Chapter 2 Self-Assessments

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Researchers who study the causes of crime are called________________. These researchers test
hypotheses, or educated guesses, using the _______________ method. If a hypothesis proves
valid, it can be used to support a __________, or explanation based observation and reasoning, that
explains a possible cause of crime.

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_________ theory holds that criminals make a decision to commit a crime after weighing the
possible rewards or punishments of the act. _______________ theories of a crime suggest that the
origins of criminal behavior can be found in the body, while ______________ theories focus on the
disorders of the mind. A criminologist who studies the effect of community or neighborhood
conditions on criminal activity is testing _______________ theories of a crime, while one who
concentrates on the influence of friends and family is analyzing _______ ________ theories of
criminal behavior.

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Supporters of __________ course theories of crime believe that stealing, bullying, and other
conduct problems that occur during ___________ can, in some instances, predict adult offending.
These criminologists often find evidence of low
self-_________ in future delinquents. __________ is the study of the relationship between
victims and offenders in the criminal justice system. The theory of ________ victimization holds
that past victimization is a strong predictor of future victimization.

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Drug _________ is defined as the use of any drug that causes harm to the user or a third party.
People who are _________, meaning that they desire the drug long after use has stopper, need
greater amounts of the drug to stimulate a neurotransmitter in the brain called __________. Those
who believe that drug offenders should be rehabilitated support the ___________ model of
addiction, while those who believe such offenders should be punished just like any other wrongdoers
support the ____________ model of addiction.
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In 1972 Marvin Wolfgang and his colleagues established the idea of the ___________ offender, by
showing that a ______ percentage of offenders is often responsible for a disproportionately _____
amount of crim. Research on this subject has led law enforcement agencies to focus resources on
________ offenders.