PIPELINE LEAK DETECTION

Oleh: KBK Instrumentasi

Gunawan Siregar
Waskita Inrasutanta
Nugr!h! Wi"is!n!
Ari# Shalahuin $ %&Derm!tt In!nesia '
(ekan)rekan *th+
%aa# kalau ,ertan-aan sa-a suah ,ernah i"ahas "erhu"ung sa-a "aru mulai
"erga"ung milis ini. Sa-a ingin mere/iew an mem"aningkan ,r!uk ,i,e
leak ete&ti!n -ang aa i ,asaran. *ang sa-a hara,kan "isa ia,at ari
rekan)rekan aalah a,a nama ,r!uk),r!uk terse"ut+ sukur)sukur "isa
engan we"site aressn-a+ ,rinsi, ker0a an ,rinsi, ,erhitungann-a+
,engalaman ,enggunaan ,r!uk terse"ut+ "era,a "an-ak ,r!"e -ang
i"utuhkan untuk i,asang+ s" in#! a,a a0a. Kalau,un han-a "isa
ise"utkan naman-a sa0a sa-a suah "erterima kasih+ akan sa-a &ari
in#!n-a i internet. A,likasin-a akan i,akai i ,er,i,aan ,an0ang $"isa
,uluhan km ,er segmen'. Satu &!n&ern lagi mengenai &!mmuni&ati!n meia+
sa-a ,ernah a,at in#! mengenai tekn!l!gi -ang menggunakan ,i,a se"agai
meia k!munikasin-a. Kalau &uku, hanal ini sangat &!&!k untuk a,likasi
,i,e leak ete&ti!n ini. %!h!n kalau -ang ,un-a in#! mengenai hal ini.
Terima kasih.
Iwanana S!en!r! $ C!n!&!Philli,s In!nesia '
Kalau sa-a lihat ini leak ete&ti!n untuk ,i,eline -ah1 Kalau i-a
0uuln-a ari instrument i ganti sa0a 0ai ,i,a2,i,eline "iar !rang
,i,eline le"ih aware.
Aa "e"era,a &ara untuk meneteksi aan-a leak+ alat -ang igunakan 0uga
"er"ea antara !nsh!re engan !##sh!re Biasan-a kalau !##sh!re a,at
menggunakan intelligent ,ig meneteksi ari alam ,i,a atau engan (O3
melihat #isik luar ,i,a.
Kalau !nsh!re tem,! hari &!n#eren&e i Banung aa -ang mem,erkenalkan
engan met!e gel!m"ang ele&tr!magneti&. (( -ang lain silahkan tam"ahkan.
Salam
Bam"ang Sugiharta $ Klaras Pusaka Instrumin! '
Pak Arie#+
Sa-a kemarin kirim satu artikel alam ,# ke %as Buhi+ an ka-akn-a uah
i taruh i migas)in!nesia !nline+ -ang "erisi stu- ,i,eline leak
ete&ti!n+ "aik ari segi meth!e+ &ara+ an lain se"again-a. Sangat
ilmiah an ine,enent sehingga "agus "uat kita untuk "ela0ar ,i,eline
leak ete&ti!n. Seang /en!rn-a+ ana "isa menghu"ungi sa-a lewat 0a,ri.
Nak enak kal! sa-a 0ualan isini.
Buhi Swasti!k! $ %& Derm!tt In!nesia '
%as Iwanana+ aa seikit salah ,aham isini !leh %as Ari# Shalahuin.
Sa-a ke"etulan 0uga !rang instrument+ ta,i seang mem,ela0ari Pi,eline
Dete&ti!n S-stem -ang anal an e#ekti# untuk is!!rkan ke,aa ,ara
&lient sa-a. Begitu 0uga teman iskusi sa-a %as Bam"ang Sugiharta
mengenai PLDS ini+ 0uga !rang instrument. 4ai kalau &!n#use+ ,ergunakan
sa0a ua k!e su"-ek -aitu $instr' an $,i,a'.
