ISOMETRIC (Isochoric) PROCESS - Constant Volume Process Isometric process is a reversible constant volume process. P T 2 T 2
2 V=C P2 1 1 T 1
P1 Q V S 1 S 2 S V 1 = V 2
a.) Relationship between P and T. T 1 /T 2 = P 1 /P 2
b.) Non-flow work. W n =
c.) The change of internal energy U = mc v (T 2 T 1 ) d.) The heat transferred Q = mc v (T 2 T 1 ) e.) The change of enthalpy H = mc p (T 2 - T 1 ) f.) Irreversible non-flow constant volume process Q = U + W n
where: For reversible non-flow, Wn = 0 For irreversible nonflow, Wn 0 Wn = non-flow work
PROBLEMS 1. A reversible, non-flow, constant volume process decreases the internal energy by 316.5kJ for 2.268 kg of a gas for which R=430J/kg-K and k=1.35. For the process, determine a) the work, b) the heat, and c) the change of enthalpy if the initial temperature is 204.4 o C. 2. Twenty kilojoules of heat is added at constant volume to 2.5 kg ideal gas (k=1.25, R=320 J/kg-K). The initial temperature of the gas is 32C. Compute for a) Wnf, b) T2, c) the change of internal energy, d.) the change of enthalpy. (0, 311K, 20KJ, 25KJ) 3. A gas whose composition is not known has 42.2kJ of paddle work input at constant volume of 566L. Initially, P 1 =138kPa, t 1 =26.7 o C, finally t 2 =82.2 o C, What are (a.) the change of internal energy, and (b.) the heat transferred if k=1.21? 4. The mass of a gas is 1.8 kg, for which R = 0.38 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.23 undergoes a constant volume process where P 1 = 650kPa and t 1 = 70 o C. The final pressure is P 2 = 1950 kPa. The process resulted to additional 111 kJ of heat when the gas is stirred internally. Calculate (a )final temperature, T 2 , (b) the work, and (c) the change of internal energy.
ISOBARIC PROCESS Constant Pressure Process Isobaric process is a reversible constant pressure process of a substance.
P 1 2 T 2 T 2
P = C
P 1 T 1
Q
V 1 V 2 V S 1 S 2 S
a) Relationship between V and T T 1 /T 2 = V 1 /V 2
b) Nonflow work Wn = = P(V 2 V 1 ) = mR(T 2 T 1 ) c) Change of internal energy U = mc v (T 2 T 1 )
d) Heat transferred Q = mc p (T 2 T 1 ) e) Change of enthalpy H = mc p (T 2 T 1 ) PROBLEMS: 1. A certain gas with R = 320 J/kg-K and k = 1.3 undergoes a constant pressure process where the initial temperature is 30 o C. If 150 kJ are added to 4 kg of this gas, determine; a) T 2 , b) change of enthalpy, c) change of internal energy, d) work for non-flow process. 2. An ideal gas (R=2,075 J/kg-K & k=1.659) goes through a reversible constant pressure process where 525KJ are added to 2.3kg of the gas. The initial temperature of the gas is 310K. Compute for a) T2, b) Wnf, c) U, d) H (353.7K, 208.7KJ) 3. If 120 kJ are added to 3.0 kg of nitrogen gas at constant pressure when the initial temperature is 32 o C, find (a) T 2 , (b) H, (c) U, and (d) work for a non- flow process. (R=0.2969 KJ/kg-K, k=1.399) 4. Hydrogen gas expands from 5 cu ft and 80 o F to 15 cu ft while the pressure remains constant at 15.5 psia. Compute (a) T 2 , (b) H, (c) U and (d) S. (e) For a reversible non-flow process, what is the work?
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS Constant Temp. Process An isothermal process is reversible constant temperature process of a substance. T P 1 1 2 T PV= C 2
S 1 S 2 S V 1 V 2 V
(a.) Relationship between P and V P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2
(b.) Nonflow work W n = P 1 V 1 lnV 2 /V 1 = mRT 1 lnV 2 /V 1
(c.) The change of internal energy U = O Q (d.) The heat transferred Q = W n = P 1 V 1 lnV 2 /V 1 = mRT 1 lnP 1 /P 2
(e.) The change of enthalpy H = 0
PROBLEMS 1. During a reversible process there are abstracted 317 kJ/s from 1.134 kg/s of a certain gas while the temperature remains constant at 2.7 o C. For this gas, C p = 2.232 and C v = 1.713 kJ/kg-K. The initial pressure is 586 kPa. For a non-flow (PE = 0, KE = 0) process, determine (a) V 1 ,V 2 and P 2 , (b) the work and Q, ( c ) H. 2. A 3.6 kg mass of air goes through an isothermal process with a temperature of 305K. The initial and final pressures of the air are 550KPa and 135KPa, respectively. Compute for a) Wnf, b) U and H c.) the heat. (442.64KJ, 0) 3. During an isothermal process at 88 o F, the pressure on 8 lb of air drops from 80 psia to 5 psig. For an internally reversible process, determine (a) the pdV or the work of a nonflow process, (b) Q,, (c) U and H. 4. Air flows steadily through an engine at constant temperature, 400 K. Find the work per kilogram if the exit pressure is one-third the inlet pressure and the inlet-pressure is 207 kPa. Assume that the kinetic and potential energy variation is negligible.
