3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

Chapter 3
Optimum siting and sizing of substations

Chapter content:

(1.0)Introduction

(2.0)Symbols definitions

(3.0)Calculation Sequence

(4.0)Data used in design

(5.0)Calculations
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 50

Chapter 3
Optimum siting and sizing of substations
(1.0)Introduction:
Substations are the second step in power system after the Electrical load forecast &
Starting with Substation “66/22 KV or 11 KV “the distribution network will initiate.

Substation will distribute its power using feeders on distribution voltage 22, 11 KV.
These feeders can be overhead or underground cables depend on the cost of the
system, it's nature & it's location in the Rural or in Cities.

Our concern here is to find the number of substations and its distribution on each
planning area. The selection of the number of the substations is from economical view.
We try to find the optimum number of substations to have minimum cost. We want to
equalize the cost of substations and the cost of feeders, to have the minimum total cost
for both S/S & feeders, If we have large number of substations (large S/S cost) we will
have short feeders (low cost) and if we have small number of substations (low S/S cost)
we will have long feeders (large cost). This mean increasing the number of substations
for a given load density tends to increase total cost. However, increasing the number of
substations reduces the cost of feeders and feeder losses.

Clearly then, the least total annual cost is a function of substation size, feeders cost,
capacity of feeder and load density. But there are another factors rather than the cost of
S/S & feeders effect on the selection the optimum sitting & sizing, so due to the growth
of demands and scarcity of available S/S sites, the cost of the location and spacing of
substations becoming a major economic problem also. Due to local geography,
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 50

distribution system, Security & other conditions beyond control, it may be impractical to
select the ideal substation size and spacing. So, these factors should be known so that
the ideal conditions may be approached as near as possible from all points of view. The
best size and spacing of S/S is that which results in the least annual cost of the sum of
fixed charges on S/S, feeders, operation, maintenance, and losses.

Factors affecting substation site selection:

1) Load forecast
2) Land availability
3) Cost of land
4) Existing substation locations
5) Feeder limitation
6) Closeness to load centers

Factors affecting feeder routing selection:

1) Future load growth
2) Physical barriers
3) Voltage drop
4) Total cost
5) feeder
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 50

(2.0)Symbols definitions:
The following symbols will be used to determine the relationship of the above factors
in deriving an equation for total annual cost.
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 50

D Load density (KVA/km2)

Substation KVA capacity
( kVA) s

S Distance between substations (km)

a Fixed charge on feeder equipment LE/year
b Total cost of feeder including erection LE/Km
c That part of substation cost not proportional to substation capacity
d Cost per KVA of the capacity required to carry the load in the area S2
Feeder KVA capacity = *V*Icc
( kVA) f
3

number of feeders required per km2

nf

Cost of substation per km2

Cs

Total annual cost of substation & feeders per km2

CT
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 51

Using one square km as a unit area, the number of feeders required to serve this area
is,

(1)
n f = D / kVA f

And the cost per feeder is given by

(2)
a + b× S /2

The substation cost to supply this unit area is:

(3)
c
+d×D
S2

The total cost of substation and feeders is then the product of equation (1) and (2) plus
equation (3), mathematically, the total cost is,

(4)
CT = ( a + b × S / 2) × D / KVA f + c / S + d × D
2
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 50

Minimizing equation (4) with respect to S:

(5)
0.333
 kVA f c 
S = 1.59  km
 bD 

and the corresponding optimum substation size would be

(6)

kVAS opt = S 2 D

(3.0)Calculation Sequence:

•
KVA Sopt = D ⋅ S 2

• approximated to the higher integer

n S = area ÷ S 2 ⇒

•
KVAS act = Total Load ÷ n S

•
Loading Percent = KVA Sopt ÷ Substationrating includingthe reserve

• Get # of transformers needed & add reserve transformer. Try to make total # of
transformers to be even for easier protection.
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

•
Feeders / Substation = Substationrating includingthe reserve÷ KVA f

And then approximated to the higher integer giving even no of feeders / substation

Current Density =
KVAS act ÷ ( feeder / Substation× 3 × 11× csa of feeder)

