Al Mouhandess Issue 27 English

al muhandess (amara) N027 english 12.7.11all ct.
indd 5 7/27/11 1:12 PM

N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 6 |
|ote 3eoot| ||sto|ooe et 3eoot| cooteoo-
a|oe, |a cao|ta|e ||baoa|se ba|aoce et taooe.
|a|s oeo v|tesses, oo o|os aooaeeot ,
ca s| |a otat|oo oo t|sso bt| est oao|s soectaco-
|a|e, ce||e oaa||e|e, oe |'oo|oeeot oo oas eo
|oastoctoes stat|ooes o'accooaoeeot este
beaocooo o|os esseot|e, o|os v|s|b|e.
Coeot aot-|| oav|oe eote |e oass et |e oto `
S'attac|e ao v|e|||es o|ees oo| assoeot, et coos|-
oe oos te|to|es ac||tectoao et oba|os
coe oe s|o|es sevo|s oe tao|t|oos `
Co b|eo taosoe 3eoot| eo ooe c|t |o-
ba|e , |'|ae oes V|||es-|oooe actoe||es `
|' aoa|t-|| oas oaos |'oo oo |sooe o'eotave
|'vo|ot|oo ves ooe v|||e eo accoo avec |e oooe
cooteooa|o `
|t oaos |'aote oo |sooe oe osoo|||bae oo|
oooa|t te ata| `
|t oataot, et eo atteooaot o'aooote ooe va|e
stat|e o'tat aoaeo et o|ao|cateo, |a so|ot|oo
o|aoe |a o|os oet|oeote oe sea|t-e||e oas oe
s'eoae oaos oo oocessos oe ove|oooeeot
coot|oo oe oote soc|t, eo ve|||aot eo ||aoe
|a co|eoce eote ce oo| est et ce oo| sea `
|t oe ooe a|os| ooe co|toe oe |'eo|eotat|oo
c||e et esoe ooovaot oov| oes |o|zoos
oooveao `
Patrimoine et modernit,
ooe||e |oteace `
IADI CHINIARA
ARClI1LC1L
CCV|| STC|Y
al muhandess (amara) N027 english 12.7.11all ct.indd 6 7/27/11 1:12 PM
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 7
|'eote oe ,eo, sooos c|a|s , |es aooe||at|oos ooeo|t et
oat|o|oe oe se eeot oas st|cteeot ao bt|eot ,
coe oooa|t |e |a|sse oeose |e obat ab|aot , cec| sea|t
oocteo, |a |||te oe |'|ooooct|.
|||es soot o|ott oeveooes oe oos ,oos |oo|scotab|eeot |o|-
eotes oo cooteot|eo beaocooo o|os vaste et |oba|, ce|o|
o'oo ootae coo|ee et |ote|||eot , assoc|aot |es acettes
soc|a|es, cooo|ooes, tec|oo|o|ooes, oba|oes, eov|oooeeo-
ta|es, eo o|os oe ce||e oes seao oe t|cooo|cat|oo , |eooe|
ootae se oo|t sotoot o'te too,oos co|eot ,
|oce est oooc oe coostate a|oteoaot ooe |e ooct|oooeeot
oes v|||es ooeooa|t oooavaot oe beaocooo oe c|tees ooo-
veao et oe acteos oo| eceoeot |aeeot |eo |o|ooe |oteoe.
|a| ces acteos, |es o, oo'||s so|eot o|s|ooes oo tec|-
oo|o|ooes, oo| eoteot eo coo|t avec |es ||eo et |eo |oeot|t ,
|t c'est toot |e o oos ao,ooo'|o|, |'c|e||e oe |a o|aoete,
|'obao|se et |'ac||tectoe oe ce to|s|ee |||oa|e .
|a|s s| |a oot|oo oe oat|o|oe a |'e oe |'|oao|t, ca e|at|ve
ao |es soccess|s oes oat|oos, |a ooeo|t oba|oe ooaot
e||e o'est oas ooo o|os |'aa|e oo ,oo , e||e a too,oos t, et
coot|ooea te, ca e|at|ve ao ove|oooeeot v|ta| ob||,
sot |o|octab|e oes soc|ts ,
oaos |e cas oe 3eoot|, |'o||oe oe |'a|oat|oo eoote
|'e oe 3ooze , |osoo'e||e s'est |o|aote ooo oes a|soos
cooo|ooes et o'c|aoes v|oeotes aotoo o'ooe c|ooe oo|
oev|eooa o|os tao |e |ot oe 3eoot|. , v|eooa too too
|e ove|oooeeot et |a ooeo|sat|oo oe |a v|||e oes
ooooes Caoaoeooe et ||o|c|eooe , eoso|te se sooeoose-
oot |es occooat|oos |oa|oes et 3zaot|oes, et o|os eo ava|
eocoe se socceoeoot |a o|ooe Cttoaoe (+83`-+`20), et |e
|aooat aoa|s (+`20-+`+3), ,osoo' |a o|ooe ceote, e||e-
e seeote eo ooe|ooes seot oceoo|es ooo o|os s|-
o|cat|ves oo oo|ot oe voe oe |a ooeo|sat|oo. ,
/ ce staoe, || sea|t oooc ||t|e oe oose eocoe ooe ooest|oo
oooaeota|e .
oe soes ooos eacteeot eo ta|o oe a|e ao,ooo'|o| oe
|a v|||e oe 3eoot| ` Soes ooos e||eeot eo ta|o oe |a
ove|oooe oaos |e va| seos ot||e oo tee `
/ b|eo eaoe oe oes, et |osoo'oo tava|||e so |es o|eo-
tes oat|es oe |a v|||e, et eo oat|co||e so ses ooat|es aoc|eos,
|'oo ocoove et |'oo cooeoo ooe |e seo| oteo et
oc|eoc|eo oo o|ooeoe oe otat|oo oba|oe oo| est
v|tab|eeot eo ac|e o'est oas ce|o| oo| aoa|t o te |sso
o'ooe e|oo o'aoaeo eot|ee et e|aost|ve , || se |||te
oa coote ao boo voo|o| o'oo secteo o|v oa|eeot
oca||s so |a ae oe boces ao taves oes ooaes
oe |oeeots |ooeo oe aooe soace, o|os ooe so |a ae
o'a||oat|oo oe |a cooo|t|oo oba|oe oes c|toeos ,
|o ooaot o|oo|ooeeot, ce e secteo o|v sosc|te oa
-cooos oe tes otes vaoes oe oess|oos |ob|||ees, et ce
a|saot, eota|oe tootes sotes oe osoo|||bes, vcos ooot|-
o|eooeeot oa oobe oe c|toeos, et ooot ooos ooovoos
c|te |es o|oc|oao .
- oes oo|aceeots o'|ab|taots aotoc|tooes eo a|soo oe
|'acoo|s|t|oo oa oes t|es oes |eob|es aoc|eos oo|s oe |eo
oestoct|oo, et oe |a |aosse eob|taote oo o| oo ete
ca oet |a veote, oo| s'eo so|t , et |'oo coov|eooa ooe s|
toot ove|oooeeot est ooa|eeot soooos a||oe |a
v|e oes |ab|taots eo |eo oooosaot oes a|teoat|ves ooteot|e|-
|eeot access|b|es, ce|o|-c| oa coote, eota|oe oo o|-
ooeoe |ovese et a||eoeoseeot |ves|b|e, ce|o| oe |a
|at|oo oes aoc|eos |ab|taots |o|o oe |eos ooat|es, ves
o'aotes ||eo, o'aotes c|eo. ,
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 8 |
- ooe oeos|cat|oo oatoe et eocobaote oes ooat|es ,
- |a satoat|oo et |a cooest|oo oes atees oot|ees oe |a v|||e,
ooe ce so|t eo a|soo oe c|aot|es |aotesooes eoas oaos
oes t|ssos bt|s aoc|eos et o||cats, oo eo a|soo oe ces ceo-
ta|es etes cas , oaot oo oes |oeeots oo
oes boeao , oe v|tab|es v|||es vet|ca|es ces, |oso-
aot oes o aoo|t|s oe v||co|es oaos |a v|||e, ooot |e seao
oe oo|aceeots oot|es oev|eot at|at|ooeeot soos-
ca||b eo tees oe caoac|t oe ceot|oo et oe est|oo oe
ces es o ,
/ 3eoot| oooc, coe o'a|||eos oaos |a o|ooat oes |oos
||baoa|ses, |a o|e ||sto|ooe bt|e s'estooe actoe||eeot,
ao oe |a a|soo cooo|ooe a|ooaote ,
|es taces oat|oo|a|es et sooveot ac|o|o|ooes, beceao
o'ooe o|e o|os|eos o|s |||oa|e, et o'ooe |c|esse |oo|e,
oev|eooeot oe o|os eo o|os |so|es, aeotes, oooo|||es oe
|eo cootete soat|a| o'o||oe, ooo ooe v|ve |a o|ace ooe
sote oe o|e ooot|oooe||e eova||ssaote, oo| seb|e
oa|eeot ooeeot oaac|ote oaos |e oaooaa
o'o||oe, saos taos|t|oo aooaeote ,
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 9
|a|s |a ab|cat|oo oe |a v|||e oo|t-e||e ocessa|eeot se a|e eo
oaoaot |es esoaces c|as oes atoes oe |a o|e, vo|e
oe |'|oeot|t `
|t |e so|tat actoe| eo vaot-|| va|eot |a oe|oe `
Ca s| |'oo oa|e ,oste t|te oe |a |c|esse oo oat|o|oe ||sto-
|ooe oe 3eoot|, sea|t-oo o, eo esoe oe oa|e oe
tsos oe |'ac||tectoe cooteooa|oe `
/ ce ,oo, |'oo est eo oo|t o'eo ooote oteeot,
|ect|veeot, |'oo v|be tes oeo oevaot |a o|ooat oe ces
essa|s oe ooeo|t ac||tectoao |so|s , |e ||be coos
oovateo o' taosoaa|t oas aoc|eeot, et |'aoo oo
oast|c|e, sooveot a| o|ac, b|oe eocoe |es |aos ,
3eaocooo oe ces oeoves oe seb|eot eo toot cas oas avo| a|t
|a oat oes teos|oos oao||ooes et ||sto|ooes |oteoses oo|
soot oo|oseotes oaos |es ooat|es oe 3eoot|, et ooot |a
|ectoe et |a coo|eos|oo soot |oo|soeosab|es |a ote|oa-
t|oo oo oeveo| oe ces ||eo vcos ,
|a||eoeoseeot oo |eoeoseeot, oo oe sa|t o|os va|eot,
|a ooeoaoe ac||tectoa|e 3eoot| este eocoe o|ott
|ab|toe||e, oeo sooeoaote, et cec| a| |es eco|ssaoces
|ooo|oes oe btoo oo| ac|eot |eo t|ste |so|eeot oba|o oa
|eos ooasseeots eo |aoteo . , Ca b|eo ooe |'oo sac|e
oece |e o|aooo ac||tectoa| ab|aot oa |a oooesse oe
|'|ovest|sseo et |a |at|tooe oo e|eeot, |'oo o'a|ve oas eocoe
s'|osc|e oaos oo oasae oba|o a|ca|, oe aooe ooa||t
est|t|ooe et oasaee ,
/|os, |e teos o'eooote |e c|e|o oe |a va|e ooeo|t
|ooovaote et ot||e, || sea|t oeot-te o|os oet|oeot ooe ooos
ooos accoc||oos oo coe e, et ooo toote o ot||e, oote
seo|e |c|esse oe base acoo|se, savo| |e oat|o|oe bt| |o
oa oos aoos-oees et o oa |eos a|os ,
Ce sea too,oos a oe ao, eo atteooaot ,
|oo te coocet, || s'a|a|t o|oc|oa|eeot oe ooos atte|e
saoveaoe |es ooat|es oe |a ce|otoe oba|oe aotoo oo
ceote-v|||e oo| tota||seot ooe soace aooo|at|ve oe 2+S
|ectaes eov|oo , ca |eo aooe va|eo ||sto|ooe ocoo|aot
oe |a o|ooe Cttoaoe (+83`-+`20), oo |aooat aoa|s
(+`20-+`+3) et oe |a o|ooe ceote, a|os| ooe |a ooa||t oe
|eo t|sso oba|o soot eo oaoe e|, et oot |'ob,et oe otat|oos
oba|oes oo| coeoceot bao|e s|eoseeot |eo coo-
oat|oo et |eo o|s|ooo|e oe base ,
Co |'aoa oooc coo|s, |a va|e ooeo|t, |ooovaote et ot||e,
a|os| ooe ses |coes o'oot oas eocoe va|eot, oote av|s, vos
|e ,oo 3eoot| , |a|s || est ot||e oe coot|ooe esoe, et
sotoot c|| coeot a|ve ,
|o +`3+, et eo |aoce, oo ceta|o |e Cobos|e, avec |a v|||a
S/VCY|, |'ava|t b|eo ooov ,
|eveooe cette ooooe |'|coe oe |'ac||tectoe ooeoe, e||e
ooa|t c|oo oo|ots oooveao . |es o||ot|s, |es o|aos et |es aaoes
||bes, |es eotes eo |oooeo et |e to|t teasse , et |, || o' a
aocoo ooote, |a cooco|taoce oooaeota|e eote |a ooeo|t
et |'|ooovat|oo ot||e ta|t b|eo ao eooez-voos ,
|o /ooste |eet eo +`22 |'a ooov aoss|, oo|, taves |'||se
|ote-|aeoe-|a-cooso|at|oo ao |a|oc, a cooo oo ao|-
este oes ooss|b|||ts o'oo at|ao eocoe ceot cette
ooooe, |e btoo ,
|t oooooo| oas |'eeo|e o|os cooteooa|o oe |aca,
Zob|eoa, |eeba| et Costaot|o| oo| oot aoss| |s |eo tooc|e
eo +``8 eo sosoeooaot oe oes a|o|||es o'ac|e oo to|t
e|||ot|ooe oe +.000 toooes oo| seb|e otte eo aoesaoteo
so |e staoe oe |aoce St.|eo|s, ooa|saot a|os| toote ooe
zoe eo ot oo|sseeot oba|o , |o sbo|e oe ooeo|t
oo| eo o|os oe |a o|eos|oo soot|ve, se voo|a|t aoss| |ooovaot
oaos ses ootes cooo|ooe, soc|a|e et oba|oe oat|co||ees
ca aaot ,oo |e |e oe cootateo o|oc|oa| oaos |a eooa||-
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 10 |
cat|oo o'ooe zooe eo |c|e, stat|ooe oo oo|ot oe voe oe |a
oao||e, ao ootes |oo-|st oe |a|s , et |e oa| ot ooto|e-
eot ao ,
|oos c|teoos eocoe oo ooat|ee eeo|e, o'ooe o|eos|oo
oba|oe o|os aooe, ce|o| oo ooat|e @ 2+ 3ace|ooe oo
|'oo a vo |'|ostaoce oo|c|oa|e |o|t|e oo cao|se ooo
|'|aboat|oo o'oo aoo oo,et |ooovaot oe ooa|sat|oo
cooo|ooe, oaos |e ooa|oe oe |a tec|oo|o|e oe oo|ote,
oaot a|os| |'o|cat|oo oe toot oo ooat|e tet|a|e o oeoe
oooveao ,
|o oo,et ooaot ooe est|oo oat|c|oat|ve |te, oo|c|oa|e
et o|ve, assoc|aot oat|ooeeot |es ooo|ta|es te|eos et
|'eoseb|e oes aaot oo|t oe toot oo secteo oo ootae
tooo ves |es seao oe t|cooo|cat|oo , et oo| a eec-
t|veeot a|o eooce 3ace|ooe oaos |e coeao oe |a co-
ot|t|v|t |oteoat|ooa|e ,
|eot-oo oooc oa|e o'|oteace eote ooe va|e ooeo|t et |e
oat|o|oe 3eoot|, oo toot s|o|eeot oe |'eo|eteeot so
|e t|sso tao|t|oooe| aoc|eo o'ooe ooeo|t soe toote
eocoe at|c|e||e et oao|s tooeose`
|t oes |os, oo|t-oo |a|sse cette tooo|e ||sse ves ooe
oe oe v|||e aosseeot otaote, |b|oe sat|t `
|| sea too,oos teos, s| va|eot a oeveoa|t |o|octab|e oo
,oo, o'abaoooooe oos eoces c|ass|ooes oes oo|ots
o'aocae e, ooo ooos ette tota|eeot |'|eoe ooo|a|e
oes seao oe cooo|cat|oo et |eo sstee coo|ee
o'|oteact|oo , Sstee oaos |eooe| |e ||eo oe coote o|os va|-
eot, baoo|ssaot a|os| |es eoees osoe|s oe toote ooe soc|t ,
C'est seo|eeot ce ,oo | ooe |a v|||e oe 3eoot| cessea
oobab|eeot, ao oo o'ooe ooeo|t |aoteeot tec|-
oo|o|ooe et coot|t|ve, o'te ooe eot|t coo|ete, ooss-
oaot oo seo| ceote |oeot| coe te| ,
Ce o'est ooe ce ,oo |, ooaoo |'vo|ot|v|t sea ,ost|e oa |a
st|cte ot|||t oob||ooe co||ect|ve, ooe 3eoot| oooa, |a
|||te, te ||be oe toote coooat|oo stoctoaote tao|t|oo-
oe||e, et oeveo| coostaeot coe sosoeoooe eote ses
o||oes et soo oeveo|, oaos ce oo| oooa|t te aooe| |e
teos oe |'|oteva||e ,
|a|s voos toot eo estaot tee tee , ca a||eoeose-
eot, avec |'obao|sat|oo 3eoot| et oaos sa ooc|e coo-
oooe oo| coot|ooe ooesse ao oas oe c|ae, |e |oo oes
o|oc|oao aes oe c|co|at|oo, saos ooo| va|eot oo caoe
oba|o co|eot, o'a|oe oas soc|a|eeot oae |'aveo|, o|
oave |a vo|e ooe vo|ot|oo sa|oe et coot|t|ve oe |a v|||e et
oe ses o|eotes cooosaotes soat|a|es ,
Ce ooe |'oot oooa|t ooa||e oe aoooe o'oao|sat|oo oes
ove|oooeeots oba|os oooctoe|s oo o'abseoce oe stat|e
a||ste, |ooa|e, oo e te|to|a|e, oeseot oooc |oooe-
eot so |es caoac|ts oe co|ssaoce sa|oe oo oas, et oa so|te,
oe sa cao|ta|e ||sto|ooe 3eoot| ,
|t |'abseoce oe a|t|se oe |a co|ssaoce soat|a|e, |e aso|||ae
o'esoace, essooce tes |||te sotoot |'|ot|eo oe 3eoot|
|ota-oos, a|s aoss| oaos |e aoo 3eoot| , |sooeot oe
coooette |'aveo| oo ove|oooeeot cooo|ooe et |a
ooa||t oo caoe oe v|e aoooe|s oo oeva|t te eo oo|t
o'aso|e.
/ oote ooe |a av|t e||e s|oe sotoot oaos |e a|t ooe oes
ove|oooeeots oba|os oo| oeoveot te tes |otessaots, soot
oeoss |oooeooaeot oes teooa||ts aoooates et oe
toot c|tee oe coo|eota|t avec |es ||eo |ovest|s ,
/ t|te o'eeo|e, et oes +`+0, |a coost|tot|oo o'oo a|||ae
aotooot|e ot coos|oe ,oste t|te coe |'oot|| oe
o oeo|sat|oo oe 3eoot| oa |e sc|a o|ecteo oe +`63 ,
|a|s |e oca|ae oe |a |se eo oove oes tavao, oo| oe v|eot
oo obot o'ecot|oo oo'ooe teota|oe o'aooes o|os tao, eo
a|soo o'ooe s|e o'veoeeots a,eos, o'a oas aao |es
c|oses , |a soace obao|se aaot eote-teos ooas|eot ooo-
b|, et |es beso|os oeveoos ooto|eeot o|eots , eo o|os oes
|co aeotat|oos soat|a|es oo| se soot oes eo o|o|-
|e o|ecte oe 3eoot|, ooooaot |e too oo obot oe cacoo|o-
o|e oba|oe, aot|oo|ooe oe |a ooeo|t.
|oos esooos |eo |'|oact oat| oe ces oca|aes ooaoo
oo sa|t ooe |es ||eos eote |e taosoot et |'aoaeeot oes
esoaces e|steot tootes |es c|e||es, et o|os oat|co||eeeot
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 11
ao o|veao oe |a oe oba|oe et oe |a s|||ooette ac||tec-
toa|e , |'oo a oooc aoo|s, oos ooeoos, ooe |a ooeo|t est
|ocooat|b|e avec oes oca|aes teooe|s |ootaots, oaos oo
oooe tec|oo|o|ooe vo|ot| oo toot booe ao|oeeot, coo-
co|taeot |a ta,ecto|e oe co|ssaoce ooao||ooe
oatoe||e ,|o aote oob|ee e|at| |a teooa||t ab|aote
oat|c|oe aoss| o||ooe oos c|aoces o'vo|ot|oo oba|oe sa|oe
et oo|||be , savo| oo'ao,ooo'|o|, et eo a|soo oe |a aac-
t|oo oes tea|os 3eoot| |ota oos, ce soot |es ooc|es
soat|a|es oe |a oe|ee coooooe oo| oot t eoaes oaos oo
cc|e oe taosoat|oos et oe oo|cat|oo oe |'occooat|oo
actoe||e oe |eos so|s, et cec|, eocoe ooe o|s oa |e b|a|s oe |a
ooot|oo |ob|||ee,
C'est oooc eocoe ooe o|s |e oocessos oes caoses eets oo|
oeoo |e oessos, et ooo oas ce|o|, vo|oota|ste et c|a|, oe
|'obao|se et oe ses cao|ses o||es ,
Ce oeo|e oo| se oo|t ooa|eeot et o|o|ta|eeot
o'a||oe |a base |oastoctoe||e et oe eooce |es oo|oe-
eots ot||es |a boooe est|oo oe |a v|||e et oe ses bao||eoes
ooc|es, se toove a|os| sooass , eo ootaot ooe |a |aosse coo-
sooeote oe |a va|eo oo so| oo| s'eo so|va eooa oe o|os eo
o|os a|ato|e |a caoac|t oe |'|ostaoce tat|ooe oo oo|c|oa|e
a|e ova|o| |a a|soo oe |'ot|||t oob||ooe et act|ve, s| beso|o
est, |a oocooe oe |'eooo|at|oo ,
|a||eoeoseeot oooc, |e teos oes oo,ets oe ooot|oo
|ob|||ee est aoteeot o|os ao|oe ooe |e teos
o'a||oat|oo et oe a,eoo|sseeot oe |a v|||e ,
|e c|a||eoe est ooe, oo |e vo|t , || aot oooc se oote oe
oeos ao|oes, caoab|es o'a|oe oote cao|ta|e 3eoot|
accoe |a ooeo|t , |es osooct|oooeeots s|ooo
s'accoo|eoot, et ooooot oeveo| ata|s ,
/ ooaoo oooc |es zooes obao|sat|oo o|e oaos |e
teos octes oa |'tat aoaeo ooo oes a|soos
o'ot|||t oob||ooe ` (/ |'|osta oes Zooes o'/oaeeot
||es |a aoa|se Z/|)
|t oa so|te, ooaoo |e aoo c|aot|e sooteoo oe |a ooeo|sa-
t|oo oba|oe 3eoot| `
oe||es sea|eot |es o|stes tace et so|ve `
/ |'obe oe |a otat|oo soe toote |ocoot|e ao o|veao
oe |a v|s|oo o'eoseb|e et oo caactee vo|ot| ooooaot o
|a a|soo cooo|ooe o|ve, |a oess|oo |ob|||ee et |a
soco|at|oo, |'oo oeva|t oeeot oasse |'ee oe |'tat
aoaeo et o|ao|cateo, et ooos oote ao o|os v|te oe o|aos
o|ecteos caactee ob||ato|e, vo|e |oat| ,
|'ob,ect| oe ces oocoeots sea|t o|t|o|e, et |otaos|eaot .
- cooseve oo eov|oooeeot sa|o, |oat|veeot oot ,
- oo| |es o|eotat|oos stat|ooes ooo |a v|||e oe 3eoot|
et oe ses eov|oos, eo tees oe seao, o'oo|oeeot, et oe
ooa|sat|oo tec|oo|o|ooe et oba|oe.
- o|||te et cooseve, e oa |e b|a|s oe |a oeot|oo et
oe |'eooo|at|oo, ooe stoctoe soat|a|e |otessaote, ao ceo-
te et so |a o|o||e, oo| oo|a|t |es oototoes caact|s-
t|ooes oes o|ases oba|oes soccess|ves oo'a coooo 3eoot|,
et oo| sev|a|t oe at|ce toote stat|e oeo et |oo
tees ,
- oeto|e et saoveaoe ooe tae oat|oo|a|e s|o|ca-
t|ve et |otooc|ab|e oo| sea|t |a aaote oe |a cooat|oo
oe oote o|e, oe oote o|eoce, oe oote |oeot|t
eoves et coote |a vaoe oe |a ooo|a||sat|oo, oo toot o| oa
se o||oe et se oooe ,
C. |oo|o a b|eo c|t . |a cooo|t|oo oba|oe coot|ooe oe se
taoo|ose soos |es eets oe |a ooo|a||sat|oo. et |es
o|ooeoes oe tooo||sat|oo, ooe|s ooe so|eot |eo c|e||e,
oess|oeot oe ooove||es oes te|to|a|es. ce||es-c| etteot
eo ooest|oo ooe cooceot|oo oe |a v|||e oeose ,osooe |,
oat| oo ooe|e c|coosc|t et aotoooe oe |a v|||e ||sto-
|ooe. |st-oo oooc eots oaos |'ee oe |a o|soa|t|oo oe |a
o|e ac||tectoa|e et oba|oe `
|| aot oaos toos |es cas te coosc|eots ooe |e va| oob|ee
ooo 3eoot| est ooe cette c|t ||sto|ooe v|vaote, oe oa sa
oatoe e, a t, et sea too,oos aooe|e vo|oe soos
|'eet oe otat|oos soc|o-cooo|ooes et co|toe||es , cec|
eooa oooc eocoe o|os aooe et eocoe o|os o|c||e toote
va|oat|oo eo ooct|oo oe c|tees o'aot|eot|c|t, et o|os a|a-
to|e toote oo||t|ooe oe coosevat|oo,
|evoos-ooos ooo aotaot ooos avooe va|ocos ` |v|oeeot
ooo. Ca ooos savoos aoss| ooe |a o|e oeot se oeotoe
eo oo|t oe toot, so|t se|oo oes cao|ses v|soe|s s|o|es, so|t
se|oo oes cao|ses oe est|tot|oo , |a|s oaos |es oeo cas, ||
aot ve|||e s' e ao oeot ooootoo, coe |eots
o'aocae a,eos oe toote e|oo.
|t |'oo a ooo oeove |a v|||e oe |a|s oo |a o|e oe cette
tooo|e saos cesse |ooovaote est a,o|ta|eeot saove-
aoe et |se eo va|eo, oa |e b|a|s oe cao|ses ,o|o|ooes
oe c|asseeot et oe est|oo, a|s aoss| oa |e b|a|s o'act|oos oe
ooa|sat|oo oba|oes, oo |es |eots oe |a o|e oba|oe
soot sooveot ao coo oes ooat|oos o'aoaeeot, ooc-
at|ses et coocetes ,
|a so|ot|oo se cac|e oeot-te | ,
|'ac||tectoe oe |a o|e o|te tao|t|oooe||e oe 3eoot|,
toot eo estaot oo to|o oe |a co|toe oe oos aoos-oees, et
ooe tace oe oote o|e co||ect|ve, o'eo est oas o|os oo-
teose oe va|eo se ao o|veao cooo|ooe, et oo| oeoo toot
soo seos oaos oo oas vocat|oo too|st|ooe coe |e ote ,
|es oo,ets ac||tectoao oo oba|os oooveao 3eoot| et
oaos ses ooc|es coooooes oeva|eot oooc s'|osc|e oaos |a
ooe, c'est o|e te aaots oe |a coot|oo|t toot eo oa-
eaot |es teos oe |a v|||e veo| , ||s oe oo|veot eo aocoo cas
coost|toe oes |eots o|soaates, |oco|eots ,
|| oe sea|t oooc oas oo|ac o'ae oo' c|aooe taoe oe sa
oeos|cat|oo, |a v|||e oo|t oaa|te coe ac|eve , eo toos
cas oo|||be, savaeot at|co|e. Ce oo| veot o|e ooe |a
so|oo|e a|os| oe oa |a stoctoe aoc|eooe, |a stoctoe
eo oat|oo et |a stoctoe |ov|s|b|e oo oto se oo|t oe este
oeotoe||eeot eo osose o|s|ooe, ooct|oooe||e et o|soos-
|e, oot|ooe sotoot ,
|a cootao|ct|oo oo|t cesse oe ooos assa|||| . os|s oe ||eo et
oe ootoe, o'aocae et oe ooveeot, oe cooo|t oo
o'aoc|oat|oo oe ces tao|t|oos,
/||oos oe |'avaot ,
|oos soes coosc|eots ooe |a tao|t|oo est o|c||e |ooe,
oo o|os aect|veeot , et ooe |a ooeo|t oe se eose oas,
oo o|os oa |'ob||at|oo o'c|aoes co|toe|s et cooo|ooes
avec aoto| ,
|oos soes coova|ocos aoss| ooe |'ac||tectoe 3eoot|
oeva|t ooasse |a cooo|t|oo oe |'at oo sooo|eot , oe
|'ob,et eo o|os oaos |a v|||e , |||e oe oo|t oas s'ate |'|||ostat|oo
o'oo ooae, a|s savo| s'|osc|e oaos oo e| eo oeo-
toe| oeveo|, saos ee |a oote ao |ocet|tooes oes vo|o-
t|oos, |a oeab|||t oes ooteot|e|s ,
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 12 |
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 14 |
Coeot a|os |oveote |es e|es oe oea|o ` |t so ooe||e
base ` et o'est-|| oas o|os ,oo|c|eo oe oc|oe eo coooa|ssaoce
oe caose `
|aos ooe| caoe et ooo ooe||es a|soos oeoveoos ooos
osoa|s |a coosevat|oo, |a oovat|oo oo |a taosoa-
t|oo oo oat|o|oe oe oote tooo|e ||baoa|se `
/ooos-ooos ,aa|s eocoe beso|o oe |a C|ate oe Veo|se ` |es
ecoaooat|oos oe |'|||SCC ` Co sea|eot-e||es oeveooes
|os|o|aotes ooo ooos ` |oos aboooos a|os| |a oot|oo
o'|oseb|e |sto|ooe e|staot oaos ceta|os ooat|es ta-
o|t|oooe|s oe 3eoot| ,
/ cet ao, |a C|ate oe Veo|se oe +`6+ coos|oee coe
eoseb|e ||sto|ooe toot oooeeot oe coostoct|oos coo-
st|toaot ooe a|oat|oo oo| oa soo |ooo|t, coe
oa soo oo|t ac||tectoa|e et est|t|ooe, oseote oa e||e-
e oo |ott ||sto|ooe, ac|o|o|ooe oo at|st|ooe .
|e oaaao|e C, c|aose 2+ oo tete o'o|eotat|oo oe |'|||SCC
st|oo|e, eote aotes .
