Chap 2

Chap 2: Chemistry 45pts
Due: 11:59pm on Sunday, March 16, 2014

You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Activity: Structure of the Atomic Nucleus

Click here to complete this activity.
Then answer the questions.
Part A
What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
ANSWER:
What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?

-1

0

6

18

12
Part B
Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?
ANSWER:
Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?

These atoms are different elements.

These atoms have different numbers of electrons.

These atoms are isotopes.

These atoms are isomers.

These atoms have different numbers of protons.
Part C
Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
ANSWER:
Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?

10

28

81

9

19
Part D
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons
does boron have?
ANSWER:
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons
does boron have?

6

5

0

11

16
Activity: Electron Arrangement

Part A
The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.
ANSWER:
The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.

2

8

18

32

1
Part B
Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?
ANSWER:
Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?

The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

The atomic mass is equal to the number of electrons.

The atomic mass is equal to the atomic number.

The number of neutrons is equal to the number of protons.

The number of electrons is equal to the number of neutrons.
Part C
What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?
ANSWER:
What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?

its atomic number

its atomic mass

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

the number of electrons in the innermost electron shell

the number of protons it contains
Chemistry Review - Atoms & Molecules: Atomic Structure

Review the Atomic Structure tutorial.
Part A
The mass number of an atom is 15, and its atomic number is 7. The atom probably has...
ANSWER:
The mass number of an atom is 15, and its atomic number is 7. The atom probably has...

7 electrons in the nucleus.

at least 15 electrons.

about as much mass in electrons as in protons.

8 neutrons in the nucleus.

7 units of negative charge in the nucleus.
Part B
Which statement is true of atoms?
ANSWER:
Which statement is true of atoms?

Protons repel electrons.

Most of an atom's volume is filled with matter.

Electrons determine the atom's size.

Protons attract other protons.

All of the above.
Part C
Dr. Jones says an atom has 3 electrons in the first shell and four electrons in the second shell. Someone
should tell Dr. Jones that ...
ANSWER:
Dr. Jones says an atom has 3 electrons in the first shell and four electrons in the second shell. Someone
should tell Dr. Jones that ...

the second shell can't have 4 electrons.

the first shell shouldn't have 3 electrons.

the first shell must fill before the second shell can have electrons.

the second shell should have 8 electrons.

no shell can hold more than 2 electrons.
Part D
Which statement is true of the energy levels of electrons in shells?
ANSWER:
Which statement is true of the energy levels of electrons in shells?

Electrons must lose energy to move from the first to the second shell.

The valence shell has higher energy than other occupied shells.

All the electrons in an atom have similar amounts of energy.

All of the above.

None of the above.
Part E
Which statement is true of the atom shown in the diagram?

ANSWER:
Which statement is true of the atom shown in the diagram?

The atom has more than one valence electron.

An electron will move from the outer to the inner shell.

The atom is in the excited state.

All of the above.

None of the above.
Part F
An orbital is dumbbell-shaped. Which statement is most likely true?
ANSWER:
An orbital is dumbbell-shaped. Which statement is most likely true?

Each lobe can hold two electrons.

It's in the first electron shell.

Each lobe can hold one electron.

Its electrons move along a figure-8 path.

None of the above.
Part G
Two atoms always represent the same element if they have ...
ANSWER:
Two atoms always represent the same element if they have ...

the same number of particles in the nucleus.

the same mass number.

the same number of electrons.

the same number of protons.

the same number of shells.
Part H
An atom has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. You can tell that this atom belongs to the element
_____ because _____________________.
ANSWER:
An atom has 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. You can tell that this atom belongs to the element
_____ because _____________________.

C; it has 6 protons.

N; it has 6 protons.

C; it has 6 electrons.

O; its mass number is 12.

N; it has 6 electrons.
Part I
An atom has 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. Another isotope of the same element might have ...
ANSWER:
An atom has 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. Another isotope of the same element might have ...

10 neutrons.

9 protons.

7 electrons.

mass number 16, atomic number 7.

All of the above.
Part J
Radioactive decay is likely to occur when ...
ANSWER:
Radioactive decay is likely to occur when ...

an electron hits the nucleus.

atoms collide with one another.

an atom has too many neutrons.

an atom has too many electrons.

protons break into neutrons and electrons.
Part K
Which model most accurately represents the current view of the structure of the atom?

ANSWER:
Which model most accurately represents the current view of the structure of the atom?

Probability model

Planetary model
Part L
Which statement is most useful in explaining why chemists assign atoms to chemical elements by
counting protons?
ANSWER:
Which statement is most useful in explaining why chemists assign atoms to chemical elements by
counting protons?

99% of the atom's mass consists of protons.

Protons at the atom's surface determine the atom's behavior.

The nucleus doesn't change in stable isotopes.

The proton's negative charge holds electrons in the atom.

None of these. Elements are defined by the number of protons.
Chemistry Review - Atoms & Molecules: Ions

Review the Ions tutorial.
Part A
A cation with two units of charge has 10 neutrons and 8 protons. The ion also has ...
ANSWER:
A cation with two units of charge has 10 neutrons and 8 protons. The ion also has ...

16 electrons.

6 electrons.

8 electrons.

10 electrons.

12 electrons.
Part B
Which statement is true of the molecule shown here?

ANSWER:
Which statement is true of the molecule shown here?

It's both a cation and an anion.

It's a cation because the + charge outweighs the - charge.

It's not an ion because its net charge is zero.

It's an anion because the + charge outweighs the - charge.

It's an anion because the - charge outweighs the + charge.
Part C
The atoms shown here will become ions if they meet because ...

ANSWER:
The atoms shown here will become ions if they meet because ...

a nearly empty shell attracts electrons very strongly.

a nearly full shell has little attraction for electrons.

atoms tend to have filled valence shells.

