FOR
DE NTA L TE CHNICIA N S
rULCA] VI T E
t]\'
J. A. SALZMANN, D.D.S.
Chairnran, Conrmittee on Coursesfbr Dental Technicians and Head of
Dental Service,New York City Vocational Schools: Editor,
New York Journal of Dentistry : author of Principles
and Praclice of Public Healtl Denristrl
Pnnpecn v
I. INrnorucrloN xi
II. OrrcrN op DBNrer- MEcner.trcs xiii
III. Vocetroxar- DBvpLoPMENT xv
IV. Voceuoxer, ANer.vsrs xviii
V. Senprv IusrRucuoN FoR DrNlar TrcuurcraNs xxv
[JNrr No.
'Wex
I. TrcuNrc I
2 . Pr-asrnRTrcnNIc IO
INTRODUCTION
even under these conditions, require a high degree of skill, accuracy EXAMPLES OF artificial dental appliances have been found in the
and supervision which can be mastered only after a comparatively ruins of ancient Phoenicia in Asia Minor. The Phoenicians replaced
long period of training. Dental laboratory mechanics is therefore lost human teeth by tying in their place with gold wire other teeth 1
an occupation which, while based on certain definite scientific prin- extracted from slaves. During the rise of the Roman Empire, arti- 1
ciples, calls for the application of individual treatment to each case. ficial substitutes for lost teeth were well known. With the coming
As long as people will continue to differ physically, "technological un- of the so-called Dark Ages of medieval times, the attempts to re-
employment" (replacement of workers by machines) is destined to place lost teeth by artificial substitutes declined, even as did medicine
remain unknown among dental laboratory workers. and other scientific pursuits. An interesting account is related of an 1
A successful dental laboratory technician or dental mechanic must Austrian jeweler who fashioned a gold cap (crown) and placed it 1
be able to fashion with his hands the exact appliance indicated by over one of the molar teeth of his son. T h e news quickly spread 1
the impression plus the written or oral instructions furnished him by that the boy wu born with a gold tooth. This event puzzled the
the dentist. H e must have a high degree of digital dexterity, and various learned men throughout Europe, who wrote many books and
his hands must otherwise be physically normal in every respect. The articles on the subject in their attempts to explain the phenomenon 1
dental laboratory technician must possess a keen esthetic sense and be of the boy with the gold tooth, until the crown finally wore out, 1
artistically inclined. The confining nature of the work makes it neces- showing the natural tooth under it.
sary for the technician to have good eyesight and to be free from During the seventeenth century, and at the beginning of the eight-
respiratory defects. Since the finished product must fit accurately in eenth century, dental mechanics was more advanced in France than
the mouth of the patient, accuracy in the performance of dental lab- in any other country. It was in this country that the making of porce-
oratory work is of utmost importance. The technician must be en- lain teeth originated. T h e development of dentistry in colonial times 1
dowed with innate ability to give infinite attention to details. in America can be traced chiefly to France. While the Revolutionary 1
T h e finished product of the dental laboratory technician must War was in progress, the French fleet under Rochambeau, stationed 1
meet functional and esthetic requirements as interpreted by the off the coast of New England, brought with it a number of dentists
dentist by whom the technician is employed. It is not only important who taught John Greenwood, an American from Boston, and one or
that the completed dental appliance should give satisfaction when two others in the Colonial Army. Greenwood finally became George 1 I
xiv MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS v()L'll'I'Io~.\l.~ ~ l ~ v l ~ ~ , ~ ) ~ ' h ~ ~ ?XV~ ' ~
V O C A T I O N A L ANALYSIS
metal arid vulcn~~itcfiles, scl.;ll)crs ;und chisels, contouring pliers, trades. T h e dental laboratory solicitor must be thoroughly ac-
grinding stones and polishing whccls. All tools must be kept thor- quainted with trade terms and practices.
oughly clean. c. Buying: storekeeper and supervisor of maintenance of tools,
materials, and equipment. A knowledge of trade terms and quality
8. Materials Commonly Used: 1'l:tstcr of Paris, waxes, invest-
ment material, compound, dental rubhcr and other denture base ma- of materials, tools and equipment is necessary.
d. Receiving and Shipping: inspection and checking of work re-
terials, gold, porcelain, silver alloy, 1io11-preciousmetals such as
chrome alloys, artificial teeth, polishing stones and abrasives such as ceived from dentists, mailing of finished work; management of
messenger service. A knowledge of the requirements of completed
pumice, chalk and polishing rougc. (Fig. 7.)
work and of impressions and instructions to be followed is important.
10. Laboratory Workshop: T h e following are the main divisions
of the laboratory workshop:
a. Plaster department in charge of a plaster technician. T h e plaster
worker prepares the impressions or counters supplied by the dentist.
H e makes dental casts from the impressions and mounts on articu-
lators the casts which have been related by the dentist with the aid
b. The wlcanite or dentzcre depart me^ is under the supervision dental metal worker must possess a high degree of skill and accuracy.
of a denture technician. Here the arranging of artificial teeth, d. T h e ceramics department is usually separated from the rest of
waxing, vulcanization, trimming, grinding and polishing of vulcanite the laboratory by partitions. Cleanliness is of utmost importance. I n
and other materials used as bases for dentures are accomplished. T h e this department are made porcelain crowns, bridges and inlays. T h e
denture technician may also fashion clasps and connecting bars out of staining of porcelain teeth to simulate the natural teeth of the pa-
gold or other precious and non-precious metals used in partial denture tient is also performed here. T h e porcelain worker must possess a
work, in combination with vulcanite or other denture bases. (Fig. 8.) highly developed training which requires a long period of appren-
c. I n the metal denture department, dentures are made of gold ticeship. (Fig. 9.)
and other precious and non-precious metals. In this department the T h e various departments mentioned may be further subdivided in
inlays and denture bases are cast or swaged, crowns and bridgework the larger commercial laboratories. Thus we may have technicians
are constructed. Wrought and cast clasps are also made here. A who do nothing but arrange artificial teeth, waxers, finishers of den-
tures, polishers of dentures, inlay workers, casting workers, crown
and bridge workers and so forth. I t has been estimated that it takes
from three to five years of constant practical work in a dental labora-
tory to produce a fully trained technician.
! 40mm.
I
i
------
7 2, mm.
Frc. 10. PLANOF WAXBOX Exact dimensions for 75 X 90 mm. tray, allowing one millimeter for each thickness
of wax.
Exact dimensions for 45 X 45 mm, wax box, allowing I millimeter for each thickness
of basewax.
Procedure : (Follow operations in the order presented here.)
CAUTIONS:
are beeswax, paraffin, cottonseed oil, rosin, turpentine and coloring a. T o avoid overheating the wax spatula, place a small piece of
matter. T h e principal types of wax ai-e pink and red basewax; ad- wax on the blade of the spatula and hold it over the Bunsen
hesive or "sticky" wax, inlay, carding (a black wax) and casting wax. burner fEame until the wax begins to melt, m'thdraw th.e
T h e basewax required in this unit can be purchased in sheets 3 by 5% spatula and use. (Fig. 14.)
inches, in half-pound boxes, known as "Pink Baseplate Paraffin and b. T o avoid distortion, do not press fingers or spatula too hard
Wax." on wax.
c. Use the $at pointed end of the wax spatula to obtain uniform.
Tools and Equipment : Bunsen burner, with gas tubing (Fig. I2 ) ,
sealing and sharp corners.
wax spatula, millimeter ruler and penknife (Fig. 13).
d. Steady the hands when sealing with heated spatula. (Fig. 15.)
Materials : Pink basewax, carding wax, absorbent cotton. c. Ilold the wax parts steadilv until the melted wax congeals
(cools or hardens).
4 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS WAX TECHNIC 5
A. Construction of 45 by 45 mm. basewax box and sealed cover 3. Using the flat tapering surface of the warm spatula (heated
(Figs. 10 and 16). over burner), smooth the edges of the box to form sharp
1. Using penknife and millimeter ruler, cut six pieces of lines. Finish edges with penknife.
basewax according to dimensions (Fig. 13).
4. Cleanse the wax box with wet absorbent cotton wad while
holding under running, cold water.
Air is mixed with the illuminating gas before ignition. a-Pale blue or purple H. Construction of Wax Art-base Tray (Figs. I I and I 6).
flame: this is the oxidizing flame. b-Pale blue or greenish flame: the reducing
flame, the hottest part of flame. c-Air and gas mixture. Too much air will I. Mark basewax to dimensions indicated (Figs. I I and I 6).
extinguish flame. d-Air hole. e-Gas supply. 2. Cut wax using penknife and ruler.
Note: Difficulty in keeping the Bunsen burner lighted may be due to a cold burner, 3. Allow largest piece (bottom) to rest on the bench. Seal
too much or too little air or gas. sides at right angles to bottom. Allow for wax thickness by
placing narrower pieces on top of the bottom piece.
2. Using heated wax spatula along adjoining wax edges, seal 4. Using millimeter ruler, cut carding wax to enclose sides of
the pieces of wax to form a 45 by 45 mm. box with squared wax art-base tray, obtaining measurements for carding wax
edges. Allow for thickness of wax by lapping 45 by 45 mm. on outer dimensions of wax art-base tray.
pieces over 45 by 43 mm. pieces. 43 by 43 mm. pieces should 5 . Chill under gently running water, rub outer surfaces with
be inserted. wct ;il)sorl,cnt cotton wad to polish wax.
6 M A N U A L FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS WAX TECHNIC 7
Hold pieces of w a x lightly to avoid distortion. Learn to use the fingers and
thumbs for holding the work, for guiding instruments and for protecting the hands
I-Wax. 2-Outer cone (oxidation). 3-Middle cone (reduction). +-Inner cone from accidental injury by heated, pointed or revolving instruments.
(mixture of air and gas). 5-Bunsen burner. 6-Tubing. 7-Wax spatula.
Note: Hold base of spatula blade over apex of middle cone of flame. W a x will
flow toward apex of spatula blade. If apex of spatula is heated first w a x will run
toward base of spatula blade. By heating a piece of w a x on the spatula and with-
drawing the spatula when the w a x begins to melt, the time needed for heating
spatula for waxing purposes can be determined.
Questions :
I. What are the principal ingredients of pink basewax; sticky
wax; inlay wax?
2 . I n which part of the Bunsen burner flame should the spatula
R E L A T E D INFORMATION: U N I T NO. I
be heated?
3. What is the method of heating wax spatula? W A X TECHNIC
4. What effect does rubbing with wet cotton have on the base-
wax? Properties of Wax: When only slightly heated or warmed (about
5 . What effect does overheating have on the spatula? 80" to I 10" F.) wax becomes pliable and can be adapted to irregular
6. What effect does overheating have on wax? surfaces, the shape of which the wax will retain when chilled. When
7. What care should be given to the tools, equipment and ma- wax is heated to a higher temperature (230" to 290" I?.) it assumes a
terials used? liquid form and can be poured. A.t a still higher temperature wax
Job Appraisal : begins to evaporate. Most waxes can be entirely eliminated by heat-
I. D o the finished box and wax art-base tray have sharp corners ing to high temperatures.
and sharp evenly-sealed edges, at right angles to each other, Ingredients of Pink Wax: (Parts by weight.)
except where otherwise indicated? White beeswax 50 parts
2. Is the carding wax evenly sealed to the sides of the wax art- Paraffin 2 5 parts
base tray? Dyestuff (vermilion) I to 4 parts
3. Are all outer surfaces of the wax free from finger prints and
other markings? Ingredients of Black Carding Wax:
4. Were remakes necessary? How many? Beeswax
5 . Did you waste any material?
Black dye (coal black)
6. Did you require longer than the 30 minutes (average) for REFERENCES: (Books for Additional Information.)
making the wax box? I . Hodgen, J. D.: Practical Dental Metallurgy. T h e C. V. Mosby Co.,
7. Did you require longer than one hour (average) for making St. Louis, Mo., 1932.
the wax art-base tray? 2. Skinner, E. W.: T h e Science of Dental Materials. W. B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa., 1936. ,
REFERENCES: (Books for Additional Information.) 3. Prinz, H.: Dental Formulary. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1936.
I. Hodgen, J. D.: Practical Dental Metallurgy. T h e C. V. Mosby Co.,
St. Louis, Mo., 1932.
2. Skinner, E. W.: T h e Science of Dental Materials. W. B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia, I 936.
3. Prinz, H.: Dental Formulary. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1936.
I IN11' N O . 2
PLASTER TECHNIC
l ' l , c,j~ I~J i i~, i j ~is ~I I ~~C ~~inI I?uilding ~ ~ ~ c r ~ t iin ~(..istin:;
m s , plastcr .it.i~ua~-\
;in,] for pl.lstcr b:~ndagcs.inJ other purposes too ~ L I I I I ~ ~ O to L I n
S i e n t i o ~here.
~
I'l.~stcr is :11so tlscii in rlcnr.il 1nbor;ltory opci-.~tions. Next to w a s , i t 110t
c q ~ ~ a l linlportant,
y is the usc of pl~stcl-in ~ l c n t : ~l:~horntor!.
l work. 1'1;lster
o f I'aris is siiid lo h.l\-e bccn lirst llsed in dcntistl-y i l l I j j 0 by Phillip Pfaif
\vho W.IS the dclltist O F 1"reciericL t l ~ c(;rent ol (;c.r~n;lily. 'l'hc heha\-ior of
liiixed pl;~ster ~ v l ~ e!;I-st
n uscct i l l the l,ll>orntor\ leucis tl-uth to t h e s.iying:
"Plnstcr is y o u r master 11nti1 Y ~ L rn~stel-
I pl:istc.~.." .\nil it is rc;~llyso. T h e
cnsc with wllicl~l>l;~stcr<.In be rnnnipul.itcii once the technic is 1e.1rned is
nnlnzing. E ' ~ ~ r t l ~ c r mwit11 ~ ~ r cn, knoulcdgc o l t h e \vorkilli: o l w;lx 2nd plns-
ter, t h c 1e;lrncr- Ilns I ~ i dthe. founci:ltion lor the building oi :I thorough
t r ; ~ i n i ~3s~ :Ig dcllt:ll t e c I l ~ l i c i : l ~ ~ .
Vocational Information: Artificial stone, one of the many modi- Materials: Dental plaster of I'aris; water; sandpapci- Nos. o and
fied forms of dental plaster of Paris, is riow commonly used for mak- I ; talc.
ing dental casts. Dental plaster may be mixed with a spatula or by
shaking the plaster bowl after covering it with a glass slab or tin Procedure : (Follow operations in the order presented here.)
cover, or by usirig a mechanical spatulator. All plaster tools must be
kept absolutely clean and the plaster itself should be kept in an air-
a. W h i l e the steps in lii7ixing plaster must be followed care full^^,
tight container as it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. I t is and completed before t h e
they should be performed
well to follow the manufacturer's direction for the proportions of
plaster besins to "set" or harden.
water to plaster. T h e setting time, hardness and expansion of mixed
h. As t h e plaster hardens it generates heat. This is called " s ~ t -
plaster can be controlled by means of "hasteners" or "retarders."
ting.)) W a i t until t h e plaster cools before proreedi~z~/o
T h e method of manufacture; the amount of spatulation; the ratio of
trim it.
plaster to water; the temperature of water and plaster; and the pres-
c. Llloisten tht, glass slab to prlivent the plaster fvo~rz adheriiz:<
ence of impurities all influence the mix.
to it.
T o o l s a n d E q u i p m e n t : Plaster saw (round barbed blade) ; 2 glass d . c?lze,ays cut "full" dimensions to allow for 1-~(turtio71 w h , 11
slabs; plaster knife; rubber plaster bowl; chanlois cloth; marking using sandpapc,r.
pcncil ; measuring cup; try-square. (Fig. I 9.) c . f'laster mixing tools, spatula and b o d , should be thorouRh7)l
cleaned to prevent rusting of spatula and knife and faully
mixes.
f. Store plaster i n a dry place. Keep plaster container r l o s ~ d .
2 . If watr7r is accidentally spilled inlo dry plasler, rPmovr a77
-,tTptfllaferial at once.
7. After filling the wax art-base tray with plaster, level the sur-
face with a plaster spatula and cover evenly with a glass
slab. Wait until plaster "sets" before proceeding.
8. While waiting for plaster to set construct a second wax art-
base tray and fill with plaster. (Repeat procedures r to 7.)
I \ \ ' ; u art-h;tsr tl-;I!~. 0-\Vax a r t - b a r tl-a?. tilled with pla>ter. c-Plaster block
I,.III,I\,C fl.om
~ ;~rt-llast:tray. d-I-pprl- plaster art-base trimmed tu dimell-
. ~ O I I \ . e-Lo\\-rr plastel. art-haw trirnmed to dimerision\. t-upper piaster nrt-
I,;~sr\vith rrccs\rd top. g-\$'ax tlrpo\itt.ri i r ~ lo\\-cr plaster a r t - h a w
I ,\. CJsirig k~liic,cut a recess' 1 ilich fr-om the edges and 1/1 inch
deep in both plaster art-bases.
I 4. Using talc on chamois, polish bases. (1;ig. 19.)
I 5 . T h e art-bases call be filled with basewax and stick!. wax re-
spectivel! and used as wax containers. (Fig. 2 1 . )
S11l)plementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by
3. Are all surfaces smooth and evenly polished? When plaster of Paris is mixed with water it re-crystallizes. I t
4. Is the finished work according to the dimensions indicated on undergoes a hardening or setting process and becomes a solid. Heat
the plans? is generated during the setting process. T h e setting process is di-
5. Were make-ovei-s necessary? Was economy of materials ob- t the fii~al set. T h e time when the plas-
vided into the iilitial s ~ and
served? ter may be molded into a desired shape is known as the initial setting
6. Was the time for completing each art-base tray longer than period and lasts from 2 to 15 minutes, depending on the plaster used.
I hours (average) ? Plaster used for the usual dental laboratory purposes sets in 8 to 15
minutes. 'The fiilal set which represents the length of time that
~ZEFERENCES: (Books for Additional Information.)
must elapse before the plaster is hard enough for use is about % to
I. Skinner, E. W.: T h e Sciencc of Dcntnl M.~terinls. W. B. S:~unilersCo.,
I hour. T h e greatest hardness of plaster is reached about 24 hours
Pllilndelphi~,I 936.
2. Nichols, 1. G.: Prosthe~icDcntistr!.. St. Louis, Mo.: C. V. Moshy Co.,
after mixing. T h e plaster mix should be of a creamy consistency
1930. : ~ n dshould drop off, not pour off, the inverted plaster spatula.
3. Frallm, F. LV.: 'l'hc Principlvs nnci 'I'cchllics of Full D e n ~ n r eConstruc- I. Setting time may be influenced by the following:
tion. Brooklyn: Dental Ttcnis O F Interest I'uhlishing Co., 1931. a. Mantifacturing process: Impurities may hasten or retard the
S P ~ . T h e finer the plaster the faster the setting time.
b. S p a t u l ~ t i o n : Within reasonable limits, the faster and the
longer the spatulation, the quicker the setting time. Pro-
longed spatulation weakens the plaster mix by interfering
with crystallization of the setting plaster.
c. Ratio of water and plaster: If the ratio of water is increased
the set is retarded. If the ratio of plaster is increased, the set
is hastened. Too little plaster gives a wet mix and powdery
casts when dry. Too much plaster gives a crumbly mix.
tl. T e m p ~ u a t u r e :T h e higher the temperature of the water and
plaster the fastel- the setting time. D r y plaster sets faster
than wet plaster. At the time of using, water and plaster
should be at room temperature.
17
e. Retarders a j ~ daccelerators: Substances which hasten setting
time are known as accelerators. These include the following:
table salt, potassium sulphate or alum. Substances which
prolong the time of setting are known as retarders and in- U N I T NO. 3
clude the following: lenlon juice, acetic acid in the form of
vinegar, borax and powdered marshmallow root. PREPARATION O F PLASTER IMPRESSIONS F O R
CASTS-I
11. Expansion of Mixed P l a s t e r :
a. Potassium sulphate and borax arc added to the plaster b ~ l 'I'lic lirsl conk.ict ol t h e dei~t.iI tcctinici;ll~ \q.itli the work w l ~ i c h h e
the manufacturer in order to control expansion. performs is when Ilc receives t h e dcllt.11 impression o h t , ~ i n c ~froin l the
b. Ry increasing the ratio of water to plaster in the mix, expan m o u t h b the dentist. A t this point the act~lalconstruction of ttic
sion is reduced. ~lcnturc,begins. 'l'hc impression must be cnrefully llandled. T h e dentist
c. Long spatulation increases expansion. has spent a great deal of time ;illd effort in obtaining it frolll the pntient.
d. Resistance to expansion can be offered 19 dental impressioti I f the impression is carelessly hnndlcd it may be ncccss:iry to take nnother
trays, flasks, and boxing of dental impressions before pour- 7 .
one. 1 h e patient lnay not like the idc.1 or tiillc m.1y not suflice for going
ing plaster casts. through the p r o c c d ~ l r c:I second tinlc. Yurthermorc, the dentist Inay find
:1 technician w h o is ~ l l o r ccnreful. linprcssions takcn in plaster usunlly come
111. S t r e n g t h o r H a r d n e s s of P l a s t e r : to the tcchnician in set-cr;ll pieces. ;\lthougl~ thc dentist should join the
a. Ratio of water to plaster: If the mixed plaster is allowed to pieces together ivith stick! w:~x,so tli:lt he mil)- hc :tlilc to tell at n glance i f
dry it will withstand more pressure than when wet. T o o the impression is ~:~tisfnctor\,, this R.oI-~\is LISU;~~~!. t l . ~ ~ ~one ~toi the tech-
much water results in soft plaster. I.ess water gives a harder ~ g instructions in this nit, t h e technician will
nician. So, b>- f o l l v \ ~ - i ~thc
mix. Icnrn IIOW to :~sscmblc tlic pnrts of hrokcn p1:lster imprcssions, in order that
b. Accelerators and retarders ma! weaken the mix. he m a y he able to iii.1kc :In ;IccLIr;ltc C ; I S ~ o n n-hich t h e npplinncc is to bc
c. Temperature: T h e higher the temperature of the mix, the constructed.
lower the strength will be.
d. Spatulation: If spatulation is sufficient the mix will be harder Process o r Principle : No. 3 : Assembling Impressions.
than when it is not sufficiently spatulated. If spatulation is a. U s e of sticky wax.
produced by "cutting not whipping" the plaster, the mix b. Handling of broken parts of dental impressions.
will be harder. c. A r r a n g i n ~broken parts in dental in~pressiontrays.
d. Assembli~~g dental iynpr-~ssions,wi//7out using impression trays.
SPATULATION O F PLASTER Project o r Jobs: ( T o be performed b) the learner.)
O p e n Bowl Spatulation: Rotate the bowl slowly in one hand JOB No. 3. Assemble four sets of full (edentulous: all teeth
while passing the plaster spatula through the plaster and water with have been lost) upper- and lower dental ilnpressions in impression
a cutting motion until a creamy consistency is reached (about one trays.
minute.) JOB No. 4. .Assemble four sets (four upper and four lower) of
full (edentulous) upper and lower impressions without using
Closed Bowl M e t h o d : Cover the plaster bowl col~taining the impression trays.
proper amounts of water and with a glass slab or a tin cover. Jorl No. 5 . Assemble six partial impressions in impression trays
H o l d the thumbs of both halids around the cover and the firigcrh oti (p:~rtiallyedentulous: not all teeth have been lost, some teeth still
the bottom of the bowl. Shake up :und down quickly for O I I C ~iiinutc. i l l the mouth)-three upper and three lower.
Mechanical Spatulation : 'l'hcrc :ire \,:isio~ts ~~icc.l~;~~~ic.:il ~ I I : L i11:1
( J O I I No. 6. Assemble six partial (partially edentulous) impres-
tors 0 1 1 the principle of tlic egg 1)c;itcr. '!'fit ~i~cc~li:tr~ic:il
S~I;L~LI~:L~OI-\ \ I O I I S i11 i11i1)ressionti-ays-three uppel- ; ~ n dthree lower.
g i v t ~:I thoroi~gliniis i n ;I sliort(~~-
ti111ct l i : ~11:111(l
~ ~ \lx~tt~l;~tiot~.
PREPARATION O F PLASTER IMPRESSIONS FOR CASTS-I 21
20 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
a-Upper gum (alveolar process). b-Upper lip. c-Lower gum (alveolar process).
d-lower lip.
Note: A full upper and a full lower denture (plate) are needed to restore the
lost teeth.
Note: I t is sometimes necessary to join three pieces together a t the same time ( a s
shown above) to avoid undercuts. Rest the convex under-surface of the w a x
spatula against the tray surface of the impression, then tilt the spatula so that the
sticky w a x is deposited on the tray surface. T h i s method warms the spot where
the sticky w a x is to be deposited and helps the w a x to adhere to the impression.
Questions :
I . Why is it necessary to assemble impressions accurately?
2. Why should wet impressions not be assembled?
3. Why should wax not be used on tissue surfaces?
4. What are the relative merits of assembling in trays and with- R E L A T E D INFORMATION: U N I T NO. 3
out trays?
5. Why should parts of the impression be arranged in consecu- P R E P A R A T I O N O F I M P R E S S I O N S F O R CASTS-I
tive order before assembling?
6. Why should parts be held steady until the sticky wax con- Sticky W a x : Adhesive wax, commonly known as "sticky" wax,
geals? serves many purposes in the dental laboratory. I t is used in as-
7. Define: dental impressions; edentulous; partial impression; sembling plaster impressions and in waxing parts of bridgework
dental arch; dental cast; fracture-edge; tray surface. before investing for soldering and for temporarily attaching teeth.
Job Appraisal : Sticky wax usually consists of a compound containing rosin, bees-
I. Have all parts been assembled accurately? wax, coloring matter, gum damar and mastic. The greater the pro-
2. Are the tissue surfaces free from wax? portion of rosin the more brittle and more adhesive the wax. Too
3. Have the parts of the impression been closely approximated much beeswax makes the sticky wax too yielding and too plastic.
so that the fracture lines are almost invisible? Ingredients of Sticky W a x :
4. Have you observed economy of material? -
5 . Were make-overs necessary?