Ke"etulan sa-a "aru sa0a meng)u,l!a !kumen Pi,eline Leak Dete&ti!n
Stu- $5657 KB' -ang ilakukan !leh Be&htel. D!kumen terse"ut a,at
i!wnl!a ari 8(L :
htt,:22www.migas)in!nesia.&!m2ine9.,h,1m!ule:!wnl!a;a&t:g!;i:57.
Pagi ini sa-a lihat suah <= !rang -ang men!wnl!an-a. Isin-a "agus lh!
karena me)re/iew semua tekn!l!gi ,eneteksian ke"!&!ran ,aa ,i,eline+
iantaran-a :
5. %ass Balan&e
>. (ate !# Change
<. Pressure P!int Anal-sis
7. Wa/e Alert
6. SCADA)"ase S-stems
?. A&!usti& Emissi!n S-stems
=. Chemi&al Base S-stems
@. Tem,erature Pr!#ile
A. Bi"re O,ti& Sensing Te&hn!l!gies
5C. Neural Netw!rks
55. (ai!a&ti/e Tra&ings
5>. Intelligent Pigging
5<. %is&ellane!us %eth!s
%asing)masing met!a mem,un-ai keuntungan an kerugian.
Salam
Iwanana S!en!r! $ C!n!&!Philli,s In!nesia '
%as Bui+ s!al su"-ek sih engak a,a ) a,a Cuma "iar le"ih "an-ak -ang
res,!n. Begitulah ,i,eline memang multi isi,lin.
Buhi Swasti!k! $ %& Derm!tt In!nesia '
Sum"angan artikel ari %!erat!r KBK Pi,eline %ilis %igas In!nesia Ba,ak
Sati! Brask!r! i Belana.
Leak ete&ti!n te&hniDues are "ase !n either &!ntinu!us !r intermittent
measurements !# s,e&i#i& ,arameters. Intermittent leak ete&ti!n meth!s
are !#ten a"le t! ete&t smaller leak rates &!m,are with &!ntinu!us leak
ete&ti!n te&hniDues.
S!me &!ntinu!us te&hniDues &an !nl- ete&t transient ,i,eline &!niti!ns
uring the !nset !# a leak+ an will n!t "e a"le t! ienti#- the ,resen&e
!# a leak at a later time.
B!r s!me intermittent te&hniDues #lui trans,!rtati!n thr!ugh the
,i,eline nees t! "e interru,te. 8sing intermittent te&hniDues+ the
ete&ti!n time !# a leak will "e &!m,letel- e,enent !n the #reDuen&- !#
ins,e&ti!n.
Te&hniDues #!r ete&ti!n !# leaks in liDui lines !##er "etter
,er#!rman&e than th!se #!r gas ,i,elines+ whi&h in turn are "etter than
th!se #!r tw!),hase ,i,elines.
The &!n#li&ting "alan&e !# sensiti/it- t! leaks an #alse alarms will
etermine the sensiti/it- setting !# the leak ete&ti!n s-stem. Large
leaks &an n!rmall- "e ete&te m!re ra,il- than small !nes. T! maintain
the userEs &!n#ien&e in the s-stem+ a/!iing #alse alarms sh!ul ha/e a
higher ,ri!rit- than attem,ting t! sh!rten the leak ete&ti!n time !r
reu&ing the minimum ete&ta"le leak rate.
The ,er#!rman&e !# ,i,eline leak ete&ti!n te&hniDues is e,enent !n
#lui t-,e+ !,erating ,ressure in&luing #lu&tuati!ns+ "at&h !r
&!ntinu!us !,erati!n+ ,i,eline length an siFe+ metering a&&ura&-+ et&.
T! e&ie whi&h te&hniDue t! a!,t e,ens !n a etaile &ase "- &ase
e/aluati!n. I# the &!nseDuen&es !# a leak are &!nsiere signi#i&ant then
the m!re s!,histi&ate te&hniDues !# leak ete&ti!n are reDuire. It ma-
"e ne&essar- t! e,l!- m!re than !ne leak ete&ti!n te&hniDue in !rer t!
a&hie/e the !/erall leak ete&ti!n ,er#!rman&e that is reDuire.
