SQL> select

empno||','||ename||','||job||','||mgr||','||hiredate||','||sal||','||comm||','||deptno
the_output from emp;

THE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7369,SMITH,CLERK,7902,17-DEC-80,800,,20
7499,ALLEN,SALESMAN,7698,20-FEB-81,1600,300,30
7521,WARD,SALESMAN,7698,22-FEB-81,1250,500,30
7566,JONES,MANAGER,7839,02-APR-81,2975,,20
7654,MARTIN,SALESMAN,7698,28-SEP-81,1250,1400,30
7698,BLAKE,MANAGER,7839,01-MAY-81,2850,,30
7782,CLARK,MANAGER,7839,09-JUN-81,2450,,10
7788,SCOTT,ANALYST,7566,19-APR-87,3000,,20
7839,KING,PRESIDENT,,17-NOV-81,5000,,10
7844,TURNER,SALESMAN,7698,08-SEP-81,1500,0,30
7876,ADAMS,CLERK,7788,23-MAY-87,1100,,20

THE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7900,JAMES,CLERK,7698,03-DEC-81,950,,30
7902,FORD,ANALYST,7566,03-DEC-81,3000,,20
7934,MILLER,CLERK,7782,23-JAN-82,1300,,10

14 rows selected.
SQL> describe dept;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
DNAME VARCHAR2(14)
LOC VARCHAR2(13)


SQL> describe userdetails;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
UNAME VARCHAR2(20)
PASS VARCHAR2(20)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20)
PHNO NUMBER
EMAIL VARCHAR2(25)


SQL> describe emp;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
COMM NUMBER(7,2)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
SQL> describe salgrade;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------
GRADE NUMBER
LOSAL NUMBER
HISAL NUMBER
SQL> describe bonus
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
SAL NUMBER
COMM NUMBER
SQL> describe empdet;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------
ENO NUMBER(20)
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
SAL NUMBER(10,2)
DNO NUMBER(10)
SQL> describe bank;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
ACCNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
BAL NUMBER(15,2)
SQL> describe registerform;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
FIRSTNAME VARCHAR2(20)
SECONDNAME VARCHAR2(20)
USERNAME VARCHAR2(20)
PWD VARCHAR2(20)
MOBILE NUMBER(20)
SQL> describe per_det;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------
SSN NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
PHOTE BLOB
The where condition
SQL> select empno, ename, job, deptno
from emp
where deptno=30;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ----------
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 30

Where condition with character strings
SQL> select ename, job, deptno
from emp
where ename='TURNER';
ENAME JOB DEPTNO
---------- --------- ----------
TURNER SALESMAN 30


Character string values are case sensitive and are
enclosed in single quotes.

note the = in the above query. It is used for both strings
and also numbers.

DEFAULT DATE FORMAT IS DD-MON-RR AND ALWAYS IN QUOTES


SQL> select empno,job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm
from emp
where hiredate between '01-JAN-82' and '01-JAN-88';


EMPNO JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM
---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
7788 ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000
7876 CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100
7934 CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300
Where clause <= condition
SQL> select empno, ename, sal
from emp
where sal<=3000;

EMPNO ENAME SAL
---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH 800
7499 ALLEN 1600
7521 WARD 1250
7566 JONES 2975
7654 MARTIN 1250
7698 BLAKE 2850
7782 CLARK 2450
7788 SCOTT 3000
7844 TURNER 1500
7876 ADAMS 1100
7900 JAMES 950

EMPNO ENAME SAL
---------- ---------- ----------
7902 FORD 3000
7934 MILLER 1300

13 rows selected.
Where clause in condition
SQL> select mgr from emp;
MGR
----------
7902
7698
7698
7839
7698
7839
7839
7566

7698
7788


MGR
----------
7698
7566
7782

SQL> select empno, ename, sal, mgr
from emp where mgr in(7839, 7566);

EMPNO ENAME SAL MGR
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7566 JONES 2975 7839
7698 BLAKE 2850 7839
7782 CLARK 2450 7839
7788 SCOTT 3000 7566
7902 FORD 3000 7566
Where and in condition

SQL> select empno, ename from emp where empno
in(7566);

EMPNO ENAME
---------- ----------
7566 JONES
Where and like
SQL> select ename from emp;

ENAME
----------
SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
JONES
MARTIN
BLAKE
CLARK
SCOTT
KING
TURNER
ADAMS

ENAME
----------
JAMES
FORD
MILLER

14 rows selected.
SQL> select ename
from emp
where ename like 'j%';
no rows selected
SQL> select ename
from emp
where ename like 'J%';

ENAME
----------
JONES
JAMES
WHERE AND LIKE
SQL> select ename from emp where ename like '_mith';

no rows selected



SQL> select ename from emp where ename like '_MITH';

ENAME
----------
SMITH
Where and like with numbers
SQL> select empno from emp;