.|o oooeot, oo eoseb|e oo oo s|te.oeva|eot .
so|t eoseote oo c|e-o'oove. so|t aooote oo to|oae
oo|ooe oo oo o|os eceot|oooe| so ooe tao|t|oo co|toe||e oo
ooe c|v|||sat|oo v|vaote oo o|soaoe. so|t o| oo eeo|e |-
oeot o'oo toe oe coostoct|oo oo o'eoseb|e ac||tectoa| oo
tec|oo|o|ooe oo oe oasae |||ostaot ooe o|ooe s|o|cat|ve
oe |'||sto|e |oa|oe.
|'|otoooct|oo oo tete o'o|eotat|oo oe |'|||SCC oevaot
o|oe |a |se eo oove oe |a Cooveot|oo oo |at|o|oe oo-
o|a| st|oo|e ooaot e||e . |e oat|o|oe co|toe| et oatoe| a|t
oat|e oes b|eos |oest|ab|es et |eo|aab|es ooo seo|eeot
oe c|aooe oat|oo a|s oe |'|oao|t eot|ee. Saos oob||e
ooo o|os cette o|eotat|oo oe |'|||SCC, oo| st|oo|e ooe |es
eoseb|es oba|os sosceot|b|es o'tes |osc|ts so |a ||ste oo oat-
|o|oe ooo|a| soot, eote aotes, |es v|||es ooove||es oo 20
e

s|ec|e ooot |'oao|sat|oo oba|oe o||oa|e este tes ||s|b|e et
|eo aot|eot|c|t ceta|oe, a|s oo| oot |eo aveo| ob oa
ooe vo|ot|oo eo aooe oat|e |ocoot|ab|e. ,
|| est eo eet aoo teos ooe |'ao|o|stat|oo cooteote
aoc||sse ooe taoe |ootaote oe |a saoveaoe oo oat|-
o|oe 3eoot||o, eo a|saot |'|oveota|e oe zooes evtaot ooe
|ootaoce oooaeota|e, taves oes e|evs catoao||ooes
cootetoe|s oes eoseb|es et oes oo|ts, et oes o|otoao||es
a|eooes avec sa|s|es o|otot|ooes oes ooooes ,
/ oat| oe |, toot tava|| oe oo,et oeva ob||ato|eeot oooc
oeooe aooo| so |'eoseb|e oe ces ooooes, ooo b|eo oose
|es |oot|eses oe taosoat|oo et oe ove|oooeeot, et
oooc oe otat|oo ,
|o eet, |a otat|oo se caact|se oa oo c|aoeeot
o'aectat|oo, c'est--o|e oa ooe taosoat|oo o'oo tat oo
aote , |aos |a v|||e, e||e se a|t oaos ooe oot|ooe taot ac||tec-
toa|e oo'oba|oe, et |es oo|cat|oos oeoveot te a,eoes oo
oooctoe||es ,
Cette e otat|oo se at|a||se oa ooe ostoctoat|oo/
estoctoat|oo oes tats ooct|oooe|s et at|e|s oes ||eo ,
|e o est aoo , ca |a otat|oo oeot te oos|t|ve, oaos |e seos
oe |a ooess|oo et oe |a ooa|sat|oo o'oo ||eo, oo oat|ve,
oaos |e seos oe |a oete oe v|tesse, oo o|abeeot, oe |a
o soao|sat|oo et oo osooct|oooeeot , ca sooveot, s| |'oo
o' est oas ooas, |'eeoce oe oo,ets cooteooa|os,
ootaeot so|taot oe ooa|ooes cooo|ooes soooa|oes
et bota|es, ooovaot ette oteeot eo o|| |es |eots
o'aocaes te|to|ao ooe soot |es t|ssos tao|t|oooe|s o'ooe
v|||e, e o'oo oas , / ooos oooc oe a|e oe sote ooe
|'ac||tectoe oo|sse oov| oes |o|zoos ves ooe v|e o|os |oveo-
t|ve, o|os esoectoeose oes oo|||bes v|tao oes c|toeos.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 15
|a|s coeot oeose |'ac||tectoe oo |es ac||tectoes oes
ooove||es tooo|es eo c|aooaot ao o|'tat oo ot
oeose , ooo teote o'|osc|e toote e|oo ao caeoo oe
cette t||o|e ooe coost|toeot |a oao||e, |'||sto|e, et |a
ocess|t o'vo|oe ` || sea|t toot s|o|eeot aooa| oe oe
oas essae oe toove ao,ooo'|o|, et saos o|os atteooe, |es
oeos aoooats oe caoe oos act|oos, oe |es caoa||se et o'eo
oo|e |es |oacts oat|s, sotoot so |a tae oat|oo|a|e
e|staote oeot ||te ,
/o oa|, ooos esoeoos ooe |a e|oo taot atteoooe oo|sse
avaot toot a||oe |a ooa||t oo caoe oe v|e ab|aot, et o-
oae oo aveo| ooeoe, |oveot| et sa|o oos oat|oos
otoes , Ca oe soo oe o'aboot|sseeot ooeooa oooa-
vaot |'|o|aotat|oo oo oas, 3eoot| et taves |e oas,
o'act|v|ts |aote va|eo a,oote, tes ocessa|es oote co-
oo|e oaos oo cootete oe coocoeoce |ooa|e et ooo|a|e
accoe , |t |'oo oe o|a ,aa|s assez oo' cet ao, |e oat|-
o|oe ||t coost|toe ooe at|ee eoe oe base ooe
beaocooo o'aotes oas o'oot oas , oo cata|seo ae et c|e,
seo| aaot oo boo aocae oes oo,ets et oes cooos|t|oos
oba|oes veo| oos stoctoes o'o||oe ,
|e |e o||ao|ooos oas ,
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 16 |
Autorits,
opinion publique
et architectes
oaos |e co|||ateo
oe |a osevat|oo
oo oat|o|oe.
CCV|| STC|Y
ZIAD AKL
Architecte Urbaniste
o'est-ce ooe |e oat|o|oe `
|vo|ot|oo oe |a oot|oo.
|ooooo| |e oseve `
|e oat|o|oe et |a oess|oo ooc|ee.
|a o|eos|oo soc|o-cooo|ooe.
|a taosoat|oo oe |a v|||e so e||e-e.
|'|ooeo|sat|oo |oo|ecte.
|e oat|o|oe . ooe oce oos|t|ve.
|eos|ts actoe||es et oooatoes.
|es vo|es eo|oe.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 17
Le patrimoine, c'est quoi I
Ces ooest|oos se ooseot oaos |a oob|at|ooe o|c||e oe |a
saoveaoe oes oooeots ooe oos aoctes ooos oot |os,
et oo| ooos aooe||eot oote too oeooe oes oc|s|oos soo
ao. |e oat|o|oe, c'est ooo| ` C'est ooe ooest|oo |aooe||e ||
est o|c||e oe ooooe avec oc|s|oo oo|soo'e||e a|t eoce
oes va|eos co|toe||es et soc|o|o|ooes, oooc oe oatoe e|a-
t|ve. osoo'avaot |a oee, |e oob|ee se oosa|t o'ooe ao|ee
e|at|veeot s|o|e. Voos a|||ez oaos ooe v|||e o|va|e oa
eeo|e, |e oat|o|oe ta|t |a cat|oa|e oe st|e oao,
ot||ooe oo baoooe, c'ta|t |'|te| oe v|||e, |e beo| , |es c|oses
ta|eot c|a|es . oeva|eot aooateo| ao oat|o|oe ces ob,ets
ac||tectoao eceot|oooe|s.

volution de la notion
|oso|te, ce ao o|ts oe |a C|ate oe Veo|se, |e oat|o|oe
s'est |a|. |e oat|o|oe o'est o|os seo|eeot oes o|ces
eceot|oooe|s oo| aooat|eooeot |'||te oe |'at oe coosto|e,
a|s c'est aoss| oes coostoct|oos o|os ooestes oaos |esooe||es
oes oat|oos eot|ees oot oass ooe oat|e oe |eo v|e, et
oot |a|ss oes to|oaes oe |eo ooe et oe |eo caoe oe
v|e, oo t|sso oba|o et soc|a|, oo eoseb|e oo| coost|toe eo so| oo
ooe|e oe coosto|e et oe v|ve oaos |es v|||es et |es ca-
oaoes o'aoteo|s.
|o so, |e oat|o|oe o'est o|os coost|to oo|ooeeot oe
cette ||te oe |'ac||tectoe ooe soot osooes, cat|oa|es,
oa|a|s, c|teao, a|s aoss| oe a|soos o|os ooestes,
to|oae c|a| o'ooe s|toat|oo soc|a|e oo| o'est o|os ce||e
o'ao,ooo'|o|, a|s oo| coost|toe oo a|||oo |ootaot oe
|'||sto|e oe oos soc|ts.
Ceci dit, sauver le patrimoine pour
quelle raison I
|oos oeoooos |e oat|o|oe, oace ooe ooos soes coo-
va|ocos oo'|| a ooe va|eo , || est |ocoo|eos|b|e oe oeooe
ce oo| o'a oas oe va|eo. |oe oat|e toot ao o|os ootab|e oe |a
oooo|at|oo attac|e soo oat|o|oe ooe va|eo oo oes va|eos,
sao oaos |es cas oe oe oo |es o|||osoo||es oo||t|ooes eo
o|ace cootesteot ooo oes a|soos ooct|oa|es toote va|eo ao
oat|o|oe te| ooe ooos |e cooeooos. |e oat|o|oe est
oa|eeot coost|to oe beao oooeots et |a beaot
taot eo so| ooe c|ose ae et oc|eose, e||e oeva|t te coo-
seve sotoot ooo |a coooa|ssaoce et |'eose|oeeot.
Cec| et eo v|oeoce ooe oe|ee va|eo. |a valeur esth-
tique. oaoo oo obsevateo se toove oevaot oo oooeot,
oo oo ob,et aoc|eo, || oe o|t oas c'est aoc|eo, || o|t c'est beao.
|a|s ooe cooos|oo assez ac||e s'tab||t eote v|eo et beao.
|a a|||eos, |es oooeots o'||e soot sooveot |e soooot o'ooe
ooct|oo ot||e (oo|oeeot oob||c) et eo||sseot oo |e oaos
|a soc|t. S'||s veoa|eot o|soaa|te, oo |oos-ooos ooo ette
tootes |es ooct|oos ooe ces bt|eots ab|ta|eot `
|o eet, beaocooo oe bt|eots aoc|eos coot|ooeot eo||
oo |e |ootaot oaos |e ooo|eeot oe oote v|e ooot|-
o|eooe et ooteeot eo oat|e oote soc|t. C'est ooo ce|a ooe
|os oes vo|ot|oos soc|a|es oo| s'ooeeot oao|s, |eo o|se oe
coot|e oa |es asses vo|ot|oooa|es sbo||se |e ooovo|
oo| est eo ac|e ves |e c|aoeeot.
/ote va|eo ooe |'oo toove |se eo v|oeoce c|ez ceta|os
aoteos, |os'|o oa eeo|e, c'est ce||e oe |a coooa|ssaoce. |o
eet |e oooeot est oo to|oae oo oass, et ooe sooce
oe coooa|ssaoce oo oass.
C ooo |'oo|||be oe |'oao|t et ce|o| oe oote soc|t, |a
coooa|ssaoce oe soo oass est oo |eot oooaeota|.
Ce oo| veot o|e ooe toote oo||t|oo oe sooces oe |a coooa|s-
saoce ||sto|ooe est oo c|e coote |a o|e oe |'oao|t.
/|os| aooaa|t oooc |a valeur oucatlve.
|t eoo, coeot oe oe oas a||se |'e|steoce oe |a valeur
conomlque. Coeot oe oas se eooe coote ooe |e oat|-
o|oe aooote beaocooo o'aeot. |a|ooos ooe toos |es
vest|es oes c|v|||sat|oos aot|eoes ao |oc|e et |oeo C|eot
o|soaa|ssa|eot oo ||bao, oe S|e, oe |a Tooo|e, oe |a |a|est|oe,
oe |'|ote, etc. |a o|soa|t|oo oo t|sso tao|t|oooe| oto|t eo
e teos |e t|sso soc|a| caose oes ||eos oo| soot t|sss
eote |a tae o|s|ooe oe |a v|||e et |a coooaot oo| v|t.
Le patrimoine et la pression foncire
/o ||bao, oo ecoooa|t |es eets coo,oos oe |a oess|oo oo-
c|ee et oe |'|ocaoac|t oes aoto|ts oob||ooes so|t ba|sse |es
coec|eots too |evs oaos |es zooes sosceot|b|es te
ootes so|t |ooeo|se |es ooo|ta|es aaot sob| oo
o,oo|ce oa so|te oo c|asseeot oe |eo b|eo.
e coos|oee oo'|| a |o,ost|ce et oa coosooeot o,oo|ce
ooaoo ooe |eeotat|oo oaos oo ooat|e eo ooest|oo aoto-
|se ooe oace||e oe tea|o ce oo'e||e |oteo|t |'aote, ooo-
taot aooes tootes |es oeo oa |es es sev|tooes et
coec|eot. |'oo cooeoo |e osao| oes oos ace |'aoaoce
oes aotes. |t ooaoo || a o,oo|ce, || a |ooeo|sat|oo, oo
cooeosat|oo. /o ||eo oe se ette |a ec|ec|e, oaos
|'oeoce, o'ooe so|ot|oo oo| oaoea ce oas |a oete sst-
at|ooe et e|aost|ve oe soo oass, oo oo||ooe v|a oes
s|oaos oo| soooeot ot a|s ao cooteoo eoo|, ooooaot
oeoseeot |e teos ao oat|o|oe, oa a|soos |so|es oo
oa ||ots eot|es, oe ,ooe soo toob|aot ,eo oe v|ct|e cooseo-
taote ace ses booeao. Sot-|| ooe c|aooe |o|ste oe |a
co|toe, eo oeoaot eo c|ae soo |o|stee, oeooe |'|o|t|at|ve
o'eovoe so |e tea|o ooe oo|oe o'ac||tectes a|e |'|oveota|e
oes a|soos oseve ooo saove ooo aotaot ce oat|o|oe `
La dimension socio-conomique
|ooooo| c|aooe oooveao |o|ste |ooe-t-|| ooe |'|oveota|e
oe soo oocesseo a eo . oes oo||t|oos ` |ooooo|,
aoes c|aooe |oveota|e, oes a|soos soot abattoes ` |ooooo|
c|aooe |oveota|e esseb|e t|steeot ooe Sc||oo|e
||st ` |ace ooe oote voat|oo ooo |e oat|o|oe aoc|eo,
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 18 |
oote attac|eeot ao c|oses oo oass soot oo v|tab|e oaa-
ooe. |oos avoos oo oeoc|aot |ote||ectoe|, aect|, est|t|ooe
ooo |a osevat|oo oes v|e|||es o|ees, a|s ooos eosoos
vo| eo e||es ooe v|oeote ooct|oo soc|a|e et cooo|ooe. |oo
beaocooo oe eos toot ta|t too,oos |eo avaot. C'est ooe
t|o|o|e oaot|ooe oaos |aooe||e ooos ba|ooos oeoo|s
|'eoaoce. |ace |a oess|oo ooc|ee et oote ocooaeeot
oe vo| s'|aboe ooe oo||t|ooe oba|oe coocete o|v|||aot |a
sov|e oo sotoot |a v|e oes oat|o|oes oaos oes o|a|s oo| oe
sea|eot oas oost|oes, || ooos aot abooe |a ooest|oo oe
ao|ee |a|oat|ve, aooac|eose, et ooat|oooe||e.
La transformation de la ville sur elle-mme
/o,ooo'|o| 3eoot| aoooe oe tea|os ||bes. |a ooose oo
ac| |a oeaooe ooc|ee s'ooee a|os oa |a taosoa-
t|oo oe |a v|||e so e||e-e ao ot|eot oes bt|eots oat|-
oo|ao oo'oo sac|e, vo oo'||s oot oeoo |eos |es o'acteos
act|s oaos |a v|||e. |ooooo| ` |ace ooe oote aoooc|e, too
coosevat|ce, soae |'|ab|t ac||tectoa| oo cooteoo, ce oo| os-
s|||se, coooaoe, et ac|eve. Co oeaooe ao oat|o|oe o'te
oo ob,et eaoe o|ott oo'oo esoace v|ve. |t oootaot ce
oat|o|oe oe oeaooe oo' e|ste. Coeot ` |o se voaot
o| |a ooss|b|||t ooo seo|eeot oe s'|ote oaos |e oocessos
oo ove|oooeeot oba|o, a|s oeot-te b|eo o|os . eo oeve-
oaot oo acteo o|v|||, oo acteo oe sooct|oo, oo oteo.
Coosto|e |e oto o'a oas ooo coo||a|e |a oestoct|oo oo
oass. 3|eo ao coota|e, || est sooveot sa|ota|e ooo |es ac||-
tectes oe se a|e accooaoe et o|oe oa |es |eoos oo oat|-
o|oe.eo |e ev|s|taot et eo |o| osob|ssaot oo toot oet|t oeo
oao|s, |o| oo| a o, osob| ao s|eo ooo oeveo| ce oo'|| est.
L'indemnisation indirecte
|o|sooe oooc |'obstac|e ecoooo est o'ooe oaoc|e, oo|sooe |e
o|oc|oe oe |'|ooeo|sat|oo oaoc|ee oe |a oat oe |'|tat e|eve
oe |'|ooss|b|e, et oo|sooe |e ooo|ta|e oo|t c|ec|ea se
obaasse oe soo oooe oat|o|oe, oo oooa, ooo |'eo
o|ssoaoe, |a|oe oo cao|se o'|ooeo|sat|oo |oo|ect . |e
cooceot oo taoset oe coec|eot oo| este |e seo| oeo
eov|saeab|e ce ,oo o'|ooeo|se |es ooo|ta|es oe a|soos
aoc|eooes, |ss oa ces esoes. |oo ce|a, || aot, otoos |e,
avo| oseso oe ba|sse |es coec|eots c|ez toot |e oooe,
et te coova|oco oa |e o|oc|oe oe |'|ooeo|sat|oo oaos oo coo-
tete cooo|ooe ooe oo |a oossess|oo o'oo b|eo |ob|||e
coost|toe ao ||bao ooe va|eo eoe |otooc|ab|e.
|e stataee coos|ste oa eeo|e ooooe ao ooo|ta|e
|a ooss|b|||t et |e oo|t oe veooe - s'|| |e os|e - soo oo|t oe
coosto|e estaot so |a oace||e ooot || est |e ooo|ta|e oo
oooteo oo oo oat|co||e s|to oaos ooe zooe oo| oa soo
eov|oooeeot et |'tat oe ses |oastoctoes oeot accoe|||| ooe
oeos|t |eeeot o|os |eve. Ce cao|se s'aooe||e taos-
et oe coec|eot et oeet ao ooo|ta|e o'ooe a|soo
aoc|eooe eoc|ave eote + |eob|es |evs oe oe oas se seot|
ost oa |e seot|eot o'avo| oae seo| |e o| oo oat|o|oe.
|es ca|c|taots |ab|toe|s cette esoe o|seot |aoooab|e-
eot ooe c'est | ooe oote oovete |a cooot|oo , c'est co|e
ooe |a cooot|oo a sto.ooeeot atteooo oeoo|s |'|oooeooaoce
|a oob|at|ooe oo oat|o|oe ooo se oc|ae et s'oaooo| '
Cette esoe s'aoo||ooea oa eeo|e ao a|soos tao|t|oo-
oe||es 2 taes oo| o'oot oas toov acooeo ||||aoa|e ooo
|es aooote, |es ac|ete et |es saove. oaot ao tes beao
|eob|es at-oco oe + oo S taes oo| coeoceot o|soa-
a|te oaos |a coooooe /|o |esse-Sooeco-|oo e| ae' -
Ceaze| et saos ooe oesoooe oe s'eo eove, o'aaot o| |es
3 acaoes o| |e to|t eo to||e eoo|s ooo ve|||e saos |sooe oote
o|t|, || soa oe oeette |eos ooo|ta|es oe coosto|e
oes oeot|ooses eo eta|t eo |eos soets ooo |es coo-
c|||e avec |e ac|, toot eo |a|oaot oes esoes o'accooa-
oeeot eo tee o'eooat|oos sca|es oo aotes. Ces esoes
eocooaeoot |es ooo|ta|es oe a|soos aoc|eooes oe o|os
oecevo| |eos bt|eots coe oo oo|os eocobaot ooot ||
aot se obaasse, a|s b|eo ao coota|e coe oo oooo|t
ae et oc|eo avec |eooe| || aot ta|te avec at et esoect, et
oo| oe ce a|t oeot eoeooe oes boces.
Le patrimoine : une force positive
|| e|ste ao,ooo'|o| toot oo o|scoos eocooaeaot aotoo oe
|'|oe ooe |a coosevat|oo oo oat|o|oe est ooe oce oos|t|ve,
cooat|b|e avec |e ove|oooeeot cooo|ooe et oo'|| sot
o'ooe o|se oe coosc|eoce, oe |a oat|oo|a||sat|oo et oe esoes
aoooo|es ||aot secteos oob||c et o|v ooo ev|ta||se |es ceo-
tes aoc|eos, oe oeoce avec |a oat|c|oat|oo oes |ab|taots. |t s|
eooo|at|oo, |ooeo|sat|oo et taoset oe coec|eot esteot
oes esoes |oaoo||cab|es, seo| |'eec|ce oe |'ac||tecte oeot coo-
st|toe ooe ooose oov|so|e et oat|e||e cette ooest|oo.
Les densits autorises
et les modnatures anciennes
|es ceotes oeos|ts soveooes oaos |es ooat|es ote |oeo-
t|t oat|oo|a|e oeetteot o|c||eeot o'|ote oaos |a coo-
ceot|oo o'ac||tectoes ooove||es oes c|tees c|ass|ooes te|s ooe
coot|oo|t, a||oeeot, aba|ts. oo c|aoeeot oo t|sso
s'eectoe oooc et ooe ooove||e oat|oo oe oooo|ts ac||tec-
toao a|t ses aooa|t|oos oaos |a v|||e et ses o|t|o|es ooat|es,
oat|es coost|tot|ves o'oo oao|se oba|o o|os vaste, oaos ooe
o|a|ect|ooe oba|oe ooove||e.
|oe ceta|oe v|s|oo teoo ecoooa|te ces oo,ets ooe
ooove||e o|eos|oo, ooe ooove||e c|e||e, sotoot ooe ooove||e
|c|esse saot|ooe.
Des voies eplorer
|o|o oe se s|toe oaos ooe ||oe oe c|t|ooe st|cteeot oass|ve,
et sotoot s'|oteo|saot st|cteeot avo|se oes oo||t|oos
oe a|soos oo coostoct|oos aoc|eooes, oote act|oo eo|oe
ooe vo|e oo| coos|ste cooseve |'aoc|eo, coosto|e avec, eo
a|e e |e ceote, |e ,oao et |a a|soo o'te oo oooveao
oo,et , cette oac|e ooceoe coe ooe cooc|||at|oo.
|3 . oaos |a oe|ee oat|e oe cet at|c|e, ceta|oes |oes soot |aeeot |oso|es oa ooe
cooeoce ooooe oa |e ooesseo |aooo |ea|e a |'Coe oes |oo|eos et
/c||tectes oe 3eoot|.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 19
Illustrations :
|o aooee, oes eo|eoces, oes oo,ets, avec |eos cootetes et |eos |eooes oo|
essa|eot oe oote |a co|eoce eote |e o|scoos et |'oove bt|e oaos ooe coo,ooc-
toe ||baoa|se oo| se c|ec|e.
A/Bl 1116 et 1200 mIno eI Hosn.
Ces 2 porce||es font port|e dùne rue re|ot|vement preserve usqu` present.
Lùne dè||es comprend un |mmeu5|e dùn st,|e oppo rente |Àrt Nouveou, fom|||er
cette rue, |òutre o ete ocqu|s v|de de toute construct|on. Le 5t|ment ex|stont sero
restoure, et |e terro|n v|erge reprendro, pour reconst|tuer |e coroctere de |o rue,
|òrch|tecture de |o mo|son qu| , ex|sto|t, et cec| dòpres des photos dòrch|ves.
Un ord|n prend p|oce entre |e 5t|ment reconst|tue et |`|mmeu5|e qu| do|t o5sor5er
|es coeffc|ents, et qu| est |oco||se |òrr|ere du terro|n.
Sur |o foode du grond 5t|ment, |e des|gn dùn or5re mun| de |eds |um|neux sero
|ntegre |o foode dont |es fenetres sont d|sposees de mon|ere desordonnees, |o
mon|ere orgon|que de |òr5re. Cet or5re, dont |o |um|ere est o||mentee por |ènerg|e
so|o|re, s`|||um|nero ou crepuscu|e et sète|ndro |òu5e. l| donnero |`|mmeu5|e une
|egerete |mpress|onn|ste .
BDL Le cho|x orch|tecturo| est ce|u| dùn monumento||sme roppe|ont |òrch|tecture
de |o 5ronche mere Homro, mo|s fo|sont des concess|ons oux reg|ons en odoptont
|`|nsert|on dons |òrch|tecture du 5t|ment pr|nc|po| dùne mo|son trod|t|onne||e ser-
vont de |o55, de d|str|5ut|on des fonct|ons. Cette mo|son est or|entee vers |e 5ou|e-
vord dòcces de |o v|||e, ce qu| cree un ong|e qu| |o demorque du 5t|ment pr|nc|po|,
pose, |u| sur |e terro|n noture|. L`|nter|eur est |o rep||que dùne p|oce de v|||oge dons
|oque||e coho5|tent c||ents, emp|o,es, v|s|teurs, dons une otmosphere de terrosses
vegeto|es , |e tout 5o|gne dùn so|e|| troversont |o verr|ere orr|ere du 5t|ment.
Les RsIdences IbrohIm Sursock opport|ent |o fom|||e Sursock qu|
o vou|u mettre proft |e dro|t de constru|re qu`||s ont sur |eur porce||e de terro|n
sur |oque||e ex|ste |o \|||o L|ndo Sursock .
Le proet noture||ement tres dense couse des coeffc|ents octro,es por |`Ltot dons
cette reg|on, cherche mo|gre tout mettre en ev|dence |o \|||o Sursock ou ||eu de
|ècroser. Pour ce|o, quotre |ntervent|ons vont etre m|ses concours :
1. Lo rest|tut|on des deux ord|ns or|g|noux de port et dòutre de |o \|||o
2. Le surhoussement dùne port|e de |o construct|on du cote de |o rue Schouer| pour
devo||er |o foode orr|ere de |o \|||o, creont o|ns| une p|ocette couverte.
3. Lo creot|on dùne percee ur5o|ne entre |es rues Sursock et Schouer|
+. Lo consecrot|on v|sue||e des + foodes de |o \|||o.
Lo \|||o Sursock dev|ent o|ns| |o Stor et |`|moge de morque du proet.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 20 |
G/RestourotIon des Bl 101S, BCD
uons ces + exemp|es, cèst |o restourot|on des 5t|ments port|e||ement ou grove-
ment endommoges qu| o ||eu. Mun|s de pork|ngs en sous-so|, ||s prennent une p|oce
pr|v||eg|ee dons |e morche de |o construct|on.
D/Grond Thtre H6teI BCD
Ce proet v|se o |o tronsformot|on du Crond 7hetre de 8e,routh - 5t|ment em5|e-
mot|que des onnees 30 - en hote| S eto||es. Le terro|n se trouve |o ||s|ere du
secteur h|stor|que H et ce|u| moderne dest|ne o des 5t|ments contemporo|ns.
Cette de||cote |oco||sot|on |ndu|t un cho|x orch|tecturo| qu| veut d|o|oguer ovec
ces deux reo||tes : moderne foce ou geont qu| |e coto|e, et soge foce |o v|||e
trod|t|onne||e. Le concept de ce proet est s|gne |chord ogers.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 21
5ommaire
Ziad Akl:
/c||tecte /|3/ 3eoot|
|bao|ste |||C |a|s
|bao|ste S/|3| Sa|zboo
|oooateo oe 'Z|ao /'| /c||tects 8 ||aooes' (Z/|)
||ecteo oe |'||/, (|ost|tot o'obao|se oe |'/|3//3a|aaoo) ebe oe
|'/|||/| - |aoce
|ebe oo coose|| soo|eo oe |'obao|se ao ||bao
|ebe et co-oooateo oe |'assoc|at|oo oe ove|oooeeot oe
Ceeze| (/|C)
/ssoc| 3eoot| oes oo,ets avec ||c|ao |oes, eao-||c|e|
V||otte, |||||o Sta', |av|o C||ooee|o, et |oo|s C|a|.
Plusieurs articles et publications autour du thme de
la prservation du patrimoine:
|a oob|at|ooe oo oat|o|oe et oe sa osevat|oo ao ||bao
|a oess|oo ooc|ee, a||t ao aot|oooes oe |a osevat|oo
|'abseoce oo |'|ooss|b|||t oe esoes oacoo|eooes oe osevat|oo
|osseoe-t-oo oo tea|o et/oo oo coec|eot o'eo|o|tat|oo 3eoot| `
|o |'abseoce o'ooe oo||t|ooe oc|e||e oe osevat|oo . |a so|ot|oo oe
|'ac||tectoe
Quelques projets illustrant la question de la prserva-
tion du patrimoine :
|a 3aoooe oo ||bao, baoc|e oe 3|'aa
|es s|oeoces |ba|| Sosoc', 3eoot|
|e 3| +0+S oaos |e Ceote V|||e oe 3eoot|
|e 3| +3+ oaos |e Ceote V|||e oe 3eoot|
|es 3| +++6 et +200 |a oe |a Z|aoe|, 3eoot|
Test|oo o ao |s|aoo |cooo /| |o|aao, 3a|e.o
|oa| ote| 8 |esot, oaos |e Ceote V|||e oe 3eoot|
/oaeeot oo ooa|oe oob||c oo Ceote V|||e oe 3eoot|
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 22 |
LE PAYRIMOINE & LA PRE55ION DE L'IMMOBILIER
T||||TC|||S, T|/||T|C|S 8 |C|||||T|
Une histoire faite d'Antagonismes & d'Alliances
ANDRL 1RAD

ARClI1LC1
|e oat|o|oe est ooe v|s|oo ooteose o'oo seos |ae oo| eo|obe eo
e teos o|os|eos ooa|oes oe |a v|e, oe |a oatoe, oo oasae, oe
|'|oe et oe ses act|v|ts. tootes ces cooootat|oos oo| se e,o|oeot,
soot ||es oes |oes so |a ooo|t, |e |es et |'||tae. oaos soo
asoect |ea|, ce tee se oo|t oa |'eoseb|e oes b|eos coooe|s oo
|ocoooe|s, oes caoces, oes oossess|oos et oes |eots oo oass|
o'ooe oesoooe o|s|ooe oo oa|e.
oaoo oo oa|e oe oat|o|oe, || oooa|t s'a| aoss| oe |a b|oo|ves|t
et oo oat|o|oe ot|ooe oo| oote so |a tota||t oes esoeces v|vaotes
s|toes oaos ooe e eot|t co|o|ooe. oa aooot ooos bt|sseos,
|e oat|o|oe se aoootaot |'ac||tectoe et ao a|oat|oos a
too,oos eo ooe s|o|cat|oo esseot|e||eeot ||sto|ooe, os|oaot oes
|eots caact|ss oo| soot oe oote ooooe, oo| ooos oot t
|os oa |es s|ec|es oasss et ooe ooos voo|oos taosette ao
oat|oos otoes.
|ote oat|o|oe oe oeva|t oas se coooe seo|eeot oos ooves
et ao oovaes oe oos aoctes. c'est oa coote oo cooceot |ae et
vo|ot|, c'est toot oote te|to|e avec |e oace||a|e, |es seot|es, |es
vo|es, |es states, |es oasaes, |es |c|esses et |es act|v|ts oo.|| ece|e .
avec |es c|ses etaot actoe||eeot |es oo|||bes a||es et oca|es
oe |a tee, ooos soes o|os ooe ,aa|s aooe|s ooasse |a ooes-
t|oo ||sto|ooe oaos soo seos to|t, ves ooe oo|t|oo o|os |oba|e et
o|os sc|eot|ooe eoooaot |'eoseb|e oes s|oes, oes s|oatoes et oes
cooes oo te|to|e.
|oo ce|, || est |oeat| o'|a| oos oot|oos oo oat|o|oe ves
oes oot|oos ||es ao te|to|e, oo| oote ses caact|st|ooes coe
oo oao|se aaot oo cooe ot|ooe oooe a |o|. || oo|t vo|oe,
a|s ooos oevoos aoss| |e ooo| oes taosoat|oos |oteoest|ves
et oes otat|oos v|o|eotes oo| soot oesoa|s o,oo|c|ab|es ooo sa
sov|e et ooo |a oote.