(4.0)Data used in design:

(4.1)Draw:

All dimensions in Km

(4.2)load density:
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

Area Maximum Load D

Zone
(Km2) (MVA) (MVA/ Km2)
1.Agricultural 25*5 140.9368 1.1275
2.Residential 15*7.5 376.5831 3.3474
3.City Center 15*12.5 1215.43 6.4823
4.Light Industrial 7.5*5 257.7087 6.872
5.Heavy Industrial 7.5*5 608.1562 16.2175

(4.3)Substations:
Cost of Outdoor substation=23,000,000 LE

Cost of Indoor substation= 30,000,000 LE

(4.4)For OHTL:

kind Aluminum conductor steel reinforced(ACSR)

Cross section 120 mm2 (Stranded in 6 strands)
CCC 300 ampere
Price 38,400 LE/KM

Assume no derating in the OHTL

 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 51

(4.5)For UGC:
Insulation level 12/20 kV
Kind Multicore cables, with stranded Aluminum conductors XLPE
insulated, steel tape armoured and PVC sheathed
Cross-section 240 mm2
CCC 340 ampere
Price 166 LE/M+12% sales tax+25% erection
De-rating factors Ground temperature derating factor , burials depth derating
factor, soil thermal resistivity derating factor

The following de-rating factors should be considered in design:

• Ground temperature de-rating factor

• Burial depth derating factor (1 m)
• Soil thermal resistivity derating factor
D.F = 0.93 × 0.93 × 0.91 = 0.706

(5.0)Calculations:

(5.1)Agricultural area:

(5.1.1)Design aspects:
• Substations used in the agricultural area are generally outdoor substations due
to the low cost of land
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

• Over Head Transmission Lines ( OHTL ) are used in the agricultural area are
used for the primary distribution networks ( 11 KV ) due to The lower cost of
OHTL makes it more suitable for use in the agricultural areas and UGC may be
destroyed while digging or due to irrigation in the agricultural areas.

• It is recommended that the number of transformers in each substation doesn't

exceed 6 transformers including the reserve.
• It is recommended that the bus bars in the substation are sectionalized and
doubled to allow maneuver and that the number of transformers and feeders per
section is even number.
• It is recommended that the number of feeders per transformer in agricultural area
shouldn't exceed 6 feeders.
• A recommended current density for the OHTL it is generally around 2 A/mm2.
• It is recommended that the loading percent of the substation
between 60% 80%
⇒

(5.1.2)Calculations:

As we use OHTL b=38,400 LE/KM &

⇒ ( kVA ) f = 3 * 11 * 300
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 51

As we use Outdoor substation C=23,000,000*0.3 LE

⇒

D=1.1275 MVA/ Km2

0.333
 kVA f c 
S = 1.59  km
 bD 

Km
S = 15.41306768

KVA
KVASopt = D ⋅ S 2 = 267851.8937

, approximated to the higher integer ( )

n S = area ÷ S = 0.526176979
2
nS = 1

KVA
KVAS act = Total Load ÷ nS = 140936.8

Transformers used in substation: 66/11 KV, 5×35 + 1×35 MVA

Loading percent = 67.1128%

Feeders/ Substation= Substationrating includingthe reserve÷ KVA f = 36.74

Approximated to the integer giving even number of

Feeders/ Substation= 36
feeders/ substation & feeders/ transformer.

Substation capacity is bigger than feeders capacity with 4.23 MVA

Each transformer supplying 6 feeders.

 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 51

Current density=0.8562A/mm2

(5.1.3)Sitting of the 66/11 KV substation in agricultural area:

All dimensions in Km
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 51

(5.2.0)Residential area:

(5.2.1)Design aspects:
• Substations used in Residential area are generally the indoor substations.
• Under Ground Cables (UGC) are used in Residential area for the primary
distribution networks (11 KV).

