............................................................Variables and Constants
1.4 40........................................................................................ Comments
1.5 42......................................................................................... scanf
1.6 45................................................................................................ Operators
1.7 51....................................................................................... if, else, elseif
1.8 55......................................................................................................... C
1.9 60.............................................................................
................................................................................ (2) C
2.1 72........................................................................................................ Switch
2.2 77................................................................................ Repeated loop
2.3 90................................................................................................. Arrays
2.4 103............................................................................................... Pointers
2.5 113................................................................................................ Functions
2.6 122.................................................................................. Header files
2.7 125................................................................... Files I/O
2.8 135............................................................................................ structures
2.9 145...........................................................................
......................................................................................... C
3.1 162.......................................................................................... Enumeration
167................................................................................. Command-line Arguments 3.2
3.3 )169..................................................................... Directives(Preprocessor
3.4
3.5 178............................................................................ Standard Library
220.............................................................................................
175..................................................................................
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15................................................................................................
16......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................... C

1.1 19................................................................................................
1.1.1 19................................................................................. texts editor
1.1.2 19............................................................................................. compiler
1.1.3 20.................................................................................................. linker
1.2 21.................................................................................................. C
1.2.1 25...........................................................................................
1.2.2 27...............................................................................................
1.2.3 28...........................................................................................................
1.3 30.....................................................Variables and Constants
1.3.1 30................................................................................ Variable Type
1.3.1.1 30......................................................................... int
1.3.1.2 31......................................................................... float
1.3.1.3 31...................................................................... double
1.3.1.4 31..................................................................... short
1.3.1.5 32...................................................................... long
1.3.1.5 32..................................................................................... char
1.3.2 32............................................................................... Variable Name
1.3.3 33............................................................................... Variable Value
1.3.4 33.........................................................................................
1.3.5 35.........................................................................
1.3.6 38...............................................................................................
1.3.7 39...........................................................................................................
1.4 40................................................................................ Comments
1.4.1 40..........................................................................................
1.4.2 40.........................................................................................
1.4.2.1 40...................................................................
1.4.2.2 40...............................................................................
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1.4.3
1.4.4 41......................................................................................................
1.5 42................................................................................... scanf
1.5.1 43...............................................................................................
1.5.2 44...........................................................................................................
1.6 45...................................................................... ................... Operators
1.6.1 45.............................................................. arithmetic operators
1.6.1.1 45....................................................................(++) increment
1.6.1.2 46...................................................................(--) decrement
1.6.1.3 )47..............................................................................(%
1.6.2 47................................................................ relational operators
1.6.3 48..................................................................... logical operators
1.6.4 49................................................................................................
1.6.5 50................................................................................. ..............
1.6.6 50...........................................................................................................
1.7 51................................................................................ if, else, elseif
1.7.1 51..................................................................................................... if
1.7.2 52................................................................................................. else
1.7.3 53............................................................................................ elseif
1.7.4 54...............................................................................................
1.7.5 54...........................................................................................................
1.8 55.................................................................................................... C
1.8.1 55...................................................................................... Comments
1.8.2 55............................................................................ Keywords
1.8.3 55........................................................................................ Identifiers
41.........................................................................................
56.............................................................................................. Trigraphs 1.8.3.1

1.8.4 56.......................................................................................... Constants
1.8.4.1
1.8.4.2 58........................................................................................
1.8.5 58............................................................................................... Tokens
1.8.6 58.......................................................................... String literals
1.8.7 59...............................................................................................
57.........................................................................................
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1.8.8
1.9 60........................................................................
1.9.1 60.................................................................................................
1.9.1.1 60.....................................................................
1.9.1.2 61..................................................................
1.9.1.3 62.........................................................
1.9.1.4 63..................................................................
1.9.2 putchar 63............................................................................... getchar
1.9.3 puts 64........................................................................................ gets
1.9.4 wprintf 65................................................................................ wscanf
1.9.5 putch getch 65............................................................... getche
1.9.6 67.................................................................................. wchar_t
1.9.7 main 67........................................................................... wmain
1.9.8 69.................................................................... ..............
1.9.9 69...............................................................................................
1.9.10 70.........................................................................................................
........................................ ........................... ............. (2) C
2.1 72................................................................................................. Switch
2.1.1 74....................................................................................... case
2.1.2 75..................................................................................... break
2.1.2 75...................................................................................... default
2.8.7 75...............................................................................................
2.8.8 76...........................................................................................................
2.2 77......................................................................... Repeated loop
2.2.1 77...................................................................................... while
2.2.2 79................................................................................ dowhile
2.2.3 81.......................................................................................... for
2.2.4 82....................................................................................... goto
2.2.5 84...............................................................................
2.2.7 87................................................................................. continue
2.2.8 88................................................................................................. ASCII
59...........................................................................................................
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2.2.9
2.2.10 89.........................................................................................................
2.3 90............................................................................................ Arrays
2.3.1 91....................................................................................
2.3.2 92...................................................................................
2.3.2 94..................................................................................
2.3.3 95.........................................................................
2.3.4 )( 95...............................................................................
2.3.4.1 98.............................................................................................. gets
2.3.4.2 strcpy 99..................................................................... strncpy
2.3.4.3 strcat 100..................................................................... strncat
2.3.5 101....................................................................
2.3.6 102.............................................................................................
2.3.7 102.........................................................................................................
2.4 103........................................................................................ Pointers
2.4.1 103............................................................................... Pointer Type
2.4.2 103.............................................................................. Pointer Name
2.4.3 105...................................................................................
2.4.4 107.......................................................................................
2.4.5 108.......................................................................................... reference
2.4.6 109............................................................................................. void
2.4.7 109..............................................................................................
2.4.8 110.................................................................................................
2.4.9 111.............................................................................................
2.4.10 111.......................................................................................................
2.5 113......................................................................................... Functions
2.5.1 116.............................................................................. Function Type
2.5.2 118............................................................................. Function Name
2.5.3 119................................................................. Function Parameters
2.5.4 119........................................................................................................
2.5.5 119...................................................................... #define
2.5.6 120...............................................................................
88...............................................................................................
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2.5.7
2.5.8 121.............................................................................................
2.5.9 121.........................................................................................................
2.6 122.................................. ......................................... Header files
2.6.1 124..........................................................................................
2.6.2 124.............................................................................
2.6.3 124.............................................................................................
2.6.4 124.........................................................................................................
2.7 125............................................................ Files I/O
2.7.1 125........................................................................................
2.7.1.1 128.......................................................................................... fopen
2.7.1.2 128.......................................................................................... fclose
2.7.1.3 128............................................................................................. exit
2.7.2 129.................................................................................
2.7.3 129........................................................................................
2.7.4 w+ a+ 130.................................................................................... r+
2.7.4.1 130............................................................................................ w+
2.7.4.2 130............................................................................................. a+
2.7.4.3 130.............................................................................................. r+
2.7.5 131...............................................................
2.7.5.1 fprintf 131..................................................................... fscanf
2.7.5.2 fgets 132........................................................................ fputs
2.7.5.3 fgetc 133........................................................................ fputc
2.7.6 134.............................................................................................
2.7.7 134.........................................................................................................
2.8 135...................................................................................... structures
2.8.1 135................................................................................. Struct Name
2.8.2 139............................................................ union
2.8.3 140...................................................................
3.8.4 142......................................................................................
2.8.5 143................................................................................... Bit-fields
2.8.6 143.............................................................................................
120............................................................ .............
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2.8.7
2.9 145......................................................................
2.9.1 145...................................................................... void
2.9.2 146.................................................................................... static
2.9.3 147................................................................................. typedef
2.9.4 149................................................................................................
2.9.4.1 149..............................................................................
2.9.4.2 150...........................................................................
2.9.4.3 150.................................................................................
2.9.4.4 151.................................................................................
2.9.4.5 151.................................................
2.9.4.6 152...........................................
2.9.5 wcscpy 152....................................................................... wcsncpy
2.9.6 wcscat 153........................................................................ wcsncat
2.9.7 getwchar 153.......................................................................... putwchar
2.9.8 _getws 154................................................................................ _putws
2.9.9 ) ASCII( 154....................................................................................
2.9.10 155.........................................................................
2.9.10.1 155.....................................................................................
2.9.10.2 )( 156......................................................................
2.9.10.3 156.......................................................................... extern
2.9.10.4 157............................................................................ auto
2.9.10.5 158........................................................................ register
2.9.11 158.................................................................................. sizeof
2.9.12 158................................................................................ volatile
2.9.13 159.....................................................................................
2.9.14 160................................................................................
2.9.15 160...........................................................................................
2.9.16 160.......................................................................................................
......................................................................................... C
3.1 162................................................................................... Enumeration
3.1.1 162................................................................... Enumeration Name
143.........................................................................................................
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3.1.2
3.1.3 166.............................................................................................
3.1.4 166.........................................................................................................
162.............................................................................................
167........................................................................ Command-line Arguments 3.2

3.2.1 167.............................................................................................
3.2.2
3.3 )169........................................................... Directives(Preprocessor
3.3.1 169......................................................................................... #include
3.3.2 169........................................................................................ #define
3.3.3 170........................................................................................... #undef
3.3.4 #else #elif #if 171............................................................ #endif
3.3.5 #ifdef 171.................................................................... #ifndef
3.3.6 172.............................................................................................. #line
3.3.7 173............................................................................................ #error
3.3.8 173........................................................................................ #pragma
3.3.9 173.................................................................... Predefined Names
3.3.10 174...........................................................................................
3.3.11 174.......................................................................................................
3.4 175.............................................................................
3.4.1 177.............................................................................................
3.4.2 177.........................................................................................................
3.5 178.................................................................... Standard Library
3.5.1 178................................................................................... assert.h
3.5.2 178................................................................................... ctype.h
3.5.2.1 178...................................................................................... isalnum
3.5.2.2 179....................................................................................... isalpha
3.5.2.3 179......................................................................................... iscntrl
3.5.2.4 180......................................................................................... isdigit
3.5.2.5 180....................................................................................... isgraph
3.5.2.6 181....................................................................................... islower
3.5.2.7 181......................................................................................... isprint
3.5.2.8 182....................................................................................... ispunct
167.........................................................................................................
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3.5.2.9 182....................................................................................... isspace
3.5.2.10 183..................................................................................... isupper
3.5.2.11 183...................................................................................... isxdigit

3.5.2.12 toupper 184................................................................... tolower
3.5.3
3.5.3.1 184......................................................................................... perror
3.5.4 187..................................................................................... float.h
3.5.5 187.................................................................................... limits.h
3.5.6 188................................................................................... locale.h
3.5.7 188.................................................................................... math.h
3.5.7.1 189.............................................................................................. sin
3.5.7.2 189............................................................................................. cos
3.5.7.3 189............................................................................................. tan
3.5.7.4 189............................................................................................ exp
3.5.7.5 190............................................................................................. log
3.5.7.5 190........................................................................................... pow
3.5.7.6 190............................................................................................ sqrt
3.5.7.7 190............................................................................................. ceil
3.5.7.8 191........................................................................................... floor
3.5.7.9 191........................................................................................... fabs
3.5.7.10 191........................................................................................ ldexp
3.5.7.11 192........................................................................................ fmod
3.5.8 192................................................................................. setjmp.h
3.5.9 193................................................................................... signal.h
3.5.9.1 193.......................................................................................... raise
3.5.10 193................................................................................ stdarg.h
3.5.11 194................................................................................ stddef.h
3.5.12 195.................................................................................. stdio.h
3.5.12.1 195........................................................................................ printf
3.5.12.2 195...................................................................................... sprintf
3.5.12.3 196...................................................................................... vprintf
3.5.12.4 196..................................................................................... vfprintf
184................................................................................... errno.h
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3.5.12.5
3.5.12.6 197........................................................................................ scanf
3.5.12.7 197....................................................................................... fscanf
3.5.12.8 198...................................................................................... sscanf
3.5.12.9 198........................................................................................ fgetc
3.5.12.10 198...................................................................................... fgets
3.5.12.11 199...................................................................................... fputc
3.5.12.12 199...................................................................................... fputs
3.5.12.13 199....................................................................................... getc
3.5.12.14 200................................................................................... getchar
3.5.12.15 200........................................................................................ gets
3.5.12.16 200....................................................................................... putc
3.5.12.17 200................................................................................... putchar
3.5.12.18 201....................................................................................... puts
3.5.12.19 201.................................................................................... ungetc
3.5.12.20 201..................................................................................... fopen
3.5.12.21 202................................................................................... freopen
3.5.12.22 202..................................................................................... fclose
3.5.12.23 202................................................................................... remove
3.5.12.24 203................................................................................... rename
3.5.12.25 203.................................................................................... tmpfile
3.5.12.26 203...................................................................................... fread
3.5.12.27 204..................................................................................... fwrite
3.5.12.28 204...................................................................................... fseek
3.5.12.29 205........................................................................................ ftell
3.5.12.30 205.................................................................................... rewind
3.5.12.31 206........................................................................................ feof
3.5.13 206.................................................................................. stdlib.h
3.5.13.1 206.......................................................................................... atof
3.5.13.2 207.......................................................................................... atoi
3.5.13.3 207.......................................................................................... atol
3.5.13.4 207......................................................................................... rand
197..................................................................................... vsprintf
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3.5.13.5
3.5.13.6 208........................................................................................ abort
3.5.13.7 208.......................................................................................... exit
3.5.13.8 209....................................................................................... atexit
3.5.13.9 209..................................................................................... system
3.5.13.10 209......................................................................................... abs
3.5.13.11 210........................................................................................ labs
3.5.13.12 210......................................................................................... div
3.5.13.13 210......................................................................................... ldiv
3.5.14 210................................................................................. string.h
3.5.14.1 strcpy 211................................................................. strncpy
3.5.14.2 strcat 211.................................................................. strncat
3.5.14.3 strcmp 212............................................................... strncmp
3.5.14.4 strchr 213.................................................................. strrchr
3.5.14.5 strspn 213................................................................. strcspn
3.5.14.6 214..................................................................................... strpbrk
3.5.14.7 214........................................................................................ strstr
3.5.14.8 214........................................................................................ strlen
3.5.14.9 214..................................................................................... strerror
3.5.14.10 215...................................................................................... strtok
3.5.15 215................................................................................... time.h
3.5.15.1 216......................................................................................... clock
3.5.15.2 217.......................................................................................... time
3.5.15.3 217..................................................................................... difftime
3.5.15.4 218.................................................................................... localtime
3.5.15.5 218...................................................................................... asctime
3.5.15.6 219......................................................................................... ctime
220.............................................................................................
208....................................................................................... srand
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... :
01/01/1989
:
) (0021364576618 ) (064576618 :
- 10 .khalil_ounis@yahoo.com :
C :
:C
C .
Switch

.
.C
www.vc4arab.com :
.
www.vc4arab.com
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low-level language
Machine language
) off on
(
assembly language low-level languages

ADD MOV .
BASIC COBOL C
.
C
Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie .Bell
C low-level languages
assembly language mid-level
language .
C Unix

.
1972 C C ) B
B BCPL Martin Richards 1967
Basic Combined Programming Language
( 1969 B Bell
B C .C
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17
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1978 Brian Kernighan

The C Programming Language
(Kernighan & Ritchie C) K&R C K&R C C
C

.C
1989 C ANSI C
National Standards Institute
C ISO
C .International Organization for Standardization
American
) 1988
The C Programming
Language C (.ANSI C
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18
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C
1.1
1.2 C
1.3 Variables and Constants
1.4 Comments
1.5 scanf
1.6 Operators
1.7 if, else, elseif
1.8 C
1.9
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19
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1.1
C texts editor
compiler linker .
:
1.1.1 :texts editor
.c
KWrite Linux Notepad .Windows
Word Windows Kword .Linux
1.1.2 :compiler

Language Assembly
..obj
Machine Language
Windows
Visual C++ C C++
MicroSoft Dev-C++ Bloodshed
.... Pelles C Quick C Turbo C
Visual C++ .
Dev-C++ :
http://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.html
Turbo C :
http://www.pitt.edu/~stephenp/misc/downloadTC.html
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20
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Pelles C :
http://www.smorgasbordet.com/pellesc/download.htm
Unix Linux Unix Linux

.
.Windows
Windows :Linux
http://www.thefreecountry.com/compilers/cpp.shtml
1.1.3 :linker
.obj .exe
.dll
:Windows
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21
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1.2

C Console .c
main.c :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)"!printf("Hello, World
}6:
: :
>#include<stdio.h
)(main
{
}

World .Console
)
#include<stdio.h> Code
Hello,
>< #include #include .