CCV|| STC|Y
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 23
La renaissance Italienne
La sauvegarde des cathdrales,
& la naissance du souci patrimonial.
/vec |a eoa|ssaoce et |a eva|o|sat|oo oes ats oe |.aot|oo|t eo |t-
a||e, oes oo|||es sstat|ooes |a ec|ec|e oes o|oes oa|oes
oot eo| |'eoooeeot oe toot ooe ooooe, oe ses ceoes, ca-
o|oao, oaoes et oc|oeos toot ce oo| tooc|e oe |o|o oo oe os
|.ac|o|o|e. Ce soot |es oe|ees ao|estat|oos oe |a oot|oo oo
oat|o|oe. |e V|||ee s|ec|e vea |.eeoce oe |.|oe oe |a oo-
o|t co||ect|ve oes cat|oos oo oass oo| aooateoa|eot ec|os|ve-
eot ao coos o|oc|ees et oa|es. Soos |a vo|ot|oo aoa|se aoes
+8`, oaoo|t eoo |a esooosab|||t co||ect|ve v|s--v|s oe |a ootect|oo
oo oat|o|oe cooo. cec| a eo ||eo |osooe oes oeoseos se |-
eot oo|oe |es |o|ab|es ots et |es vaooa||ses sob|es oa
|es oooeots et |es cat|oa|es. /o |ee s|ec|e, |es cobats et
|'eot|oos|ase oes c|va|os oaot|ooes V|cto oo, C|ateaob|aoo
et |osoe ||e a|os| ooe |es eots oo|os oa V|o||et-|e-|oc,
ooot |es |oteveot|oos oot t o|os tao c|t|ooes coost|toeot |a oe-
|ee ||oe ecace ooo |a oeose oo oat|o|oe. 3|eo o|os tao, ace
ao osastes ooes ao oeo oees ooo|a|es, |.acte coost|tot| oe
|'|||SCC eo +`+S, et oes |ote||ectoe|s coe /oo |a|ao |o|s-
te oe |a co|toe eo |aoce oe +`S` +`6` oot oss| a|e oo ee
s|ec|e, |.ee oo sooc| oo oat|o|oe oa ece||eoce..
L'architecture et le patrimoine:
Un cbemlnement commun
& oes voles semes o'embucbes
|eoo|s |es o||oes, |es v|||es, |es a|oat|oos et |es ac||tectoes se
soot too,oos taosoes, e||es oot vo|o eo o|ase avec |'|oe et
ses |ooovat|oos. || est c|a|, ooe c|aooe oat|oo a too,oos ooess
et ooass ce||e oo| |.a ocoe.
|a beso|o et oa ocess|t, et aoss| avec |e os| |oa|o oe se sooasse,
c|aooe soc|t a |a|ss oes taces coosto|tes oo| |a eoseoteot. /vec
ce|a || est oatoe| ooe |es o|es ac||tectoa|es et oba|oes se
coosto|seot too,oos so e||es-es. a|os ooe |es cooc|es |es o|os
v|e|||es |otesseot sotoot |es ac|o|ooes, |es oat|es |es o|os ceo-
tes. |es aoc|eos ceotes oes c|ts a|os| ooe |es eoseb|es osevs oot
|'ob,et o'ooe aooe atteot|oo oe |a oat oes oc|oeos, oes ac||tectes
et o|ao|cateos. osoo' |a oe|ee o|t| oo ee s|ec|e, |es v|s|oos
oat|oo|a|es o'ta|eot oas eoco oe |se. oaoo |es ooveoeeots
voo|a|eot eooe|e oes v|||es, ooo |a o|ao|cat|oo, |a ooeo|sat|oo,
|'||eoe oo |a sco|t ||s oto|sa|eot sstat|ooeeot |es a|o-
at|oos et eoo|a|eot oes ooat|es eot|es eo ooaot oes oeces
et oes cooooes aoc|es et oao|s v|o|eotes oaos |es t|ssos oba|os
aoc|eos. |es so|ot|oos ao|ca|es ooes oa aosaoo ves +860 ooo
|e |a|s ooe ooos coooa|ssoos avec ses boo|evaos oot oat|e oe cette
|o|ooe. o|os ooc|e oe ooos |e o|ctateo ooa|o ||co|ae Ceaosesco
Photo 1 `cte tetce est cte ,otce
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 24 |
ava|t as oe aooes oat|es oe 3ocaest ooo a|e ooe cao|ta|e
|a esoe oe ses aotases, c.ta|t avaot sa c|ote eo +`8`. /oss|, |e
Cobos|e ava|t eo +`2+ oooc oaos sa cooeoce |.|so|t |ooveao
eo /c||tectoe oes |oes et oes oo||t|ooes oo| ava|eot eo ce oeot
oovooo ooe ootoe tota|e eote |a ooeo|t et |es a||ts ||sto-
|ooes. || a a||o atteooe +`++ et |'a|ve oe |a c|ate o'/t|eoes ooo
acceote |a saoveaoe oes o|ces |so|s et oes eoseb|es oba|os
ooteos o.eoess|oos e|at|ves oes co|toes aot|eoes, ooaoo ce|a
ooooa|t oes |otts oao, et ooaoo cette act|oo o.eota|oa|t oas
oe o,oo|ces ooo |es oooo|at|oos oo.|| oe a||a|t soos aocoo otete
a|oteo| oaos oes cooo|t|oos a|sa|oes. eo +`6+, |.tab||sseeot oe
|a c|ate oe Veo|se, a |s eo eeoe |'|ootaoce oe |a coosevat|oo
et oe |a estaoat|oo oes s|tes et oooeots e|evaot oo oat|o|oe.
Le patrimoine, l'architecte
& la qute d'identit
/o ooat oaos |es aooes +`0, |es oo||t|ooes oat|oo|a|es co-
eoa|eot coooa|te oo va| esso, a|s e||es ta|eot eoe|otes
oe aooes oa|||aoces, e||es se |||ta|eot oo ta|teeot osa| oo
bt|eot aoc|eo. /vec ce|a, |a coooa|ssaoce oo ooo oo so,et s'est
ao|est oaos |.ac||tectoe. Co se eo|a|t oaos |'||sto|c|se et oaos
|e oass|se ooo a||se oes bt|eots oeos cooos so|t oa oes
cooceoteos osts caose oe |a oes|staoce oes ooct|oes o.ooe
ooeo|t ooat|ooe, so|t oa |es teoaots o'aoooc|es oooteoses. /o
oo oo oat|o|oe et oes tao|t|oos, ceta|os eot osae oes st|es
oo oass oaos oes coostoct|oos oeoves. Cette teooaoce o|ee et
sooao|ooe a eo oes coosooeoces oastes so |es cooaots ac||tec-
toao ooo|ao et so |e oat|o|oe. ce ot |'eoess|oo o'ooe att|tooe
oess||ste oe eo|| so |e oass. /oss| |a e ooooe, |e oat|o|oe
est oeveoo ooe sote o.eo,eo oat|ooa|, te|to|a| et |aoteeot sbo|-
|ooe. |es aoto|ts oaos ceta|os oas et eo |oooe sotoot oot oat|-
oo oes stat|es bases so |es c|asseeots ecess|s et oacoo|eos.
cec| a t |'o||oe oe |'|ostaoat|oo oe ||eo s et os|s. oeoo|s
|es aooes 80, et avec oes oesoooes c|a|s coe ac' |ao |o|ste
Photos 2 & 3 !o eosso:e to'ee et
'es ,eees o(estotcs oes ctcs
o. ,otce
Photos +,S & ^:te:tes et
te''e:t.e's o. `|èe se:'e . ct
ee 'e :c!ot ,c. 'o so..eooe o.
,otce o. c,e e
Photo 7 !c,eotc o.so o |os
sest c,eee sos sc.:s ,otco.
2 +
7
S
3
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 25
8
10 11 12
9
Photos 8 12 !es o:te:t.es
coees (ct oescos ,ote
o. ,otce oe '.ote
Photos 13 1S |es 'e. c.
'es ,otces .!o et .o'
sct ,ese.es e 'ce:e et e
cs:oe
oe |a co|toe oaos |a |aoce ||tteaoo|eooe, eote +`8+ et +``3, |es
v|s|oos ||es ao oat|o|oe oot o|s oo toooaot tes |otessaot oo|
a coos|st eov|sae |a cooteooao|t coe ooe coot|oo|t oo
oass et ooo oas coe ooe ootoe. ce ot |'occas|oo oe batte eo
bec|e |es o|o| et |es |oes eoes. /vec ce|a |e oat|oo|a| oe
oote o|os ec|os|veeot so oes ac||tectoes aoc|eooes a|s aoss|
so oes ooves ooeoes oo| soot coos|oes coe oes s|oes
a,eos oe |eo teos. ooo ce|a, |a va|o|sat|oo oo oat|o|oe oe
ooova|t o|os se ette |.cat oes ooveeots ac||tectoao oe
oote ooooe.
Au Liban:
Des obolres commls tour a tour au nom oe:
l'conomle, oe la constructlon & ou patrlmolne
Ces obats so |'ac||tectoe et |e oat|o|oe, et ces vo|ot|oos oot
soeeot eo oes oecoss|oos so |e ||bao oo| a |ot eo +`+6
|'|oesco, et ooot |es o|eots oao|ses oot too,oos o|s oa t
o.ooe ao|ee act|ve ao cooes |oteoat|ooao so |'ac||tectoe
et |'obao|se.
/ |a o oe |'ooooe ottoaoe, et ooaot |e aooat, ooe ote ooa||t
eote |a o|e et |es ooove||es a||ts s'est v|te |osta||e. |||e a ba|a
o'ooe ao|ee bota|e et saos oaeeot |es taces oe 3eoot|, |a
v|e|||e v|||e aabe avec ses ooa|es, ses coostoct|oos, ses |ab|tat|oos et
ceta|os oe ses ||eo oe co|te. eo ce oeot oaos |es aooes +`20-
+`30, oo ooove| eoseb|e ac||tectoa| et oba|o |sso oe ooove||es ooc-
t|oes oo||t|ooes oeva|t se coost|toe oe tootes o|eces, soos |a |oo|ette
oo aooat. So|te ao ots oos |a oee oo ||bao et |a tab|e-ase
oe +``+ oo| a oo|| eo oassaot oes ac||tectoes oat|oo|a|es ea-
ooab|es et oo| ta|eot e|at|veeot cooseves, ce soot |es oat|es oo
ceote-v|||e oe 3eoot| coosto|tes soos |e aooat, oo| eoot |.ob,et
oe tootes |es atteot|oos ao oeot oe |a ecoostoct|oo eoe oeoo|s
|es aooes `0 oa So||oee . / |'eceot|oo oes tavao oc|ts et oe
ooe|ooes ooat|oos o|aes eoteo|ses oa oes |oo|v|oos c|a|s, |es
oac|es ooveoeeota|es v|saot |a osevat|oo oe bt|eots oo
eoseb|es oba|os b|||eot oa |eo tota|e abseoce |e te|to|e ||baoa|s oo|
a sooet |e at oes oees soccess|ves, aoa t |s aotaot, s|ooo
o|os oa |es eces oes coostoct|oos et ecoostoct|oos soccess|ves. |es
s|tes soot saccas, |e obo|seeot se a|t o.ooe ao|ee ass|ve, soos
|a oess|oo oe |a ooao||e et oe |'|ob|||e, |es eao soot oo||oes,
|es a|oat|oos soot aso||es et |es |oastoctoes soot satoes.
13
1+ 1S
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 26 |
/ oat| oes aooes +`S0, et eo oassaot oa |a oee ||baoa|se oe
+`S ooe soccess|oo oe boos cooo|ooes et |ob|||es acco-
oaos oe tes |ootaotes vaoes oe oeos|cat|oos oot t |'o||oe
oe otat|oos oooooes et oe taosoat|oos oes oasaes oba|os
et oao. |a |o|ooe oo a|o ao|oe, et |e ecaot|||se oe bas acab|t
oooe |a a,eoe oat|e oe |a oooo|at|oo et oes oc|oeos oe toos
boos oot |oos |eo eo|se et |eo |o|ooe |o|acab|e oo| coot|oo-
eot sv| ao ot|eot oo oat|o|oe. b|eo so oes oao|ses ooo
ooveoeeotao, |'/|S/| eo tte oot too,oos teot o.oove eo
seos|b|||saot |es oc|oeos et |.oo|o|oo oob||ooe. |a o|ooat oes ooss|es
et |es o|aos o|ecteos a||ss ooo |e C|| et |a |C| oot ooo |a
o|ooat e,o|ot |es t|o|s, ooe |oooe ||ste oe oo,ets et o'|oes oo| oe-
veoa|eot v|te obso|etes et ooasses oa |es a||ts oo tea|o. |ote
|o|stee oe |a co|toe ao essooces tes |||tes, o'a ,aa|s oss|
oo' oesse oe |oooes ||stes oe bt|eots c|asss. o oa soo os|
ooooo oe oooovo| ceta|os s|tes et oe oote oes zooes seo-
s|b|es |e |o|ste ||c|e| |oo ava|t t |'|ost|ateo oe ces |o|t|at|ves
|oo tee oo| oe ,oo|eot o| o.oo soooot s|eo oes aotes o-
c|oeos o| oe |.ao|s|oo oe |a oooo|at|oo. Saos te accooaos oe
cao|ses cooo|ooes et oe |o|s st|oo|aot |e oooaeeot oes
ooo|ta|es |ss, ces o|soos|t|oos o'oot oss| oo' |te |a oestoc-
t|oo oe ceta|os bt|eots oat|oo|ao. |e o|os |es |o|s oe |a coostoc-
t|oo v|saot too,oos aoeote |es at|os o'eo|o|tat|oo, ooe |es
aba|ts, ooooe too,oos oes etas ao oooteos o'oot a|t ooe
ocoo|e |a oess|oo so |es te|to|es et so |es ac||tectes oeveoos |es
a|||oos |es o|os a|b|es oo sstee. oes ooat|es oot v|te oeoo |eo
soc|c|t, |a botte o'/c|ae| et |e ooat|e oe |e|| soot tos
et aoeos oa |a oeos|t ecess|ve. |os ooovo|s soccess|s o'oot
e oas so oote |es ooat|es caact|ss coe Sa|ot ||co|as
et Sosoc' oo| aoa|eot oo este oes eoseb|es co|eots a|ts oe
,ao|os et oe v|e|||es oeeoes oat|c|eooes to|oaot o.ooe ooooe
et o'ooe soc|t vo|oe.
|aos |'tat actoe| oe oos v|||es, oe oos a|oat|oos et oe oos v||-
|aes, et ace ao otes oess|oos oe |a soco|at|oo |ob|||ee |a s|to-
at|oo oo| seb|e |o|ab|e oeaooe |a coost|tot|oo oe |a oat oes
|ost|tot|oos cooceoes o'ooe ce||o|e oe c|se oo| oeooa|t eo coote
|es ooooes cooo|ooes et |a s|toat|oo so |e tea|o ooo teote
o.|ostaoe oes oo||t|ooes oat|oo|a|es sooteooes et aoaotes.
3|eo so, || aot c|ec|e v|te toote |oa||sat|oo ecess|ve oo oass et
oe toot vest|e aoc|eo. Coe ooos |'avoos o, vo, |es v|s|oos oass-
|stes et act|oooa|es oot caos sosaeot oe avaes. oote v|s|oo
oo|t ocessa|eeot te ooe oosoect|oo so |'aveo|.
Saos te |oo|eots oote |c|e co|toe oba|oe et ao ||taes
oe |a tao|t|oo, ooos soes ooas|eot aooe|s coot|ooe avaoce
avec cooae so |es ooove||es vo|es oe |'|oveot|oo ac||tectoa|e oo|
oo|t too,oos oeooe eo coote |es a||ts oooes ao cootete.
Photo 1 ^. !!o 'es ,c't.es ,otco'es oe.ot se ,cte s. oes ese!'es
Photos 17-18 'e. .o' 'es tetces 'es ,o,soes 'es :tes 'es (cos oes .o''ees et
e 'es ,eetes o:ec'c.es sct !o(c.es
1
19
20
21
17
18
Photos 19- 20 `cs ,o,soes \''es ctoes et !co oe e oes(:otc et
.!osotc sos 'tes
Photo 21 ^ fe,c.t e:e,te 'es c,eotcs o. :ete-.''e . se (ct sc.s . :ctc'e
oo:ce 'es :cst.:tcs oos 'es .otes ,e:eto. se (ct o'e 'es 'c.oe.s
oostot.es o.e: !eo.:c., oe 'osse o''e
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 27
Photos 22 - 23 - 2+ !e .ote .sc:' . .ote o :oo:tee ,otco'`
Ces ,ctcs ctet 'e es.'tot oe 'o!se:e s. oes oe:ees o.e ,c't.e :'oe
oe 'cs ooo,tees et oe e:oses e:cc.es ,c. 'o ,ese.otc o. ,otce .
.oottose o' oee
Photos 2S - 2 ^.ss ' est oo te,s .e cs o:te:t.es coees oe .o'te (osset
,ote oe cte ,otce o. e tte .e 'es o:te:t.es tootce''es
22 23 2+
2S 2
28 | N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011
LE PAYRIMOINE : || |C|||| |C||
|| ||V||C||||||T
|||/3||
IADI KO1OB
ARClI1LC1L
|a oo|t|oo oe |a tao|t|oo oeot se soe |a taos|ss|oo taves |e
teos oes cootoes et oes osaes. |a |aooe et |es coaoces, |es sc|eoces et
|es ats, |'|ab|tat ...
|os v|||es ||sto|ooes taves |eo ac||tectoe tao|t|oooe||e eo soot |e
to|oae. Cette ac||tectoe oo| |||oste et eoseote oo ooe oe v|e,
o'ta|t oas |e o|t o'ooe o|ao|cat|oo oo |'tooe oe sc|as o|ecteos a|s
b|eo oes oooses et oes so|ot|oos ooe oob|at|ooe oo| a so| oaos
oo cootete (soc|a|, c||at|ooe, ||sto|ooe.) b|eo oo|s. |a v|||e oeveoa|t
ooe accoo|at|oo, oo eotasseeot, oo aooce||eeot et |'|oteact|oo oe ces
o|eotes cooosaotes. /o,ooo'|o|, |'|ab|tat tao|t|oooe| est ecoooo coe
ooe va|eo oe to|oae oo oass, oat|o|oe oseve et taosette.
/|os| oe oobeo s|tes soot |osc|ts oa |'|||SCC ao oat|o|oe ooo|a|
oe |'|oao|t. Te| est |e cas oe oos v|||es ||sto|ooes oo s|tes oatoe|s.
|a oot|oo oo oat|o|oe, o'a cess o'vo|oe. |||e a sob| oes otat|oos |-
ootaotes ooaot |es v|ot oeo|ees aooes, o'oo tat ooeeot stat|ooe ||
oo s|te oo oo bt|eot ||sto|ooe, e||e est oeveooe ao,ooo'|o| ooe oot|oo
ooa|ooe oo| accooaoe |'vo|ot|oo oe |'te oaos |e teos et |'esoace.
|||e est ooct|oo oo vecteo - |oeot|t - oo|t oa cette ||a|soo to|te
eote |'occooaot et |e ||eo. |||e oev|eot |at|e||e ooaoo || s'a|t oe aooots,
o'ot|oos oo oe b|eo-te. |o s|te ac|o|o|ooe, |'o|ce oob||c oo e||-
CCV|| STC|Y
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 29
|eo, ao t|sso o'oo ooat|e oaos |es v|||es ||sto|ooes, ao s|te oatoe|, oo ass|ste
ao,ooo'|o| |'|aboat|oo o'oo oooveao cooceot oo| va ao-oe| oe |'esoace
stat|ooe ooo tooc|e |e ooa|se oo t|sso soc|a|, ses |oteact|oos et ses
va|eos co|toe||es. Cette ecoooa|ssaoce oo oat|o|oe, eo|obe ao,ooo'|o|
|'||tae at|e| et |at|e| ocessa|e |'eeoce oe |'|oeot|t
co|toe||e oseote.
uons son ||vre |èspoce cr|t|que 1993, Pou| \|r|||o ecr|t , s| |òuverture des portes de |o v|||e
c|ose eto|t noguere ||ee o |ò|ternonce du our et de |o nu|t, nous devons remorquer que depu|s
que |òn nòuvre p|us |es vo|ets mo|s ouss| |o te|ev|s|on, |e our sèst mod|fe : ou our so|o|re de
|òstronom|e, ou our douteux de |o |ueur des 5oug|es, o |o |um|ere e|ectr|que, sòoute mo|nte-
nont un foux-our e|ectron|que dont |e co|endr|er est un|quement ce|u| de commutot|ons
d`|nformot|ons sons oucun ropport ovec |e temps ree|. Au temps qu| posse de |o chrono|og|e
et de |`h|sto|re succede o|ns| un temps que sèxpose |nstontonement. Sur |ècron du term|no|, |o
duree dev|ent support-foce d`|nscr|pt|on, ||ttero|ement ou p|utot c|nemot|quement: |e temps
fo|t surfoce
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 30 |
|ataot oo o|oc|oe ooe |'a||oat|oo oes cooo|t|oos oe v|e
oes |ab|taots oasse oa |'a||oat|oo oo |||eo et oe
|'eov|oooeeot oaos |eooe| ceo-c| vo|oeot, |a saoveaoe oo
oat|o|oe oe coos|ste o|os osoao||e soos t|te oe
tao|t|oo o| oo|| soos t|te oe ooeo|sat|oo.
Cette ooeo|t est eo|oe oaos oo oocessos oe saove-
aoe at|co| aotoo oes to|oaes ||sto|ooes, |es cooo|-
t|oos o'aoaotat|oo oo t|sso oba|o tao|t|oooe| et oa|eeot |e
|||eo co|toe| oes|staot.
|a v|||e ||sto|ooe eoseote avec ses va|eos |oeot|ta|es -|a
co|toe, |es essooces |oa|oes, |e savo|-a|e |oca|, |es esoaces
et |a stoctoe bt|e- oo ooteot|e| sa|s|, ob|||se et ette
eo va|eo oaos ooe oesoect|ve oe ove|oooeeot ooab|e
saos ocoeot. Cette act|oo oeva s'aoooe so ooe o|ate-
oe o'ooe o|eos|oo soc|a|e, cooo|ooe, |ost|tot|oooe||e et
oo||t|ooe.
|a| |'|aboat|oo oes sc|as o|ecteos et |'tab||sseeot
oes o|aos o'aoaeeot oo te|to|e, |e t|sso oba|o oes v|||es
||sto|ooes et toote soo ossatoe o'a cess oe se ot|oe.
Ces ceotes eoca|sseot |es c|aoeeots soc|o-cooo|ooes et
acoo|eeot |es sotes oe |a oaoat|oo oe |'|oastoctoe
e|staote oa|||aote, |a oaoat|oo oo oat|o|oe |ob|||e
et |a so-oeos|cat|oo.
|e o|ao oe saoveaoe ocess|te oe aoc|| |a oot|oo c|ass|ooe
oe estaoat|oo |||te |a coosevat|oo oo bt| et oecevo| |a
v|||e taves tootes ses cooosaotes ||sto|ooes, co|toe||es et
soat|a|es toot eo oeoaot coote |a oot|oo oo ove|oooeeot
ooab|e et ses eo,eo oet|ooes et ooat|oooe|s. || coos|ste
toove |es oooses tec|o|ooes et ves|b|es ooo atte|ooe
|es so|tats soo|a|ts o'ooe oat, et oo| |a va|eo co|toe||e
et oat|oo|a|e oo bt| et oo savo|-a|e |oca| o'aote oat. Saos
tooteo|s oob||e |a ocess|t o'|o||ooe |es oateoa|es |ocao
oaos |e oocessos oe oat|c|oat|oo et oe oat|oo.
Tooteo|s, oos v|||es ||sto|ooes oosseoeot oo ooteot|e|
cooo|ooe so||oe, ooe eoce oe va|eos soc|a|es et at|s-
t|ooes tes ooa|ooes et ovo||eot oes ooootoo|ts saos
ocoeot. Toot |e c|a||eoe s|oe ao,ooo'|o| oaos |a
coo c|||at|oo eote |cooo|e et Co|toe.
Cette ooest|oo oev|eot ao,ooo'|o| |a ooccooat|oo oes oo-
ess|oooe|s oe ce secteo, oo| aeot ooe |e oat|o|oe est
oa oo|t|oo ooab|e. |os v|||es ||sto|ooes, coooes |a
esoe oe oos aoctes, e||es ooooeot ao,ooo'|o| ao
c|tees actoe|s oe |'oao|sat|oo soat|a|e oo ove|oooeeot
ooab|e, c|toos a cet ao . |a ||t, |a o|ves|t oes osaes
et s|oeots, |a oeos|t e|at|veeot |eve oo|saot |es
oo|aceeots et avo|saot |'access|b|||t o|toooe, |a |c|esse
too|o|ooe oes oo|ts o'|ab|tat|oo, |a ooa||t oe |'esoace oba|o
taaot |es aooots soc|ao et etaot |e seot|eot oo b|eo-
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 31
te . |||es oosseoeot |es atoots oaots oes oo|||bes soc|ao,
co|toe|s, cooo|ooes et eov|oooeeotao oo| |eo oe-
etteot oe se s|toe eo oos|t|oo oe coocoeoce ace o'|oote
ooe| ove|oooeeot ooeoe.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 32 |
1. Introduction
|ve s|oce t|e e|steoce o ||e oo t|e soace
o eat|, eoe |o |ts va|oos os aoo toes,
eoeseots t|e ||e||oe o |oao|t.
T|e soo |s t|e sooce o a|| os o eoe-
|es ava||ab|e oo eat|. |t oov|oes oe t|ao
teo t|oosaoo t|es t|e eoe |oao|t coo-
soes. T||s eoe ooteot|a| a.a|ts oeve|oo-
eot aoo ose.
\|t| t|e oeve|ooeot o tec|oo|o|es, oo-
eo|zat|oo o |oao ||est|e, aoo t|e ea||za-
t|oo o ecooo|c aoo soc|a| ooess, eoe
oeaoo |as |oceaseo aoo eoe sooces
aoo oooocts |ave o|t|o||eo.
||o to t|e |ooost|a| |evo|ot|oo (ea| |o t|e
+8t| ceoto), eoe.ab|e eoe|es .ee t|e
so|e sooces o eoe coosoeo b |oao-
|t. |oss|| aoo ooc|ea oe|s cae eceot| aoo
teooa|| |oto ose. oao|t |s boooo to
o bac' to eoe.ab|e eoe|es, as sooo as os-
s|| aoo ooc|ea oe|s ae e|aosteo, becaose
t|ose eoe|es ae |oe|aost|b|e j+].
||oo|e |ast cooot|es ae soooooeo b |ae
aeas o oesets, |c| |o o|| aoo as, bot a|so
|c| |o so|a ao|at|oo. \| oot oeve|oo|o
oe., eoe.ab|e eoe sooces`
/ccoo|o to t|e Taos-|eo|teaoeao |e-
oe.ab|e |oe Coooat|oo (T|||) eac|
sooae '||oete o t|e oeset ece|ves so|a
eoe eoo|va|eot to +.S ||||oo bae|s o o||.
|t |as a|so beeo est|ateo t|at | ao aea o a
oeset easo|o 6S000 sooae ', .||c| |s
|ess t|ao + o t|e Sa|aa oeset, .as cov-
eeo, o eao|e, .|t| cooceotateo so|a
oo.e sste eoeat|o t|ea| aoo sob-
seooeot| e|ect|ca| eoe o so|a ao|a-
t|oo, |t coo|o ooooce e|ect|c|t eooa| to t|e
ea 2000's .o|o e|ect|c|t coosoot|oo.
Coe t| o t||s aea coo|o ooooce t|e co-
eot e|ect|c|t coosoot|oo o t|e |oooeao
|o|oo j2]. T||s oeoostates t|at |t |s eas,
.|eo t|e .||| e|sts, to beoet o t|e to-
ooao| o oo e|oo to eoeate o|t|o|e
aoo||cat|oos baseo oo sosta|oab|e aoo ooo
-oo||ot|o os o eoe, 'eeo|o |o |oo
t|at 'Co| eoe.ab|e eoe|es (||s) coove
toe sosta|oab|||t'.
|ot|eoe, t|e oeseot coostoct|oo boo
||o'eo to t|e |ocease o t|e o|ce o bae| o
o||, eoeat|o |ootaot oot to oss|| oe|
ooooc|o cooot|es, ost |eao to t|e ose o ao-
ooo|ate oe. bo||o|o ate|a|, ec|eot e|ecto-
ec|ao|ca| eoo|oeot, aoo va|ab|e sooces o
eoe .|t| |ts o|eeot cooceots, esoect|o t|e
sosta|oab|||t c|te|a |o t||s e|oo.
2. General situation
of Energy in Lebanon
3ecaose o t|e stoo oeoeooeoce oo oss||
eoe|es |o t|e oo.e o|aots |o |ebaooo, ao
|ootaot oat o eeo|oose as e|ss|oos |s
eoeateo b t||s e|ect|c|t secto, t|eeoe
.e s|a|| t to ocos oo t|e eoe.ab|e eoe
aoo||cat|oos. Ct|e eoe.ab|e eoe sooces
ae a|so eoeseoteo ||'e oooo.e aoo
.|oo eoe. Co a|o tas' ea|os to oo t|e
oooe ba|aoceo | o tec|oo|o|es to |eao to
a sosta|oab|e aoo secoe sooo| |o oo cooot.