• From the reliability point of view, it is better to replace one large substation with
some smaller substations distributed over the planning area, in spite of the
increase in the cost; yet, the increase is not that considerable amount.
• It is recommended that the number of transformers in each substation doesn't
exceed 6 transformers including the reserve.
• It is recommended that the bus bars in the substation are sectionalized and
doubled to allow maneuver and that the number of transformers and feeders per
section is even number.
• It is recommended that the number of feeders per transformer in Residential area
exceed 8 feeders per transformer.
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

• The loading percent in each substation shouldn't exceed 80% for safety and
continuity of feeding in case of outage of any unit.
• A recommended current density for the UGC is 1 A/mm2

(5.2.2)Calculations:
As we use UGC b=227420LE/KM &
⇒ ( kVA ) f = 3 *11* 340 * 0.706

As we use Indoor substation C=30,000,000*0.3 LE

⇒

D=3.3474 MVA/ Km2

0.333
 kVA f c 
S = 1.59  km
 bD 

Km
S = 6.012358226
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

KVA
KVASopt = D ⋅ S 2 = 121003.3264

, we have two solutions

nS = area ÷ S 2 = 3.1122

solution 1 solution 2
3 4
nS =

125527.7 KVA 94145.775 KVA

KVAS act = Total Load ÷ nS =

Transformers used in substation 5×35 + 1×35 MVA 3×35 + 1×35 MVA

66/11 KV

Loading percent = 59.77% 67.247%

Feeders/ Substation= 45.9 48 30.6 32

⇒ ⇒

Each transformer supplying 8 feeders 8 feeders

Current density= 0.572 A/mm
2
0.6434 A/mm
2
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 50

(5.2.3)Sitting of the 66/11 KV substation in the Residential area:

Solution 1( ):
nS = 3

All dimensions in Km
Solution 2( ):
nS = 4
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 51

All dimensions in Km
(5.3.0)City center:
(5.3.1)Design aspects:
• Substations used in City center area are generally the GIS (Gas Insulated
Substations) since the land is very expensive.
• Under Ground Cables (UGC) are used in City center area for the primary
distribution networks (11 KV).

• From the reliability point of view, it is better to replace one large substation with
some smaller substations distributed over the planning area, in spite of the
increase in the cost; yet, the increase is not that considerable amount.
• It is recommended that the number of transformers in each substation doesn't
exceed 6 transformers including the reserve.
• It is recommended that the bus bars in the substation are sectionalized and
doubled to allow maneuver and that the number of transformers and feeders per
section is even number.
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

• It is recommended that the number of feeders per transformer in City center area
shouldn't exceed 8 feeders per transformer.

• The loading percent in each substation shouldn't exceed 80% for safety and
continuity of feeding in case of outage of any unit.
• A recommended current density for the UGC is 1 A/mm2

(5.3.2)Calculations:
As we use UGC b=227420LE/KM &
⇒ ( kVA ) f = 3 *11* 340 * 0.706

As we use GIS (Gas Insulated Substations) C=30,000,000*0.3 LE

⇒

D=6.4823 MVA/ Km2

0.333
 kVA f c 
S = 1.59  km
 bD 

Km
S = 4.823596935

KVA
KVASopt = D ⋅ S = 150824.2406
2

, approximated to integer ( )
nS = area ÷ S 2 = 8.058593534 nS = 8

KVA
KVAS act = Total Load ÷ nS = 151928.75

Transformers used in substation: 66/11 KV, 5×35 + 1×35 MVA

 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 50

Loading percent = 72.35%

Feeders/ Substation= Substationrating includingthe reserve÷ KVA f = 45.92

Approximated to the integer giving even number of

Feeders/ Substation= 48
feeders/ substation & feeders/ transformer.

Each transformer supplying 8 feeders.

Current density=0.6922A/mm2

(5.3.3)Sitting of the 66/11 KV substation in the City center area:

All dimensions in Km

(5.4.0)Light industrial:
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 51

(5.4.1)Design aspects:
• Substations used in Light Industrial area are generally the indoor substations
• Under Ground Cables (UGC) are used in Light Industrial area for the primary
distribution networks (11 KV).