> < stdio.h

.
stdio.h Standard Input Output .h
.Header File
#include
. .
>
<
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22
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)( main
.
.
{ .main
printf stdio.h
print format )(
! Hello, World
" "
.
printf
.
}
Screen
.main
{ } block :
! Hello, World :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)" printf("Hello,
6:
;)"!printf("World
}7:
.
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23
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.printf
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
printf("Hello,
6:
;)"!World
}7:
printf
anti-slash printf :
\ printf("Hello,
;)"!World
.
) (stdio.h
printf
.
Hello, ! World \n
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)"!printf("Hello, \nWorld
}6:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)" printf("Hello,
6:
;)"printf("\n
7:
;)"!printf("World
}8:
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24
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\n
\n n .New line
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
};)"!3:main(){printf("Hello, World

{ ) ( } ) (
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
{)(3:main
4:
};)"!printf("Hello, World

. .
} {
:
{)(1:#include<stdio.h> main
2:
};)"!printf("Hello, World
#include
.
#include directive preprocessor

.
directive # .
block main:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
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25
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)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)"printf("Hello, World!\n
6:
{
7:
8:
}
9:
}10:
block block
block block.
1.2.1 :

printf
printf

.
C
%d %i Decimal Integer
%f f float
.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)printf("%d", 20
}6:
printf

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
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26
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2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)printf("%d", 20+5
}6:
.
%d
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)printf("%d %d", 20+5, 87
}6:

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 20, 5, 20+5
}6:
%f .%d
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)printf("%f + %f = %f\n", 1.0, 2.14, 1.0+2.14
}6:
:

.
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27
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%d %f
%c c character %s s
String .
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)"printf("%c", "a
}6:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)'printf("%c", 'a
}6:
a :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)"!printf("%s\n", "Hello, World
}6:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)"printf("%s", "Hello, " "\n" "World
}6:

%x %X 0x 0X 0x000F %o
.
1.2.2 :
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28
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-1 C main
Main .MAIN
-2 printf main :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;)"3:printf("Hello, World!\n
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
}8:

.
-3
.
-4 )( main

.printf
-5 printf " "
.
1.2.3:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
! Hello, World .
! Hello, World .
main
main

2 .3.5
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29
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-7
-8
Hello ).(%c
).(%s%s
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30
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1.3
Variables and Constants

.RAM
RAM
Access Memory
Random )(

.
C
... .
.

:
1.3.1
:Variable Type
:
1.3.1.1
:int
int Variable_Type
Integer 2 16 65536
65535 -32,768 32,767
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31
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4 32
4294967296 ) (.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int Variable_Name = 0
}6:
1.3.1.2
:float
float
1.2E-38 .3.4E+38
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;float Variable_Name = 0.0
}6:
1.3.1.3
:double
double float double 8

2.3E-308 .1.7E+308
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;double Variable_Name = 0.0
}6:
1.3.1.4
:short
short
Variable_Type 2 16 65536
65535 -32,768 32,767
.
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32
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:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;short Variable_Name = 0
}6:
1.3.1.5
:long
long
Variable_Type 4 32
4294967296 ) (.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;long Variable_Name = 0
}6:
1.3.1.5
:char
char Variable_Type 1
256 0 255 -128 127
.ASCII
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;'char Variable_Name = 'A
}6:
1.3.2 :Variable Name

:
31.
.
....
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33
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% # { )... _(.
.
.
1.3.3 :Variable Value
int
.float
1.3.4 :

Var 5 Var :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int Var = 5
6:
7:
;)printf("%d\n", Var
}8:
Var ) int (
5 printf Var
:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int Var
6:
;Var = 5
7:
8:
}9:
5 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int Var_1 = 5
6:
;int Var_2 = Var_1
__________________________________________________________________________________
34
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)printf("%d\n", Var_1
7:
8:
}9:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int Num1, Num2, Num3
6:
;Num1 = 5
7:
;Num2 = 7
8:
;Num3 = Num1 + Num2
9:
10:
;)printf("%d + %d = %d\n", Num1, Num2, Num3
}11:

) (int
Num1 5 Num2 7 Num3
Num1 Num2 .
float short long

ASCII
char :
char
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;'char ch = 'a
6:
7:
;)printf("%c\n", ch
}8:
ch a
a 97 ASCII :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;char ch = 97
6:
7:
;)printf("%c\n", ch
__________________________________________________________________________________
35
__________________________________________________________________________________________
}8:
char 255
.
1.3.5 :

int Num
signed Num int Num
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;signed Num = 5
6:
7:
;)printf("%d\n", Num
}8:

unsigned :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;unsigned Num = 5
6:
7:
;)printf("%u\n", Num
}8:

%u
unisgned .
: char 256
0 255 -128 127
:
__________________________________________________________________________________
36
__________________________________________________________________________________________
char 1 int 2
1 8 char 8 1 1 0
1 ) 0 (1 8 256 0 255
1 8
7 char + -
7 128.
:
char
signed char
-128 127
char
char unsigned
0 255
int
signed int
-32,768 32,767
int
unsigned int
0 65535
short
signed short
-32,768 32,767
short
unsigned short
0 65535
long
signed long
-2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
long
unsigned long
0 4,294,967,295

5 8
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int num
6:
7:
;num = 5
8:
9:
;)printf("%d\n", num
10:
11:
;num = 8
12:
13:
}14:
__________________________________________________________________________________
37
__________________________________________________________________________________________
num 5 8 .
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;const int num
6:
7:
;num = 5
8:
9:
10:
11:
;num = 8
12:
13:
}14:
const int num

num
num

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;const int num = 5
6:
7:
}8:
const :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int const num = 5
6:
7:
}8:
__________________________________________________________________________________
38
__________________________________________________________________________________________
#define
:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:#define num 5
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
}8:
num .
preprocessor # #define preprocessors
directive directives .
1.3.6 :
-1 .
-2 .block
-3
.
-4 .
-5
const
__________________________________________________________________________________
39
__________________________________________________________________________________________
-6 .
-7 .
1.3.7:
-1
3.14 15 .
int 65535
A 65 .
A 65 .char
-5
18 89
.
preprocessor #define
5 .15
-2
-3
-4
-6
__________________________________________________________________________________
40
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.4
comments

.
1.4.1 :

.
1.4.2 :
:
1.4.2.1 :

*/ * / :
*1:/
2:My First Program:
!3:Hello, World
4:*/
5:
6:#include<stdio.h> /* Standart Input Output Header File*/
7:
)(8:main
/*main function*/
9:{/*Start of main function*/
10:
printf("Hello, World!");/*to print Hello, World!*/
11:}/*End of main function*/
1.4.2.2 :
//:
1://My First Program:
!2://Hello, World
3:
4:#include<stdio.h> //Standart Input Output Header File
5:
)(6:main
//main function
7:{//Start of main function
8:
!printf("Hello, World!");//to print Hello, World
9:}//End of main function
C .
__________________________________________________________________________________
41
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.4.3 :
-1
:
1:/*comment
>2:#include<stdio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
}7:
.
-2 :
>1://#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
}6:
printf
#include stdio.h
.stdio.h
1.4.4:
__________________________________________________________________________________
42
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.5
scanf
printf
scanf printf scanf
.
scanf .keyboard
:
*/ */
*/ *");/
*/ */
*%d\n", usr_val);/
*/*1:/
>2:#include<stdio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;int usr_val
7:
8:
printf("Enter a value:
9:
;)scanf("%d", &usr_val
10:
printf("Your value is:
*/
}11:
scanf
%d
printf &usr_val &
usr_val &
. usr_val
.

%d
%c scanf :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;char usr_char
6:
7:
;)" printf("Enter a character:
__________________________________________________________________________________
43
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)scanf("%c", &usr_char
;)printf("Your character is: %c\n", usr_char
8:
9:
}10
;)"
;)"
;)val1+val2
;)val1-val2
;)val1*val2
;)val1/val2
val2,
val2,
val2,
val2,
val1,
val1,
val1,
val1,
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int val1, val2
6:
7:
printf("1)Enter a value:
8:
;)scanf("%d", &val1
9:
10:
printf("2)Enter a value:
11:
;)scanf("%d", &val2
12:
13:
printf("%d + %d = %d\n",
14:
printf("%d - %d = %d\n",
15:
printf("%d * %d = %d\n",
16:
printf("%d / %d = %d\n",
}17

13 14 15 .16
scanf :
;)val1+val2
;)val1-val2
;)val1*val2
;)val1/val2
val2,
val2,
val2,
val2,
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int val1, val2
6:
7:
;)" printf("Enter two value:
8:
;)scanf("%d%d", &val1, &val2
9:
10:
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", val1,
11:
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", val1,
12:
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", val1,
13:
printf("%d / %d = %d\n", val1,
}14:
scanf
.
1.5.1 :
__________________________________________________________________________________
44
__________________________________________________________________________________________
-1 scanf)(
.
-2 & .
-3
.
1.5.2:
-1

" " "
".
__________________________________________________________________________________
45
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.6
operators
:
1.6.1 ):(arithmetic operators
) (+) (-) (/ )*(
C :) (++) (-- ).(%

:
1.6.1.1 :(++) increment

) (.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int Inc
6:
;Inc = 0
7:
8:
;)printf("Inc = %d\n", Inc
9:
10:
;Inc++
11:
12:
13:
14:
;++Inc
15:
16:
}17:
0
.2
:
1:
2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
46
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;Inc = Inc+1
;Inc += 1
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
Inc = Inc+1 Inc++

1 Inc = Inc+3 Inc
Inc += 1 Inc = Inc+1.
++
.
++ :
;)Inc
;)Inc++
;)Inc
;)++Inc
;)Inc
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int Inc
6:
;Inc = 0
7:
8:
= printf("Inc
9:
= printf("Inc
10:
= printf("Inc
11:
= printf("Inc
12:
= printf("Inc
}13:
0 ++
.
1 .
2
.2
1.6.1.2 :(--) decrement
++ --
:
__________________________________________________________________________________
47
__________________________________________________________________________________________
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int Dec
6:
;Dec = 2
7:
8:
;)printf("Dec = %d\n", Dec
9:
10:
;Dec--
11:
12:
13:
14:
;--Dec
15:
16:
}17:
:
;Dec = Dec-1
;Dec -= 1
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
1.6.1.3 ):(%

5 3 5%3 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)printf("%d\n", 5%3
}6:
1.6.2 ):(relational operators

) (true
) (false :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)printf("%d\n", 5<3
6:
;)printf("%d\n", 5==3
7:
;)printf("%d\n", 5>3
__________________________________________________________________________________
48
__________________________________________________________________________________________
}8:
:
:0 5 .3
:0 5 .3
:1 5 .3
0 ) (false 1 ) (true
3=5 == = ==
.
3==5
C => =<
=!.
1.6.3 ):(logical operators
:
&& ""
|| ""
! ""
:
;)5<3 && 5>3

;)5==3 && 3==5
;)5>3 && 5<3
;)5<3 || 5>3
;)5==3 || 3==5
;)5>3 || 5<3
;))!(5<3
;))!(5==3
;))!(5>3
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
printf("%d\n",
6:
printf("%d\n",
7:
printf("%d\n",
8:
9:
printf("%d\n",
10:
printf("%d\n",
11:
printf("%d\n",
12:
13:
printf("%d\n",
14:
printf("%d\n",
15:
printf("%d\n",
}16:
:
__________________________________________________________________________________
49
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:0 .5<3
:0 .
:0 .5<3
:1 .5>3
:0 .
:1 .5>3
:1 5 .3
:1 5 .3
:0 5 .3
1.6.4 :
C << :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
printf("%d\n", 2<<8);/* = (2E8)*2 */
}6:
2 8 .2
>> :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
printf("%d\n", 256>>8);/* = printf("%d\n", (256/8)/2); */
}6:
256 8 .2
# #define:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)"3:#define printer(str) printf(#str "\n
4:
5:
__________________________________________________________________________________
50
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6:main()
7:{
8:
printer(Hello);
9:}
Merge #define ##
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:#define MergingName(str, strplus) str##strplus
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
char MergingName(ch, 1) = 'H';
8:
char MergingName(ch, 2) = 'e';
9:
char MergingName(ch, 3) = 'l';
10:
char MergingName(ch, 4) = 'l';
11:
char MergingName(ch, 5) = 'o';
12:
13:
printf("%c%c%c%c%c\n", ch1, ch2, ch3, ch4, ch5);
14:
15:}
: 1.6.5
.
: 1.6.6
printf
1 0
&& || !
-1
-2
-3
__________________________________________________________________________________
51
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.7
if, else, elseif
) (

.
1.7.1 :if
if :
{ }
:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int usr_val
6:
7:
;)" printf("Enter a value:
8:
9:
10:
)if(usr_val <100
11:
{
12:
;)printf("%d are lesser than 100\n", usr_val
13:
}
14:
15:
)if(usr_val >100
16:
{
__________________________________________________________________________________
52
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)printf("%d are greater than 100\n", usr_val
}
17:
18:
}19:

100
block if
block .if
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int usr_val
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
)if(usr_val <100
11:
12:
13:
)if(usr_val >100
14:
}15:
.
1.7.2 :else
else if
:else
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int usr_val
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
)if(usr_val<100
11:
12:
else
13:
}14:
else .else
__________________________________________________________________________________
53
__________________________________________________________________________________________
if .else
:
1.7.3 :elseif
else 100
100 elseif
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int usr_val
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
)if(usr_val<100
11:
12:
)else if(usr_val==100
13:
;)printf("%d are equal 100\n", usr_val
14:
else
15:
}16:
__________________________________________________________________________________
54
__________________________________________________________________________________________
100
block 100
100
block
block .else
100
1.7.4 :
-1 else .
-2 else .if
1.7.5:
-1
-2
-3
40

40
40 40.
.else
9
) .(elseif
__________________________________________________________________________________
55
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.8
C :
1.8.1 :Comments
C .
/ slash * /* slash
.
C
.//
1.8.2 :Keywords

int char double if else
:C
float
static
default
goto
struct
case
switch
extern
void
typedef
union
enum
return
continue
break
sizeof
volatile
for
while
do
else
register
auto
const
char
signed
unsigned
if
int
short
long
double
asm 33 .
1.8.3 :Identifiers

_ underscore
31 .
:
_ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x
y z
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
__________________________________________________________________________________
56
__________________________________________________________________________________________
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Z
1.8.3.1 :Trigraphs

:
Trigraphs
=??
<??
>??
(??
)??
??/
??
!??
??-
#
{
}
[
]
\
^
|
~
:
>1:??=include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
<??4:
5:
>??6:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)"printf("??=\n
6:
;)"printf("??<\n
7:
;)"printf("??>\n
8:
;)"printf("??(\n
9:
;)"printf("??)\n
10:
;)"printf("??//\n
11:
;)"printf("??'\n
12:
;)"printf("??!\n
13:
;)"printf("??-\n
}14:
1.8.4 :Constants

:
__________________________________________________________________________________
57
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.8.4.1 :
#define const
#define :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
"3:#define Const_Str "Hello, World!\n
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
;)printf(Const_Str
8:
9:
/*can't write Const_Str = "Hello, World2!\n"*/
}10:
#define .
const :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;'const char ch = 'a
6:
7:
;)printf("%c\n", ch
8:
9:
/*you can't use this:*/
10:
/*ch = 'b';*/
11:
/*printf("%c\n", ch);*/
12:
/*because it's a constant*/
}13:
const .
C :
'

Alert
\a
"
"\

Backspace
\b
?\
\\
Form feed
Newline
\f
\n
__________________________________________________________________________________
58
__________________________________________________________________________________________
\r
Carriage return
\t
\v
1.8.4.2 :

short, long, int, unsigned, signed, float, double
#define const :#define
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:#define Const_Num 5
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
;)printf("%d\n", Const_Num
8:
9:
/*can't write Const_Num = 6;*/
}10:
#define
.
:const
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int Const_Num = 5
6:
;)printf("%d\n", Const_Num
7:
8:
/*can't write Const_Num = 6;*/
}9:
1.8.5 :Tokens
: .
1.8.6 :String literals
" "...
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
59
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.8.7 :
.
1.8.8:
__________________________________________________________________________________
60
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.9
printf
%d:
%d
scanf :
1.9.1 :
C
:
1.9.1.1 :

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int num1, num2
6:
7:
;)" printf("The year now:
8:
;)scanf("%d", &num1
9:
10:
;)" printf("Your year:
11:
;)scanf("%d", &num2
12:
13:
;)printf("You have %d years!\n", num1-num2
}14:
__________________________________________________________________________________
61
__________________________________________________________________________________________

.

.
.
1.9.1.2 :

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int num1, num2
6:
;char Char
7:
8:
;)" printf("1:(+)\n2:(-)\n3:(/)\n4:(*)\nEnter a choice:
9:
;)scanf("%c", &Char
10:
11:
;)" printf("Enter the first number:
12:
;)scanf ("%d", &num1
13:
14:
;)" printf("Enter the second number:
15:
;)scanf("%d", &num2
16:
17:
)'if(Char == '+' || Char == '1
18:
;)printf("%d + %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1+num2
19:
20:
)'else if(Char == '-' || Char == '2
21:
;)printf("%d - %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1-num2
22:
23:
)'else if(Char == '/' || Char == '3
24:
;)printf("%d / %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1/num2
25:
26:
)'else if(Char == '*' || Char == '4
27:
;)printf("%d * %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1*num2
28:
29:
else
30:
;)"printf("Error in choice!\nExiting...\n
}31:
__________________________________________________________________________________
62
__________________________________________________________________________________________

.
.

+ 1

.
Char
1.9.1.3 :
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int num, x
6:
7:
;)" printf("Enter a number:
8:
;)scanf ("%d", &num
9:
10:
)if(num<0
11:
;x = -num
12:
else
13:
;x = num
14:
15:
;)printf("|%d|=%d\n", num, x
}16:

.