/s oe t|e |||-CS| stoo eoot o 200S
estab||s|eo b Ceao /eosoace Ceote
(|||)-|ost|tote o Tec|o|ca| T|eoooa|cs-
Sect|oo Sstes /oa|s|s aoo Tec|oo|o /s-
sesseot, 't|e coe base aoo |oteeo|ate |oao
e|ect|c|t .||| coe o eoe.ab|e, .||c|
a|toet|e cao oov|oe t||s ooct|oo .|t|oot
coosta|ots, soet|es eveo s|o.|o a bette
aoaotat|oo to t|e t|e oatteo o t|e |oao t|ao
cooveot|ooa| base |oao o|aots .|t| t|e| to|ca|
at caoac|t cove. So|a t|ea| oo.e o|aots
.|t| t|e| caoab|||t o t|ea| eoe stoae
aoo o so|a/oss|| |b|o ooeat|oo cao oov|oe
caoac|t aoo t|os ae a 'e e|eeot o
|o stab|||zat|oo aoo oo.e seco|t |o soc| a
.e|| ba|aoceo e|ect|c|t |'
/ccoo|o to a eceot stoo aoe b t|e
\o|o 3ao' oooe '|oe |c|eoc stoo
|o |ebaooo-||oa| eoot -|ecebe 200`'
'|o 2006 t|e e|ect|c|t coosoot|oo |o |eba-
ooo .as est|ateo to be +3200 C\|j3] o
.||c| aooo|ate| 6+ .as sooo||eo b
|||, 3+ t|oo| se| eoeat|oo aoo t|e
ba|aoce eoeseoteo t|e soooesseo oeaoo.
|oe |c|eoc (||) |s coos|oeeo, accoo|o
to t|e eoot, as a ooo a|teoat|ve to.aos
|oov|o t|e coeot s|toat|oo aoo eooc|o
t|e eoe |osses.
|o act t|e teoo tooa coos|sts |o aoa|o
t|e e|ect|c|t oeaoo, .|t||o a oo||c ca||eo
'|eaoo s|oe aoaeeot (|S|), a|o|
|o c|ao|o t|e .a costoes ose e|ect|c|t.
|t |s, |o act, a oatoes||o bet.eeo ot|||t|es aoo
t|e| costoes |o ooe to eooce o |||t t|e
e|ect|c|t coosoot|oo aoo eooce costoe
b|||s .|t| s|o|caot eov|ooeota| beoets.
|t coos|sts, o eao|e, |o eooc|o t|e coo|-
|o |oao b |||t|o |eat a|o, (Ceeo bo||o|o
cooceot, Ceeo |at|ooa| |abe|) |oov|o t|e
V/C sste ec|eoc aoo ceat|o a|te-
oat|ve tec|oo|o|es (t|ea| |oe stoae
sste, Cas absoot|oo c||||es etc...).T|ee
Renewable Energy
|at|ooa| State
Abstract
\|t| sc|eot|c bac'oooo, o|t|o|e bos|oess t|os |o t|e Co| aea s|oce oe t|ao
20 eas, |ovo|veeot |o t|e so|a eoe aoo |eoe.ab|e eoe sstes |o |ebaooo, as
co-ooooe aoo oe oes|oeot o + eas o t|e |ebaoese so|a eoe soc|et |S|S, | |ave
oeoaeo o||o.|o abstact baseo oo ooess|ooa| eoe|eoce, o|t|o|e obsevat|oos as
.e|| as sevea| at|c|es |o t||s e|o.
|t |oc|ooes + oats.
|at + - |otoooct|oo
|at 2 - Ceoea| s|toat|oo o |oe |o |ebaooo
|at 3 - /oooac||o |eoe.ab|e eoe|es (||s)
|at + - Cooc|os|oo
S||||||||T
WALID LL BABA
LNGINLLR
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 33
ae a,o beoets .|t| |S| a|o| b t|e
|oteact|oo bet.eeo t|ee o|aes.
Soc|et
|t|||t
Costoe
|ac| eot|t |s asso|o ao |ootaot o|e.
T|e soc|et, b eooc|o oo||ot|oo, coosev|o
esooces aoo ootect|o eov|ooeot. T|e
ot|||t, b eooc|o cao|ta| oeeos aoo |o.e
sev|ce. /oo t|e costoe, b sat|s|o t|e
oeeos, eooc|o cost aoo |oov|o va|oe se-
v|ce. |o|t|o|e |at|ooa| ooas |ave beeo
aovaoceo s|oce |o +``0 baseo oo t|e e-
oe|eoces t|at |ave beeo a|so |o|t|ateo .|t|
ooo|o o \3, ||||, |C aoo |S/|| j+].
3ot |s t||s state o t|e sosta|oab|||t o oe-
aoo soc|eot`
S|oo|oo't .e |oove aoo oeve|oo a|teoat|ve
sooces o sosta|oab|e oe. aoo eoe.ab|e eo-
e|es`
T|e |as coe to oec|ae.
|oot|oo o eoe.ab|e eoe|es s|oo|o
be oat o t|e eoe so|ot|oo |o |ebaooo
|oe coose vat|oo aoo |ts at|ooa|
ose s|oo|o a|so be aoot|e oa t o t|e
eoe so|ot|oo.
3. Approaching Renewable
energies {REs}
T|e oa|, aoo t|e c|a||eoe |o t|e sae t|e,
o |oteoat|ooa| eoe.ab|e eoe cooao|es |s
to a'e t|e e|ect|c|t ooooceo o || o
|ess t|ao t|e o|ce o oss|| oe|s .|t|oot sob-
s|o|es. /e t|e ab|e to ac||eve t|at aoo |o.`
/s o |eoe.ab|e |oe sooces .||c| ae
ava||ab|e |o |ebaooo, .e cao coos|oe seveo
sooces oae|.
So|a t|ea| o so|a .ate |eat|o (S\)
So|a t|ea| o e|ect|c|t/ |ooost|a| eoeat|oo
||otovo|ta|c (|V) eoe
\|oo eoe
oo-oo.e
3|oass eoe
\ave eoe
\ot s te |ee.o!'e ee, st.otc tcoo,
!e!oc`
T|e |a|o |eoe.ab|e eoe |s o |oo
sooces eoeseot|o 3 to 8 o t|e tota| e|ect|c-
|t ooooct|oo oeoeoo|o oo a|o seasoo aoo ao
|os|o|caot oeceotae o so|a eoe.
3es|oes t|at aoo .|t| 300 sooo oas ea|
t|e so|a |ot .ate aoo||cat|oo |s oo. oooe
oeve|ooeot eac||o aboot +00000 2 o
|osta||eo so|a oaoe|s |o t|e |ast 3 eas aoo
eoect|o ao |ootaot o.t| .|t||o t|e
oet + eas.
T|ee ae e. .|oo eoe aoo||cat|oos e-
ceeoeo b t|e o|vate secto. Coe eao|e |s
t|e .|oo |osta||eo |o
3e'aa Va||e |ebaooo. \|t| |ts caoac|t o
3`0 |\ at +3-+6 /s .|oo soeeo, |t eoe-
ates e|ect|ca| oo.e a|o| oseo to oo oo-
oeoooo .ate ooos o ||at|oo oo-
oose. T|e coesoooo|o tec|o|ca| oata |as
beeo oob||s|eo |o t|e Seotebe 2008 oe.s
|ette eo|teo b t|e |ebaoese So|a |oe
Soc|et (|S|S).
T|e ||o|st o |oe aoo \ate |s |o
c|ae o t|e eoe coosevat|oo aoo t|e
|ooveeot |o eoe ose, t|oo| a oo,-
ect |aooc|eo |o 2002-2003 b t|e oae o
'|C|C|' T|e |ebaoese Ceote o |oe
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 34 |
Coosevat|oo |o,ect. T|e |C|C|, oaoceo
b C|oba| |ov|ooeot |ac|||t (C||) aoo t|e
||o|st o |oe aoo \ate (||\), ao-
aeo b t|e |o|teo |at|oos |eve|ooeot
|oa (||||) aoo eecoteo b ||\, |s a
,o|ot co||aboat|oo .o' o eooc|o Ceeo-
|oose Cas e|ss|oos t|oo| a o|ao t|at ta-
ets t|e |ooveeot o t|e |eaoo S|oe
|aoaeeot b soooot|o ot|||zat|oo o |o-
e |c|eot eoo|oeot oo a |at|ooa| bas|s.
|o to oate t||s ceote |as ac||eveo |ootaot
.o's |o t||s o|ect|oo aoo |as oeoaeo |o
20+0 a oat o a |at|ooa| |oe |c|eoc
/ct|oo ||ao (|||/| 20++-20+S) |o acco-
oaoce .|t| t|e ||o|st o |oe aoo \ate
oo||c oaoe o t|e ||ect|c|t secto |oc|oo|o
o|t|o|e act|oos aoo steos .|t| t|e soooot
o |oteoat|ooa| ooo|o oao|zat|oos. |o |e-
oe.ab|e eoe oeve|ooeot, ||\ |s ett|o
|e|o o |C|C| .|||e a.a|t|o oa| estoc-
to|o aoo to be ecoo|zeo as a oveoeo-
ta| |ost|tot|oo oooe t|e oae o |C|C (|eba-
oese Ceote o |oe Coosevat|oo).
T|e |ooost|a| |eseac| |ost|tote (|||) |s a|so
act|ve |o oeve|oo|o t|e |eoe.ab|e |oe
aoo||cat|oos t|oo| o|t|o|e act|oos.
-Ta|o|o sess|oos. |aooacto|o o t|ea|
so|a at o|ate co||ectos (.e|o|o aoo as-
seb||o) |o assoc|at|oo .|t| t|e |S|S (s|oce
200`) ao |SC\/ ooo|o oo,ect
-Test|o ac|||t|es o so|a t|ea| co||ectos
accoo|o to ||| |os (|ac| 20++-||\-
|C|C .|t| Cee' ooos))
-|otoe |osta||at|oo o a So|a ||otovo|ta|c
e|ect|ca| eoeat|o o|aot (|o t.o o|ase-
oe|oos) o +00 |\ caoac|t |o|o, |o |ts
oe|ses, cove|o ||| oat|a| e|ect|ca| coo-
soot|oo aoo sev|o, at t|e sae t|e, as a
o||ot oo,ect .|t||o t|e ||C (|ebaoese |o|-
ves|t Caoos)
|o ooe to ceate a ea| oat|ooa| state o oe-
ve|oo|o t|e eoe.ab|e eoe |o |ebaooo aoo
to ac||ev|o t|e oo.e ooooct|oo sosta|oab||-
|t |t becoes oeot to oeoe aoo .o' oo a
state coo|s|o 2 seoaate oats.
Tec|o|ca| 8 |e|s|at|ve
3.1. Yhe Yechnical side.

|a|o| t|e oeve|ooeo/ |ooost|a| cooot|es
|ave, o ao eas (|o act, s|oce t|e +`3
/ab o|| ebao aa|ost t|e .esteo cooo-
t|es, o||o.|o t|e +`3 Cctobe /ab-|sae|
.a), beeo |ooo||o (oo aoo o) |o tec|o|ca|
eseac| aoo oeve|ooeot o ||s. | 8 | |ave
|oteos|eo s|oce t|e |ast oecaoe o t|e oast
ceoto. T|e eso|ts o t|ese act|v|t|es ae ava||-
ab|e to t|e /ab cooot|es, oe o |ess at oo
cost. T|e oeeo ea|os to aoaot t|ese eso|ts
to t|e |oca| s|toat|oo aoo esooces b act|ve
oo||c easoes to be ta'eo b t|e |oca| /o-
t|o|t|es as .e|| as ooot|o aoo oeoostat-
|o eoe.ab|e eoe tec|oo|o|es.
\e |ave oot|ceo, o eao|e, t|at t|ee |s, |o
t|e Co| cooot|es, Yeeo, Sooao aoo |ebaooo
,ooe |at|ooa| oao|zat|oo ooot|o |eoe.-
ab|e |oe sooces toet|e .|t| t|e |oe
coovesat|oo aoo ec|eoc |at|ooa| state,
|||t|o, oootooate|, b t||s oo||c aoo t|ese
act|oos, t|e oooe |o|eeotat|oo o a ea| ||
state |o t|ese cooot|es.jS]
T|eeoe .e oooose to ceate a |at|ooa|
ceote o |eoe.ab|e |oe (|C||) .|t|
|ts o.o ooos, .|ose a,o o|e .oo|o be.
'/oaot|o oeve|ooeo tec|o|ca| so|ot|oos, .|t|
eas|b|e cost, to |oca| esooces aoo cooo|-
t|oos', oae|.
|stab||s||o oecessa tec|o|ca| oocoeots
o so|tab|e |o|eeotat|oo o || sstes
.|t| a|| oeeoeo |ata.(So|a aoo \|oo /t|as)
/oa|z|o t|e ooootoo|t o os|o s|o|e
o cob|oeo so|a t|ea| oo.e o|aots,
b os|o cooceotat|o so|a t|ea| oo.e
tec|oo|o|es(CS|) soc| as t|e oaabo||c
too| co||ectos, oo.e to.es aoo o|s| /
ste||o eo|oes sstes, eac| o t|ose tec|-
oo|o|es be|o ooeateo .|t| oss|| oe| as .e||
as so|a eoe.
Se|ect|o t|e best tec|oo|o accoo|o to
t|e oea' so|a ec|eoc, so|a e|ect|c ec|eo-
c aoo t|e |aoo ose (2 / |.|-) o eac|
sste o e|ect|c|t ooooct|oo.
|ooos|o t|e ose o .|oo as baseo oo
oe- .|oo easoeeots.
Stoo|o t|e sste o |oteat|o so|a o|oto-
vo|ta|c (|V) sstes o e|ect|c|t ooooct|oo to
bo||o|os cota|o .a||s o oo oos as a|teoat|ve
sooces o eoe |o bo||o|os aoo coec|a|
ceotes, as .e|| as o |o coooect|oo.
|oot|o aoo oeve|oo|o |oooo.e e-
sooces, b|oass ecc||o aoo b|o-oe| etac-
t|oo, as .e|| as t|e |o|t|at|oo o t|e st||| |a|o
.ave eoe esooces.
Ceat|o a.aeoess caoa|os b |ovo|v|o,
|o t|e sae t|e, t|e |oo-Coveoeota| C-
ao|zat|oo |CCs to ta'e act|ve oats |o t|e
|eoe.ab|e |oe ooot|o ooa.
\|at ae, |o act, t|e e|st|o oo||c|es |o ||
secto |o soe /ab cooot|es`
|o eoea| t|e |ot| /|cao cooot|es ae
oc| aovaoceo |o t||s e|o t|ao t|e ||oo|e
|ast ooes. \e cao eooeate t|e cases o.
|oocco, /|e|a, o|os ooe Co| cooot. |o|t-
eo /ab ||ates.
Morocco:
-|ooeat|oo o || cooooeots aoo oooocts
o costo oot|es. (|a. | 3`-32 |o +``+).
|eve|ooeot o || e|ect|c|t sooces o
\|oo.
-|oa| e|ect|cat|oo
-|oe coosevat|oo ooa. jS]

Algeria:
-T|e |a. |. ++2S |o 200+ |as a||o.eo t|e
e|ect|c|t ooooct|oo o |eoe.ab|e eoe
sooces o o b|o ooes, aoo |o|eeot-
eo a Ta| o bo|o t|e ooooceo e|ect|c|t
o t|e o|vate ooooce accoo|o to t|e
oeceotae o oseo eoe.ab|e eoe aoo |ts
tec|oo|o, eac||o soet|es 300 o t|e
ooa| o|ce(oss||) | |t |s o|| ooooceo b |V
ce||s o o .|oo eoe. jS]
United Arab Emirates:
|e. eso|ot|oo |ssoeo b . S|e|'| |o-
|aeo 3|o |as||o 3|o |a'too V|ce |es|-
oeot aoo ||e ||o|ste o |/| aoo |o|e
o |oba|.
/s oe oe. eso|ot|oo eect|ve aooa 2008
a|| o.oes o es|oeot|a| aoo coec|a| bo||o-
|os aoo oooet|es |o t|e ||ate o |oba|
ost coo| .|t| t|e |oteoat|ooa|| eco-
o|zeo eov|ooeot-|eoo| soec|cat|oos to
/o oeot oeeo o |at|ooa|
oo||c |ostoeots ost
be estab||s|eo |o eac|
cooot o t|e e|oo
baseo oo s|||a
eoe|eoces |o |oooe.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 35
too |oba| |oto a |ea|t| c|t t|at eets t|e
oeaoo o best oact|ces aoo beoc|a's o
oo||ot|oo-ee sosta|oab|e oeve|ooeot. |t .|||
b|o c||ate c|aoe aoo |oba| .a|o oo-
oe cooto|.
T||s ove |s a|so oat o t|e |oba| state|c
||ao 20+S aoooooceo ea||e b S|e|'| |o-
|aeo 3|o |as||o.
(T|e ||ates |e.s /eoc \/| Cctobe
2+t| 200).
T||s eso|ot|oo |s oo. ooeo|o t|e .a o t|e
ose, aoo ot|e c|te|as, o t|e |eoe.ab|e
|oe sooces |o t|e es|oeot|a| aoo co-
ec|a| bo||o|os aoo oooet|es at a |ae
sca|e. Coe |ootaot aoo aoos eeeoce
|o t||s ||oe |s t|e |ac|c Cooto|s Sste
bo||o|o |o |oba| |oteat|o so|a t|ea|
a| cooo|t|oo|o, .ate ec|eot eoo|oeot,
|||-ec|eoc c||||es, so|a o|otovo|ta|c o
bo||o|o |||t|o aoo ot|e cooooeots. T|e
sae cooao |ac|c Cooto| Sstes ||C
estab||s|eo ,o|ot| .|t| |S, t|e |ov|ooeot,
ea|t| aoo Saet eo|ato a o |oba|
.o|o t|e '||oo|e |ast Ceote o Sosta|oab|e
|eve|ooeot(|CS|).|ts coe |ss|oo |s to
ceate aoo sosta|o a c|eaoe, |ea|t||e eov|oo-
eot, aoo a oe eco-|eoo| cooot.
T||s .||| stoo| coot|bote to t|e ose, at a
|ae sca|e, o so|a eoe aoo||cat|oos.
3.2. Yhe Legislative side
T||s asoect |s ve coc|a| aoo |ootaot, es-
oec|a|| t|at coooeat|oo aoo coo|eeota-
t|oo bet.eeo t|e oob||c aoo o|vate sectos
ae ta'|o oeeo oots.
T|e statoa ec|ao|s, |o a |veo |ssoe, oo-
esses t|oo| t|e o||o.|o steos.
+. State
2. |o||c
3. 3as|c |a.
+. |ea| at|cat|oo o |ecees at|cat|oo
S. |o|eeotat|oo j+]
|o t|e case o |oe aoo baseo oo t|e above
e||b|t, t|e o||o.|o steos ae soesteo.
Step1: |eoe.ab|e eoe |s coos|oeeo a oat
o t|e eoe eot|t, toet|e ||'e e|ect|c|t, o||
aoo oatoa| as.
Step2: T|e oveoeot ost set aoo aooove
a .e|| oeoeo eoe state aoo oo||c, |o-
c|oo|o ||s state aoo oo||c t|oo| a e-
o|ato boo t|at .||| sooev|se bot| tec|o|ca|
aoo |e|s|at|ve s|oes.
Step3: T|e sa|o state aoo oo||c .|t||o t||s
eo|ato boo |s ot|e taos|ateo |oto a
5. References
[1] C|a|c /b|sa|o, |eve|ooeot aoo |oot|oo o |eoe.ab|e |oe|es aoo |oe |-
c|eoc |o |ebaooo, b aot|o, |ebaooo, /o|| 2008.
[2] |. Sote|s |a|o|oo, 'So|a t|ea| oo.e sstes', /ab .ate .o|o (/C\) aa-
z|oe, C|at||a |ob||s||o oose, |ebaooo, o| 2008.|ssoe , oae 20
[3] ||ect|c|t secto oob||c eoeoo|toe ev|e.. \o|o 3ao'
aooa 3+, 2008
[4]'|eaoo-S|oe |aoaeeot. |at|ooa| state o |ebaooo'|e||Coooeatoe..|C|C|-||-
||-|oe .ee'.|ebaooo-Coe o |o|oees aoo /c||tects 3e|ot-o| 2008
[5]|SC\/ eoot-/ab |eaoe cooeeoce 2`-30 /o|| 2008 Ca|o-|ot
[5] '/oooa| eoo t o C|oba||zat|oo aoo |e|ooa||zat|oo |o t|e /ab cooot|es-6t| eo|-
t|oo.200'
[6] .eb s|te. ....asoa.ac.ae
at|eo bas|c |a. (e, |oe |a.), o||o.eo b
at|eo soec|c eoe b-|a.s aoo oecees
(|. ||s b-|a.), .|ee |a. oov|s|oos.
/||o. t||o oat|es aoo t|e o|vate sec-
to to eoeate e|ect|c|t o t|e| o.o ose
aoo eeo t|e soo|os eoeateo eoe to t|e
|at|ooa| |o sste, eao|ess o t|e sooce
o eoe oseo (oe|, as, etc...).
|ocos oo a|| os o |eoe.ab|e |oe-
|es o e|ect|c|t ooooct|oo, |v|o || oo.e
ooooces |oao sa|e o|o|t at a eo oa-
aoteeo oe|o o|ce. (|eeo-|o-Ta| (| | T),
as soccesso|| aoo||eo |o Ceao, |eoa',
Soa|o aoo ot|e cooot|es.
|ecee t|e aooa| taose o a|o|
oveoeota| sobs|o o cooveot|ooa| eo-
e to eoe.ab|e eoe.
Steo+. Coveoeot oo||c ost a|so eocoo-
ae, cooeosate aoo e.ao eoe coose-
vat|oo eots at bot| eoeat|oo aoo coo-
soot|oo |eve|s aoo t|e ceat|oo o oc|a|
|oe coosevat|oo ceotes as oev|oos|
eo|a|oeo.

4. Conclusion
|t |s o 'e |oo taoce t|at t|e oooe
|e|s|at|oos ae eoacteo, t|e atte t|at
oaaotees to t|e |ovesto a sae aoo se-
coe etoo, .|t|oot |ea| ba|es baseo oo
||\ state aoo oo||c, .||c| s|oo|o be
aoooteo aoo at|eo.
T|e aot|o be||eves t|at t|e best ooootoo|t
|s to |ovest .|t| |oteoat|ooa| oatoes, o
|ooost aoo eseac| ceotes, to |o|eeot
ao |ooost o |V, .|oo o CS| o eoeat|o
e|ect|c|t oo a |ae sca|e, oest|oeo to sooo|
oat|co|a| t|e oat|ooa| |o.
T|e |V e|o sees to be oe aoeooate, as |t
cao be oseo |o o|t|o|e aoo||cat|oos aoo oooe
|ts o|t|o|e os, csta|||oe o t||o |s.
3 |o|eeot|o soc| |ooost|es, |ebaooo cao
ooooce |ts o.o a|teoat|ve e|ect|ca| eoe
aoo cove |ts |oceas|o oeeos b t|e ose o |V.
T|e |V cao a|so be oseo |oo|v|ooa||, |oteat-
|o t|e cota|o .a||s o bo||o|os. T||s .oo|o
ceate ot|e ooootoo|t|es |o t|e /|o|oo
acaoes bos|oess .|t| /|o|oo aooacto-
es aoo cootactos.
/ oeoostat|ve eao|e |s t|e |o|t|at|ve
o t|e oveoeot o /bo ||ab| t|oo|
|obaoa|a |eve|ooeot Cooao, (|/S-
|/|) .||c| a|s to |ovest |S $ 2 b||||oo. |o
t||o-| o|otovo|ta|c so|a tec|oo|o as oat
o |ts o|ve to becoe a .o|o |eaoe |o a|te-
oat|ve eoe j6].
/s a soa o t||s oeseotat|oo .e |os|st
t|at t|e sosta|oab|||t |o t|e eoe secto cao
oo| be ac||eveo .|t| eoe.ab|e eoe|es. |o
t|e eaot|e t|e ose o soc| eoe .|t| a
|S| oo||c cao o|so|ace cooveot|ooa| oea' o
e|ect|c|t aoo oo|oos t|e |oba| ava||ab|||t
o oss|| oe|s o t|e otoe.
/t t|e eoo, |at|ooa| oo||c |ostoeots ost
be estab||s|eo |o eac| cooot o t|e e|oo
baseo oo s|||a eoe|eoces |o |oooe. |o act
.e see, ao |ootaot o|e to be o|aeo b a||
/ab cooot|es .|t||o t|e /ab |eaoe b
estab||s||o stooe |oteact|o eoe oo||c
bet.eeo t|e| ebes |o eoe.ab|e eoe
tec|oo|o|es, |8| ceotes, aoo |o e|ooc-
|o t|e e|st|o |otecoooect|o |o bet.eeo
t|e| esoect|ve cooot|es. T||s |otecoooect|o
|o cao be oseo to ac||eve t|e sosta|oab|||t
oa| o a e|ooa| coooeat|oo |o t|e eoe.-
ab|e eoe sooces aoo a be oat o otoe
taos-|eo|teaoeao |o coooect|oos.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 36 |
|cac|t oet|ooe et oe|es eooove|ab|es ao ||bao,
un tat des lieu contrast
MARION SCHNORI
|'actoa||t oet|ooe ||baoa|se a |e veot eo ooooe oaos |es so,ets oe obats. |e oas
coooa|t actoe||eeot ooe o|ooe o'eevesceoce ||e |'aboot|sseeot o'|o|t|at|ves
coocetes. 3||ao oe |a a|t|se oet|ooe et oes oe|es eooove|ab|es, etoo so
|es aoos t|ees oo| o|oeot |'oe|e ao ||bao.
||os oo'oo so,et oooooaot et oc|s|, |'oe|e est ao,ooo'|o| coos|oe oa |es
|tats coe ooe ooooe stat|ooe oo| eoeooe o et aooots oe oce. |||e
o|v|se, ||e et oo|e |es |otee|at|oos ooo|a|es oo| ooct|oooeot |'|osta o'oo ss-
tee. |es ooccooat|oos eov|oooeeota|es et |'co|o|e ao|eot oe o|os eo o|os
|es eso|ts. C, |'taoe, |es c||c|s so |e ||bao et sa oo||ot|oo eov|oooeeota|e
voot boo ta|o. |'eoaeeot oo ||bao oaos oe oooveao sc|as oe ove|oooe-
eot |oteos| eo oe|e seb|e va||oe |'|oe ooe |'Ccc|oeot a oo ||bao. /oeo-
tat|oo oe |a oooo|at|oo, ove|oooeeot et co|ssaoce cooo|ooes, obao|sat|oo
ao|oe et oo|cat|oo oes ooes oe v|e soot aotaot oe o|ooeoes vcos oa |e
||bao a|s ooot |es eo,eo cooceoeot |'c|e||e |oteoat|ooa|e.
Le dsquilibre libanais entre consommation et
ressources, le recours obligatoire
l'importation massive
oe ce so|t eo aooot ao essooces oatoe||es oo |a ec|ec|e
(|8|), |e oas oo ceoe a|t oat|e oes oas oo |oeo-C|eot |es o|os
avaocs eo tees o'oe|e. |e ||bao est eo a|t oo oas oooovo
o'oe|es oss||es. |e ce a|t, |'oe|e ot|||se est oesooe |ota|eeot
|oote |aoteo oe `. |a a|||eos, |'oe|e eo|o|te est ec|o-
s|veeot base so |es oooo|ts oto||es oa coosooeot t|bota|es oo
ac| oeo ab|e oo oto|e. |es 3 estaots oe |a oat|t|oo oe-
t|ooe oo oas coesooooeot |a ooooct|oo |oao||ooe et ce||e oes
oe|es eooove|ab|es. S| ces 3 soot eo |ee aoeotat|oo, |e c||e
est oaoo|os |o|e ao vo oe |a oat o'oe|e oss||e |oote.
|e ||bao est a|eeot oo os coosoateo o'oe|e. |o +``2, |e tao
o'|oteos|t oet|ooe oo oas est oe +,+S teo ooo |||e oo||as. S| |'oo co-
oae, |e ||bao coosoe to|s o|s o|os ooe |a |aoce oo |e aooo ooo -
oe |a e va|eo a,oote oo oooo|e |e e sev|ce. |'aote oat, |a
actoe oet|ooe a aoeot oe 300 eote 2000 et 200`. |o 200, e||e
a eoseot + oo ||3 oo oas et oo t|es oo oc|t coec|a| oo oas.
Les causes structurelles comme lment eplicatif
|e tao o'obao|sat|oo oo ||bao est oe 8. |oe te||e cooceotat|oo oe
|a oooo|at|oo oaos |es v|||es obooc|e so ooe coosoat|oo accoe
oe |'oe|e |es v|||es coosoeot o|os ooe |es esoaces oao. |e
e, |a co|ssaoce ooao||ooe oo ||bao est |eve (eov|oo +,8
oa ao) et |o||ooe |a o|t|o||cat|oo oes |oeeots. |e ||eo eote coo-
stoct|oo et oe|e est o|oo|a| . |a coostoct|oo est oo oes secteos
|es o|os oe|voes. || coosoe oe |'oe|e oeoo|s |e o|eveeot oe
|a at|ee oe|ee ,osoo'ao taosoot, eo oassaot oa |a coostoct|oo,
|'eo|o|tat|oo oo bt|eot (eov|oo ceot aos) et soo ecc|ae.
|es |eob|es coosoeot eo oeooe +0 oe |'eoseb|e oe |a
ooeose oet|ooe. |es a|soos soot o|t|o|es. |||es cooceoeot eo
aooe oat|e |a cooceot|oo oa|e oe |a stoctoe oo| oe t|eot oas
coote oe |a |oca||sat|oo, oo c||at, oo c|o| oes at|ao, oo ooe
oe ooct|oooeeot oes oo|oeeots co||ect|s et oe |'ac||tectoe.
|oo|ssoc|ab|e oo caoe oba|o oaos |eooe| e||e s'|osc|t, |'ac||tectoe
cooteooa|oe o'est oas sooveot oo eeo|e eo tees o'cooo|e
o'oe|e oo o'oe|es eooove|ab|es, oo,ets o||otes eceots.
|'ot|||sat|oo ooo at|oooa||se oes oo|oeeots oeo oeoaots est oo
aote acteo oe |a coosoat|oo oet|ooe oes bt|eots, sotoot
ao ||bao oo |es sstees oe c|aoaes et oe c||at|sat|oo soot tes
ove|ooos et coos|oab|eeot ot|||ss. |e c|aoae oe |'eao et oes
vo|oes eoseote o|os oe S6 oe |a coosoat|oo oet|ooe oes
coostoct|oos ooct|oo s|oeot|e||e.
/,ootoos ooe |e |e oe caeoo oao||ooe oo ||bao oat|c|oe ao
tao oe coostoct|oo |ev ooe |e oas coooa|t. |a coostoct|oo oeove,
tes ove|oooe ao ||bao eota|oe oaos oo oe|e teos ooe coo-
soat|oo oet|ooe o|os |eve, caose oe toote |a c|a|oe oe coo-
soat|oo oo'e||e |ooo|t. |eo|eeeot, |'atta|t oes |ovest|sseos oes
aotes oas oo |evaot et oo Co|e ooo |e ||bao a oo eet oaste so
|es cooo|es oet|ooes.
|e |a e aoo, |e st|e ac||tectoa| eo vooe ao ||bao |o||-
ooe ooe o te ot|||sat|oo oe |'oe|e. |e |oe est ooe oes o|o|ts
S||||||||T
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 37
oe 3eoot| et, e s| |'acceot oooa|t te |s so |'a|||aoce
oo oes|o et oe |'oe|e -taot ooo |e a'et|o ooe ooo oes
ooccooat|oos eov|oooeeota|es-, ce|a o'est oas sooveot |e cas.
|e oas ot|eot oa a|||eos oo oobe coosooeot oe oo,ets oe
a-coostoct|oos.