ISENTROPIC PROCESS An isentropic process is a reversible adiabatic process. Adiabatic simply means no heat. A reversible adiabatic is one of constant entropy.
P T 1 1 PV K = C 2
2 V 1 V 2 V S 1. Relationship among P, V and T. (a) Relationship between P and V P 1 V 1 k = P 2 V 2 k = C (b) Relation between T and V From P 1 V 1 k = P 2 V 2 k
and P 1 V 1 /T 1 = P 2 V 2 /T 2 , we have T 2 /T 1 = [V 1 /V 2 ] k-1
(c ) Relation between T and P T 2 /T 1 = [p 2 /p 1 ] (k-1)/k
2. Nonflow work. From PV k = C, P = CV -k
W n = PdV = C -k dV = C V -k dV Integrating and simplifying W n = P 2 V 2 P 1 V 1 / (1- k) = mR(T 2 T 1 ) / (1 k)
3. The change of internal energy. U = mC v (T 2 T 1 ) 4. The heat transferred. Q = 0 5. The change of enthalpy. H = mC p (T 2 T 1 ) 6. The change of entropy. S = 0
PROBLEMS 1. An ideal gas having a mass of 2 kg. at 465K and 415 KPa expands in a reversible adiabatic process (isentropic). The gas constant R is 242 J/kg-K and k = 1.4. Determine (a) C p and C v , (b) the work, (c) the U, and (d) Q. 2. In an isentropic process, the volume of an ideal gas (C v = 0.65 KJ/kg-K and k = 1.29) initially 2m 3 was expanded to 3.4m 3 . The pressure and the temperature of the gas before the process was 190KPa & 110C, respectively. Find (a) U; (b) H; (c) W n & (d) Q 3. In an isentropic process, the volume of 500 gm. of an ideal gas (C p = 0.52 KJ/kg-K, C v = 0.32 KJ/kg-K) was increased from 20L to 100L. If the initial pressure of the gas was 760KPa, compute for (a) P 2 ; (b)T 2 ; (c) U & (d) W n . 4. From a state defined by 300 psia, 100 cu ft and 240 o F, Helium undergoes and isentropic process to 0.3 psig. Find (a) V 2 and t 2 , (b) U and H, (c) pdV,, (d) Q and S and (e) the work if the process is non-flow. 5. The internal energy of a certain ideal gas is given by the expression u=850+0.529PV Btu per lb, where p is in psia. Determine the exponent k in PV k =C for this gas undergoing an isentropic process. (Ans. k=1.53)
POLYTROPIC PROCESS A polytropic process is an internally reversible process during which PV n = C and P 1 V 1 n = P 2 V 2 n = P 1 V 1 n
P T 1 1 PV n = C PV n = C 2 Q 2
V S
where n is any polytropic exponent or constant. 1. Relationship among p, V, and T (a) Relation between P and V P 1 V 1 n = P 2 V 2 n
(b) Relation between T and V T 2 /T 1 = [V 1 /V 2 ] n-1 (c) Relation between T and p T 2 /T 1 = [p 2 /p 1 ] (n-1)/n
2. Nonflow work W n = pdV = P 2 V 2 P 1 V 1 / 1-n = mR(T 2 -T 1 ) / 1-n 3. The change of internal energy. U = mC v (T 2 T 1 ) 4. The heat transferred. Q = U + W n
= mc v (T 2 T 1 ) + mR (T 2 T 1 )/(1 - n) = m [(c v nc v + R)/(n 1)] (T 2 T 1 ) = m [(c p nc v )/(1 n)] (T 2 T 1 ) = mc v [(k n)/(1 n)] (T 2 T 1 ) Q = mC n (T 2 T 1 ) C n = C v [(k n)/(1 n)], the polytropic specific heat 5. The change of enthalpy H = mC p (T 2 T 1 )
PROBLEMS 1. An ideal gas (R = 0.19 KJ/kg-K, C p = 0.8 KJ/kg-K) with a mass of 4.5 kgs. undergoes a polytropic process that changed its state from 135 KPa and 280K to 825 KPa and 445K. Calculate (a) n; (b) U; (c) H; (d) W n ; and (e) Q. (Ans: 1.342, 453KJ, 594KJ, -412.5KJ, 41.5KJ)
2. Four and a half kg. of an ideal gas ( R=210J/kg-K and C p = 1.04KJ/kg-K ) initially at 138 KPa and 278K goes through a polytropic process so that its pressure and temperature becomes 827KPa and 445K. Calculate (a) n; (b) U; (c) H; (d) W n and (e) Q
3. During a polytropic process, 10 lb of an ideal gas, whose R = 40 ft.lb-R and Cp = 0.25 Btu/lb-R, changes state from 20 psia and 40 o F to 120 psia and 340 o F. Determine (a) n; (b) U; (c) H; (d) Q, (e) pdV. (1BTU = 778 ftlb f )
4. In a polytropic process with n = 1.4, 4.3 m 3 /s of an ideal gas ( Cv = 0.66 KJ/kg-K, k = 1.2 and = 1.169 kg/m 3 ) has an initial and final temp. of 60C and 220C, respectively. Calculate (a) Work non-flow per unit time; and (b) Heat flow rate
5. Compress 4 kg/s of CO 2 gas polytropically (PV 1.2 = C) from P1 = 103.4 kPa, t 1 = 60 o C to t 2 = 227 o C. Assuming ideal gas action, find P 2 , W, and Q for a non-flow process.