.

x num
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
63
__________________________________________________________________________________________
.
1.9.1.4 :
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int num1, num2, max
6:
7:
;)" printf("Enter a number:
8:
;)scanf("%d", &num1
9:
10:
;)" printf("Enter another number:
11:
;)scanf("%d", &num2
12:
13:
)if(num1>num2
14:
;max = num1
15:
else
16:
;max = num2
17:
18:
;)printf("max = %d\n", max
}19:

.
.

max num1
max num2
.
.
1.9.2 putchar :getchar
putchar
get character .stdio.h
character
put getchar
putchar ! Hello, World:

__________________________________________________________________________________
64
__________________________________________________________________________________________
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)'putchar('H
6:
;)'putchar('e
7:
;)'putchar('l
8:
;)'putchar('l
9:
;)'putchar('o
10:
;)'putchar(',
11:
;)' '(putchar
12:
;)'putchar('w
13:
;)'putchar('o
14:
;)'putchar('r
15:
;)'putchar('l
16:
;)'putchar('d
17:
;)'putchar('\n
}18:
.printf
getchar :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;char ch
6:
7:
;)'putchar(':
8:
9:
;)(ch = getchar
10:
11:
;)putchar(ch
}12:
)( ch = getchar getchar
getchar .
1.9.3 puts :gets
puts gets stdio.h
.string
string
put
get
puts printf
printf:
-1
\n puts .
__________________________________________________________________________________
65
__________________________________________________________________________________________
-2
puts
.%d
:puts
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)"!puts("Hello, World
6:
;)"!puts("Goodbay, World
}7:
gets
.
1.9.4 wprintf :wscanf
printf scanf wide printf format
format :
wide scan
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int num, x
6:
7:
;)" wprintf(L"Enter a number:
8:
;)wscanf(L"%d", &num
9:
10:
)if(num<0
11:
;x = -num
12:
else
13:
;x = num
14:
15:
;)wprintf(L"|%d|=%d\n", num, x
}16:
L .long
1.9.5 putch getch :getche
putche getche C linux
stdio.h Windows ) conio.h Console Input
__________________________________________________________________________________
66
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(Output getch C
Windows .
C
stdio.h .getch
ANSI
putch putchar getch getchar :

-1
-2
getchar getch .
getchar
getch .
putch :getch
/* Just in Windows and DOS OS compilers */
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;char ch
7:
8:
;)(ch = getch
9:
;)putch(c
10:
;)'putch('\n
}11:
conio.h getch
getchar
\n .
getch
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;char ch
7:
8:
;)(ch = getch
9:
;)putch(ch
10:
;)'putch('\n
__________________________________________________________________________________
67
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)"printf("Press any key to exit\n
getch(); /*pause*/
11:
12:
13:
}13:

.
getche getch :
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;char c
7:
8:
;)(c = getche
9:
;)'putch('\n
10:
;)putch(c
11:
;)'putch('\n
}12:
1.9.6 :wchar_t
char wchar_t
character type 2 :
wide-
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;'wchar_t wch = 'a
6:
7:
;)printf("%c\n", wch
}8:
1.9.7 main :wmain

main
) wmain (C main
.Unicode
wmain main :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:wmain
{4:
__________________________________________________________________________________
68
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)"wprintf(L"Hello, World!\n
5:
}6:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
}6:
main
:
return
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;return 0
}6:
int int
MicroSoft
:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:int main
{4:
5:
;return 0
}6:
void int void

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:void main
{4:
5:
}6:
__________________________________________________________________________________
69
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.9.8 :
printf :
%d, %i
%f, %e, %g
%u
%c
%s
][ char
%o
%x
%p
%ld
Long Decimal
%lu
int, short, long
float, double
unsigned, int, short, long
char
*char
long int
long unsigned
scanf :
%d, %i
%f, %e, %g
%u
%c
%s
][ char
%o
%x
%ld
Long Decimal
%lu
int, short, long
float, double
unsigned, int, short, long
char
*char
long int
long unsigned
1.9.9 :
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
70
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1.9.10:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

.
printf puts
conio conio.h

__________________________________________________________________________________
71
__________________________________________________________________________________________
)C (2
2.1 switch
repeated loops
2.2
2.3 arrays
2.4 pointers
2.5 Functions
2.6 Header files
2.7 Files I/O
2.8 structures
2.9
__________________________________________________________________________________
72
__________________________________________________________________________________________
switch
2.1
switch elseif else if

:( if, else, elseif)
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:main()
4:{
5:
int num1, num2;
6:
char Char;
7:
8:
printf("1:(+)\n2:(-)\n3:(/)\n4:(*)\nEnter a choice: ");
9:
scanf("%c", &Char);
10:
11:
printf("Enter the first number: ");
12:
scanf ("%d", &num1);
13:
14:
printf("Enter the second number: ");
15:
scanf("%d", &num2);
16:
17:
if(Char == '+' || Char == '1')
18:
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1+num2);
19:
20:
else if(Char == '-' || Char == '2')
21:
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1-num2);
22:
23:
else if(Char == '/' || Char == '3')
24:
printf("%d / %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1/num2);
25:
26:
else if(Char == '*' || Char == '4')
27:
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1*num2);
28:
29:
else
30:
printf("Error in choice!\nExiting...\n");
31:}
: switch
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:main()
4:{
5:
int num1, num2;
6:
char Char;
7:
8:
printf("1:(+)\n2:(-)\n3:(/)\n4:(*)\nEnter a choice: ");
9:
scanf("%c", &Char);
10:
11:
printf("Enter the first number: ");
12:
scanf ("%d", &num1);
13:
14:
printf("Enter the second number: ");
__________________________________________________________________________________
73
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)scanf("%d", &num2
)switch(Char
{
case '+':
case '1':
;break
case '-':
case '2':
;break
case '/':
case '3':
;break
case '*':
case '4':
;break
default:
}
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
39:
40:
41:
}42:

.
switch
Char switch .
:

switch
Char Char
+ 1 Char
switch

__________________________________________________________________________________
74
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Char ...
default .

.
case '+':
case '1':
;break
switch
else, elseif
19:
20:
21:
22:
if,:
)'if(Char == '+' || Char == '1

17:
18:
:
case '+':
case '1':
19:
20:
:
'Char == '+' || Char == '1
:default
default:
38:
39:
else :
else
29:
30:
switch float .double

2.1.1 :case
switch

case 1
__________________________________________________________________________________
75
__________________________________________________________________________________________
switch
.
case
switch
.
2.1.2 :break
switch case
.switch
2.1.3 :default
switch
.
2.8.4 :
-1 case
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int num1, num2
6:
;int Char
7:
8:
;)" printf("1:(+)\n2:(-)\n3:(/)\n4:(*)\nEnter a choice:
9:
;)scanf("%d", &Char
10:
11:
;)" printf("Enter the first number:
12:
;)scanf ("%d", &num1
13:
14:
;)" printf("Enter the second number:
15:
;)scanf("%d", &num2
16:
17:
)switch(Char
18:
{
19:
case 1:
20:
21:
;break
22:
23:
case 2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
76
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;break
case 3:
;break
case 4:
;break
default:
}
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
}39:
-2 break .
2.8.5:
-1 :
Start Game .
Option
.
About Game .
.Exit Game
__________________________________________________________________________________
77
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.2
repeated loops

:
2.2.1 :while
if
:

.
while
1 :3
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int i
6:
;i = 1
7:
8:
)while(i!=4
9:
{
10:
;)printf("\a%d ,", i
11:
;i++
12:
}
13:
14:
;)"printf(" Go!\n
}15:
__________________________________________________________________________________
78
__________________________________________________________________________________________
i
1
1 while )( i
4 block while )
i 4 i !=4 (

.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;char ch
7:
8:
;)" printf("Press any key(q=exit):
9:
;)(ch = getche
10:
11:
)'while(ch != 'q
12:
{
13:
;)" printf("\nPress any key(q=exit):
14:
;)(ch = getche
15:
}
16:
17:
;)"printf("\nExiting...\n
}18:
getche

while ch q
.q
while block
if block break
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
__________________________________________________________________________________
79
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;char ch
;)(ch = getche
)while(1
{
)'if(ch == 'q
;break
;)(ch = getche
}
;)"printf("\nExiting!\n
{5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
}21:
)1 true (C while
break .switch

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;char ch
7:
8:
)while(1
9:
{
10:
11:
;)(ch = getche
12:
13:
)'if(ch == 'q
14:
;break
15:
}
16:
17:
;)"printf("\nExiting!\n
}18:
block while
while
.
2.2.2 :dowhile
__________________________________________________________________________________
80
__________________________________________________________________________________________
while dowhile while

while
dowhile block
.
do block
block } while :
:dowhile
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;int i
7:
;i = 1
8:
9:
do
10:
{
11:
12:
;i++
13:
;)}while(i != 4
14:
15:
;)"printf(" Go!\n
}16:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
__________________________________________________________________________________
81
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;char ch
do
{
;)(ch = getche
;)'}while(ch != 'q
{5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
}15:

.
2.2.3 :for

.
for :
-1
-2
-3
.
.
) (.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
__________________________________________________________________________________
82
__________________________________________________________________________________________
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;int i
7:
8:
)for(i=1;i<=3;i++
9:
{
10:
11:
}
12:
13:
;)"printf(" Go!\n
}14:
for

i ) 3 i 3 (
.

ch ) q ch (q
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<conio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;char ch
7:
8:
9:
;)(ch = getche
10:
11:
);'for(;ch!='q
12:
{
13:
14:
;)(ch = getche
15:
}
16:
17:
}18:

.
2.2.4 :goto
__________________________________________________________________________________
83
__________________________________________________________________________________________
goto
.
goto
:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;goto fin
6:
;)"printf("Begin!\n
7:
8:fin:
9:
;)"printf("Fin!\n
}10:
goto the_name_of_place
fin fin
.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:begin:
6:
;goto fin
7:
;)"printf("Begin!\n
8:
9:fin:
10:
;)"printf("Fin!\n
11:
;goto begin
}12:
__________________________________________________________________________________
84
__________________________________________________________________________________________

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int i
6:
;i = 0
7:
8:
;)"printf("Begin!\n
9:
10:begin:
11:
;)printf("%d ,", i
12:
;i++
13:
)if(i==10
14:
;goto fin
15:
else
16:
;goto begin
17:
18:fin:
19:
;)"printf("\nFin!\n
}20:
.goto
2.2.5 :
:
-1
-2
-3

.

.

.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int i
6:
;i = 1
7:
8:
)while(i!=4
__________________________________________________________________________________
85
__________________________________________________________________________________________
{
;i++
}
;)"printf(" Go!\n
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
}15:
while :dowhile
:for
__________________________________________________________________________________
86
__________________________________________________________________________________________
goto
.

while, do...while, for :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int i
6:
7:
)for(i=1;i<=3;i++
8:
{
9:
10:
}
11:
12:
;)"printf(" Go!\n
}14:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int i
6:
;i=1
7:
8:
);;(for
9:
{
10:
)if(i>3
11:
;break
12:
13:
;i++
14:
}
15:
16:
;)"printf(" Go!\n
}17:
__________________________________________________________________________________
87
__________________________________________________________________________________________
for while dowhile

.
2.2.7 :continue
continue
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int i
6:
;i = 1
7:
8:
)while(1
9:
{
10:
)if(i<=3
11:
{
12:
13:
;++i
14:
}
15:
16:
;)"printf(" Go!\n
17:
;break
18:
}
19:
}20:
1 3
1 continue
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
__________________________________________________________________________________
88
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;int i
;i = 1
)while(1
{
)if(i<=3
{
;++i
;continue
}
;)"printf(" Go!\n
;break
}
{4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
}21:
dowhile .for
2.2.8 :ASCII
ASCII :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int i
6:
7:
)for(i=0;i<=255;i++
8:
;)printf("%d: %c\n", i, i
9:
}10:
0 7 8 9 13
0 \0 13
.
2.2.9 :
-1 .
-2 dowhile
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
89
__________________________________________________________________________________________
-3 for
);;(.for
-4 ) while(1 .
-5 continue .
2.2.10:
-1
-2
100 0 .
0 100 .
__________________________________________________________________________________
90
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.3
arrays

.

20
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int arr1, arr2, arr3, arr4, arr5, ...,arr25
6:
7:
;)" printf("Arr1:
8:
;)scanf("%d", arr1
9:
10:
;)" printf("Arr2:
11:
;)scanf("%d", arr2
12:
13:
;)" printf("Arr3:
14:
;)scanf("%d", arr3
15:
16:
;)" printf("Arr4:
17:
;)scanf("%d", arr4
18:
19:
;)" printf("Arr5:
20:
;)scanf("%d", arr5
21:
22:
...
23:
24:
;)" printf("Arr25:
25:
;)scanf("%d", arr25
26:
}27:
...
200
.

:
__________________________________________________________________________________
91
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[24
6:
;int i
7:
8:
)for(i=0;i<25;i++
9:
{
10:
;)printf("Arr%d: ", i
11:
;)]scanf("%d", &arr[i
12:
}
13:
14:
;)"printf("***********- LIST -***********\n
15:
16:
)for(i=0;i<25;i++
17:
{
18:
;)]printf("Arr%d: %d\n", i, arr[i
19:
}
20:
}21:

.
2.3.1 :
4 ]arr[4
int
int
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;}int arr[4] = {10, 12, 13, 15
6:
7:
;)]printf("[%d][%d][%d][%d]\n", arr[0], arr[1], arr[2], arr[3
}8:
__________________________________________________________________________________
92
__________________________________________________________________________________________

0
0 0 .
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[4
6:
;}arr[4] = {10, 12, 13, 15
7:
8:
}9:

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[4
6:
;arr[0] = 10
7:
;arr[1] = 12
8:
;arr[2] = 13
9:
;arr[3] = 15
10:
11:
}12:
.
2.3.2 :

.

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
__________________________________________________________________________________
93
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;]int arr2d[2][2
;int i,j
;arr2d[0][0] = 10
;arr2d[0][1] = 20
;arr2d[1][0] = 30
;arr2d[1][1] = 40
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
{
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
{
;)]printf("arr2d[%d][%d] = %d\n", i, j, arr2d[i][j
}
}
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
}22:

] [0 ].[1

2 2

.

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;}}int arr2d[2][2] = {{10, 20}, {30, 40
6:
;int i,j
7:
8:
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
9:
{
10:
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
11:
{
12:
;)]printf("arr2d[%d][%d] = %d\n", i, j, arr2d[i][j
13:
}
14:
}
15:
}16:
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
94
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.3.2 :

:
:
k,
j,
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;}}}int arr3d[2][2][2] = {{{10, 20},{30, 40}}, {{50, 60},{70, 80
6:
;int i, j, k
7:
8:
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
9:
{
10:
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
11:
{
12:
)for(k=0;k<=1;k++
13:
{
14:
]printf("arr3d[%d][%d][%d
=
%d\n",
i,
;)]arr3d[i][j][k
15:
}
16:
}
17:
}
18:
}19:
k,
j,
i,
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr3d[2][2][2
6:
;int i, j, k
7:
8:
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
9:
{
10:
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
11:
{
12:
)for(k=0;k<=1;k++
13:
{
14:
;)printf("arr3d[%d][%d][%d] : ", i, j, k
15:
;)]scanf("%d", &arr3d[i][j][k
16:
}
17:
}
18:
}
19:
20:
)for(i=0;i<=1;i++
21:
{
22:
)for(j=0;j<=1;j++
23:
{
24:
)for(k=0;k<=1;k++
25:
{
26:
]printf("arr3d[%d][%d][%d
=
%d\n",
;)]arr3d[i][j][k
__________________________________________________________________________________
95
__________________________________________________________________________________________
}
}
}
27:
28:
29:
30:
}31:
2.3.3 :

.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;}int arr[] = {10, 20, 30
6:
7:
;)]printf("%d\n", arr[0
8:
9:
}10:
:
;}int arr[] = {10, 20, 30
5:

:
;}}}int arr3d[][][] = {{{10, 20},{30, 40}}, {{50, 60},{70, 80

:
;}}}int arr3d[][2][2] = {{{10, 20},{30, 40}}, {{50, 60},{70, 80
2.3.4 )(:
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
96
__________________________________________________________________________________________

:
char
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;"!char text[14] = "Hello, World
6:
7:
;)printf("%s\n", text
}8:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]char text[14
6:
7:
;'text[0] = 'H
8:
;'text[1] = 'e
9:
;'text[2] = 'l
10:
;'text[3] = 'l
11:
;'text[4] = 'o
12:
;'text[5] = ',
13:
;' ' = ]text[6
14:
;'text[7] = 'w
15:
;'text[8] = 'o
16:
;'text[9] = 'r
17:
;'text[10] = 'l
18:
;'text[11] = 'd
19:
;'!' = ]text[12
20:
;'text[13] = '\0
21:
22:
;)printf("%s\n", text
}23:
\0

:
;"!char text[14] = "Hello, World
5:
) 13 ( 14
\0 .
__________________________________________________________________________________
97
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]char usr_name[255
6:
;int i
7:
;i = 0
8:
9:
;)" printf("Your name:
10:
;)scanf("%s", &usr_name
11:
12:
)'while(usr_name[i] != '\0
13:
{
14:
;++i
15:
}
16:
17:
;)printf("%s = %d characters\n", usr_name, i
}18:
:
usr_name 255

%s s string

:
__________________________________________________________________________________
98
__________________________________________________________________________________________
.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]char usr_name[255
6:
;int i
7:
;i = 0
8:
9:
;)" printf("Your Fullname:
10:
;)scanf("%s", &usr_name
11:
12:
)'while(usr_name[i]!='\0
13:
{
14:
;)]printf("%i: %c\n", i+1, usr_name[i
15:
;++i
16:
}
17:
18:
;)printf("%s = %d characters\n", usr_name, i
}19:
2.3.4.1 :gets
gets .