La spciBcit de l'lectricit doit voluer
Coa|eeot, |osooe |'oo abooe |e t|ee oe |'oe|e o|s oaos oo
caoe |oba|, |a ooest|oo oe |'|ect|c|t s'|oose |o|ooeeot a|s oe
aoo assez tao|ve. /o ||bao, ooaoo oo oa|e o'oe|e, oo oa|e ob||a-
to|eeot et o|oc|oa|eeot o'|ect|c|t. Cec| s'eo||ooe oace ooe
|'aooov|s|oooeeot |oa| et |ocoo|et oe |a oooo|at|oo et |'|o||cat|oo
oaoc|ee oe |'|tat ote|oeot |'|oo|s|oo oes act|oos oet|ooes. |e
stato ooo ooe coooa|t |'|ect|c|t ao ||bao est oo e|o ao |o|t|at|ves.
|o 200`, |a ooaot|t tota|e o'|ect|c|t o|sooo|b|e est oe +S00 a-
.atts. |a oeaooe, ooo |a e o|ooe s'|eve 2 +00 |\ et 2 +S0
a.atts ooo |es o|s o't. / cet cat eote |'oe et |a oeaooe
s'a,ooteot |'|ososaoce oes caoac|ts oo seao, |a o|ss|oat|oo saovae
oe oooes |ectoeoes so |e te|to|e, |es o| oo|ts octos ao
oat|co||es et ao coocess|oos et |es oetes oo sstee. |otoos ooe
ces oeo|ees eoseoteot +0 oe |a ooooct|oo tota|e so|t o|os oe 300
||||oos oe oo||as et va|eot oe +2 oes oe 0 se|oo |es |oos.
|e ||eo eote |ect|c|t et oe|e est |ooob|tab|e. || aot coo,ooe ces
acteos |a ooeooaoce o'||| ao o| |evs oo oe|, |a co|toe oo as-
o|||ae acceotoe oa |e a|b|e cot oe |'|ect|c|t et |'tat ooat|oooe|
oes ceota|es. |a coosooeoce se etoove ao o|veao oo oc|t oaoc|e
o'||| oo| s'|eve +,3 ||||ao oe oo||as eo 20+0. Cette oette aoeote
c|aooe aooe. |o 200 e||e eoseote + oe |'eoseb|e oo o| oe-
t|ooe oa oa |e ooveoeeot oo ||bao coote 3 || a |o|t aos.
|'aote oat, |a ||o|t oo caoe |a| et oao|sat|oooe| o'||| eoc|e
|es ooeo|sat|oos . |e ||ecteo oa| oo|t obteo| |'accoo oo
||o|stee oe |'|oe|e et oe |'|ao oo|s oo Coose|| oes |o|stes ooo
toote oe soo|eoe +0 000$. |e ooooo|e vet|ca| et |o|zoota|
o'||| b|oooe a|eeot |es |o|t|at|ves oe ove|oooeeot o'oe|es e-
ooove|ab|es oo|sooe |a ooooct|oo |ect|ooe oe oeot oas te |o,ecte
so |e seao oob||c. /|os|, e s| |a vo|oot oat|c|oe |a o|os|oo
oes oe|es eooove|ab|es et |'ecac|t oet|ooe, |e caoe |ost|to-
t|oooe| aoooe, ce oo| oeota||se |'act|oo oes |ovest|sseos ooo|ao et
oat|ooao. |'oe|e vete oooo|te oe oeot oas te |o,ecte so |e -
seao oob||c . |a |o| |oteo|t toote eveote. |e oas ooovo| eveooe cette
oe|e vete aboot|t |'eo|o|tat|oo oes oe|es eooove|ab|es oa |e
ooa|oe st|cteeot o|v. |es oo,ets soot sooveot eos tes oet|te
c|e||e et |eo |oact est oa coosooeot oeo |ootaot.
|a stoctoe ta|a|e oe |'|ect|c|t (|e '||o.att est oooo|t 0,+8$ et
veooo 0,0`$), sooveot ooa||e o'eooe, a a|eeot oo |oact.
|e ove|oooeeot oes oe|es eooove|ab|es eoose eo eet a,o|-
ta|eeot so |'|oc|tat|oo cooo|ooe oo| o'a oas ||eo ao ||bao, vo |e
a|b|e cot oe |'oe|e tao|t|oooe||e.
||os oo'oo s|o|e ||eo eote oe|e et |ect|c|t, |a ooest|oo oe-
t|ooe est v|tab|eeot oo|oe oa |e oob|ee |ect|ooe oo ||bao.
|e e|o est oe ta|||e ca |e oas oote ooe vo|oot co|ssaote oe
ette eo o|ace ooe oe|e eo oat|e oooo|te ce ao tec|o|ooes
oo eooove|ab|e. Se|oo |es eoets, |e ||bao o|soose oaos ce ooa|oe
o'oo ooteot|e| oo'|| oe aot oas o||e.
Un potentiel important
|'|ott oes oe|es eooove|ab|es est oe se sobst|toe ao oe|es
oss||es. |||es oot |'avaotae oe oseote oo a|b|e o|veao oe |sooes
et oe oo||ot|oo et o'eoeooe o|os oe taosoot o'oe|e oaos
|a esoe oo || s'a|t sooveot oe essooces va|o|sab|es |oca|eeot.
|e s| |eo |oact e| est eocoe o|c||e va|oe (|ss|oos oe
oo||oaots ||es |a cobost|oo oe b|ocaboaots, ecc|ae oes |osta||a-
t|oos, cooat|oo oes oc|ets etc.), e||es coost|toeot |e coeao actoe|
oes oo||t|ooes oet|ooes ooo|a|es. |e ||bao oe a|t oas eceot|oo
|a e|e et aoce ooe e|oo so cette t|at|ooe. |es avaotaes
oe |a |se eo o|ace oes oe|es eooove|ab|es soot o|t|o|es . ooo |e
||bao, |a va|o|sat|oo oe ces essooces sea|t oo oeo oe o|ves|e
soo | oet|ooe, oe oo|e sa ooeooaoce ao |ootat|oos et
oe |||te soo eoos|t|oo |a vo|at|||t oes o| oo oto|e.
Coeooos oa oooce |e coostat . ao ||bao oo |'eoso|e|||eeot
est est| 3 000 |eoes oa ao, |es oe|es eooove|ab|es eoseo-
teot + oe |a ooooct|oo oet|ooe oat|ooa|e. Cette oat o||eab|e
oes oe|es eooove|ab|es est ooe |'abseoce o'ooe oac|e oes
ooovo|s oob||cs eo aveo oo secteo, ooe |se eo va|eo aooo|-
at|ve oo ooteot|e| |oo|ect|ooe, |a o|se eo coote |ososaote
oes |oacts so |'eov|oooeeot oe |a oo||ot|oo |ooo|te oa |'oe|e
oss||e a|os| oo' |'|oaoaotat|oo oe ceta|oes ||ees |a soc|c|t soc|o-
cooo|ooe oo oas. |'eeo|e oo o|otovo|ta.ooe |||oste ce oeo|e
oo|ot. S| |e sstee oo o|otovo|ta.ooe oooa|t te t|o|ooeeot
oeoaot, |e ac| oe seb|e oas aoaot ao ||bao. |'ooe oat, |a
oeaooe o'est oas assez e, o'aote oat, |es cots too |evs oes
|osta||at|oos, ooo sobveot|oooes, oot o| |es ooteot|e|s |otesss. |e
o| oo '||o.att aoooc|e eo eet 0,30$ coote 0,0`$ ooo |'oe|e
|ect|ooe |ssoe oe |a ooooct|oo o'|||.
|e ||bao est |e oas oo toot |ect|ooe. |a oeooe o'eoso|e|||eeot est oe
300 ,oos oe so|e|| oa ao avec oo o aoooe| oe 2 200 |\| oa ete
ca. |ootaot, toot ooct|oooe |'|ect|c|t, coo|s |e c|aoae oe |'eao.
|'oe|e so|a|e et eo oat|co||e t|e|ooe este a|oa|e oaos |e b||ao
oet|ooe oo oas . e||e cooceoe o|os o'+ eo 2000 so|t ooe|ooes |teo
ooo oo ooteot|e| eo|o|tab|e est| o|os oe + 000 'teo.
|e oac oe oaooeao so|a|es |osta||s ao ||bao eo 20+0 est va|o 30
etes cas ooo +000 |ab|taots coote 302 et 6+S etes cas ooo
|a Cece et C|oe, avec oo| |e ||bao a oes s||||tooes oao||ooes. |e
coostat oooa|t ceoeooaot c|aoe o'|c| oeo . oe oobeo oo,ets se-
b|eot vo| |e ,oo et ,oo| o'ooe ceta|oe cooct|sat|oo.
|o ce oo| cooceoe |e secteo |oao||ooe, oo oeot a|seot avaoc-
e ooe |a caoac|t oe ooooct|oo est eo oessoos oe soo ooteot|e|.
|'|oooe|e est |a seo|e oe o'oe|e a|teoat|ve oooo|te eo
asse. |||e oe eoseote oootaot ooe 2 oe |'aooov|s|oooeeot
tota| eo oe|e o|a|e. |'oe|e |oao||ooe a t ove|oooe oaos
|es aooes S0. |eoo|s, |'eceot|oo oe |a |ab|||tat|oo oes oooes
|ectoeoes oe |'Cce oo ||tao| et oe |a |ao|s|a eo +``+-, |'|tat a
seo|eeot eecto oes tavao oe a|oteoaoce oo oac e|staot a|os
ooe ceta|os oas vo|s|os, o|os oots eo eao ooe |e ||bao, |ovest|s-
seot et etteot oot |e secteo. Sa a|b|esse actoe||e est oaoo|os
ceote . |a oat est oasse oe 6` eo +`6 ,S eo 2006 et
o|os oe 2 eo 20+0. |'esso oes ceota|es t|e|ooes est |'o||oe
oo o|a|sseeot oes ceota|es |oao||ooes. |a| |'tat o'eso|t ac-
toe| eo aveo oes oe|es eooove|ab|es, |'actoa||t o'est oas avoab|e
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 38 |
|'|oooe|e. Coe toote a|teoat|ve ao oe|es oss||es, ooe
e|oo so |es |o||cat|oos oe |a ooooct|oo o'oe|e |oao||ooe
aeoe se oose |a ooest|oo oe sa v|tab|e oet|oeoce. 0 oo co-
o| aoooe| oes o|o|es ||baoa|ses tobe eo eet oaos ooe o|ooe oe
to|s ooate o|s, ce oo| eota|oe oo oc|t |ootaot |'t oo|sooe
|es eoves accoseot oes ob|ts a|b|es eote |es o|s o'aot et oe oo-
vebe. |e oob|ee s|oe oaos |e a|t ooe |a o|ooe oe sc|eesse
coesoooo |a o|ooe o'||at|oo, o'oo |'eeoce oo coo|t co-
eot eote |es beso|os oo ove|oooeeot soc|a| eo eao ootab|e et eo
||at|oo et |a ooooct|oo |oo|ect|ooe.
|'aote oat, |e cot oeo oe coostoct|oo o'ooe ceota|e |oao-
||ooe oe oet|te ta|||e est oe |'ooe oe oeo ||||oos oe oo||as oa
a.att so|t |e ooob|e oe ce|o| o'ooe ceota|e t|e|ooe. |e b||ao
oet|ooe oes ceota|es |oo|ect|ooes est oaoo|os |eo avao-
tae oo|soo'e||es aot|sseot ,osoo' +S0 o|s |eo cot oe coostoct|oo
ooo ooe ooe oe v|e oo| oeot atte|ooe ceot aos.
3eaocooo o'esoo|s soot |s so |'o||eo. |es ootaoo|stes ||baoa|s oo
so,et eo oa|eot coe ooe a|teoat|ve oet|ooe ooetteose a|s
ooot |es oo,ets soot b|ooos. S| |'oo a|t oo too oe |a s|toat|oo oe
|'oe|e o||eooe ao |oeo-C|eot, oo coostate eect|veeot oo ce-
ta|o etao ||baoa|s eo |a at|ee.
|e oob|ee oe |'oe|e o||eooe ao ||bao s|oe oaos |e aoooe
o'tooes ota|||es, oc|e||es et aves cooceoaot |es ooooes oces-
sa|es |'|osta||at|oo oe tob|oes. |es ca|co|s actoe|s soot bass so oes
ooooes sate|||tes oeo ab|es oo so oes tooes oe tea|o a|tes |'a|oe
o'|ostoeots ooot |a tec|o|ooe o'est oas cet|e. Co sa|t seo|eeot
ooe |es |oos oo /''a, oo Soo et oes ootaoes soo|obaot |a 3e'aa,
|'|st oo oas soot oes esoaces oo |a v|tesse oes veots oeoveot ecoe
etes oa secoooe. |a oa||sat|oo ceote oe |'/t|as oes veots coost|toe
oaoo|os ooe avaoce e||eeot coosooeote oaos |e oocessos oe
ove|oooeeot oe |'oe|e o||eooe. C'est oas oas ooe |a taos|t|oo
oet|ooe ||baoa|se s'eectoe. C, |e coostat ooe |e ||bao est oo oas
oe|ooeeot eo ooveeot est ao,ooo'|o| oo a|t av.
Moyen-Orient et vulnrabilit nergtique
|| oe aooa|t oas abooe |e ||bao saos oa|e oe |'c|e||e o|os |ae
oaos |aooe||e || vo|oe. / |'|osta oo ||bao, |es oas oo |oeo-C|eot
soot oe os coosoateos o'oe|e. |a coosoat|oo o'|ect|c|t
oeo-o|eota|e a coooo oo tao oe co|ssaoce aoooe| oeo oe ,`
ooaot |es v|ot-c|oo oeo|ees aooes. |o oaa||e|e et ooo |a e
o|ooe, |'oe |ooa|e a ooess oe + oa ao eo oeooe. |||e
s'tab||t ++0 ||||oos oe teo eo 2006 et eoose ooas|eot ec|os|ve-
eot so |e oto|e et |e az oatoe| ot|eos et s|eos. Cet cat
eote oe et oeaooe a|t ee |e oob|ee o'aooov|s|oooeeot
. |a oeaooe aoeote, |'oe a|b||t, |es eo,eo soot coc|ao.
|a a|||eos, |e osoo|||be |ooa| aooe oe otes o|soa|ts eo
tees oe ba|aoce oet|ooe eote |es oas. |'|ote et |a S|e soot
|es seo|s oas oots oe essooces oto||ees et az|ees et oseo-
teot oes ba|aoces oet|ooes ecoeota|es taoo|s ooe |a ooao|e et
|e ||bao soot oooovos oe essooces eo oe|es. |'|ote se oose
coe oo|ssaoce oet|ooe oeo-o|eota|e eo assoaot |a a,o|t
oe |a ooooct|oo |ooa|e.
|es c|aoes oet|ooes |ote|ooao a|||s oo |ovest|sseeot
ass| ooo aoeote |es caoac|ts oe ooooct|oo et ooe o|ves|ca-
t|oo oo booooet oet|ooe seb|eot te |e |ev|e ove|oooe ooo
oo|e |a vo|oab|||t oet|ooe. |'aveo| oo 3ass|o o|teaoeo
et oe |a |oo oeo-o|eota|e ooeoo o'ooe coooat|oo oe-
t|ooe o|os |ae et o|os oooooe eote |es oas. |e cootete ooo||-
t|ooe |ostab|e oe avo|se oas |es c|aoes a|s |a t|at|ooe oe-
t|ooe essot coe oo vecteo ooteo ooo eooce |'|otat|oo
cooo|ooe oe |a |oo. Toos |es oas est|eot eo eet ooe |e ove|oooe-
eot oes |otecoooe|oos taosoota||ees est ooe cooo|t|oo esseot|e||e
ooo cob|e |'cat eote |'oe et |a oeaooe et eooce |a ab|||t
oo sstee oet|ooe. |e aoos oo,ets taosoota||es soot |aocs, te|
|e azoooc oaoaabe. |'ooe caoac|t oe +0 ||||aos oe etes cobes oa
ao, || e||e oeoo|s 2003 |'|ote |a ooao|e, |otee |a S|e oeoo|s 2008
et |e ||bao oeoo|s 200`. |es vo|oes c|aos eote |es oas cooceos
eo 2006 eoseoteot +000 C\| so|t 2 oe |a coosoat|oo |ooa|e.
|es |otecoooe|oos az|ees oooa|eot a|eeot ooa|se |es e|at|oos
cooo|ooes eote |e |oeo-C|eot et |es |oos oota||ees, v|a oo ac-
cooeeot ao azoooc /s|e Ceota|e-|oooe oo ce ao coooe|oos
az|ees eote |'|ote et |'/ab|e Saooo|te. Tooteo|s, |es teos|oos oo||t|ooes
soot eocoe oseotes oaos |a zooe. |e ||bao este ao coo oe coo|ts
cetes |ateots a|s too,oos o'actoa||t. |oooe ooe oo||t|ooe oet|ooe
so oes accoos avec |es oas vo|s|os s|o|e te eo s|toat|oo oe ooeo-
oaoce v|s--v|s o'|tats avec oo| |es e|at|oos soot o|c||es. |'aote oat,
|e ootaot oes |ovest|sseeots ocessa|es aooaa|t o|c||e soooote
ooo |es oas cooceos. |es |ovest|sseeots |oteoat|ooao oeoveot a|os
eoseote ooe a|teoat|ve.
|a teooaoce ooo|a|e |a ooot|oo oes oe|es eooove|ab|es
cooceoe a|eeot |a |oo oeo-o|eota|e. |es oas se soot
oos|t|ooos eo aveo oo ove|oooeeot oe ce||es-c| et |es ob,ec-
t|s |ooao soot ab|t|eo. |eo coot|bot|oo actoe||e oeeoe
eocoe a|b|e (eov|oo 0,S oe |a ooooct|oo |ect|ooe |ooa|e)
et ce ta|oes se ves oeeoeot so |'ao|eo et |e ca|eoo|e oes
ooaes |s eo o|ace. Ceoeooaot, |es cooo|t|oos o-c||a-
t|ooes avoab|es, |a vo|oot o'assoe oo aooov|s|oooeeot |oca|
et |es vo|ot|oos oes oob|at|ooes oet|ooes ooo|a|es oe-
etteot o'a|e ooe ces oe|es bo|c|eoot |'|o|zoo 2020
oe cooo|t|oos oe ove|oooeeot o|os avoab|es oo'ao,ooo'|o| et
oooa|eot eoseote +0 oo | oet|ooe.
Les to|ts de 8e,routh comme |||ustrot|on de |o concret|sot|on de |òct|on?:
Presence de chouffe-eou so|o|res dons |e quort|er d'Achrof,eh sur |es to|ts
oux o|entours du Sp|nne,'s, ete 2010.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 39
La transition nergtique sera longue
|es so|ot|oos e|steot. |e ||bao oat|c|oe |'eot |ooa| eo ove|oo-
oaot oo ooa|se oooveao eo tees oe vo|oot oo||t|ooe et eo
|otooo|saot oes o|soos|t|s aoaots.
|a oseoce oe o|soos|t|s o'oe|es eooove|ab|es oaos |'esoace oba|o
est oo |oo|cateo v|ateo oo oe oe |se eo oat|ooe oe |'act|oo.
C |e coostat oeot te a|t ooe a| |'eoseb|e oes obstac|es, |a
a|t|se oe |'oe|e et |es oe|es eooove|ab|es se o|oseot oaos
|'esoace oba|o. Cette |oe s'aoce so ooe a||t . |a oooo|a|t oes
esoes eo aveo oe |'oe|e co|t. Ce coostat o'est oas oa||se
a|s oo oeot ooaoo e ae ooe |e |aoceeot, |a est|oo et |a
oa||sat|oo oes oo,ets oo'||s cooceoeot |a seos|b|||sat|oo oo oes ac-
t|oos o||otes ooo |es oo|c|oa||ts- avo|seot |'a||oat|oo actoe||e oe
|a o|se eo coote oe |a t|at|ooe oet|ooe. 3eaocooo oes oo,ets
ac|evs soot oos|t|s.
|a| oe oobeoses o|co|ts, |a t|at|ooe oe |a a|t|se oe-
t|ooe et oes oe|es eooove|ab|es seb|e ao,ooo'|o| o|soose
o'ooe e||e ooootoo|t oe ove|oooeeot ao ||bao. |e ooa|se
oo secteo est |ooo|ab|e , || |||oste |es vo|oots o'act|oo oo| oeooeot
eet oes c|e||es sooveot tes o|st|octes. /||oe sa s|toat|oo oe-
t|ooe coost|toe osoa|s oo eo,eo stat|ooe ooo |e oas. || s'a|t
oe o||ooe sa ooeooaoce eoves |e oto|e, oe este|ooe |es sob-
veot|oos oes o| oe |'|ect|c|t, oe oo|e sa oette oob||ooe et a|os|
o'a||ooe oavaotae oe essooces oes booets ooab|es . ||os
oo'ooe s|o|e vo|oot o|cte oa oes ooccooat|oos eov|oooeeo-
ta|es, c'est ao,ooo'|o| oo ae oe ove|oooeeot ooo |e ||bao.
|a a|t|se oe |'oe|e et |e ove|oooeeot oes oe|es eooove|-
ab|es acoo|eeot oa coosooeot oavaotae oe oo|os et oe co|b|||t
oaos |'eso|t et oaos |a oac|e oes acteos ||baoa|s. Seo|eeot, |e
oocessos est |oo et oo|t a|e ace |'|oet|e oes |ost|tot|oos, oes oo-
ess|oos et oes oat|co||es.
|a taos|t|oo oet|ooe est |eote. |||e a|t oaos oes teooa||ts
oo| voot ao-oe| oes oo,ets aeots et oe |a est|oo sooveot
aeote oe |a oac|e eo aveo oe |'oe|e. || aot oseot
|se so ooe aoooc|e |ota-secto|e||e et taosvesa|e oo| t|eooe
coote oo so|v| et oe |a ooab|||t oes act|oos, eocoe too oooc-
toe||es. Cec| oe oeot se a|e saos oes oa teoa|ats et oes co||abo-
at|oos oo| etteot oe ct |es |otts oesoooe|s. |a vo|oot
oo||t|ooe oo|t ooasse |es |o|ooes oe ooct|oooeeot oooes
c|acoo et s'attac|e |a a||sat|oo oo o| oo eoooveao oe-
t|ooe ||baoa|s.
/|os|, |e |e oo secteo o|v, |'|ostaoat|oo o'ooe stat|e |oba|e
et o'ooe v|s|oo o'eoseb|e et |a e|at|oo oes oooos|t|oos eote ac-
teos oo| oot |e e ob,ect| oa| coost|toeot oes oooeeots so
|esooe|s s'aoooe. ||s v|eooeot cooboe |a ocessa|e seos|b|||sa-
t|oo oe |a oooo|at|oo et oes ooess|oooe|s oseots so |e ac|,
oe |a ooot|oo oe |a |8| ooo |es oe|es eooove|ab|es, oe
|'aoaotat|oo oet|ooe oes |oastoctoes oob||ooes et oes coo-
stoct|oos o|ves et oe |a ooeo|sat|oo oes ceota|es |ect|ooes
oo oas. |'aote oa t, |a cat|oo o'oo eot|e| oc|e| oe ooooes
oooos oe |'oe|e ao ||bao et |a |se eo o|ace oe e|eeo-
tat|oos ooo ooe ot|||sat|oo at|oooe||e oe |'oe|e et |a o|os|oo
oes oe|es eooove|ab|es est ooe cooo|t|oo s|oe ooa ooo oe |a
cooct|sat|oo oes oo||t|ooes oet|ooes ||baoa|ses. |oo o|, |e
ove|oooeeot oe |'|ooovat|oo oaos |es secteos oe |a ec|ec|e
oo|ves|ta|e oo |ooost|e||e et |a |se eo o|ace o'|oc|tat|oos oao-
c|ees soot a|eeot |oo|soeosab|es et oeoveot (oo|veot `) te
sooteoos oa |a coooat|oo |oteoat|ooa|e.
|'oe|e |otesse oe o|os eo o|os oe oooe. |||e cooceoe |'eoseb|e
oes states oe oc|s|oo, oeoo|s |es e|at|oos eote |tats ,osoo'
|'aoo||cat|oo oes o|ect|ves oo| |ooeoceot |a v|e oo c|toeo. |||e ot|eot
oe ce a|t oo oobe coosooeot o'acteos oo| a|sseot et |otea|s-
seot tootes |es c|e||es . ooo|a|e, |ooa|e, oat|ooa|e et |oca|e. |es
|o|ooes oe ooct|oooeeot s'eote|eot, eote soc|t c|v||e, acteos
|ocao, oooe assoc|at|, acteos |'o||oe oo oo,et, ooveoeeot et
ba|||eos oe ooos. |e tava|| eo coooat|oo, co||aboat|oo, oateoa|at
oe ces acteos -oo ao coota|e caact|s oa oes oooos|t|oos, oes ao-
taoo|ses et oes eos- a ooo coosooeoce |a cat|oo o'oo secteo
oo| ooct|oooe coe oo sstee. C'est so cec| oo'|| aot s'aoooe
ooo assoe |a cooveeoce oe tootes |es act|oos ves |e e ob,ec-
t| -|a o|os aooe |oooeooaoce oet|ooe ooss|b|e et |a osevat|oo
oe |'eov|oooeeot, oo'|| so|t oat|ooa| oo ooo|a|.
eport|t|on geogroph|que des pertes non techn|ques occusees por LuL.
Source: MLCAu0S,Adv|sor, supportto restructure ond corporot|ze LuL, eport 1 for Cu ond Le5-
onese epu5||c, 2008 |n 8NP Por|5os, LLC, LL KH0U & Portners, LuL Moter|o| Assets Aud|t 2002
Lvo|ut|on de |o focture energet|que de 1993 2009
Sources:ALMLL, Les 5||ons energet|ques ou L|5on, 2009, 20p
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 40 |
|ebaooo's oo.e c|s|s |as beeo evo|v|o ove ao eas, aoo .e |ave to
ao|t t|at t|e e|ect|c|t oob|e o|veo b ooeoos actos, |as o.o
steao|| .ose aoo |as becoe se|oos aoo coo|e.
|eao|ess o .|ose to b|ae, .e ost ,o|o oces to b|o |ebaooo's es|-
oeots oot o t|e oa'. o|te obv|oos|, soc| c|aoes cao oo| be |o|eeoteo
|o ao eov|ooeot cooooc|ve to a eo o t|e eoe secto. T||s .||| e-
oo|e ao |eose aooot o |ovesteot.
Co| aboot |a| o t|e cooot's |osta||eo eoeat|o caoac|t |s oo||oe, .|||e
t|e o|st|bot|oo sste |s sevee| o||ao|oateo ooe to eas o |osoc|eot
a|oteoaoce. T|e eects o t|ese aoo ot|e actos |oc|ooe ||| tec|o|ca| aoo
coec|a| |osses, ta|s t|at ae be|o. t|e cost o sev|ce, aoo .ea' |ost|to-
t|ooa| caoac|t, eac| o .||c| |s cooooooeo b |ea| aoo eo|ato e|es
t|at ae bot| coovo|oteo aoo |ocoos|steot.
S||||||||T
ELECYRICIYY PROBLEM5
T|e ||st|o |ebaoese |o.e o|aots ae o T|ea| aoo ooe|ect|c
toes. T|e ae oot ooeat|o at o|| caoac|t, t|e tota| ooooct|oo aoo
o|st|bot|oo be|o +S00 |\, .|||e t|e actoa| oeaoo |s ove 2S00 |\.
T|e o|aots ae sooooseo to ooooce a cooooooeo caoac|t aoooo
2200 |\, bot ooe to sevea| ecoeot tec|o|ca| |ssoes .|t| t|e to-
b|oes, t|e ooooct|oo |s eooceo oaat|ca|| .|t| eac| acto |av|o
|ts o.o oob|es .
1- Zoo' |acto . T|e Zoo' o|aot |as + tob|oes sooooseo to oo-
ooce 60 |\. Coe tob|oe |s tota|| oo-ooeat|ooa|, ooe to t|e
|ac' o soae oats, t|e secooo tob|oe ooooces aoooo 0 ooe
to oeveot|ve aoo oe|oo|ca| a|oteoaoce, t|e t.o ot|e tob|oes
ooooce aoooo 60 .||c| eaos t|at t|e tota| caoac|t o t|e
o|aot |s oot eceeo|o +8 o |ts tota| caoac|t, .|t|oot eot|oo|o
t|e o|eeot |osses |os|oe t|e acto aoo oo taos|ss|oo ||oes.
2- T |acto . T|e o|aot |as t.o tob|oes sooooseo to ooooce
0 |\ at o|| caoac|t. o.eve t|e o|aot |s .o'|o at S0 o |ts
tota| caoac|t.
3- 3aa|bec' |acto . T|e ||aot |as t.o tob|oes .|t| a t|eo-
et|ca| caoac|t o 0 |\, bot t|e o|aot |s .o'|o at S0 o |ts
tota| caoac|t. T|e a|o caose o eooceo ooooct|oo |o T aoo
3aa|bec' acto|es, |s t|at a|| tob|oes |ave beeo .o'|o beooo
t|e| ||ve ooooct|oo t|e .||c| |s est|ateo at aboot +S0,000
.o'|o |oos.
4- |e| |a . T|e o|aot tota| ooeat|ooa| caoac|t |s sooooseo to be
+3S |\. T||s o|aot |s coos|oeeo t|e |atest |o|eeotat|oo to eeo
t|e |ebaoese e|ect|ca| |o. |ootooate|, t||s o|aot |s |av|o a|ost
oaos aoo s|ot oo.os .||c| |ost aoooo 30 o t|e| ooooct|oo
caoac|t aoo t||s |s ooe to t|e abseoce o oot|oe a|oteoaoce .
5- Za|ao| |acto . /s .|t| |e| |a's ooooct|oo o|aot, |t |s
Sooooseo to ooooce +3S |\ bot |s |av|o aoooo 30 |osses o
|ts ooooct|oo caoac|t ooe to t|e abseoce o oot|oe a|oteoaoce.
6- |e| |acto . |e| |acto . T|e |e| o|aot |s coooseo o S
tob|oes o 3+6 |\ caoac|t eac|. T|e o|aot |s |av|o a|ost oa||
s|ot oo.os aoo tec|o|ca| oob|es becaose t|e ' tec|o|ca| ||e' o
t|e tob|oes |as ooe beooo t|e 200,000 .o'|o |oos. /t t||s
|eve|, ooooct|oo eoo|oeot |s coos|oeeo ooo to be scaooeo,
accoo|o to |oteoat|ooa| oos.
7- e|s|e| |acto . /oooo S |\ o ooooct|oo .|t| 20-
30 o |osses.
/s a as ooe|ect|c o|aots ae cooceoeo , .e |ave |ooe|ect|ca|
eoeat|oo tob|oes oo t|e ||ttao| , 3aeo , Saa aoo |a| |ba|| |ves,
.|t| a cob|oeo caoac|t o aoooo 2S0 |\ , bot t|e| ooooct|oo |s
|||| eooceo |o soe t|e ooe to t|e abseoce o |as ..
\e||, as .e coo|o see above, a|ost a|| t|e tob|oes |ave oasseo t|e|
tec|o|ca| ||e , aoo .|t| abseoce o ||| ooa||eo a|oteoaoce, .e s|a||
ace ve sooo a a,o oob|e, .||c| a |eao t|e |ebaoese c|t|zeos
to sta |o oa'oess |o t|e 2+st Ceoto '''.
Electricity in Lebanon
|ob|es v/s So|ot|oos
LLIL JARROUCHL
LNGINLLR
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 41
Electricity in Lebanon
|ob|es v/s So|ot|oos
|o aoo|t|oo to t|e above eot|ooeo |ssoes, sevea| ot|e actos ae |o-
ceas|o t|e oob|es |o |ebaooo's e|ect|c|t ooooct|oo secto, soc| as.