6. Can you assemble an impression in not longer than 15 min-
Wax I 02. 1
(1 1 Rosin 3 02. melt and mix
T o y shops sell outfits that enable children to cast lead o r tin toys,
such as tin soldiers, boats, animals and so forth. T h e melted metal is
poured into a form and is allowed to cool and harden. Similarly, t h e dental
impression is the form into which the casting is to be made. T h e impres-
sion is reenforced by a retaining wall, which confines the plaster and re-
duces the amount of trimming of the cast after it is poured.
I. With the penknife cut a 3/leN strip along the full length of
the carding wax and seal it around the outer edges of the
impression about %" away from the crest of the rim of the
impression (Figs. 41, 42, 43 and 44). This is very im-
portant.
2. Shape the balance of the carding wax around the impression,
boxing it in, then seal the wax to the outer border of the
impression and along the adjoining edges of the carding
wax itself (Figs. 41, 42, 43 and 44).
3. In lower impressions apply a piece of basewax in the space
usually occupied by the tongue (the tongue-space) (Figs. r. Pink basewax in tongue space. A-Tongue space. B-Carding wax strip
43 and 45). i~ppliedbelow rim of impression. C-Rim of impression (periphery). z. Carding
wax wall applied.
4. Using the camel's hair brush with a dabbing or stippling
motion, cover the tissue surface of the impression with a thin N o t e : Carding wax wall should not be too close to rear part (condyles) of
impression to avoid thin edges.
coating of shellac and wait until thoroughly dry before pro-
ceeding (Fig. 47).
5. Using a clean camel's hair brush with a dabbing motion, apply
one coating of Sandarac on the tissue surface. Wait until thc
Sandarac is dry before proceeding.
36 MANUAL FOR DENTAL T E C H N I C I A N S PREPARATION O F DENTAL IMPRESSIONS-I1 37
Supplementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by
learner.)
I . How may home-made separating media be prepared?
(See Frahm, Prinz.)
2. Which types of separating media are harmful to impressions
and dentures?
3. Which types of separating media are inflammable?
4. Why is basewax used in the tongue-space?
io
DENTAL CAST TECHNIC-I 4I
I-Dental Lathe. 2-Vibrating platform. 3-Lathe chuck with off-center fibre disks.
Note: Attach chuck with off-center fibre disks to lathe spindle-end. Adjust platform
between chuck release (A) and lathe bushing ( B ) . T h e vibrations are produced
by the off-center fibre disks striking against the bottom of the vibrating platform.
I. Pouring Plaster:
I. Immerse the prepared impression in cold water for 5 to 10
minutes.
2. Remove the impression from the water and drain all excess
water adhering to tissue surfaces.
3. If plaster is to be used, make a plaster mix.
4. Place a small quantity of plaster in the rear of the impression
which is held in the hand and jarred against the plaster
bench, quickly covering the tissue surface of the impression
(Figs. 49 and 50). I d
5. Holding the impression in one hand, add plaster, using plas- FIG.50. Mm.1-10~OF POURING
PARTIAL
IMPRESSIONS
(CROSS
SECTION
VIEW)
ter spatula. Tap the back of the hand holding the impression I-First application of plaster or stone (x) into rear of boxed impression. 2-First
of plnstcr or stonc ( x ) j:~rrcd into place and second application added.
r~ppIic:~~tion
3-Air I)ul)l~lc( A ) rcnr~ltof ilnlrropcr iutrotluction of plaster or stonc (x) into boxed
p11rli111itnl)rr!iui~>t~
(cross swtiol~).
44 M A N U A L ]'OR I)I<N'I'AI. 'I'ICCI-INICIANS DENTAL CAST TECHNIC-I 45
gently against the plaster bench so that each addition of 3. Vibrate the impression against the plaster bench while stone
plaster settles in the impression before the next is deposited. is being added until all air bubbles are brought to the surface
Continue adding plaster and tapping the impression until and eliminated.
plaster has filled the boxed impression. Wait until plaster 4. If a mechanical vibrator is used, hold the impression care-
has set thoroughly before procccding, fully while on vibrator platform. (Fig. 5 I.)
NOTE: If artificial stone is to be used, the proportion of water is 5 . Score the top of poured casts to facilitate attachment to plas-
2 5 per cent less than for plaster. ter when mounting on articulator. (Fig. 5 2 . )
11. Pouring Stone: NOTE: TOreenforce isolated teeth in partial impressions bend a
I. Follow the directions of the manufacturcr for mixing stone. piece of a wire clip to extend from the rim of the impression to
T h e usual proportions are water I part and 3 parts of stone about 2 mm. from the occlusal surface of the tooth-impression and
by weight. A small quantity of the mixed stone is placed at hold in place with sticky wax. (Fig. 5 3 . )
the rear of the impression. Using a jarring motion adapt Supplementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by the
the artificial stone to the impression. learner.)
2 . Add small quantities of the mixed stone, allowing each addi-
I. Difference between impression plaster and cast plaster.
tion to settle or spread over the impression. Add stone until 2 . Types of artificial stone.
all of the boxed area is filled. 3. Warpage of casts; causes of warpage.
4. How does stone compare with plaster in respect to expansion
and hardness.
5. Various types of mechanical vibrators.
6. Pouring of compound and other composition impressions.
Questions :
I. What may happen to the cast if plaster is not mixed properly?
2 . How is the first covering of plaster applied?
3. W h y is the impression jarred when being poured?
4. What is the correct procedure for pouring dental impressions
in plaster; in artificial stone?
5 . What precautions should be taken in pouring partial im-
pressions?
6. What precautions should be followed in using mechanical
vibrators?
7. W h y are air bubbles in casts harmful?
8. Why are bases of casts scored?
9. W h y is artificial stone used for making casts? What happens
when artificial stone is not properly mixed?
FIG. 5 1 . IMPRESSION
POUREDI N STONEBEINGVIBRATED ON MECHANICAL 10.Define: mold, counter, prosthetic appliance, warpage?
VIBRATOR TO ELIMINATE
AIR BUBBLES AND TO OBTAINAN ACCURATE
CAST Job Appraisal :
(VIEWED FROM ABOVE)
I. Are there any bubbles or other imperfections on the tissue
A-Dental lathe. B-Vibrator table. C-Poured impression. surface of the cast?
Noie: The amount of pressure of the hands holding the boxed impression on thc
vibrating platform controls the amount of vibration. T h e boxed impression s l ~ o ~ ~ l t l 2. Have the bubbles been vibrated to the base of the poured
be held carefully to avoid crushing or distorting the impression. cast?
46 MANUAL FOR DHN'I'AL TECHNICIANS DENTAL CAST TECHNIC-1 47
No&: W a x the pieces of wire, cut from paper clips, opposite the tooth depressions
(A, B, C) so that they are imbedded in the middle of the tooth impression and are
not too near the tooth surface on the cast.
DENTAL CAST TECHNIC-I 49
REFERENCES:
(Books for Additional Information.)
I . Skiilner, E. W.: ?'he Sciencc of Dcntal Mxtcrials. phi lad el phi^: W. B.
Saundcrs Co., 1936.
2. Ray, K. W.: Aletallurgy for Dental Students. Philadelphia: P. Blakis-
ton's Son & Co., IIIC., I 9 j I .
j. Frahni, F. W.: Principles 2nd 'l'cclinics of Full Denture Construction.
Brooklyn: D c ~ l t a lItellls of Interest Publjsliinp Co., 1934. RELATED INFORMATION: U N I T NO. 4 (Continued)
4. Kennedy, E.: Partial Denture Const~uction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of
Intercst Publislling Co., 1028. D E N T A L C A S T TECHNIC-11
j. Prinz, H.: Dental Formulary. 1'1liln~icl~hi.r:Lea ik Fcbigcr, 1936.
Separating Soluble Plaster: Immerse the impression with the
poured cast in boiling water. T h e starch causes the impression to
swell and disintegrate, allowing the impression to be easily removed
from the cast.
Separating Modeling Compound : Place the compound impres-
sion with the poured cast in hot water until the compound is suffi-
ciently soft to be readily removed from the cast. If the compound is
too hard the cast, especially teeth in partial casts, may be broken. If
the compound is allowed to remain in boiling water too long it may
adhere to the cast and become difficult to remove.
Separating Elastic Impression Material: Follow directions for
compound or the directions supplied by the manufacturer.
Separating Dentocoll: Dentocoll can be p e l e d off by using a
plaster knife. I n full impressions the dentocoll can be pulled off the
cast by tugging on the impression tray handle. Care should be exer-
cised in separating partial impressions.
D E N T A L CAST TECHNIC-111 59
A-Line along inner margin of carding wax strip. B-Thumb guard and guide for
controlling knife blade. C-Knife blade in palm grip. D-Lower cast.
Note: If impressions are boxed properly there will be very little trimming of casts
necessary. Palm grip and thumb guard are used in trimming casts.
Job Appraisal :
I. Is the crest of the alveolar ridge parallel to the base of the
cast?
FIG.64. METHOD EXCESSOF UPPERCAST
OF SAWING
2 . Are the sides of the art-base at right angles to the base of
Note: Saw to "full" dimensions to allow for sandpapering without making it neccs- the cast?
sary to trim the cast beyond the beginning of the alveolo-buccal fold.
62 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
D E N T A L C A S T TECHNIC-111
A-Lingual (towards the tongue) surface of molar. B-Buccal (towards the cheek)
surface of molar. C-Occlusal surface (facing or closing with teeth in opposing
jaw). D-Incisal (cutting) edge of anterior teeth.
Note: Compare the above diagram with the upper jaw of a person. Locate the A-Heel or tuberosity of upper jaw. B-Denture limit (in alveolo-buccal fold).
C-Muscle attachment (alveolo-buccal fold). D-Muscle attachment (frenum at
landmarks and note differences. cheek). E-Muscle attachment from upper lip to upper gum (labial frenum).
F-Opening in bone at gum pad on the median line of the gum ridge. G--0pen-
ing in bone at molar region.
Procedure : (Follow operations in the order presented here.)
CAUTIONS:
a. Do not scar casts in marking dentzlre bearing or relief areas. A-Condyle (elevation at rear of lower alveolar ridge). B-Crest of ridge (highest
part of alveolar process). C-Lower muscle attachment between lower lip and
b. Relieve all hard or unduly soft areas. . .
alveolar process (labial f renum) D-Muscle attachment (frenum) E--Denture
c. Avoid impinging on muscle attachments. area limit (in alveolo-buccal fold). F-Muscle attachment (alveolo-buccal fold).
G--Tongue space.
NOTE: T r y to locate the various anatomic structures marked in hrote: Bone openings exist for the passage of veins, arteries and nerves.
Figs. 69 and 70 by looking into the mouth of a person.
I. Using a pencil, outline the frenum on the casts. \ 4. "Horseshoe" dentures, indications and contra-indications.
2. Outline the muscle attachments on the casts. 5. Palatal bar dentures, indications and contra-indications.
3. Outline the denture bearing areas on the casts. 6. Lingual bar dentures, indications and contra-indications.
4. Outline the rugae on the upper casts. 7. ccVacuum"chambers.
5. Outline the median line.
6. Outline the condyles. Questions :
7. Outline the exits and courses of the main palatal and man I. What are rugae?
dibular nerves and blood vessels. 2. What is the median line?
8. Outline the division of the hard and soft palate. 3. What are the condyles?
9. Outline the dividing line of the alveolar ridges. .; What tlocs thc uppcr denture bearing area include?
68 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS PREPARATION O F DENTURE BEARING AREAS-I 69
5. What does the lower denture bearing area include?
6. Why is it important for dentures to avoid pressing on muscle
attachments?
7. Where is the soft palate located?
8. What are the alveolar ridges?
+.
? .
, '" ;.i t .
Note: Denture bearing areas on partial casts as outlined by the dentist. T h e denture
follows the lingual aspect of the remaining teeth. T h e designing of dentures should
be done by the dentist and not by the laboratory technician.
9. Where are the main exits of the nerves and blood vessels lo-
cated? Note: Partial casts (top view) outlined for dentures.
10.What are the dental arches?
I I. What is the alveolar process?
12. What do we mean by denture bearing areas; anatomic land-
marks; vacuum chambers; horseshoe dentures; palatal bar
dentures; lingual bar dentures?
7O MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
Job Appraisal :
I. Can you outline the denture bearing areas on full and partial
casts?
2. Can you outline hard and soft areas?
3. Can you answer the questions correctly?
REFERENCES: (Books for Additional Information.) U N I T NO. 5 (Continued)
I. Doxtater, L. W: Full and Partial Denture Prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental
Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1928. PREPARATION OF DENTURE BEARING AREAS-I1
2. Kennedy, E.: Partial Denture Construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of
Interest Publishing Co., I 928. If a house is to be built on a hillside or on sloping, uneven ground, it
3. Nichols, I. G.: Prosthetic Dentistry. St. Louis: T h e C. V. Mosby Co., is frequently necessary to modify the ground in order to obtain a solid, Ievel
= 930. foundation. In building a denture it is necessary to relieve certain hard
4. Turner, C. R. and Anthony, L. P.: American Textbook of Prosthetic areas so that the gum overlying these areas will not be too compressed when
Dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1932. the denture is worn in the mouth of the patient. It is also important to
5. Swenson, M. G.: Outline of Full Denture Prosthesis, New York: New relieve pressure on blood vessels and nerves, especially where they come
York Univ. Press, 1932. through the bone openings. T h e dental technician must know how to
follow the instructions of the dentist in overcoming these difficulties and
to take advantage of the favorable features presented by the landmarks
found on the upper and lower denture bearing areas of the jaws.
12. Carefully remove the tinfoil from cast and, using scissors,
trim to limits of denture bearing area, replace on cast and
readapt with absorbent cotton and orangewood stick.
I-Initial piece of relief metal, No. 6 (.003 gauge), applied on upper cast. 2-Sec-
ond piece of relief metal, No. 7 (.003 gauge), applied. 3-Third piece of relief
metal, No. 8 (22 gauge), applied. 4 and 5-Relief over bone openings in molar
region (22 gauge). 6, 7 and 8-Outline of three layers of relief metal for median
ridge of upper cast. q and 10-Outline of relief metal for alveolar ridge of lower
cast.
13. I n adapting tinfoil over the lower cast, slit it halfway where
it covers the lingual (tongue) space on the cast. Adapt the
tinfoil over the ridge beginning at the anterior portion and
work backward to the condyles. Trim the tinfoil to den-
ture limits. (Fig. 84.)
14. I n partial cases carefully cut the tinfoil around the base of
plaster teeth and around the outline of the denture bearing
area. (Fig. 84.)
Supplementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by the A-Relief metal over hard area in median line is held in place by pins. B-The
learner.) bone openings and courses of principal blood-vessels have been relieved by metal.
I. Patented reliefs.
2. Patented "suctions."
3. Soft vulcanized rubber reliefs.
76 M A N I J A I . I:OR DRN'I'AI. TECHNICIANS PREPARATION O F DENTURE BEARING AREAS-I1 77
I-Upper partial ,cast with tinfoil partly adapted. 2-Lower partial cast with tin-
foil partly adapted. 3-Full upper cast, tinfoil partly adapted. 4-Full lower cast,
tinfoil partly adapted. 5-Tinfoil applied on full upper cast. &Tinfoil applied
on full lower cast.
2. Place the baseplate over the upper cast as shown (Fig. 85b) 12. I n partial casts after adapting the baseplate to the palate and
and adapt the palatal portion of the softened baseplate closely alveolar ridges, heat the compound in the region of the plas-
to the cast by pressing with fingers lightly for half a second ter teeth of the cast and cut away the material with a hot
in one place, then raising the fingers and moving them for- spatula or with shears (Fig. 86). Use files to smooth the
ward, repeating the pressure until all of the softened area is edges of the baseplate (Figs. 87 and 88).
adapted.
3. Heat the baseplate compound when necessary and continue
the adaptation over the alveolar border and the buccal and
labial surfaces. Chill the adapted section with cold water on
absorbent cotton.
4. Using the adapted side as a handle, heat the other sides and
adapt them over the cast beginning on the palate and work-
ing over the alveolar ridge and the buccal and labial surfaces
(Fig. 85c).
5. Re-heat any portion of the flange that may not be properly
adapted and adapt same (Fig. 85d).
6. Re-heat baseplate against side of the flame as shown
(Fig. 85d) wherever folds are present and eliminate them
by pressing against cast.
7. Pass the partly adapted baseplate through the Bunsen flame
and, using plate shears, trim away surplus baseplate extending I
beyond outer edge of the extension on the cast made by the
carding wax rim used in boxing the impression before the
cast was poured. This is illustrated by "C-CC" in Fig. 85c.
8. Heat the baseplate which rests on the extension of the cast
by passing through the flame and fold the buccal and labial A-Teeth on partial cast. B-Heated wax spatula.
portions at the limits of the denture area by pressure with Note: The baseplate is trimmed around the necks of the teeth with a hot spatula. It
may also be cut with a curved scissors or a small abrasive wheel.
fingers as shown (Figs. 85d and 85e). Fold also over the
condyles and posterior portion of palate as shown (Fig. 85f). 13. I n partial lowers adapt the lingual surface first. Soften the
9. T o repair broken baseplate, place the broken pieces on the material on the lingual surface around the plaster teeth and
cast with the edges together. With very hot spatula fuse cut away the portion interfering with the teeth. Continue
the edges together. Melt some of the surplus baseplate in the adaptation on the buccal and labial surface.
the flame as sealing wax is melted and drop it on the break. 14. Adapt edging wire on lingual surface of lowers and on palatal
Smooth the surface with a hot spatula. surface of partial uppers. Melt baseplate material over the
TO. Chill the adapted baseplate with cold water and absorbent wire and smooth with a hot spatula (Fig. 89a, b, c, d, and e.)
cotton before removing from cast.
11. I n lower casts adapt the trial baseplate material over the Supplementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by the
highest portion of the alveolar ridge in the anterior region of learner.)
the cast and work backward to the condyles. Treat the lin- I. Method of using patented baseplate swager.
gual and bucco-labial margins of lower baseplatc thc samc as 2. Method of constructing baseplates to be used as trays in tak-
the upper. ing impressions.
84 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
TRIAL DENTURE BASE TECHNIC-I 85
a-Baseplate adapted to lower cast. "x" indicates shaped wire clip used to reenforce
the baseplate. b-Baseplate adapted to upper cast. c-Baseplate adapted to partial
cast. "x" indicates wire clip used as reenforcement. d and -Upper and lower
baseplates before adapting.
Note: T h e original gloss of the baseplates can be seen on those adapted to the casts.
If the baseplate is heated too much the gloss and strength of the baseplate are
destroyed.
Questions :
I. W h y are trial baseplates used?
2 . What happens if the baseplate compound is not sufficiently
heated before using?
3. What happens if the baseplate compound is held too long
over the Bunsen flame?
4. How may folds or creases in the baseplate be removed?
5. H o w are undercuts in the cast overcome in adapting base-
plate?
A-Half-round vulcanite file (double end 8" cut No. 3). B-Baseplate for pi~rtial 6. How are the margins of the trial baseplate treated?
cast. C-Bench block.
Note: Rest left hand, holding baseplate, on I~enchblock.
7. Whcn may the baseplate be considered ready for using?
80 M A N I I I ~ L1;OR D E N T A L 'l'BCHNICIANS
8. Place the cut copper sheet in position and, using fingers and
orangewood stick with rounded end, shape copper to con-
form with palate (Fig. 91-21.
9. Replace upper wax base. Warm palatal surface of wax base
over flame. Warm copper sheet and imbed in wax base.
10. Cover copper strengthener with a thin layer of melted wax
(Fig. 92).
11. Run brush flame of Bunsen burner ( a soft flame) over base
wax. Allow wax to congeal and chill under running cold
water. While holding under cold water polish with wet ab-
sorbent cotton.
12. Seal the wax base to the cast to facilitate the work to follow
and to prevent distortion.
13. I n partial cases trim the wax142 of an inch above the necks
of the plaster teeth (Figs. 93a and b).
14.I n partial cases adapt edging wire on the upper as well as
the lower casts (Figs. 93a and b).
I-Copper sheet cut for reenforcement. 2-Copper adapted to cast.
Note: Method of cutting the copper to make atlz~ptingeasier.
Supplementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by the
learner.)
I. Different types of wax used for bases.
92 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS TRIAL DENTURE BASE TECHNIC-I1 93
B I T E P L A T E S AND CAST R E L A T I O N S H I P
Job Application: T h e biteplate is used as a guide by the dentist FIG.94. CROSSSECTIONOF FACESHOWING
POSITION USEDFOR
OF BITEPLATES
in obtaining the proper relationship between the upper and lower RELATINGLOWERJAW TO UPPER JAW
dental arches of the jaws. T h e dental technician employs the bite- A-The condyle at the joint between the lower jaw and the skull. B-Line denot-
ing that the cheek has been removed to show the biteplates. C-Upper biteplate.
plates as a guide in mounting the casts on an articulator and in ar-
Note: "x" is the imaginary line extended from the plane of occlusion to the head of
ranging artificial teeth. the condyle of the lower jaw. T h e occlusal surfaces of the biteplates are trimmed
by the dentist so that they remain in contact with each other when the lower jaw is
Vocational Information: Biteplates, also known as "bite blocks" moved in various positions. T h e dentist is said to be establishing the plane of occlu-
or "bite rims," may be constructed from modeling compound or sion when he shapes the occlusal surfaces of the biteplates in this manner.
other compositions. Wax is commonly used because it can be trimmed D-The upper lip. T h e upper biteplate is usually made by the dentist to extend
about one or two millimeters below the edge of the upper lip. &The lower bite-
easily. However, wax has a tendency to lose its rigidity at mouth plate. This biteplate should be made so that a line bisecting the length of the al-
temperature. Modeling compound biteplates are more suitable since veolar ridge at the highest point (the crest of the ridge) will also bisect the biteplate.
F-The lower lip. G--The mandible (the lower jawbone).
they hold their shape better, but are somewhat more difficult t c Note: At best, the mechanic can only approximate the shape of the biteplates, which
manipulate. must receive their final shaping at the hands of the dentist who works in the mouth
of the patient. By adding to or subtracting from the buccal and labial surfaces of
Tools a n d Equipment: Wax spatula, enk knife, template, Bunsen the biteplates, the dentist can influence the appearance of the patient's face, making
the face and lips appear fuller or thinner as desired. This is best accomplished
burner, glass slab, ruler, pencil, cast relator and cast relator diagram. with biteplates made of basewax.
Materials: Basewax, modeling compound, cotton, alcohol.
98 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS BITEPLATES A N D CAST RELATIONSHIP 99
I i
a-Lower cast with lines drawn to bisect the ridge. x and x' indicate the canine
region. b-The wax roll placed on the trial base of the lower cast. c-Completed
upper biteplate. d-Completed lower biteplate. T h e line x and x' in "a" has been
transferred to the occlusal surface of the lower biteplate which it bisects, showing
that the biteplate is properly constructed. e-The biteplates with the bases of the
casts z and z' parallel to each other.
Duplicate casts made from dentoforms shown in Figs. 29 and 30, or the dentoforms
themselves, can also be related by means of a diagram drawn on cardboard, con-
sisting of two parallel lines 2%'' apart, bisected at right angles by a straight line.
T h e wax roll is adapted over one of the casts which is placed on end over one of
the parallel lines. T h e opposing cast is now approximated to the 2%" distance.
T h e median lines of both casts must be exactly over the line which bisects the
two parallel lines at right angles.
FIG.97b. CASTS
RELATED
ON DIAGRAM
2. Soften a sheet of basewax, by passing it over the Bunscn I. Lower cast with wax roll applied on the trial baseplate. A-Wax roll. B-Trial
I,;~sepli~te. C-Cast. 2. Sheet of basewax showing method of making wax roll.
bul-ncr flame, fold it along its lesser length into a tight roll
(I'ig. 99).
I02 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS BITEPLATES AND CAST R E L A T I O N S H I P I03 I
3. Bend the wax roll to the approximate shape of the alveolar
ridge of the lower cast (Fig. 99).
4. Replace the trial base on the cast and place the roll of wax
on it (Figs. 98b and 99).
5. With heated wax spatula, seal the wax roll to the base
(Fig. 100).
6. Using flat template or glass slab press the roll to the de-
sired height (Figs. lor and 102).
7. Using wax knife, trim the excess of the wax roll over the
condyle at a 45 degree angle about to 5 inch from edge
of wax base over the condyles (Fig. 104). I.A-A solid template. B-Side view showing curve.
8. Using the wax spatula, add melted wax to fill in recesses
between wax roll and wax base on buccal, labial and lingual
2.
5
A- emplate. B-Side view showing curve.
Note: T h e curved tem lates are intended to help in establishing the plane of occlu-
sion of the teeth. Manufacturers of artificial teeth usually devise templates that
make arranging of their own product easier.
surfaces (Figs. 98c and 99).
9. Using wax spatula with glass slab or a template, square the
occlusal surface with the sidcs of the wax roll, completing
thc bitcplate (Fig. 98d).
I04 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
BITEPLATES AND CAST RELATIONSHIP 10-5
10. Polish the biteplates with wet absorbent cotton, holding
under running cold water.
I I. In partial cases, cut the wax roll to fit on the alveolar ridge
where teeth are missing and seal to wax base plate. Have
the biteplate extended 1/16 inch above the teeth of the cast
but do not cover the teeth (Figs. 103 and 104).
12. If modeling compound is used, place the compound in a
clean cloth. Immerse the compound in heated water until
soft. (Follow directions given by manufacturer for melting
compound.) Make a compound roll and shape while soft.
Allow compound to harden, trim with penknife. A bite-
plate former may be used (Figs. 105, 106 and 107).