) gets(string_name :
)&string_name
scanf("%s",
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
99
__________________________________________________________________________________________
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]char usr_name[255
6:
7:
;)"puts("Your name:
8:
;)gets(usr_name
9:
10:
;)"puts("nice to meet you
11:
;)puts(usr_name
}12:
scanf gets gets

scanf
.
2.3.4.2 strcpy :strncpy
strcpy string.h
string copy
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<string.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;"!char String[] = "String
7:
;]char Empty_String[20
8:
9:
;)strcpy(Empty_String, String
10:
11:
;)printf("Empty_String = %s\n", Empty_String
}12:

.
strncpy string.h strcpy
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;"!char String[] = "String
7:
;]char Empty_String[20
8:
9:
;)strncpy(Empty_String, String, 3
__________________________________________________________________________________
100
__________________________________________________________________________________________
10:
11:
12:}
printf("Empty_String = %s\n", Empty_String);
. strncpy
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<string.h>
3:
4:main()
5:{
6:
char Empty_String[20];
7:
8:
strcpy(Empty_String, "String!");
9:
10:
printf("Empty_String = %s\n", Empty_String);
11:}
:strncat strcat 2.3.4.3
string
concatenate
string.h strcat
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
4:main()
5:{
6:
char String[20] = "String!";
7:
8:
strcat(String, ", String2");
9:
10:
printf("String = %s\n", String);
11:}
strcat
.
: strcat strncat
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
4:main()
5:{
6:
char String[20] = "String!";
7:
8:
strncat(String, ", String2", 3);
9:
10:
printf("String = %s\n", String);
__________________________________________________________________________________
101
__________________________________________________________________________________________
}11:
.
2.3.5 :

= 10
) *(arr+0
= 10
] arr[0 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[1
6:
;arr[0] = 10
7:
8:
}9:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[1
6:
;*(arr+0) = 10
7:
8:
;))printf("%d\n", *(arr+0
}9:
]arr[0
).*(arr+0
arr[0+0]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[0]); */
arr[0-0]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[0]); */
arr[1*1]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[1]); */
arr[1/1]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[1]); */
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[2
6:
7:
;arr[0+0] = 10
8:
printf("%d\n",
9:
10:
;arr[0-0] = 20
11:
printf("%d\n",
12:
13:
;arr[1*1] = 30
14:
printf("%d\n",
15:
16:
;arr[1/1] = 40
17:
printf("%d\n",
}18:
__________________________________________________________________________________
102
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.3.6 :
-1 2 arr :
; ]int arr[2
; arr[0] = 10
; arr[8] = 20
; ]int arr[2
; arr[0] = 10
; arr[1] = 20
-2
\0 .
-3 gets .
2.3.7:
-1
-2
-3
)
puts .(gets
)
(.
! Hello, World
) 13 ( 12
.1-
__________________________________________________________________________________
103
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.4
pointers
C .

.C
:

.
2.4.1 :Pointer Type

.signed, char,
int, float, double, long, short, unsigned,
2.4.2 :Pointer Name

:
31.
.
....
% # { )... _(.
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
104
__________________________________________________________________________________________

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int *ptr, i
6:
;i = 10
7:
;ptr = &i
8:
9:
;)printf("*ptr = %d\n", *ptr
}10:
ptr i i
10 ptr i
&Variable_Name *ptr
ptr
.ptr
ptr i
i ptr :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int *ptr, i
6:
;i = 10
7:
;ptr = &i
8:
;*ptr = 100
9:
10:
}11:
ptr i
i .100
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
105
__________________________________________________________________________________________
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int *ptr, i
6:
;i = 10
7:
;ptr = &i
8:
9:
;)printf("i = %d\n", i
10:
11:
;)printf("&i = %p\n", &i
12:
;)printf("ptr = %p\n", ptr
}13:
i
ptr
) (
i ptr %p
pointer
.
:
2.4.3 :

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[2
6:
;int *ptr
__________________________________________________________________________________
106
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;arr[0] = 10
;arr[1] = 20
;]ptr = &arr[0
;)]printf("%d\n", ptr[0
;)]printf("%d\n", ptr[1
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
}15:
2
ptr
.ptr
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[2
6:
;int *ptr
7:
8:
;*(arr+0) = 10
9:
;*(arr+1) = 20
10:
11:
;)ptr = &*(arr+0
12:
13:
;))printf("%d\n", *(ptr+0
14:
;))printf("%d\n", *(ptr+1
}15:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[2
6:
;int *ptr
7:
8:
;arr[0] = 10
9:
;arr[1] = 20
10:
11:
;]ptr = &arr[0
12:
13:
;)printf("%d\n", *ptr
14:
;)printf("%d\n", *++ptr
}15:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
107
__________________________________________________________________________________________
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int arr[2
6:
;int *ptr
7:
8:
;arr[0] = 10
9:
;arr[1] = 20
10:
11:
;]ptr = &arr[0
12:
13:
;)printf("%d\n", arr
14:
;)printf("%d\n", ++arr
}15:
2.4.4 :
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;"!char *str = "Hello, World
6:
7:
;)printf("%s\n", str
}8:

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;char *str
6:
7:
;)" printf("Enter a string:
8:
;)scanf("%s", str
9:
}10:

str
str str
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;char *str
6:
;char adr_str
7:
__________________________________________________________________________________
108
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;str = &adr_str
;)scanf("%s", str
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
}14:
str &
.
& scanf :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]char arr[255
6:
7:
8:
;)scanf("%s", arr
9:
10:
;)printf("%s\n", arr
}11:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;}int arr[3] = {10, 20, 30
6:
;int *ptr
7:
;int i
8:
9:
;ptr = arr
10:
11:
)for(i=0;i<=2;i++
12:
;)]printf("ptr[%d] = %d\n", i, ptr[i
}13:
= ptr
.arr
2.4.5 :reference
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
{)(3:main
4:
;int ref
5:
;int *ptr
6:
;ref = 10
__________________________________________________________________________________
109
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;ptr = &ref
7:
}8:
ptr &ref .
& .reference
2.4.6 :void
void
void
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;void *p_void
6:
/* can't use void p_void; */
7:
8:
;(int)p_void = 10
9:
;)printf("(int)p_void = %d\n", p_void
10:
11:
;'(char)p_void = 'H
12:
;)printf("(char)p_void = %c\n", p_void
13:
14:
;"(char *)p_void = "Hello
15:
;)printf("(char *)p_void = %s\n", p_void
}16:
void (Type)Pointer_Name Type

.
2.4.7 :
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]int *arr[2
6:
;int a = 10, b = 20
7:
8:
;)printf("A = %d, ", a
9:
;)printf("B = %d\n", b
10:
11:
;arr[0] = &a
12:
;*arr[0] = 5
13:
__________________________________________________________________________________
110
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;arr[1] = &b
;*arr[1] = 10
;)printf("A = %d, ", a
;)printf("B = %d\n", b
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
}19:
.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
{)(3:main
4:
;}"char *arr[] = {"Text 1", "Text 2", "Text 3
5:
6:
;)]printf("arr[0] = %s\n", arr[0
7:
8:
}9:
2.4.8 :
.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int p
6:
;int *pt
7:
;int **ptr
8:
9:
;p = 10
10:
;)printf("p = %d\n", p
11:
12:
;pt = &p
13:
;ptr = &pt
14:
;**ptr = 5
15:
16:
;)printf("p = %d\n", p
}17:
.

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
{)(3:main
4:
;char *AdrPtr
__________________________________________________________________________________
111
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:}
char **ptr = &AdrPtr;

ptr[0] = "Text 1";
ptr[1] = "Text 2";
ptr[2] = "Text 3";
printf("ptr[0] = %s\n", ptr[0]);
. int
*****ptr

: 2.4.9
: -1
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:main()
4:{
5:
int *ptr;
6:
*ptr = 10;
7:
8:
printf("%d\n", *ptr);
9:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:main()
4:{
5:
int *ptr;
6:
int i;
7:
*ptr = i;
8:
9:}
: -2
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:main()
4:{
5:
int *ptr;
6:
int i;
7:
i = ptr;
8:
9:}
: 2.4.10
__________________________________________________________________________________
112
__________________________________________________________________________________________
-1
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:main()
4:{
5:
char usr_name[255];
6:
int i;
7:
i = 0;
8:
9:
printf("Your Fullname: ");
10:
scanf("%s", &usr_name);
11:
12:
while(usr_name[i]!='\0')
13:
{
14:
printf("%i: %c\n", i+1, usr_name[i]);
15:
++i;
16:
}
17:
18:
printf("%s = %d characters\n", usr_name, i);
19:}
__________________________________________________________________________________
113
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.5
Functions

. .
:
.
! Hello, World :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:void Func_HelloWorld
{4:
5:
}6:
7:
)(8:main
{9:
10:
;)(Func_HelloWorld
}11:
) (prototype
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;)(3:void Func_HelloWorld
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
;)(Func_HelloWorld
}8:
9:
__________________________________________________________________________________
114
__________________________________________________________________________________________
{11:
12:
}13:
.

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)(Func_HelloWorld
}6:
7:
{9:
10:
}11:
prototype
Func_HelloWorld C
.
void 0 .

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;)3:void Func_Print(const char *str
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
;)"Func_Print("Func_Print:\n
8:
;)"Func_Print("Hello, World!\n
}9:
10:
)11:void Func_Print(const char *str
{12:
13:
;)printf("%s", str
}14:
__________________________________________________________________________________
115
__________________________________________________________________________________________

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:void Func_Add(const int num1, const int num2);
4:void Func_Sub(const int num1, const int num2);
5:void Func_Mul(const int num1, const int num2);
6:void Func_Div(const int num1, const int num2);
7:
8:main()
9:{
10:
Func_Add(30, 10);
11:
Func_Sub(30, 10);
12:
Func_Mul(30, 10);
13:
Func_Div(30, 10);
14:}
15:
16:void Func_Add(const int num1, const int num2)
17:{
18:
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1+num2);
19:}
20:
21:void Func_Sub(const int num1, const int num2)
22:{
23:
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1-num2);
24:}
25:
26:
27:void Func_Mul(const int num1, const int num2)
28:{
29:
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1*num2);
30:}
31:
32:
33:void Func_Div(const int num1, const int num2)
34:{
35:
printf("%d / %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1/num2);
36:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:void Func_(const int num1, const char sign, const int num2);
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
Func_(30, '+', 10);
8:
Func_(30, '-', 10);
9:
Func_(30, '*', 10);
10:
Func_(30, '/', 10);
11:}
12:
13:void Func_(const int num1, const char sign, const int num2)
14:{
15:
switch(sign)
16:
{
17:
case '+':
__________________________________________________________________________________
116
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)%c %d = %d\n", num1, sign, num2, num1+num2
;)%c %d = %d\n", num1, sign, num2, num1-num2
;)%c %d = %d\n", num1, sign, num2, num1*num2
;)%c %d = %d\n", num1, sign, num2, num1/num2
printf("%d
;break
case '-':
printf("%d
;break
case '*':
printf("%d
;break
case '/':
printf("%d
;break
default:
;)"printf("ERROR!\n
}
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
}33:
2.5.1 :Function Type

int
.float

return :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;)3:int Int_Func(const int num
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
;))printf("%d\n", Int_Func(5
}8:
9:
)10:int Int_Func(const int num
{11:
12:
;return num
}13:
int num Int_Func printf

void .
C
int :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;)3:Int_Func(const int num
4:
__________________________________________________________________________________
117
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5:main()
6:{
7:
printf("%d\n", Int_Func(5));
8:}
9:
10:Int_Func(const int num)
11:{
12:
return num;
13:}

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:Int_Func(const int num);
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
8:}
9:
10:Int_Func(num)
11:const int num;
12:{
13:
return num;
14:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:int Int_Func(const int num);
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
8:}
9:
10:int Int_Func(const int num)
11:{
12:
return num;
13:}
:short
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:short Short_Func(const short num);
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
printf("%d\n", Short _Func(5));
8:}
9:
10:short Short _Func(const short num)
11:{
__________________________________________________________________________________
118
__________________________________________________________________________________________
12:
13:}
return num;
char unsigned signed double float long

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:char Char_Func(const char ch);
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
printf("%c\n", Char_Func('C'));
8:}
9:
10:char Char_Func(const char ch)
11:{
12:
return ch;
13:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:int Int_Func(const int num);
4:
6:main()
7:{
8:
int i = Int_Func(5);
9:
10:
printf("i = %d\n", i);
11:}
12:
13:int Int_Func(const int num)
14:{
15:
return num*2;
16:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:char *string(char *str){
4:
return str;
5:}
6:
7:main()
8:{
9:
printf("%s\n", string("Hello, World!"));
10:}
:Function Name 2.5.2

:
__________________________________________________________________________________
119
__________________________________________________________________________________________
31.
.
....
% # { )... _(.
.
.
2.5.3 :Function Parameters

unsigned , signed,
][.short, long, int, float, double, char, char*, char

.
2.5.4:
.main
2.5.5 :#define
macros :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)3:#define Add(a, b) (a+b
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
;int a, b
8:
;a = 50
9:
;b = 100
10:
11:
;))printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, Add(a, b
}12:

.#define
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
__________________________________________________________________________________
120
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2:
)3:#define PrintF_(String) printf("%s", String
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
;)"PrintF_("Macro...\n
}8:
2.5.6 :
C Procedure
void
int float
.
2.5.7 :
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;))3:void CallFunc(void Func_Name(void
;)(4:void Function
5:
{)(6:main
;)CallFunc(Function
}
{))void CallFunc(void Func_Name(void
;)"printf("Call Function:\n
;)(Func_Name
}
{)(void Function
;)"printf("This is a function!\n
}

. :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;))3:void CallFunc(void Func_Name(int a, int b
;)4:void Function(int a, int b
5:
{)(6:main
7:
;)CallFunc(Function
}8:
9:
{))10:void CallFunc(void Func_Name(int a, int b
11:
;)"printf("Call Function:\n
12:
;)Func_Name(10, 20
__________________________________________________________________________________
121
__________________________________________________________________________________________
}13:
14:
{)15:void Function(int a, int b
16:
;)printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, a+b
}17:
2.5.8 :
-1 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;)(3:void Function
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
;)(Function
}8:
9:
;)(10:void Function
{11:
12:
/*Empty Funtion;*/
}13:

.
-2 .
2.5.9:
-1
-2
StrLen
.char *str
abs
.int value
const
__________________________________________________________________________________
122
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.6
Header files
stdio.h conio.h
.

.h functions.h :
1:/*Functions Header file*/
2:
)3:int Add(int num1, int num2
{4:
5:
;return num1+num2
}6:
7:
)8:int Sub(int num1, int num2
{9:
10:
;return num1-num2
}11:
12:
)13:int Mul(int num1, int num2
{14:
15:
;return num1*num2
}16:
17:
)18:int Div(int num1, int num2
{19:
20:
;return num1/num2
}21:
functions.h
:
;))num2
;))num2
;))num2
;))num2
Add(num1,
Sub(num1,
Mul(num1,
Div(num1,
num2,
num2,
num2,
num2,
>1:#include<stdio.h
"2:#include"functions.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;int num1 = 30, num2 = 10
7:
8:
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", num1,
9:
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", num1,
10:
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", num1,
11:
printf("%d / %d = %d\n", num1,
}12:
__________________________________________________________________________________
123
__________________________________________________________________________________________
functions.h
functions.h
main.c :
;))num2
;))num2
;))num2
;))num2
Add(num1,
Sub(num1,
Mul(num1,
Div(num1,
num2,
num2,
num2,
num2,
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<functions.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;int num1 = 30, num2 = 10
7:
8:
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", num1,
9:
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", num1,
10:
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", num1,
11:
printf("%d / %d = %d\n", num1,
}12:
functions.h .stdio.h
.c

.c:
:
1:/*main.c*/
"2:#include"func.h
3:
{)(4:main
5:
;)(prints
}6:
:func.h
1:/*func.h*/
2:/*Function prototype*/
;)(3:void prints
:func.c
1:/*func.c*/
>2:#include<stdio.h
"3:#include"func.h
4:
5:/*Function*/
{)(6:void prints
7:
}8:
__________________________________________________________________________________
124
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.6.1 :

:
/?:&\*"<>|#%
256.
2.6.2 :

math.h
design.h
graphics.h .
2.6.3 :
-1 .
2.6.4:
-1
math.h abs
abs .
__________________________________________________________________________________
125
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.7
Files I/O
)
(.
2.7.1 :
)(
.

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;FILE *File
6:
;]char FileName[255
7:
;]char String[255
8:
9:
;)" printf("Enter the name of file(with type)\n[MAX Character 255]:
10:
;)gets(FileName
11:
12:
;)"printf("Creating File...\n
13:
;)"File = fopen(FileName, "w
14:
;)"printf("File Created.\n
15:
16:
;)"printf("TEXT:\n
17:
;)gets(String
18:
19:
;)printf("Save Text to the file %s...\n", FileName
20:
;)fprintf(File, "%s", String
}21:
FILE
.FILE
.
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
126
__________________________________________________________________________________________

.255
gets scanf :
scanf
test test.txt scanf test
gets .
File fopen file open

w write .

.
gets
fprintf
printf printf fprintf
file print format printf
printf .
)
( .
iofile.h :
1:/*iofile.h header file
2:for files functions*/
3:#include<stdlib.h> /*for exit() fonction*/
4:
5:void CreateFile(const char *FileName, /*for the name of file*/
6:
)const char *String
/*for text of file*/
{7:
8:
;FILE *FileOut
9:
10:
)'if(*FileName == '\0
11:
{
__________________________________________________________________________________
127
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)"printf("Error in the name of file!\n
;)exit(1
}
{)if((FileOut = fopen(FileName, "w"))==NULL
;)"printf("Can't create file!\n
;)exit(1
{}else
;)fprintf(FileOut, "%s", String
}
;)fclose(FileOut
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
}22:
:
stdlib.h
)( exit .
library
standard
CreateFile
.