1- |o|st|cs aoo eoao||ca| o|st|bot|oo o t|e o|aots. t|e actoa|
e|ooa| eoat|t|oo o t|e acto|es |o |ebaooo |s caos|o aoooo
+ |oss oo t|e o|st|bot|oo ||oes.
2- |aoo aoo oo.e t|et. Sto|eo oo.e ooe to o|ect coooect|oo
oo t|e ||oes o ao|oo|at|o t|e o|o etes to eooce t|e costs,
.||c| |s aoooo 30 o ||| ooooct|oo..
3- |oe| Cost T|e ||| oe| o|ces, as a|| tob|oes ae ooo|o oo e-
oeos|ve oe| o||, cooaeo to oatoa| as (o coa|), .||c| |s t|e oo
|o ost cooot|es. T|e actoa| e|ooa| eoat|t|oo o t|e acto|es |o
|ebaooo |s caos|o aoooo + |oss oo t|e o|st|bot|oo ||oes.
5YOLEN UNOFFICIAL ELECYRICIYY IN LEBANON
|at|e t|ao assess|o t|e secto's oooe||o oob|es t|e a||oes o
.||c| ae a o|ect eso|t o ove +S eas o cooot|oo, |saoae-
eot aoo ooe s|o|oo|o,
'|oe| caooot oo a bo'eo ca'' \e ost eoa| t|e ca.
Electricity 5olutions
T|e e|ect|c|t so|ot|oo o|ao ost ocos oo a oeeoo|a| oat|ooa|
|eaoac|e. |t ost eeo t|e secto's va|oos oob|es t|oo|
a c|ea| |a|o-oot state, sta t|o .|t| aoo|t|ooa| eoeat|o
caoac|t to cove ao e|st|o sooo| ao t|at |as oecess|tateo
oa|oo| at|oo|o. \e ost |ave a ea||st|c oeo|ct|oo o otoe
oeaoo (|oc|oo|o t|e ese ve a|o eoo|eeot), eo|oe
ooss|b|||t|es o ceat|o cooet|t|oo, aoo aooess 'e oecess|-
t|es soc| as e|ooc|o aoo e|ab|||tat|o t|e taos|ss|oo aoo
o|st|bot|oo |oastoctoe.
/ soec|a| ocos .||| |ave to be o|aceo oo ooeo|z|o ete-
|o sstes |o ooe to eo|aoce e|c|eoc o coosoot|oo aoo
eooce bot| coec|a| aoo tec|o|ca| |osses. / cooe|eos|ve
o|ao |s coc|a|, becaose t|e caoac|t aoo|t|oos eov|s|ooeo b |eba-
ooo's \ate aoo |oe ||o|st (||\), ae baseo oo t|e ose o
t|e |o.est-cost (|oc|oo|o eov|ooeota| |oacts) cooveot|ooa|
eoe sooces coos|oeeo eas|b|e |o t|e |ebaoese cootet. |e-
ve|ooeot o t|e eoo|eo |oastoctoe o oatoa| as (||C
te|oa|, o|oe||oes, etc.) |s oa t o t|e so|ot|oo o|ao.
|o|eeotat|oo o a va|oab|e so|ot|oo oeoeoos oo a|ota|o-
|o t|e oo||t|ca| stab|||t |o t|e cooot . \e |ave to assoe ao
e|c|eot aoo coec|a|| v|ab|e oo.e secto .|t| oe t|ao
+,000 |\ o eoeat|o caoac|t |o ooeat|oo b 20+S, aoo |o-
ceas|o t|eeate , e||ab|e taos|ss|oo aoo o|st|bot|oo oet-
.o's, aoo ovea|| |ooveo ooa||t o e|ect|c|t se v|ce oe||ve
to soooo t ecooo|c o.t|.
Soc| oa|s .||| be eas|e to eac| | t|e o|vate secto o|as ao
act|ve o|e, soc| as |ooeoeooeot oo.e ooooces (|||s) |o co|-
|aboat|oo .|t| t|e |o|st . T||s .oo|o acce|eate t|e oocess
o |osta|||o oe. eoeat|o caoac|t, bot a stab|e aoo oeo|ctab|e
eo|ato ae.o' |s oeeoeo o t|e o|vate secto to ,o|o |o
t||s eo t. T||s .oo|o a|so be esseot|a| to oov|oe coo t to
|eooes, t|eeb eooc|o t|e cost o boo.|o.
T|e |ebaoese staoo tooa beoe t.o so|ot|oos o t|e e|ect|c|t
oob|e, ooe t|at |s teooa aoo aoot|e t|at |s ao|ca|. 3ot|
so|ot|oos ae |||| oeaooeo becaose .e caooot 'eeo o|o oo.o
t|e s|ooe o oecaoeoce.
A- Yemporary solutions
a- Rent Llectrlclty
T|e oot|oo o eot|o |aoo o sea e|ect|c|t eoeato |s a so|ot|oo
t|at cao |||t bot oot so|ve t|e oob|e.
b- Dlstrlbuteo generatlon tbrougb alternatlve local generators
T||s oot|oo oes o aooot|o oeceota||zeo stat|oos o eoeatos
o eac| v|||ae , aoo .||| be a staoob o t|e |||.
c- Gas Turblnes
T||s oot|oo oeeos t|e oo||t|ca| soooot to |oot t|e Caz e|t|e
o |ot at|e t|ao ata . Co oe. |osta||eo o|aots ( Za|ao|
aoo |e| |a) ae o||oa|| oes|oeo to .o' oo |atoa| Caz.

|t |s ve eas to oo oo|cat|oos aoo etoo bac' to t|e o||o o t|ese
tob|oes, .o'|o oo Caz, .||c| .e a|| 'oo. |as sevea| aovaotaes
soc| as .
Ve ||| oo.e-to-.e||t at|o, cooaeo to ec|oocat|o
eo|oes,
Sa||e t|ao ost ec|oocat|o eo|oes o t|e sae oo.e at|o.
|oves |o ooe o|ect|oo oo|, .|t| a |ess v|bat|oo t|ao a
ec|oocat|o eo|oe.
|e.e ov|o oats t|ao ec|oocat|o eo|oes.
|o. ooeat|o oessoes.
|| ooeat|oo soeeos.
|o. |ob|cat|o o|| cost aoo coosoot|oo.
|o. ooeat|oo cost.
B- Radical 5olutions
/ ao|ca| so|ot|oo stats b oo|ot|o to t|e cost ee eoe.ab|e eoe.
/ oobe o |ebaoese aoo oe|o cooao|es ae .||||o to coostoct
soc| o|aots.
Why usIng renewobIe energy wIII be the best soIutIon
{or Lebonon ?
|ebaooo |s |ocateo oo t|e |asteo eoe o t|e |eo|teaoeao. T|e
aea |s +0,+S2 '2 .|||e t|e oooo|at|oo |s aoooo + ||||oos.
\|||e |ebaooo st|ves to eet t|e eoe oeaoo o |ts oooo|at|oo,
a o|eeot aoooac| baseo oo eoe ec|eoc aoo eoe.ab|e eoe
a be t|e so|ot|oo.
| ts e,ct .e so'' :c:etote c te !est sc'.tcs tc sc'.e te e'e:-
t:t, ,c!'es !e!oc
1- "wind" electricity option
How Wlno Turblnes Work?
\|oo |s a o o eoe.ab|e eoe. \|oos ae caoseo b t|e ooeveo
|eat|o o t|e atoso|ee b t|e soo, t|e |eo|a|t|es o t|e eat|'s
soace, aoo otat|oo o t|e eat|. \|oo o. oatteos ae oo|eo b
t|e eat|'s tea|o, boo|es o .ate, aoo veetat|oo. oaos ose t||s
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 42 |
.|oo o., o ot|oo eoe, o ao ooooses. sa|||o, |o a '|te, aoo
eveo eoeat|o e|ect|c|t.
T|e tes .|oo eoe o .|oo oo.e oesc|be t|e oocess b .||c|
t|e .|oo |s oseo to eoeate ec|ao|ca| oo.e o e|ect|c|t. \|oo
tob|oes coovet t|e '|oet|c eoe |o t|e .|oo |oto ec|ao|ca| oo.e.
T||s ec|ao|ca| oo.e cao be oseo o soec|c tas's (soc| as |oo|o
a|o o ooo|o .ate) o a eoeato cao coovet t||s ec|ao|ca|
oo.e |oto e|ect|c|t.
So |o. oo .|oo tob|oes a'e e|ect|c|t` S|o| stateo, a .|oo tob|oe
.o's t|e oooos|te o a ao. |osteao o os|o e|ect|c|t to a'e .|oo,
||'e a ao, .|oo tob|oes ose .|oo to a'e e|ect|c|t. T|e .|oo toos
t|e b|aoes, .||c| so|o a s|at, t|at coooects to a eoeato aoo
a'es e|ect|c|t.
|t|||t-sca|e tob|oes aoe |o s|ze o +00 '||o.atts to as |ae as sev-
ea| ea.atts. |ae tob|oes ae oooeo toet|e |oto .|oo as,
.||c| oov|oe bo|' oo.e to t|e e|ect|ca| |o.
S|o|e sa|| tob|oes, be|o. +00 '||o.atts, ae oseo o |oes, te|eco-
oo|cat|oos o|s|es, o .ate ooo|o. Sa|| tob|oes ae soet|es
oseo |o coooect|oo .|t| o|ese| eoeatos, batte|es, aoo o|otovo|ta|c
sstes. T|ese sstes ae ca||eo |b|o .|oo sstes aoo ae to|ca||
oseo |o eote, o-|o |ocat|oos, .|ee a coooect|oo to t|e ot|||t |o
|s oot ava||ab|e.
|o eao|e, /''a .|oos cao ooooce oo to +20 |\, ot|e aeas
eteoo|o bet.eeo t|e 3e'aa aoo |a,eooo cao ooooce bet.eeo
+0 aoo S0 |\.
2- 5olar Energy option
/ so|a o|otovo|ta|c oo.e o|aot oses o|otovo|ta|c ce||s to coovet
soo|||t |oto o|ect coeot e|ect|c|t os|o t|e o|otoe|ect|c eect. T||s
toe o o|aot ooes oot ose otat|o ac||oes o eoe cooves|oo.
So|a t|ea| oo.e o|aots ae aoot|e toe o so|a oo.e o|aot. T|e
ose e|t|e oaabo||c too|s o |e||ostats to o|ect soo|||t ooto a o|oe
coota|o|o a |eat taose o|o, soc| as o||. T|e |eateo o|| |s t|eo oseo
to bo|| .ate |oto stea, .||c| toos a tob|oe t|at o|ves ao e|ect|ca|
eoeato. T|e ceota| to.e toe o so|a t|ea| oo.e o|aot oses
|oooeos o t|oosaoos o |os, oeoeoo|o oo s|ze, to o|ect soo|||t
ooto a ece|ve oo too o a to.e. /a|o, t|e |eat |s oseo to ooooce
stea to too tob|oes t|at o|ve e|ect|ca| eoeatos.
T|ee |s et aoot|e toe o so|a t|ea| e|ect|c o|aot. T|e soo|||t st|'es
t|e botto o a .ate oooo, .a|o t|e |o.est |ae o .ate .||c| |s
oeveoteo o |s|o b a sa|t ao|eot. / |ao'|oe cc|e eo|oe eo|o|ts
t|e teoeatoe o|eeoce |o t|e .ate |aes to ooooce e|ect|c|t.
/ |oe so|a sste o a|| o oat o oo |oe's e|ect|ca| oeeos |s a
oact|ca| c|o|ce. C|o-t|eo es|oeot|a| so|a sstes ae oe aooab|e
t|ao eve aoo eooce t|e aooot o e|ect|c|t oo ooc|ase o oo
|oca| ot|||t. | t|ee ae oet ete|o ooas ava||ab|e |o oo aea, oo
a |ave t|e ab|||t to a'e ooe b se|||o ecess e|ect|c|t to oo
ot|||t. So|a oo.e |oe sstes oe e||ab|e, c|eao oo.e to eooce
t|e boo|o o oss|| oe|s aoo coot|bote to a eeoe eov|ooeot. |o ao-
o|t|oo, oo .||| eo,o t|e act t|at so|a e|ect|c sstes ae oo|et, ooeate
.|t|oot oo ass|staoce aoo eoo|e ve ||tt|e a|oteoaoce.
\|eo oo |osta|| so|a oaoe|s, t|e becoe a cao|ta| |ooveeot to
oo |oe o bos|oess. So|a oaoe|s o oo |oe ooooce e|ect|c|t
aoo t|os, ao ooo|o cas| o. b o|ect| eooc|o oo e|ect|c|t b|||s
o t|e oet 2S o oe eas.
SC|/| |C\|| 3|CC| SYST||S 'S|3-Sste' 300 \ to +8000 \
a|| |as beeo oes|oeo o oea| a|| aoo||cat|oos |o eote aeas oo
oo |obe. T|e Sste |s ooo|a aoo |as beeo aooactoeo to t|e
|atest state o at .|t| t|e ost e||ab|e cooooeots. T|e sste |o
t|e staooao ves|oo coos|sts o. So|a Ceoeato, |ooot|o Stoctoe
o oo |osta||at|oo, |o.e 3o .|t| 3atte aoo ||ectoo|c (C|ae-
||sc|ae-Cooto||e, |ovete, |o.e ||st|bot|oo etc.) aoo Cab||o.
- o,'e c( o,,':otc (c o 70 ^,s |esoe:e ^,,':otc
Battery
Inverter
Controller
Pannel
+
+
230V AC
Output
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 43
3- Biogaz Energy option :
4- Yhermal Power station option
|o t|ea| oo.e stat|oos, ec|ao|ca| oo.e |s ooooceo b a |eat
eo|oe t|at taosos t|ea| eoe, oteo o cobost|oo o oe|,
|oto otat|ooa| eoe. |ost t|ea| oo.e stat|oos ooooce stea,
aoo t|ese ae soet|es ca||eo stea oo.e stat|oos. |ot a|| t|ea|
eoe cao be taosoeo |oto ec|ao|ca| oo.e, accoo|o to t|e
secooo |a. o t|eoooa|cs. T|eeoe, t|ee |s a|.as |eat |ost to
t|e eov|ooeot. | t||s |oss |s eo|oeo as oseo| |eat, o |ooost|a|
oocesses o o|st|ct |eat|o, t|e oo.e o|aot |s eeeo to as a co-
eoeat|oo oo.e o|aot o C| (cob|oeo |eat-aoo-oo.e) o|aot. |o
cooot|es .|ee o|st|ct |eat|o |s cooo, t|ee ae oeo|cateo |eat
o|aots ca||eo |eat-oo| bo||e stat|oos. /o |ootaot c|ass o oo.e
stat|oos |o t|e ||oo|e |ast oses b-ooooct |eat o t|e oesa||oat|oo
o .ate.
T|e ec|eoc o a stea tob|oe |s |||teo b t|e a|o teoea-
toe o t|e stea ooooceo aoo |s oot o|ect| a ooct|oo o t|e oe|
oseo. |o t|e sae stea cooo|t|oos, coa|, ooc|ea aoo as oo.e o|aots,
a|| |ave t|e sae t|eoet|ca| ec|eoc. Cvea||, | a sste |s oo coo-
staot| (base |oao), |t .||| be oe ec|eot t|ao ooe t|at |s oseo |ote-
|tteot| (oea' |oao)
3es|oes ose o e,ect |eat o oocess o o|st|ct |eat|o, ooe .a to
|oove ovea|| ec|eoc o a oo.e o|aot |s to cob|oe t.o o|e-
eot t|eoooa|c cc|es. |ost cooo|, e|aost ases o a as
tob|oe ae oseo to eoeate stea o a bo||e aoo stea tob|oe. T|e
cob|oat|oo o a too cc|e aoo a botto cc|e ooooces |||e
ovea|| ec|eoc t|ao e|t|e cc|e cao atta|o a|ooe.
T|ea| oo.e o|aots ae c|ass|eo b t|e toe o oe| aoo t|e toe o
o|e ove |osta||eo.
By type of Fuel
|oc|ea oo.e o|aots ose a ooc|ea eacto's |eat to ooeate a
stea tob|oe eoeato. /boot 20 o e|ect|c eoeat|oo |o t|e
|S/ |s ooooceo b ooc|ea oo.e o|aots.
|oss|| oe||eo oo.e o|aots a a|so ose a stea tob|oe eoeato
o |o t|e case o oatoa| as, eo o|aots a ose a cobost|oo
tob|oe. / coa|-eo oo.e stat|oo ooooces e|ect|c|t b boo-
|o coa| to eoeate stea, aoo |as t|e s|oe-eect o ooooc|o a
|ae aooot o caboo o|o|oe, .||c| |s e|easeo o boo|o
coa| aoo coot|botes to |oba| .a|o. /boot S0 o e|ect|c
eoeat|oo |o t|e |S/ |s ooooceo b coa|eo oo.e o|aots.
Ceot|ea| oo.e o|aots ose stea etacteo o |ot oooe-
oooo oc's.
|||C||T|C|- 3|CC/Z /S|||/T|C| - ||C||CT|C| C| |||CT||C|TY
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 44 |
|eoe.ab|e eoe o|aots o b|oass-oe||eo oo.e o|aots a
be oe||eo b .aste o soa caoe, oo|c|oa| so||o .aste, |aoo||
et|aoe, o ot|e os o b|oass.
|o |oteateo stee| |||s, b|ast ooace e|aost as |s a |o.-cost,
a|t|oo| |o.-eoe-oeos|t oe|.
\aste |eat o |ooost|a| oocesses |s occas|ooa|| cooceo-
tateo eooo| to ose o oo.e eoeat|oo, osoa|| |o a stea
bo||e aoo tob|oe.
So|a t|ea| e|ect|c o|aots ose soo|||t to bo|| .ate, .||c| toos
t|e eoeato.

By prime mover
Stea tob|oe o|aots ose t|e ooa|c oessoe eoeateo b eoaoo-
|o stea to too t|e b|aoes o a tob|oe. /|ost a|| |ae ooo-|oo
o|aots ose t||s sste. /boot 80 o a|| e|ect|c oo.e ooooceo |o
t|e .o|o |s baseo oo t|e ose o stea tob|oes.
Cas tob|oe o|aots ose t|e ooa|c oessoe o o.|o ases (a|
aoo cobost|oo oooocts) to o|ect| ooeate t|e tob|oe. |atoa|-
as oe||eo (aoo o|| oe|eo) cobost|oo tob|oe o|aots cao stat ao-
|o| aoo t|e ae |eoce oseo to sooo| oea' eoe oo|o oe|oos
o ||| oeaoo, t|oo| at a |||e cost t|ao base-|oaoeo o|aots.
T|ese a be cooaat|ve| sa|| oo|ts, aoo soet|es coo|ete|
ooaooeo, be|o eote| ooeateo. T||s toe .as o|ooeeeo b t|e
||, ||oceto.oj6] be|o t|e .o|o's st, co|ss|ooeo |o +`S`.
Cob|oeo cc|e o|aots |ave bot| a as tob|oe eo b oatoa| as,
aoo a stea bo||e aoo tob|oe .||c| ose t|e |ot e|aost as o
t|e as tob|oe, to ooooce e|ect|c|t. T||s eat| |oceases t|e ove-
a|| ec|eoc o t|e o|aot, ao oe. base|oao oo.e o|aots ae co-
b|oeo cc|e o|aots eo b oatoa| as.
|oteoa| cobost|oo ec|oocat|o eo|oes ae oseo to oov|oe oo.e
o |so|ateo cooo|t|es aoo ae eooeot| oseo o sa|| coeo-
eat|oo o|aots. oso|ta|s, oce bo||o|os, |ooost|a| o|aots, aoo ot|e
c|t|ca| ac|||t|es a|so ose t|e to oov|oe bac'oo oo.e |o case o a
oo.e ootae. T|ese ae osoa|| oe||eo b o|ese| o||, |eav o||, oatoa|
as aoo |aoo|| as.
||cotob|oes, st|||o eo|oe aoo |oteoa| cobost|oo ec|oocat|o
eo|oes, ae |o.-cost so|ot|oos o os|o ooootoo|t oe|s, soc| as
|aoo|| as, o|este as o .ate teateot o|aots aoo .aste as
o o|| ooooct|oo.
5- Hydroelectricity Energy option
|ebaooo |as |ao o ao eas ao a state|ca| o|ao to bo||o |as to
ooooce |ooe|ect|c|t. |ooooo|o a esevo| o .ate, aoo e|eas|o
|t t|oo| ooe o oe .ate tob|oes coooecteo to eoeatos, aoo
|eoce be ab|e to eoeate e|ect|c|t, o t|e eoe oov|oeo b o|-
eeoce |o .ate |eve| oostea aoo oo.ostea.
/ oooeo-stoae |ooe|ect|c oo.e o|aot |s a oet coosoe o
eoe bot oeceases t|e o|ce o e|ect|c|t. \ate |s oooeo to a
||| esevo| .|eo t|e oeaoo, aoo o|ce, o e|ect|c|t |s |o.. |o|o
|oos o oea' oeaoo, .|eo t|e o|ce o e|ect|c|t |s |||, t|e stoeo
.ate |s e|easeo t|oo| tob|oes to ooooce e|ect|ca| oo.e.
||eeot |ocat|oos |o |ebaooo coo|o be |||| ecoeooeo o soc|
aoo||cat|oos , soc| as C|aboo| |a .||c| coo|o ooooce aoooo 80
|\ o ||ect|c|t , C/\/| |/| at aooe| aea ( |a| |ba||)
.||c| coo|o ooooce ove S0 |\ o c|eao e|ect|ca| oo.e ..
5ummary
T|e so|ot|oo o oo e|ect|c|t oob|e ost eeo t|e secto's va|-
oos oob|es t|oo| a c|ea| |a|o-oot state, stat|o .|t| eoeat-
|o aoo|t|ooa| caoac|t to cove ao e|st|o sooo| ao t|at |as oeces-
s|tateo oa|oo| at|oo|o. T|eo, .e |ave to oo oot a ea||st|c oeo|ct|oo
o otoe oeaoo (|oc|oo|o t|e eseve a|o eoo|eeot), eo|oe
ooss|b|||t|es o ceat|o cooet|t|oo, aoo aooess 'e oecess|t|es soc|
as e|ooc|o aoo e|ab|||tat|o t|e taos|ss|oo aoo o|st|bot|oo |o-
astoctoe. / soec|a| ocos ost be o|aceo oo ooeo|z|o ete|o
sstes, |o ooe to eo|aoce ec|eoc o coosoot|oo aoo eooce
bot| coec|a| aoo tec|o|ca| |osses.
/|| o t|ese oa|s .||| be eas|e to eac| | t|e o|vate secto o|as ao
act|ve o|e, aoo o oo. at |east, t|ee sees to be a boao cooseo-
sos o t|e ose o oob||c-o|vate oatoes||os (|||s), o |ooeoeooeot
oo.e ooooces (|||s) |o co||aboat|oo .|t| t|e |o|st. T||s .oo|o
acce|eate t|e oocess o |osta|||o oe. eoeat|o caoac|t, bot a stab|e
aoo oeo|ctab|e eo|ato ae.o' |s oeeoeo o t|e o|vate secto
to ,o|o |o t||s eot. T||s .oo|o a|so be esseot|a| to oov|oe coot to
|eooes, t|eeb eooc|o t|e cost o boo.|o.
| be||eve |ebaooo s|oo|o o eeo oc| aste t|ao o|aooeo. T|e |oea|
ceoteo|ece .oo|o be a o||-sca|e a|teoat|ve eoe o|ao t|at oootes
oe. ooo-oss|| oe| esoec|a|| so|a o e|ect|c|t eoeat|oo |o o-
oe to oeoae |ebaooo o e|ooa| so|a taoe .|t| t|e oeve|ooeot
o t|e |eo|teaoeao So|a |oa b 20+S-2S.
3o||o|o eoe.ab|e eoe o|aots, so|a co||ectos, .|oo as, b|oass
ac|||t|es, etc. |s oot s|o|e, bot |veo t|e aovaotaes at sta'e |o tes o
t|e eov|ooeot, oo eoe |, aoo ta|s, .e s|oo|o be o|aoo|o o
soc| sooces to accooot o +S-20 oeceot o oo eoeat|o caoac|t.
|o o|scoss|oo o |ebaooo's oo.e secto be coo|ete .|t|oot aooess-
|o t|e t|oo |ssoe o ates. /ccoo|o|, t|e oe. o|ao's o|c|o oo||c |s
a aooa| taos|t|oo to a ta| e|e t|at oov|oes ecooo|c ec|eoc
aoo oaoc|a| v|ab|||t .|||e aooess|o eoo|t aoo soc|a| asoects (esoec|a||
oovet a||ev|at|oo). |o t|e s|ot te (ooe-t|ee eas), t|e ob,ect|ve
.oo|o be to ac||eve oaoc|a| v|ab|||t aoo e|||oate ooeat|o sobs|o|es,
.|||e t|e taos|t|oo to ecooo|c o|c|o .oo|o be ac||eveo ove t|e e-
o|o te (ve eas), eoab||o ||| to eoeate t|e esooces to eet
aboot 30 oeceot o |ts |ovesteot eoo|eeots.
T|e e|ect|c|t oo||c s|oo|o |oo' |oto oov|o|o oc| |o.e ta|s t|ao
t|ose coeot| c|aeo. To oot t||s ob,ect|ve |o oesoect|ve, 'eeo |o |oo
t|at |ebaooo |s est|ateo to |ave t|e |||est o secooo-|||est oo.e
ates |o t|e e|oo. /o,ost|o t|e eoe | |oc|oo|o toe o oe|, t|e
ose o sooo| esooces, aoo coss-booe coooect|oos .oo|o be ooe
.a to b|o o|ces oo.o. /t t|e sae t|e, ta|s s|oo|o be coot|oo-
oos| ev|e.eo, |o ||oe .|t| ooeat|ooa| ec|eoc |ooveeots a|eo at
esto|o ooa||t o sev|ce, as ao |oceot|ve to bot| ||| aoo coosoes.
T|e best so|ot|oo |s to ooote as ao|o| as ooss|b|e eoe.ab|e
eoe ose |o |oose|o|os aoo |ooost|a| oe|ses, .|t| eo|as|s oo
'Ceeo 3o||o|o' aoo '|oe |c|eoc' staooaos, |o co||aboat|oo
.|t| cooceoeo |ost|tot|oos.
S||||||||T
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 45
|ost oeoo|e .oo|o aee t|at a eeo bo||o|o ost be ao eoe e-
c|eot bo||o|o. 3ot oot eveooe aees oo |o. to oeoe aoo easoe
ec|eoc. T||s a oot be aooaeot aoo t|ao's to t|e ao ot|e e|e-
eots, eatoes aoo cateo|es o eeo bo||o|o. T||s at|c|e oesc|bes
t|e cooteot o a bo||o|o at|o sste (.|t| eoe ec|eoc as a|o
e|eeot) aoo |o. to aooot t|e oot|a| Seooeoce aoooac| |o o||o.-
|o ecoeooat|oos to |oove t|e eoe coosoot|oo o bo||o|os.
|o aoo|t|oo to |ts |ootaoce aoo oooo|a|t, eoe ec|eoc |as a
|oe o|e |o eeo bo||o|o. |t |s coos|oeeo b t|e eeo oes|oe,
eeo cootacto aoo eeo ooeato. /|| t|e at|o sstes ocos oo
t|e eoe ec|eoc, aoo soet|es .|t| o|eeot .e||t. ||o|o
eoo|eeots va bet.eeo ooe sste aoo aoot|e. \|et|e |t |s a
vo|oota staooao o a aooato cooe, t|e eoe ec|eoc |s c|ea|
oeoeo a|oo .|t| ot|e eov|ooeota| oeeab|e coostoct|oo, oes|o
aoo sstes. o.eve, oooe o t|e a,o eeo cet|cat|oo ooas
coeot| eoo|e bo||o|os to eet a set o coe eeo eoo|eeots
beooo cooe. |osteao, t|e a||o. bo||oes t|e e|b|||t to eet t|e
eeo t|es|o|o b accoo|at|o a |o|o oobe o oo|ots o
t|e eoe ec|eoc cateo. Cooseooeot|, ac||ev|o cet|cat|oo as
a eeo bo||o|o ooes oot oecessa|| |ave to |ovo|ve eoe-ec|eot
oes|o, coostoct|oo, o ooeat|oo.
|o ooobt, t|e eoe o|ces oecast a |se o t|e oeseeab|e otoe,
|t o|o aoo .||| coot|ooe to |se. \|eo |t |s +00 |.S. |o||as a bae|,
oecasts ae eac||o ove |oooeo aoo t. |ovestos |o oeve|oo|o
o ooc|as|o eeo oooet|es, aoo .|eo oooestaoo|o t|e sco|o
aoo et|ooo|o oooe||o a at|o sste, |ovestos |o oeve|oo|o
o ooc|as|o eeo oooet|es ocos oo t|e eoe ec|eoc o soc|
cet|eo eeo oooet. 3ot a|so, t|e ae a.ae o ot|e cateo|es,
.|t| |oceas|o |oteest, |o eov|ooeota|| esooos|b|e eeo bo||o|os.
|t t|eo a be c|t|ca| to oo t|at soc| bo||o|os ae eoe ec|eot,
t|oo| |t |s oteo assoeo.
C coose, t||s |s oot a|.as t|e case, becaose a bo||o|o cao a|o eeo
cet|cat|oo baseo oo eov|ooeota| actos, ot|e t|ao eoe e-
c|eoc. / bo||o|o cet|eo as eeo a actoa|| oot be ao oe eo-
e ec|eot t|ao a to|ca|, ooo-eeo bo||o|o.
|t |s t|eo |ootaot o .|eo coos|oe|o eeo att|botes o a ooteot|a|
|ovesteot oooet, eoe ec|eoc s|oo|o coe st as |t |s t|e
cooe stooe o a oooet's eeo at|o.
T|e eoe-ec|eot oes|o state|es eocooass a .|oe aoe o ta-
o|t|ooa| bo||o|o coostoct|oo e|eeots, |oc|oo|o bo||o|o eove|ooe oe-
s|o, ec|ao|ca| sstes, V/C, |||t|o, cooto|s sstes, aoo so oo.
Ceeo oes|o booets ost ta'e cae oot to sac|ce t|ese oooaeo-
ta|s, |o ooe to accoooate |eao||oe-abb|o 'eeo tec|oo|o|es'
t|at a |ave a oc| sa||e |oact oo ovea|| eoe oeoaoce.
|o eao|e, a oo,ect a soeoo eeo ooos oo a e. so|a oaoe|s at
t|e eoeose o bette .|ooo. |az|o, .||c| |e|os a eate eoe
sav|os aoo oo||ot|oo oeveot|oo.
/oot|e cooceo o |ovestos |o t|e a'et o eoe-ec|eot ea|
estate |s t|e o.|o assoot|oo t|at a bo||o|o oes|oeo aoo oo-
e|eo to eceeo eoe cooes b 30 oeceot .||| ac||eve a oaa||e| 30
oeceot |ooveeot |o eoe oeoaoce. 3o||o|o eoe cooe,
|o.eve, |s oot a oeoaoce et|c o actoa| eoe ose, oo |s |t a
ooo oo o otoe eoe oeoaoce.
Stoo|es coooocteo b va|oos bo||o|os |ost|totes |ave s|o.o t|at e-
ceeo|o bo||o|o cooes |s oot a oaaotee o otoe eoe oeoaoce.