All of the above.

None of the above.
Part D
True or false: Ions may form by transferring an atomic nucleus (with or without electrons) to another
molecule.
ANSWER:
True or false: Ions may form by transferring an atomic nucleus (with or without electrons) to another
molecule.

True

False
Activity: Covalent Bonds

Part A
What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?

ANSWER:
What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?

covalent

hydrophobic

ionic

hydrogen

hydrophilic
Part B
A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
ANSWER:
A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

ion

shell

molecule

community

isotope
Part C
This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s).

ANSWER:
This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s).

4

1

0

3

2
Part D
A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.

ANSWER:
A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.

hydrogen

double covalent

quadruple covalent

ionic

single covalent
Activity: Nonpolar and Polar Molecules

Part A
Which of these figures correctly illustrates the nature of the bonding of H
2
O?
ANSWER:
Which of these figures correctly illustrates the nature of the bonding of H
2
O?

Part B
What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?

ANSWER:
What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?

hydrogen

polar covalent

ionic

double (nonpolar) covalent

single (nonpolar) covalent
Activity: Ionic Bonds


Part A
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.
ANSWER:
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.

have different atomic numbers

have different numbers of neutrons

are different isotopes

are different ions

have different atomic masses
Part B
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
ANSWER:
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?

hydrophobic

ionic

polar covalent

hydrogen

nonpolar covalent
Part C
What is the result of the animated process?
To view the animation, click here. Then click on the image to start the animation.
ANSWER:
What is the result of the animated process?

a positively charged sodium ion and a positively charged chlorine ion

a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion

a negatively charged sodium ion and a positively charged chlorine ion

a negatively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion

covalent bond formation
Part D
An ionic bond involves _____.
ANSWER:
An ionic bond involves _____.

no atoms other than sodium and chlorine

water avoidance

the sharing of a single pair of electrons

an attraction between ions of opposite charge

the unequal sharing of an electron pair
Chemistry Review - Atoms & Molecules: Molecules

Review the Molecules tutorial.
Then answer the question.
Part A
When chemists and biologists want to show how atoms are bonded in a molecule, they usually use a ...
ANSWER:
When chemists and biologists want to show how atoms are bonded in a molecule, they usually use a ...

molecular formula.

structural formula.

ball-and-stick model.

space-filling model.
Chemistry Review - Atoms & Molecules: Kinds of Bonds

Review the Kinds of Bonds tutorial.
Part A
A phrase that applies to covalent bonding and not other kinds of bonds is ...
ANSWER:
A phrase that applies to covalent bonding and not other kinds of bonds is ...

electron-sharing.

great strength.

charge attraction.

paired electrons.

All of the above.
Chemistry Review - Atoms & Molecules: Covalent Bonds

Review the Covalent Bonds tutorial.
Part A
Covalent bonds hold atoms together because they ...
ANSWER:
Covalent bonds hold atoms together because they ...

(a) fill shells without giving atoms much charge.

(b) bring electrons closer to protons.

(c) use forces between nuclei as well as forces between electrons.

do all of the above.

do both (a) and (b).
Part B
In molecules, C, H, O, and N atoms usually make __, __, __, and __ bonds respectively.
ANSWER:
In molecules, C, H, O, and N atoms usually make __, __, __, and __ bonds respectively.

3, 2, 4, 2

4, 1, 3, 2

2, 1, 3, 4

3, 2, 1, 4

4, 1, 2, 3
Part C
An atom's atomic number is 7. Its valence is most likely ...
ANSWER:
An atom's atomic number is 7. Its valence is most likely ...

3

7

1

2

5
Part D
By making two covalent bonds, an O atom (with 8 protons) fills its valence shell. Why does the atom's
charge stay close to zero?
ANSWER:
By making two covalent bonds, an O atom (with 8 protons) fills its valence shell. Why does the atom's
charge stay close to zero?

Shared electrons aren't always near oxygen.

The charge isn't near zero; it's -2.

The valence shell has 6 electrons.

The atom lost electrons from other shells.

The atom has 8 electrons.
Part E
In a double covalent bond, a carbon atom shares ...
ANSWER:
In a double covalent bond, a carbon atom shares ...

both valence and nonvalence electrons.

electrons in two orbitals.

two electrons.

electrons in two of its shells.

None of the above.
Part F
The ammonia molecule in the diagram has the observed bond orientation because ...

ANSWER:
The ammonia molecule in the diagram has the observed bond orientation because ...

N has 7 protons in its nucleus.

N has four pairs of electrons in the valence shell.

electrons repel one another.

All of the above.

None of the above.
Part G
Without making or breaking bonds, the pictured molecule can change its shape because ...

ANSWER:
Without making or breaking bonds, the pictured molecule can change its shape because ...

some atoms make longer bonds than others.

rotation can occur around single bonds.

electrons can move from one bond to another.

proximity of other atoms alters bond angles.

None of the above.
Part H
Two C atoms form a double bond. Each C is bound to two H atoms. Which statement is true?
ANSWER:
Two C atoms form a double bond. Each C is bound to two H atoms. Which statement is true?

All the atoms lie in a line.

The groups rotate around the C=C bond.

The bonds orient like tripods or pyramids.

All the atoms lie in a plane.

The bonds orient in a tetrahedral fashion.
Part I
Partial charges occur when ...
ANSWER:
Partial charges occur when ...

(a) a covalent bond links atoms of two kinds.

(b) atoms share electrons unequally.

(c) two ions are close together.

any of the above occur.

both (a) and (b).
Part J
To fill the valence shell, an electrically neutral, unbonded atom with atomic number 8 must add ...
ANSWER:
To fill the valence shell, an electrically neutral, unbonded atom with atomic number 8 must add ...