13. After the lower biteplate is completed check to see if it is
directly over the alveolar ridge. Lines drawn over the
crest of the ridge should bisect the lower biteplate (Fig. 98d).
14. Make upper biteplate to conform to lower (Figs. 98e, 108 FIG.1 0 3 FIG. 104
and 109). Flc. 103. UPPERPARTIAL
BITEPLATEox "HORSESHOE" SHAPEDBASE
7
-$ 9
6
S
R
T
3
f:
or.
5
m
K,
C1
?
7
-.
2
2.
-
4
T
ARTICULATING TECHNIC-I III
A-Lower half of plain line articulator. B-Set-screw which opens or closes the
extension arms of the articulator to allow for accommodation of the cast a s shown
above. C-Thumb-screw for tightening upper extension arm of articulator. D-
Biteplates waxed to casts. E--One of the wire staples used to hold the biteplates
together. ( T h e staples are placed by the dentist in practical cases.)
A-Upper extension arm. B-Screw for releasing upper half in separating the two
halves of the articulator. C N u t for locking the set-screw after the desired amount
of separation between the upper and lower extensions of the articulator is obtained.
D-Lower extension a r m of articulator,
8. Adjust the set screw to reach the upper extension and lock
with thumb-nut. (Fig. I I 6.)
9. Sandpaper and varnish the plaster holding the casts on the
articulator with shellac.
Left: Front view. A-Upper and lower lip lines (position when lips are opened as
in smiling) marked by the dentist to aid in selecting teeth. B-Median line marked
by the dentist to coincide with the median line of the patient's face.
Right: Side view of the casts mounted on a plain line articulator. A-Set-screw
resting against the under surface of the upper extension arm of the articulator.
10. Break the seal between the biteplates and casts with heated
spatula and carefully separate biteplates.
I I. In partial cases it may be necessary to immerse the articu-
lated casts in hot water when separating the biteplates to
prevent breakage of plaster teeth which are sealed to each
other and to the biteplates with sticky wax. (Fig. 118.)
Supplementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by the
learner.)
I. Types of line articulators.
2. Types of adaptable articulators.
3. Advantages and disadvantages of plain line, movable arm
and "anatomical" articulators. A-Lower cast. B-Upper cast.
4. Various procedures followed in mounting casts.
5. Guards against disturbing jaw relationship indicated by
biteplates.
116 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
Job Appraisal :
r. Are the extension arms of the articulator parallel?
2. Are the biteplates parallel to the extension arms of the
articulator ?
R E L A T E D I N F O R M A T I O N : U N I T NO. 8
ARTICULATING TECHNIC-I
Hinges used as articulators: I n order to mount all of the casts
at the same time it would be necessary to have a number of articu-
lators. One movable arm and one plain line articulator or one of
either type can be used. Hinges can be employed for mounting the
casts while learning the process of mounting casts on articulators.
N o t e : T h e relating of the upper to the lower partial cast is done by the dentist i n
practical cases.
A R T I C U L A T I N G TECHNIC-I1
I The adjustable articulator makes it possible to maintain contact of
the upper and lower teeth during various limited movements of the
lower jaw as in chewing.
Adaptable or adjustable articulators, also known as anatomical articulators,
have been devised so that the instrument may be able to imitate the move-
ments of the jaws of the patient by moving the extension arms of t h e ar-
ticulator. T h e adaptable articulators provide for the transference of certain
measurements which are obtained .by the dentist from the patient's own
jaws. I n the plain line or movable arm articulators there are no provisions
for adjustment to conform to the sidewise and other jaw movements. T h e
main reason for using an adjustable articulator is to provide a guide for
the arrangement of the teeth in such a manner that the teeth may remain
in contact when the lower jaw is moved about within certain limits as in
chewing food. I n short, by means of an adaptable articulator we can
achieve what is termed a balanced articulation or intermeshing of the teeth
of the upper and lower dentures. Balanced articulation of dentures makes
them more stable in the mouth (this helps in chewing), it eliminates undue
changes in the gums and other tissues on which the dentures rest and adds
to the comfort of the patient.
sleeve on the upper extension arm, keeping the top of the pin level that the median line mark on the upper cast will be below the median
with the top of the sleeve. line of the upper extension arm. Attach the upper cast to the upper
2. Place the incisal guide (Fig. 122C) on the pin, with setscrew, extension arm, then invert the articulator and attach the lower cast
in the depression of the pin and the point directed backward to the to the lower extension arm. (Fig. 12I.)
median line. NOTE: T h e Snow Student's Articulator (Fig. 124) n ~ d yalso
3. Extend the median line mark on the front of the upper cast be used for this purpose. Directions for using are similar to the
vertically upward to the top of the cast; make a similar mark ver- foregoing.
tically upward on the rear of the cast, starting from the median B. T o Mount Casts with the Face Bow. (Figs. 1 2 2 and 123.)
suture on the palatc. Draw a straight linc across the top of the cast, I . Place the curved incisor guide pin (Fig. 1221) in the sleeve on
connecting these lines. This is the median line of the cast. the upper extension arm of the Gysi Simplex Articulator, the top of
ARTICULATING TECHNIC-11 123
I22 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
the pin should be level with the top of the sleeve. T h e end of tl
pin should touch the incisal incline on the lower extension arm.
2. Adjust and lock each condyle bar of the face-bow so that 01
T h e casts a r e related by means of the face bow and sealed to each other in the
position indicated by the jaw relationship of the patient. B-Incisor guide pin set
in anterior supporting block. &Anterior supporting block to support the front of
the face bow when mounting casts. F-Slip-joint stem connecting the horseshoe
plate, between the biteplates, with the face bow. E-Horseshoe plate connected to
the slip-joint (F) holding the biteplates in proper relationship to the face bow.
I-Curved incisor guide pin. U-Incisor guide pin incline. M-Bite lock trays,
locking the biteplates together. A-Notch on vertical support of articulator. D-
Snow face bow. R-Lock nut for condyle bar. P-Slip-joint of condyle b a r to fit
over face bow adapters. N-Face bow adapter of the articulator.
FIG. I 2 2 . GYSISIMPLEX
ARTICULATOR
Parts and Accessories
A Gysi Simplex Articulator ( A ) composed of I articulating frame, in two parts, I
upper and I lower extension arm, I straight incisor guide pin ( B ) . A n incisor
guide ( C ) for mounting casts on the articulator when the face bow is not used.
A snow face bow ( D ) for mounting casts on the articulator in correct relation to
the articulating joint (the condyles). Condyle bar ( P ) with slip joint for adjusting
over the face bow adapters ( N ) of the articulator. ( R ) is the lock nut for the
condyle bar. A horseshoe plate (E) and slip joint stem (F). T h e horseshoe plate
is used with the incisor path marker to obtain correct bite relationship. T h e slip
joint stem connects the horseshoe plate with the face bow. A mouth piece for the
face bow ( H ) used only when squash bites a r e taken on partials. A curved incisor
guide pin ( I ) used only when mounting casts with the face bow. A n incisor path
marker (K) used with the horseshoe plate for determining correct bites. A n in-
terior supporting block (L) to support the front of the face bow when mounting
casts. T w o bite lock trays (M) for locking biteplates together. T h e two face bow
adapters of the articulator ( N ) . A n incisor guide incline ( U ) .
FIG.I 24. SNOW'SSTUDENTARTICULATOR
and one-half divisions on the condyle bar arc exposed external to the Note: T h i s is a good articulator to use prior to undertaking the arrangement of
teeth on the regular adaptable articulators.
locknut slccve on the face bow.
3. Set thc casts between the uppcr and lower extension arms of
thc articulator and spring the condyle bars over the face bow adapters
of thc at-ticuliltor (17ig. 123).
I 26 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS ARTICULATING TECHNIC-I1 127
Note: T h e upper cast has been attached to the upper extension arm. The face bow
has been removed and the Qrticu~atorhas been turned upside down. The lower cast
is now attached to the lower extension arm of the articulator.
pin No. 10. Invert the articulator and apply plaster as in the upper.
Wait until the plaster has set before turning the instrument on its
base. (Fig. 127.)
8. T h e articulator is now set according to the specifications which
the dentist obtained from the patient. T h e sagittal condyle controls
are set by releasing lock No. 2 and setting sagittal condyle path indi-
cator No. 2 2 at the figure on the degree plate No. 3 as specified by Coi<rtesy Doztists' Stcppl? Co., A'ew York
the dentist. Lock nut No. 2 is then locked. This is done on the
right and left sides. T h e arrangement of the teeth is the next step.
(Fig. 128.)
4. Where and why is vaseline applied?
Supplementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by the 5. How is the articulator adjusted to obtain centric relations?
learner.) 6. How is the upper cast mounted?
7. How is the lower cast mounted?
I. Other types of adjustable articulators on the market. (Figs. 8. What is meant by the following: centric occlusion; occlusal
129 and 130.) plane of biteplates; incisal guide pin; sagittal condyle path;
o. Advantages and disadvantages of: v;~riousstyles of: ndjust- protrusion; retrusion; rotation center of lateral movement;
ahle articulators. what is the face bow?
Vocational Information: 'l'liere are tualiy types, shades and nlolds
o t artificial teeth un the market to supply the three primary facial
types; i.e., square, tapering and ovoid. Artificial teeth are made of
'1 combination of minerals, chiefly kaolin, which is a white opaque
I
I
Questions :
I . I\Jh:lt :~r-c.the. t1:ul)c.s :[I [d t i ~ l ~ i > l ~01'u t . thc I ~ L I I ~ ~ : teeth?
III
,:. \\'h;~t:[I-c tlic n:ltncs : L I I ~ I~I L I I ~ ~ ~ > C ,uf
I - ;it.titici;il teeth.;
3. \\'hat are the ~ ~ ; u l ~:111ci c s Ioc.:~tior~s ol' thc \.aric)us crown 1IE:l ,AIT'b:Il I N I~'OKMA?'lON: T.JN I'T NO. 9
surfaces?
4. H o w rllny the tooth crow11 surf:lces bc divided? I
M O R P H O L O G Y O F THE TEETH A N D
5. Describe the physical appearance of the crowns of the in-
DENTAL ARCHES
dividual teeth.
6. What questions must be answcred in rccogr~izingindividual
Morphology: T h e study of the respective shapes and characteris-
teeth.;
tic larldmarks of the teeth and dental arches, as usually found it1
7. Give divisioils of an artificial tooth.
humans.
8. W h a t are the main typal forms of artificial teeth?
Definition a n d N u m b e r of H u m a n T e e t h : H u m a n teeth are the
0. W h a t d o we mean by the following: Cusp; tubercle; ridge; hard ivory-like bodies found in the mouth. They project through
fossa; sulcus; groove; interproximate space; diatoric; mcsial ;
distal; buccal; l i ~ l ~ u a pajatal;
l; incisal; occlusal; gingival;
axial; transverse ridge; cervical; point-angle; line-angle;
1 the mucous membrane or gums and are implanted or held in bone
sockets or alveoli. They are arranged in two semi-circular ridges
known as alveolar ridjies. T h e baby teeth are 20 in number. T h e
crest; crown; collar of tooth; ridge-lap; shut; bite?
complete set of teeth In the adult is 32 in number. There are 16
Job Appraisal : teeth in each jaw. (Fig. 131.) I n the normal mouth with all teeth
I. Can you recognize each tooth, tell which tooth it is, which present we find the following:
jaw, and the side of the jaw to which the tooth belongs? 4 central i~icisors(two in each jaw)
2. DO you know the names and angles of the various tooth 4 lateral incisors (two in each jaw)
surfaces? q cuspids or canine teeth (two in each jaw)
Ii I ~ I ; ~ ; . R E N C E S(Books
: for Additional Information.) 8 bicuspid or prenlolar teeth (four in each jaw)
1 . R J ~ I<. , IV.: Metallurgy for Dental Students. P l ~ i l a d e l ~ l l i aY.: B1:tkis- I 12 molar tceth (six in each jaw)
ton's Son & Co., IIIC., 193 1. I n artificial teeth the third molars are omitted, giving 28 teeth
z. Nichols, I. G.: Prostlletic Dentistry. St. I,ouis: C. V. Mosby Co., 103o. in an artificial set. (1:ig. I 32.)
3. 1'1-inz, H.: I)e11t.11 Fornll~lar).. 1'11 ilnclelpliia: T,ca S( Febigcr, I 936,
. j . 'l'urncr, C. R. : ~ n dAlltllony, T,. I'.: Alncl.ic,ln Tcxthook o l 1'1.ostllc1ic
T h e Color of H u m a n T e e t h . Color is a visual sensation. Hum:ui
teeth naturally vary in color according to form and structure. T h c
I I
5 . C l ~ ~ ~ r ~[ ~f . l I<.:
. I'hil.~~lclpJli:~:
~ i lJ l~,L I I ~ I O
Lca & Fcbigcl-, 193 2 .
: I ~~ ~ o r ~ o ~ o g:ili~l r , ~Hi>tolog?.
~~It~~ ~'ltil~~~~cl~~l~i~~.
1 color may be influenced by food, drugs, disease or environment.
l,<.J& l:vl>isrl-, 5. T h e C r o w n s of H u m a n T e e t h . T h e crown of a tooth is that por-
0. I ) i , t i n ~ ~ ~3'1.: i ~ l .l ) ~ ~ 1 1 1 , 1,1\ I I , I L O I I KI ~v .\ f York: & I , ~ c i ~ t iC'O., l l ~ ~I (~] ,~{ ; . tion which projects from the gum and is covered with en;lmel. T h e
7. S<-ll!r..~lI~.. ,I. It.: I'r.icti(..il I)cllr.ll .\~l.iiOll~\ .11tt1 ' I ' O I I I ~ I C'.II!i ~ l f i , I:IOOI:-
el-own has four surfaces ill incisor teeth or five surf:lces in bicuspids
I! 1 1 : l ) < , 1 1 1 . 1 1 I L V I I I S o r ~ I I I C I C S II ' L I I ~ I ~ ~ ICo.,
I ~ I ~I~~~~ j.
.[11c1 ii~olarteeth.
1'1 IY S I C A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F T O O T H C R O W N S
Ul)l)er C e n t r a l Incisors: (Fig. 132, Tooth No. I.) Two in num-
11c.t-, :i right nlid n left, separated by the median line of the face.
I ' l r c , , . ;[re ncclgc~sll:il~cci
tceth, co~lvcxlabially, concave lingually atid
I ill. 'I'hc nlcsi:~l sidc is 1o11~c.1- 311d s t ~ . ; l i ~ h tth:111
~r
' .\.\
I34 M A N U A L FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS O F TOOTH CROWNS I35
the distal side. T h e labial surface is more or less rectangular. The
lingual surface is more or less triangular. The mesial and distal
surfaces are triangular (Fig. 133).
I Upper Lateral Incisors: (Fig. 132, Tooth No. 2.) Two in
number, a right and a left, each set distal to the central incisors.
Right of patient Left of patient
or articulator Upper or articulator
Lower
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
FIG. 132. A FULL SET O F ARTIFICIAL
TEETH-xAND x1 INDICATE
THE MEDIANLINE
I-Central incisor. 2-Lateral incisor. 3-Cuspid (canine). 4-First bicuspid
(first premolar). 5-Second bicuspid (second premolar). 6-First molar. 7-
Second molar.
I. Labial surface (surface toward lip). A-This division is known as the gingival
(toward gum) or cervical (toward neck). B-Middle third between gingival and
incisal (toward cutting edge) thirds. C-Incisal (cutting edge) third.
Note: Mesial denotes surface toward, or facing, median line of face. Distal denotes
surface facing away from median line of the face.
2 . Lingual v i e w (surface facing tongue). A-Distal third (includes the surface
facing in opposite direction from median line of face). B-Middle third, between
distal and mesial thirds. C-Mesial third (including surface facing median line of
face). D-Pin (which helps hold tooth on denture). 3. Cervical v i e w (surface
toward gum of alveolar ridge). A-The shut (part of tooth which holds the pins).
B-The ridge lap (part of tooth toward alveolar ridge). 4. Mesial v i e w (surface
toward median line of face). A-The ridge lap (surface toward alveolar ridge).
l3-The shut (surface containing metal pins). C-The bite (surface which glides I. Buccal (cheek) view. A-Gingival third. B-Middle third. C-Occlusal third
(toward the opposing teeth). X-Collar (covered by denture base material).
over or faces toward lower incisor teeth). D-The collar (this surface is covered
2. Mesial view. A-Lingual third. B-Middle third. C-Buccal third. 3. Gingi-
by the dental rubber and aids in attaching the tooth to the base of the denture).
5. lncisal v i e w (view of cutting edge of tooth). A-Mesial
third. C-Distal third.
third. B-Middle
Note: Certain combinations of the terms can be used to denote various angles or
. val view. (This surface faces toward the alveolar ridge.) A-Diatoric opening
for attachment to denture base. 4. Labial view. A-Distal
third. C-Mesial third. 5. Occlusal view. A-Mesial
third. B-Middle
third. B-Middle third.
C-Distal third. A=-The bucco-lingual ridge characteristic of the upper bicuspids.
divisions of the teeth. For example: I. Mesio-labial (surface or angle toward 1 3 T h e marginal ridge; the ridge of the curvature which divides the horizontal
median line and lip). 2. Mtsio-inrisal (surface or angle towartl median line and from the vertical aspects of the tooth.
c:l~tti~lg edge). 3. Mesio-gingival (surface or angle toward median line and gum).
4. Mesio-lingrtul (surface or n ~ ~ g lfacing
e median line and tongue). 5. Mesio-
occlrtstrf (surface or anglr facing median line and occlusal). 6. Disto-labirr1 (sr~rfare Upper First Molars: (Fig. 132, Tooth No. 6.) Two in number,
or angle facing away from 1neciia11line n l ~ dtowarcl lip). 7. Dirlo-itrcisnl (s~~rf;~c.c. a right and a left, they are located distally to the second bicuspids.
or angle facing away frorn median line and toward gllm). R. Disto-gi?i!/iwul (sur-
fucc or nngle facing away frorn metlian line a~ltltoward RIIIII). 9. Dis~o-litry/rrnl Occlusally they show a rhomboid outline (Fig. 135).
( s ~ ~ r f n cor C ) 1)isto-
c nnglc facing away from media11 linc aird toward ~ ~ I I ~ I I 10, .
occlssrtl (serlacr or nl~glcfacing nwny from mcdin~lline nnd rownrd occl~~nnl).
1 3 ~ MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS O F TOOTH CROWNS I39
toward the gum line. The mesio-incisal angles are sharper than the
disto-incisal angles. The mesial surfaces are convex and the distal
surfaces are straight or slightly concave. (Fig. 136.)
5. Upper second bicuspid Occludes between the second lower bi- Philadelphia in 1820. I n 1825, he worked for Chas. W. Peale and
cuspid (5) and first lower molar (6). S. W. Stockton, who began the manufacture of teeth.
6. Upper first molar Occlusion begins with the buccal groove
of the first lower molar (6) and extends COMPOSITION O F H I G H FUSING PORCELAIN BODY
to the space between the lower first (6)
and second (7) molars. 4% parts of Kaolin for plasticity
7. Upper second molar Occlusion begins in the buccal groove of 15 parts of flint or silica for framework
the second lower molar (7) and ex- 85% parts of feldspar for fusing
tends distally. Colors :
I. Lower central incisor Mesial two-thirds of upper central in- Gold-red-yellow
cisor ( I ) . Platinum-gray
2. Lower lateral incisor Distal third of upper central incisor ( I ) Titanium oxide-yellow
and mesial two-thirds of upper lateral Cobalt-blue
incisor ( 2 ) . Iron oxide-gray
3. Lower cuspid Distal third of upper lateral incisor (2) Fluxing agents :
and mesial half of upper cuspid (3). Calcium carbonate
4. Lower first bicuspid Occludes between the upper cuspid (3) Sodium carbonate
and the upper first bicuspid (4). Potassium carbonate
5 . Lower second bicuspid Occludes between the upper first bicus-
pid (4) and upper second bicuspid (5).
6. Lower first molar Occlusion begins between the second
upper bicuspid (5) and extends to the
distal cusp of the first upper molar (6).
7. Lower second molar Occlusion begins between the upper first
molar (6) and upper second molar (7)
and extends to the central fossa of the
second upper molar (7).
NOTE: T h e numbers following or preceding the teeth refer to
the numbers on the teeth in Fig. 131.
U N I T NO. 10
Bluish White . . . . . . . I- 2 Artificial teeth are constructed so that they may be arranged easily on
BluishYellow. . . . . . 4-5 the denture base, over the alveolar ridges. T h e arrangement must be such
Blues . . . . . . . . 10- 6-12-3
Bluish Green . . . . . . . 17-18-43 as to maintain the stability of the bases of the dentures when eating or
Yellow Green . . . . . . . 19-24 speaking and, at the same time, the teeth should be in accord with the
Pinks . . . . . .
Light Yellow . . . . .
. .
. .
9-15
7- 8
esthetic requirements of the individual patient. T h e saying "It is an art to
Yellow to Red Yellow . . . . . 16-20-21-25 conceal art" is important in this respect. T h e dentures should not be too
Grayish to Brown Grayish Yellow. . . 11-14-22 conspicuous or too false-looking. In this unit the beginner is provided with
methods for the ideal arrangement of artificial teeth. I t is well to learn the
we call the cccomplexion" of the individual. T h e terms "blonde" and ideal before undertaking to arrange artificial teeth so that they meet the
"brunette" are entirely too general to be satisfactory, but because requirements of the individual patient.
they have the weight of custom behind them they are usually used.
I n the classification of patients for the purpose of tooth-shade selection Process o r Principle : No. I6 Arranging (setting-up) Artificial
it is necessary to select one element of the complexion as dominant. Teeth.
A tooth shade can then be selected to harmonize with this. T h e other a. Arranging full zlpper and lower dentares on a plain line ar-
elements are important but only contributory.
ticulator or Gysi Syrnplex Articalator.
I n matching artificial teeth where one or more are to be added to
b. Arranging teeth of six upper and lower partial dentzlres. ,
artificial teeth adjacent to them, it is important first to determine
the modifying tint in the enamel. For instance, the basic color in Project or Jobs : (To be performed by the learner.)
tooth enamel is gray. I t may be modified by blue, yellow, red or JOB NO. 42: Make an additional set of upper and lower bite-
brown. When the modifying tint is tentatively determined, the plates on baseplate trial-bases. Arrange upper teeth on upper eden-
shade guide is held to the incisal edge of the tooth on the denture tulous cast against lower biteplate by cutting the upper biteplate
and turned to the group of shades containing the corresponding tint and inserting the teeth.
in the enamel. JOB NO. 43: Place two new biteplates in position on the articu-
I n the new trubyte shade guide, shades 36 to 38, inclusive, have lated casts and arrange lower teeth on lower edentulous cast against
blue-gray enamel; shades 39 to 50, inclusive, have yellow-gray zlpper biteplate by cutting the lower biteplate, set on a baseplate
enamel; shades 51 to 57, inclusive, have red-gray enamel, and shades trial base, and insert teeth.
58 and 59 are designated as cctobacco." No attempt should be made JOBNO 44: Using the second set of upper and lower casts with
to match the tooth as a whole until the enamel at the incisal edge biteplates set on baseplate trial bases, arrange upper teeth agknst
has been matched. T h e shade-guide teeth may be turned on their lower biteplate by cutting the upper biteplate. Set lower teeth
handles to permit holding them in any relation to the teeth to be against upper teeth by cutting the lower biteplate.
matched. JOB NO. 45: Using the casts with biteplates set on wax bases,
make a new upper wax trial base and arrange the upper teeth
againsr the lower biteplate.
'47
I 48 M A N U A L F01< UliNTAI. l ' l i C l I NICIANS
J013 No. 46: Make a new lower trial wax base and set lower d. Universal N u f orrn Teeth: 1Jppel-s mould 84; loivers mould
tcet h a~di.w.ctfLpper bitrplnte. 81; posteriors mould 50.
. l o 1 3 No. 4;: 4rr;uigc upper tccth, 11i;tkirrg I I ~ Ww,tu trial 1)asc c. U~iiv~rsril I : . S. 1'. ' i r r > c ~ / / l :I I I ~ ~ ~iioulti
~ I - s 17; Io\\u.s nio~llci
( ~ ; ~ i i i I~ol sx/ ~ ibi/c,pl(zt~..
. ~lrfiulgclo\vcr teeth agaiu~tupp~ji-t c ~ / l l , 3 1 ; I'ustei-iors mould 03.
u\irlg a new trial wax base. f. Ideal 'I'ilcr-J'OYPYL Y'l'c~eth:l"1111 lTpper and 1,ower Anteriors
J O B No. 48: Arrange six partial dentures. Make two of the mould 48; Posteriors, True-Kusp mould 62 or Anatomical
partial cases "horseshoe" tvpe. Posteriors mould M4.
NOTE:(Read the entire' Unit carefully before beginning work. g. iVyersons True-BIt~ldi??ltrriors: mould 48.
Consult the glossary for definitions of new words.) h. Ideal New-Bite: Upper Anteriors mould 7'12. 1,ower
J o b Application: Artificial teeth must be so arranged 011 the den- Anteriors mould 38; Posteriors 39.
ture base as to afford a pleasing facial appearance and a maximum of Dentoform No. 255 (Fig. 29, No. 2).
stability under functional stress: during speech or chewing. T h e a. T i z ~ b y t eTeeth: Mould ;N with mould 3 o L I'osteriors.
:u-tificial dentures must allow for the proper chewing of food and not b. New Trubyte: blould 263 with mould 301. Posteriors,
interfere with speech. T h e denturcs must not have ally harmrul mould 291, 20" I'osteriors.
effect on the oral tissues or organs. c. Solila: Anterior Mould 90; Posteriors mould 99; lowel-\
Vocational I n f o r m a t i o n : T h e ideal and basic principles of tooth mould 39.
xrrangement are presented here. T h e arrangement of teeth should d. U ~ ~ i v e r s aNlbfor?)z
l Tepth: Anteriors mould 86; Posteriors
I)c i l l keeping with the esthetic and functional requirements of the mould 54.
i t~clividualpatient. Teeth set too evenly present an artificial appear e. Universal U . S. P. Trr7th: Mould I 8-133 upper and rnould
I . Tceth are often ground, stained, rotated or otherwise modified 14-26 lower; mould 90 I'osterior.