.
FileOut NULL NULL:
#define NULL 0
NULL
><
.
exit 1
true 0 false
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
128
__________________________________________________________________________________________
fclose
.
close
file
iofile.h :main.c
>1:#include<stdio.h
"2:#include"iofile.h
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;]char FileName[255
7:
;]char String[255
8:
9:
;)"printf("Enter the name of file(with type)\n
10:
;)" printf("[MAX Character 255]:
11:
;)gets(FileName
12:
13:
;)"printf("TEXT:\n
14:
;)gets(String
15:
16:
;)"printf("Creating File and save text...\n
17:
;)CreateFile(FileName, String
}18:
2.7.1.1 :fopen
stdio.h
) (
:
2.7.1.2 :fclose
stdio.h
* FILE
.
2.7.1.3 :exit
__________________________________________________________________________________
129
__________________________________________________________________________________________
stdlib.h 1 0
1 0 .
2.7.2 :

.
w fopen a :
{)if((FileOut = fopen(FileName, "w"))==NULL
16:
:
{)if((FileOut = fopen(FileName, "a"))==NULL
16:
a .appending
2.7.3 :
.
iofile.h :
)1:void DisplayFile(const char *FileName
{2:
3:
;FILE *FileIn
4:
;]char String[1024
5:
6:
)'if(*FileName == '\0
7:
{
8:
;)"printf("Error in name of file!\n
9:
;)exit(1
10:
}
11:
12:
{)if((FileIn = fopen(FileName, "r"))==NULL
13:
;)"printf("Can't Open file!\n
14:
;)exit(1
15:
{}else
16:
;)fgets(String, 1024, FileIn
17:
;)printf("%s", String
18:
}
19:
;)fclose(FileIn
}20:
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
130
__________________________________________________________________________________________
.
.
fopen r w r .read
fgets stdio.h
file get string
*FileIn
.FILE
fgets ) (
.
)( main
:main.c
;)"printf("/////////Reading\\\\\\\\\n
;)DisplayFile(FileName
1:
2:
.
2.7.4 w+
a+
:r+
) w( ) a ( ) r (
:
2.7.4.1 :w+
2.7.4.2 :a+
.
2.7.4.3 :r+
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
131
__________________________________________________________________________________________
t r s b d
.
2.7.5 :

stdio.h :
2.7.5.1 fprintf :fscanf
fprintf fscanf scanf

file
:
file scan
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;FILE *FileOut
6:
;]char Str[100
7:
;int Var
8:
9:
;)"FileOut = fopen("fscanf.txt", "w+
10:
11:
;)fprintf(FileOut, "%s %d", "Hello", 255
12:
13:
;)fseek(FileOut, 0, SEEK_SET
14:
15:
;)fscanf(FileOut, "%s", Str
16:
;)fscanf(FileOut, "%d", &Var
17:
18:
;)printf("%s\n", Str
19:
20:
;)fclose(FileOut
}21:
FILE .FileOut
100 .
.
.
Hello .255
__________________________________________________________________________________
132
__________________________________________________________________________________________
fseek stdio.h
file seek
FILE 0
:
SEEK_SET -1 .
SEEK_CUR -2 .
SEEK_END -3 .
SEEK_SET 0
.
Str
.Hello
255 .Var
.
2.7.5.2 fgets :fputs
fgets fputs puts

file put string puts
:fputs
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;FILE *FileOut
6:
7:
;)"FileOut = fopen("fputs.txt", "w
8:
9:
;)fputs("Hello, World!\n", FileOut
10:
;)fclose(FileOut
}11:
__________________________________________________________________________________
133
__________________________________________________________________________________________
fputs
. FileOut
:fputc fgetc 2.7.5.3
fputc fgetc
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:main()
4:{
5:
FILE *FileOut;
6:
FILE *FileIn;
7:
char ch;
8:
9:
FileOut = fopen("fputc.txt", "w");
10:
FileIn = fopen("fputc.txt", "r");
11:
12:
fputc('A', FileOut);
13:
fclose(FileOut);
14:
15:
ch = fgetc(FileIn);
16:
fclose(FileIn);
17:
18:
printf("%c\n", ch);
19:}
. fclose
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:main()
4:{
5:
FILE *FileInOut;
6:
char ch;
7:
8:
FileInOut = fopen("fputc.txt", "w");
9:
10:
fputc('A', FileInOut);
11:
fclose(FileInOut);
12:
13:
FileInOut = fopen("fputc.txt", "r");
14:
15:
ch = fgetc(FileInOut);
16:
fclose(FileInOut);
17:
18:
printf("%c\n", ch);
19:}
__________________________________________________________________________________
134
__________________________________________________________________________________________

.C
2.7.6 :
.
2.7.7:
-1

results.dat.
__________________________________________________________________________________
135
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.8
structures
)(

C
.
struct
)( :
2.8.1 :Struct Name

:
31.
.
....
% # { )... _(.
.
.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:struct _2D
__________________________________________________________________________________
136
__________________________________________________________________________________________
{4:
5:
;int x
6:
;int y
;}7:
8:
)(9:main
{10:
11:
;struct _2D Struct_2D
12:
;int x, y
13:
14:
;)" printf("Enter X:
15:
;)scanf("%d", &Struct_2D.x
16:
17:
;)" printf("Enter Y:
18:
;)scanf("%d", &Struct_2D.y
19:
20:
)for(x=0;x<=Struct_2D.x;x++
21:
{
22:
;)printf("%c", 219
23:
)for(y=0;y<Struct_2D.y;y++
24:
;)printf("%c", 219
25:
;)"printf("\n
26:
}
27:
}28:
.
._2D
x y ._2D
struct _2D
Struct_2D _2D Struct_2D
struct _2D _2D
Struct_2D .
.
:
;struct _2D Struct_2D_1, Struct_2D_2
11:
Struct_2D_1 .Struct_2D_2
__________________________________________________________________________________
137
__________________________________________________________________________________________

:
1:struct _2D
{2:
3:
;int x
4:
;int y
;5:}Struct_2D
:
1:struct _2D
{2:
3:
;int x
4:
;int y
;5:}Struct_2D_1, Struct2D_2
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:struct _2D
{4:
5:
;int x
6:
;int y
;7:}Struct_2D
8:
)(9:main
{10:
11:
;int x, y
12:
13:
;)" printf("Enter the position X:
14:
;)scanf("%d", &Struct_2D.x
15:
16:
;)" printf("Enter the position Y:
17:
;)scanf("%d", &Struct_2D.y
18:
19:
)for(x=0;x<=Struct_2D.x;x++
20:
{
21:
;)printf("%c", 219
22:
)for(y=0;y<Struct_2D.y;y++
23:
;)printf("%c", 219
24:
;)"printf("\n
25:
}
26:
}27:

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:struct _Value
{4:
__________________________________________________________________________________
138
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5:
int x;
6:
float y;
7:
char *Str;
8:}Value;
9:
10:main()
11:{
12:
Value.x = 10;
13:
Value.y = 10.00;
14:
Value.Str = "Hello, World";
15:
16:
printf("%d\n", Value.x);
17:
printf("%f\n", Value.y);
18:
printf("%s\n", Value.Str);
20:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:struct _Value
4:{
5:
int x;
6:
float y;
7:
char *Str;
8:}Value = {10, 10.00, "Hello, World"};
9:
10:main()
11:{
12:
printf("%d\n", Value.x);
13:
printf("%f\n", Value.y);
14:
printf("%s\n", Value.Str);
15:}
:
1:struct _Value
2:{
3:
int x = 10;
4:
float y = 10.00;
5:
char *Str = "Hello World";
6:};
:_ Value
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:int x = 10;
4:float y = 10.00;
5:char *Str = "Hello
6:
7:main()
8:{
9:
printf("%d\n",
10:
printf("%f\n",
11:
printf("%s\n",
12:}
World";
x);
y);
Str);
__________________________________________________________________________________
139
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.8.2 :union
union
struct union
union struct :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:union _Union
{4:
5:
;int x
6:
;int y
;7:}Union
8:
)(9:main
{10:
11:
;Union.x = 10
12:
;Union.y = 15
13:
14:
;)printf("Union.x = %d\n", Union.x
15:
;)printf("Union.z = %d\n", Union.y
}16:
15 10 15 15
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:union _Union
{4:
5:
;int x
6:
;int y
;7:}Union
8:
)(9:main
{10:
11:
;Union.y = 15
12:
;Union.x = 10
13:
14:
;)printf("Union.x = %d\n", Union.x
15:
;)printf("Union.z = %d\n", Union.y
}16:
struct
union
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:union _Union
{4:
__________________________________________________________________________________
140
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5:
int x1, x2;
6:
int y1, y2;
7:}Union;
8:
9:main()
10:{
11:
Union.x1 = 10;
12:
13:
printf("Value of Union.x1 =
14:
printf("Value of Union.x2 =
15:
printf("Value of Union.y1 =
16:
printf("Value of Union.y2 =
17:
18:
printf("Address of Union.x1
19:
printf("Address of Union.x2
20:
printf("Address of Union.y1
21:
printf("Address of Union.y2
22:}
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
%d\n",
=
=
=
=
Union.x1);
Union.x2);
Union.y1);
Union.y2);
%p\n",
%p\n",
%p\n",
%p\n",
&Union.x1);
&Union.x2);
&Union.y1);
&Union.y2);
union
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:union _Union
4:{
5:
int x;
6:
float y;
7:}Union;
8:
9:main()
10:{
11:
Union.x = 10;
12:
Union.y = 15.00;
13:
14: printf("Union.x = %d\n", Union.x);
15:
printf("Union.z = %f\n", Union.y);
16:}
x y
.
: 2.8.3

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:struct _Arr
4:{
5:
int x;
6:}Arr[2];
7:
__________________________________________________________________________________
141
__________________________________________________________________________________________
8:main()
9:{
10:
Arr[0].x = 10;
11:
Arr[1].x = 20;
12:
13:
printf("Arr[0].x = %d\n", Arr[0].x);
14:
15:}
:
1:struct _Arr
2:{
3:
int x;
4:}Arr[2] = {10, 20};
:
1:
2:
Arr[0].x = 10;
Arr[1].x = 20;

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:struct _Arr
4:{
5:
int x;
6:
float y;
7:
char *Str;
8:}Arr[2] = {
9:
{10, 10.00, "Str1"},
10:
{20, 20.00, "Str2"}
11:};
12:
13:main()
14:{
15:
/*Arr[0] :*/
16:
17:
printf("Arr[0].y = %f\n", Arr[0].y);
18:
printf("Arr[0].Str = %s\n", Arr[0].Str);
19:
20:
/*Arr[1] :*/
21:
22:
printf("Arr[1].y = %f\n", Arr[1].y);
23:
printf("Arr[1].Str = %s\n", Arr[1].Str);
24:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:struct _ptr
4:{
__________________________________________________________________________________
142
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5:
;int x
;6:}Addr_ptr, *ptr
7:
)(8:main
{9:
10:
;ptr = &Addr_ptr
11:
;ptr->x = 10
12:
13:
;)printf("ptr->x = %d\n", ptr->x
14:
15:
/*Or*/
16:
;(*ptr).x = 20
17:
;)printf("(*ptr).x = %d\n", (*ptr).x
}18:

.
ptr .Adrr_ptr
x 10 > -
.
2.8.4 :

x y:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:struct _line
{4:
5:
struct _point
6:
{
7:
;int x
8:
;int y
9:
;}point_1, point_2
;10:}line
11:
)(12:main
{13:
14:
/*point 1:*/
15:
;line.point_1.x = 10
16:
;line.point_1.y = 10
17:
/*point 2:*/
18:
;line.point_2.x = 100
19:
;line.point_2.y = 10
}20:
__________________________________________________________________________________
143
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_point _line _point

x .y
2.8.5 :Bit-fields
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
{3:struct _Bit_Fields
4:
;unsigned _8Bit: 8
/*1 Byte*/
5:
;unsigned _16Bit: 16
/*2 Byte*/
;6:}Bit_Fields
7:
{)][8:main(int argc, char *argv
9:
;Bit_Fields._8Bit = 255
10:
;Bit_Fields._16Bit = 65535
11:
12:
;)printf("_8Bit = %d\n", Bit_Fields._8Bit
13:
;)printf("_16Bit = %d\n", Bit_Fields._16Bit
}14:
8 _8Bit 1 255
16 _16Bit 2 .65535
2.8.6 :
-1 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:struct Struct
{4:
5:
;int x, y
;}6:
7:
)(8:main
{9:
10:
;Struct.x = 10
11:
;Struct.y = 20
}12:
-2 .
2.8.7:
__________________________________________________________________________________
144
__________________________________________________________________________________________
-1
time hh, mm, ss int

time
.HH :MM :SS
__________________________________________________________________________________
145
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.9
scanf &
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int i
6:
7:
;)scanf("%d", &i
}8:
i scanf
.
2.9.1 :void
void:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;)3:Function(void
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
}8:
9:
)10:Function(void
{11:
12:
}13:
:
)1:main(void
{2:
3:
}4:
void

void :
>1:#include<stdio.h
__________________________________________________________________________________
146
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2:
;)(3:Function
4:
)(5:main
{6:
7:
}8:
9:
)(10:Function
{11:
12:
}13:
:
)(1:main
{2:
3:
}4:
.
2.9.2 :static
static :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;int x
6:
7:
)for(x=0; x<10; x++
8:
{
9:
;static int Static = 0
10:
;Static++
11:
12:
;)printf("%d\n", Static
13:
}
}14:
static Static 0
Static
.
static Static 1
.
static :
__________________________________________________________________________________
147
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:int Test_static(int a);
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
int i;
8:
9:
for(i=0;i<=10;i++)
10:
printf("%d * %d = %d\n", i, i, Test_static(i));
11:}
12:
13:int Test_static(int a)
14:{
15:
static int c = 0;
16:
int a_c = a*c;
17:
c++;
18:
19:
return a_c;
20:}
.0 static
0 static
.
:typedef 2.9.3
typedef
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:typedef int Decimal;
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
/* or typedef int Decimal; here*/
8:
Decimal Var_1, Var_2;
9:
Decimal Var_3;
10:
11:
Var_1 = 10;
12:
Var_2 = 20;
13:
Var_3 = Var_1 + Var_2;
14:
15:
printf("%d\n", Var_3);
16:}
.Decimal
typedef int
__________________________________________________________________________________
148
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Decimal Var_1 Var_2 Var_3

.
int Decimal
.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:struct _2D
{4:
5:
;int x, y
;}6:
7:
)(8:main
{9:
10:
;struct _2D A
11:
;struct _2D B
12:
13:
;A.x = 10
14:
;B.y = 20
15:
16:
;)printf("%d\n", A.x
17:
;)printf("%d\n", B.y
}18:
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:typedef struct _2D
{4:
5:
;int x, y
;6:}Struct1, Struct2
7:
)(8:main
{9:
10:
;Struct1 S1_1, S1_2
11:
;Struct2 S2_1, S2_2
12:
13:
;S1_1.x = 10, S1_2.x = 20
14:
;S2_1.y = 30, S2_2.y = 40
}15:
: typdef
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
__________________________________________________________________________________
149
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4:{
5:
6:
7:
8:}
typedef float PI;

PI = 10.00;
printf("%f\n", PI);
: 2.9.4
C
:
: 2.9.4.1
:
:str.h
1:/* string.h */
2:
3:/*strcopy(pointers)*/
4:
5:void strcopy(char *From, char *To){
6:
while((*To++ = *From++)!='\0')
7:
;
8:}
9:
10:/*strcopy(arrays);*/
11:/*void strcopy(char From[], char To[]){
12:
int i;
13:
i = 0;
14:
15:
while((To[i] = From[i])!='\0')
16:
++i;
17:}*/
:
1:/*main.c*/
2:
3:#include<stdio.h>
4:#include"str.h"
5:
6:main()
7:{
8:
char *From = "STRING";
9:
char Empty[6];
10:
11:
strcopy(From, Empty);
12:
13:
printf(Empty);
14:}
__________________________________________________________________________________
150
__________________________________________________________________________________________
From Empty
Empty .
2.9.4.2 :

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)3:void Change(int *a, int *b
{4:
5:
;int c
6:
;c = *a
7:
;*a = *b
8:
;*b = c
}9:
10:
)(11:main
{12:
13:
;int a, b
14:
;a = 5
15:
;b = 10
16:
17:
;)printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b
18:
19:
;)Change(&a, &b
20:
21:
;)printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b
}22:
*b
*a,
2.9.4.3 :
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;const int Const = 10
6:
;int *ptr = &Const
7:
8:
;)printf("Const = %d\n", Const
9:
;*ptr = 5
10:
;)printf("Const = %d\n", Const
11:
}12:
__________________________________________________________________________________
151
__________________________________________________________________________________________
.
: 2.9.4.4

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
4:void Reverse_Str(char *);
5:
6:main()
7:{
8:
char *str = "Hello, World!";
9:
10:
printf("%s\n", str);
11:
Reverse_Str(str);
12:
13:}
14:
15:void Reverse_Str(char *String){
16:
int i = strlen(String)-1, j = 0;
17:
char ch;
18:
19:
while(j<i){
20:
ch = String[j];
21:
String[j] = String[i];
22:
String[i] = ch;
23:
j++, i--;
24:
}
25:}
: 2.9.4.5
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:void ConvertToBinary(int);
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
int Decimal;
8:
9:
printf("Decimal Number: ");
10:
scanf("%d", &Decimal);
11:
printf("%d in Binary = ", Decimal);
12:
ConvertToBinary(Decimal);
13:}
14:
15:void ConvertToBinary(int num){
16:
int i = 0, Binary[32];
17:
18:
while(num>0){
19:
if((num%2)==0){
20:
Binary[i] = 0;
__________________________________________________________________________________
152
__________________________________________________________________________________________
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
39:}
num /= 2, ++i;
}
else
{
Binary[i] = 1;
num /= 2, ++i;
}
}
--i;
while(i>=0)
{
printf("%d", Binary[i]), --i;
}
printf("\n");
: 2.9.4.6

