Basic Principles

Principle 1. Liquids have no shape of their own and flow to acquire the
shape of their container
Principle 2. Liquids can be considered incompressible at pressures used
in hydraulic systems
Principle 3. Liquids transmit pressure equally in all directions.
Principle 4. The flow rate of oil from a non-positive pump depends on the
speed of the pump and on the system pressure.
Principle 5. The flow rate of oil from a positive displacement pump
varies proportionally with pump speed but is virtually independent of
system pressure.
Principle 6. Any flow of liquid through a pipe or orifice is accompanied
by a reduction in liquid pressure.
Basic Principals
Force and Pressure
Force = Pressure * Area
Metric
F (kN) = p ( kPa or kN/m
2
)* A (m
2
)
English
F (lb.f) = p ( psi or lb/in
2
)* A (in
2
)
Flow, Velocity
Flow Rate = velocity * Area
Metric
Q (l/min) = V ( m/s)*A (cm
2
)*60(min/s)*100(m/cm)/1000 (cm
3
/l)
English
Q (gal/min) = V ( in/min)* A (in
2
) / 231 (in
3
/gal)
Hydraulic Pumps
Three Basic Types of Pumps
Gear Pumps
Vane Pumps
Piston Pumps
Fixed Displacement Pump
Variable Displacement Pump
Axial Pump
Radial Piston Pump
Theoretical Pump Delivery
Q
T
= D
p
* N
p
Metric
Q
T
(l/min) = D
p
(cm
3
/rev)* N
p
(rev/min) /1000(cm
3
/l)
English
Q
T
(gal/min) = D
p
(in
3
/rev)* N
p
(rev/min) / 231(in
3
/rev)
e
V
= Q
a
/ Q
T
Hydraulic Pumps
Theoretical Torque Required
T
T
= )p D
p
/ 2B
Metric
T
T
(N.m) = )p (MPa) D
p
(cm
3
/rev) / 2B
English
T
T
(ft.lb) = )p (psi) D
p
(in
3
/rev) / 2B * 1/12 (ft/in)
e
T
= T
T
/ T
a
Hydraulic Power
P
h
= )p * Q
a
Metric
P
h
(kW) = )p (MPa) * Q
a
(l/min) / 60 (sec/min)
English
P
T
(Hp) = [)p(psi)*Q
p
(gal/min)*231(in
3
/gal)*1/12(in/ft)] /
[33000]
e
p
= P
h
/ P
s
= e
V
* e
T
Ideal Pumps & Motors
Hp =
=
( Qgpm)( p psi)
1714
( T ft lb)( Nrpm)
5252
( Q ideal ) = ( Displacement in
3
/rev )( N rpm)
( Q gpm ) =
( d in
3
/rev )( N rpm )
231 in
3
/gal
( pideal )
( Torque ft lb ) =
( Displacement in
3
/rev )
2 rad/rev * 12 in/ft
( ppsi ) *
( T ft lb ) =
( d in
3
/rev )
75.4
Pump & Motor Efficiency
2 Kinds of power loss
Volumetric loss -
v
Fluid leakages
Mechanical loss -
T
Friction
Metal to metal
Seals
Fluid turbulence
Viscosity of oil

overall
=
volumetric
x
mechanical
Hp out = Hp in x
overall
Volumetric Efficiency

v
< 100% Because of leakage flow

v
pump
motor
=
Output
Input
=
Q
out
gpm
( d
p
in
3
/rev)
( N rev/min)
gal
231 in
3
=
Input
Output
=
Q
in
gpm
( d
m
in
3
/rev)
( N rev/min)
gal
231 in
3

v
pump
=
( Q
out
gpm) 231
( d
p
in
3
/rev)
( N rev/min)

v
motor
=
Q
in
gpm 231
( d
m
in
3
/rev)
( N rev/min)

m
pump
=
Output
Input
=
Mechanical Efficiency
(D in
3
/rev)( p lb/in
2
)
1
2
rad
rev
( T ft lb) (12 in/ft)