I roni the ideal to lend individual it^ to the denture. f. Ideal True-F'orm ' I ' e ~ t h :LTppcr hilteriors mould 64; lower
Anteriors mould 7 j ; True-Kusp Posteriors mould 53 or
T o o l s a n d E q u i p m e n t : W a x spatula, Bunsen burner, straight
True-Form Posteriors mould Mg.
c ~ l ~ tooth
c, grinding carborundum wheel, lathe chuck and dental
g. Alyerson's 'I'rue-Blend ,4nteriors: 'CJpper mould 64; lower
I;ttlic, articulating paper.
mould 73.
Materials: ,%rtificial teeth; basewax; baseplates; 30-gauge copper h. Ideal New-Bite: Upper Anteric~rs rnould S o luwcr
I'oI- I-ceiiforcing upper dentures set on wax bases; reenforceme~it Anteriors mould 34; Posteriors mould 37.
~vir-cfor lowcr deiiturcs and partials.
1)entoform No. 256 (Fig. 29, No. 3).
N I YII, . Srlrction of Artificial T p ~ t / z : a. Il'rzrbytlq Tppth: Mould 4 M with mould 28L Posteriors.
/\I-~if;cial teeth must be selected to fit each case. If casts made b. N e w Il'rubyte: lllould 243 with mould 30111 Posteriors:
01 the ~lentoforrnsshown in Figs. 29 and 30 arc used it is ;tdvisablc mould 291, 20" Posteriors.
to uw the followi~lgtooth selections: c. Solila: Anterior nlould 19: Posteriol-s mould 99; lowers
mould 67.
~ 1 .lIfiivc7rsaL Nuforru Tr7eth: Lrpper anteriors mould 83; lower
:~iitc~-iors rnould 50; Posteriol-s mould 50.
c. il~lis~~i~.\cil I T . S. I]. T r e / / l : Mould No. 284.3 upper; mould
0.7 lowel-.
1. /,/(.(I/ ' / ' I - / / ( ' 1*'ot.?11 'l'c~i'//i:1 Jpper and lower Anteriors mould
. ~ 8 ' ;I ~ I - ~ I CI i t 1 ~ 1 )I'osteriors 11ioi11~i 6 2 or r13~-ue-170rtn
1'0steri01-s
1 l 1 0 I l 1 ~ l MA.
1 5 0 M A N 1 1.41. I'OR DENTAI. TECHNICIANS
I jl
ARRANGING ARTlI'lCIAL TEETH
l'rue-Bbei~rlAlzteriovs: ~nould48.
g. h/ly~~i-su,Js b. N e w Tritbyte: Upper anteriors mould 146; upper ~osteriors
11. IIZcnl New-Bile; IJpper Anteriors mould TI2 ; I O U I C ~ mould 34M.
Anteriors mould 38; Posteriors mould 39. c, Solila: Upper anteriors mould 48 or 69.
1)entoform No. 257 (Fig. 29, No. 4) : Upper posteriors:
:t. Il'rubyre Teeth: Mould r Y with mould 321, Posteriors. Right secorld bicuspid mould 48.
11, N m Trubyte: Mould 315 with ~nould32L Posteriors and Right first molar mould 48.
mould ~ I 20" L Posteriors. Left second bicuspid mould 69.
c. Solila: Anterior mould 49; Posteriors mould 50; lowers Left sccond il~olarinould 48.
mould I I . d. U,~ivrrsuLN Z I ~ O T~ PI ICZI / IUpper
: antcriors mould 73 ; upper
d. Universal N u f o r m Teeth: Anteriors mould 72; Posteriors lcft second bicuspid mould j I ; uppcr right second bicuspid
mould 54. and first molar mould 54; upper left first molar mould 54.
e. Universal U . S. P. Teeth: Mould 18 Anteriors; mould go e. Urtiz~ersal I / . S. I ) . Il'eerh: T_Tpper anteriors mould 204;
Posteriors. upper left bicuspid mould 5 - 3 9 ; uppw right second bicuspid
f. Ideal Trzde-Form Teeth: Upper iinteriors mould I 8; lower and first molar mould go; upper left first nlolar mould 90.
Anteriors mould 28; True-Kusp Posteriors mould 76 or f. Ideal True-Foiw~l'ecth: A~ltcriors(short bite) mould 70;
True-Form Posteriors mould Mq. True-Kusp Postcriors mvuld 62.
g. Myerson's ?'rut.-Blend Anteviors: IJpper nlould 18; lower g. Myerson's True-HIe~zil,I~~teriors: mould 70.
mould 28, h. Ideal New-Bite Teeth: Aatcriors (short bite) mould 011;
h. Ideal New-Bite Teeth: Upper Anteriors n~ouldTI?j J O W ~ C ~ Postcriors mould 38.
Anteriors lnould 38; I'osteriors mould 39.
Dentoform No. 258C (Fig. 30, No. 4).
I I Partials: a. T p u b y ~ eTeeth: IJppcr Posteriors nlould 345.
Dentoform No. 258A (Fig. 30, No. 2). b. N e w Trztdytr:: Upper I'osteriors mould 34s.
a. Trubyte Teeth: Upper posterivrs mould 34M. c. Solila: Upper Posteriors.
b. N e w Trzcbylz: Upper posteriors nlould 34M. Right first bicuspid mould 84.
c. Solila: Upper posteriors. Right first and second n~olarmould 84.
Kight first bicuspid ~nould48 or 69. Left first bicuspid mould 84.
Kight first molar 11lould 69. Left first and second molars nlould 84.
],eft first bicuspid mould 6:). d. Universal Nufornz Teeth: IJpper right bicuspid mould 54;
I x f t first molar rnould 69. upper right first and second molars mould 57; upper left
d. lInivlv-scrl N~bfofikz7'c:eth: I.Jpper left first bicuspid and sec-- second bicuspid ~nould57; upper left first and secorld molars
oncl 1no1:u- nlould 5;; upper right first bicuspid and first mould 5 I .
n1ol:lr mould 5 I . c. Universal T I . S. P. Teeth: Upper right bicuspid mould 90;
c.. lIiti~<.rsill C:. S . 1'. 'l'~et/r:T Jppcr lcft first bicuspid and scc upper right first and second molars mould go; upper left
ontl rnolztl- n~ouldc10; upper right first bicuspid 2nd seconc~ second bicuspid inould 90; upper left first and second molars
mol:tr mould q - 3 0 . mould 4.
I-. /~/i,a/7'~z(i,Por/-lzTertll: I'trstr.~.ior.s~ ~ ~ o Mq u l d01- T~-~rc-Kusl, I . lrli .(/I 'I1rz/.cl / ' o , . / ~'I1c.(-t/,
, : l'ostel-iol-s mould 3.2 or True-Kusp
I'ostcriors mould 76. l l l ~ l ~ 1~, : l. ~ i
c. SOl;l(f: 1,ower Posteriors lcft fii-st bicuspid mould 54; lowel- lcft first 1ilol:u- rnoultl
Right first bicuspid inould 5; 5 I ; lowel- a ~ ~ t e r i o r(:s ccl~tt-:i!s:~ncilcft l:lter~il\) n~oultl7 0 .
Right first and second molars mould roo; e. Unic;,rsal Li. S. P. 'flri./li:1 .ourel-right first mo1;ir n ~ o u l d4 ;
1,ctt first bicuspid mould I 2; lower right first and seco~ld1)icuspids ~ n o u l d90; lourel- left
I,eft first molar mould roo. first bicuspid nlould go; lower left first molar mould 4;
d. U7civcrsal Nziform Jl'ezth: Lower right second bicuspid lower anteriors ( 2 centrals and left laterals) mould 2 I I.
mould 51 ; lower right first and second molar mould 51 ; f. Ideal T r u e - F o r m T e e t h : Anteriors mould 7 3 ; Posteriors
lower right first bicuspid mould g r ; lower left first molar mould M 4 or True-Kusp Posteriors mould 76.
mould 5 I . g. Myersoqz's 7'iue-Blend Teeth: n ~ o u l d7.3.
e. U ~ ~ i v e r s aUl . S. 1'. Il'eeth: Lower right second bicuspid h. Ideal New-Bite T e e t h : L\nteriors mould 35; Posteriors
mould 4, lower right first and second molar mould 4; lvwcr mould 39.
right first bicuspid mould 4; lower left first molar mould 4.
i. 7dcal Trut, F ' o r ~ iTi>eth:
~ I'osteriors mould 32 or True-Kusl) Procedure : (Follow operations in order preseritcd here.)
I'osteriors mould 62. CLzu.r.ro~s:
g. Ideal N m - B i t e 7'eelli: I-'osteriors mould 39. a. iwake sure t h e trial base is serurely sealed to t h e casts b ~ f o r e
arrangir~gteeth.
1)entofonn 259B (Fig. 30, No. 3). b. I t is necessary to not& t h e Lower bit,, r i m slightly in t l i ~
a. Trubyte 7 ' e ~ t h :Lower posteriors mould 34M. region of ~ I I Pcuspid t o allow t h e incisal ?(lye t o c x t s ~ l d
b. h'ew Jl'rubytr 7 ' e ~ t h :L,ower Posteriors mould 34M. slightly below the plane of occlusion.
c. Solila: 1,ower l'ostcriors, right second bicuspid mould 5; c. T h e inciral edges of t h e zrpper anterior tcrtlz shouliZ br, set
right first molar nloulci 100; left first and second bicuspid against he outer border of tlze l o i i t ~ rbiteplate and slloulll
nlould 5; left fir5t molar moulci 100. follow t l ~ ccurvature of t h r lower biteplat?.
d . Univrrsn! hrltfur~ii 7'cetlz: 1,ower right second bicuspids d. T h e occlusal surfaces of t h e upper posterior teeth should bi-
mould 51; lower right first molar mould 51; lower left sect t h e line o n t h e lower bitepiare wliich folloau t h e lifizc
second bicuspid and first molar nlould 54. drawn on tlze lowLzr ~ a s tf r o ~ n t h r wrst of condyle to tilt'
e. Ufiiversal I;. S. P. Teeth: Idowel- right second bicuspids cuspid area.
mould 4; lower right first molar mould 4 ; lower left second e. D o not sel tile necks of t h e Irppdr anlerior teetli too far under
bicuspid and first molar mould yo. t h e upper alveolar ridge. Set t h r uppei teeth against t l z ~
f. Ideal T r v r FUYWLIl',~r/ll:rnould 70. r i d ~ i-atlier r tiran 072, or under it.
g. Idrsal A'ca-Riii, Il'rzth: mould 38. f. 7'hr~upper i~rcisorsi n a nor?iiril set oj natural t r i ~ l hare u ~ u a / / ~
Ikntofol-m 25cjA (Fig. 30, No. 2 ) . >
about -. 2 ti1il1irrrr~c.r.ianterior to t h e lower incisors. (7'12i.i
:I. 7 ' r u h y l ~'l'(:c~lh:Lower anteriors mould 4H; lower postcrio~-s is tlie oil/ rjei.)
nlould 34s. g . ' / ' / i f , z>rrrpi~r;< of d ~ . t ~ / u r eass wrll as t h e possibility of t c e ~ h
1). Ni,.i~ 7'1.~/.byir:Lower Anteriors mould 45 or if butted . r i / c t v ; l r ~ oul of aliynmcnt during vulcanizing d u r to tiit'
: ~ g : ~ i rthe ~ s t gun1 use mould 35; lower posteriors rnoultl 34s. rliri~rka,qc,of vulcanite (dental rubber) will be mach reduced
( ~ .So/dr~:Idourc~- - i o ~ - 5s ; ~ , C ) W ~ I -1'0steri01-s t-ight
d ~ ~ ~ t c ~ll~ol~lcj I ] ri .\/ulrc' of about 5/4 of a rwillin~eteris left between tlle
I;t-st Kic.uspitl moultl 65; Sccor~d Ki(.trxl)id 111o111(1 < ; l<ioht iippr,r r l~spidand /lie upper first bicuspid on earh side and
st1.011t1 IIIOI;LI- IIIOLII(I 100; r.rft /;!.st t3ic11s~)icl I I I O L I I ( I < ; I?t t ~ t rilro l / r ' ~ i ~ ' r t/ie ~ > ~ upper second bicuspids a r ~ d first rr~olars.
1 l l O l : l l ~ lllo~ll~l 100. Slii/i/rrr rp[i( I ' F rI~ouldbe lefi b e l w e ~ nt h e lower first molars
(1. i 'i/i,~~,t..cti/ N:.//~!.iii' / ' , , I , / / /I :, O \ V V I . 1 - i ~ l 1 1 \ ; I 4 1 1 1 1 0 1 : 1 1 ~ I I I O I I I C I (iilrl /hc*/owe;- .r, rot~tlbiruspiils anrl, if possibl~,brtzrlfvw tl~c,
T I ; lo\\,(,t-l . i K l l t fil-\t : 1 1 1 < 1 \ < , ( 0 1 1 , l li,.ll\pi(l< l l t o , l l ~ l < , I , I O \ V C . I . / o ? ~ v , ]it ) \ / /)/I//.rpjrLs rit/(/ i / i ( ~
~u.\ph/s.
I54 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS ARRANGING ARTIFICIAL T E E T H I55
h. T h e compensating curve to which the occlusal surfaces of the lower biteplate when viewed from the front. T h e teeth
lower molars and the second bicuspids are set should be gov- should incline downward and forward when viewed from the
erned by the curvature of the posterior portion of the lower side. T h e incisal edges should be in contact with, and follow,
ridge. If the occlusal surfaces of the lower molars are set the contour of the outer edge of the occlusal surface of the
parallel to the uptwned posterior section of the ridge, the lower biteplate. T h e distal angle of the centrals should in-
force applied to the ridge through the teeth i n the act of cline slightly inward and begin the curvature of the dental
chewing will be at right angles to the surface of the ridge alzd arch. Attach the centrals with wax on heated wax spatula.
will hold the lower delzture rigidly in place. (Fig. 143.1
i. A lower ridge that has a great curve m.11 call for a corre-
spondingly great curvature in the arrangement of the molars
and bicuspids.
j. I n many cases a compensating curvature great enough to sta-
bilize the lower denture may have a tendency to create a
forward, dislodging pressure on the upper denture, if the
upper has no curvature of the alveolar ridge. For such cases
the compensating curve must be modified so that it will take
an inclination which is halfway between the fiat character of
the upper alveolar ridge and the steep slope of the lower
alveolar ridge.
k. T h e lower cuspids should glide against the upper cuspids
when the extension arms of the articulator are moved side-
wise. T h e lower cuspids should not touch the upper laterals
when the extension arms of the articulator are moved sidewise.
1. W h e n the dentures are in centric occlusion ( t h e articulator FIG. 143. UPPERRITEPLA.I.E CUT 0 ~ 1 1.0
. ALLOWF O R PLACING
O F LEFT
extension arms are at rest), the lower incisors should not be UPPERCEN.I-RA+( INCISOR
in contact with the opposing upper incisors.
m. T h e danger of breaking the incisors in using the denture B-Labial view. Note: T h e incisal edge is parallel with the edge of the upper bite-
plate. C-Distal view. Note: Inward inclination of tooth.
zen'll be eliminated if the foregoing instructions are observed
in arranging the teeth. Errors that may become evident in
the filzished dentures are corrected by the dentist who grinds 2. Cut out the biteplate and set the upper laterals distal to the
the teeth w'th a stone when the dentures are examined and centrals. T h e incisal edges of the laterals should be three-
fitted in the mouth of the patient. fourths of a millimeter above the level of the incisal edges of
the centrals. T h e long axis should incline distally when
I. Arranging Upper T e e t h : viewed from the front and downward and forward incisally
NOTE: Arrange upper teeth in edentulous cases as follows: (The when viewed from the side. (Fig. 144.) T h e necks of the
same method should be followed for all uppers.) upper laterals should be less prominent (they should be set
r . Seal the biteplates to the casts, using sticky wax on hot spatula. inward) and closer to the alveolar ridge than those of the
Cut out sufKcient wax on the upper biteplate and attach the upper centrals. The incisal edges of the laterals should
upper central incisor teeth against the alveolar ridge of the continue the curvature of the dental arch along the outer
upper baseplate, to.the right and left of the median line. The
,- cdgc of the occlusal surface of the lower biteplate. Attach
incisal edge, should be parallel with the outer edge of the the laterals with wax on heated wax spatula.
1 5 ~ MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS ARRANGING ARTIFICIAL TEETH I57
3. Cut out the biteplate and set the upper cuspids distal to the
upper laterals. T h e incisal tips should extend just slightly
below the outer edge of the lower biteplate. T h e labio-axial
ridge of the cuspid is the dividing line between the labial and
buccal aspects (anterior and lateral views) of the denture.
B-Labial view. Note: T h e tooth is raised upward from the edge of the biteplate,
while the long axis of the tooth inclines somewhat distally, the rnesio-incisal angle is
nevertheless longer than the disto-incisal angle. C-Distal view of the upper lateral
incisor. Note: T h e inward inclination at the neck of the tooth is greater in the
lateral than in the central.
I n arranging Trubyte Posteriors, look for the small raised dots on the mesial side of
the diatoric surface. One dot on a bicuspid designates the first bicuspid; two dots,
the second bicuspid. One dot on a molar designates the first molar; two dots, the
second molar. As these dots are always on the mesial side of the tooth they also
show at a glance whether the tooth is right or left.
After Clafip
A-First bicuspid, buccal and distal views. B-Second bicuspid, buccal and distal
views. C-Buccal relationship of the cuspids and bicuspids. Note: T h e white lines
show the relationship of the bucco-lingual aspect of the teeth to the straight edge.
T h e white lines are parallel and bisect the alveolar ridge.
Nofe: T h e compensating curve can be made to follow the template. Where the tem-
plate is not used, follow the instructions provided in Unit No. 10.
second bicuspids. Rotate the bicuspids on their long axis so
5. T h e upper first bicuspid should be set so that the buccal cusp
that lines through their linguo-buccal dimensions follow the
touches the occlusal surface of the lower biteplate while the
line c in Fig. 150, with relation to the straight edge.
lingual cusp does not quite touch it. T h e tooth viewed lat-
8. Attach the upper first molars so that the long axis when
erally should bisect the line on the lower biteplate that fol-
viewed from the buccal aspect appears as shown in Figs. 148
lows the crest of the l o w ~;~lvcolnr
~- ridge. (Figs. 148, 14') and 151. T h e disto-buccal cusp of the first molar should be
and 150.)
raised slightly off the lower biteplate.
I 62 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS ARRANGING ARTIFICIAL TEETH 163
13. T h e lower second molar is set distally to the first molar in a 16. Apply a triangular piece of pink wax to the crest of the an-
manner similar to that employed in setting the first lower terior portion of the lower ridge from canine to canine. Set
molar. T h e second lower molar should occlude with the the lower anterior teeth in the following order: the lower cen- .
distal cusp of the first molar and most of the occlusal surface trals on both sides of the median line corresponding to the
of the upper second molar. median line formed by the upper centrals; place the lower
14. With wax and heated spatula attach the lower second bicus-
pid to the lower baseplate. T h e lower second bicuspid should
Note: T h e long axes of the incisors and laterals are parallel but the cuspids incline
distally at the gingival margin.
A-Detail of articulation of upper cuspid and first bicuspid and lower first bicuspid.
B-The lower bicuspids and cuspid have been set in position.
Note: T h e lower anterior teeth are set inward at the occlusal edge and are out of
I1ontnct with the lingual surfaces of the upper anterior teeth. T h i s is known as the
Note: T h e relationship to the alveolar ridge and inclination of each tooth varies al- swcr-jet. T h e lower anteriors should be slightly higher than the incisal edge of the
though the incisal edges are all on the same line. \lppcr anteriors. This is known as the over-bite and is equal to the depth of the
cusps of the molar teeth. See Fig. 150.
occlude with the distal incisal incline of the upper first bi-
cuspid and the mesial incisal incline of the upper second lateral incisors distally to the lower laterals. Set the necks
bicuspid. (Fig. I 53.) of the lower incisor teeth directly over the lower ridge. Set
15. Set the lower first bicuspid mesial to, and in the same manner, the necks of the lower cuspids anterior to the ridge. (Figs.
as the lower second bicuspid. T h e lower first bicuspid should 154, 155 and 1-56.)
occlude with the distal incisal incline of the upper cuspid I 7. T h e upper and lower teeth at the bicuspids and molars should
and the mesial occlusal incline of the upper first bicuspid. be in full contact when the articulator is closed in centric
(Fig. 154.1 occlusion.
164 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS ARRANGING ARTIFICIAL TEETH
I-Cross section showing cuspal relationship. H-Shows the distance of the cuspal
height. G-Occlusal view of bicuspids and molars in Trubyte Teeth.
in partial dentures are often set directly to the cast without any
labial wax on the denture base. I t rn-dy be necessary to grind the
ridge-lap portion or mesial and distal surfaces of certain teeth in
order to fit them closer to the gum or the natural teeth. When
grinding porcelain teeth proceed as follows:
Note: T h e white markings show the occlusal contacts between the upper and lower
teeth as seen in a piece of modeling compound which had been softened and pressed I. Mount carborundum wheel on lathe chuck.
between an upper and lower set-up o f Trtthyte Teeth. 2. Cut a small strip of articulating paper. (Paper coated with
coloring which comes off on an object when pressed against
111. Arranging Teeth on Partial Dentures: it.) Place the articulating paper on the gum over the place
NOTE: T h e clasps used to retain partial dentures are not in- where the tooth is to be fitted (Fig. 160).
cluded in this Unit since making clasps involves advanced pro- 3. Press the tooth against the paper and rub the tooth slightly
cedures not described here. Arrange the necessary teeth in a against the paper. This will indicate on the tooth, by means
manner similar to that followed in arranging full dentures. Teeth of the coloring rubbed off the articulating paper, where the
I 68 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS ARRANGING ARTIFICIAL TEETH 169
Questions :
I. Why are specific principles followed in arranging teeth?
2. What principle is followed in setting up upper anterior teeth?
3. What principle is followed in setting up upper posterior
teeth?
4. Why is it advantageous to set up the lower first molars first
in setting up lower teeth?
5. Why should the teeth be firmly attached to the base?
6. How far is the basewax extended?
7. What principles are followed in setting up the following
teeth as regards their relationship to each other?
a. The upper central, lateral and cuspid?
I70 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS ARRANGING ARTIFICIAL TEETH 171
, ,
*-.-
C o ~ ~ r l a sofy Dr. Merrill G. Swenson, Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry, New York University, College of Den-
~lntry.
173
I74 MANUAL FOR DEN'rAL TECIINICIANS
' I ,
1 7 ~ MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS DENTURE WAXING TECHNIC I77
Vocational Information : Waxing u
should be done carefullv and
neatly as the permanent denture base duplicates the wax matrix.
Faults in waxing' are, therefore, repeated in the permanent denture.
Waxing on the buccal and labial surfaces should be modified by the
dentist to suit the facial appearance of the patient. Pits in the wax
should be eliminated and all teeth should be waxed securely.
Tools and Equipment: Bunsen burner, wax spatula, roach carver
or pen knife.
Materials: Basewax; blue casting wax (26-gauge); absorbent
cotton.
Procedure: (Follow operations in the order presented here.)
CAUTIONS:
a. D o not press too hard on wax as the arranged teeth may be
displaced.
b. To prevent burninx and distortion do not flame wax too lonx. -
c. ~ ~ wax p evenly
? ~i n d not too thickly on palate. .
d. Teeth should not be covered with wax too far over the buccal
Note: D o not make the elevations too pronounced. T h e elevation over the cuspid
and labial surfaces. should be most prominent, that over the lateral incisor least prominent. T h e eleva-
e. W a x should not be too thin over t h e pins of the anterior tions should be smooth and should not extend too far toward the rim of the denture.
In the lower denture the elevations below the anterior teeth should be practically
teeth. eliminated.
f. D o not allow pits to remain in the wax.
g. T r i m borders bf wax dentures to prevent cuttilzg or scra~ch-
ing the patient's mouth durilzg t r y i n .
h. W i p e waxed denture with alcohol for hygienic reasons, before
returning to dentist.
I. Make wax bases on an upper and lower set of casts which
have had reliefs and tinfoil applied. (Follow procedure in .
Unit No. 6 (11) ; Process or Principle No. I I ; Job. No. 28)
There will be no teeth arranged on this set of casts.
NOTE: These casts will be used later for technic purposes in
the instruction UnitJ to follow.
2 . I n the full cases, after the teeth have been arranged, add
melted wax to reenforce teeth, extending ridge-like elevations
half way toward the rim of the denture on the buccal and
labial surfaces, opposite each of the teeth. (Fig. 167.)
3. Adapt a piece of wax, folded to double thickness, over the
buccal and labial surfaces, allowing the ridge-like elevations
to remain on the buccal aspect, especially at the cuspids, less
'
at laterals, gradually less about the molars and least at the Note: Fold a sheet of basewax to double thickness. Allow the wax to extend over
the cervical thirds of the teeth and past the rim of the denture.
lower incisors. (Fig. I 68.)
178 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS DENTURE WAXING TECHNIC I79
Note: Another method of carving buccal and labial surfaces of waxed denture is to
wax denture completely and then use a Roach carver to form buccal and lingual
elevations. T h e method shown in Figs. 167 and 168 is easier for the beginner.
A-Plaster holding lower cast to articulator. B-Lower cast. C-Denture base.
D-Upper denture base. &Upper cast. F-Plaster holding upper cast to
Note: Festooning should follow the cervical line a t the beginning of the "collar." articulator. G--Wax before carving.