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:void To_Capital_letter(char ch[]);
4:
5:main()
6:{
7:
char *ch = "hello";
8:
9:
printf("Small Letters: %s\n", ch);
10:
To_Capital_letter(ch);
11:
printf("Capital Letters: %s\n", ch);
12:}
13:
14:void To_Capital_letter(char ch[])
15:{
16:
int i=0;
17:
18:
while(ch[i]!='\0'){
19:
if(ch[i]>=97 && ch[i]<=122)
20:
ch[i] = ch[i]-32;
21:
++i;
22:
}
23:}
.
:wcsncpy wcscpy 2.9.5
wide
string.h strcpy wcscpy

: strcpy character string copy
__________________________________________________________________________________
153
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
4:main()
5:{
6:
wchar_t *wStr = L"Hello";
7:
wchar_t Empty[20];
8:
9:
wcscpy(Empty, wStr);
10:
11:
wprintf(L"%s\n", Empty);
12:}
: string.h strncpy wcsncpy

1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
4:main()
5:{
6:
7:
wchar_t Empty[20];
8:
9:
wcsncpy(Empty, wStr, 4);
10:
11:
wprintf(L"%s\n", Empty);
12:}
:wcsncat wcscat 2.9.6

: strncat strcat wcsncat wcscat
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
4:main()
5:{
6:
7:
wchar_t *wStr2 = L", World!";
8:
9:
wcscat(wStr, wStr2);
10:
11:
wprintf(L"%s\n", wStr);
12:
13:
/*
14:
wcsncat(wStr, wStr2, 4);
15:
16:
wprintf(L"%s\n", wStr);
17:
*/
18:}
:putwchar getwchar 2.9.7
__________________________________________________________________________________
154
__________________________________________________________________________________________
getwchar getchar stdio.h

wide character putwchar putchar put wide character
:
get
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;wchar_t wch
6:
7:
;)(wch = getwchar
8:
;)putwchar(wch
}9:
2.9.8 _getws :_putws

_getws gets _putws puts
stdio.h ws wide string:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;]wchar_t wch[255
6:
7:
;)_getws(wch
8:
;)_putws(wch
}9:
2.9.9 ) ASCII(:
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
:
__________________________________________________________________________________
155
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;)printf("The number %d is the character %c in ASCII code.\n", 210, 210
}6:
210 ASCII
)(.
2.9.10 :

.
2.9.10.1 :
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:void Func
{4:
5:
;int a
/*Local Variable*/
}6:
7:
)(8:main
{9:
10:
;int b
/*Local Variable*/
__________________________________________________________________________________
156
__________________________________________________________________________________________
}11:
a Func b
a Func b Func
main .
2.9.10.2 )(:

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;3:int ab
/*External Variable*/
4:
)(5:void Func
{6:
7:
;ab = 10
/*Use The External Variable ab*/
}8:
9:
)(10:main
{11:
12:
;)(Func
13:
printf("%d\n", ab); /*print The External Variable ab*/
}14:
ab ab
Func Func ab .
0.
2.9.10.3 :extern
extern
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;3:int ab
4:
)(5:void Func
{6:
7:
;int ab
8:
;ab = 10
9:
;)printf("%d\n", ab
}10:
11:
)(12:main
__________________________________________________________________________________
157
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;ab = 5
;)(Func
;)printf("%d\n", ab
{13:
14:
15:
16:
}17:
ab Func ab
extern :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;3:int ab
4:
)(5:void Func
{6:
7:
;extern int ab
8:
;ab = 10
9:
;)printf("%d\n", ab
}10:
11:
)(12:main
{13:
14:
;ab = 5
15:
;)(Func
16:
;)printf("%d\n", ab
}17:
ab .ab
2.9.10.4 :auto
auto automatic
static:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:void Func
{4:
5:
;static int Static = 0
6:
;auto int Auto = 0
7:
8:
;)printf("Static = %d\n", Static++
9:
printf("Auto
;)= %d\n", Auto++
}10:
11:
)(12:main
{13:
14:
;int i = 0
15:
16:
{)while(i<=3
17:
;)(Func
18:
;i++
19:
}
}20:
__________________________________________________________________________________
158
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Auto .auto
2.9.10.5 :register

register
(Central Processing Unit) CPU:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
)(3:main
{4:
5:
;register Reg_Var = 4
6:
7:
;)printf("Reg_Var = %d\n", Reg_Var
}8:
.
2.9.11 :sizeof
sizeof
bytes :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:
)(4:main
{5:
6:
;]int SizeOfArray[800
7:
8:
printf("short
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(short
9:
printf("int
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(int
10:
printf("unsigned
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(unsigned
11:
printf("signed
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(signed
12:
printf("long
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(long
13:
printf("float
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(float
14:
printf("double
;))= %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(double
15:
;))printf("SizeOfArray = %d Byte(s)\n", sizeof(SizeOfArray
}16:
.
2.9.12 :volatile
volatile const
:
__________________________________________________________________________________
159
__________________________________________________________________________________________
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
4:
;volatile int Vol_Var = 10
5:
6:
;)printf("Vol_Var = %d\n", Vol_Var
}7:
2.9.13 :

:
>1:#include <stdio.h
2:
)3:void Func(int num
{4:
5:
6:
;)Func(num+1
}7:
8:
)(9:main
{10:
11:
;)Func(5
}12:

65535
int num :
>1:#include <stdio.h
2:
)3:void Func(int num
{4:
5:
)if(num <= 10
6:
{
7:
8:
;)Func(num+1
9:
}
}10:
11:
)(12:main
{13:
14:
;)Func(5
}15:
5 .10
2.9.14 :
__________________________________________________________________________________
160
__________________________________________________________________________________________
printf

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
4:
;"!char str[] = "Hello, World
5:
;float flt = 3.1415F
6:
int dec
;= 1000
7:
8:
/*String*/
9:
10:
;)printf("%5s\n", str
11:
;)printf("%-5s\n", str
12:
;)printf("%5.5s\n", str
13:
;)printf("%-5.5s\n", str
14:
15:
;)"printf("\n
16:
17:
/*Floating*/
18:
;)printf("%10.0f\n", flt
19:
;)printf("%.1f\n", flt
20:
21:
22:
}23:
.
2.9.15 :
.
2.9.16:
-1
__________________________________________________________________________________
161
__________________________________________________________________________________________
C -
Enumeration 3.1
Command-line Arguments 3.2

Directives(Preprocessor) 3.3
3.4
Standard Library 3.5
__________________________________________________________________________________
162
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3.1
Enumeration
) (Enumeration int
enum enumeration
.
:
3.1.1 :Enumeration Name

:
31.
.
....
% # { )... _(.
.
.
3.1.2 :

.
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
: enum
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:enum _COLOR
4:{
5:
RED = 0,
6:
BLUE,
7:
GREEN
8:};
9:
10:main()
11:{
12:
enum _COLOR Color;
13:
14:
/*Color = RED;*/
15:
Color = BLUE;
16:
/*Color = GREEN;*/
17:
18:
if(Color == RED){
19:
printf("Color = %d\n", Color);
20:
}else if(Color == BLUE){
21:
22:
}else if(Color == GREEN){
23:
24:
}else
25:
printf("Error!\n");
26:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:enum _COLOR
4:{
5:
RED = 0,
6:
BLUE,
7:
GREEN
8:}Color;
9:
10:main()
11:{
12:
/*Color = RED;*/
13:
Color = BLUE;
14:
/*Color = GREEN;*/
15:
16:
if(Color == RED){
17:
18:
}else if(Color == BLUE){
19:
20:
}else if(Color == GREEN){
21:
22:
}else
23:
printf("Error!\n");
24:}
:_ COLOR
__________________________________________________________________________________
164
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;enum _COLOR Color = BLUE
:
enum _COLOR
{
RED = 0,
BLUE,
GREEN
;}Color = BLUE
.
enum
enum.
enum
.int
RED 0 BLUE 1 GREEN .2
RED 0 0 .
BLUE 0 0
RED 0 BLUE 0 GREEN
.1
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:enum _COLOR
{4:
5:
RED = 0,
6:
BLUE,
7:
GREEN
;}8:
9:
)(10:main
{11:
12:
enum _COLOR cRed = RED,
13:
cBlue = BLUE,
14:
;cGreen = GREEN
}15:
__________________________________________________________________________________
165
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:enum _COLOR
4:{
5:
RED = 0,
6:
BLUE,
7:
GREEN
8:}cRed = RED, cBlue = BLUE, cGreen = GREEN;
9:
10:main()
11:{
12:
13:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:enum _NUMBER
4:{
5:
Num = 10,
6:
Num2 = 20
7:};
8:
9:main()
10:{
11:
enum _NUMBER Number = Num;
12:
int i = 0;
13:
14:
printf("i
= %d\n", i);
15:
i = Number;
16:
17:
printf("Number = %d\n", Number);
18:
printf("i
= %d\n", i);
19:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:enum _COLOR
4:{
5:
BLACK,
6:
WHITE,
7:
RED,
8:
GREEN,
9:
BLUE
10:};
11:
12:main()
13:{
14:
enum _COLOR Color;
15:
16:
printf("colors:\n");
17:
printf("0)BLACK\n1)WHITE\n2)RED\n3)GREEN\n4)BLUE\n");
18:
printf("choose a color:");
19:
scanf("%d", &Color);
__________________________________________________________________________________
166
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)"are Black\n
;)"are White\n
;)"are Red\n
;)"are Green\n
;)"are Blue\n
{)if(Color == BLACK
printf("Your choice
{)}else if(Color == WHITE
printf("Your choice
{)}else if(Color == RED
printf("Your choice
{)}else if(Color == GREEN
printf("Your choice
{)}else if(Color == BLUE
printf("Your choice
}
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
}32:
3.1.3 :
-1 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:enum _NUMBER
{4:
5:
Zero,
6:
One,
;}7:
8:
)(9:main
{10:
11:
;enum _NUMBER = ZERO
}12:
-2 .
3.1.4:
-1
_POWER Off On
_POWER Power
scanf 0 Off
(On) 1 Power .0
__________________________________________________________________________________
167
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Command-line Arguments 3.2
main
) main(void
Command-line Arguments
.
int argc
main argc
argument count :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
{)3:main(int argc
4:
;)printf("argc = %d\n", argc
}5:
argc
argv argument vector argc
argv :argv
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
4:
;)]printf("argv[argc] = %s\n", argv[argc-1
}5:
argc-1
argc ] argv[1
argc 1 ].argv[0
3.2.1 :
.
3.2.2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
168
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
169
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3.3
)Directives(Preprocessor

# .
3.3.1 :#include

. :
include
:
>1:#include<FileName.h
.FileName

:
"1:#include"FileName.h
><
) (include " " .
#include .
3.3.2 :#define
#define
Macros #define :
#define Constant_Name Constant_Value
__________________________________________________________________________________
170
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Constant_Name Constant_Value .
#define
:
""Hello
''H
3.14
10
String
Character
fNumber
iNumber
1:#define
2:#define
3:#define
4:#define
Macros :
1:#define Macro_Add(i, j) i+j
) (
i j :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
4:
6:
;int l
7:
8:
;)l = Macro_Add(10, 20
9:
10:
;)printf("%d\n", l
11:
12:
/*or*/
13:
14:
;))printf("%d\n", Macro_Add(10, 20
}15:
3.3.3 :#undef
#undef #define

#define:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:#define Constant
5
5:
6:#undef Constant
7:#undef Macro_Add
8:
10:
printf("%d\n", Constant); /*Error C2065: 'Constant':
11:
undeclared identifier*/
12:
__________________________________________________________________________________
171
__________________________________________________________________________________________
/*Errors*/
;)Macro_Add(5, 10
13:
}14:
Constant 5
Macro_Add
Constant Macro_Add .
3.3.4 #else #elif #if :#endif

else #if if #elif else if
if
#else .else
#endif
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:#define dNum
20
4:
5:#if dNum == 10
6:
"#define Result "dNum = 10
7:#elif dNum == 20
8:
"#define Result "dNum = 20
9:#else
10:
"?? = #define Result "dNum
11:#endif
12:
14:
;)printf("%s\n", Result
}15:
3.3.5 #ifdef :#ifndef

#ifdef :
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
3:#define dNum
4:
5:#ifdef dNum
6:
"#define Result "dNum Defined
7:#else
8:
"#define Result "dNum Undefined
9:#endif
10:
12:
;)printf("%s\n", Result
}13:
Defined
dNum dNum
__________________________________________________________________________________
172
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:#define dNum
4:
5:#if defined dNum
6:
#define Result "dNum Defined"
7:#else
8:
#define Result "dNum Undefined"
9:#endif
10:
11:main(int argc, char *argv[]){
12:
printf("%s\n", Result);
13:}
: #ifdef
#ifndef
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:#define dNum
4:
5:#ifndef dNum
6:
7:#else
8:
9:#endif
10:
12:
13:}
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
3:#define dNum
4:
5:#if !defined dNum
6:
7:#else
8:
9:#endif
10:
12:
13:}
:#line 3.3.6
#line
:
1:#line LineNumber
__________________________________________________________________________________
173
__________________________________________________________________________________________

LineNumber :
"1:#line LineNumber "FileName
" ".
) (.
3.3.7 :#error

:
1:#ifndef dNum
!2:#error dNum are not declared
3:#endif
4:
6:
}7:
#error dNum
.
3.3.8 :#pragma
#pragma
.
3.3.9 :Predefined Names
Macros Underscore
:
____LINE
____FILE
____TIME
__________________________________________________________________________________
174
__________________________________________________________________________________________
____DATE
____STDC
1 .C
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
4:
;)__printf("Line: %d\n", __LINE
5:
;)__printf("File: %s\n", __FILE
6:
;)__printf("Date Of Compilation: %s\n", __DATE
7:
;)__printf("Time Of Compilation: %s\n", __TIME
8:
;)__printf("ANSI C(0=false, 1=true): %d\n", __STDC
}9:
3.3.10 :
.
3.3.11:
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
175
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3.4

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
;)3:int Add(int a, int b
4:
6:
;int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30, d
7:
8:
;)d = Add(a, b, c
9:
10:
;)printf("%d\n", d
}11:
12:
{)13:int Add(int a, int b
14:
;return a+b
}15:
Add
.
printf scanf
printf :
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<stdarg.h
3:
;)4:void NewPrintf(char *, ...
5:
7:
;)NewPrintf("%d\a, %d\a, %d\a\n", 1, 2, 3
8:
;)"NewPrintf("Hello!\n
}9:
10:
{)11:void NewPrintf(char *format, ...
12:
;va_list Argument
13:
;char *str
14:
;int Decimal
15:
16:
;)va_start(Argument, format
17:
18:
{)for(str=format;*str;str++
19:
{)'if(*str != '%
20:
;)putchar(*str
21:
;continue
22:
}
23:
24:
{)switch(*++str
25:
case 'd':
26:
case 'i':
__________________________________________________________________________________
176
__________________________________________________________________________________________
case 'D':
case 'I':
;)Decimal = va_arg(Argument, int
;)printf("%d", Decimal
;break
default:
;)putchar(*str
;break
}
}
;)va_end(Argument
stdarg.h
.
argument
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:
39:
}40:
standard
NewPrintf
... .
va_list variable list
stdarg.h .NewPrintf
va_start
va_list NewPrintf
.format
va_arg
argument
variable
va_list
Decimal .
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
3:
;)4:int Add(int NumOfArg, ...
5:
7:
;int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30, d
8:
9:
;)d = Add(3, a, b, c
10:
__________________________________________________________________________________
177
__________________________________________________________________________________________
11:
printf("%d\n", d);
12:}
13:
14:int Add(int NumOfArg, ...){
15:
va_list Arg;
16:
int sum = 0, i;
17:
18:
va_start(Arg, NumOfArg);
19:
20:
for(i=0;i<NumOfArg;i++)
21:
sum += va_arg(Arg, int);
22:
23:
return sum;
24:}
: 3.4.1
.
: 3.4.2
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
178
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3.5
Standard Library
C
.
3.5.1 :assert.h
assert
0
macro

assert assert :
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<assert.h
3:
5:
assert(10<20); /*true*/
6:
assert(20<10); /*false*/
}7:
assert.h assert
.
assert
.
assert assert
20<10 main.c .6
3.5.2 :ctype.h
ctype.h
type .
character
3.5.2.1 :isalnum
__________________________________________________________________________________
179
__________________________________________________________________________________________
is alphanumeric
0:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;int c = 1, c2 = 65
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isalnum(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isalnum(c2), c2
}9:
0 1 ASCII .
1 65 A ASCII
.
3.5.2.2 :isalpha
is alphabetic
1 0:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;int c = 49, c2 = 65
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isalpha(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isalpha(c2), c2
}9:
0 49 1 ASCII
.
1 65 A ASCII A
.
3.5.2.3 :iscntrl
is control
0 31 128 255
__________________________________________________________________________________
180
__________________________________________________________________________________________
32 127
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;int c = 65, c2 = 0
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", iscntrl(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", iscntrl(c2), c2
}9:
0 65 A ASCII
.
0 .ASCII
3.5.2.4 :isdigit