T
pump
=
(D in
3
/rev)( p lb/in
2
)
( T ft lb) 75.4

m
motor
=
Output
Input
=
(D in
3
/rev)( p lb/in
2
)
1
2
rad
rev
( T ft lb) (12 in/ft)

T
pump
=
(D in
3
/rev)( p lb/in
2
)
( T ft lb) 75.4
mechanical
volumetric
overall
mechanical
volumetric
overall
Hydraulic Motors
Theoretical Motor Speed
Q = D
m
* N
Tm
N
Tm
= Q / D
m
Metric
N
Tm
(rev/min) = Q (l/min) * 1000(cm
3
/l) / D
m
(cm
3
/rev)
English
N
Tm
(rev/min) = Q (gal/min)* 231(in
3
/gal) /D
m
(in
3
/rev)
e
Vm
= N
m
/ N
Tm
e
Vm
= Q
Tm
/ Q
Theoretical Motor Speed
N
Tm
= Q * e
Vm
/ D
m
Metric
N
Tm
(rev/min)=Q(l/min)*1000(cm
3
/l)*e
Vm
/D
m
(cm
3
/rev)
English
N
Tm
(rev/min)=Q(gal/min)*231(in
3
/gal)*e
Vm
/D
m
(in
3
/rev)
Hydraulic Motors
Theoretical Motor Torque
T
T
= )p D
m
/ 2B
Metric
T
T
(N.m) = )p (MPa) D
p
(cm
3
/rev) / 2B
English
T
T
(ft.lb) = )p (psi) D
p
(in
3
/rev) / 2B * 1/12 (ft/in)
e
T
= T
A
/ T
T
Actual Motor Torque
T
A
= ()p D
m
/ 2B) * e
T
Metric
T
T
(N.m) = )p (MPa) D
p
(cm
3
/rev) / 2B * * e
T
English
T
T
(ft.lb) = )p (psi) D
p
(in
3
/rev) / 2B * 1/12 (ft/in) * e
T
Hydraulic Motors
Theoretical Power
P
T
= )p * Q
a
Metric
P
h
(kW) = )p (MPa) * Q
a
(l/min) /60 (sec/min)
English
P
T
(Hp) = [)p(psi)*Q
p
(gal/min)*231(in
3
/gal)*1/12(in/ft)] /
[33000]
e
o
= P
A
/ P
T
= e
V
* e
T
Actual Output Power
P
T
= )p * Q
a
* e
o
Metric
P
h
(kW) = )p (MPa) * Q
a
(l/min) * e
o
/60 (sec/min)
English
P
T
(Hp)=[)p(psi)*Q
p
(gal/min)*231(in
3
/gal)*1/12(in/ft)]*e
o
/
[33000]
Ideal Pumps & Motors
kW =
=
( Ql/min)( p MPa)
60
( 2**T N.m)( Nrpm)
60000
( Q ideal ) = ( Displacement)(Speed)
( Q l/min ) =
( d cm
3
/rev )( N rpm )
1000 cm
3
/l
( p ideal ) *
( Torque N.m ) =
( Displacement cm
3
/rev
2 rad/rev
( pMPa ) *
( T N.m ) =
( d cm
3
/rev )
2 rad/rev
Volumetric Efficiency

v
< 100% Because of leakage flow

v
pump
motor
=
Output
Input
=
Q
out
l/min
( d
p
l/rev)
( N rev/min)
=
Input
Output
=
Q
in
l/min
( d
m
l/rev)
( N rev/min)

v
pump
=
( Q
out
l/min)
( d
p
l/rev)
( N rev/min)

v
motor
=
Q
in
l/min
( d
m
l/rev)
( N rev/min)

m
pump
=
Output
Input
=
Mechanical Efficiency
(D l/rev) ( p kPa)
1
2
rad
rev
( T N.m)

m
pump
=
(D l/rev) ( p kPa)
( T N.m) 2

m
motor
=
Output
Input
=
(D in
3
/rev)( p lb/in
2
)
1
2
rad
rev
( T ft lb) (12 in/ft)

m
pump
=
(D l/rev) ( p kPa)
( T N.m) 2