T h e wax at the interproximate surfaces between the teeth should not be d u g out too
deeply. In this illustration the wax has been trimmed around the rim of the den-
ture to follow the denture limit. T h e rim should be smooth to avoid injuring the 171.) Do not festoon too deeply in the interproximate
patient's mouth when the dentist tries the dentures in the mouth. spaces between the teeth.
5. Smooth the wax around the teeth and on the palatal surfaces.
(Fig. 172.)
6. Soften a piece of 26-gauge blue casting wax between the
palms of the hands and adapt over the palatal surface.
(Fig. 173.)
7. Trim the blue casting wax on the palatal surface, seal with
heated spatula and festoon around the teeth with a pen-
knife. (Figs. 173, 174, .175 and 176.)
8. Eliminate all pits and other imperfections in the wax, using
Note: T h e w a x should be festooned a t right angles to the long axes of the teeth. 111
wax spatula, or pick up the Bunsen burner and pass the flame
the anterior teeth having pins, the wax should cover the pins well. quickly over the area to be smoothed.
I 80 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS DENTURE WAXING T E C H N I C 181
FIG.1 7 3 . FESTOONING
O N T H E PALATE
AROUND THE TEETH
A-Carved rugae.
FIG. 175. LOWERDENTURE
(LINGUALSURFACECARVED)
A-Carving to extend lower tooth forms.
Note: T h e outline around the teeth of the cast is sharp and the buccal extensions of
Note: Carving on lingual and palatal surface to extend the outlines of the teeth is the denture are well finished. Where the teeth are butted against the cast, they do
of advantage, especially where the natural alveolar ridges of the patient have re- not show any wax a t their interproximate spaces on the labial surface.
ceded, because it allows more room for the tongue.
3. Are the pins on the teeth covered and not visible on the
palatal surface?
4. Are the teeth sealed tightly to the wax?
5. Is the wax carved and polished?
6. Can you wax a case in 25 minutes (average)?
REFERENCES:
(Books for Additional Information.)
I. Nichols, I. G.: Prosthetic Dentistry. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Company,
193'.
2. Frahm, F. W.: Principles and Technics of Full Denture Construction.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Company, 1934.
3. T u r n e r , C. R. and Anthony, L. P.: American Textbook of Prosthetic
Dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1932.
4. Swenson, M. G.: Outline of Full Denture Prosthesis. N e w York: N e w
York University Press, 1932.
Note: T h e wax is free of pits, it is polished, and the carving is not too pran?uncecl
or too high toward the rim of the denture. T h e carving at the lower anterlorr 18
not prominent. T h e wax has not been d u g out too much between the teeth. While
the teeth are well exposed the wax nevertheless covers the collars of the teeth.
I 86 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS DENTURE FLASKING TECHNIC 187
Vocational Information: Flasks consist as a rule of three parts:
( I ) a lower (base) or shallow part which has a floor or base, ( 2 )
an upper (counter) or deeper part which fits over the lower and
(3) a cover. (Fig. 179.) Flasks may be closed firmly by the use of
bolts and nuts or by using flask clamps. Flasks are made of iron,
brass or bronze. Bronze flasks are most desirable because they are
not affected by sulphur, can be easily cleaned and are not distorted
i n use.
I. Clamp flask. a-Cover. b-Upper part (counter). c-Lower part (base).
2. Bolt flask. a-Cover. b-Upper part (counter). *Lower part (base). 3. Bolts Tools and Equipment: Vulcanite denture investment flask; flask
and nuts for bolt flask. press; flask clamp; plaster bowl; plaster spatula and plaster knife.
(Figs. 180, I 81.)
188 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS DENTURE FLASKING TECHNIC 189
A-Denture waxed and sealed to cast. B-Plaster has been smoothed and removed
from waxed surface a s well as from top rim of sides of flask. C-Lower half of flask.
A-Denture waxed and sealed to cast. B-Plaster into which cast has been invested.
C-Lower portion of flask.
Note: T h e long axes of the teeth are parallel with the vertical elevation (sides) of
the flasks. T h e plaster is smooth and there are no undercuts between the plaster and
the waxed denture. If directions are not followed properly all the preceding work
will be in vain.
Note: T h e plaster teeth should be cut at a slant outward to the edge of the cast or
crescent shaped in a mesio-distal direction. Never cut the teeth flush with the wax.
Always allow the plaster teeth to extend higher than the wax.
A-Plaster used for flasking case. B-Upper cast. =Waxed denture (denture
matrix). D-Diatoric tooth. %Upper half of flask. F-Cover of flask. G-
Lower half of flask.
A-Plaster used for flasking case. B-Lower cast. C-Waxed denture (denture
matrix). D-Diatoric tooth. E-Upper half of flask. F-Cover of flask. G-
Lower half of flask.
Questions:
I. Why are dentures flasked?
2. What precautions should be observed when flasking in the
A-Flask. B-Plaster used in flasking. C-"Horseshoe" shaped denture. D-The
lower or base portion of the flask? plaster teeth have been cut to about two millimeters higher than the wax of the
3. What precautions should be observed in pouring the counter trial denture base. Note: T h e cast is centered in the lower half of the flask and
portion of the flask parallel with the base of the flask. T h e waxed denture is sealed securely to the
cast around the edge of the denture.
4. Why must the waxed dentures be sealed to the casts?
5. Why is it necessary to remove excess wax from tooth sur-
f aces?
6. Why should the teeth be waxed securely?
7. How may undercuts be avoided?
8. I Y h ! arc sepal-atiiig medin used atid wh!. should scl>nratiug
tncdi;~I)c kel)t ;IM.;L! (I-0111t lic tcct li l'
0 . l h u . C:III the teeth 1)e i ~ i j ~ ~ ;I
~ -i cl l ddil-ec,t co11tac.t with the
sides or top of the flask?
lo. il'hy should plaster teeth in partials Ile cut higher than the lIEI.,ATF,Il I N F O R M A T I O N : U N I T NO. I2
wax?
I r . W h y is licluid soap or tin foiling better than separating ~ n e d i a DENTURE FLASKING TECHNIC
in flaskingi
Flasks: Flasks with L>olts and nuts have been largely replaced b!
Job Appraisal : clamp flasks. R r o l i ~ eflasks are most desirable because the) do not
I. W a s the cast trini~ncd to fit wcll i l l the lower part of the
I-ust in the vulcanizer and they can easil) be kept clean. Brass flasks
flask.? <u-enot rigid enough and become distorted d u e to the clamp pressure.
2 . Are the tceth out of colitact with the uppel- part alid with the
cover of the flask? Separating Media: Tinfoil should be used over the plaster between
3 Lloes the p l ; ~ s t e used
~ - in flaskilig clear the edge of the waxed the edge of t h e flask :und thc waxed denture. W h e r e tinfoil is not
denture? used, separating media must be applied to facilitate the opening of
4. il'erc ~lndct-cutsa~roidedto facilitate separatilig the flask.; the flask for thc clinii~iationof the wax. I t is better to use liquid
5. Can 1 0 ~ 1flask :1 case iri 1 0minutes (averagc ) ;. soap as a separating medium, rather than shellac and Sandarac which
'11-eruined when the flask is heated.
I<EFERV:NCI~:S: (Rooks for Additional 11iform;ition.)
I . Nicliolsl 1. G.: l'rc~stlictic I)entistr!. St. Louis: C. \'. Mush!. Co., I O ; I . Tooth Cleansing Preparations : Carboll tetrachloride (carbons) ,
2 . 1'1-.~lim,I.'. W.: t'l.inciples ;rnd rl't.clinics of Full I ) c l i t ~ ~ ~
Constl-uc-tioll.
-c ~ l c o h o l ,chloroforn~01-other wax s o l ~ ~ c nmay
t s be used to clean wax
1:roolli n : I ) c ~ i ~ nI tL.ms
l of Intel-cst I'ublisliing Co., I 034. 11-omthe tooth surfaces. I t is better to cleanse the teeth with a sharp
3. ' l ' l ~ r n c r , C. R. :lnd .-Inllir~ny, I,. P.: :Imericnn l ~ ' c \ - t h o c ~ofk 1'1.os~hctit: ~ristrunient, as all tooth cleansing preparations tend to loosen thc
I)c~:tistr!.. [,en & I'cbigcr,
1'liil.rd~~lpl~i;i: ~(lzz. teeth from the wax. Tooth cleansing agents should be used sparingly.
DENTURE TINFOILING TECHNIC I99
Materials: No. 60 or 40 tinfoil, absorbent cotton, duco glue.
Procedure : (Follow operations in the order presented here.)
CAUTIONS :
UNIT NO. 13 a. Tinfoil must be seczlrely burnished against the teeth to pre-
vent seepage of plaster under the foil when pouring the
DENTURE TINFOILING TECHNIC counter during the flusking operation.
b. Avoid folding or creasing the tinfoil to prevent its being
W e have invested the case in the lower half of the flask and are about incorporated too deeply in the vulcanite. .
to pour the upper half. Before doing so, we shall apply tinfoil over the c. Do not displace the teeth when burnishing tinfoil.
denture and the plaster around the cast. T h e tinfoil will serve as a shield
d. Do not distort the wax matrix by pressing or burnishing the
between the plaster and the wax and will also aid us in separating the two
halves of .the flask, so that the wax may be eliminated and dental rubber
tinfoil too hard.
inserted in its place. If we foil the case properly, the vulcanized denture e. Be sure to cover all of the plaster in the @sk with tinfoil to
will be smooth and will require less work in trimming and polishing. Fur- facilitate the opening of the $?ask.
thermore, the surface of the vulcanized dental rubber will be much denser. f. Avoid puncturing or tearing the tinfoil.
If any minute pits are present in the waxing, the tinfoil will cover them. I. Cut two pieces of tinfoil, each to fit over approximately one-
T h e value of tinfoiling will become more apparent to us when we examine half of the palatal surface of the upper denture from the
the vulcanized dentures and compare them with the vulcanized bases with- front to the back. Then cut three pieces of tinfoil to fit
out teeth which have been flasked without tinfoiling. I n this Unit,we shall around the buccal and labial surfaces. Tinfoil should be cut
give our attention to the method of applying tinfoil.
to extend from the beginning of the incisal or occlusal third
of the teeth to the plaster in the flask. Additional tinfoil
Process o r Principle: No. 19. Application of Tinfoil to Flasked should be cut to cover the plaster in the flask to the inner
Dentures.
edge of the rim of the flask. (Fig. 196.)
a. Cutting of tinfoil for covering wax matrix.
b. Method of applying tinfoil.
Project o r Jobs: (To be performed by the learner.)
JOB NO. 57: Foil four sets of full upper and lower flasked
dentures.
JOB NO. 58: Foil six partial dentures after flasking.
NOTE: (Read the entire Unit carefully before beginning work.
Consult the glossary for definitions of new words.)
Job Application: The application of tinfoil gives a hard smooth
surface to the vulcanite. Tinfoil produces a cleaner denture which
requires a minimum of trimming and polishing. Tinfoil is indis-
pensable when base materials other than vulcanite are used.
Vocational Information: Tinfoil in various gauges, No. 60 or 40,
should be used for vulcanite. For denture base materials other than
vulcanite, No. 20 foil should be used.
11-For labial surface. b-For buccal surface. c and d-For palatal surface.
Tools and Equipment: Soft brushwheel, scissors, pointed orangc- e-For buccal surfacc. Note: Adapt the parts c and d so that the sharp points of the
wood stick. . two triangles are toward the incisor teeth and the bases of the triangles are toward
the rear of the palate.
198
200 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
DENTURE TINFOILING TECHNIC 20 I
2. Cut tinfoil for lower cases as indicated for the upper, except 7. After covering the cast and the plaster between the cast and
the part to fit the lingual surfaces and the tongue space. the rim of the flask with tinfoil, glue the overlapping edges
These should be cut square for the lingual surfaces and the with duco glue.
piece for the tongue space should be rounded in front. 8. I n lower dentures cover the lingual space with tinfoil, other-
(Fig. 197.1 wise follow same procedure as for upper.. (Fig. 198, No. I.)
a- -For lingual surface. b-For buccal surface. -For labial surface. d-For buc-
cal surface. e-For lingual surface. f-For lingual surface at the incisors. Note:
Cover the lingual space with an additional piece of tinfoil, extending it to the inner
edge of the flask.
W A X ELIMINATION TECHNIC
DENTURE TINFOILING TECHNIC
W i t h the assembling of the impression which was obtained by the
Silex: Liquid silex may be used in place of tinfoil. T h e silex should dcntist from the mouth of the patient, we beg;~nbuilding the denture
be applied with a brush. Be careful not to get the silex on the \vhicll progressed through the undel-lying processes of boxing, pouring casts,
porcelain teeth. trimming casts, relieving of hard arms, biteplate building, articulating
and arranging of teeth for trial. T h c denture, after being waxed, was
Cellophane: Cellophane or ,glazene may be used in place of tinfoil. returned to thc dentist for trial in thc 1110~1thof the patient. W h e n the
D e n t u r e Bases O t h e r T h a n Vulcanite: All of the plaster and dentist and the patient were satisiicd with the fit and appearance of thc
the cast must be completely covered with tinfoil. denture, thc dentist returned it to the technician who began the
proccsscs of conlpletion by investing the denture in a vulcanizing flask. I n
this Unit we shall describe the method of eliminating the wax and baseplate
trial denture base so that the matrix (the space left) may he packcd with A
per~nanentdenture base such as \rulcanite.
Tools and Equipment: Gas stove, two large iron pots, ladle, col- i. Do not allow overhanging particles of plaster to remain in
lander, plaster knife, pliers, canvas gloves, flask press. (Fig. 200.) flaJk. '
Materials : Boiling water, washing soda. I. Pour two quarts of water in each of the two iron pots. Place
a level tablespoonful of washing soda in each pot. Bring
Procedure : (Follow operations in the order presented here.) water in both pots to a boil on gas stove (Fig. 203).
CAUTIONS: 2. Place the flask, in the press or clamp, into the boiling water
a. T h e length of boiling time depends on the type of wax wed. in the first pot for three minutes (Figs. 201 and 203).
Some waxes require longer heating. Too little boiling may
cause a fractured cast on opening. T o prevent tooth dis-
placement, do not tighten flask-press after immersing h boil-
ing water.
b. Be sure the @sk-press or clamp is tightly closed. Courtesy S. S. White Dental M f g . Co., Philadelphiu, Pa.
c. Do not overheat wax as it loosens teeth and the wax is hard FIG.201. CLAMP
PRESSFOR HOLDING FLASKDURING WAXE L ~ M ~ N A T ~ O N
to eliminate. (Figs. 205 and 206.) PROCESS OR D U R I N G . VULCANIZING
d. Separate the fiask carefully, do not w e too much force, other- I and 2-Discs to take up slack. Note: A "dummy" is placed above the flask when
wise the cast may be fr~ctured. boiling out so that the clamp can be tightened.
e. Water and all utensils used must be kept clean to prevent
impurities from entering the plaster in the flask. 3. Remove flask from boiling water, and place on bench. In-
f. Do not displace teeth while removing wax. stead of using actively boiling water, hot water may be used
g. Be sure all wax is elim'nated from flask, otherm'se it zenzenll and the flask allowed to remain for five to ten minutes.
interfere with proper packing and vulcartization. 4. Using stub end of plaster knife, open flask carefully, raising
h. Be sure all loosened teeth are replaced in their original posi- the rear of the flask (heel or condyle portion) first (Fig.
tions. 202).
208 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS WAX ELIMINATION TECHNIC 209
5. Using pliers or tweezers raise the melted wax matrix out of 10.Set the two halves of the flask in a warm place and allow
the flask (Fig. 207). to dry.
6. Place each half of flask on sieve or collander and hold over
the first pot in which the flask was immersed. Pour clean
boiling water from the second pot over each of the parts of
the flask to remove all remaining wax. (Using the clean
water in one of the iron pots while holding the flask in the
Questions :
I . Why is wax eliminated?
2. W h y is the flask heated prior to removing wax?
3. W h y should we not allow the teeth to become misplaced?
4. W h y should the water be free of impurities?
5. W h y is the flask first opened at the heels?
6. Why must the flask press be closed tightly before it is placed
in the boiling water?
7. W h y is it important to remove all of the wax from the flasks?
8. Why are the small, thin particles of over-hanging plaster
Fig. 205-lower cast showing wax melted and flowing all over the case. removed?
Fig. 206-The teeth are floating in melted wax; 'the plaster is covered with it.
Job Appraisal :
Note: Poorly vulcanized dentures will result if wax is not totally eliminated fro111
flask. If wax is allowed to melt too much, it seeps into plaster and is hard to I. Has all wax been eliminated?
eliminate.
2. Have all loose particles been removed?
3. Are the teeth in their original positions?
4. Can you boil out wax in 2 0 minutes (average)?
I
212 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS 1
a-Counter, or upper part of flask, containing the teeth. b-Lower part of flask
which holds the cast.
FIG. 209. OPENED
LOWERFLASKED
CASEWITH WAXELIMINATED
a-Upper part of flask containing the teeth. b-Lower part of flask holding the cast.
Note: The wax has been thoroughly eliminated and the teeth are in their original
places.
REFERENCES:
(Books for Additional Information.)
I. Nichols, I. G.: Prosthetic Dentistry. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co., I 93 I .
2. Frahm, F. W.: Principles and Technics of Full Denture Construction.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing CO., 1934.
3. Turner, C. R. and Anthony, L. P.: American Textbook of Prosthetic
Dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1932.
VULCANITE DENTURE PACKING TECHNIC 215
tools may be made from tapered old dental instruments. There are
many different kinds of denture base materials other than rubber.
Tools and Equipment: Vulcanite shears, packing tools, tile slab,
packing table, flask wrench, plaster knife, linen cloth (from dental
rubber), flask bolts and nuts, flask press or clamp (Figs. 2 10,2 I I
U N I T N O 15 and 212.)
VULCANITE D E N T U R E PACKING TECHNIC
If we stop for a moment and consider the purpose of the various pro-
cedures that we have learned up to this point, we realize that they have led
to the preparation of a wax mould, as it were, for making a permanent den-
ture base to hold the artificial teeth in a definite relationship to each other
and to the jaws. T h e flasking operation enables us to retain the dental
cast and the teeth in a definite relationship when the wax trial base is
eliminated, leaving a matrix for the permanent denture base. I n this Unit
we shall take up the method by which we pack the dental rubber into the
space in the flask formerly occupied by the wax (the matrix). When
dental rubber is properly packed and the flask is closed as it was originally
before the wax was eliminated, we are ready for the vulcanizing or rubber
"curing" process. T h e success of the finished denture depends on how
well each step in its construction is performed. T h e proper packing of
rubber is of utmost importance to the successful completion of the denture.
and place in the origiml box. ber parallel with the width of the sheet of pink rubber to
e. W a r m the rubber on the steam table before beginwing to p a d . within %" of the entire width of the sheet. Round one end.
(Fig. 213a.)
218 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS VULCANITE DENTURE PACKING TECHNIC 219
2. Cut the remaining %" X 2" piece into 13 triangular pieces.
(Fig. 213b.)
PATTERN OF PINK (GUM) RUBBER ( B ) Method of Cutting Brown (Base) Rubber for Full Upper
Dentures.
FOR FULL UPPER DENTURF I. Cut three j/4" pieces of brown rubber parallel with the width
of the sheet to within 5'' of the entire width of the sheet.
(Fig. 214.)
2. Cut the remaining piece g'' X H" into 8 small pieces of
equal size. (Fig. 214b.)
3. Cut a piece of brown rubber to fit over the width of the
palate to the crest of the alveolar ridge. The length of this
piece should be the full width of the sheet of brown
rubber. (Fig. 214c.)
4. Cut four S" X 1%:' pieces of brown rubber. Round one
edge. (Fig. 214d.)
5. Cut a %'' wide piece of rubber parallel with the width of the
sheet. . (Fig. 214e.)
GUM (PINR) RUBBFR CUT AND ( C ) Method of Cuttifig -Pink (Gum) Rubber for Full Low&
Dentwe.
I. Cut four g" pieces of pink rubber parallel with the width
of the pink sheet to within %'' of the entire width. (Fig.
2I~ a . )
2. Cut the %" X I st' piece remaining into 13 triangular
pieces. (Fig. 2 I 5b.)
( D ) Method of Czlttilzg Brown (Base) Rubber for Fzcll Lower
Denture.
I. Cut one piece of brown rubber 5 ''wide parallel with the
width of the brown sheet. Cut this piece in half and trim.
(Fig. 216a.)
2. Cut three %" pieces of brown rubber parallel with the width
of the sheet to within g'' of the width. (Fig. 216c.)
3. Cut the remaining piece %" X gr'into 8 square pieces of
A-For labial and buccal surface, covering the triangular pieces which are applied
equal size. (Fig. 216b.)
first, and the edges of the teeth. B-For tooth embrasures (interproximate spaces). 4. Cut a I" wide piece parallel with the length of the sheet.
Note: Place the triangular pieces well down between the teeth. Keep the gum (Fig. 216d.)
rubber against the labial and buccal surface away from the pins and diatoric open-
ings. Grim rubber will not hold teeth securely, brown rubber should cover the pins 5. Cut a 5'' wide piece parallel with the length of the sheet.
and the diatoric openings of the teeth. (Fig. 216e.)
6. Cut a piece of brown rubber (Fig. 216f) for lining the pink
rubber before closing the flask.
220 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS VULCANITE DENTURE PACKING TECH N lC 22 I
B
4
BAS€(€ROWN)RUBBER CUT
inF
AND READY FOR PACKING
GUM (PINK) RUBBER CUT AND
R[ ADY IOR PACKING
0
m I ---------- - - Id
00000000
B I(
h
11. Packing Dental Rubber for Full Dentures.
NOTE: Place the flask in a towel to retain the heat in the flask
PREPARATION 01 DENTAL RUBBER during the packing process. Hands should be clean when handling
rubber.
FULL LOWER DtNTURE ( A ) Fall Upper Defitzlres.
- I. Using the packing tools, carefully insert the triangular pieces
PATTKRN OF BROWN (BA>€IRUBBLR of pink rubber between the embrasures (interproximate
spaces) of the teeth (Fig. 213b) as far down as you can with-
.,. FOR FULL LOWER DtNTURE out disturbing the teeth. (Fig. 217c.)
BAS€(BROWN)RUBBFR CUT
AND READY FOR PACKING
A-Brown rubber in diatoric holes. B-Brown rubber packed under pins of an-
terior teeth. C-Triangular pieces of pink rubber on labial and buccal surfaces.
Note: T h e triangular pieces of pink rubber should be packed tightly between the
teeth. Care should be taken not to displace the teeth while packing.
ing, and place them along the labial and buccal surface over 8. Place the rounded end piece of brown rubber (Fig. 2 1 4 ~ )
the triangular pieces and the edge of the teeth from the over the palate allowing it to extend over the pins of the
median line to a line mesial of the second molar. (Fig. 2 I 8.) anterior teeth and over the brown rubber in the diatoric
5. Take the remaining two %" pieces of pink rubber (Fig. openings to the rear of the denture. Fold over the palate
213a) place one over the other and place them on the re- the part of the brown rubber that extends beyond the den-
maining half of the buccal and labial surface (Fig. 218) ture limit. (Fig. 219.)
9. Cover the remaining part of the palate with brown rubber
that is left. (Fig. 214f) and (Figs. 219 and 220).
Note: T h e pink rubber is kept above the pins of the anterior teeth. T h e pins will Packed upper denture before testing.
be covered with brown rubber in the next step. This applies to upper as well as
lower denture. 10. Now test the case. (See Procedure I11 which follows.)
(Fig. 222.)
over the triangular pieces and the edges of the teeth, from I I. Stretch the 5'' of brown rubber (Fig. zrqe) until fairly thin
the median line to mesial of the second molar. and cover the pink rubber, being careful not to place the
NOTE: T h e pieces of pink rubber should extend from about brown rubber higher towards the rim of the denture than
I mm. above the pins and the diatoric openings to I mm. above the pink rubber, to prevent "bleeding." Place a wet piece
the rim of the denture. (Figs. 218 and 219.) of cellophane over the packed rubber. Close the case im-
6. Fold the two %" pieces of brown rubber (Fig. 214d) along mediately after applying the sheet of cellophane. (Figs. 223,
their lesser diameter and place them close against the pink 224 and 225.)
rubber along the buccal surface at the second molars and NOTE: Be sure cellophane has been adapted over the packed
over the condyles. (Figs. 2 I 8 and 219.) rubber before closing the flask. (Fig. 225.)
7. Fold the remaining g8'pieces of brown rubber (Fig. 214a) ( R ) Fa11 Lower Dentures.
and using the packing tools place the rubber on the palate NOTE:Place the flask in a towel to retain its heat during the
against the bicuspids and molars. (Fig. 21 8.) packing process.. Hands should be clean when handling rubber.
VULCANITE DENTURE PACKING TECHNIC
226 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS 227
I. Using the packing tools, carefully insert the triangular pieces 5. Take the remaining two %" pieces of pink rubber (Fig.
of pink rubber (Fig. 215b) between the embrasures of the s r ~ a )place
, one over the other carefully and place them over
teeth (Fig. 217c) as far down as you can put them without the remaining labial and buccal surface from the median line
disturbing the teeth. to the mesial of the second molar. (Fig. 218.)
2. Fold one of the f/4" pieces of brown rubber (Fig. 216c) NOTE: The pieces of pink rubber should extend from about
I mm. above the pins and the diatoric openings to I mm. above
along its greater length, cut off a piece long enough to fit
from first bicuspid to first bicuspid and, using the packing the rim of the denture. (Figs. 21 8 and 219.)
points, insert the piece of brown rubber under the pins of 6. Fold the two S'' pieces of brown rubber (Fig. 216a) along
the anterior teeth. (Figs. 217b and 218.) their lesser diameter and place them close against the pink
A-Brown rubber over condyle. B-Pink rubber over labial surface of alveolar
ridge. (Note: Before closing for vulcanization, the 'pink rubber will be lined with
a stretched piece of brown rubber.) C-Triangular pieces of pink rubber. D-
Brown rubber against lingual surfaces of teeth. E-Brown rubber over condyle.
