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"........

But here lies a mystery into which Ben Yiju's papers offer no insight at all: the question of what
language the merchants used in their dealings with each other.....what language did Ben Yiju speak
with Ashu, for instance? Or for that matter, how did he communicate with Bomma, or with the
merchants from various regions in India and beyond, with whom, given the nature of his occupation, he
must have had to do business? On the evidence of his paper there is no reason to suppose that he ever
acquired fluency in Tulu or any other South Indian language: such Indian words that found their way
into his writings were all of northern derivation. Indeed, learning any one language would not have
solved Ben Yiju's problems of communication, for the Indians he dealt with evidently came from several
different linguistic regions.
In an area as large and diverse as the Indian Ocean, business could not possibly have been conducted
in Tulu, Arabic, Gujarati, or indeed any tongue that was native to a single group of traders; to function
at all the language of everyday business would have had to be both simpler and much more widely
dispersed than any ordinary language....."
(From In an Antique Land, Amitav Ghosh)
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