/ oe eect|ve .a to oes|o o eoe ec|eoc |s to set ao eoe
taet oe|veo o actoa| bo||o|o oeoaoce oata aoo |et t|at taet
|oo ooe||o eec|ses aoo oes|o c|o|ces. Coeat|o a bo||o|o |s
aoot|e |ssoe. \as |o .||c| a bo||o|o |s ooeateo ae oteo eate
oete|oaots o eoe ec|eoc. | a bo||o|o's eoe-ec|eot oes|o
e||es oo ooeat|o ooceooes t|at ae oot o||o.eo b |ts ooeatos,
t|e oes|o |oteot |s |ost. |o eao|e, t|e eoe coosoot|oo eo-
eseots 30 oeceot o a to|ca| coec|a| oce bo||o|o's ooeat|o
costs, a'|o |t t|e s|o|e |aest cooto||ab|e cost o ooeat|oos, so
|ooveo eoe ec|eoc |as a o|ect aoo sobstaot|a| oabac' o |o-
vestos. /oot|e eao|e, a 30 oeceot eooct|oo |o eoe ose (co-
oo| ac||evab|e |o t|e aveae coec|a| oce bo||o|o) cao |e|o
t|e eoo|va|eot o a S oeceot |ocease |o |et Coeat|o |ocoe (|C|)
aoo ovea|| asset va|oe.
Cooseooeot|, ooe o t|e stooest se|||o oo|ots o eeo coostoc-
t|oo |s eooceo ooeat|o costs o |oceaseo eoe ec|eoc. |o act,
oc| o t|e 'bos|oess case' o eeo bo||o|os |s ooooeo oo t|e as-
soot|oo t|at a cet|eo eeo bo||o|o .||| be oe eoe ec|eot
t|ao a cooveot|ooa| bo||o|o.
|ootooate|, |t |s ooss|b|e oooe soe at|o sstes to ac||eve a eeo
at|o .|t|oot actoa|| ac||ev|o eao|oo| eoe ec|eoc|es. /s a eso|t,
soe oooet o.oes ae oo. oo|o t|at t|e| eeo bo||o|os ae acto-
a|| |ess eoe ec|eot t|ao ao cooveot|ooa| bo||o|os.
|oe |c|eoc |o 3o||o|os.
A 5equence Approach
SAMIR R. 1RABOULSI PHD.,
LNGINLLR
S||||||||T
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 46 |
eoce t|e oeeo o oe a.aeoess caoa|os eo|as|z|o t|at
t|e eoe ec|eoc |s t|e c|eaoest a|teoat|ve to eet|o |oceas-
|o |oaos, t|e eov|ooeota| beoets, t|e coosoe oeaoo o eo-
e ec|eoc aoo oo|o oot | |o t|e oocess to |ave zeo eoe
bo||o|os, t|e oocess o oot||z|o t|e eoe ec|eoc |s s|o|e.
T|e e|steoce o /oo||aoce (V/C) Staooaos, 3o||o|o Staooaos
aoo ||| |c|eoc |oas .||| cooot|bote to eooc|o t|e aoooa|
e|ect|c|t ose |o |ebaooo.
T|e eas eoe ec|eoc easoes aoeove aoooo |||t|o, ao-
o||aoces, V/C, Coosoe Coteac| aoo ot|e eeo bo||o|os stao-
oaos. /te se|ect|o ao eoe|eoceo aoo |ooovat|ve oes|o tea aoo
|oeot||o t|e oeoaoce aoo ot|e ooaot|ab|e oa|s os|o ao |ote-
ateo oes|o aoooac|, |ovo|v|o o.oes, co|ss|oo|o aeots, aoo
a|| oes|o o|sc|o||oes as .e|| as eoo-oses eoe ooe||o to oot||ze
eoe .||| be oooe. ||aos o oeveot|ve a|oteoaoce, ta|o|o ac|||t
ooeatos aoo occooaots .||| be oeoaeo.
Tec|o|ca| ecoeooat|oos .||| aoe o oot||z|o oa |||t|o
to t|e o|| ooss|b|e eteot, coo|o .|t| t|e bo||o|o o|eotat|oo,
o|otoce|| cooto|s .|t| o|ab|e ba||asts, eooc|o t|e |||t|o,
coo||o aoo |eat|o |oaos os|o |ass .|t| |oteot o ose o oa
|||t o o v|e., e|c|eot |||t|o oes|o aoo oe|oeo |||t|o oo.e
|oteos|t .atts/2, se|ect|o toe o |||t|o |toes, ava||ab|||t
o occooaoc seosos, aoto o||t s|ot o, oeo|cateo ootooo a|
teateot, eoe ecove sste, e|c|eot aoo t||t eove|ooe,
aoooo|ate, .e||-|osta||eo |oso|at|oo, |o. e, |o. So|a eat Ca|o
Cooooctaoce |acto, SCC, S|ao|o o Soot| aoo \est ac|o
.|ooo.s, |||t co|oeo oo, ||| e|c|eot V/C eoo|oeot .|t|
oot||zeo cooto| sste, ba|aoce .|t| a|oteoaoce cooceos aoo
eoe ec|eot aoo||aoces aoo oce eoo|oeot.
|o a to|ca| bo||o|o, t|e eoe ose o|st|bot|oo .||| be aoo |||t|o,
coo||o, soace |eat|o, .ate |eat|o aoo ot|e o|o |oaos.
So wbat ls tbe Sequenceo Approacb useo ln tbe process ot
energy ettlclency?
T|e oocess .||| be |o |oo'|o at aeas t|at eoo|e |o. cao|ta| |ovest-
eots. T|e ooaoe stats .|t| steos t|at ae |o. |o cao|ta| eoo|e-
eots, aoo beoe |ovest|o |o |oteos|ve ooaoes. too|o sstes aoo
ooao|o |||t|o. T||s st steo osoa|| eso|ts |o 8-+2 eooct|oo o
eoe eoo|eeots.
|seo| ||e o ec|ao|ca| aoo e|ect|ca| sstes cao be eteooeo b
20-30 | oooe| s|zeo aoo aoaeo.
|o a Seooeoceo /oooac|, too|o tas's cao soo|se ao ||'e eat-
|o /Coo||o at t|e sae t|e, t|eostats ca||bat|oo, sett|o o t|e
c|oc's, c|ec'|o oaoes | t|e ae ooeo o c|oseo (o | t|e ae
ooeo|o o c|os|o) aoo c|ec'|o t|e 3|S | s|o.|o o|eeot ooea-
t|ooa| sc|ee.
|||t|o ooaoe as a a,o cooooeot o eoe cost sav|o (30
o to|ca| bo||o|o eoe cost), C|| ose (as eoo||o 66 |ess eoe
t|ao |ocaooesceot aoo |ast|o +0 t|es |ooe) .||| be |e|oo| |o ooaot|-
|o t|e |ooveeots to .o' eov|ooeot aoo ooooct|v|t.
T|e eso|t o t|e Seooeoceo /oooac| .||| a||o. t|e eose o t|e
sav|os eoeateo to oset t|e cost o oe cao|ta| |oteos|ve o|aot
ooaoes aoo ot|e eeo state|es. T||s cao be s|o|ateo to sett||o a
ceo|t cao oebt, aoo t|eo t|e |oe |oao oebt. T|ee |s a eat c|aoce
t|at t|e oot o ooe t||os cost oe |o t|e |oo oo aoo .||| oot
oecessa|| |e|o t|e eov|ooeot.
T|ee .||| be ot|e aoo |ess obv|oos oact|ces t|at ||t |ave a s|o|-
caot eect oo |o.e|o t|e eoe ose. o.eve, |oo|o t|e oooe
seooeoce a eoo oo .|t| a cost| eec|se.
|oov|o t|e eoe e|c|eoc aoo ose |o ao bo||o|o |s a va||o
eas|b|e |ovesteot .|t| a cos|eo oabac' oe|oo. |oe |-
ooveeots ae eoecteo oo t|e oocess .|eo o||o.|o t|e
Seooeoce /oooac|.
References:
|oe |c|eot V/C |oo|oeot Staooao, |at, |C3C- |S/||-
/||||/ST, 20++
|oe |c|eoc Staooao `0.+-20+0, /e|cao Soc|et o eat|o,
|e|eat|o aoo /| Cooo|t|oo|o |o|oees, /S|/|, |oc.
Pic 2. Energy EfBcient HVAC Equipment Draft 5tandard, 2011
Pic 1. Day Lighting effect with low e glass
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 47
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N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 48 |
I. Introduction:
\ate sooo| s|otae |as becoe a se|oos oat|ooa| oob|e |o ao
e|oos .o|o.|oe, aoo |t |s st||| oooe coot|ooes eacebat|oo. T|os, oe-
aoo o .ate |as |oceaseo .|t| oooo|at|oo o.t| aoo t|e c|aoe
|o c||at|c cooo|t|oos. T||s |s .e|| ooooooceo |o a|o aoo se|a|o e-
|oos soc| as t|e ||oo|e |ast, .||c| |s t|e otost |ooeoceo e|oo b
.ate s|otae, aoo |ebaooo |s a to|ca| eao|e.
|ebaooo |s 'oo.o as t|e '.ate to.e' o t|e e|oo, |o.eve, t|e
statos ooo ooes oot eect t||s aoo t|e cooot |s st||| soe|o o
sevee .ate oec|t, aoo eceot| oeaoo o .ate |as becoe co-
c|a|. T|ee ae ao soace aoo sobsoace .ate esooces .|t||o t|e
+0+00'2 o t|e |ebaoese te|to. |a|oa|| ate aoes bet.eeo 800
to ++00, soo. coves aoooo 2000'2, oe t|ao 2000 a,o
so|os aoo +S o. |ves e|st, as .e|| as a |ae oobe o sobsoace
.ate-bea|o coooo|ts aoo aoo|eoos oc' oat|oos occo. eoce,
t|e oeseot oatoa|| ava||ab|e .ate |o |ebaooo cao oov|oe eooo|
.ate to t|e oeseot oooo|at|oo, bot |t st||| oeeo oooe aoaeeot,
.||c| caooot be o||o.eo beoe oooestaoo|o t|e |oo|o|c ae-
.o' |o t|e cooot.
|ao ooavoab|e o|s|ca| aoo aot|oooeo|c actos e|st, aoo ost
|ebaoese e|oo becae .ate-scace aoo t|e sooo||eo .ate |s oot
aoeooate to cooe eveo .|t| ooest|c oeeos. |o aoo|t|oo, .ate coo-
ta|oat|oo |as beeo |oceaseo aoo becae a cooo c|te|oo. |o t||s
esoect, |t |s oot eaeat|oo to sa t|at '|ebaooo |s a cooot oooe
.ate stess' aoo a|| obta|oeo aoa|ses, teoos aoo sceoa|os |oo|cteo
ooavoab|e |oco|o eveots, ootab| o t|e otoe oeeos o .ate.
T|ee ae sevea| stoo|es aoo eseac| oo,ects, |oc|oo|o |oo|o|ca|
aoo |ooeo|o|ca| aos to assess aoo eo|oe .ate esooces |o
|ebaooo. |ost o t|e ceo|tab|e oooocts .ee oooe beoe +`80s.
o.eve, t|e o|s|ca| aoo aot|oooeo|c oaaetes |ave beeo
c|aoeo, t|os oooat|o aoo oe. aoa|s|s to eva|oate .ate e|e be-
coe ao oeot oeeo.
Yet, cooveot|ooa| aoooac|es ae oteo oseo to eva|oate t|e e|st-
|o .ate sstes aoo t|e| cooooeots, bot t|e soccess o t|ese
aoooac|es |s oot eosoeo. |o aoo|t|oo, e||ab|e oo|to|o o .ate
o. e|e aoo stoae, .|et|e oo soace o sobsoace |s a|ost
|sseo, ootab| o t|e |ves aoo so|os o|sc|ae aoo oooo.ate
o. a|oo actoes aoo 'ast|c coooo|ts. T|eeoe, |t cao be sa|o t|at.
t|e oeseot |ooeo|o|c e|e o |ebaooo oeeos to be |ovest|ateo.
|eceot|, t|e oeve|ooeot o |eote Seos|o (|S) aoo Ceoao||c
|ooat|oo Sste (C|S) tec|o|ooes a'es |t eas|e aoo oe acces-
s|b|e |o ett|o sooo|eeota |ooat|oo oeeoeo o .ate esooces
assesseot, aoo a|ost at |ae-sca|e aea .|t| cost eect|ve.
T|ee ae sevea| soccesso| stoo|es oseo eote| seoseo to eo|oe
.ate esooces aoo t|ese |ave beeo e|steo s|oce t|e be|oo|o o
+`60s |o ao e|oos o t|e .o|o (|e|s|e, +`63, |aoc| 8 |a ||cc|a,
+`8, Ta|o, +`80, /|e| et a|., +`8+, ||-3az, +``2, Savaoe et a|., +``6,
|as, 2000, Seoe et a|., 200S aoo |oa et a|., 200).
|o |ebaooo, stoo|es os|o eote seos|o |o .ate esooces assesseot
|ave beeo stateo |o +``S .|eo t|e |eote Seos|o Ceote e|ates to
t|e |at|ooa| Coooc|| o Sc|eot|c |eseac| |as beeo estab||s|eo. T|os,
a oobe o stoo|es aoo eseac| oo,ects .ee obta|oeo. T|eeate,
t|eat|c .ate aos |ave beeo ooooceo aoo becae |ooe |ooa-
t|oo to oec|s|oo a'es |o ao oat|ooa| .ate sectos.
|o t||s esoect, ao oo|os |ave beeo |oeot|eo, |oc|oo|o. ooteot|a|
zooes to oooo.ate stoae aoo t|e e|ateo actoe aoo 'ast|c ss-
tes, .ate |oteact|oo bet.eeo soace aoo sobsoace eo|a, o.
e|es to t|e sea, .ate vo|oe oe|veo o soo. e|t (S|abao,
2003, ||a.||e et a|., 2003, S|abao et |a., 200+, 200S, 2006 aoo 200).
T|e soecto o stoo|es eteoos t|e c||at|c cooo|t|oo, .|t| a soec|a|
eo|as|s oo oec|o|tat|oo ate aoo oatteos.
T||s oaoe oeseots eao|es oo t|e obta|oeo stoo|es |o |ebaooo b
os|o soace tec|o|ooes |o .ate esooces assesseot. |t s|o.s t|e
beoet o os|o t|ese tec|o|ooes |o t|e assesseot, oo|to|o aoo
eo|o|o o .ate esooces.
II. Yools and methods:
Soace too|s |oc|ooes, |o a boao seose, sate|||te |aes aoo ae|a| o|oto-
ao|s, aoo t|e ose o t|ese tec|o|ooes |s oteo oesc|beo as 'eote
seos|o'. |eceot|, ocoses ae 'oo.o oo sate|||te |aes .||c| |ave
t|e caoab|||t to obseve |at|'s soace o a o|staoce aoo ab|e to
|oeot| ob,ect o sevea| '||oetes to sevea| ceot|etes |o s|ze.
T||s |s ca||eo 'soat|a| eso|ot|oo' .
3|ac' aoo \||te aea|| o|otoao|s .ee ot|||zeo |o |ebaooo s|oce t|e
+`S0s ate .||c| toooao||ca oo eo|o|c aos .ee oooe to t|e
eot|e cooot. S|oce t|eo, ose o aea|| o|otos |o |ebooo becae ||-
|teo, ootab| t|e co|o ae|a| o|otos.
Yet, t|e ose o sate|||te |aes ooveo |ts e||ab|o||t s|oce t|e ae oo-
ooceo |o |||ta| os t|os eoab|e |ovest|at|o t|e oot|ca| aoo soecta|
s|oatoes oo |ae. T|e aovaotaes o os|o o sate|||te |aes cao be
soa|zeo as o||o.s.
+. S|ot ev|s|t-t|e. sate|||te |aes cao be acoo|eo .|t| s|ot t|e
ooat|oo. T|os, soe |aes ae et|eveo .|t||o a cooo|e o oas aoo
soe ot|e t.|ce oe oa ||'e |C||S sate|||te (||. +).
2. |ae soec|a| coveae. ost sate|||tes cove |oooeos o '||oetes,
.||c| |s oesc|beo as 'S.at| \|ot|'. |o eao|e, t|e s.at| .|ot| o
||C|CS |aes |s ++ ++', .|||e t|e s.at| .|ot| o |aoosat |aes
|s +83 +83'.
3. Cost eect|ve aoo t|e cooso|o. | cooaeo .|t| ot|e too|s to
Using 5pace Yechniques
to Stoo \ate |esooces |o |ebaooo
DR. AMINL SHABAN
S||||||||T
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 49
stoo |at|'s soace, sate|||te |aes ae e|at|ve| c|eao. |o eao|e,
eac| sceoe (seoaate |ae) o /ST|| |ess t|ao ooe |oooeo |S oo|-
|as. |o aoo|t|oo, t|e soec|a| coveae o sate|||te |aes ac|||tates stoo-
|o |ae aea .|t||o a s|ot t|e.
+. Caoab|||t o |oeot|cat|oo. sate|||te |aes ae caoab|e to |oeot| tea|o
eatoes, .||c| ae o|co|t to be obseveo o|ect| oo tea|o soace.
Tab|e + s|o.s t|e cooo oseo sate|||e |aes aoo t|e| a,o tec|o|-
ca| aoo oot|ca| soec|cat|oos. |o t||s eaos, t|e se|ect|oo o sate|||te
|ae toe oeoeoos a|o| oo t|e oooose aoo soat|a| aea o t|e
stoo. o.eve, a oobe o sat||||te |aes ae eteoos b soace
aeoc|es o ee, soc| as t|ose b |/S/ (|at|ooa| /eooaot|cs aoo
Soace /o|o|stat|oo), |S/ (|oooeao Saoce /eoc), CS/ (Caoao|ao
Soace /eoc) aoo // (aoao /eosoace |o|oat|oo /eoc) aoo
(|C//) t|e |at|ooa| Cceao aoo /toso|e|c
/ccoo|o|, t|e oocess|o o sate|||te |aes cao be obta|oeo |o
soe |ostaoce o|ect| b v|soa| |oteoetat|oo oeoeoo|o oo caoab||-
|t aoo t|e s'||| o |ovest|ato, |o.eve, aotoateo aoa|s|s |s ost
cooo aoo t|e |aes ae oocesseo os|o soec|a| sot.ae toes.
T|e 'oo.o oseo sot.aes ae |||/S |a|oe, ||V|, |C|, .||c|
|ave t|e aovaotaes to aoo| a oobe o oot|ca| aoo o||ta| aoo||ca-
t|oos oo t|e |aes. T|e ost 'oo.o aoo||cat|oos ae eoe oetec-
t|oo, eo|aoceeot, |oteact|ve stetc||o, co|o|o s||c|o, o|ect|ooa|
|te|o, aoo s|aooess (||. 2). |o aoo|t|oo, s|o|e baoo aoo o|t|-baoo
eo|aoceeot cao be ca|eo oot b |otee|at|o oe t|ao ooe baoo
as ooe set. |oeove, t|ea| |oteoetat|oo o t|e t|ea| baoos
cao be oooeta'eo.
|soa||, o||ta| |ae oata ae sob,ecteo o|a|| to oe-oocess|o
o|ase. T||s |oc|ooes atoso|e|c coect|oo o ooa||zat|oo, |ae
e|stat|oo, eoet|c coect|oo, as'|o eo-eeeoc|o. T|ese oo-
cesses ae aoo||eo to |ocease t|e accoac aoo |oteoetab|||t o t|e
o||ta| oata oo|o t|e |ae oocess|o o|ase.
III. Applications:
/s eot|ooeo oev|oos|, t|ee ae sevea| stoo|es aoo||eo |o |ebaooo
os|o soace tec|o|ooes to assess .ate esooces. T|ese stoo|es .ee
obta|oeo e|t|e |o t|e ae.o' o eseac| oo,ect o sc|eot|c e-
seac|. |o t||s oaoe, ve eao|es .||| be |||ostateo to s|o. t|e a,o
e|eeots o aoo||cat|oo as o||o.s.
1. Groundwater 5torage and Facture 5ystems:
|oeot|cat|oo o eo|o|c actoes |oc|oo|o ao|t a||oeots aoo s-
soes |s a a,o c|oe |o .ate stoo|es. T|e |ave a ea|t|oos||o .|t|
.ate o. e|e aoo oooo.ate stoae. Co sate|||te |aes, ac-
toes ae oteo aooea as ||oea s|oatoes, t|os t|e eo|o|c-e|ateo
||oeas ae oesc|beo as ' ||oeaeots'. T|e cao be .e|| |oeot|eo b
Sate|||te 8ands # Spat|a| reso|ut|on ke-v|s|t t|me Swath w|dth
looJsot 7 1M 7 13, 30 , 120 m 16 days 183 x 183 km
5pot 4 2.3, 3m 26 days 60 x 60 km
A51k 14 13, 30, 90m 16 days 60 x 60 km
MOul5 36 230, 1,4, 9km 2 Llmes/day 2030 x 1334 km
lkONO5 3 0.82m 3 days 11.3 x 11.3 km
Oolck 8ltJ 3 0.61m 1-3.3 days 16.3 x 16.3 km

Fig.1: MOD|S-Aqua satelllte.
Yable1: Tbe common useo satellltes
ano tbelr speclcatlons.
Fig. 2: Appllcatlon on lnteractlve
stretcblng ln lmage processlng tor tbe
same area near Ll-Qlayaat Alrport
(Nortb Lebanon).
Table1
Flg. 2
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 50 |
oocess|o sate|||te |aes, ootab| t|e |aoosat |T|= aoo /ST||
ooes. |o t||s stoo, t|ese |aes .ee sob,ecteo to sevea| o||ta| ao-
vaotaes os|o ||V|-+.3 sot.ae. T|e ost cooo oseo aovaotaes
to oetect 'eoe' eatoes (e.. ||oeas oo sate|||te |ae) ae. eo|aoce-
eot, stetc||o, co|oo|o, s||c|o, o|ect|ooa| |te|o, aoo s|aooess. |o
aoo|t|oo s|o|e baoo aoo o|t|-baoo eo|aoceeot .ee ca|eo oot b
|otee|at|o eac| t|ee baoos as ooe set.
/ccoo|o|, t|e t|ea| |oteoetat|oo o t|e t|ea| baoos .as
oooeta'eo. T|e ae. baoo 6 (60 eso|ot|oo) |o |aoosat |T|= aoo
baoos +0-++ (`0 eso|ot|oo) |o /ST|| |aes. T|e eso|t|o ||oea-
eot aos (eao|e |o ||. 3) s|o. oo| to t|e eo|o|c-e|ateo ||oea
eatoes, .||c| .ee ve|eo |o t|e e|o.
Cooseooeot|, t|e |oeot|eo actoes aoo t|e| oo|oet|c c|aac-
tes .ee |otee|ateo .|t| t|e oo boe|o|es to ecoo|ze ao e|st|o
e|at|oos||o bet.eeo bot| (||. +). |t .as oooo t|at ost ooteot|a|
.e||s .|t| ||| ooooct|v|t ae |ocateo .|t| oo||t o |ess t|ao
'||oete o ao|t a||oeots (S|abao, et a|., 200).
2. Mapping Recharge Potential Zones:
T|ese zooes eoeseot t|e tea|o soaces, .||c| |ave ooteot|a| ooo-
et to a||o. soace .ate oeco|at|o oo.o.aos t|oo| oc's aoo
so||. eoce, t|e soaces .|t| ||| ec|ae ooteot|a| ae coos|oeeo as
t|e st eo|a to oooo.ate stoae aoo o.. T|e o|e o ||oeaeots
(actoe sstes as eot|ooeo |o t|e oev|oos sect|oo) |s esseot|a|
|o t||s |ooeo|o|c o|eooeooo, bot |t ost be |oteateo .|t| a
oobe o ot|e actos.
T|e a,o actos aect|o t|e ec|ae oooet ae t|e a|oa||, ||oea-
eots, |aoo cove/ose, ||t|o|o, oa|oae aoo s|ooe, bot eac| at soec|c
.e||t o eect (||.S). o.eve, ost o t|ese actos coo|o be |oeot|-
eo o eote seos|o aoo||cat|oo, soe coo|ete| cao be oooe
(|.e. actoes sstes, |aoo cove/ose) aoo soe ot|e coo|o be oa-
t|a|| obta|oeo o (|.e. ||t|o|o). Cooseooeot|, t|ese actos .oo|o
be o||ta|| ooooceo |o ao os aoo t|eo eac| ooe coos|oeeo as
a t|eat|c |ae. T|e |oteat|oo o t|ese aos toet|e |o t|e C|S
sste, os|o /c V|e. sot.ae, .oo|o ooooce a oo|ooe ao s|o.|o
a oobe o oo|oos |oo|cat|o soec|c ec|ae ooteot|a| zooe .|t|
o|eeot |eve|, stat|o o ve |o. to ve ||| ooteot|a||t.
|eso|ts s|o. t|at aooo|ate| S o t|e |ebaoese te|to |s c|a-
acte|zeo b ||| to ve ||| ec|ae ooteot|a|. T|e ost eect|ve
ec|ae ooteot|a| zooes .ee oooo |o e|oos .|ee |ao, actoeo
aoo 'ast|eo ||estooe aoo oo|o|te, o t|e oass|c aoo Ceooao|ao
oc' oat|oos, e|st.
3. Groundwater Discharge into the 5ea:
Coooo.ate o|sc|ae |oto t|e sea |s a cooo |oo|o|c o|eoo-
eooo |o sevea| coasta| e|oos .o|o.|oe. T|e a|t|e e|oo a|oo
t|e easteo |eo|teaoeao Sea |s to|ca| aea. Ceoea||, oooo.ate
o |aoo teoos to ove to t|e sea | ooe o oo cooo|t|oos e|sts
(S|abao, et a|. 200S). T|ese ae.
- |ao|t sste t|at soaos o |aoo |oto t|e sea,
- /cote o|o o beoo|o o|aoes,
- |ast|c coooo|t c|aooe|s to t|e sea oo,
- ||ssoeo oc's t|at coost|tote coasta| aoo|e.
\|eo oooo.ate o|sc|aes oo t|e coast, |eoce t|e ca||eo ||ttoa|
so|os, .|||e, t|e oesc|beo as os|oe so|os .|eo t|e e|st at a
aoe |oto t|e sea. T|e |atte |s att|boteo to ao|ts aoo 'ast|c coooo|ts,
.||c| eteoo o |aoo aoo te|oate |o t|e sea oo (|e ||eo, +```).
3ot| toes o so|os e|st a|oo t|e |ebaoese coast.
|o |ebaooo, a t|ea| a|booe sove .as ca|eo oot b t|e C||S
|o +`` to |oeot| t|e |ocat|oo o oooo.ate o|sc|aes. T|os, t|e
so-ca||eo t|ea| aooa||es (o|eeoce bet.eeo sea.ate aoo t|e
coo|e es|.ate) .ee oetecteo. T|e eso|teo o|a|| as 3|ac' aoo
\||te |ao|oet|c |aes (||. 6). T|ese aooa||es .ee ve|eo |o t|e
e|o. |o aoo|t|oo, sate|||te |aes .ee a|so oseo to oetect t|e t|ea|
aooa||es as .e|| as to |oeot| t|e eo|o|c cooto|s t|at |e|o oe|v|o
.ate o |aoo |oto t|e a|oe eov|ooeot, |eoce, t|ea| baoos |o
|aoosat |T| aoo /ST|| |aes .ee ot|||zeo.
|eso|ts o t||s sove s|o.eo t|e e|steoce o aoooo 60 oooo.ate
Fig. 3: Fracture systems wltb oltterent aspects ano scale as oetecteo on
ASTLR lmages.
Fig. 4: Water wells proouctlvlty ano tbelr olstance to tracture systems.
Fig. 5: Tbe lntegrateo tactors ln tbe G|S system to lnouce tbe recbarge
potentlal map.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 51
5. Monitoring Precipitation and Rivers Discharge:
\ate o.s o |ves to t|e sea (o|oes) |s a cooo o|eoo-
eooo a|oo t|e |ebaoese coasta| zooe. T|e |oo-|o|c be|av|o
o t|ese o|oes o|es o ooe |ve to aoot|e oeoeoo|o oo
a|oa|| ate aoo |oteos|t, as .e|| as |t |s |ooeoceo b t|e |oo|o|c
c|aacte|st|cs o |ve bas|o. |o ooe to |ovest|ate t|e oec|o|tat|oo
e|e |o a oa|oae bas|o vesos t|e o. |oto t|e sea, seooeo-
t|a| oata s|oo|o be ava||ab|e. |eote| seoseo oata cao o||| t||s
scooe, t|os |t coo|o oov|oe c||at|c aoo |oo|o|c oata o t|e
sae catc|eot. T|e obta|oeo stoo a|eo to ceate a cooaat|ve
aoa|s|s bet.eeo t|e be|av|o o .ate |ooot |o t|e catc|eots aoo
t|e ootoot o |ves |o t|e |ebaoese coasta| zooe, os|o eote
seos|o oata.
|o t||s oooose, T||| (Too|ca| |a|oa|| |aoo|o ||ss|oo) oata t|at
eteooeo b |/S/ aoo |C||S sate|||te |aes .ee aoa|zeo. eoce,
a|oa|| oata o T||| .as cooaeo .|t| t|e aea| eteot o .a-
te o|oes o |ves. T||s eoab|eo estab||s||o |oteoo|at|oo bet.eeo
.ate |ooot/ootoot o eac| |ve bas|o. |o aoo|t|oo, t|e |a t|e aoo
es|oeoce t|e o o|oes |oto t|e sea coo|o be easoeo aoo co-
oaeo bet.eeo t|e |sso|o |ves (eao|e |o ||. `). T|e etacteo oata
o eote seos|o .as cooaeo .|t| tea|o easoes, s|o.|o |ts
e||ab|||t aoo accooaoce. T|e oseo aoooac| ooveo to be ceo|tab|e,
ooo-|ovas|ve aoo cost-eect|ve aoo cao be aoo||eo at o|eeot t|es oo
t|e |ebaoese coasta| |ves, esoec|a|| |o a t|e, c||at|c aoo |oo|o|c
oata |s oot ava||ab|e (S|abao et a|., 200`).
IV. Conclusion:
\ate esooces |o |ebaooo |s ava||ab|e aoo oo|te eooo| to cooe .|t|
|oao oeaoos. o.eve, t|ese esooces ae sob,ecteo to coot|oooos
e|aost|o s|oce t|e |ast e. oecaoes aoo ae oo. beco|o se|oos|
t|eateoeo. |o aoo|t|oo to t|e 'oo.o c|a||eoes |o ao e|oos o t|e
.o|o, |.e., oooo|at|oo o.t| aoo c||ate c|aoe, t|ee ae a oobe o
oeat|ve act|oos t|at eso|t|o oob|es o .ate ooa||t aoo ooaot|t |o
|ebaooo, oae|. ooa||t oete|oat|oo, oec||oe |o o|sc|ae o so|os,
.ate tab|e oa.oo.o, oooo.ate o|sc|ae oecease, o. to t|e sea,
sa|t.ate |otos|oo, |saoaeeot aoo oata |ac'|o.
T|e coot|oo|t .|t| t||s statos |o .ate secto .||| ceate sevee coo-
o|t|oos |o t|e oet e. oecaoes, aoo t|os |eo|ate |o|eeots o
aoaotat|oo aoo .ate ootect|oo ost be ta'eo. |o t||s esoect, soace
tec|o|ooes cao |e|o assess|o .ate esooces aoo t|e| aoaeeot.