A-Triangular piece of pink rubber. B-Brown rubber in diatoric hole. (Note: T h e F-Troughs ("escape gates") have been cut over the tongue space for the escape
overlying rubber has been removed to show A and B.) C-Pink rubber around of excess rubber.
labial surface extending to the mesial of the second molar. D-Brown rubber over
condyle. E-Brown rubber over palate. F-Tinfoil lining palate is showing. T h e
rubber has been removed over this half of palate. rubber along the buccal surface at the second molars and
over the condyles. (Figs. 21 8 and 221.)
3. Pack the eight square pieces of brown rubber (Fig. 216b), 7. Fold the remaining g" pieces of brown rubber, (Fig. 216c),
using the packing tools, into the diatoric openings of the bi- using the packing points, place the rubber along the lingual
cuspids and molars. (Fig. 217a.) surface against the bicuspids and molars.
4. Take two of the 5 '' pieces of pink rubber (Fig. 215a), press 8. Fold the I" piece of brown rubber (Fig. 216d) along its
them together carefully, one over the other without stretch- greater length and place it over the pins, the diatoric open-
ing, and place them along the labial and buccal surface, over ings and along the lingual surface of the denture space.
the triangular pieces and the edges of the teeth, from the (Fig. 221.) I t may be found easier to cut this piece of brown
median line to the mesial of the second molar. (Fig. 218.) rubber at the median line and pack in two parts. (Fig. 221.)
VULCANITE DENTURE PACKING TECHNIC
228 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS 329
2. Apply two thicknesses of brown rubber over the palate to the
9. If you feel certain that more brown rubber is required, cut
from the long sf' piece (Fig. 216e) and add. crest o l the alveolar process.
( E ) Brown Rubber Lining:
10. Now test the case (see Procedure I11 which follows).
NOTE:All pink rubber should be covered on the surface toward
I I. Stretch the 5"piece of brown rubber (Fig. 2 1 6f) until fairly
thin and cover the pink rubber, being careful not to place the the cast (the tissue surface) with a layer of brown rubber. This
should be done after the final testing of the case.
brown rubber higher towards the rim of the denture than the
pink rubber, to prevent "bleeding." Apply a piece of wet
cellophane. Close the case immediately after applying the
cellophane. (Fig. 222.)
A-The rubber shows through the weave, indicating that sufficient rubber has been
I.Thin out by stretching a piece of brown rubber with your
packed. B-The dental rubber is not visible through the weave of the linen, indi- fingers.
cating that more rubber should be added. 2. Place the stretched piece of brown rubber over the pink
rubber, being careful not to extend the brown rubber farther
NOTE: Be sure cellophane has been adapted over the packed than the pink rubber at the rim (periphery or denture limit).
rubber before final closing of the flask. Adapt the brown rubber carefully. (Figs. 220, 223 and 224.)
( C ) Partial Dentures:
111. Testing packed cases:
I . I n partial cases pack pink (gum) rubber on labial and buccal
I. Wash a piece of linen, in which the sheets of rubber are
surfaces only where indicated, as previously occupied by the
packed, under hot water to remove the starch.
wax in the denture space.
2. Adapt the piece of washed linen over the packed rubber and
2. Use a small piece of pink rubber in the interproximate spaces
place the lower half of the flask containing the cast over the
where the teeth are butted (set directly against the cast).
upper half of the flask containing the packed rubber.
(D)1% Fall Cases Without Teeth: (Fig. 222.)
I . Apply pink rubber, two thicknesses along the labial and buccal
3. Close the flask carefully without straining the flask or exert-
surfaces from the rim of the denture to the crest of thc
ing too much pressure on the rubber.
alveolar process.
VULCANITE DENTURE PACKING TECHNIC 231
230 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
4. Place the closed flask in a flask-pressor clamp without tighten- 13. When sufficient rubber has been packed, line the pink rubber
ing the press or clamp too much. with a thinned-out piece of brown rubber. Dip a piece of
5. Place the closed flask, in the press or clamp, into boiling cellophane in a pint of hot water containing one tablespoon
water and allow to remain for six to eight minutes. of glycerine. This will allow the cellophane to be adapted
6. Remove the flask from the water and tighten the flask-press smoothly without wrinkling. Escape gates for excess rubber
or clamp until closed all the way. may be cut in the plaster or a j/4" trough may be cut around
7. Remove the flask from the press or clamp and open the flask. the packed rubber about j/4" from the rim of the denture.
8. Notice places where the rubber has failed to show through the (Figs. 220 and 221 .)
weave of the linen cloth, indicating where more rubber should 14. Cover the packed case with the wet cellophane and close the
be packed. flask tightly, as it was originally before the wax was boiled
out. (Fig. 225.)
NOTE: If a bolt and nut flask is used, be sure the nuts are tight
when the flask is finally closed for vulcanization. Otherwise, the
clamp should be tightened. Never attempt to close a flask by
means of the flask bolts only. Place the flask in a suitable press
and immerse in hot water until the rubber flows freely. Close
the press slowly, at the same time drawing up the bolts. When
the flask is closed as far as desired, the bolts will hold the parts
together indefinitely without strain. Bolts should always be drawn
up alternately, a half turn at a time. This procedure holds the
parts of the flask together evenly, and assists the flask-press in
distributing the pressure properly.
Supplementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by the
learner.)
I.What do we mean by the dry method of packing dental
rubber?
9. Pour hot water over the linen sheet to make it easier to re- 2. What is the wet method of packing?
move the linen. Remove the linen from the packed rubber, 3. Methods of testing.
being careful not to disturb the packed rubber. (Fig. 222.)
4. Application of tinfoil, cellophane or other material over the
(Chloroform or carbona on a piece of cotton may be rubbed cast before final closing of the flask.
over the linen.) 5. Various "steam tables" and method of using them.
10.Notice the glossy spots on the packed rubber which fail to
6. Care in using packing tools.
show the imprint of the weave of the sheet of linen. Add 7. Care in handling heated flasks.
brown rubber over the glossy areas. (Figs. 223 and 224.) 8. Prevention of "bleeding."
I I. Replace the linen sheet and close the flask, replace the flask
in the press or clamp dnd boil again for 6 to 8 minutes. Questions :
12. Tighten the flask-press or clamp and then open it to see if I. W h y should the rubber be warmed before packing?
sufficient rubber has been packed, if not, repeat the testing 2. W h y should the pins be covered with brown rubber?
and adding of rubber. If too much rubber has been packed, 3. What is the composition of dental rubber?
carefully cut away the excess with sharp scissors. Do not 4. W h y is a linen cloth used?
disturb the rubber in the denture area. 5. How can you tell when you have sufficient rubber?
232 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
6. How can you separate the linen from the rubber after it is
heated?
7. What is the indication that not enough rubber has been used?
8. Why are the edges of plaster removed?
9. When do you use cellophane?
10. Which rubber is stronger, pink or brown?
R E L A T E D I N F O R M A T I O N : UNIT NO. 15
I I. Name two other colors of dental rubber; give their use.
12. H o w may "bleeding" be prevented?
VULCANITE DENTURE PACKING TECHNIC
Job Appraisal :
I. Was the rubber cut according to directions? Caoutchouc: A light yellow, creamy, odorless juice obtained from
2. Was the rubber kept clean? tropical trees (Sephonia elastica) and other plants. I t is imported
3. Was the pink rubber adapted well around the anterior teeth? chiefly from Brazil in the form of dark, tough, fibrous masses, pos-
4. Did the imprint of the linen cloth show all over the packed sessing a high degree of elasticity and many impurities incorporated
rubber? during the solidifying process. Crude rubber is purified by cutting it
5. Was the flask closed as tightly as it was originally, before the into fine shreds, washed, dried and kneaded, then rolled into sheets.
wax was eliminated?
6. Can you pack a full case in 20 minutes (average)? Ingredients of Dental Rubber
REFERENCES:(Books for additional information.) Red rubber: Caoutchouc 48 parts by weight
I. Nichols, I. G.: Prosthetic Dentistry. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby CO., 1931. Sulphur 34 parts by weight
2. Frahm, F. W.: T h e Principles and Technics of Full Denture Construc-
Vermilion 36 parts by weight
tion. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1934.
3. Turner, C. R. and Anthony, L. P.: American Textbook of Prosthetic Pink rubber: Caoutchouc 48 parts by weight
Dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, I 93 2. Sulphur 24 parts by weight .
4. Skinner, E. W.: T h e Science of Dental Materials. Philadelphia: W. B. White oxide of zinc 30 parts by weight
Saunders Co., I 936. Vermilion 10parts by weight
Brown rubber: Caoutchouc 48 parts by weight
Sulphur 24 parts by weight
Aged Dental R u b b e r : If dental rubber is kept too long, it be- Tissue Tolerance: T h e low heat capacity and irlsulatirig propert!
conies "aged" and unfit for use. Do not huv more dental rubber at of vulcanite, together with its springiness under pressure, frequently.
orle ti~riethan L J I ~be used i l l unr ~rionth. is the cause of irritated tissues. I t is generally conceded that its tissue
tolerance is quite low. T h e tissue tolerance of the ~ h e n o lformalde
D r y Method of Packing Dental R u b b e r : 'The flask is heated in hyde resins is considered to be the best of all the materials.
an oven at 213' to "8' Fahrenheit. T h e rubber is packed and
tehtcci without boili~lg. L e n g t h of Life: T h e length of life of a denture is dependent upon
many properties, such as strength, stability of form, and texture. Ex-
perience has shown that the length of life of rubber dentures is all
D E N T U R E BASE MATERIALS that can be desired, while as a class, that of all thermo p1;istics is com-
Vulcanite-vulcanized dental rubber.
I.
paratively short, due to change of form, texture, discoloration, or
Metal-gold, platinum, stainless steel, etc.
2.
breakage. T h e length of life of the phenol formaldehj~desas a class
3. Celluloid compounds-not much used. has been little more than that of the thermo-plastics because of the
4. Synthetic resins-(a) thermo-plastic, (b) thermo-curing. short color life and low strength. T h e phenol-formaldehyde resins,
5 . Porcelain bases. however, with their greatly increased color life and strength, have a
life equal to that of rubber. Ilrhile the color at the end of twent)
Celluloid Compounds : These compouncls are not satisfactory be- years would probably not be the same as when it was made, it would
cause of the camphor odor from the camphor used to make the cellu- be a better color than that of a rubber denture at any time.
loid plastic. T h e fluids of the mouth affect the celluloid and the
denture loses its color. Celluloid dentures warp easily because they T a s t e and O d o r : With the exception of those cellulose materials
:II-ethermo-plastic. (They are made plastic or soft by heat.) containing camphor, plastics or resins-if compounded properly-will
have no taste or odor when first inserted in the mouth. I11 time the
Synthetic Resins: T h e synthetic resin compounds may be thermo softer materials, or thermo-plastics, which stain and which have poor
curing (a chemical reaction takes place when heated) or thermo- xdhesion, will, like vulcanite, become foul. .I phenol-formalcichjde
1)lastic (softened by heat and molded to the desired shape which is I-csindenture has absolutely no taste or odor. With phenol-forinalde
supposed to be held on cooling) which do not undergo any chemical hpde resin dentures, since there is no seepage around or between the
I-enction or heating. tccth and denture base, and no appreciable absorption in the resin
Thermo-plastic resins warp easily and are less desirable than itself, there is no possibility of taste or odor from embodied decn) ing
thcrmo-curing resins. organic matter.
Permanency of F o r m : Thermo-curing materials being molded ill Pleasing Color: Vulcanite beilig opaque and lacking e~ltirclyin
the licluid form and then by means of additional heat changed into tl.nnslucency and transparency, all efforts to produce a lifelike color
the solid form, are not subject to warpage, since their natural fortli in it have not proved entirely successful. Since the resins and cellu-
is the form to which they have been moulded, and they will retail) lose compounds are practically transparent in the natural state, it is
this form. possible to produce almost any color desired.
Absence of Absorption: Most plastics exhibit a fairly low ahsc>i-1) Rase Metal D e n t u r e Bases: Stainless steel has the advantages of
I ~ O I I ;tt roo111tcn~l>cratures.Vulcnnite shows pr;~ctic:~ll~ tio w:ttcr al, low cost, light weight and less hulk. Cobalt-chromium alloys can be
sol.l)tiorl for scvcl.al nloliths. 11\r(1ill colnl>in.ltioll with v~~lc:t~iite
or other materials.
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VULCANIZATION TECHNIC 239
23 tI MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
Safety Dlsk m.
FIG. m 8 a .
Stud ...-...-.......
FIG. 2 2 8 b
L
"" ,",,>7
FIG.227. VULCANIZER
COVERSHOWING THERMOMETERAND MANIFOLD
WITH SAFETY VALVE( I ) AND BLOW-OFFVALVE( 2 )
$asks. D o not drop flasks into vulcanized pot. (Place h. Avoid tampering with saf ety-valve cap unless replacement of
gently.) Flasks and clamp nwst not extend ahove th.e top of disk is required. (Fig. 228b.)
the vulcanizer pot. i. Be sure time clock regulator is wound and set before lighting
gar. (Figs. 229a and b.)
j. Mercury in thermometer should be at the bottom when vul-
canizer burner is liglited.
Note: T h e Regulator is capable of being set for temperatures varying from 280" to
320°. TOvulcanize at any of the degrees of temperature marked on the gradu-
ated base, all that is required is to turn the milled hand-plate until the pointer is
over the degree desired. T h i s should be done before lighting the gas under the
vulcanizer. A small screw is inserted in the base, which acts as a stop for the
pointer, and prevents the regulator from being set, either by design or accident,
to maintain a higher temperature than the highest graduation on the base, which
would endanger the safety of the vulcanizer.
12. After all steam has escaped through blow-off valve, unscrew 3. Did you set the gas regulator?
cross-bar nut, using wrench, and remove the cross-bar and vul- 4. Was the safety valve opened to allow the air to escape?
canizer cover. Place vulcanizer cover carefully on shelf. 5. Was water put in the vulcanizer?
(This is better than to disconnect gas tubing when removing 6. Can you name the various parts and give a detailed account
vulcanizer cover.) of the operation of a dental vulcanizer?
13. Using flask tongs, carefully remove flasks from vulcanizer REFERENCES: (Books for Additional Information.)
pot. (Wear canvas gloves.) D o not drop flasks. (Fig. 233.) I. Skinner, E. W.: T h e Science of Dental Materials. Philadelphia: W . B.
14. Allow flasks to cool for 15 minutes, then place in cold water Saundcrs Co., I 936.
until thoroughly chilled. (At least I 5 minutes.) 2 . Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co., Dcntal Vulcanizers: Buffalo, N. Y.
I S . Empty the vulcanizer pot and clean thoroughly. 3. Turner, C. R. and Anthony, I,. P.: American Textbook of Prosthetic
I 6. Lubricate cross-bar bolt threads. Dcntistry. Philadelphia: Lca & Febiger, 1932.
17. Replace vulcanizer parts. 4. Nichols, I. G.: Prosthetic Dentistry. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co., 1931.
5 . Frahm, F. W.: T h e Principles and Practice of Full Denture Construc-
Supplementary Assignment : tion. Brooklyn: Dental l t c n ~ sof Intcrcst Publishing Co., 1934.
I. Various types of vulcanizers used.
2 . Methods of using different vulcanizers.
3. Attachments and types of vulcanizers for denture base ma-
terials other than vulcanite.
4. Care of vulcanizers.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of vulcanizing at various tem-
peratures.
Questions :
I. What are the main parts of a vulcanizer and what is the pur-
pose of each?
2 . Describe the blow-off valve and give its use; how may it be
repaired?
3. Describe the safety valve; how is it repaired?
4. H o w do you set the gas regulator?
5. How do you set the time regulator?
6. How is the vulcanizer and its accessories attached; where is
the time clock attached?
7. What precautions should be observed before lighting the gas
burner under the vulcanizer?
8. Give the various temperatures and time intervals used in vul-
canizing.
9. What precautions should be observed before opening the vul-
canizer?
10. What care should the vulcanizer receive?
Job Appraisal :
I. Did you examine the gas connections?
2 . Did you set the time clock regulator?
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MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
VULCANITE DENTURE CLEANSING TECHNIC 259
DENTURE
FIG.242. APPEARANCEOF CLEANSED IS
AFTER TINFOIL
STRIPPED AWAY
A and A'-vulcanite between the teeth. B - d i v i d i n g line between pink and brow11
or base rubber over heels of denture.
Note: T h e denture has an even glossy surface; little trimming is required aror~ntl
the necks of the teeth. There is a straight line dividing the pink gum rubber fl.0111
the brown rubber over the second molar.
A-Dental lathe. B-Abrasive band mounted on lathe chuck (arbor band chuck).
C-Denture. T h e denture is held so that the abrasive wheel does not touch the
carving about the teeth.
N o t e : T h e denture should be held securely but in such a manner as to afford a n
unobstructed view of the part to be trimmed. I t is not necessary to use more than
one method of trimming around the periphery of the denture.
REFERENCES:
(Books for Additional Information.)
4. How should the chisels be used around the teeth?
I. T u r n e r , C. R. a n d Anthony, L. P.: American T e x t b o o k of Prosthetic
5. H o w are partial dentures trimmed around the remaining nat- Dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger Co., 1932.
ural tooth outlines? 2. NicIiols, 1. G.: Prosthetic Dentistry. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co., 1930.
6. How may the gum rubber be carved? 3 . I:r:th~n, 1:. W.: T h c Principles and Practice of Full D e n t u r c Construc-
7. Why is proper trimming important? tion. Ilrooklyn: 1)cntal Jtcms o l Intcrest Publishing Co., I 934.
270 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS DENTURE TRIMMING T E C H N I C 271
N o t e : T h e vulcanite is smooth and the carved elevations over the teeth have not
been trimmed away. T h e festoons are almost at right angles to the long axes of
the teeth and the vulcanite over the teeth is not too thin nor cut out too deeply
between the teeth. T h e original gloss left bv the tinfoil can be seen around the
carving over the teeth.
A-Scraper directed away from teeth to prevent breaking them.
Note: W h e n tinfoil is used over a properly waxed denture there is little need for
scraping. Only rough spots should be scraped away. T h e teeth on the denture
should not be allowed to press against the bench-block, to prevent breaking or
loosening them.
-E Y r E- 3
CLS *
'
I .
.-. ,Y 3
D
5,
DENTURE POLISHING TECHNIC.
276 M A N U A L FOR D E N T A L TECHNICIANS
277
vations over the teeth. Regirl applying the pumice at the
q. Mfear a muslin face n?ask when polishing.
second molar on one side and continue polishing and apply-
r. Avoid bringing denture in contact with the rotatifig chuck. ing pumice until the vulcanite over the second molar on the
I . Mount the two-row brush wheel on the cone or spindle chuck
opposite side is reached.
of the lathe, apply pumice of a creamy consistency, mixed 3. Mount the linen (6-inch) wheel on the cone or spindle chuck
with water or liquid soap and water, at the tooth embrasures and apply the creamy mixed pumice to the periphery of the
of the denture and a r o u ~ ~the
d carved elevations, over the
denture. Bring the periphery of the denture against the linen
teeth on the buccal and labial surfaces. Holding the denture
wheel in a manner already described in steps I and 2 of the
"Procedure." (Fig. 257.)
firmly with both hands, but in a manner that enables you to 4. Apply the creamy mixed pumice on the palatal surface of
see the denture in actual contact with the wheel, press the upper dentures or lingual surface of lower dentures and con-
denture gently against the lower front quarter of the wheel tinue to remove all scratches, using the linen wheel (6-inch)
and with a rocking or rotating motion continue to remove all and felt wheel.
scratches, always keeping the surface wet with punlice and 5. Mount the large felt cone on the cone or spindle chuck of
adding pumice as needed. (Fig. 2 5 6 . ) the lathe. Apply pumice to the denture and continue to re-
2. T o pi-event the obliteration of the carving, hold the dc~iturr move scratches on the palate and around the buccal and labial
so that the whecl is never at right angles to thc c11.vcd clc
DENTURE POLISHING TECHNIC
27 t? MANUAL F O R DENTAL TECHNICIANS 279
surfaces, which were not removed by the two-row brush cone or spindle chuck of the lathe and polish all surfaces of
wheel or the linen wheel. Change from large to small felt the denture. (Fig. 260.)
cones as needed. (Fig. 258.) 1 1 . Wash the denture thoroughly with soap and water. Use a
6. Wash the denture with soap, brush and cold water, using a dabbing motion.
dabbing motion. I 2 . Oxide of tin powder on a soft flannel wheel may now be used
for final polishing.
13. Again wash the denture thoroughly.
14. Place t.he denture in a glass dish containing alcohol and ex-
pose to sunlight for about one hour, to solarize the pink
7. Mount the cotton wheel on the cone chuck of the lathe. Ap-
ply Tripoli to the wheel. Buff the denture in a manner de-
scribed for the use of pumice.
8. Mount small felt cones on the cone or spindle chuck, apply FIG. 259. METHODO F USINGFELT WHEELFOR ROUNDING
THE PERIPHERY
Tripoli to the felt cone and continue to buff the denture until
Note: The rim or periphery of the denture should be rounded to prevent sharp edges
all scratches have been eliminated and all surfaces have been which are likely to cut the tissues in the patient's mouth.
buffed. T o avoid making the denture too thin or puncturing
the vulcanite of the palate always rock the denture but do not rubber and bring out its luster. (Figs. 261, 262, 263, and
press too hard against the wheel. (Fig. 259.) 264.)
9. Wash the denture thoroughly with soap, water and brush, 15; Dry the denture and coat the tissue surface with mineral oil.
using a dabbing motion. Supplementary Assignment: (Information to be obtained by the
10.Coat the denture with vaseline and dip or dust it with fine
learner.)
chalk, or the denture may be covered with chalk and water of I. Various fine abrasives used in polishing.
a creamy consistency. Mount the soft flannel wheel on thc
280 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS DENTURE POLISHING TECHNIC 28 I
Note: T h e dentures have a high polish. T h e natural tooth margins are sharply
defined. All scratches have been eliminated.
Note: Denture base9 are ol1c11 uuctl I)y tllc tlcnli%~:Is illdivitlu~~li ~ ~ ~ p r c o n iIrr~y*
on
for tnking irnpreeuiol~afor tlcnturcn. 'rllc nl~nve1)11ncnwrrc ~,ncl(ccl wit11 brown n~rtl
light pink dr11t111r~~l>l)rrn.
282 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS
B. Care of Machine :
I. Always keep the machine clean.
2. Daily, remove lint from steel wool filter.
3. Every other day during the summer and every week during
the winter fill the water pan so that, at all times, it contains
1% to I inches of water. U N I T NO. 20
4. Once each week lubricate the motor that operates the spindle
heads, pour oil in oil cups on the right and left sides of the DENTURE REPAIR TECHNIC
motor shaft.
5. Once each month, lubricate the spindle bearings and remove Rubber uscd for p.lcking d e n t ~ u closes its elasticity ~ f t e rit undergoes
the spindle head covers. Pour machine oil over felt around vulcanization. Dentures are occ'~sionally accidentally broken. Sometilnes a
denture is fractured bccnuse of uneven stress of the teeth of the opposing
the spindle bearings.
jaw. I n this unit we shall discnss the repair of vulcanite dentures and the
6. Once a year pack grease in the three transmission bearings
replacement of old, worn vulcanite denturcs by new vulcanite bases without
on the pulley shaft. changing the fit of the denture or the relationship of the artificial teeth
to the denture base.
Note: T h e denture is covered with plaster excepting over the area to be packet1
with dental rubber.
Note: The plaster mix for pouring the "bite" should be looser than for other pur-
poses. B e sure plastei fills the tooth depressions before building up the plaster
on the "bite."
3. Trim the tooth index and mount the denture on the matrix
and the tooth index on an articulator, securing the set-screw
A-Reenforcements on fractured denture. B-Index. C-Matrix. to hold the relationship of the index to the matrix when the
denture is removed. (Fig. 282.)
Note: T h e matrix and denture should be lubricated in order to make the separ:~ti~)~l
of the index from the matrix and denture easier. T h e plaster wall around I I I ~ . 4. Cover the teeth of the denture with a layer of basewax, pass
denture and matrix is known as the "index." through the Bunsen flame until the vulcanite is soft, remove
the teeth from the denture, arrange on the tooth index and
.fasten them with sticky wax. (Fig. 283.)
29 8 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS DENTURE REPAIR TECHNIC 299
Note: T h e index poured for teeth and the denture on the matrix are articulatetl. A-Matrix. B-Teeth. &Index.
All of the denture base is to be replaced without disturbing the relationship of tllc Note: T h e matrix of the original denture is now ready to receive a denture base.
teeth to the cast. T h e set-screw of the articulator must be properly adjusted. T h e teeth are then waxed to the denture base and separated from the index.
4. "Rebasing."
5. Different rubber preparations for cold packing.
6. Various methods of flasking.
7. Methods of removing teeth from vulcanite dentures.
8. Methods of grinding teeth.
9. Method of reenforcing assembled parts.
300 MANUAL FOR DENTAL TECHNICIANS DENTURE R E P A I R T E C H N I C 30'
Questions :
I. Why must the broken parts of the denture be accurately
assembled?
2 . Why should the assembled parts be reenforced?
3. Why are the teeth secured to the index?
4. Why is it necessary to secure the set-screw firmly when an
articulator is used?
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cold packing?
6. What precautions should be taken in removing teeth from
dentures?
7. How should the teeth be secured to the denture base in
"jumping the bite."
8. What is the purpose of dovetailing?
9. Why should the polish be removed from the denture near
the edges to be repaired?.
10.What is the purpose of roughing the vulcanite with burs?