• From the reliability point of view, it is better to replace one large substation with
some smaller substations distributed over the planning area, in spite of the
increase in the cost; yet, the increase is not that considerable amount.
• It is recommended that the number of transformers in each substation doesn't
exceed 6 transformers including the reserve.
• It is recommended that the bus bars in the substation are sectionalized and
doubled to allow maneuver and that the number of transformers and feeders per
section is even number.
• It is recommended that the number of feeders per transformer in Light Industrial
area shouldn't exceed 8 feeders per transformer.

• The loading percent in each substation shouldn't exceed 80% for safety and
continuity of feeding in case of outage of any unit.
• A recommended current density for the UGC is 1 A/mm2

(5.4.2)Calculations:
As we use UGC b=227420LE/KM &
⇒ ( kVA ) f = 3 *11* 340 * 0.706

As we use Indoor substation C=30,000,000*0.3 LE

⇒

D=6.872 MVA/ Km2

0.333
 kVA f c 
S = 1.59  km
 bD 
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 51

Km
S = 4.730637488

KVA
KVASopt = D ⋅ S 2 = 153788.0141

, approximated to the higher integer ( )

nS = area ÷ S 2 = 1.676 nS = 2

KVA
KVAS act = Total Load ÷ nS = 128854.35

Transformers used in substation: 66/11 KV, 5×35 + 1×35 MVA

Loading percent = 61.36%

Feeders/ Substation= Substationrating includingthe reserve÷ KVA f = 45.92

Feeders/ Substation= 48 Approximated to the integer giving even number of

feeders/ substation & feeders/ transformer.

Each transformer supplying 8 feeders.

Current density=0.587A/mm2

(5.4.3)Sitting of the 66/11 KV substation in Light Industrial area:

 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 51

All dimensions in Km

(5.5.0)Heavy industrial:

(5.5.1)Design aspects:
• Substations used in Heavy industrial area are generally the indoor substations.
• Under Ground Cables (UGC) are used in Heavy industrial area for the primary
distribution networks (11 KV).

• From the reliability point of view, it is better to replace one large substation with
some smaller substations distributed over the planning area, in spite of the
increase in the cost; yet, the increase is not that considerable amount.
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

• It is recommended that the number of transformers in each substation doesn't

exceed 6 transformers including the reserve.
• It is recommended that the bus bars in the substation are sectionalized and
doubled to allow maneuver and that the number of transformers and feeders per
section is even number.
• It is recommended that the number of feeders per transformer in City center area
shouldn't exceed 8 feeders per transformer.

• The loading percent in each substation shouldn't exceed 80% for safety and
continuity of feeding in case of outage of any unit.
• A recommended current density for the UGC is 1 A/mm2

(5.5.2)Calculations:
As we use UGC b=227420LE/KM &
⇒ ( kVA ) f = 3 *11* 340 * 0.706

As we use indoor substations C=30,000,000*0.3 LE

⇒
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

D=16.2175 MVA/ Km2

0.333
 kVA f c 
S = 1.59  km
 bD 

Km
S = 3.553198066

KVA
KVASopt = D ⋅ S 2 = 204749.4485

, approximated to integer ( )
nS = area ÷ S 2 = 2.97 nS = 3

KVA

KVASact = Total Load ÷ nS = 202718.7333

We have two solutions:

Solution 1 Solution 2
Transformers used in 5×50 + 1×50 MVA 7×35 + 1×35 MVA
substation: 66/11 KV

Loading percent = 67.573% 72.399%

65.597 66 61.224 64
Feeders/ Substation= ⇒ ⇒

Each transformer supplying 11 feeders 8 feeders

Current density= 0.6716 A/mm2 0.6926 A/mm2
1. Higher cost due to higher 1. Lower cost.
comments
 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

capacity. 2. Transformers from

Egypt.
2.transformers of 50 MVA
do 3. Higher loading percent.

not produced in Egypt. 4. # of trans. Larger than

3. Lower loading percent. 6 transformers.

4. large # of feeders/ trans.

(5.5.3)Sitting of the 66/11 KV substation in Heavy industrial area:

 3 Optimum siting and sizing of substation 49

All dimensions in Km