Leak ete&ti!n s-stems are &ateg!rise int! the #!ll!wing gr!u,s
a&&!ring t! their inherent ,rin&i,le !# leak ete&ti!n:
5. Balan&ing !# ,i,eline mass in,ut /ersus !ut,ut
>. Pressure an2!r #l!w anal-sis
<. %!nit!ring !# &hara&teristi& signals generate "- a leak
7. O##)line leak ete&ti!n
A summar- !# the &a,a"ilities an a,,li&ati!n !# the /ari!us leak
ete&ti!n te&hniDues is gi/en in Ta"le 5.
5.BALANCING OB %ASS INP8T 3E(S8S O8TP8T
This &ateg!r- !# leak ete&ti!n s-stems relies !n the #a&t that in a
leak)#ree ,i,eline the #lui mass #l!w int! the ,i,eline eDuals the #l!w
!ut. 8sing this mass "alan&e ,rin&i,le the #l!w)in an #l!w)!ut
measurements are &!ntinu!usl- m!nit!re #!r an- /ariati!ns !/er a time
inter/al. 3!lume #l!w reaings sh!ul either "e &!rre&te #!r ensit- !r
,ressure an tem,erature /ariati!ns t! re#eren&e mass #l!ws. T! eliminate
the e##e&t !# #l!w /ariati!ns uring n!rmal !,erati!n+ the #l!w reaings
sh!ul "e a/erage $t!talise' !/er is&rete time ,eri!s.
The un&!rre&te mass "alan&e meth! &an "e a,,lie !nl- uner stea-
state !,erati!ns as it !es n!t all!w #!r &hanges in the ,i,eline
in/ent!r-+ i.e. line ,a&k /ariati!n. Its a&&ura&- e,ens largel- !n the
a&&ura&- !# the #l!wmeters an !n the steainess !# !,erati!ns.
In aiti!n t! the inlet an !utlet #l!w measurements+ the &!rre&te mass
"alan&e meth! uses a &!rre&ti!n #a&t!r #!r an- &hanges in the ,i,eline
in/ent!r-. Pressure an+ i# ne&essar-+ tem,erature measurements at
inter/als al!ng the ,i,eline are use #!r &al&ulating the &!rre&ti!n
#a&t!r. The &a,a"ilit- #!r ete&ting small leaks e,ens u,!n the num"er
an a&&ura&- !# measurements al!ng the length !# the ,i,eline.
An alternati/e meth! is -nami& simulati!n+ whi&h is a m!el)assiste
"alan&e meth!. A real time &!m,uter m!el &al&ulates the in/ent!r- !#
the ,i,eline an the line ,a&k /ariati!ns !# the ,i,eline uner stea-)
state an transient !,erating &!niti!ns. It will &!rre&t n!t !nl- #!r
,ressure an tem,erature e##e&ts "ut als! #!r &hanges in #lui
,r!,erties+ su&h as where i##erent "at&hes !# #luis are ,resent in the
,i,eline at the same time. A i##eren&e "etween the mass "alan&e
,rei&te "- the m!el an that a&tuall- measure ini&ates the ,resen&e
!# a leak. Als!+ une9,e&te #l!w an2!r ,ressure trens are use as
ini&at!rs !# the !&&urren&e !# a leak.
The -nami& simulati!n meth! is similar t! the &!rre&te mass "alan&e
s-stem. The main i##eren&e is that the -nami& simulati!n meth!
&al&ulates the ,i,eline in/ent!r- whereas the &!rre&te mass "alan&e
meth! inter,!lates "etween the measurements al!ng the ,i,eline. The
latter is usuall- &!nsiere t! "e less a&&urate "e&ause !# the inherent
a&&umulati!n !# measurement err!rs.
The sensiti/it- !# these meth!s is generall- g!!. Their isa/antage is
that the- ha/e limite &a,a"ilities #!r l!&ating the leak.