11. What methods other than dovetailing may be employed to
WAXEDI N INDEX FIG.285. DENTURE
FIG.284. DENTURE WAXEDIN INDEX
WITHOUT ARTICULATOR WITH ARTICULATOR secure old vulcanite to new rubber?
12. What effect does revulcanization have on vulcanite dentures?
A-Index. B-Waxed denture. C- A-Matrix. B-Basewax with teeth
Matrix. waxed to base. C-Index. D-Teeth Job Appraisal :
held in index with aid of sticky wax
but not yet joined to base. I. Were the parts accurately assembled?
Note: When the case is articulated be sure the set-screw is tight. T h e teeth shoultl 2. Were dovetails and grooves cut according to the directions?
be arranged in their proper positions in the index before waxing them to the w a x 3. Were the teeth accurately replaced in the index?
denture base.
4. Were the teeth removed from the denture without breaking >
.
them?
5. Was the denture properly vulcanized, trimmed and polished?
REFERENCES: (Book for Additional Information.)
C. R. and Anthony, L. P.: American Textbook of Prosthetic
I. T u r n e r ,
Dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger Co., I 932.
2. Nichols, 1. G.: Prosthetic Dentistry. St.. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co., I 930.
3. Frahm, F. W.: T h e Principles and Practice of Full Denture Construc-
tion. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1934.
4. Skinner, E. W.: T h e Science of Dental Materials. Philadelphia: W . B.
Saunders Co., I 936.
Note: The denture is an exact duplicnte of the origillnl as f a r :IS IIN. ti1 :111tl 1111.
relationship of the teeth to thc matrix are concc.~.~~c.tl.
KEI,ATEI> I N I ~ O K M A T I O N : U N I T NO. 20
D E N T U R E REPAIR TECHNIC
1 r I n. .a . u r. n . .
ux.
3 0 ~ APPENDIX I1 APPENDIX I1 n07
( C ) Related Information
(a) Vocalional Informalion (b). Subblementar~
-- Assiannrenls
ANALYSIS O F U N I T NO. I: WAX TECHNIC I. Origin and development of plaster for dental
use
2 . Physical and chemical properties of plaster
( A ) Processes and Jobs 4. Modified plasters 3 . Con~positionof various plaster eompounds
5 . Method of storing plaster 4. Duties of plaster technician
(a)
. . Process or Princiblc ( b ) Project or Jobs &. Care ofplaster tools and equipment
No. I. Dental waxine: No. I:
a. Handling and-cutting basewax a. Construct a sealed wax box 4 5 x 4 5 I I I ~ L I .
b. Melting and sealing basewax b. Construct a wax art-base form t o g i v r ~ t
c. Manipulation of carding wax dimensions ,lNALYSIS O F U N I T NO. 3: I'KEPARATION O F P I A S T E R 1MPRI':SSIONS
d. Use of wax spatula
e. Use of Bunsen burner F O R CrlSTS--1
(.4) Processes and Jobs
( B ) Laboratory Instruclion (a) Process or Principle (b) Projecl or Jobs
(0) Tools. Equipmen1 and So. 3. Assembling impressions: No. 3 . Assemble four sets of full (edentulous)
Malerials (b) Operations a. Application of sticky wax upper and lower impressions in trays
(6) Laboratory Pracliceh b. Handling broken parts of plasterimpres- No. 4. Assemble four sets of full (edent~llons)
I . Laboratory hench I. Using mm. ruler I. Cutting waxes slnns upper and lower impressions without using
2 . Bunsen hurner with gas 2. Handling andcuttingwax z . Heating and using u., c. Arranging broken parts in dental im- trays
tu1,~ng 3. Using wax spatula spatula ~ ~ r e s s i otrays
n No. 5. Assemble six partial (partially edentu-
3 . Wax spatula 4. Melting and sealing base- 3 . Polishina basewax (1. Assembling impressions without using lous) impressions in trays
4. hllllimeter ruler wax 4. Sealing 6asewax trays KO. 6. Assemble six partial (partly cdentulo~is)
5. Penknife s. Handlinrr. cuttinp and seal- in~pressionswithout using trays
0. Pink basewax
7. Carding wax
- -
inn cardrne wax -
8. Absorbent cotton
( R ) Laboratory Instruction
( C ) Related Information (a) Tools, Eguipmenl
and Materials (b) Operalions (c) Laboralory Praclices
(a) Vocalionol Informalion (b) Subblenrenlarr
.. -
- Assianmenl~ I. Camel's hair brush I. Arrangipg broken parts of I. Using sticky wax
I. Kinds of waxes and uses I . Ingredients of wares
2. Wax spatula impressions 2. Opening packages contain-
2 . Types of wax spatulas 2. Degrees of heat attained by Bur~st:rtl , i ~ t 1
3. Bunsen burner 2. Brushing of debris from ing plaater impressions
3 . Types of Bunsen burners flame
4.t
4. Paper towel parts 3. Arranging parts in relative
j . Analysis of Bunsen burncr flamc
5. Tweezers 3. Use of tweezers for hand- positions
6. Sticky wax ling plaster parts 4. Handling parts of plaster
4. Physical changcs in heating and chilii~ir:n .C
7. Basewax 4. Arranging plaster parts of impressions
s. Gauaes (thicknesses) of different w : i h s 8. Upper a n d lower full and impressions in trays 5. Cleansing of dental impres-
usesof each partial impressions 5. Fitting parts of plaster im- sion trays
pressions
6. Application of sticky wax
7. Fitting of parts without
trays
ANALYSIS O F U N I T NO. 2: PI,ASrl'EK TECHNIC 8. Reenforcing with sticky
wax
( A ) Processes and Jobs
(a) Process or Prindfile (b) Projccl or Jobs ( C ) Related Information
Nu. 2. Plaster work: No. 2. Construct upper and lower a r t - i , : ~< .-.
, I
a. Handling, mixing, shaping and trinlming
mixed plaster
be used as wax trays (a)
. . Vocalional Informalion (b)
. . Subblemenlarv
.- - Assiannrenls
-
b. Use of plaster spatula, knife. bowl and r. Different types of impressions Various imnrcssion materials
saw 2. Types of sticky wax used Care of deGtal impressions
c. Use of sandpaper. chan~oiscloth anrl 3. Types of dental impression trays Ingredients of sticky wax
chalk in polishing plaster 4. Use pf reenforcements in assembling im. Precautions in assembling
presslons What to do when parts are missing
5. Types of tweezers used for holding plaster
parts
( B ) I , ( ~ b o r ~ ~ / 1o ~i,\trii(./~oi~
ry
(a) l'ools, Equipmen1 onrl
Malerials ( b ) Upcrol~otr\ (<) I . n / , o r t ~ / o ~1y' ) ,jC I , , , ANAT;YSIS O F U N I T NO. 3 : P R E P A R A T I O N O F DENTAIL
I . I'laster saw I . M < ~ ~ > i p ~ ~ l~: I~;tL i tS~LgV : I I . 1'I:~strrwo! k
2. Glass slab 2. Usir~gpIa\tcr <,t,tt~~l.s 2 . Mixi111: l~l,~:,lc~~ IMPRESSIONS-I1
3 . Plaster spatu1:i ,I. U S ~ I I~V ~ l :\:cw ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ r .$. l ' < n ~ r i~~> >l .~~ :~ , l t ~ ~
4. Plaster knife 4. US~IIS! r)l:<\~<,r kt111~ 4. ' r r i l > l ~ t l i l t > I: I ~ , I V . I < . I ( A ) Processes and Jobs
5. Plaster bowl 5. 'l'rirni!~\tii:1,1.#..lt,r 5 . I ' ( ~ I . , / I 1I ~~1 .I~ )~ :. I r - I
0 . Chamois clotlj 0. S:tnd[~:t(~c MII,: I>I., . I * ! (11) Process or Principle (b) Projecl or Jobs
7. Mi~rkingrwnril 7. l',nli\l~if~j* 1t1.t .f<.r
.I Il*,\incdental impressions No. 7. Boxing of assembled impressions
8. Mens~lrirlcct11, n l l ~ , , ~, ~I I , ~i I I I, C > ~,, I. , , I I ~ a. Clsc of c : ~ r < i i n ~ , w a x No. 8. Application of shellac and Sand:~mct o
9. Dcnt.iI j > l ; v , t < , ~ h. I'<.<:/IIIIC:o I I,r,xlng ~l~lprcssions boxed irnprcssio~~s
to. W:1t rr
1 1 . S : L ~ ~ I N~w~ , . ,(I L,tr(sl
I ~I ~ ~ ~
, A l ~ l , l t < : ~ t iofo ~ stlell?~
~ and Sillrdi~rac
1 a. 'r,,I,
v:iro~isll;other sepnrntlng rrle11i:l
,2Nr\T,YSIS 017 ITWIT NO. 4 : I.)ICNT;\ I, CAST TECFINIC- I I
I .I 1 ~ i ~ i .Iul1.5
/'r(ur.~.~<..\ i l
I . L\',,\ S\I:LIIII:I 111gO.rsc~~v;i\ 13osilig imprcssinr~s
A . I ~ I I I I S ~ II JI ~ I ~ I II C
I .
2
('1111
C u t t ~ n gy:~r<1111g
\\:t\
I.
2. Applic;ltiol~ of *el,;iratt181: .
i c 0 I ' r , ~ ( t, or l'?!??,ipl, (111 l ' ~ o j r , l or J o b )
. ' I 1 I j. Scaling basr.n.:~h 1nc6i:~ Nc,. 0. S e l ~ d ~ . i ~ riists
t i ~ ~ l~: ~ C ~ iI lI l I, l ~ ~ . ( \ ~ . i c ~ ~ - . 1.3. S c ~ ~ ~ l a t c fsets
o ~ (i er i ~ ~ h(1111
t ) ~jljl)cra i ~ i l
4. I ' c ~ l k r ~ ~ l r 4. Sealing c;trrli~tgiv:~x 11. Sc.par:iti!,p plastcr casts Inwer plaster casts
5. R:~scw;~s 5. Using n:tx s1~;ttul;i b. S e y a r a t i n ~:irtifvial strlllt caath r I . Scparatr l'mr sets (right) 11111~ l p p c r;ind
6. C:~rdirlg wirx 0 . Using shel1;ic (i.Separatinr full Iedrt!tulc!~rs)c:lsth It,wer ;trtificial s t o ~ i ecasts
7 . Sticky rvax 7 . Using S:t,ndnrac \wrnisIi d . S ~ p n r n t i n gg:rrtinl (parti:illv edrnti:lous) 15. Separate six partial plaster casts
8 . Shellac 8. Applic:tt~nn of seoarating rosts 1 0 . Scparatc sis partial artificial stiinc casts
g . Sandi~rnc media
ro. V1,rlatur~ilalcnll<~l
(C) R r l u l r d Znfornztltiu~
(ti) Tr~olr,Equipt,ienl linil
Jl~iirri~ri (b) Oorralions (c) Luhorulory Pracli<rs
, ,
Precautions in boxing I. 1'l;lstcl- knilc I. Kcinoval of poured imprrs- I. Removal of boxir~a mn-
I. 1j;triaus lnnterinls nsed for boxing irnprcs- I.
L. Pcnklrifc sioli.; from t r a y s terial
s~ons 2 . hfethorls I I boxing ~
3 . Alrvh,,l 2. Rcmuval of boxiiig ma- 2 . Scparation of partial casts
2 . Various s e p a r a t i n ~mcdi'i j. l n g r c d i r ~ i t scr1 scparatinz media
4. .2bsc>rl!rnt c o t t r , ~ ~ terial from pourcd casts 3 . Cleansing c:tsts
.A.Various methods nf applying sep;\rating 4. Prcc:tutions ill using separating media 3 . Separation of plastcr iln- j. Separating imprrssirr~ls
~ncdia prcssinn from casts
j. Care of hrushes
4. Removal ijf pl:+ster iinpl-es-
5. Care of separating n ~ e d l n sinn from t ~ e t hof partial
0 . Why irnprcssior~snre boxrd casts
j. Using knife blade i n scp:t-
rating
6 . Cleansing casts
( 1 . P c , u r i n ~plaster casts
b. Pouring artificial stone casts Kc,. lo. Pour in artificial storle four sets <rr I ' I '
c. Usc of mcchurtcal viijrator upper a n d lowcr iml~resslcrns
rl. Recl~forrlngt c ~ t t hin pi+rti:rl casts K o . I I . Pour ir~,plaster six p;lrtial i ~ ~ ~ l ! r r s s i t
S o . 1 2 . Ptwr 111 artificial stonr S I X 1 1 . 1 1 , AN.\LYSIS OF UNIT S O . 4: l)ENTA\T, C.\ST TECHNIC-TIT
inlprrssious
(A) P r o t e s ~ e su n d J o h s
(b) Projecl or Jobs
S o . 1 7 . Trim full upper a n d Iowrr plaster < rrsts
18. T r i m full ~ ~ p p rand
r lo\vrr arti1ici:rl
(u) Tools, fiqrtipmeni nnd stone casts
Jfalerzals (b) Opt:rolio?zz ( ( 1 Laburulr~ry/'roc 1 1 , < 1 0 . Trin, partial plastcr c:lsts
I . ['<,urir~gplaster < , , t , - l > 20. Trim pnrti:il artiiirial stinlc r a < t s
I . Plaster bowl I. M i x ~ l i gplaster
2 . Plastcr s l ~ a t u l n 2. hfixing artilirinl stunt. 2. Pouring :irt~li(.i:~I. . I , * I
j. Glass slab j. Pouring plastcr ~ r n ~ ~ r e s s i r ~ ~ i sr;rsts
4. Mechanic:il vibrator 4. Pouring artifici:il stone 1121- .r. Vil,r:~tingc:lst:- (R) L a b o r u l o r y 1~1.slricc-lio11
5. Llcntal l a t h e press~ons 4. I < e c n l u r c i ~ ~
[)!.ISIC.I
g I I :
6. P l a s t r r of Paris 5. Using vibrator ;. Sctrini: ~ , ~ I ~ I R . <c I . , . I . (ir) Tool*, I<gvipmrnl nnri
7 . Water 6. S c o r ~ n gcasts tIo/erii113 ( O ) Operation.? (c) Laboralury Prriciirt:b
8. Artilicial stonc 7. Using wire lor rerni~:rcil~i: I . Plaster kniic I. Marking casts I . Marking casts
9. Iron ~i-ircip:lpcr clip) t c r t h in partial in?l~r~,seir)ns .,. 1<11Icr 2. Sawing plastcr 2. l'rimn~ingplastrr c.;rsts
.i. l',,~~cil j. S a y i n g stonc 3 . Trimming stolie casts
1. lll;~slcrs:t\\, :ln<I 111:1<1? 4. L s ~ n zrasp 4. Sandpapering c : i s ~ s
,5. l<:,s]>t,lr 5. Using sandpnpcr
(C) R e l a l e t l Zi?f,~rnrr~lzr~ii 1,. s : , , l ~ l , > : , l ~ < ~ l r
( B ) Laboratory Instruction
( B ) Laboralory Instructio~r
(a) Tools. Malerials and
(a) TOOLS,Equipment u nd
Muleriuls (b) operation^ (6) Laboralory PrncLicr\
- -
Eouibmenl (b). Oberalions
. . . Laboratory Praclices
(c)
I. Bunsen burner I. Softenina b a s e ~ l a t ein Bun- I. Makinefull trial b a s e ~ l a t e s
I . Marking pencil I . Outlining dentures I. Denture dcsigning i. Plate-shears sen flamz * I. ~ a k i G - p a r t i a ltri$ base-
2. Llrawing paper 2 . Outlining landmarks 2. Outlining relief areas 3. Wax spatula 2. Cutting haseplate plates
3 . Sixtpen edentulous casts 3 . Outlining hard areas 4. Penknife 3. Adapting baseplate 3. Preparation of trial hase-
4. Twclve partial casts 4. Outlining suit areas s. Rat-tail vulcanite file 4. Applying reenforcing wire plate for denture bases
5. Outlining alveolo-buccal 6. Half-round vulcanite file 5. Filing baseplate other t h a n vulcanite
fold 7. Baseplate material 6. Softening baseplate
8. Boiling water 7. Repairing baseplate
9. Cold water 8. Using rat-tail file
( C ) Related I~~j'ormation 10. Absorbent cotton 9. Using half-round file
I I . Paper clip wire
(a) Vocalional 1 njormulion (b) S~rpplemenlaryAssignmenls I z. Sandpaper
I . Various methods of denture dcsignixlg I . Openings in boncs nf palate covercd by < I < , #
13. Plaster howl
2. Horseshoe" dentures turcs
3. Metal a n d vulcanite combinations z. Openings in honcs of mandible (lower j:lv I ( C ) Related Information
4. Partial denture designing covered by denturcs
A . Muscular a t t a c h m ~ n t sin upper jaw rt!:llL,! (a) Vocational Infurmulion (b) - Assimnment5
. . Subblemenlarv
.. ..
t o dentures I . Various con~puunds used for trial denture I. Composition of baseplate
4. hluscular a t t a c h ~ n c n t sin lower jaw rcl:clr I bases 2. Tuols used for trimming trial haseplatcs
t o dentures z. Methods of adapting trial base materials 3. Different methods of adapting and indica-
3. Methods of reenforcing trial bases tions for variations
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(13) L a b o r u t o r y I n s t r ? ~ c r i o i i
l < r ) Tools, l<yuip~,re,ild11d
Jd~llerials ( h ) Operalio~rs ( c ) Luboralory Prrri1i~r.s
1. V u l ~ . a n i t es h e a r s I. Cuttin%rubber I. Packing vulcanite
. . . 2. P a c k i n g tools r. Packing rubber 2 . test in^ vulcanite cases
I . Suit brushwheel I. C u t t i ~ ~
tinfuii
g I. I'ij~lil~g cases .r. Tile s l a b 3. T e s t i n g p a c k e d c;ises 3 Using flask presses
. Scissnrs 2. Applying tinfoil 2. 'rir~f<,iI 111!rnisl1i11~ 4. Packing table J. Using l i n e n s h e e t J. Cutting dental rubber
,i. Orangewood stick 3. Burnishing tinfoil j. F e ~ t u u n i n gtinfoil 5. Flask w r e ~ l r h 5. Using cellophane
. I . 'l'infoil S o . bn or 40 a. Use of orance\r.,,r,d stick fllr q . P u u r i n ~c u u n t e r s i l l 11.1~1. b. P1:lstcr knifc h. C l o s i n ~flasks
i :211sorhent r o t t o i l i. Idinen c l v t l ~( H r ~ ; l a n dcuv- 7. Using flask presses
1,. 1)1ic0 glue e r i n g r u l ~ l ~ schr e e t ) 8. Using flask c l a m ~ ~ s
S. F l a s k press or clarnp
I). F l a s k l ~ o l t sa n d n u t s
( C ) Relrrt(vf I ~ z f o r n z u l i o ~ r lo. Dental rubher
r I. Cc!lophane
( a ) T'oco1,onol fnJar,,rulion ( b j Slrpplcnienrury Assip~l11it.111.~ (C) Kelulrd Infornzatioi~
i . \ ' . ~ r ~ u ug sa u g r s
of tinfoil I. 'l'infoil s u b s t i t u t e s
hl,,thods i l i a p p l y i n g fvil r . Uses o i d i f f c r r n t tinfili! g a u g c s (11) I ~ O C ~ I / ~ O NInformulioti
~LI (b) S l r p p l e ~ ~ l e n l n r.4i~ignme,zls
y
: I'ittcnted tini,iilers j. Fc~ilin):tor d e n t u r e s othpr t h a n vulc;initi 1. M e t h o d s of cuttin:: d c l ~ t a ruhlier
l I. C ~ ~ r n p o s i t i oof n dental r ~ r b h c r
1 . I1;ltented rugaes 4. L i q ~ ~ scparatlrig
id mcdia :. h i e t h o d s vf packing dci1t:il r1111ber 2 . Properties of d e n t a l r u b h e r
.i. Various flask presscs j. Origin of d e n t a l r u h h e r
4 . V:irii~us lacking t a b l c s J. Composition of o t h e r d e n t u r e hascs
,, ,,Various
,?. .... d e n t u r e hases 5 . Special rnLber uscd i n d c n t a l w o r k
E S L ~ I J gate$"
C advant;iges a n d disad, all- h . Soft vulcanized rtrL1bt.r
t aces 7 . h l a t e r i a l s u s e d for l i n i n c r a s t s
.\h.\T,YSIS OE' UNIT NO. 14: \V.\X EI,IMIN.2TLC)N TECHSIC J " E s c a p c tr-ougl!"
GLOSSARY
I
GLOSSARY GLOSSARY
323
A R T CLAY. A n earthy substance used BASEPLATES W I T H T R I M M E D BOILING O U T WAX. Boiling out the
for modeling purposes. MARGINS. T h e margins a t the trial denture base before packing per-
ARTICULATOR (ar-tik'-u-la-tor) . A limits of the denture bearing area are
cut or filed away.
manent denture base material.
BOXING. Arranging a retaining wall
CALCIUM SULPHATE (kal'-se-um
su1'-flt). (See Plaster of Paris.)
mechanism for holding in correct an-
atomical relationship the casts of the BASEWAX. A wax used for baseplates around a dental impression. CaSO,, gypsum.
uDper and lower jaws when arrang- or temporary bases for dentures. BOXING IMPRESSIONS. Arranging CALIPER (kal'-ip-er). A pair of com-
iAg artificial teeth: BEESWAX (bez'waks). W a x secreted a retaining box or wall around the passes with curved legs used to meas-
ARTICULATOR EXTENSION ARMS.
T h e Darts to which the casts are at-
by bees when constructing the honey-
comb. *. outside of dental impressions to hold
the cast material in position until it
ure the thickness, diameter, or bore
of a solid object o r tube.
tached when mounted on the articula- BENCH-BLOCK. A wood o r rubber sets o r hardens. CANINE (ka-nin). T h e third tooth
tor. extension on the work-bench used for BRASS. A n alloy of copper and zinc, from the median line of the dental
ARTICULATOR SET-SCREW. T h e supporting the hands o r the dental having varying proportions, but con- arch; the cuspid. There are four ca-
screw which holds the extension arms cast while working. taining usually 6 ~ 7 5 % of copper. nines in the human or artificial denti-
of the articulator apart a t any de- BERNARD PLIERS. A pincher type BRIDGE (brij). I n dentistry, a fixed tion.
sired distance. instrument used for holding and cut- or removable prosthetic appliance CAOUTCHOUC (koo'-chook). The
ARTIFICIAL STONE. Plastic stone- ting metals. made of metal or porcelain which re- whitish exudate (elastic) obtained
like material used in making dental BEVEL (bed-el). T h e slope of a sur- places lost teeth. from several tropical trees of South
casts. face from the horizontal or vertical; BRIDGEWORK (brij'wurk). I n den- America and Africa.
ARTIFIClAL T E E T H (ar-te-fish'al). an angle less than a right angle which tistry, an appliance supplying artificial CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (car-
Teeth made of porcelain in form, color leads to the cutting edge of tools. teeth attached o r supported by natural bona). A cleaning fluid.
and texture to imitate the natural or- BICUSPID ( b i - k ~ s ' - ~ i d ) .A tooth hav- teeth. T h e construction of dental CARBORUNDUM (kar-bo-runJ-dum).
gans; contain silica, feldspar and ing two cusps. There are eight in bridges. An abrasive; a synthetic carbide of
quartz. the human or artificial set. They are BRITANNIA METAL. A n alloy con- silicon.
ARTISANS. Skilled hand workers. placed two on each side of a set of taining tin, 82%; antimony, 12%; CARDING WAX. A black wax used
ASSEMBLING IMPRESSIONS. Fitting teeth between the cuspid and first zinc, 2.5%; copper, 2%; bismuth, for boxing impressions and for dis-
together broken parts of plaster im- molar. They are designated as the 1.5%. playing artificial teeth.
~ressions. first, second, right, left, upper or BROWN-SHARPE G A U G E (gige). A CARIES (ka'-reEz). Decay of teeth;
A ~ I A L(aksJ-e-al). Pertaining to the lower. gauge plate or measure used to deter- cavities are formed by the gradual de-
axis; the long or vertical dimension of B I T E (bit). T h e forcible closure of mine the thickness of wire o r metal struction of enamel and dentin.
a tooth. the lower against the upper teeth. A plate. CARMICHAEL (kar'-mi-kl). A type
wax impression of the relationship of BUCCAL (buk'-al). Pertaining to the of partial cast gold cap o r crown con-
teeth when in occlusion or contact. cheek; the surface toward or facing sisting of a hood covering the pre-
BITEMARKS. T h e impressions left by the cheek. pared lingual, proximal and occlusal
the teeth in wax or oiher mzterial. B UCCO-LABIAL. Pertaining to the sides of the natural tooth. Named
BALANCED ARTICULATION (bal'-
anst ar-tik-u-la'-shun). T h e placing BITEPLATES (bit'-plites) . Rims C O ~ I - cheek and l i ~ s . . . J. P. Carmichael, an American
after
dentist.
structed over the alveolar ridges o f BUFFING A ~ E N T . A material used
of porcelain teeth on a denture base CARVING KNIVES. Instruments used
in a manner to render the denture dental casts, used by the dentist to for buffing or fine polishing; to ob-
obtain the relationship of one jaw to for modelling, sculpturing, carving or
stable or stationary when used in eat- tain a luster o r gloss. trimming.
ing or speaking. the other; used by the technician a s BUNSEN BURNER (bun*-sen). A gas
an aid in arranging teeth. CASTING (kas'-ting). T h e process by
BASE O F CAST (kast). T h e part be-
yond that formed by the impression BLEEDING (bleed'-ing) . Loss of
blood. I n artificial dentures, whc.11
burner generating a high degree of
heat, due to complete oxidation of gas
which a molten substance notably
metal, is poured into a mold.
taken from the gums and palate. and air, admitted through an opening
the brown or base rubber show^ CASTING MACHINE (kas'-ting ma-
BASE. OF DENTURE (den'-chur). T h e in the metal burner, before ignition.
portion of an artificial denture which through the pink or gum rubber after sheen). A n instrument used for cast-
vulcanization. BUR. A small rotary excavating in- ing (see casting).
covers the roof of the mouth or ridge
of the mandible to which artificial BLOW-OFF VALVE (valv) . Tl~c strument of steel for cutting tooth
structure, metal, cement, etc., operated
CASTING MAN. A dental laboratory
teeth are attached. valve on the vulcanizer cover used 10 technician who specialized in making
in the dental engine or lathe.