2 electrons.

8 electrons.

1 electron.

3 electrons.

Can't tell without knowing which element it is.
Part K
Which answer helps to explain why carbon atoms tend to make 4 covalent bonds?
ANSWER:
Which answer helps to explain why carbon atoms tend to make 4 covalent bonds?

The first electron shell has 4 orbitals.

The carbon nucleus has 4 protons.

The valence shell needs 8 electrons.

All of the above.

None of the above; carbon makes 3 covalent bonds.
Part L
An electrically neutral molecule has the formula C
3
H
4
O
2
N. If the carbon atoms form the usual number of
bonds, how many covalent bonds will each hydrogen atom have with other atoms in the molecule?
ANSWER:
An electrically neutral molecule has the formula C
3
H
4
O
2
N. If the carbon atoms form the usual number of
bonds, how many covalent bonds will each hydrogen atom have with other atoms in the molecule?

5

2

4

3

1
Chemistry Review - Atoms & Molecules: Electronegativity

Review the Electronegativity tutorial.
Part A
Which answer correctly ranks the atoms in terms of decreasing electronegativity (the highest
electronegativity first)?
ANSWER:
Which answer correctly ranks the atoms in terms of decreasing electronegativity (the highest
electronegativity first)?

N, O, C, H

O, N, C, H

C, H, O, N

O, N, H, C

N, O, H, C
Part B
Which atom in the pictured molecule will have the strongest partial positive charge?

ANSWER:
Which atom in the pictured molecule will have the strongest partial positive charge?

The C that's bound to N.

The N atom.

The C that's in C=O.

The O atom that's in C=O.

The H that's bound to O.
Part C
Dr. Haxton says the O-O bond is polar and the C-C bond is nonpolar. A good student would say ...
ANSWER:
Dr. Haxton says the O-O bond is polar and the C-C bond is nonpolar. A good student would say ...

Yes. O attracts electrons more strongly than C.

Right! O is electronegative, so O
2
is polar.

No way. C is more electronegative than O.

Wrong again, Ralph. Both bonds are nonpolar.

No, both bonds are highly polar.
Part D
Use your knowledge of electronegativity to pick out the most polar bond in the list below.
ANSWER:
Use your knowledge of electronegativity to pick out the most polar bond in the list below.

N-H

O-C

C-H

O-H

O-N
Part E
If you want a molecule that is highly polar, look for one that contains:
ANSWER:
If you want a molecule that is highly polar, look for one that contains:

H-N

C-S

C-H

O-N

S-H
Chemistry Review - Atoms & Molecules: Ionic Bonds

Review the Ionic Bonds tutorial.
Part A
Compared to covalent bonds, ionic bonds ...
ANSWER:
Compared to covalent bonds, ionic bonds ...

are more abundant in biological molelcules.

are stronger.

rely much less on electron-sharing.

are more stable in water.

have less bond energy.
Activity: Hydrogen Bonds

Part A
The brackets are indicating a(n) _____ bond.

ANSWER:
The brackets are indicating a(n) _____ bond.

hydrogen


polar covalent

ionic

hydrophobic
Part B
What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
ANSWER:
What name is given to the bond between water molecules?


hydrogen

polar covalent

ionic

hydrophobic
Activity: The Polarity of Water

Part A
Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.
ANSWER:
Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.

two ... hydrogen

four ... hydrogen

three ... ionic

four ... polar covalent

two ... polar covalent
Part B
The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.
ANSWER:
The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.

have a low surface tension

ionic

hydrophobic

change easily from a liquid to gaseous form

polar
Part C
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.
ANSWER:
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.

ionic potential

electronegativity

polarity

covalency

tonicity
Part D
In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens?

ANSWER:
In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens?

polar covalent

nonpolar covalent

ionic

hydrophobic

hydrophilic
Part E
Which of these bonds is weakest?
ANSWER:
Which of these bonds is weakest?

Part F
Why isn't this insect drowning?

ANSWER:
Why isn't this insect drowning?

It is difficult to change the temperature of water.

The insect is flying just above the water surface.

Surface tension.

The insect is swimming.

The insect is very light.
Activity: Dissociation of Water Molecules


Part A
What name is given to this molecule?

ANSWER:

glucose

methane

hydronium ion

water

hydroxide ion
Part B
How did this molecule form?

ANSWER:
How did this molecule form?

Evaporation.

Two water molecules bonded.

A hydrogen molecule bonded with an OH
-
molecule.

A water molecule gained an hydrogen ion from another water molecule.

A water molecule split in half.
Part C

ANSWER:

hydronium ion

DNA

water

glucose

hydroxide ion
Part D
This animation illustrates the _____ of water.
ANSWER:
This animation illustrates the _____ of water.

surface tension

adhesion

dissociation

specific heat

cohesion
Part E
Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?
ANSWER:
Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?

H
2
O + OH
-
<==> H
2
O
+

H
+
<==> H
2
O + H
2
O
+

H
2
O <==> H
+
+ OH
-

H
2
O + H
2
O <==> H
3
O
+
+ OH
-

H
2
O + H
2
O
+
<==> H
2
O + OH
-

Part F
What is the charge on a hydronium ion?
ANSWER:
What is the charge on a hydronium ion?

1-

2-

2+

1+

0
Part G
What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?
ANSWER:
What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?

1-

2+

1+

0

2-
Part H
About _____ molecules in a glass of water are dissociated.
ANSWER:
About _____ molecules in a glass of water are dissociated.

1 in 500,000,000

1 in 1,000,000

1 in 2

1 in 1,000,000,000

1 in 5,000,000
Activity: Acids, Bases, and pH

Part A
What is the arrow pointing to?

