Torque Characteristics
The armature's torque increases as the motor gains speed due to
the fact that the shunt motor's torque is directly proportional to the
armature current. When the motor is starting and speed is very
low, the motor has very little torque. After the motor reaches fullD.
rpm, its torque is at its fullest potential. In fact, if the shunt field
current is reduced slightly when the motor is at full rpm, the rpm
will increase slightly and the motor's torque will also in-crease Diagram of a shunt motor connected to a reversing motor
slightly. This type of automatic control makes the shunt motor a starter.
good choice for applications where constant speed is required,
even though the torque will vary slightly due to changes in the Reversing the Rotation
load. the torque/speed curve for the shunt motor. From thisE. The direction of rotation of a DC shunt motor can be
diagram you can see that the speed of the shunt motor stays fairly reversed by changing the polarity of either the armature coil or
the field coil. In this application the armature coil is usually leads to the Tl terminal on the motor starter. The F2 lead can
changed, as was the case with the series motor. the electrical be connected to the A2 lead and a second wire, which will
diagram of a DC shunt motor connected to a forward and connect these leads to the T2 motor starter terminal.
reversing motor starter. You should notice that the Fl and F2 When these connections are completed, field and armature
terminals of the shunt field are connected directly to the power leads should be replaced back into the motor and the field
supply, and the Al and A2 terminals of the armature winding wiring cover or motor acces plate should be replaced. Next
are connected to the reversing starter. the DC power supply's positive and negative leads should be
When the FMS is energized, its contacts connect the Al lead connected to the motor starter's LI and L2 terminals,
to the positive power supply terminal and the A2 lead to the respectively.After all of the load wires are connected, any
negative power supply terminal. The Fl motor lead is pilot devices or control circuitry should be installed and
connected directly to the positive terminal of the power supply connected. The control circuit should be tested with the load
and the F2 lead is connected to the negative terminal. When voltage disconnected from the motor. If the control circuit
the motor is wired in this configuration, it will begin to run in uses the same power source as the motor, the load circuit can
the forward direction. be isolated so the motor will not try to start by disconnecting
When the RMS is energized, its contacts reverse the armature the wire at terminal L2 on the motor starter. Operate the
wires so that the Al lead is connected to the negative power control circuit several times to ensure that it is wired correctly
supply terminal and the A2 lead is connected to the positive and operating properly. After you have tested the control
power supply terminal. The field leads are connected directly circuit, the lead can be replaced to the L2 terminal of the
to the power supply, so their polarity is not changed. Since the motor starter and the motor can be started and tested for
field's polarity has remained the same and the armature's proper operation. Be sure to check the motor's voltage and
polarity has reversed, the motor will begin to rotate in the current while it is under load to ensure that it is operating
reverse direction. The control part of the diagram shows that correctly. It is also important to check the motor's temperature
when the FMS coil is energized, the RMS coil is locked out. periodically until you are satisfied the motor is operating
correctly.
Installing a Shunt Motor If the motor is connected to a reversing starter or reduced-
voltage starting circuit, their operation should also be tested.
A shunt motor can be installed easily. The motor is generally
You may need to read the material in Section 15.3.6 to fully
used in belt-drive applications. This means that the installation
understand the operation of these methods of starting the
procedure should be broken into two sections, which include
motor using reduced-voltage methods. If the motor is not
the mechanical installation of the motor and its load, and the
operating correctly or develops a fault, a troubleshooting
installation of electrical wiring and controls.
procedure should be used to test the motor and locate the
When the mechanical part of the installation is completed, the
problem.
alignment of the motor shaft and the load shaft should be
checked. If the alignment is not true, the load will cause an
undue stress on the armature bearing and there is the Troubleshooting
possibility of the load vibrating and causing damage to it and When a DC shunt motor develops a fault, you must be able to
the motor. After the alignment is checked, the tension on the locate the problem quickly and return the motor to service or
belt should also be tested. As a rule of thumb, you should have have it replaced. The most likely problems to occur with the
about V2 to 1/4 inch of play in the belt when it is properly shunt motor include loss of supply voltage or an open in either
tensioned. the shunt winding or the armature winding. Other problems
Several tension measurement devices are available to may arise that cause the motor to run abnormally hot even
determine when a belt is tensioned properly. The belt tension though it continues to drive the load. The motor will show
can also be compared to the amount of current the motor different symptoms for each of these problems, which will
draws. The motor must have its electrical installation make the troubleshooting procedure easier.