Shell (esear&h $KSLA' ha/e e/el!,e a statisti&al ,i,eline leak
ete&ti!n $SPLD' s-stem. The s-stem !es n!t nee &!m,li&ate m!elling
!# the ,i,eline in/ent!r-+ it &!ntinu!usl- &al&ulates the statisti&al
,r!"a"ilities !# a leak "ase !n #lui #l!w an ,ressure measure at the
inlet an !utlet !# a ,i,eline. De,ening !n the &!ntr!l an !,erati!n !#
a ,i,eline+ the statisti&al te&hniDue is use t! ienti#- &hanges in the
relati!nshi, "etween the ,i,eline ,ressure an #l!w whi&h alwa-s !&&ur
when there is a leak. The SPLD s-stem w!rks as a statisti&al #ilter+
whi&h is a,,lie t! a ,i,eline in,ut2!ut,ut "alan&e an whi&h e&ies
"etween a leak)#ree an a leak),resent h-,!thesis. %a0!r a/antages !#
this s-stem are its sim,li&it- an r!"ustness &!m,are with !ther
s!#tware "ase te&hniDues. The SPLD s-stem &an run !n a PC+ an is
&a,a"le !# is&riminating "etween #lu&tuati!ns ue t! !,erati!nal
/ariati!ns !# the ,i,eline an the a&tual !&&urren&e !# a leakG it is
thus /er- relia"le #!r leak ete&ti!n. The SPLD s-stem &an !nl- gi/e an
ini&ati!n !# the leak l!&ati!n. The SPLD s-stem has "een &!mmer&ialise
sin&e O&t!"er 5AA5. The statisti&al #ilter !# the SPLD s-stem &an als! "e
&!m"ine with a &!mmer&iall- a/aila"le -nami& simulati!n meth!+ whi&h
makes the latter e/en m!re relia"le. This &!m"ine statisti&al an
-nami& simulati!n leak ete&ti!n s-stem is at ,resent the m!st
s!,histi&ate leak ete&ti!n s-stem a/aila"le.
>. P(ESS8(E AND2O( BLOW ANAL*SIS
The !,erati!n !# a ,i,eline &an "e &hara&terise "- the #l!w !# the #lui
an the ,ressure graient al!ng the ,i,eline. Pressure r!, an #l!w
al!ng a ,i,eline are relate t! the #l!w resistan&e !# the ,i,eline. A
leak will alter the ,ressure r!, ,r!#ile !# a ,i,eline an there#!re
a##e&t the En!rmalE ,ressure an #l!w relati!nshi,s. Dete&ti!n !# su&h
alterati!ns &an "e use t! ini&ate the !&&urren&e !# a leak.
I# a large leak !&&urs+ ,arti&ularl- in the u,stream ,art !# a ,i,eline+
the inlet ,ressure will r!,. O"ser/ati!n !# a l!wer than e9,e&te inlet
,ressure ini&ates the ,resen&e !# a leak. Dete&ti!n !# l!w ,ressure is
usuall- &!nne&te t! an aut!mati& shut)!wn s-stem. T! a/!i #alse alarms
the s-stem is usuall- set su&h that !nl- ma0!r leaks &an "e ete&te.
A leak will result in an in&rease in #l!w u,stream an a e&rease in #l!w
!wnstream !# the leak. As a result !# this the ,ressure graient will
in&rease u,stream an e&rease !wnstream !# the leak. The !&&urren&e !#
a is&!ntinuit- in the ,ressure graient+ whi&h is &al&ulate #r!m the
,ressure reaings al!ng the ,i,eline+ is an ini&ati!n !# a large leak.
The rate !# &hange !# ,ressure an #l!w reaings &an als! "e m!nit!re
an use t! ete&t suen &hanges whi&h ini&ate the !&&urren&e !# a
leak.
The &!m"ine ,ressure e&rease2#l!w in&rease meth! uses the #a&t that a
leak in an !,erati!nal ,i,eline will &ause an in&rease in the #l!w an a
e&rease in the ,ressure u,stream !# the leak. The simultane!us
!&&urren&e !# "!th is an ini&ati!n !# a leak.