ANSWER:

hydrogen ion

electron

hydroxide ion

hydronium ion

water molecule
Part B

ANSWER:

hydrogen ion

hydroxide ion

water

proton

hydronium ion
Part C
In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.
ANSWER:
In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.

water molecules is less than the concentration of hydrogen ions

hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions

hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions

hydrogen ions is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions

water molecules is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions
Part D
How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left?

ANSWER:
How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left?

The solution on the right is acidic relative to the solution on the left.

Both of these solutions are equally acidic.

The solution on the right is neutral relative to the solution on the left.

Both of these solutions are equally basic.

The solution on the right is basic relative to the solution on the left.
Chemistry Review - Atoms & Molecules: Polar Attractions

Review the Polar Attractions tutorial.
Part A
Polar attractions are ...
ANSWER:
Polar attractions are ...

(a) forces between atoms with partial charges.

(b) weaker than covalent bonds.

(c) important because they are numerous.

(a) and (b) are true. (c) is false.

(a), (b), and (c) are correct.
Part B
Hydrogen bonds ...
ANSWER:
Hydrogen bonds ...

can form between H and N.

share electrons between the two bonded atoms.

occur within a water molecule.

are covalent bonds.

All of the above.
Part C
How many atoms in the pictured molecule can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules?

ANSWER:
How many atoms in the pictured molecule can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules?

2

8

7

3

5
Part D
In the molecule below, how many atoms could make hydrogen bonds with water?

ANSWER:
In the molecule below, how many atoms could make hydrogen bonds with water?

15

7

5

13

10
Chemistry Review - Water: The Water Molecule

Review the The Water Molecule tutorial.
Part A
The water molecule has a bent shape because ...
ANSWER:
The water molecule has a bent shape because ...

covalent bonds are never straight.

oxygen has two unbonded pairs of valence electrons.

hydrogen atoms attract one another.

hydrogen atoms have a partial negative charge.

None of the above; water molecules are linear.
Part B
Which statement is true of water?
ANSWER:
Which statement is true of water?

(a) The O atom in water has a partial positive charge.

(b) The H atoms in water have partial positive charges.

(c) Its polarity results from hydrogen's high electronegativity.

(d) About 50% of the average cell's mass consists of water.

All of the above except for (a).
Chemistry Review - Water: Hydrogen Bonding

Review the Hydrogen Bonding tutorial.
Part A
Dr. Haxton told his class that a water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds, all of them in the same
plane as the three atoms. What would a good student reply?
ANSWER:
Dr. Haxton told his class that a water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds, all of them in the same
plane as the three atoms. What would a good student reply?

(a) Wrong! Each atom makes one hydrogen bond, for a total of 3.

(b) Right! Hydrogen bonds form at both ends of each covalent bond.

(c) Wrong! Two hydrogen bonds are not in the plane of the atoms.

None of the above.

The student would say both (a) and (c).
Part B
Which statement is part of the explanation for water's high cohesion?
ANSWER:
Which statement is part of the explanation for water's high cohesion?

(a) Oxygen has four valence orbitals.

(b) Oxygen is much more electronegative than hydrogen.

(c) Water can hydrogen-bond with other kinds of molecules.

All of the above.

Both (a) and (b).
Part C
Despite its cohesion, water can flow because ...
ANSWER:
Despite its cohesion, water can flow because ...

hydrogen bonds are too weak to affect movements.

many water molecules have no hydrogen bonds.

hydrogen bonds break and re-form rapidly.

hydrogen ions can move between molecules.

None of the above.
Part D
Which answer helps to explain how many hydrogen bonds a water molecule can form?
ANSWER:
Which answer helps to explain how many hydrogen bonds a water molecule can form?

Water can ionize, making hydronium and hydroxide ions.

Oxygen's valence shell has four orbitals.

Oxygen makes two covalent bonds.

The oxygen atom has six protons.

The angle between H-O bonds in water is 180.
Chemistry Review - Water: Properties of Water

Review the Properties of Water tutorial.
Part A
Which statement must be mentioned in explaining why amphipathic molecules line up at a water surface?
ANSWER:
Which statement must be mentioned in explaining why amphipathic molecules line up at a water surface?

Nonpolar groups repel water.

Polar groups repel water.

Polar groups attract one another.

Nonpolar groups attract one another.

All of the above.
Part B
Dissolving is best described as ...
ANSWER:
Dissolving is best described as ...

a change from a solid to a liquid.

a mingling of molecules and/or ions.

a separation of molecules into neutral atoms.

breaking covalent bonds.

molecules breaking into ions.
Part C
Water is a source of ______________ for chemical reactions in cells.
ANSWER:
Water is a source of ______________ for chemical reactions in cells.

(a) hydrogen atoms

(b) oxygen atoms

(c) energy

Both (a) and (b)

(a), (b), and (c).
Part D
Which statement is true of water's tensile strength?
ANSWER:
Which statement is true of water's tensile strength?

(a) It results from hydrogen bonding.

(b) It helps to pull water through plants.

(c) It involves both cohesion and adhesion.

Both (a) and (b).

(a), (b), and (c).
Part E
Water has surface tension because ...
ANSWER:
Water has surface tension because ...

water tends to evaporate from the surface.

hydrogen bonds between surface water molecules resist being stretched.

molecules at the surface make more hydrogen bonds.

cohesion forces are weaker at the surface.

there is positive pressure inside the water mass.
Part F
Which of the following helps most to explain why water has a high specific heat?
ANSWER:
Which of the following helps most to explain why water has a high specific heat?

(a) A water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds.

(b) The water molecule has exceptionally strong covalent bonds.

