Pendahuluan
Dokter tantangan pekerjaan sehari-hari
Meningkatkan pelayanan kesehatan
Informasi penelitian kedokteran banyak
Informasi valid & relevant praktek klinik ?
Dokter butuh kemampuan baru menelusuri
hasil penelitian : kekuatan & kelemahannya
Pemahaman EBM!
What is EBM ?
Sasaran belajar :
Komponen pengetahuan : mengetahui sumber
informasi tersedia online di Internet
Komponen sikap : menghargai pendekatan
EBM pada praktek sehari-hari dapat
memberikan pelayanan optimal
Kemampuan ketrampilan : meningkatkan
kemampuan untuk menilai diagnosis dan
pengobatan valid dari artikel
What is EBM?
EBM : proses sistematik untuk menemukan,
menelaah, dan menggunakan hasil-hasil
penelitian masa kini sebagai dasar untuk
mengambil keputusan klinik
EBM :process of systematically finding,
appraising and using contemporaneous research
findings as the basis for clinical decisions.
(1)
Evidence Based Medicine
Menggunakan segala pertimbangan bukti ilmiah
(evidence) yang sahih yang diketahui hingga kini
untuk menentukan pengobatan pada penderita
yang sedang dihadapi.
(2)
Evidence-based medicine is the integration of
best research evidence with clinical expertise and
patient values
(3)
Evidence Based Medicine
Dasar dari EBM : penderita dan bukan -
patofosiologi, - pendekatan spesialistik,
spesifik
Penderita pusat untuk semua keputusan
perawatan .
(4)
Myths about EBM
A recent article1 compiled a list of different
myths that the medical community has believed.
1. "B12 can not be replenished orally in patients
with pernicious anemia.
FALSE
Patients who received 500-1000 micrograms of
oral B12 normalized their hemoglobin levels
and had no neurologic sequelae in 5-year study
(Acta Med Scand 1968;184:247-58). Other
studies confirmed this as well.
Myths about EBM
2. "Patients with diabetes should not use beta-
blockers."
FALSE
There were no more instances of hypoglycemia
that went unrecognized in those on or off beta-
blockers (Br Med J 1980;280:976-8
Myths about EBM
3. "Beta-blockers cause depression.
FALSE
In a cohort study, those who were on beta-
blockers had just as much depression as those
who were not on beta-blockers (J Clin Epidemiol
1996;49:809-15).
Lebih baik masalah ini dinilai menggunakan
rancangan experimental (randomized-controll
trial)
Myths about EBM
A typical response might be: "Hold it!
What is EBM? I have been doing this
(practicing medicine) for twenty years
now. Why is what I do NOT evidence
based medicine?"
Why Practice EBM?
Why should physicians learn and practice
EBM?
MedLine are now available and useable.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov-----Pubmed Abstrak
Major journals are now available online
http://highwire.stanford.edu
British Medical Journal http://www.bmj.com
The New England Journal of Medicine
http://content.nejm.org
EBM dalam praktek
Prakteknya EBM memerlukan intergrasi
clinical expertise dengan external clinical
evidence terbaik diperoleh systematic
research.
These are the left and right arms of the
practitioner.
Good doctors use clinical expertise and
best evidence
EBM dalam praktek
Enam langkah untuk melengkapi proses EBM
(5)
:
1.Merumuskan sebuah pertanyaan klinik (clinical
question), sering disebut PICO atau PICOT
yang mencakup : patients (P), intervention (I),
comparison (C), dan outome of interest (O). Bila
mencakup factor waktu (time/T) menjadi PICOT
2. Menelusuri literatur-literatur kedokteran yang
sesuai untuk memperoleh bukti ilmiah yang
terbaik (best evidence).
EBM dalam prak
3. Menentukan pentingnya (magnitude) dan
tepatnya (precision) hasil yang diperoleh
4. Melakukan telaah kritis (critical
appraisal) dari penelitian-penelitian yang
dilakukan untuk menentukan sahihnya
(validity) hasil-hasil penelitian yang
diperoleh.