<. %ONITO(ING OB CHA(ACTE(ISTIC SIGNALS GENE(ATED B* A LEAK
A suenl- !&&urring leak will &ause a suen ,ressure r!, at the leak
l!&ati!n in the ,i,eline. This suen ,ressure r!, will &reate a
,ressure wa/e tra/elling at s!ni& /el!&it- "!th u,stream an !wnstream
#r!m the leak. Dete&ti!n !# this ,ressure wa/e is an ini&ati!n !# the
!&&urren&e !# a leak. The res,!nse time !# this negati/e ,ressure wa/e
te&hniDue is /er- sh!rt "e&ause it res,!ns t! wa/es that tra/el at s!ni&
/el!&ities $in &rue !il+ a,,r!9imatel- 5CCC m2s'. When the wa/e is
ete&te "!th u,stream an !wnstream !# the leak+ the l!&ati!n !# the
leak ma- "e &al&ulate #r!m the time i##eren&e !# ete&ti!n "- the
nearest sens!rs !n either sie !# the leak l!&ati!n. The s-stem will !nl-
res,!n t! an instantane!usl- !&&urring leak !# measura"le siFe. In
,ra&ti&e the sensiti/it- &an "e ,!!r "e&ause the alarm thresh!ls are
!#ten set high t! a/!i #alse alarms triggere "- ,ressure transients
generate "- u,stream !r !wnstream ,r!&essing ,lant !r !ther n!ise
,r!u&ing installati!ns+ su&h as ,um, !r &!m,ress!r stati!ns.
A s-stem whi&h is less sensiti/e t! ,i,eline n!ise than the negati/e
,ressure wa/e s-stem uses ual transu&ers whi&h #ilter !ut n!ise
signals. The s-stem is mae ire&ti!nal+ i.e. it ete&ts signals
!riginating #r!m either the u,stream !r the !wnstream ire&ti!n !# the
,i,eline. This is a&hie/e "- installing the tw! transu&ers at an
a,,r!,riate istan&e #r!m ea&h !ther an using an ele&tr!ni& signal
su"tra&ting s-stem.
Leak ete&ti!n "ase !n negati/e ,ressure wa/e te&hniDues will !nl-
ete&t the initiati!n !# a leak an n!t its ,resen&e. I# the ,ressure
wa/e &reate at the m!ment !# leak initiati!n is n!t ete&te+ the leak
will n!t "e n!ti&e.
LiDui es&a,ing uner ,ressure thr!ugh a small !,ening ,r!u&es
su,ers!ni& n!ise. An ultras!ni& leak ete&ti!n ,ig+ whi&h is eDui,,e
with h-r!,h!nes an ata re&!ring+ &an ete&t an l!&ate the ,resen&e
!# a leak. A /er- small leak+ !wn t! 5C l2hr+ &an "e ete&te an #airl-
a&&uratel- l!&ate with this te&hniDue. Being intermittentl- !,erate+
the res,!nse time will e,en !n the #reDuen&- !# running the ultras!ni&
leak ete&ti!n ,ig.
A h-r!&ar"!n),ermea"le tu"e $sni##er tu"e' &an "e lai in &l!se
,r!9imit- al!ng the ,i,eline. Small leaks !# h-r!&ar"!ns #r!m the
,i,eline whi&h ha/e ,ermeate int! the tu"e will "e ete&te when the
tu"e is ,eri!i&all- ,urge int! a gas anal-ser.
H-r!&ar"!n)sensing &a"les &an "e lai al!ng the ,i,eline. Ele&tri&al
,r!,erties !# the &a"le &hange when h-r!&ar"!ns &!me in &!nta&t with the
&a"le. C!nta&t with water !es n!t a##e&t the ,r!,erties !# the &a"le.
A ,r!t!t-,e s-stem #!r the measurement !# methane in sea water has "een
e/el!,e. The e/i&e+ whi&h is m!unte !n a (O3+ e9tra&ts iss!l/e gas
#r!m a &!ntinu!us #l!w !# water an etermines the methane &!ntent using
in#rare a"s!r,ti!n te&hniDues.
(em!te sensing !# h-r!&ar"!n emissi!ns+ e.g. using an in#rare te&hniDue
#r!m an air&ra#t is "e&!ming &!mmer&iall- a/aila"le. Parti&ularl- #!r gas
an multi),hase ,i,elines+ this !##ers a ,!wer#ul alternati/e t! gr!un
"ase ,atr!lling te&hniDues.