(c) Water temperature is exceptionally sensitive to heat.

Both (a) and (b).

Both (b) and (c).
Part G
Which factor is important in making it possible to cool yourself by sweating? Think carefully!
ANSWER:
Which factor is important in making it possible to cool yourself by sweating? Think carefully!

(a) Molecules collide with varied angles and speeds.

(b) Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak.

(c) Water has more energy at the body surface.

Both (a) and (b).

(a), (b), and (c).
Part H
Though you add heat, the temperature of boiling water remains constant because ...
ANSWER:
Though you add heat, the temperature of boiling water remains constant because ...

water has a constant boiling temperature.

it takes energy to break hydrogen bonds.

it takes energy to break covalent bonds.

it takes energy to circulate water.

None of the above. The temperature rises during boiling.
Part I
Which statement helps to explain why ice is less dense than liquid water?
ANSWER:
Which statement helps to explain why ice is less dense than liquid water?

(a) Water molecules make hydrogen bonds at definite angles.

(b) Cold molecules move less than warm molecules.

(c) Hydrogen bonds lengthen in the cold.

All of the above.

Both (a) and (b).
Part J
The open spaces in water's crystal structure make it possible for ...
ANSWER:
The open spaces in water's crystal structure make it possible for ...

(a) aquatic life to exist at the North Pole.

(b) water to have a low boiling point.

(c) life to occur in hot springs.

Both (b) and (c).

(a), (b), and (c).
Part K
Why doesn't oil mix with water?
ANSWER:
Why doesn't oil mix with water?

(a) Nonpolar molecules repel water molecules.

(b) Polar molecules repel nonpolar molecules.

(c) Polar molecules attract one another.

(d) Nonpolar molecules attract one another.

Both (a) and (d).
Chemistry Review - Water: Solutions

Review the Solutions tutorial.
Part A
A solution contains only glycerol and fructose. There is ten times as much glycerol as fructose. Therefore,
...
ANSWER:
A solution contains only glycerol and fructose. There is ten times as much glycerol as fructose. Therefore,
...

fructose is the solvent.

glycerol is a solute.

both glycerol and fructose are solutes.

glycerol is the solvent.

None of the above
Part B
A solution is aqueous if ...
ANSWER:
A solution is aqueous if ...

it occurs in nature.

water is a solute.

water is the solvent.

it contains water.

None of the above.
Part C
A 1 M solution contains ...
ANSWER:
A 1 M solution contains ...

(a) one mole of solute per liter of solution.

(b) one mole of solute per liter of water.

(c) a one-to-one ratio of solute to solvent molecules.

Both (b) and (c).

None of the above.
Chemistry Review - Acids, Bases, & pH: Water & Acidity

Review the Water and Acidity tutorial.
Part A
A solution is very acidic if it ...
ANSWER:
A solution is very acidic if it ...

(a) has a very low pH value.

(b) has a high hydronium ion concentration.

(c) has a very low hydronium ion concentration.

Both (a) and (b).

Both (a) and (c).
Part B
The dissociation of water ...
ANSWER:
The dissociation of water ...

(a) releases free H
+
ions into the solution.

(b) is quickly reversed, giving neutral water molecules.

(c) involves pairs of water molecules.

Both (a) and (b).

Both (b) and (c).
Part C
Which statement is true of the equation shown below?

ANSWER:
Which statement is true of the equation shown below?

It is correct in showing H
+
as a product of water dissociation.

It omits an important water molecule.

It is a standard shorthand for water dissociation.

It omits an important water molecule and it is a standard shorthand for water dissociation.

All of the above.

None of the above.
Chemistry Review - Acids, Bases, & pH: Acids

Review the Acids tutorial.
Part A
A compound is an acid if it ...
ANSWER:
A compound is an acid if it ...

breaks up water molecules.

contains H.

donates H
+
to water.

takes H
+
from water.

releases ions into water.
Part B
In water, every sulfuric acid molecule transfers H
+
to water and becomes an HSO
4

-
ion. Some HSO
4

-
ions give off another H
+
to form SO
4

-2
ions. Which statement is true?

ANSWER:
In water, every sulfuric acid molecule transfers H
+
to water and becomes an HSO
4

-
ion. Some HSO
4

-
ions give off another H
+
to form SO
4

-2
ions. Which statement is true?

H
2
SO
4
is a strong acid and HSO
4

-
is a weak acid.

H
2
SO
4
and HSO
4

-
are strong acids.

Both H
2
SO
4
and HSO
4

-
are weak acids.

H
2
SO
4
is an acid; HSO
4

-
is not an acid.
Part C
In water, phosphoric acid dissociates according to the chemical reactions written below. Which of the
following statements about the dissociation of phosphoric acid is true?

ANSWER:
In water, phosphoric acid dissociates according to the chemical reactions written below. Which of the
following statements about the dissociation of phosphoric acid is true?

HPO
4

2-
is a strong acid and H
3
PO
4
and H
2
PO
4

-
are weak acids.

H
3
PO
4
2
PO
4

-
and HPO
4

2-
are weak acids.

H
2
PO
4

-
3
PO
4
and HPO
4

2-
are weak acids.

H
3
PO
4
, H
2
PO
4

-
and HPO
4

2-
are all strong acids.

H
3
PO
4
, H
2
PO
4

-
and HPO
4

2-
are all weak acids.
Chemistry Review - Acids, Bases, & pH: Bases

Review the Bases tutorial.
Part A
Ammonia reacts with water as shown below. Which statement best explains why ammonia is considered
to be a base?

ANSWER:
Ammonia reacts with water as shown below. Which statement best explains why ammonia is considered
to be a base?

The reaction decreases the amount of water in the solution.

Bases are compounds that remove H
+
from solutions.