48 57 48 57
ASCII 0 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;int c = 65, c2 = 48
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isdigit(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isdigit(c2), c2
}9:
0 65 A ASCII
.
48 ASCII .0
3.5.2.5 :isgraph

0 :
__________________________________________________________________________________
181
__________________________________________________________________________________________
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;int c = 0, c2 = 48
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isgraph(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isgraph(c2), c2
}9:
0 0 ASCII .
48 ASCII 0
.
3.5.2.6 :islower

0:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;int c = 65, c2 = 97
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", islower(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", islower(c2), c2
}9:
0 65 A ASCII A
.
97 ASCII a
.
3.5.2.7 :isprint
32 126 ASCII
) (
0 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
__________________________________________________________________________________
182
__________________________________________________________________________________________
{)][char *argv
;c2 = 65
;)= %c\n", isprint(c), c
;)= %c\n", isprint(c2), c2
4:main(int argc,
5:
int c = 1,
6:
7:
printf("%d
8:
printf("%d
}9:
0 1 ASCII
.
65 A ASCII
.
3.5.2.8 :ispunct
is punctuation
0
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;int c = 44, c2 = 65
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", ispunct(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", ispunct(c2), c2
}9:
44 ASCII
.
65 A ASCII
.
3.5.2.9 :isspace

9 13
0 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
__________________________________________________________________________________
183
__________________________________________________________________________________________
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;int c = 9, c2 = 97
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isspace(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isspace(c2), c2
}9:
9 ASCII
.
0 97 ASCII a
.
3.5.2.10 :isupper

0 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;int c = 65, c2 = 97
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isupper(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isupper(c2), c2
}9:
65 ASCII A
.
0 97 ASCII a
.
3.5.2.11 :isxdigit
is hexadecimal digital
A-F 9 0
0 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
__________________________________________________________________________________
184
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3:
5:
;int c = 70, c2 = 71
6:
7:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isxdigit(c), c
8:
;)printf("%d = %c\n", isxdigit(c2), c2
}9:
70 F ASCII
F .15
71 G ASCII
G .
3.5.2.12 toupper :tolower
toupper tolower
toupper:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<ctype.h
3:
5:
;'int c = 'a', c2 = 'B
6:
7:
;))printf("%c = %c\n", c, toupper(c
8:
;))printf("%c = %c\n", c2, tolower(c2
}9:
a
toupper B
tolower .
3.5.3 :errno.h
errno.h
. .perror
3.5.3.1 :perror
perror print error .
__________________________________________________________________________________
185
__________________________________________________________________________________________

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<stdlib.h
>3:#include<errno.h
4:
6:
;FILE *File
7:
;]char FileName[255
8:
9:
;)"perror("situation
10:
11:
;)" printf("Enter The File Name:
12:
;)gets(FileName
13:
14:
;)"File = fopen(FileName, "r
15:
16:
{)if(!File
17:
18:
;)printf("errno = %d\n", errno
19:
;)exit(1
20:
{}else
21:
22:
;)"printf("File Founded!\n
23:
;)fclose(File
24:
}
}25:
perror situation
.No error
perror
errno
printf .2
errno :

EINVAL
ERANGE
EBADF
EDOM
EACCES
EMFILE
EEXIST
E2BIG
EXDEV
Invalid argument
Result too large
Bad file descriptor
Domain error
Permission denied
Too many open files
File exists
Arg list too long
Improper link
__________________________________________________________________________________
186
__________________________________________________________________________________________
No child processes
Resource temporarily unavailable
Exec format error
Not enough space
No such file or directory
No space left on device
ECHILD
EAGAIN
ENOEXEC
ENOMEM
ENOENT
ENOSPC
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<errno.h>
3:
5:
int i;
6:
7:
for(i=0;i<=42;i++){
8:
errno = i;
9:
printf("%d:", i);
10:
perror("");
11:
}
12:}
: errno.h
1:#define EPERM
2:#define ENOENT
3:#define ESRCH
4:#define EINTR
5:#define EIO
6:#define ENXIO
7:#define E2BIG
8:#define ENOEXEC
9:#define EBADF
10:#define ECHILD
11:#define EAGAIN
12:#define ENOMEM
13:#define EACCES
14:#define EFAULT
15:#define EBUSY
16:#define EEXIST
17:#define EXDEV
18:#define ENODEV
19:#define ENOTDIR
20:#define EISDIR
21:#define EINVAL
22:#define ENFILE
23:#define EMFILE
24:#define ENOTTY
25:#define EFBIG
26:#define ENOSPC
27:#define ESPIPE
28:#define EROFS
29:#define EMLINK
30:#define EPIPE
31:#define EDOM
32:#define ERANGE
33:#define EDEADLK
34:#define ENAMETOOLONG
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
38
__________________________________________________________________________________
187
__________________________________________________________________________________________
35:#define
36:#define
37:#define
38:#define
ENOLCK
ENOSYS
ENOTEMPTY
EILSEQ
39
40
41
42
:float.h 3.5.4

2
1
E
1 +37
128
1E+37
1024
6
15
1E-5
1E-9
24
53
1E-37
-125
1E-37
-1021
FLT_RADIX
FLT_ROUNDS
FLT_MAX
FLT_MAX_EXP
DBL_MAX
DBL_MAX_EXP
FLT_DIG
DBL_DIG
FLT_EPSILON
DBL_EPSILON
FLT_MANT_DIG
DBL_MANT_DIG
FLT_MIN
FLT_MIN_EXP
DBL_MIN
DBL_MIN_EXP
float.h
.float.h
:limits.h 3.5.5
:

8
-128
-32767
-2147483647
-32768
-128
2147483647
127
32767
255
CHAR_BIT
CHAR_MIN
INT_MIN
LONG_MIN
SHRT_MIN
SCHAR_MIN
LONG_MAX
SCHAR_MAX
SHRT_MAX
UCHAR_MAX
__________________________________________________________________________________
188
__________________________________________________________________________________________
UINT_MAX
ULONG_MAX
USHRT_MAX
INT_MAX
CHAR_MAX
65535
4294967295
65535
32767
127
.limits.h
3.5.6 :locale.h

)( :
0
1
2
3
4
5
LC_ALL
LC_TIME
LC_ALL
LC_COLLATE
LC_CTYPE
LC_MONETARY
LC_NUMERIC
LC_TIME
LC_MIN
LC_MAX
1:#define
2:#define
3:#define
4:#define
5:#define
6:#define
7:#define
8:#define

.
locale.h .
3.5.7 :math.h
.
:
1:#define M_E
2.71828182845904523536
2:#define M_LOG2E
1.44269504088896340736
3:#define M_LOG10E
0.434294481903251827651
4:#define M_LN2
0.693147180559945309417
5:#define M_LN10
2.30258509299404568402
6:#define M_PI
3.14159265358979323846
7:#define M_PI_2
1.57079632679489661923
8:#define M_PI_4
0.785398163397448309616
9:#define M_1_PI
0.318309886183790671538
10:#define M_2_PI
0.636619772367581343076
11:#define M_2_SQRTPI 1.12837916709551257390
12:#define M_SQRT2
1.41421356237309504880
13:#define M_SQRT1_2 0.707106781186547524401
.math.h
__________________________________________________________________________________
189
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:sin 3.5.7.1
sine double sin

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<math.h>
3:
5:
double x = 3.14/2;
6:
7:
printf("sine x = %f\n", sin(x));
8:}
:cos 3.5.7.2
double cosine cos

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<math.h>
3:
5:
double x = 3.14/2;
6:
7:
printf("cosine x = %f\n", cos(x));
8:}
:tan 3.5.7.3
double tangent tan

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<math.h>
3:
5:
double x = 3.14/4;
6:
7:
printf("tangent x = %f\n", tan(x));
8:}
:exp 3.5.7.4
double exponential exp

: e
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<math.h>
__________________________________________________________________________________
190
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3:
5:
double x = 3.0;
6:
7:
printf("exponential x = %f\n", exp(x));
8:}
:log 3.5.7.5
double logarithm log

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<math.h>
3:
5:
double x = 100.0;
6:
7:
printf("logarithm x = %f\n", log(x));
8:}
:pow 3.5.7.5
double power pow
: double
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<math.h>
3:
5:
double x=5.0, y=3.0;
6:
7:
printf("%f\n", pow(x, y));
8:}
:sqrt 3.5.7.6
double square sqrt

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<math.h>
3:
5:
double x=9.0;
6:
7:
printf("%f\n", sqrt(x));
8:}
:ceil 3.5.7.7
__________________________________________________________________________________
191
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ceil double
3.1 4 3.0
3.0:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<math.h
3:
5:
;double x=9.5
6:
7:
;))printf("%f\n", ceil(x
}8:
3.5.7.8 :floor
floor ceil 3.1 3.0:

>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<math.h
3:
5:
;double x=10.5
6:
7:
;))printf("%f\n", floor(x
}8:
3.5.7.9 :fabs
fabs
:
absolute
float
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<math.h
3:
5:
;double x=-10.5, y=10.5
6:
7:
;))printf("%f\n", fabs(x
8:
;))printf("%f\n", fabs(y
}9:
3.5.7.10 :ldexp
double int
2 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<math.h
3:
5:
;double x=2.0, y=4.0
__________________________________________________________________________________
192
__________________________________________________________________________________________
printf("%f\n", ldexp(x, y)); /*y = 2*2*2*2, x = 2; x*y = 32.000000*/
6:
7:
}8:
3.5.7.11 :fmod
double
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<math.h
3:
5:
;double x=2.0, y=4.0
6:
7:
;))printf("%f\n", fmod(x, y
}8:
3.5.8 :setjmp.h
setjmp longjmp setjmp
jmp_buf longjmp
jmp_buf .int setjmp
longjmp goto
) (Global:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<setjmp.h
4:
;)5:void Return(void
;6:jmp_buf jmp
7:
9:
;int value
10:
11:
;)value = setjmp(jmp
12:
{
13:
;)"printf("Block 1:\n
14:
{)if(value==1
15:
;)printf("longjmp = %d\n", value
16:
;)exit(1
17:
}
18:
}
19:
20:
{
21:
;)"printf("Block 2:\n
22:
;)"printf("Call Return...\n
23:
;)(Return
24:
}
}25:
26:
{)27:void Return(void
__________________________________________________________________________________
193
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;)longjmp(jmp, 1
28:
}29:
3.5.9 :signal.h
signal raise .raise
3.5.9.1 :raise
int

:

SIGABRT
22
SIGFPE
SIGILL
SIGINT
SIGSEGV
11
SIGTERM
15
abort
3.5.10 :stdarg.h
standard argument .
stdarg.h va_list
initialize va_start
va_list
. va_arg
val_list
va_list
va_end:
>1:#include<stdio.h
3:
4:void Arg_List(int list, ...); /*Function prototype*/
__________________________________________________________________________________
194
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5:
7:
Arg_List(5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
8:}
9:
10:void Arg_List(int list, ...){
11:
va_list pList;
12:
int iArg=0, i;
13:
14:
printf("There are %d argument(s)\n", list);
15:
16:
va_start(pList, list); /*initialize the pList pointer*/
17:
18:
for(i=01;i<=list;i++){
19:
iArg = va_arg(pList, int);
20:
printf("argument %d = %d\n", i, iArg);
21:
}
22:
23:
va_end(pList);
24:
25:}
:stddef.h 3.5.11
NULL Standard Definition
:
1:#define NULL
: size_t
1:typedef unsigned size_t;
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<stddef.h>
3:
5:
size_t uInt = 65535;
6:
7:
printf("%u\n", uInt);
8:}
: ptrdiff_t
1:typedef long
ptrdiff_t;
:
1:typedef int
ptrdiff_t;
__________________________________________________________________________________
195
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<stddef.h
3:
5:
;ptrdiff_t Int = 65535
6:
;ptrdiff_t Long = 2147483647
7:
8:
;)printf("Int = %d\n", Int
9:
;)printf("Long = %d\n", Long
}10:
3.5.12 :stdio.h
Standard Input Output

.
.
3.5.12.1 :printf

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
4:
;int Number = 100
5:
;'char Char = 'A
6:
;"char String[] = "Hello, World!\n
7:
8:
;)printf("%d\n", Number
9:
;)printf("%c\n", Char
10:
;)printf(String
}11:
3.5.12.2 :sprintf

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
2:
4:
;]char Buffer[255
5:
6:
sprintf(Buffer, "Number = %d\nCharacter = %c\nString = %s\n",
__________________________________________________________________________________
196
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7:
8:
9:
10:}
100, 'A', "Hello, World!");

printf(Buffer);
:vprintf 3.5.12.3
: va_list printf
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<stdarg.h>
3:
4:void ArgLst(char *format, ...);
5:
7:
int Number = 100;
8:
char Char = 'A';
9:
char String[] = "Hello, World!";
10:
11:
ArgLst("Number = %d\nChar = %c\nStrin = %s\n",\
12:
Number, Char, String);
13:}
14:
15:void ArgLst(char *format, ...){
16:
va_list Lst;
17:
18:
va_start(Lst, format);
19:
vprintf(format, Lst);
20:
va_end(Lst);
21:}
:vfprintf 3.5.12.4
: vprintf
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
7:
int Number = 100;
8:
char Char = 'A';
9:
10:
11:
ArgLst("Number = %d\nChar = %c\nStrin = %s\n",\
12:
13:}
14:
15:void ArgLst(char *format, ...){
16:
va_list Lst;
17:
FILE *File;
18:
19:
File = fopen("Info.txt", "w");
20:
21:
22:
vfprintf(File, format, Lst);
23:
va_end(Lst);
24:
fclose(File);
__________________________________________________________________________________
197
__________________________________________________________________________________________
25:}
:vsprintf 3.5.12.5
: vprintf sprintf
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
7:
int Number = 100;
8:
char Char = 'A';
9:
10:
char buffer[255];
11:
12:
ArgLst(buffer, "Number = %d\nChar = %c\nStrin = %s\n",\
13:
14:
15:
printf(buffer);
16:}
17:
18:void ArgLst(char *buffer, char *format, ...){
19:
va_list Lst;
20:
21:
22:
vsprintf(buffer, format, Lst);
23:
va_end(Lst);
24:}
:scanf 3.5.12.6
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
char string[255];
5:
6:
printf("Your name, Please: ");
7:
scanf("%s", string);
8:
printf("Nice to meet you %s!\n", string);
9:}
:fscanf 3.5.12.7
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
char buffer[255];
6:
7:
File = fopen("Info.txt", "r");
8:
__________________________________________________________________________________
198
__________________________________________________________________________________________
9:
10:
11:
12:}
fscanf(File, "%s", buffer);

printf("%s\n", buffer);
:sscanf 3.5.12.8
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
char buffer[] = "Hello, World! 15";
5:
char string1[255], string2[255];
6:
int number;
7:
8:
sscanf(buffer, "%s%s%d", string1, string2, &number);
9:
10:
11:
printf("String = %s %s\n", string1, string2);
12:
printf("Number = %d\n", number);
13:}
:fgetc 3.5.12.9

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
char ch;
6:
7:
8:
9:
while(feof(File)==0){
10:
ch = fgetc(File);
11:
printf("%c", ch);
12:
}
13:}
:fgets 3.5.12.10
: fgetc
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
char buffer[255];
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
fgets(buffer, 255, File);
__________________________________________________________________________________
199
__________________________________________________________________________________________
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:}
printf(buffer);
}
fclose(File);
:fputc 3.5.12.11
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
6:
7:
8:
fputc('A', File);
9:
fclose(File);
10:}
:fputs 3.5.12.12
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
6:
7:
8:
fputs("Hello, World!", File);
9:
fclose(File);
10:}
:getc 3.5.12.13
: fgetc
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
char ch;
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
ch = getc(File);
11:
printf("%c", ch);
12:
}
13:
14:
fclose(File);
15:}
__________________________________________________________________________________
200
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:getchar 3.5.12.14
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
char ch;
5:
6:
printf("Enter a character: ");
7:
ch = getchar();
8:
printf("Your character is: %c\n", ch);
9:}
:gets 3.5.12.15
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
char str[255];
5:
6:
printf("Enter a string(Max character 255): ");
7:
gets(str);
8:
printf("Your string are: %s\n", str);
9:}
:putc 3.5.12.16
: fputc
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
6:
7:
8:
putc('A', File);
9:
fclose(File);
10:}
:putchar 3.5.12.17
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
char ch = 'A';
5:
6:
printf("ch = ");
7:
putchar(ch);
8:
putchar('\n');
__________________________________________________________________________________
201
__________________________________________________________________________________________
9:}
:puts 3.5.12.18

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
char str1[] = "Line 1: Hello, World!";
5:
char str2[] = "Line 2: Hello, World!";
6:
7:
puts(str1);
8:
puts(str2);
9:}
:ungetc 3.5.12.19
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
6:
7:
8:
ungetc('A', File);
9:
fclose(File);
10:}
:fopen 3.5.12.20