7. OBB)LINE LEAK DETECTION
Intelligent ,igs ha/e "een e/el!,e #!r ete&ti!n an l!&ati!n !# leaks
in a ,i,eline using #l!w ire&ti!n re&!gniti!n in a "l!&ke)in
,ressurise ,i,eline. This "i)ire&ti!nal ,ig has an !,ening thr!ugh the
"!- with a sensiti/e #l!w meter an a transmitter. B- l!&ating the ,ig
at /ari!us ,!ints al!ng the line an using a"!/e)gr!un inter,retati!n !#
the #l!w measurements thr!ugh the ,ig+ the leak &an e/entuall- "e
l!&ate. L!&ating the leak+ h!we/er+ is time &!nsuming an the line
sh!ul "e eDui,,e with ,um,ing !r ,ressurising #a&ilities at "!th ens.
This s-stem is !# interest #!r ,i,elines larger than @ in&hes in iameter
when a small leak has "een ete&te "ut its l!&ati!n is unkn!wn.
An alternati/e t! the a"!/e te&hniDue #!r ,i,elines smaller than @ in&hes
is a "i)ire&ti!nal ,ig eDui,,e with a i##erential ,ressure transu&er
an a transmitter. When l!&ate in the ,i,eline the ,ig measures the
,ressure r!, !n either sie. The leak will "e !n the sie at whi&h the
,ressure r!,s m!re ra,il-.
The ,ressure in a "l!&ke)in ,ressurise ,i,eline will r!, when there is
a leak. B!r a stati& ,ressure leak test the ,i,eline+ !r a se&ti!n !# it+
is ,ressurise with the trans,!rte h-r!&ar"!n #lui t! the %AOP. I#
,ressurising t! a higher le/el is reDuire the leak test shall "e !ne
with water #!r sa#et- an en/ir!nmental reas!ns. A#ter ,ressurising+ the
"l!&k /al/es are &l!se an the ,ressure an tem,erature are m!nit!re
#!r a s,e&i#ie ,eri! !# time $>7 h!ur minimum'. A i##erential stati&
,ressure test &an "e &arrie !ut i# "l!&k /al/es are eDui,,e with
i##erential ,ressure transu&ers. A i##eren&e in the rate !# ,ressure
r!, in tw! a0a&ent se&ti!ns that &ann!t "e e9,laine "- tem,erature
e##e&ts+ ina&&ura&- !# reaings !r /al/e leakage is an ini&ati!n !# a
leak.
There are un&ertainties a"!ut the a/antages an isa/antages !#
,ressure testing e9isting ,i,elines #!r &!niti!n m!nit!ring ,ur,!ses at
,ressures higher than the %AOP. Pressure testing a"!/e the %AOP is
,rimaril- !ne #!r strength testing in !rer t! a/!i a ,i,eline ru,ture.
The a/antage !# ,ressure testing at high ,ressures #!r leak ete&ti!n is
that an e9isting leak is ete&te m!re easil-. Als!+ l!ng e#e&ts whi&h
ha/e alm!st "r!ken the sur#a&e &an "e !,ene+ resulting in a leak whi&h
is als! ete&te. The isa/antage is the risk that e9isting e#e&ts
might "e enlarge an2!r a&ti/ate t! gr!w+ ,!ssi"l- leaing t! #ailures
uring n!rmal ,i,eline !,erati!ns #!ll!wing the ,ressure test.
A tra&er &an "e ae t! the ,ressurising #lui #!r ete&ti!n !# small
leaks. The leak is ete&te "- ,atr!lling the ,i,eline with a ete&t!r
whi&h is sensiti/e t! the tra&er !r "- /isual !"ser/ati!n !# a /isi"le
tra&er.