Bases are defined as compounds that add OH
-
to the solution.

NH
4

+
can donate H
+
to hydronium.

None of the above. Ammonia is not a base.
Part B
Which of the following can be considered bases?
ANSWER:
Which of the following can be considered bases?

(a) Na
2
CO
3

(b) KOH

(c) NaCl

Both (a) and (b).

All of the above.
Part C
Compounds that release OH
-
are bases because ...
ANSWER:
Compounds that release OH
-
are bases because ...

(a) OH
-
combines with H
+
and removes it from solution.

(b) bases are defined as compounds that release OH
-
.

(c) OH
-
makes solutions more acidic.

Both (a) and (b).

None of the above.
Part D
To determine whether a base is weak or strong, ...
ANSWER:
To determine whether a base is weak or strong, ...

look at the acidity of the solution.

look for undissociated molecules of base.

examine the H
+
concentration of the solution.

check the OH
-
concentration of the solution.

All the above.
Part E
Which of the following can be considered strong bases?
ANSWER:
Which of the following can be considered strong bases?

NH
3

NaHCO
3

NaOH

NaOCl

All of the above.
Chemistry Review - Acids, Bases, & pH: pH

Review the pH tutorial.
Part A
Which answer is a true statement about pH values?
ANSWER:
Which answer is a true statement about pH values?

A high pH corresponds to a high H
+
concentration.

Stomach juice has a high pH.

pH is important in life mainly because it affects the cohesion of water.

Pure water has a pH of 0.

None of the above.
Part B
What conditions must be met in order for an aqueous solution to be called neutral?
ANSWER:
What conditions must be met in order for an aqueous solution to be called neutral?

The concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions are equal.

The hydroxide ion concentration is greater than the hydronium ion concentration.

The hydronium ion concentration is greater than the hydroxide ion concentration.

There are no hydronium or hydroxide ions present in the solution.

None of the above.
Part C
Factory smoke has led to acid rain that lowered the pH of a lake to 5.0. What is the H
+
concentration in
the lake?
ANSWER:
Factory smoke has led to acid rain that lowered the pH of a lake to 5.0. What is the H
+
concentration in
the lake?

5%

log (5) M

10
-

5
M

10
5
M

5.0 M
Part D
Your tank of swamp fish needs a pH of 5, and the pH is 7 at present. What should you do to the
H
+
concentration?
ANSWER:
Your tank of swamp fish needs a pH of 5, and the pH is 7 at present. What should you do to the
H
+
concentration?

Raise it to 200 times its present value.

Cut it in half.

Double it.

Reduce it to 1/100 of its present value.

Part E
In a washing machine, the detergent raised the pH to 9.0. The concentration of OH
-
in the solution is ...
ANSWER:
In a washing machine, the detergent raised the pH to 9.0. The concentration of OH
-
in the solution is ...

10
-5
M

10
-1
M

5 M

10
-9
M

Can't tell without more information.
Part F
Your tank of alkali fish needs a pH of 8, and the pH is 6 at present. What should you do to the
H
+
concentration?
ANSWER:
Your tank of alkali fish needs a pH of 8, and the pH is 6 at present. What should you do to the
H
+
concentration?

Double it.

Cut it in half.

Reduce it to 1/100 of its present value.

Reduce it to 1/200 times its present value.

Chemistry Review - Acids, Bases, & pH: Buffers

Review the Buffers tutorial.
Part A
Which statement is true of pH buffers?
ANSWER:
Which statement is true of pH buffers?

(a) They consist of strong acids and strong bases.

(b) They keep the pH of the blood constant.

(c) They consist of weak acids and weak bases.

Both (a) and (b).

Both (b) and (c).
Part B
A buffer consists of undissociated acid (HA) and the ion made by dissociating the acid (A
-
). How does this
system buffer a solution against decreases in pH?
ANSWER:
A buffer consists of undissociated acid (HA) and the ion made by dissociating the acid (A
-
). How does this
system buffer a solution against decreases in pH?

(a) HA dissociates and releases H
+
and A
-
into solution.

(b) A
-
reacts with H
+
to become HA.

(c) As the solution loses H
+
, HA replaces the lost H
+
.

Both (a) and (c).

None of the above.
Part C
Buffers work best when ...
ANSWER:
Buffers work best when ...

the pH is nearly neutral.

nearly all of the buffer molecules are undissociated.

the ratio of H
+
to OH
-
is close to 1.0.

about half of the buffer molecules are dissociated.

5% nearly all of the buffer molecules are dissociated.
Part D
How does the way a buffer stabilizes pH during addition of acid differ from the way the same buffer
stabilizes pH during addition of base?
ANSWER:
How does the way a buffer stabilizes pH during addition of acid differ from the way the same buffer
stabilizes pH during addition of base?

In one case the buffer is strong; in the other case it's weak.

The same buffer can't work for both acid and base.

It's the same reaction running backward or forward.

In one case it adds H
+
; in the other case it adds OH
-
.
Part E
Which answer helps to explain why all living cells need pH buffers?
ANSWER:
Which answer helps to explain why all living cells need pH buffers?

Amino acid side chains have many carboxyl and amino groups.

Nucleic acids must have positive charges to form double helices.

ATP will not deliver energy if it is ionized.

Hydrogen bonds only form at medium pH values.
Part F
To make a buffer, you need to ...
ANSWER:
To make a buffer, you need to ...

(a) combine equal amounts of a strong acid and a strong base in water.

(b) put either a strong acid or a strong base in water.

(c) adjust the pH to 7.0.

(d) have a weak acid or a weak base half ionized in water.