completed to use this method. When you are called to troubleshoot the shunt motor, it is
The motor should be started, and if it is drawing too much important to determine if the problem occurs while the motor
current, the belt should be loosened slightly but not enough to is running or when it is trying to start. If the motor will not
allow the load to slip. If the belt is slipping, it can be tightened start, you should listen to see if the motor is humming and
to the point where the motor is able to start successfully and trying to start. When the supply voltage has been interrupted
not draw current over its rating. due to a blown fuse or a de-energized control circuit, the
motor will not be able to draw any current and it will be silent
The electrical installation can be completed before, after, or when you try to start it. You can also determine that the
during the mechanical installation. The first step in this supply voltage has been lost by measuring it with a voltmeter
procedure is to locate the field and armature leads in the motor at the starter's LI and L2 terminals. If no voltage is present at
and prepare them for field connections. If the motor is the load terminals, you should check for voltage at the starter's
connected to magnetic or manual across the line starter, the Fl Tl and T2 terminals. If voltage is present here but not at the
field coil wire can be connected to the Al armature lead and an load terminals, it indicates that the motor starter is de-
interconnecting wire, which will be used to connect these energized or defective. If no voltage is present at the Tl and
T2 terminals, it indicates that supply voltage has been Shunt-Wound
lost Motors - This type of motor runs practically constant
prior to the motor starter. You will need to check the supply speed, regardless of the load. It is the type generally used in
fuses and the rest of the supply circuit to locate the fault. commercial practice and is usually recommended where starting
If the motor tries to start and hums loudly, it indicates thatconditions
the are not usually severs. Speed of the shunt-wound motors
supply voltage is present. The problem in this case is probably
may e regulated in two ways: first, by inserting resistance in series
due to an open field winding or armature winding. It could with t the armature, thus decreasing speed: and second, by inserting
also be caused by the supply voltage being too resistance low in the field circuit, the speed will vary with each change in
The most likely problem will be an open in the field winding load: in the latter, the speeds is practically constant for any setting of
since it is made from small-gauge wire. The open can occur theifcontroller. This latter is the most generally used for adjustable-
the field winding draws too much current or develops a short speed service, as in the case of machine tools.
circuit between the insulation in the coils. The best way to test
the field is to remove supply voltage to the motor by opening
the disconnect or de-energizing the motor starter. Be sure to
use a lockout when you are working on the motor after the
disconnect has been opened. The lockout is a device that is
placed on the handle of the disconnect after the handle is
placed in the off position, and it allows a padlock to be placed
around it so it cannot be removed until the technician has
completed the work on the circuit. If lockout has extra holes, The shunt motor is probably the most common dc motor
additional padlocks can be placed on it by other technicians used in industry today. Components of the shunt motor are the
who are also working on this system. This ensures that the armature, labeled A1 and A2, and the field, labeled F1 and F2.
power cannot be returned to the system until all technicians The coils in the shunt field are composed of many turns of
have removed their padlocks. The lockout will be explained in small wire, resulting in low shunt field current and moderate
detail in the chapter on motor controls later in this text. armature current. This motor provides starting torque that
varies with the load applied and good speed regulation by
controlling the shunt field voltage. If the shunt motor loses it’s
After power has been removed, the field terminals should be isolated field it will accelerate slightly until CEMF rises to a value
from the armature coil. This can be accomplished by disconnecting sufficient to shut off the torque producing current. In other
one set of leads where the field and armature are connected together. words, the shunt motor will not destroy itself if it loses its
Remember that the field and armature are connected in parallel and if field, but it won’t have the torque required to do the job it was
they are not isolated, your continuity test will show a completed designed for.
circuit even if one of the two windings has an open. Some of the common uses of the shunt motor are machine
When you have the field coil isolated from the armature coil, you can shop lathes, and industry process lines where speed and
proceed with the continuity test. Be sure to use the R X 1k or R X tension control are critical.
10k setting on the ohmmeter because the resistance in the field coil shunt wound DC motors provide medium starting torque,
will be very high since the field coil may be wound from several 125% to 200% full load, and are capable of delivering 300%
thousand feet of wire. If the field winding test indicates the field of full load torque for short periods. With excellent speed
winding is good, you should continue the procedure and test the control, shunt wound motors generally drive loads requiring
armature winding for continuity. speed control and low starting torque Some applications
The armature winding test may show that an open has developed include fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, conveyors,
from the coil burning open or from a problem with the brushes. Since elevators,
the brushes may be part of the fault, they should be visually inspected printing
and replaced if they are worn or not seating properly. If the presses,
commutator is also damaged, the armature should be removed, so the
commutator can be turned down on a lathe.
If either the field winding or the armature winding has developed an
open circuit, the motor will have to be removed and replaced. In
some larger motors it will be possible to change the armature by itself
rather than remove and replace the entire motor. If the motor operates
but draws excessive current or heats up, the motor should be tested
for loose or shorting coils. Field coils may tend to come loose and
cause the motor to vibrate and overheat, or the armature coils may
come loose from their slots and cause problems. If the motor
continues to overheat or operate roughly, the motor should be
removed and sent to a motor rebuilding shop so that a more in-depth woodworking machine etc.
test may be performed to find the problem before the motor is Series-wound motors should never be used where the motor
permanently damaged by the heat. cab be started without load, since they will race to a dangerous
degree.
include crane hoists, where large required for moving large
loads. Traction motors used to drive trains are series motors
that provide the required torque and horsepower to get
massive amounts of weight moving. Series-Wound DC
Motors speed varies automatically with the load, increasing
as the load decreases. Use of series motor is generally limited
to case where a heavy power demand is necessary to bring the
machine up to speed, as in the case of certain elevator and
hoist installations, for steelcars, etc. Series-wound motors
should never be used where the motor cab be started without
load, since they will race to a dangerous degree.
Compound-Wound DC Motor
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