S!un whi&h is generate when liDui is #!r&e thr!ugh a small !,ening
uring ,ressure testing &an "e ete&te "- a&!usti& m!nit!ring. B!r
,i,elines trans,!rting har liDuis+ leak ete&ti!n "- an a&!usti&
re#le&t!metr- meth! is #easi"le. The te&hniDue is "ase !n the
,hen!men!n that a ,ressure wa/e tra/elling thr!ugh a ,i,eline is
re#le&te at the ,!siti!n !# a leak+ ue t! a l!&al &hange !# a&!usti&
,r!,erties. B!r lines whi&h are use intermittentl- this te&hniDue &an "e
use uring !wntime when the le/el !# istur"ing n!ise is l!w.
TABLE 5 S8%%A(* OB THE CAPABILITIES AND APPLICATION OB LEAK
DETECTION TECHNII8ES
leak
ete&ti!n
meth!
leak t-,e m!e !#
!,erati!n
res,!nse
time
leak l!&ati!n
&a,a"ilit-
remarks
l!w ,ressure gas: #ull
"!re
ru,tures
liDui:
ma0!r leaks
an- se&!ns t!
minutes
O##sh!re:
N!ne
Onsh!re:
Between "l!&k
/al/es i#
,ressure
reaings
a/aila"le
&!mm!nl-
use+ high
thresh!ls
t! a/!i
#alse alarms
Pressure
e&rease 2
#l!w in&rease
gas: ma0!r
leak
liDui:
large leaks
stea- statese&!ns t!
minutes
O##sh!re:
N!ne
Onsh!re:
Between "l!&k
/al/es i#
,ressure
reaings
a/aila"le

,ressure
graient
al!ng the
,i,eline
gas: ma0!r
leaks
liDui:
large leaks
stea- stateminutes "etween "l!&k
/al/es i#
,ressure
reaings
a/aila"le
!nsh!re !nl-
negati/e
,ressure wa/e
gas: large
leaks
liDui:
meium
leaks
stea- statese&!ns t!
minutes
within 5 km ete&ts !nl-
the !nset !#
a leak
wa/e alert gas: meium
t! large
leaks
liDui:
small t!
meium
leaks
stea- an
transient
state
se&!ns t!
minutes
within 5 km+
e,ening !n
transu&er
s,a&ing
ete&ts !nl-
the !nset !#
a leak
mass "alan&e meium t!
large leaks
stea- stateminutes t!
h!urs
n!ne
&!rre&te
mass "alan&e
small t!
meium
leaks
stea- an
transient
state
minutes t!
h!urs
O##sh!re:
N!ne
Onsh!re:
Between "l!&k
/al/es

-nami&
simulati!n
small leaks stea- an
transient
state
minutes t!
h!urs
at "est
within 5CJ !#
,i,eline
length

statisti&al
leak
ete&ti!n
small leaks stea- an
transient
state
minutes t!
h!urs
ini&ati!n
!nl-
l!w
,r!"a"ilit-
!# #alse
alarm
ultras!ni&
leak
liDuis:
small leaks
intermittente,ens !n
,igging
within 5CC m har liDuis
!nl-
ete&ti!n ,ig$t-,i&al 6C
l2h'
#reDuen&-
a&!usti&
re#le&t!metr-
liDuis:
large leaks
$!n)line'+
small t!
meium
leaks
$shut)!wn'
stea- statee,ens !n
m!nit!ring
#reDuen&-
within 5 km har liDuis
!nl-
i##erential
stati&
,ressure test
small leaks
$har
liDuis'+
meium
leaks$s!#t
liDuis'+
large leaks
#!r gas
uring shut
!wn
h!urs t!
a-s
n!ne+ "etween
"l!&k /al/es
&a,a"ilities
e,ens !n
length an
tem,erature
e##e&ts
sni##er tu"e+
h-r!&ar"!n
sensing)
&a"les
all #luis+
in&luing
multi,hase:
small leaks
an- h!urs within 5CCm sh!rt lines
!nl-
Leak rate &ateg!ries use in Ta"le 5:
Bull "!re
ru,ture:
K 5CCJ !# #l!w
%a0!r leak: 6C)5CCJ !# #l!w
Large leak: >6)6CJ !# #l!w
%eium leak: 6)>6J !# #l!w
Small leak: 5)6J !# #l!w