Both (a) and (c).
Chapter 2 Reading Quiz Question 1
Part A
What property of an atom determines which element it is?
You did not open hints for this part.
ANSWER:
What property of an atom determines which element it is?

the number of molecules

the number of electrons

the number of atoms

the number of neutrons

the number of protons
Part A
What is the fundamental structural unit of an element?
ANSWER:
What is the fundamental structural unit of an element?

the proton

the atom

the molecule

the neutron

the electron
Part A
Copper has 29 protons, 34 neutrons, and 29 electrons. What is the atomic number of copper?
ANSWER:
Copper has 29 protons, 34 neutrons, and 29 electrons. What is the atomic number of copper?

29

34

58

63

92
Part A
What subatomic particle (s) can be found in the nucleus of the atom?
ANSWER:
What subatomic particle (s) can be found in the nucleus of the atom?

protons

neutrons

protons and electrons

neutrons and atoms

neutrons and electrons

protons and neutrons
Part A
In which scenario below will the electrons have the highest energy?
ANSWER:
In which scenario below will the electrons have the highest energy?

electrons in the outer shell of nitrogen

electrons in the outer shell of oxygen

electrons in the outer shell of helium

electrons in the outer shell of carbon

electrons in the outer shell of potassium

electrons in the outer shell of sulfur
Part A
How do atoms respond when they absorb energy?
ANSWER:
How do atoms respond when they absorb energy?

Electrons vibrate faster.

Electrons emit light.

Protons and neutrons leave the nucleus.

Neutrons leave the nucleus.

The nucleus vibrates.

Electrons move to a higher orbital.
Part A
What is the difference between molecules and compounds?
ANSWER:
What is the difference between molecules and compounds?

Molecules are made from two atoms. Compounds are made from three or more atoms.

Molecules are made from atoms. Compounds are made from molecules.

Molecules are made from atoms of the same type. Compounds are made from atoms of
different types.

Compounds are made from atoms. Molecules are made from compounds.

Molecules may be made from the same type of atoms or different types of atoms.
Compounds are molecules made from different types of atoms.
Part A
Which of the following lists of terms is in the correct order of size, going from smallest to largest?
ANSWER:
Which of the following lists of terms is in the correct order of size, going from smallest to largest?

molecule, atom, nucleus, proton, electron

electron, proton, nucleus, atom, molecule

electron, proton, nucleus, molecule, atom

proton, electron, nucleus, atom, molecule

nucleus, electron, proton, atom, molecule
Part A
Which of these atoms will be inert?
ANSWER:
Which of these atoms will be inert?

neon (10 electrons)

sodium (11 electrons)

chlorine (17 electrons)

nitrogen (7 electrons)

magnesium (12 electrons)
Part A
Cancer is caused by mutating DNA. What exactly do cigarette smoke and radiation do that can cause
cancer?
ANSWER:
Cancer is caused by mutating DNA. What exactly do cigarette smoke and radiation do that can cause
cancer?

Cigarette smoke damages DNA, leading to free radicals. Radiation causes mutations in
DNA.

Cigarette smoke and radiation both cause free radicals, which damage DNA, leading to
mutation.

Radiation causes free radicals. Cigarette smoke causes DNA damage.

Cigarette smoke and radiation both cause damage to DNA, leading to mutation.
Part A
Which part of the atom participates in a chemical bond?
ANSWER:
Which part of the atom participates in a chemical bond?

all electrons in the atom

all the protons and neutrons in the atom

electrons in the outer shell

protons in the outer shell

all the protons in the atom

all electrons and some protons
Part A
How are ionic and covalent bonds related?
ANSWER:
How are ionic and covalent bonds related?

Ionic and covalent bonds both result in a full outer electron shell.

Ionic bonds result in positive charges. Covalent bonds result in negative charges.

Ionic bonds are harder to break apart than covalent bonds.

Electrons are shared in an ionic bond and traded completely in a covalent bond.

Ionic bonds involve electrons. Covalent bonds involve the nucleus.
Part A
What force holds a molecule of HCl together in an ionic bond?
ANSWER:
What force holds a molecule of HCl together in an ionic bond?

electron sharing

electrical attraction

hydrogen bonding

partial charges

polarity
Part A
If electrons in water molecules were equally attracted to the hydrogen and oxygen atoms, how would this
affect the polar covalent bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms?
ANSWER:
If electrons in water molecules were equally attracted to the hydrogen and oxygen atoms, how would this
affect the polar covalent bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms?

The bond would become more polar.

The bond would become covalent.

The bond would become ionic.

The bond would become less polar.

The bond would become a hydrogen bond.

The bond would break.
Part A
How many covalent bonds can an atom usually make?
ANSWER:
How many covalent bonds can an atom usually make?

An atom can make a number of covalent bonds equal to the number of electrons it needs to
fill its outer shell.

An atom can make a number of bonds equal to its charge.

An atom can make a number of bonds equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.

An atom can make a number of covalent bonds equal to the number of electrons it has in its
outer shell.

An atom can make a number of bonds equal to the number of electrons it can donate to
another atom.
Part A
What is a hydrogen bond?
ANSWER:
What is a hydrogen bond?

a weak bond between the hydrogen atoms in two different water molecules

a polar covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen

a weak bond between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in a
neighboring molecule

a polar bond between two hydrogen atoms in the same water molecule

a weak bond between two slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms

a bond between the hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule
Part A
Which of the following contributes the most toward the ability of water to form hydrogen bonds?
ANSWER:
Which of the following contributes the most toward the ability of water to form hydrogen bonds?

the ability of hydrogen to form ionic bonds

the polar nature of the water molecule

the ability of oxygen to form covalent bonds

the ability of oxygen to bind with hydrogen in a molecule

the ability of oxygen to bind with a partially charged atom
Part A
How do the hydrogen bonds between water molecules compare to the covalent bonds within water
molecules?
ANSWER:
How do the hydrogen bonds between water molecules compare to the covalent bonds within water
molecules?