EMPNO
----------
7369
7499
7521
7566
7654
7698
7782
7788
7839
7844
7876

EMPNO
----------
7900
7902
7934

14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno
from emp
where empno like '%9';

EMPNO
----------
7369
7499
7839
SQL> select empno
from emp
where empno like '_8%';

EMPNO
----------
7839
7844
7876
Where :NULL will not work with =
SQL> select empno, comm from emp;

EMPNO COMM
---------- ----------
7369
7499 300
7521 500
7566
7654 1400
7698
7782
7788
7839
7844 0
7876

EMPNO COMM
---------- ----------
7900
7902
7934

14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno, comm
from emp
where comm=null;

no rows selected
SQL> select empno, comm
from emp
where comm is null;

EMPNO COMM
---------- ----------
7369
7566
7698
7782
7788
7839
7876
7900
7902
7934

10 rows selected.
Where clause with logical operators(And,OR,NOT)
SQL> select empno, ename
2 from emp
3 where sal>=1000 and job like '%MAN'

EMPNO ENAME
---------- ----------
7499 ALLEN
7521 WARD
7654 MARTIN
7844 TURNER


SQL> select empno, ename
2 from emp
3 where sal>1000 and job like '%man';

no rows selected
Where clause with logical
operators(And,OR,NOT)
SQL> select empno, ename
2 from emp
3 where sal >=10000 or job like '%MAN';

EMPNO ENAME
---------- ----------
7499 ALLEN
7521 WARD
7654 MARTIN
7844 TURNER

WHERE: not
SQL> select empno, ename, job
2 from emp
3 where job not in('mgr', 'salesman');

EMPNO ENAME JOB
---------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH CLERK
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN
7521 WARD SALESMAN
7566 JONES MANAGER
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN
7698 BLAKE MANAGER
7782 CLARK MANAGER
7788 SCOTT ANALYST
7839 KING PRESIDENT
7844 TURNER SALESMAN
7876 ADAMS CLERK

EMPNO ENAME JOB
---------- ---------- ---------
7900 JAMES CLERK
7902 FORD ANALYST
7934 MILLER CLERK

14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno, ename, job
from emp
where job not
in('MANAGER','SALESMAN');

EMPNO ENAME JOB
---------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH CLERK
7788 SCOTT ANALYST
7839 KING PRESIDENT
7876 ADAMS CLERK
7900 JAMES CLERK
7902 FORD ANALYST
7934 MILLER CLERK

7 rows selected.
Where clause: precedence( not in vs or)
SQL> select empno, ename, job, sal, hiredate
from emp
Where job not in('MANAGER', 'SALESMAN') or sal>1000 and sal<3000;

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH CLERK 800 17-DEC-80
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 20-FEB-81
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250 22-FEB-81
7566 JONES MANAGER 2975 02-APR-81
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 28-SEP-81
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 01-MAY-81
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450 09-JUN-81
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000 19-APR-87
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000 17-NOV-81
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500 08-SEP-81
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100 23-MAY-87

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
7900 JAMES CLERK 950 03-DEC-81
7902 FORD ANALYST 3000 03-DEC-81
7934 MILLER CLERK 1300 23-JAN-82

14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno, ename, job, sal, hiredate from emp where job not
in('MANAGER', 'SALESMAN');

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH CLERK 800 17-DEC-80
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000 19-APR-87
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000 17-NOV-81
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100 23-MAY-87
7900 JAMES CLERK 950 03-DEC-81
7902 FORD ANALYST 3000 03-DEC-81
7934 MILLER CLERK 1300 23-JAN-82

7 rows selected.
SQL> select empno, ename, job, sal, hiredate from emp where sal>1000 and
sal<3000;

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 20-FEB-81
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250 22-FEB-81
7566 JONES MANAGER 2975 02-APR-81
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 28-SEP-81
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 01-MAY-81
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450 09-JUN-81
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500 08-SEP-81
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100 23-MAY-87
7934 MILLER CLERK 1300 23-JAN-82

9 rows selected.
SQL>
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ename, job, deptno, hiredate
2 FROM emp
3* ORDER BY job, ename
SQL> /

ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE
---------- --------- ---------- ---------
FORD ANALYST 20 03-DEC-81
SCOTT ANALYST 20 19-APR-87
ADAMS CLERK 20 23-MAY-87
JAMES CLERK 30 03-DEC-81
MILLER CLERK 10 23-JAN-82
SMITH CLERK 20 17-DEC-80
BLAKE MANAGER 30 01-MAY-81
CLARK MANAGER 10 09-JUN-81
JONES MANAGER 20 02-APR-81
KING PRESIDENT 10 17-NOV-81
MARTIN SALESMAN 30 28-SEP-81

ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE
---------- --------- ---------- ---------
TURNER SALESMAN 30 08-SEP-81
ramesh

20

15 rows selected.