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
6:
File = fopen("FileName.Ext", "r");
7:
8:
if(File==NULL)
9:
printf("File does not exist!\n");
10:
else
11:
printf("File exist now!\n");
12:
13:
File = fopen("FileName.Ext", "w");
14:
if(File!=NULL)
15:
printf("File Created!\n");
__________________________________________________________________________________
202
__________________________________________________________________________________________
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:}
if(File==NULL)
printf("File does not exist!\n");
else
printf("File exist now!\n");
fclose(File);
stdout stdin
:freopen 3.5.12.21
FILE fopen
: stderr
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
6:
File = freopen("Info.txt", "w", stderr);
7:
8:
if(!File)
9:
fprintf(stdout, "Error!\n");
10:
else
11:
fprintf(File, "String!");
12:
13:
fclose(File);
14:}
:fclose 3.5.12.22
_fcloseall
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File1, *File2, *File3;
5:
6:
File1 = fopen("Info1.txt", "w");
7:
8:
9:
10:
fclose(File1);
11:
12:
printf("%d file(s) closed by _fcloseall()\n",\
13:
_fcloseall());
14:}
:remove 3.5.12.23
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
203
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4:
FILE *File;
5:
6:
/*Create temporary.tmp*/
7:
File = fopen("temporary.tmp", "w");
8:
fclose(File);
9:
10:
/*remove temporary.tmp*/
11:
remove("temporary.tmp");
12:}
:rename 3.5.12.24
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
printf("Rename Info.txt To Data.dat...\n");
5:
rename("Info.txt", "Data.dat");
6:
printf("Operation Terminate...\n");
7:}
temporary
:tmpfile 3.5.12.25
file
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
6:
printf("Create a Temporary File...\n");
7:
File = tmpfile();
8:
printf("Temporary File Created...\n");
9:
10:
/*At exit*/
11:
printf("Temporary File deleted...\n");
12:}
:fread 3.5.12.26

: FILE
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
__________________________________________________________________________________
204
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:}
char buffer[255];
fread(buffer, sizeof(char), 255, File);
printf("%s\n", buffer);
:fwrite 3.5.12.27
fread
: fread
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
char buffer[] = "String!";
6:
7:
8:
9:
fwrite(buffer, sizeof(char), 7, File);
10:
fclose(File);
11:}
:fseek 3.5.12.28

long FILE
5
int
: SEEK_END SEEK_SET SEEK_CUR
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
char ch_set, ch_cur, ch_end;
6:
7:
8:
9:
/*Beginning of file*/
10:
fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_SET);
11:
12:
printf("SEEK_SET Begin:\n");
13:
14:
ch_set = fgetc(File);
15:
printf("%c", ch_set);
16:
}
17:
printf("\nSEEK_SET End.\n");
18:
19:
/*Current position of file pointer*/
__________________________________________________________________________________
205
__________________________________________________________________________________________
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
36:
37:
38:}
fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_CUR);

printf("SEEK_CUR Begin:\n");
ch_cur = fgetc(File);
printf("%c", ch_cur);
}
printf("\nSEEK_CUR End.\n");
/*End of file*/
fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_END);
printf("SEEK_END Begin:\n");
ch_end = fgetc(File);
printf("%c", ch_end);
}
printf("\nSEEK_END End.\n");
:ftell 3.5.12.29
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
int Position;
6:
char buff[3];
7:
8:
9:
10:
/* Move the pointer of file 3 bytes
11:
by reading character*/
12:
fread(buff, sizeof(char), 3, File);
13:
14:
Position = ftell(File);
15:
printf("Position after read 3 characters is %d\n",\
16:
Position);
17:}
: fseek(File,
:rewind 3.5.12.30
0L, SEEK_SET)
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
char ch;
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
printf("fseek(File, 0L, SEEK_END):\n");
11:
12:
ch = fgetc(File);
13:
printf("%c", ch);
__________________________________________________________________________________
206
__________________________________________________________________________________________
14:
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:}
}
printf("\n----------------\n");
rewind(File);
printf("rewind(File):\n");
ch = fgetc(File);
printf("%c", ch);
}
printf("\n");
:feof 3.5.12.31
0
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:
4:
FILE *File;
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
if(feof(File)==0)
10:
printf("Position of pointer is in the end of file\n");
11:
else
12:
printf("Position of pointer is not in the end of file\n");
13:}
:stdlib.h 3.5.13
Standard Library stdlib
. )(
:atof 3.5.13.1
double
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<stdlib.h>
3:
5:
char str[3] = "123";
6:
double num;
7:
8:
num = atof(str);
9:
__________________________________________________________________________________
207
__________________________________________________________________________________________
10:
11:}
printf("%f\n", num);
:atoi 3.5.13.2
atof
: int
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
char str[3] = "123";
6:
int num;
7:
8:
num = atoi(str);
9:
10:
printf("%d\n", num);
11:}
:atol 3.5.13.3
atoi
: long
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
char str[3] = "123";
6:
long num;
7:
8:
num = atoi(str);
9:
10:
printf("%ld\n", num);
11:}
:rand 3.5.13.4
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
int i, j=0;
6:
for(i=0;i<=10;i++){
7:
j=rand()%100;
8:
printf("j = %d\n", j);
9:
}
10:}
__________________________________________________________________________________
208
__________________________________________________________________________________________
100
100 .
3.5.13.5 :srand
rand
time:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>3:#include<time.h
4:
6:
;int i
7:
8:
;))srand(time(NULL
9:
10:
{)for(i=0;i<=10;i++
11:
;)printf("%d\n", rand()%100
12:
}
}13:
3.5.13.6 :abort

:
>1:#include<stdio.h
3:
5:
;FILE *File
6:
7:
{)))"if(!(File=fopen("FileName.txt", "r
8:
;)"printf("Can't open file\n
9:
;)(abort
10:
}
11:
12:
;)fclose(File
}13:
3.5.13.7 :exit
1 EXIT_FAILURE
1 EXIT_SUCCESS 0 :
>1:#include<stdio.h
3:
__________________________________________________________________________________
209
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5:
FILE *File;
6:
7:
if(!(File=fopen("FileName.txt", "r"))){
8:
printf("Can't open file\n");
9:
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
10:
}else
11:
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
12:
13:
fclose(File);
14:}
:atexit 3.5.13.8
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
4:void AtExit(){
5:
printf("Program - end\n");
6:}
7:
9:
atexit(AtExit);
10:
11:
printf("Program - start\n");
12:}
:system 3.5.13.9
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
6:
printf("Message!\n");
7:
8:
/*In DOS OS*/
9:
system("cls");
10:
11:
/*In Unix/Linux OS*/
12:
system("clear");
13:}
:abs 3.5.13.10
: int
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
int i=-10, j=20;
6:
__________________________________________________________________________________
210
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7:
8:
9:}
printf("absolute value if 'i' is %d\n", abs(i));

printf("absolute value if 'j' is %d\n", abs(j));
:labs 3.5.13.11
: long abs
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
long i=-10, j=20;
6:
7:
printf("absolute value if 'i' is %d\n", labs(i));
8:
printf("absolute value if 'j' is %d\n", labs(j));
9:}
:div 3.5.13.12
: int
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
int a=12, b=6;
6:
7:
printf("%d/%d = %d\n", a, b, div(a, b));
8:}
:ldiv 3.5.13.13
: long
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
long a=12, b=6;
6:
7:
printf("%d/%d = %d\n", a, b, ldiv(a, b));
8:}
:string.h 3.5.14
str string.h
.memory mem string
.str
__________________________________________________________________________________
211
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3.5.14.1 strcpy :strncpy
strcpy
.
strncpy
strcpy :
>1:#include<stdio.h
3:
5:
;"char str[] = "Hello
6:
;]char empty[5
7:
;]char empty2[5
8:
9:
;)strcpy(empty, str
10:
;)strncpy(empty2, str, 3
11:
12:
;)printf("empty = %s\n", empty
13:
;)printf("empty2 = %s\n", empty2
}14:
empty :
>1:#include<stdio.h
3:
5:
6:
;"char empty[5] = "empty
7:
8:
;)strcpy(empty, str
9:
10:
;)printf("empty = %s\n", empty
}11:
3.5.14.2 strcat :strncat
strcat strncat
:strcat
>1:#include<stdio.h
3:
5:
6:
7:
;)printf("str = %s\n", str
8:
;)"strcat(str, ", World
9:
;)printf("str = %s\n", str
}10:
__________________________________________________________________________________
212
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:strncat
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
char str[] = "Hello";
6:
7:
printf("str = %s\n", str);
8:
strncat(str, ", World", 3);
9:
printf("str = %s\n", str);
10:}
:strncmp strcmp 3.5.14.3
strcmp
0 0
strncmp
:strcmp
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
char str1[] = "Hello";
6:
char str2[] = "Hello2";
7:
int cmp = strcmp(str1, str2);
8:
9:
if(cmp>0)
10:
printf("str1 > str2\n");
11:
else
12:
printf("str1 < str2\n");
13:}
:strncmp
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
char str1[] = "Hello";
6:
char str2[] = "Hello2";
7:
int cmp = strncmp(str1, str2, 3);
8:
9:
if(cmp>0)
10:
printf("str1 > str2\n");
11:
else
12:
printf("str1 < str2\n");
13:}
:strrchr strchr 3.5.14.4

__________________________________________________________________________________
213
__________________________________________________________________________________________
strchr
strchr strrchr
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
char str[] = "Hello", *strdest;
6:
char ch = 'l';
7:
int result;
8:
9:
10:
printf("12345\n");
11:
12:
strdest = strchr(str, ch);
13:
result = (int)(strdest-str+1);
14:
printf("First '%c' in position %d\n", ch, result);
15:
16:
strdest = strrchr(str, ch);
17:
result = (int)(strdest-str+1);
18:
printf("Last '%c' in position %d\n", ch, result);
19:}
:strcspn strspn 3.5.14.5
strspn
strcspn 0
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
char str1[] = "HHHeeelllooo";
6:
char str2[] = "He";
7:
char str3[] = "lllooo";
8:
int result;
9:
10:
result = strspn(str1, str2);
11:
printf("There are %d character(s) of '%s' in string '%s'\n",\
12:
result, str2, str1);
13:
14:
result = strcspn(str1, str3);
15:
printf("First '%s' in string '%s' is start at character %d\n",\
16:
str3, str1, result);
17:}
.
:strpbrk 3.5.14.6
__________________________________________________________________________________
214
__________________________________________________________________________________________
strpbrk
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
6:
char *result = strpbrk(str, "l");
7:
8:
printf("%s\n", result);
9:}
:strstr 3.5.14.7
strchr strstr
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
char str1[] = "Hello, World!", str2[] = "World";
6:
char *strdest = strstr(str1, str2);
7:
int result;
8:
9:
result = (int)(strdest-str1+1);
10:
printf("The word '%s' is at position %d in string '%s'\n",\
11:
str2, result, str1);
12:
13:}
:strlen 3.5.14.8
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
6:
int result = strlen(str);
7:
8:
printf("'%s' = %d character(s)\n", str, result);
9:}
:strerror 3.5.14.9
:
1:#include<stdio.h>
4:
__________________________________________________________________________________
215
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6:
char str[10];
7:
8:
printf("Enter a string (Max 10 characters): ");
9:
10:
if((strlen(gets(str)))>10){
11:
printf("%s\n", strerror(12));
12:
exit(1);
13:
}else
14:
printf("'%s' = %d character(s)\n",\
15:
str, strlen(str));
16:
17:}
.
:strtok 3.5.14.10
: strtok
1:#include<stdio.h>
3:
5:
char *string,
6:
str[] = "(Hello, World)",
7:
tok[] = " (),I";
8:
int i;
9:
10:
string = strtok(str, tok);
11:
12:
for(i=0;i<2;i++){
13:
printf("%s\n", string);
14:
string = strtok(NULL, tok);
15:
}
16:}
:time.h 3.5.15
time.h
: tm
1:struct
2:
int
3:
int
4:
int
5:
int
6:
int
7:
int
8:
int
9:
int
10:
int
11:};
tm
{
tm_sec;
tm_min;
tm_hour;
tm_mday;
tm_mon;
tm_year;
tm_wday;
tm_yday;
tm_isdst;
: time_t clock_t
__________________________________________________________________________________
216
__________________________________________________________________________________________
;1:typedef long time_t

;2:typedef long clock_t
.time.h
3.5.15.1 :clock

CLOCKS_PER_SEC CLK_PER_SEC :
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<time.h
3:
5:
{);;(for
6:
;)printf("%d\n", clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC
7:
)if((clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC)==5
8:
;break
9:
}
}10:
60
60 24
.
:
>1:#include<stdio.h
>2:#include<time.h
3:
;)4:void delay(int second
5:
7:
;int waitsec
8:
9:
;)" printf("wait(in seconds):
10:
;)scanf("%d", &waitsec
11:
;)delay(waitsec
12:
;)"printf("Time terminated...\n
}13:
14:
{)15:void delay(int second
16:
;int sec
17:
18:
{);;(for
19:
;sec = clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC
20:
)if(sec==second
21:
;break
22:
}
}23:
__________________________________________________________________________________
217
__________________________________________________________________________________________
:time 3.5.15.2
: 1970 1 00:00
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<time.h>
3:
5:
time_t Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days;
6:
7:
Seconds = time(NULL);
8:
Minutes = Seconds/60;
9:
Hours
= Minutes/60;
10:
Days
= Hours/24;
11:
12:
printf("%ld\tseconds since 01/01/1970.\n", Seconds);
13:
printf("%ld\tminutes since 01/01/1970.\n", Minutes);
14:
printf("%ld\t\thours since 01/01/1970.\n", Hours);
15:
printf("%ld\t\tdays since 01/01/1970.\n", Days);
16:}
NULL Seconds time

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<time.h>
3:
5:
time_t Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days;
6:
7:
time(&Seconds);
8:
Minutes = Seconds/60;
9:
Hours
= Minutes/60;
10:
Days
= Hours/24;
11:
12:
printf("%ld\tseconds since 01/01/1970.\n", Seconds);
13:
printf("%ld\tminutes since 01/01/1970.\n", Minutes);
14:
printf("%ld\t\thours since 01/01/1970.\n", Hours);
15:
printf("%ld\t\tdays since 01/01/1970.\n", Days);
16:}
:difftime 3.5.15.3
time_t

:
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<time.h>
3:
5:
time_t Start, End;
6:
int i;
__________________________________________________________________________________
218
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:}
Start = time(NULL);
for(i=0;i<=40000;i++){
printf("%d\n", i);
}
End = time(NULL);
printf("Loop taken %.0f seconds to terminate...\n",\
difftime(End, Start));
:localtime 3.5.15.4
: tm 1900
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<time.h>
3:
5:
time_t Seconds;
6:
int Year, Month, Day, Hour, Minute, Second;
7:
struct tm* Time;
8:
9:
time(&Seconds);
10:
11:
Time = localtime(&Seconds);
12:
Year = Time->tm_year+1900, Month= Time->tm_mon+1,
13:
Day = Time->tm_mday;
14:
15:
Hour = Time->tm_hour, Minute = Time->tm_min,
16:
Second = Time->tm_sec;
17:
18:
printf("Date: %.4d/%.2d/%.2d\n",Year, Month, Day);
19:
printf("Time: %.2d:%.2d:%.2d\n", Hour, Minute, Second);
20:}
:asctime 3.5.15.5
DDD MMM D
: HH :MM :SS YYYY

1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<time.h>
3:
5:
time_t Seconds;
6:
struct tm* Time;
7:
8:
time(&Seconds);
9:
10:
Time = localtime(&Seconds);
11:
12:
printf("Date/Time: %s", asctime(Time));
13:}
:ctime 3.5.15.6
__________________________________________________________________________________
219
__________________________________________________________________________________________
DDD MMM D
time()
: HH :MM :SS YYYY
1:#include<stdio.h>
2:#include<time.h>
3:
5:
time_t Seconds;
6:
7:
time(&Seconds);
8:
9:
printf("Date/Time: %s", ctime(&Seconds));
10:}
__________________________________________________________________________________
220
__________________________________________________________________________________________

) (
) .(...Delphi Java

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.
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BASIC .www.2jm2.com :

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56.............................................................................................. Trigraphs 1.8.3.1

167........................................................................ Command-line Arguments 3.2

3.5.2.9 182....................................................................................... isspace

3.5.2.10 183..................................................................................... isupper

3.5.2.11 183...................................................................................... isxdigit

1978 Brian Kernighan

Unix Linux Unix Linux

>< #include #include .

Variables and Constants

double float double 8

1.3.2 :Variable Name

const int num

Inc = Inc+1 Inc++

1.6.2 ):(relational operators

;)5<3 && 5>3

if, else, elseif

putchar ! Hello, World:

putch putchar getch getchar :

1.9.7 main :wmain

void int void

int, short, long

int, short, long

switch elseif else if

)'if(Char == '+' || Char == '1

switch float .double

while dowhile while

for while dowhile

scanf gets gets

printf("Empty_String = %s\n", Empty_String);

:strncat strcat 2.3.4.3

arr[0+0]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[0]); */

arr[0-0]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[0]); */

arr[1*1]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[1]); */

arr[1/1]); /* or printf("%d\n", arr[1]); */

int, float, double, long, short, unsigned,

2.4.2 :Pointer Name

void (Type)Pointer_Name Type

char **ptr = &AdrPtr;

;)%c %d = %d\n", num1, sign, num2, num1-num2

;)%c %d = %d\n", num1, sign, num2, num1*num2

;)%c %d = %d\n", num1, sign, num2, num1/num2

2.5.1 :Function Type

int num Int_Func printf

char unsigned signed double float long

:Function Name 2.5.2

2.5.3 :Function Parameters

][.short, long, int, float, double, char, char*, char

fprintf fscanf scanf

fgets fputs puts

2.8.1 :Struct Name

_point _line _point

time hh, mm, ss int

Decimal Var_1 Var_2 Var_3

typedef float PI;

string.h strcpy wcscpy

: string.h strncpy wcsncpy

:wcsncat wcscat 2.9.6

:putwchar getwchar 2.9.7

getwchar getchar stdio.h

2.9.8 _getws :_putws

Command-line Arguments 3.2

3.1.1 :Enumeration Name

arr[11]); / or printf("%d\n", arr[1]); */