T|ese too|s |oc|ooe etact|oo o oata aoo |ooat|oo .|t| a cooe-
|eos|ve oe, eo|o|o oe. oooo.ate esooces, as .e|| as oo|-
to|o soace oo-o oooo.ate o. e|e.
T||s oaoe |otoooceo a eoea| ||teatoe ev|e. oo t|e aoo||cat|oo o
soace too|s |o .ate secto |o |ebaooo. |t s|o.eo a oobe o eao|es
eoeseot|o t|e ot|||zat|oo o sate|||te |aes aoo a|booe soves to
|oeot| oe. aoooac|es oo .ate stoo|es. T|e eso|ts ae t|e st o
t|e| toe |o |ebaooo aoo oe. oo|os .ee e|steo to coot|bote eva|o-
at|o t|e |oo|o|c s|toat|oo |o |ebaooo. T|eeoe, |t |s ecoeooeo
to oeve|oo t|e soace tec|o|ooes to coo||e oe. aoo||cat|oo oo .ate
|oc|oo|o oo|to|o, eo|oat|oo aoo coosevat|oo aoooac|es.
References
/|eo |, /ooa.|s / aaz, Y (+`8+) |aoosat ooe| o oooo.ate e-
o|oat|oo |o t|e |oba |ooota|os, Sooao. /ov. Soace |es., +(++). +23-+3+
|as | (2000) C|S aoo||cat|oo |o |ooeo|o|ca| stoo|es. /va||ab|e v|a
....|soeve|ooeot.oet
||-3az | (+``2) |e|||oa obsevat|oos o eov|ooeota| oaae
ooe to t|e Co| .a. |atoa| |esooces |oo, +6(+). +-S.
||a.||e, |. S|abao, /. |a.|c|, T. 2003. Sea.ate |otos|oo |o 3e|ot
aoo t|e ooss|b|||t o |oact eooct|oo. Cooeeoce oo. Coooo.ate
aoaeeot |o Ceate 3e|ot, CC|, 3e|ot, |ecebe +`t|.
|oa |, Coo|oat| C, Sea|at|ao C (200) /oo||cat|oo o eote
seos|o aoo C|S o t|e oeacat|oo o oooo.ate ooteot|a| aeas
o a |ve bas|o |o |ea|a, soot|.est coast o |oo|a. |ot |eote Seos-
|o, 28(2+). SS83-S60+
|e ||eo, |.C., +```. Ceooo||c asoects o oooo.ate o.. oo-
eo|o oo. So|oe-Ve|a, (+), 8-`3.
|e|s|e (+`63) ooeo|o o t|e cabooate oc's o t|e |eba-
ooo Va||e, |eoos|vao|a. |eoo. Ceo|. Sov., +t| Se|es Coooo.ate
|eoot, \+, 8+o
|aoc| , |a||cc|a | (+`8) \ate .e|| |e|o e|ateo to ||oeaeots
|o cabooates aoo s|a|e o aesto.o Va||e, |a|aoo. |o |SC
(/. Ceoo|s. |o|oo Taos.). /oooa| |eet|o, ||a| 3eac|, ||a. +-
2+/+/+`8. Sòo
Savaoe |, Coze 3, C.o (+``6) |tooe catoao||ooe et stoc-
toa|e |'a|oe oes ooooes |aoosat oe |a |oo o'Co|eooe (Cte
o'|vo|e). |o |oceeo|o oo. 26t| |ot. So. oo |S o |ov|ooeot,
Vaocoove, 3C, Caoaoa, 2S-2`/3/+``6. `2-`
Seoe |, |avaz /, Czce||' | (200S) /o |oteat|oo o C|S aoo e-
ote seo|o |o oooo.ate |ovest|at|oos. / case stoo |o 3ooo,
To'e. ooeo|o oooa|, +3(S). 826-83+
S|abao, /, |aoo' ||-3az aoo ||a.||e, |., 200. T|e e|at|oo bet.eeo
.ate-.e||s ooooct|v|t aoo ||oeaeots oo|oet. Se|ecteo
zooes o |ebaooo. |oo|c oo|o. Vo|., 38(2) +8-20+.
S|abao, /. 2003. |tooe oe |'|ooo|o|e ao ||bao Ccc|oeota|. |t|||sat|oo
oe |a t|otect|oo. ||.|. o|ssetat|oo. 3ooeao + |o|ves|t. 202o.
S|abao, /. 200`. |oo|catos aoo asoects o |oo|o|ca| ooo|t |o
|ebaooo. \ate |esooces |aoaeeot oooa|. Vo|. 23. +8S-+8`+.
S|abao, /. aoo |e oo, C. 2008. |s|o |C||S |aes to c|aacte-
|ze soo. cove oo t|e |ebaoese ooota|os. Ceoo|s|ca| |eseac|
/bstacts,Vo|. +0, |C|2008-/-++6+S, 2008
S|abao, /., |aoo, C., ||a.||e, |., aoo /boa||a|, C., 200+. |eote seos|o
aoo||cat|oo to est|ate t|e vo|oe o .ate |o t|e o o soo. oo
|ooot |ebaooo. oo|o|ca| Sc|eoces oooa|, +`(+).6+3-6S3.
S|abao, /., ||a.||e, |., /boa||a|, C. 2006. |se o eote seos|o aoo
C|S to oete|oe ec|ae ooteot|a| zooes. t|e case o occ|oeota|
|ebaooo. ooeo|o oooa|. Vo|.++ (+), +33-++3.
S|abao, /., ||a.||e, |., /boa||a|, C., aoo |aoo C. 200S. Ceo|o|c coo-
to|s o soba|oe oooo.ate o|sc|ae. aoo||cat|oo o eote seos-
|o to oot| |ebaooo. |ov|ooeota| Ceo|o, +(+).S+2-S22.
S|abao, /., |ob|osoo, C., ||-3az, |. 200`. |s|o |C||S |aes aoo T|||
|ata to Coe|ate |a|oa|| |ea's aoo \ate ||sc|aes o t|e |ebaoese
Coasta| ||ves. oooa| o \ate |eseac| aoo |otect|oo, Vo| +. 22-236.
Ta|o | (+`80) |actoe taces aoo .ate .e||s. /ev|e., |eoos|vao|a
Ceo|o, ++(3). 2-+.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 52 |
o|sc|ae oot|ets a|oo t|e |ebaoese coast. T|e |e|o o t|ese oot|ets
.as est|ateo b aboot +00 ||||oo 3 oe ea, .||c| |s eooa| to t|e
o|sc|ae o t.o |ebaoese coasta| |ves (S|abao, et a|. 200`).
4. Monitoring 5now Cover Dynamic:
|ebaooo |s ooe o t|e ae cooot|es |o t|e e|oo, .||c| ece|ves aooo-
a|| |ae aooots o soo. t|at ea|o o a cooo|e o oot|s beoe |t
e|ts. T|e soo. |s coos|oeeo as t|e o|oc|oa| sooce o .ate |o |eba-
ooo s|oce |t eo|a| eeos oooo.ate aoo soace .ate esooces
a|| ea |oo. o.eve, t|e soat|a| accoo|at|oo o soo. cove ea|o
ooaooeo oot|| t|e oeve|ooeot o eote seos|o, .||c| |as s|o|-
caot coot|bot|oo |o oe||oeat|o t|e soo. cove.
T|e C||S .|t||o t|e ae.o' o eseac| oo,ects aoo||es
oo|to|o aoo ca toao| o soo. coveae oo t|e |ebaoese
ooota|os. |o t||s esoect, a oobe sate|||te |aes ae oe|oo|-
ca|| ot|||zes, esoec|a|| t|e |C||S (2S0- eso|ot|oo) sate|||te |-
aes, .||c| |ave s|o t et|eva| t|e (|.e. oa||). T|ese |aes cao
oov|oe seooeot|a| |ooat|oo oo soo. accoo|at|oo, t|os |e|o
oo|to|o t|e soo. ooa|c c|aoes, |oc|oo|o |ts coveae aoo
oeos|t o o|st|bot|oo (||. ). T||s, |o cob|oat|oo .|t| |e|o so-
ves aoo s|te easoes, eoab|eo easo|o t|e aooot o .ate
oe|veo o soo.e|t.
T|e aoo||eo et|oos to ca|co|ate .ate-soo. eoo|va|eot (o soo.-
.ate at|o S\|) oses a oobe o oaaetes (|.e. soo. aea|
coveae, oeot| aoo oeos|t). T||s |s va|oab|e |ooat|oo eoo|eo
|o ca|co|at|o accoate .ate booet |o |ebaooo. |o t||s v|e., t|e
soo.e|t oo |ooot-|ebaooo |s oooo to ooooce aboot +,+00
||||oo
3
o .ate |o t|e ea 2002, .||c| |s eoo|va|eot to aboot
+2S |o aveae.
T||s soests t|at aboot t.o t||os o t|e ec|a|o .ate |s oe|veo
o soo.a|| aoo oot o|ect| o a|o. T||s |oo|cates t|e esseot|a| o|e
t|at soo. o|as |o eo|eo|s||o t|e .ate esooces |o |ebaooo, soc| as
|ves, so|os aoo oooo.ate (S|abao, et a|., 200+).
|o aoo|t|oo, soo. cove ooa|cs cao be oseo as a ooteot|a| |oo|cato |o
assess|o c||ate c|aoe, s|oce t|e |oao |oact oo aeas coveeo b
soo. |s oteo ae. T||s |s eact| .|at |s ac||eveo, too, |o t|e eseac|
too|cs obta|oeo b C||S. eoce, oo|to|o t|e aea| coveae o
soo. aoo |ts es|oeoce, to beoe e|t|o, .as stoo|eo (||. 8).
|t .as oooo t|at t|e soo. cove oo t|e |ebaoese ooota|os |as beeo
eooceo o 2S00 '
2
to +`S0 '
2
|o t|e |ast t|ee oecaoes. T|e
es|oeoce t|e o soo. beoe e|t|o .as a|so oeceaseo becaose o
t|e |ocease |o teoeatoe (S|abao aoo |e oo, 2008).
Fig. 6 Raolometrlc lmage sbowlng tbermal.
Anomalles (oue to grounowater olscbarges) along
tbe nortbern Lebanese coast.
Fig. 8 Areal etent ot snow cover ln Lebanon ano lts resloence tlme.
Fig. 9 Lample sbowlng tbe lag ano tbe resloence tlme ot plumes ano ralntall peaks tor Abou All Rlver.
Fig. 7 MOD|S lmage sbowlng tbe snow cover.
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 53
Les rglementatlons oe Scurlt |ncenole ne traltent pas tous
les btlments oe la mme taon.
|es o|oc|oao c|tees oe c|asseeot oes bt|eots oo oo|ot oe
voe oe |eo ootect|oo v|s- v|s o'oo eo soot |es so|vaots.
- |o|o|tat|oo et |sae
- |o|saoce |'|ov|oooeeot
- aoteo oo bt|eot
|a coosooeot |es bt|eots seoot c|asss so|t se|oo |eo oes-
t|oat|oo (3t|eots o'ab|tat|oo, 3t|eots osae oe 3oeao,
|tab||sseeots |ecevaot oo |ob||c (|||), |acs oe Stat|oooeeot
Coovets, etc.), so|t se|oo |eo oaoeos|t (|osta||at|oos
C|asses) oo so|t se|oo |eo aoteo (|eob|es oe Caooe
aoteo - |C)
Les immeubles destins l'habitation
|o |aoce, |es bt|eots oe toe s|oeot|e|s soot c|asss eo
ooate a|||es se|oo |eo oobe oe o|veao et |eo access|b|||t
ao eo|os oe secoos.
|es o|oc|oes coostoct|s oo|veot esoecte oes e|es oe s|s-
taoce ao eo et |e o|oc|oe oe sco|t est |'aotooo|e
o'vacoat|oo oes occooaots
|es esca||es oo|veot te eoc|o|sooos et oseoos et |a ooo
oooaat|oo oe |'|oceoo|e oeva te |a e|e esoecte.
Les avantages
|es occooaots coooa|sseot |es |ocao
|es oobeo c|o|soooeeots |||teot |'eteos|oo o'oo |oceoo|e
Les Inconvnients
|'vacoat|oo o'est oas oao|se
|e |sooe est acco oeooaot |a o|ooe oe soe||
Se|oo |e e|eeot |aoa|s oe Sco|t Coote |'|oceoo|e, |es
bt|eots o'|ab|tat|oo soot c|asss coe so|t oo oo|ot oe voe
oe |a sco|t-|oceoo|e.
+
ee
|a|||e
2
ee
|a|||e
3
ee
|a|||e /
3
ee
|a|||e 3
+
ee
|a|||e
1 Premire famille
ab|tat|oos |oo|v|ooe||es |so|es oo ,oe|es oo tae so
ez-oe-c|aosse, ao o|os ,
ab|tat|oos |oo|v|ooe||es ez-oe-c|aosse oooes eo baooe.
Tooteo|s, soot a|eeot c|asses eo oe|ee a|||e |es |ab|-
tat|oos |oo|v|ooe||es oo tae so ez-oe-c|aosse, oooes eo
baooe, |osooe |es stoctoes oe c|aooe |ab|tat|oo coocooaot
|a stab|||t oo bt|eot soot |oooeooaotes oe ce||es oe
|'|ab|tat|oo coot|o.
2 Deuime famille
ab|tat|oos |oo|v|ooe||es |so|es oo ,oe|es oe o|os o'oo
tae so ez-oe-c|aosse ,
ab|tat|oos |oo|v|ooe||es oo tae so ez-oe-c|aosse seo|e-
eot, oooes eo baooe, |osooe |es stoctoes oe c|aooe
|ab|tat|oo coocooaot |a stab|||t oo bt|eot oe soot oas
|oooeooaotes oes stoctoes oe |'|ab|tat|oo coot|o ,
ab|tat|oos |oo|v|ooe||es oe o|os o'oo tae so ez-oe-
c|aosse oooes eo baooe ,
ab|tat|oos co||ect|ves coootaot ao o|os to|s taes so
ez-oe-c|aosse.
|oo |'aoo||cat|oo oes + et 2 c|-oessos.
Soot coos|oes coe a|soos |oo|v|ooe||es ao seos oo
oseot at |es bt|eots o'|ab|tat|oo oe coootaot oas
oe |oeeots sooeooss.
|es esca||es oes bt|eots o'|ab|tat|oo co||ect|s oe to|s
taes so ez-oe-c|aosse ooot |e o|aoc|e bas oo |oeeot
|e o|os |aot est o|os oe |o|t etes oo so| oo|veot te
eoc|o|sooos.
3 Yroisime famille:
ab|tat|oos ooot |e o|aoc|e bas oo |oeeot |e o|os |aot est
s|to v|ot-|o|t etes ao o|os ao-oessos oo so| ot||eeot
access|b|e ao eo|os oes sev|ces oe secoos et oe |otte coote
|'|oceoo|e, oa| |esooe||es oo o|st|ooe.
Trolsleme tamllle A: Habltatlons rponoant a l'ensemble oes
prescrlptlons sulvantes:
Cooote ao o|os seot taes so ez-oe-c|aosse.
Cooote oes c|co|at|oos |o|zoota|es te||es ooe |a o|staoce
eote |a oote oa||ee oe |oeeot |a o|os |o|oe et |'acces
|'esca||e so|t ao o|os a|e seot etes.
|te |o|aotes oe te||e sote oo'ao ez-oe-c|aosse |es acces
ao esca||es so|eot atte|ots oa ooe vo|e c|e||e.
Trolsleme tamllle 8: Habltatlons ne satlstalsant pas a l'une oes
conoltlons prcoentes:
Ces |ab|tat|oos oo|veot te |o|aotes oe te||e sote ooe |es
acces ao esca||es so|eot s|tos o|os oe c|oooaote etes
o'ooe vo|e oovete |a c|co|at|oo ooooaot ao caact|s-
t|ooes oe vo|e eo|os.
5curit Contre l'Incendie
(||oc|oes et Coa||ts)
ALLXANDRL RICHA
LNGINLLR
S||||||||T
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 54 |
Tooteo|s, oaos |es coooes ooot |es sev|ces oe secoos et oe
|otte coote |'|oceoo|e soot oots o'c|e||es a|eooes oe |ao-
teo sosaote, |e a|e oeot oc|oe ooe |es bt|eots c|asss
eo to|s|ee a|||e 3, s|tos oaos |e secteo o'|oteveot|oo oes-
o|tes c|e||es, oeoveot te soo|s ao seo|es oesc|ot|oos
es ooo |es bt|eots c|asss eo to|s|ee a|||e /.
|aos ce cas, |a |aoteo oo o|aoc|e bas oo |oeeot |e o|os |aot
oo bt|eot oo,et oo|t coesooooe |a |aoteo sosceot|b|e
o'te atte|ote oa |es c|e||es et c|aooe |oeeot oo|t ooovo|
te atte|ot so|t o|ecteeot, so|t oa oo oacoos s.
|e o|os, |es bt|eots coootaot o|os oe seot taes so ez-
oe-c|aosse oo|veot te oo|os oe co|oooes sec|es.
4 Quatrime famille:
ab|tat|oos ooot |e o|aoc|e bas oo |oeeot |e o|os |aot est
s|to o|os oe v|ot-|o|t etes et c|oooaote etes ao o|os
ao-oessos oo o|veao oo so| ot||eeot access|b|e ao eo|os oes
sev|ces oob||cs oe secoos et oe |otte coote |'|oceoo|e.
Ces |ab|tat|oos oo|veot te |o|aotes oe te||e sote ooe |es
acces ao esca||es oots so|eot s|tos o|os oe c|oooaote
etes o'ooe vo|e oovete |a c|co|at|oo ooooaot ao caac-
t|st|ooes o'ooe vo|e-eo|os.
|osoo'oo |eob|e oe |a ooat|ee a|||e oo|t cooteo| oes
|ocao osae aote ooe o'|ab|tat|oo, cet |eob|e oo|t te
ao oaos |a cato|e oes |eob|es oe aooe |aoteo.
Tooteo|s, |e bt|eot oeeoe eo ooat|ee a|||e |osooe |es
|ocao cooteoos ooooeot |'ooe oes cooo|t|oos so|vaotes.
+- |es |ocao aects ooe act|v|t ooess|oooe||e oot oa-
t|e oo e eoseb|e oe o|eces ooe ce||es oo se ooo|e
|a v|e a|||a|e.
2- |es |ocao aects ooe act|v|t ooess|oooe||e, oe boeao
oo coost|toaot oo tab||sseeot ecevaot oo oob||c et ooeo-
oaot o'ooe e oesoooe o|s|ooe oo oa|e.
oeot oo seo| eoseb|e oe |ocao coot|os o'ooe so-
ace oe 200 etes cas ao o|os, ooovaot accoe|||| v|ot
oesoooes ao o|os oo e o|veao.
soot |so|s oes aotes oat|es oo bt|eot oa oes oao|s
coooe-eo oe oe ooe |eoe et oes b|ocs-ootes oae-
aes oe oe ooe oe|-|eoe.
3- |es |ocao aects oes act|v|ts ooess|oooe||es, oe boeao,
oo coost|toaot oes tab||sseeots ecevaot oo oob||c oe Se
cato|e ooooeot |'eoseb|e oes cooo|t|oos so|vaotes.
|e o|aoc|e bas oo o|veao |e o|os |aot occoo oa ces
|ocao est too,oos s|to 8 etes ao o|os ao-oessos oo
o|veao oo so| et|eo access|b|e ao o|toos.
c|aooe o|veao occoo oa ces |ocao a ao o|os ooe
aaoe eo boooe o'ooe vo|e c|e||es.
ces |ocao et |eos oaeeots soot |so|s oe |a oat|e oo
bt|eot seve |'|ab|tat|oo oa oes oao|s coooe-eo
oe oe oeo |eoes saos aocooe |otecooo|cat|oo ,
|e e, |'aoaeeot o'oo tab||sseeot ecevaot oo oob-
||c oo toe | so |es oeo o|veao |es o|os |evs o'oo |eob|e
osae o'|ab|tat|oo oe o|os oe S0 etes oe |aoteo o'a oas
ooo eet oe c|asse cet |eob|e oaos |a c|asse CZ s|
|'tab||sseeot coos|o oe cooo|ooe oas o|ecteeot avec
|e este oe |'|eob|e, est oessev| oa ao o|os oeo esca||es
oots oe oeo oo|ts oe oassae et oe oeot ecevo| o|os oe
S00 oesoooes.
Protection au Feu des 5tructures des Btiments
d'Habitation

N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 55
Les tablissements Recevant du Public
|o |aoce, ces tab||sseeots soot oat|s eo c|oo cato|es
so|vaot |'eect|.
|es o|oc|oes oe sco|t soot |'aotooo|e oo oob||c oaos
|'vacoat|oo et |e coooeeot oe |'|oceoo|e oaos |a zooe s|o|s-
te. Co ve|||ea a|eeot ce ooe |a ooa||t oes at|ao ao
eao oe |eo coooteeot v|s--v|s oo eo oo oes oes
so|t esoecte eo eoce ao e|eeots.

Classement par Yypes
| Sa||es o'aoo|t|oos, oe cooeoces, oe oo|oos, oe
soectac|es oo osae o|t|o|e
| |aas|os oe veote, ceotes coec|ao
| |estaoaots et ob|ts oe bo|ssoos
C te|s et oeos|oos oe a|||e
| Sa||es oe oaose et sa||es oe ,eo
| |tab||sseeot o'eose|oeeots, co|oo|es oe vacaoces,
aobees oe ,eooesse
S 3|b||ot|eooes, ceotes oe oocoeotat|oo
T Sa||es o'eoos|t|oos
| |tab||sseeots oe so|os
V |tab||sseeots oe co|te
\ /o|o|stat|oos, baoooes, boeao
|tab||sseeots soot|s coovets
Y |ose
tablissements 5pciau
|/ |tab||sseeots oe o|e|o a|
CTS C|ao|teao, teotes et stoctoes |t|oaots et CTS
|o|aotat|oo oo|ooe oo e
SC Stoctoes ooab|es
|S |acs oe stat|oooeeot coovets
C/ te|s-estaoaots o'a|t|tooe
C/ Caes access|b|es ao oob||c
|| |tab||sseeot ottaots
||| |eoes oe ootaoe
ERP occupant
entirement le btiment
ERP occupant {*} partiel-
lement le btiment
Catgorie de
l'tablissement Rsistance au feu
S|o|e ||C |tab||sseeot oo seo| o|veao Tootes cato|es Stoctoe S| ' |
||aoc|e C| ' |
||aoc|e bas oo o|veao |e o|os
|aot s|to o|os oe 8 oo so|
||eoce oe |aoteo eote |es
o|veao etes oe |'|||
|o|eoe oo a|e 8
2ee cato|e
3ee cato|e
+ee cato|e
Stoctoe S| ' |
||aoc|e C| ' |
+ee cato|e Stoctoe S| + |
||aoc|e C| + |
||aoc|e bas oo o|veao |e o|os
|aot s|to o|os oe 8
et ,osoo' 28 coo|s
||eoce oe |aoteo eote |es
o|veao etes oe |'|||
soo|eoe 8
2ee cato|e
3ee cato|e
+ee cato|e
Stoctoe S| + |
||aoc|e C| + |
+ee cato|e Stoctoe S| + | '
||aoc|e C| + | '
Protection au Feu des 5tructures d'un Btiment ERP
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 56 |
Parcs de 5tationnement
|o oac oe stat|oooeeot est eo eo|aceeot oo| oeet
|e e|sae oes v||co|es aotoob||es et oe |eos eoooes
eo oe|os oe |a vo|e oob||ooe, |'ec|os|oo oe toote
aote act|v|t.
|es o|oc|oes oe sco|t soot |'aotooo|e oo oob||c oaos
|'vacoat|oo oa oes oaeeots eoc|o|sooos et oa ooe veo-
t||at|oo/oseooae cao|ooe oeettaot |'vacoat|oo ao|oe
oes oes et oeette a|os| |'acces ao sev|ces oe secoos.
Immeubles de Grande Hauteur
|es tab||sseeots soot oat|s eo o|eotes cato|es, eo
ooct|oo oe |eo |aoteo, oe |eo ooeotat|oo (oobe oe oe-
soooes eoes s|o|taoeot) oo oe |eo o|st|bot|oo.
aoteo.
|eob|e oe aooe |aoteo.
> S0 ooo 3t|eots o'ab|tat|oo.
> 28 ooo |es aotes tab||sseeots (|||, 3oeao, etc.)
Ces bt|eots oseoteot oes |sooes ||s oo teos
o'vacoat|oo |ev .
J (ct ,ctete' oe ,c,ootc oes (e. et (.ees ,o e((et oe
:eee
J o::es o((:'e oes c,es oe se:c.s etee.
Co ve|||ea |oose oo cooat|eotae oeettaot o'|so|e
|es taes |es oos oes aotes (|e eo taot |||t ooe zooe, |a
|se eo sco|t se a|t oa |'vacoat|oo oe |a zooe cooceoe
ves |es zooes coot|os) et avo| oes oaeeots vet|cao
et |o|zootao oots et oseoos. || ve|||ea a|eeot
ce ooe |e ooteot|e| ca|o|ooe oo ob|||e so|t |||t.
|es I.G.H. soot c|asss eo ooct|oo oe |eo act|v|t.
C../. |eob|es osae o'|ab|tat|oo (soo|eo S0 etes)
C..C. |eob|es osae o'|te|
C..|. |eob|es osae o'eose|oeeot
C..S. |eob|es osae oe b|b||ot|eooe et/oo o'ac||ves
C..|. |eob|es osae sao|ta|e (|o|tao)
C..\.+ |eob|es osae oe boeao (aoteo oe eoce
eote 28 et S0 etes)
C..\.2 |eob|es osae oe boeao (aoteo oe eoce
soo|eoe S0 etes)
C..Z |eob|es osae o|t|o|e (oo oeot toove oes |.|.|.).
|otect|oo ao |eo oes Stoctoes o'oo |C
|oteao
|ootes
||aoc|es
Protection au Feu des 5tructures des Parcs de 5tationnement
soot Stab|es ao |eo 2 |eoes ao o|os
Wbat wlll tbe architecture
profession look llke ln 2025?
08 Mar 2011
3 |e| | || ooe .... ac|oa| | . co
\|at .||| t|e ac||tectoe ooess|oo |oo' ||'e |o 202S` /ccoo|o to t|e |oa| |ost|tote o 3|t|s|
/c||tects (||3/) t||o' tao' 3o||o|o |otoes oe. sove, .e |ave a too| oao a|eao o os. T|e
ea |oo stoo as'eo, .|o .||| oes|o oo bo||t eov|ooeot, .|at o|e .||| ac||tects |ave, aoo
|o. ||t oact|ce c|aoe b 202S.
Co |oba| ecooo aoo t|e ecooo|c ecess|oo |ave eecteo oo bos|oess oact|ces aoo t|e
||3/ |as ta'eo a |oo' at |o. t|ese actos |ave taosoeo oo ooess|oo aoo .|at teoos
.e a see coot|oo|o |o t|e otoe. T|e sove soests t|at oot oo| .||| ac||tectoe s
|ave to ocos oo a oaoc|a| aoo bos|oess aoooac| at|e t|ao oeoo|oaot| oes|o-|eo oces,
bot a|so cooao oaes ae oeo|cteo to ooo 'ac||tect' a|toet|e aoo |oset 'soat|a| aeoc|es'
aoo 'oes|o |ooses'.
'|o ooe to cooete aa|ost t|e c|eaoe .o'oces o t|e ee|o a'ets aoo t|e
oaoc|a|| savv ea cooso|taoc|es, t|e ac||tect ost |eao to soea' t|e |aooae o t|e c||eot,
oat|co|a| to becoe oaoc|a|| ||teate. |o aoo|t|oo to oaoc|a| ||teac, t|e c||eot-savv ac||-
tect ost be ab|e to see beooo 'bo||o|o a bo||o|o' aoo oe a sev|ce t|at ebaces t|e c||eot's
boaoe a|s beco|o a oob|e so|ve as .e|| as a oes|oe.'
|veo oe cooceo|o |s t|e oo,ecteo s||t |o s|ze o ao ac||tectoe , o|t|-o|sc|o||oa ea
oact|ces ae t|e aot|c|oateo oe. oo. T|e eo|o-s|zeo S0-+20 eo|oee s baseo a|o|
|o |ooooo, ae at ||| |s' to be sooeezeo oo ees aoo acoo|eo b |ae s beco|o et|oct
to t|e ooess|oo a|toet|e.
|ats o t|e |ooost t|at coo|o ea|o e|at|ve| stab|e accoo|o to ||3/, ae t|e sa|| |oca|
eoea| oact|ce, t|e |oteoat|ooa| sta ac||tects, soec|a||st o|c|e oact|ces aoo t|e tao|t|ooa|
e|ooa| oe||ve o|veo oact|ce.
'/ oobe o oact|ces .e |otev|e.eo .ee o|aoo|o to oa||ze t|e o|vese sev|ces t|at t|e
oe,' sa|o t|e eoot, 'too ao ac||tects .ee ca|o oot oe-oo,ect .o' o ee, c|a||o
t||s .oo|o oeve |aooeo |o ao ot|e ooess|oo.'
T|e oeaoo o ac||tect sev|ces .|t||o t|e || |as coot|ooeo to oec||oe, soe|o a +0 eooc-
t|oo s|oce 2008. T|e sove a|so oeo|cts ac||tects .||| be oceo to baoc| oot to ot|e aeas
o t|e coostoct|oo |ooost. T|e eoot aooeo, 't|e ||3/ .oo|o t|eo |ave to eoeoe .|at ao
ac||tect ooes |o ooe to t bette .|t| t|e 2+st ceoto ea||t o t|e ooess|oo.'
|otev|e.|o ac||tects as .e|| as eo|oees, bo||oes aoo stooeots, t|e ||3/ sove a|so soests
t|at || oes|oes s|oo|o aot|c|oate oe. cooet|t|oo. |oe|o ac||tectoe s o bot| /s|a
aoo t|e |a |ast, as .e|| as |oo as||oo |ooses soc| as Cocc|, coo|o ooss|b| ooo t|e a'et
|o t|e co|o eas ceat|o o|co|t o e|st|o ac||tectoe oact|ces.
'/c||tects oeeo, as a atte o oeoc, to be ab|e to se|| t|e| s'|||s .|t| eeeoce to cost to
be o ose to t|e c||eot. T|e ooess|oo ost ace oo to t|e ea||t t|at t|e cootet .|t||o .||c|
|t oo. oact|ces |as c|aoeo so oaat|ca||, t|at t|e s'||| set eoo|eo ost a|so s||t oaoc|a|
s'|||s s|oo|o oo. be coos|oeeo coe.'
/|t|oo| t|e eso|ts o t|e sove ae a b|t oaoot|o, t|ee |s ao ev|oeot ooootoo|t to act|ve|
oat|c|oate |o s|ao|o t|e oeve|ooeot o t|e ooess|oo. T|ese c|costaoces oov|oe ao ab|||t
to, oot eact ate |oo as||oo |ooses stat oes|o|o |eo-ose s'scaoes, bot at|e be a
o|ae .|t||o t|e otoe o a ooess|oo t|at coo|o oov|oe 'ooootoo|t|es o ac||tects jt|at]
|ave oeve beeo eate'.
bttp: //www. arcboal ly. com/118441/wbat-wl l l -tbe-arcbl tecture-protessl on-l ook-
l l ke-l n-2025/#more-118441
NEW5||\S NEW5||\S NEW5||\S NEW5||\S NEW5||\S NEW5||\S
N 27 - [U|LLLT 2011 | 57

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