SQL>
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ename, job, deptno, hiredate
2 FROM emp
3* ORDER BY job, ename,deptno
SQL> /

ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE
---------- --------- ---------- ---------
FORD ANALYST 20 03-DEC-81
SCOTT ANALYST 20 19-APR-87
ADAMS CLERK 20 23-MAY-87
JAMES CLERK 30 03-DEC-81
MILLER CLERK 10 23-JAN-82
SMITH CLERK 20 17-DEC-80
BLAKE MANAGER 30 01-MAY-81
CLARK MANAGER 10 09-JUN-81
JONES MANAGER 20 02-APR-81
KING PRESIDENT 10 17-NOV-81
MARTIN SALESMAN 30 28-SEP-81

ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE
---------- --------- ---------- ---------
TURNER SALESMAN 30 08-SEP-81
ramesh
20


15 rows selected.
SQL> select lower(ename) myename
from emp;

MYENAME
----------
smith
allen
ward
jones
martin
blake
clark
scott
king
turner
adams

MYENAME
----------
james
ford
miller

14 rows selected.
SQL> select lower(ename) as "myename" from
emp;

myename
----------
smith
allen
ward
jones
martin
blake
clark
scott
king
turner
adams

myename
----------
james
ford
miller

14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno,ename from emp where
lower(ename)='turner';

EMPNO ENAME
---------- ----------
7844 TURNER
SQL> select empno, ename
from emp;

EMPNO ENAME
---------- ----------
7369 SMITH
7499 ALLEN
7521 WARD
7566 JONES
7654 MARTIN
7698 BLAKE
7782 CLARK
7788 SCOTT
7839 KING
7844 TURNER
7876 ADAMS

EMPNO ENAME
---------- ----------
7900 JAMES
7902 FORD
7934 MILLER

14 rows selected.
SQL> select initcap(ename) from
emp;

INITCAP(ENAME)
----------
Smith
Allen
Ward
Jones
Martin
Blake
Clark
Scott
King
Turner
Adams

INITCAP(EN
----------
James
Ford
Miller

14 rows selected.
SQL> select lower(ename) from emp;
LOWER(ENAME)
----------
smith
allen
ward
jones
martin
blake
clark
scott
king
turner
adams

LOWER(ENAME)
----------
james
ford
Miller
14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno,ename
from emp;

EMPNO ENAME
---------- ----------
7369 SMITH
7499 ALLEN
7521 WARD
7566 JONES
7654 MARTIN
7698 BLAKE
7782 CLARK
7788 SCOTT
7839 KING
7844 T URNER
7876 ADAMS

EMPNO ENAME
---------- - ---------
7900 JAMES
7902 FORD
7934 MILLER
14 rows selected.
SQL> select
concat(empno,ename) from
emp;

CONCAT(EMPNO,ENAME)
-----------------------------------------
7369SMITH
7499ALLEN
7521WARD
7566JONES
7654MARTIN
7698BLAKE
7782CLARK
7788SCOTT
7839KING
7844TURNER
7876ADAMS

CONCAT(EMPNO,ENAME)
-----------------------------------------
7900JAMES
7902FORD
7934MILLER
14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno from emp
where concat(empno,ename)
like'7%';

EMPNO
----------
7369
7499
7521
7566
7654
7698
7782
7788
7839
7844
7876

EMPNO
----------
7900
7902
7934

14 rows selected.
SQL> select distinct job, length(job) as "MyJobLength"
from emp;

JOB MyJobLength
--------- ----------------------------
ANALYST 7
CLERK 5
MANAGER 7
PRESIDENT 9
SALESMAN 8
SQL> select job, instr(job,'A') from
emp;

JOB INSTR(JOB,'A')
--------- --------------
CLERK 0
SALESMAN 2
SALESMAN 2
MANAGER 2
SALESMAN 2
MANAGER 2
MANAGER 2
ANALYST 1
PRESIDENT 0
SALESMAN 2
CLERK 0

JOB INSTR(JOB,'A')
--------- --------------
CLERK 0
ANALYST 1
CLERK 0

14 rows selected.
SQL> select distinct job, substr(job, 4, 6) from
emp;

JOB SUBSTR
--------- ------
ANALYST LYST
CLERK RK
MANAGER AGER
PRESIDENT SIDENT
SALESMAN ESMAN
SQL> select distinct job, substr(job, 4,2) from
emp;

JOB SU
--------- --
ANALYST LY
CLERK RK
MANAGER AG
PRESIDENT SI
SALESMAN ES
TO_CHAR()
TO_CHAR( ) FUNCTIONS FORMAT IS
OPTIONAL FOR BOTH NUMBERS AND DATES.
USE TO_CHAR( NUMBER IN SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION) TO CONVERT THE NUMBER INTO
regular form.