Hydrogen bonds are between two hydrogen atoms. Covalent bonds are between a hydrogen
and an oxygen.

The hydrogen bonds are more easily broken than the covalent bonds.

The hydrogen and covalent bonds both involve electron sharing.

The hydrogen and covalent bonds are both polar.
Part A
Which of these effects results from the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and nothing else?
ANSWER:
Which of these effects results from the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and nothing else?

water having surface tension

water adhering to surfaces

water acting as an acid

water traveling up a tree

water acting as a solvent
Part A
How does water dissolve salt?
ANSWER:
How does water dissolve salt?

The oxygen atoms of water form a polar covalent bond with the sodium atom.

The negative charges of the oxygen atoms on water balance the partial positive charge of a
sodium atom.

The partial positive charges of hydrogen form covalent bonds with a negatively charged
chloride ion.

The hydrogen atoms of water form hydrogen bonds with a negatively charged chlorine ion.

The partial positive charges of the hydrogen atoms on water surround the negative charge
of a chlorine ion.
Part A
Sugar is a covalently linked compound with many atoms. Water is able to dissolve sugar. What does this
suggest about the atoms of sugar?
ANSWER:
Sugar is a covalently linked compound with many atoms. Water is able to dissolve sugar. What does this
suggest about the atoms of sugar?

Sugar contains hydrogen.

Sugar must contain oxygen or nitrogen atoms, which can form polar bonds

Sugar contains hydrophobic atoms.

Sugar contains ions.

Sugar contains carbon.
Part A
Why are hydrophobic molecules such as fats and oils unable to dissolve in watery solutions?
ANSWER:
Why are hydrophobic molecules such as fats and oils unable to dissolve in watery solutions?

Hydrophobic molecules attract water molecules and form a weak bond.

Hydrophobic molecules are nonpolar, so they can't form hydrogen bonds with water. Water
molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, excluding the hydrophobic molecules.

Hydrophobic molecules have polar covalent bonds, preventing water from interacting with
them.

Hydrophobic molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, excluding water.

Water molecules interact only with ionic bonds, not covalent bonds.
Part A
Consider a molecule formed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bound together. What
properties might this molecule have?
ANSWER:
Consider a molecule formed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bound together. What
properties might this molecule have?

The molecule would be nonpolar.

This molecule would have a high specific heat.

The molecule would act as a polar solvent.

The molecule would be ionic.

The molecule would make hydrogen bonds with other like molecules.
Part A
Coffee has a pH of 5.0. Stomach acid has a pH of 2.0. How does coffee compare to stomach acid?
ANSWER:
Coffee has a pH of 5.0. Stomach acid has a pH of 2.0. How does coffee compare to stomach acid?

Coffee contains fewer OH
-
ions than stomach acid.

Coffee is more acidic than stomach acid.

Coffee contains more H
+
ions than stomach acid.

Stomach acid is 1,000 times more acidic than coffee.

Stomach acid is an acid; coffee is a base.
Part A
What is specific heat?
ANSWER:
What is specific heat?

the energy necessary to change the temperature of a substance by 1C

the temperature of a substance at 1C

the energy present in water at 1C

the energy required to cool water to 1C

the energy required to melt ice

the energy required to evaporate water
Part A
Because the specific heat of land is less than the specific heat of water, which of the following should be
true?
ANSWER:
Because the specific heat of land is less than the specific heat of water, which of the following should be
true?

Land will always be warmer than water.

Wet dirt should reach higher temperatures than dry dirt.

Land will reach a higher temperature than water.

After a warm day, lakes should be warmer at night than the land around them.

Islands should always be cooler than the mainland.
Part A
Why does sweat cool off the human body?
ANSWER:
Why does sweat cool off the human body?

Water avoids the hydrophobic oils on skin.

Water has a high heat of vaporization.

Water can split to form H
+
and OH
-
ions.

Water can dissolve salt.

Water has a high specific heat.
Part A
Why does ice float?
ANSWER:
Why does ice float?

The energy contained in the hydrogen bonds of ice is greater than the energy contained in
the hydrogen bonds of water.

Solids are less dense in general than their liquid form.

The hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water are stronger than those of the solid,
pulling the liquid molecules closer together.

The hydrogen bonds in solid water force the molecules farther apart than the same bonds in
liquid water.
Part A
Which basic property of a single water molecule accounts for all of its special features, including adhesion
and cohesion, its ability to act as a solvent, and its high specific heat?
ANSWER:
Which basic property of a single water molecule accounts for all of its special features, including adhesion
and cohesion, its ability to act as a solvent, and its high specific heat?

the oxygen in water

the ionic character of water

the density of water

the hydrogen bonding of water

the polar nature of water
Part A
In water, the chemicals H
s
PO
4
-
, HPO
4
2-
, and HCO
3
-
all act as buffers. In dry form, these chemicals are
often ionically bound to another element. Which of the following is a good candidate for that element?
ANSWER:
In water, the chemicals H
s
PO
4
-
, HPO
4
2-
, and HCO
3
-
all act as buffers. In dry form, these chemicals are
often ionically bound to another element. Which of the following is a good candidate for that element?

carbon (C)

oxygen (O)

chlorine (Cl)

sodium (Na
+
)

hydroxide (OH)
Building Vocabulary: Biology Terms - Atoms and Molecules
Knowing the meaning of common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots can help you understand biology
terms.
Part A
Can you match these biology terms with their definitions?
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all
terms will be used.
ANSWER:
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 0.0%.
You received 0 out of a possible total of 161 points.

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