A titration is a process of reacting a solution of

unknown concentration with one of known

concentration.
The titrations that we will discuss are acid-
base titrations. In these cases, the titration is
nothing more than a neutralization reaction.
Titration Lingo
The substance with the unknown concentration
is called the analyte.
The substance with the known concentration is
called the titrant or standard solution.
How do you titrate?
In titrations, the titrant is added incrementally to
the analyte until the neutralization reaction is
complete.
During the titration, there will be a point in which
the amounts of the titrant and the analyte are
stoichiometrically equivalent. This point is the
titrations equivalence point.
Indicators are used to help detect the equivalence
point of a titration.
Indicators change colors depending upon the
acidic/basic environment of the solution.
Indicators
Indicators will change colors in different ranges.
We use particular indicators for specific types of
titrations. For example, for weak acid-strong
base titrations, phenolphthalein is used.
Phenolphthalein changes from colorless (in acidic
solutions) to pink (in basic solutions).
The indicators color change should coincide with
the titrations equivalence point. This color
change will signal the end point of the titration.
The end point of a titration signifies the complete
conversion of the acid to a base or vice versa.
How do solve a problem like a titration?
There are various strategies, but this strategy
is the most direct.
n[moles of acid] = n[moles of base]
n = moles from balanced equation (mole ratio)
M = moles/L
Practice Calculation #1
A titration of a 25.00 mL sample of a
hydrochloric acid solution of unknown molarity
reaches the equivalence point when 38.28 mL
of 0.4370 M NaOH solution is added. What is the
molarity of the HCl solution?
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
Practice Calculation #2
A student titrates a 20.00 mL sample of a
solution of HBr with unknown molarity. The
titration requires 20.05 mL of a 0.1819 M
solution of NaOH. What is the molarity of the
HBr solution?
HBr + NaOH NaBr + H
2
O
Practice Calculation #3
A 50.00 mL sample of a sodium hydroxide
solution is titrated with a 1.605 M solution of
sulfuric acid. The titration requires 24.09 mL
of the acid solution to reach the equivalence
point. What is the molarity of the base
solution?
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Practice Calculation #4
Vinegar can be assayed to determine its acetic
acid content. Determine the molarity of acetic
acid in a 15.00 mL sample of vinegar that
requires 22.70 mL of a 0.550 M solution of NaOH
to reach the equivalence point.
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
Practice Calculation #5
A 50.00 mL sample of potassium hydroxide
solution is titrated with a 0.8186 M HCl solution.
The titration requires 27.87 mL of the HCl
solution to reach the equivalence point. What is
the molarity of the KOH solution?
HCl + KOH KCl + H
2
O
Sample Calculation #6
A 15.00 mL sample of acetic acid is titrated with
34.13 mL of 0.9940 M NaOH. Determine the
molarity of the acetic acid.
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
Sample Calculation #7
A flask contains 41.04 mL of a solution of
potassium hydroxide. The solution is titrated
and reaches the equivalence point when 21.65
mL of a 0.6515 M solution of HNO
3
is added.
Calculate the molarity of the base solution.
KOH + HNO
3
KNO
3
+ H
2
O