EBM dalam praktek
5. Menerapkan hasil-hasil penelitian yang
diperoleh pada penderita
6. Evaluasi hasil aplikasi bukti-bukti ilmiah
yang diberikan kepada penderita
PICO
CASE: Angela is an otherwise healthy 50 year old
woman with early osteoarthritis in her knees,
hips, and feet. She has been taking ibuprofen with
some relief, but is reluctant to be on long term
medication. She asks you about possibly trying
acupuncture for her arthritis; what is your
recommendation?
P - middle aged woman with osteoarthritis
I acupuncture
C nsaids
O pain relief
Formulasikan pertanyaan
Seorang wanita usia 77 th masuk RS, fibrilasi atrium non-
Rheumatic , menderita left ventricular failure ringan.
Respons baik digoksin dan diuretik. Hipertensi terkendali.
Echocardiogram : gangguan fungsi ventrikel kiri sedang
(moderate). Keesokan hari, saat ronde debat keuntungan &
kerugian memberikan long term anticoagulan (warfarin).
Bagaimana risiko stroke embolik bila tidak diberikan
antikoagulan, dibanding bila diberikan risiko stroke
hemorhagik?
Formulasikan pertanyaan
Pertanyaan EBM mencakup diagnosis,
pengobatan, bahaya iatrogenic, kualitas
pelayanan, ekonomi kesehatan.
Pertanyaan pengobatan : Berapakah
besarnya penurunan risiko stroke dari
pengobatan warfarin pd kasus ini dan berapa
risiko bahaya dengan terapi ini?
Formulasikan pertanyaan
Pertanyaan prognosis : Berapakah besarnya
risiko stroke embolik wanita usia 77 th,
fibrilasi atrium non-rheumatic, hipertensi,
moderate left ventricle enlargement bila
diberikan antikoagulansia?
Asking Clinical Questions
(6)
Fundamental skills required for practicing EBM
is the asking of well-built clinical questions
Well-built clinical questions usually contain
four elements (PICO = patient, intervention,
comparison, outcomes)
Temukan bukti (finding evidence)
Langkah kedua cari bukti tersedia.
Dokter trampil menelusuri 25.000 biomedical
journals
2 electronic data base : 1. bibliografi, 2.
publikasi relevant clinical evidence, Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews, Scientific
American Medicine.
A well-built search strategy
Clinical Question Clinical Scenario Search Strategy
Pasien Fibrilasi atrium
Lansia
Fibrilasi atrium
Usia > 70 th
Intervensi warfarin Warfarin
Comparison ( if
any)
None atau plasebo
Outcome Stroke Stroke iskemik
hemoragik
Type of study RCT RCT Meta-
analysis
Web-Based Sources of Evidence-
Based Clinical Information
Site Web Address
Centre for EBM http://www.cebm.net
The Cochrane Library
http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/clibintro.htm
Cochrane Collaboration
http://hiru.mcmaster.ca/cochrane/default.htm
Pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
US Preventive Services Task force
www.ahrq.gov/clinic/prevenix.htm
Web-Based Sources of Evidence-
Based Clinical Information
Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
www.ctfphc.org
Bandolier British site
www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier
Turning Research into Practice (TRIP)
www.tripdatabase.com
National Guideline Clearinghouse www.ngc.gov
Hierarchies of evidence
(7,8)
Ia Systematic review of several double-blind
randomised control trials (meta-analysis)
Ib One or more large double-blind randomised control trials
IIa More well-conducted cohort studies
II-b Individual cohort study
IIIa More well-conducted case-control studies
IIIb Individual case-control
IV Case-series
V Expert opinion
Pyramid of best evidence
Cochrane Systematic
Reviews
DARE Systematic
Reviews
Critical Appraisal
Textbooks up-
to-date online
Journal
articles
Database of Abstracts
of Review of Effects
Temukan bukti (finding evidence)
Kasus : atrial fibrillation cerebrovascular
disorders randomised controlled trial
10 artikel (8 pengobatan+2 prognosis), 6 RCT
Meta-analysis 4 pengobatan+1 prognosis
Meta-analisis lebih bermanfaat bagi klinikus
P
E C
O
T
Recruitment
Allocation
Maintenance
Blind or