.
BASEPLATE (bad-plat) A temporary allow a i r to escape before closing t l ~ r
vulcanizer and to eliminate the Yt(.illll BURNISHING. Polishing by friction.
cast dentures.
CAST P L A S T E R Plaster of Paris used
form of wax or compound to repre- Burnishing tinfoil in order to adapt
sent the plate or base of a denture. in the vulcanizer pot after the vtrl for pouring impressions to construct
canization process is completed. it to cast or trial denture before dental casts or counters.
BASEPLATES W I T H LAPPED MAR- flasking. CELLOPHANE (sel'o-fin). A white
GINS. Temporary denture forms BLOWTORCH. A blowpipe: 1\11 i r l
strument by which compressed nir i n B U T T E D T E E T H . Teeth supported transparent cellulose product used in
with the margins turned over on the
blown through the flame, used for IIIR or set directly against the alveolar sheets for wrapping and other pur-
baseplate around the limits of the
denture bearing area. ing o r soldering. process, a denture without labial gum. poses.
GLOI
324 GLOSSARY
CELLULOSE (se1'-u-10s). A carbohy- and molars extending to the condyles CROSS-BAR BOLT. T h e bolt used to DENTAL LABORATORY (lab'-or-a-
drate, chief constituent of vegetable of the lower jaw. stabilize the bar which fits across the tor-e). A workship o r place where
membranes, cotton fiber and chemical COMPENSATING PLANE. A curved cover of the vulcanizer. inlays, crowns, plates, bridges and
filter paper. plane which bisects the crests of the CROSS-BAR NUT. T h e nut which other artificial dental appliances are
CEMENTUM (se-ment'um). T h e bony upper and lower alveolar ridges. tightens the cross-bar bolt of the vul- made.
layer which covers the roots of the COMPOUND (kom'-pound). A mix- canizer. DENTAL MECHANICS (me-kan*-iks) .
teeth. ture composed of two or more in- CROWN (krown). T h a t part of a T h e art which deals with the construc-
CENTRIC OCCLUSION (sen'-trik ok- gredients. Dental compounds or * 1
tooth which is covered with enamel
and normally projects beyond the gum
tion of dental prosthetic appliances.
DENTAL PLATE. A denture; an ar-
loof-zjon). T h e relation of the in- modelling compound, an impression
clined planes of the teeth when the
jaws are closed and a t rest.
material containing chalk, stearin,
gum and coloring material. ~ line. T h e part of an artificial tooth
that projects from the denture base.
tificial or prosthetic appliance to pro-
vide artificial teeth when the natural
CERAMICS (se-ram1-iks) . Porcelain; CONDYLE (kon'-dil) . A rounded CRUCIBLE (kroo'si-bl) . A melting- teeth are lost.
the art of making porcelain substitutes eminence or protuberance a t the ar- pot for metals. DENTAL RUBBER. A combination of
for the replacement of teeth and parts ticular extremity of a bone. T h e CRUDE RUBBER. Unrefined rubber rubber, sulphur and coloring matter.
of teeth. rounded end of the mandible which as shipped after the rubber sap is co- DENTAL TECHNICIAN. A skilled
CERVICAL (ser'vik-al). Pertaining to articulates with the skull. agulated by boiling. artisan of dental prosthetic appliances.
the neck or constricted part of an or- CONDYLE BARS. T h e extensions on CRUSHING STRENGTH. T h e ability DENTIN (denf-tgn). T h e osseous tis-
gan, as of a tooth. the Snow face-bow which fit on .the of a substance to withstand a load or sue forming the body of a tooth, un-
.
CHALK (chawk) Calcium carbonate; condyle tips of adaptable articulators. pressure before being crushed.
C R Y S T A L L I Z A T I O N (kris'tal-iz-
derlying the cementum and the enamel.
D E N T I S T (den1-tist). One who prac-
a white insoluble earth; used as a CONDYLE PATHS. T h e path fol-
polishing agent. lowed by the mandibular condyle dur- ashun'). Forming crystals or a crystal- tices dentistry. A doctor of dental
CHISEL (chiz'-el). A n instrument used ing opening and closing of the mandi- line structure. surgery: a D.D.S. or D.M.D.
in dentistry for cutting, shaping and ble. I n an adaptable articulator slots CURVE O F SPEE. An imaginary curve .
DENTOCOLL (den-to-col) A colloidal
trimming. are provided to establish the condyle passing through the condyles and the impression material used in dentistry.
CHUCK. (See Lathe Chuck.) paths. cusps of the teeth ending at the in- DENTURE BEARING AREA. T h.-. e
CITRIC ACID (sitt-rik). A sour tast- CONDYLE READINGS. Notations in- cisal edges of the lower central area which is covered by an artificial
ing substance derived from citrus dicating the degrees of condylar in- incisors. denture or plate.
fruits. clination in opening and closing thc CUSP (kusp). A pointed or rounded DENTURE FLASK. A box-like metal
CLASP (klasp). A partial band or lower jaw. elevation on or near the masticating frame, usually consists of a base, a
loop of spring metal, of alloyed gold CONE CHUCK. (See Chuck.) A coni- surface of a tooth which is designed counter and a cover, used for invest-
or steel, fitted to grasp the sides of a cal shaped chuck. to occlude in the sulcus of the an- ing or holding dentures during vul-
tooth. tagonizing tooth of the opposite den- canizing process.
CONTOURING (kon'-toor-ing). Thc
CLASPED T O O T H . A tooth on which tal arch. DENTURE LIMITS. T h e boundary
restoration of lost form.
a clasp is fitted. (See Clasp.) beyond which the artificial denture is
CONTOURING PLIERS. Pliers hav- not extended.
COBALT-CHROMIUM ALLOYS (ko'- ing specially formed beaks for bendi~lg DENTURE SPACE. T h e space left
balt kr6'mi-um). Stainless (silvery)
metal used for denture bases.
and shaping mire and sheet metal.
CONVECTION. Transmission of he:~t
.
DABBING (dab'-bing) Striking gently, after the trial denture base has been
pecking. eliminated before the permanent den-
COLD PACKING. Inserting a plastic in liquids o r gases by heated particles DAVIES PROCESS D E N T U R E
mixture of dental rubber to repair ture base material, such as vulcanite,
below rising and cold particles abovc BASES. A moldable metal base is is inserted.
dentures.
COLLAR O F T O O T H . T h e porcelain
descending and in turn becomi~lc used. T h e denture is tinfoiled, DENTURE (den'chur) . T h e entire
heated. flasked, packed with dentaI rubber and set of teeth, whether adult or decid-
extension a t the gum line or cervix CORUNDUM. An abrasive; a hn~cl vulcanized a t a lower temperature
of an artificial tooth. uous. A name applied to a dental
crystalline aluminum oxide. (288" F.) for five hours. artificial appliance which rests on a
COLLODION (ko-lo'-di-un) . A prepa-
ration of soluble gun-cotton with
COUNTER. T h e opposite of an i n - DECIDUOUS T E E T H (de-sidf-u-us) . base and can be removed from the
pression; the dental cast obtained I I ~ T h e first set of teeth in the infant mouth by the person wearing it.
ether.
COLLOIDAL IMPRESSIONS (kol-oid'-
filling a dental impression with a ~ I : I
terial which hardens or sets ant1 I V -
which are gradually displaced begin- DIATORIC T E E T H .
(di'-a-tor-ik)
ning at about six years of age and Teeth having a recessed opening in
al). Dental impressions taken with a
tains its shape whcn the imprcsait,~~ ending a t about thirteen years of age. the shut or tissue surface in which
colloidal, elastic material which con-
is removed from it. DENTAL ARCH (artsh). T h e curve rubber is packed.
tains gelatin, agar-agar, chalk and formed by the teeth in position.
CRES'V OF CONDYLE. T h c Iliglic.~f DISTAL. Pertaining to the surface
coloring material. A glue-like or DENTAL IMPRESSION (see Impres-
point on thc contlylc. away from the median line.
jelly-like substance.
(:IZICS'L' OF RIDGI?. 'I'hc r~ppcr ctll:c. sion). T h e negative left by the den- DISTO-BUCCAL. Pertaining to the
COMPENSATING CURVE. An im- or sllmmit of a ritlgc of tiwar~c-. ' I ' l l ( tal tissues in a plastic material such
aginary line in contact with the tips surface facing away from the median
highcnt point on t l l i elveolnr ritlg(.. as plaster o r modelling compound. line and toward the cheek.
of the buccal cusps of the bicuspitla,
326 GLC GLOSSARY 327
DISTO-INCISAL (dis'to-in-sip-zal). A tor to which the casts are attached FLASK CLAMP. A clamp used for G U M DAMMAR (dam'-ar). A resin
designation used for a surface or an- when mounted on the articulator. holding together the parts of a flask. derived from pinaceous plants of the
gle of a tooth which is at the incisal EXTRACTION (eks-trak'-shun). T h e FLASKING (flask'-ing). T h e process genus Dammara.
edge and faces away from the median surgical removal of a tooth from its of investing a trial denture in plaster G U M LINE. T h e line formed by the
line of the dental arch. alveolar socket. within a metal flask. gum around the necks of the teeth.
DOVETAIL. A flaring anchorage form FLASK PRESS. Apparatus used for G U M SECTIONS. Artificial teeth with
in a tooth cavity locking in place a pressing packed rubber into the den- porcelain extensions which make up
filling or inlay. A flaring cut to hold ture space of the flasked case. the gum portion of the denture.
the new vulcanite in repairing den- FLINT. A variety of quartz. G U M VULCANITE. Dental Rubber
tures. FORMALDEHYDE ( for-mal'de-hid) . used for the gum portion of a den-
DUPLICATING CASTS. Making du- A disinfectant and antiseptic. ture, after it is vulcanized.
plicates of dental casts. A n impres- FACE BOW ADAPTOR LUGS. T h e FOSSA (fosl-ah). A shallow depres- GUMS. T h e dense, coral pink, fibrous
sion of the original cast is made with extensions at the condyles of the ar- sion, concavity or hollow on the oc- tissue which covers the alveolar proc-
a colloid of elastic material and a cast ticulator on which the face bow is clusal or chewing &face of a tooth. esses of upper and lower jaws and
is poured. adapted in mounting the casts.
FACE BOW. A mechanical device to
FRACTURE EDGE (frak'-chur) . The invests the necks of the teeth.
DUST-PAN. A receptacle for abrasive edge along which any substance has G U T T A PERCHA (gut-ah per'-tchah).
material used in trimming and polish- record the relationship between the been broken. A tenacious gumlike material obtained
ing metals on dental lathes. alveolar ridges of the upper and lower FRENCH CHALK (chawk). Talcum from the thick milky juice of various
jaws and the temporomandibular powder. Malaysian trees.
joints and to insure reproduction of
this relationship on an articulator.
FRENUM (fret-num). A membranous .
GYPSUM (jip'-sum) Hydrous calcium
fold which joins two parts and re- sulfate. Plaster of Paris.
FACE-BOW TRANSFERENCE. Trans- stricts the individual movement of GYSI (geesee). A Swiss dentist, in-
EDENTULOUS (e-den'-tu-lus) . Tooth- fering the face bow measurements and each. I n the mouth it is a fold of ventor of Gysi adaptable articulator.
less. relationship from the face to an ar- gum tissue extending from the lip or GYSI ARTICULATOR. An adaptable
,EDENTULOUS CAST. Cast of a ticulator. cheek to the alveolar ridge. articulator invented by Dr. Gysi.
mouth without teeth. FAHRENHEIT (fah-ren-hit). The FUNCTIONAL STRESS. T h e pressure
E D G I N G WIRE. Reenforcing wire series of graduations on the Fahren- exerted on a denture during use, as
used on baseplate and base wax in heit thermometer upon which the boil- when chewing food.
making trial denture bases.
ELASTICITY (e-las-tis'-it-e). The
ing point of water is designated as
21z0 and the freezing point is 3z0.
FUNCTIONAL (funk'-shun-al) . Per-
taining to or affecting use.
quality of being elastic or stretchable. FELDSPAR (fe1d'-spar) . A crystalline HALF-ROUND VULCANITE FILE. A
EMBRASURES (em-bra'-zhurs). The silicate of aluminum and potassium or double-ended file, half round in shape
spaces between adjacent teeth, covered aluminum, potassium and sodium, one with coarse teeth generally used for re-
by gum tissue. of the important ingredients of the ducing vulcanite dentures.
ENAMEL (-am'el). T h e dense white porcelain body of mineral artificial GINGIVAL (jin'-jiv-al). Pertaining to HANAU (hanow). A n engineer of
substance of the teeth. teeth. or affecting the gingivae or gum Buffalo, N. Y., invented the Hanau
ESCAPE GATES. Grooves in the plas- FESTOONING (fes-toon'-ing) . The around the neck of the tooth or teeth. adaptable articulator.
ter of a flasked denture to allow ex- shaping of the interproximal gum rub- GOLD. A bright yellow, lustrous, soft, HARD AREAS. T h e parts of the palate
cess rubber to escape. ber which fills the buccal and lingual malleable, tenacious, metal usually or alveolar ridges where the bone is
ESCAPE TROUGH. A concentric embrasures, following the cervical found uncombined, but mixed with close to the surface.
groove in the plaster around the curves of the teeth at the interproximal various impurities. HARD W A X W a x containing a high
flasked denture. space. GOLD CAP. A crown made of gold, percentage of rosin or a hydrocarbon
E S T H E T I C (es-thet'-ik). I n accord FINAL SET. When plaster or stone shaped to reproduce and fit over a which does not melt readily and
with the principles of harmony in reaches the maximum hardness. natural tooth. hardens on chilling.
form and outline. FINISHER. Any implement, material .
G R A P H I T E P A C K I N G (graf'-it) A HASTENER. (See accelerator).
EXCURSIONS O F CONDYLE. T h e or instrument used in finishing a fill- black lead ring which fits into a de- HEEL. T h e posterior part of the alveo-
range of movement of the condyle. ing, denture, bridge, etc. A dental pression around the edge, under the lar ridge on the dental casts.
EXCURSIONS O F MANDIBLE. Range technician who specializes in trim- cover of the vulcanizer and makes a HOLLAND. T h e cotton cloth in which
of movement of the lower jaw. ming dentures before polishing. tight seal with the vulcanizer pot sheets of rubber are placed when
EXODONTIST (eks-o-don'-tist). A spe- FISSURE (fishf-ur). A deep ditch or when the cover is adjusted on it. manufactured to keep them from stick-
cialist in extracting teeth. cleft as on the occlusal or chewing GRINDING STONES. Abrasive stones ing together.
EXPANSION (eks-pan'-shun) . The surface of a tooth. made of carborundum or corundum. HORSESHOE DENTURES. Partial
process of widening. FLAMING T H E WAX. Passing a fine
blue flame quickly over a waxed sur-
.
GROOVE (groov) A developmental upper dentures in which the vulcanite
EXTENSION ARMS O F ARTICULA- linear depression or furrow in a tooth of the palate is omitted at the center;
'TOR. T h e projections of the articula- face in order to make it smooth. surface. suggesting a horseshoe.
328 GLOSSARY GLOSSARY 329
I KAURI. A resin used in mod ell in^- MESIO-DISTALLY. In a distal direc-
compound and sticky wax. tion from the median line.
IMPRESSION (im-presh'-un). T h e im- MANDIBLE (mand'-dib-1) . T h e lower MESlO-INCISAL. T o w a r d the cutting
pressed reverse o r negative of the sur- jaw bone. edge and the median line.
face of any object in a plastic sub- L MANDIBULAR (man-dibl-u-lar). Per- M E T A L BASES. T h e foundation or
stance. A s an imoression of the pums
0 taining to or affecting the mandible. support of a denture made of gold,
in plaster of Paris. LABIAL (la'-be-al). Pertaining to the MANDRELS. A shank or spindle de- platinum, aluminum, steel or other
IMPRESSION PLASTER (im-presh- lips. signed to fit a lathehead or dental metal.
u n ) . Strong but quick setting plaster LABIO-AXIAL R I D G E O F CUSPID. engine handpiece, for the purpose METALLURGY (met1-al-ur'-je). T h e
of Paris particularly adapted to tak- T h e line on the canine tooth which of carrying a revolving instrument, science which treats of the properties
i n g impressions. divides the labial surface into mesial such a s a brush wheel, stone or and uses of metals and their refine-
INCISAL (in-si'-zal). T h e cutting edge o r labial and distal or buccal parts. bur. ment from natural ores.
of a tooth.
INCISOR GUIDXNCE PIN. A pin of
LANDMARK. A fixed mark which -O MILLIMETER RULER. A measuring
an adaptable articulator which guides
the arrangement of the incisal edges
limits an area.
LATEX. A milky fluid, the natural
rubber usually kept in a state of solu-
VALVE A N D SAFETY VALVE.
T h e attachment on the cover of the
vulcanizer to which are attached the
.-
instrument divided into thousandths of
, ,+, ,.a. -.-a.
~~
rotation ; a circular movement. color of artificial teeth. ally beeswax, resin and gum.
RE-CRYSTALLIZES. Forms crystals ROTATION CENTER O F LATERAL
agaln. SHELLAC (shel'-ak). A resinous dep- STIPPLING (stipt-ling). T o spot or
MOVEMENT. T h e fixed point of the osition from the lac-insect. dot.
FLAME (re-do'-sing)' radius of the arc described by the SHELLAC BASEPLATES. Trial or
T h e soldering flame; the melting SUCTION MACHINES. Machines
teeth when the jaw is moved side-
flame; area below the luminous cone. .-:--
.a=.
"V
RELIEF AREAS. Parts of dental casts R O U ~( rooj)
temporary denture bases made of shel-
lac and gutta-percha.
which suck in dust when grinding and
polishing.
~ , Red oxide of iron con- SHUT. T h e part of an artificial tooth SUCTIONS. Attachments on a denture
where the bone is close to the overly- taining chalk. which holds the metal pins. which help to keep it in place by cre-
gum. Areas which require a ~ ~ l i -RUBBER (rub'-er). India rubber or SILEX (si'-leks) . Sodium or potassium ating a vacuum between the denture
cation of relief metal. caoutchouc, especially in a commercial
RELIEF O F BONY AREAS. T h e ad- silicate. and the tissues.
rurrrl.
dition of metal or tinfoil over bony RUBBER PACKING. T h e act of in- SILVER ALLOY (al'-oi). A n alloy SULCUS (sul'-kus) . A Iong-shaped de-
areas on dental casts. containing silver, zinc and tin. pression on the surface of a tooth, the
troducing rubber into the denture SIMPLE REPAIRS. T h e repair of a inclines of which meet at an angle.
RELIEF METAL. Metal used for re- space; the space formerly occupied by
lieving hard areas on casts; tin, tin- denture broken in two, not involving SULPHUR (sul-fur). A yellow non-
the waxed or trial denture base. T h e teeth or clasps. metallic chemical element occurring in
foil, lead, Britannia metal, etc. gasket of a vulcanizer cover. S O F T AREAS. Areas covered by gum nature both in a free state and in com-
RETAINING WALL. A wall formed RUGAE (roof-gah) Irregular ridges
by wax to keep the plaster or stone
. and underlying tissues. Non-resistant, bination, in volcanic regions and in
on the mucous membrane covering flexible areas. certain stratified rocks.
within the desired limits on an im- the hard palate.
pression. SOFT PALATE. T h e soft or movable SWAGER (swa1-jer) (swedger). A
RUGAPAKS (roo1-gah-paks). An ap- portion of the roof of the mouth, lo- device for shaping metal accurately
RETARDERS. Substances which length- paratus that reproduces the palatal
en the time required for plaster or cated beyond the hard palate. to a desired form by the simultaneous
rugae in vulcanite dentures. SOFT VULCANIZED RUBBER RE- use of pressure from every angle.
stone to set or harden. Citric acid,
lemon juice, vinegar. LIEFS. See patented suctions. SWEDGED. Same as swaged.
SOLARIZING RUBBER (so'-lar-i-
RETRUSION. T h e act of pressing s zhing) . Exposing vulcanite to sun-
teeth backward. A backward posi-
tion of the teeth or jaw. SALIVA (sa-li'-va). T h e mixed tligcs- light~torestore its color.
REVULCANIZATION. Putting vul- tive fluid secreted by the paraotid, suli- SOLDERING APPARATUS (sof-der). TAILPIECE EXTENSION. A metal
Tools used for , ioinine hieher melting extension of a clasp, which is incor-
canite through vulcanization a second maxillary, sublingual and Inllcotls L z u
porated in the den&re base of a par-
glands of the mouth; spit. metals bv means of lower m e l t i n-
time.
metals. tial denture.
334 GLOSSARY GLOSSARY 335
T E E T H (t&th). T h e set or group of crossing transversely the surface of an VULCANITE. A chemical combination
hard, calcified organs in two, opposed, upper molar tooth. of caoutchouc and sulphur which has
arch-like arrangements, imbedded in T R A U M A T I C (traw-mat'-ik'). Pertain- been subjected to the process of vul- WARPAGE (warpr-lj). T h e process
the alveolar process of the mandible ing to or resulting from an injury. canization. of, or condition resulting from warp-
and the maxillary bones. Artificial TRAYS, DENTAL ( t r l ) . T h i n shal- VULCANITE BASE (vul'-kan-it) T h e . ing.
teeth are made of porcelain. low metal receptacles for holding den- base of a denture composed of WARPING DENTURES. Overcuring
TECHNOLOGICAL. Pertaining to tal impression material during the vulcanite. or heating vulcanite dentures causing
technical advancement. process of taking impressions. T h e VULCANIZED DENTURE. A den- them to change their shape.
TEMPLATE. A metal plate used to impressions are assembled in trays. ture which has been vulcanized. W A T E R O F CRYSTALLIZATION.
aid in obtaining the occlusal curve T R A Y SURFACE O F IMPRESSION. VULCANIZED RUBBER. R u b b e r T h e water contained in the molecule.
when setting teeth or making bite- T h e surface toward the tray; opposite which has been cured in a vulcanizer. If this water is eliminated the molecule
plates. the surface toward the tissues. VULCANIZER (vu1'-kan-iz-er) . A is changed. T h e water contained
THERMAL. Pertaining to or charac- T R I A L BASE. A baseplate, basewax, strongly constructed metal vessel which within the granules of dry plaster
terized by heat. metal or vulcanite base used for ar- confines and withstands the concen- powder.
THERMOMETER. An instrument ranging the teeth for trial before com- trated steam pressure that is generated W A X (waks). A product of the honey-
used in determining and registering pletion. during the process of vulcanization, bee or made of a hydrocarbon as par-
variations of temperature. T R I A L DENTURE. A denture con- the curing of rubber. affin.
THERMOPLASTIC DENTURE BASE. structed to be fitted in the mouth of VULCANIZER COVER. T h e lid of the W A X SPATULAS. Instruments used for
Denture base material which is soft- the patient before the permanent den- vulcanizer pot to which are usually holding, melting and applying wax.
ened and shaped with the aid of heat. ture base is completed. attached the thermometer, gas regula- W A X BITE. T h e impression of upper
There is no chemical change in the TRIMMING VULCANITE DEN- tor and manifold holding the safety and lower teeth brought to closure in
material itself. TURES. T h e process of removing and blow-off valves. a mass of wax.
THUMB-NUT. T h e nut which keeps excess vulcanite from the denture base. VULCANIZER PACKING RING. T h e W A X ELIMINATION. T h e elimina-
the set-screw of an articulator station- TRIPOLI (trip-0'-lee) . Rottenstone. A graphite ring which fits into the bot-
tion of wax from the flask before
ary. soft stone found in Tripoli, Northern tom of the cover and helps to obtain
packing rubber in its place.
TINFOIL. Pure tin prepared in very Africa, used as a mild abradant and a steamtight seal between the cover
thin sheets of standard sizes. polishing agent. and the vulcanizer pot. WAXER. A technician who specializes
TISSUE (tish'-00). Cells and other ele- VULCANIZER POT. T h e pot holding in waxing dentures.
TUBERCLE. A small nodule or eleva-
ments united and arranged to produce tion. . the water into which the flasks con- WAXING. T h e process of applying
a recognizable structure; gum tissue, T U B E T E E T H . Porcelain teeth held in taining packed cases are deposited for wax to dentures.
skin tissue, etc. place by metal pins which fit into vulcanization. W A X MATRIX. T h e space left after
TISSUE SURFACE.' T h e surface of a tubes in the teeth. Cement is also VULCANIZER TONGS. T h e tongs or the wax base is eliminated into which
dental impression which shows the im- used. pliers used for depositing in, or re- rubber is packed. A name erroneously
print of the tissues. T h e surface of a .
T U R P E N T I N E (tyr'-pen-tin) A vola- moving flasks from the vulcanizer. applied to the wax trial denture.
cast which shows the reproduction of tile, concrete or liquid oleoresin which VULCANIZING CAOUTCHOUC. Ren- W E T METHOD. A method of pack-
the tissues; gums. exudes from trees. dering flexible caoutchouc inflexible so ing rubber where the flask is boiled in
TISSUE TOLERANCE. T h e ability of TYPODONT. A metal cast of the that it will retain a desired mold. hot water to soften the rubber during
the tissues (gums, etc.) to tolerate cer- teeth and dental arches. VULCANIZING PERIOD. T h e dura- the testing stage. Wet method of wax
tain metals, vulcanite or other com- tion of time required to cure dental elimination is the method of boiling
positions used in constructing pros- rubber. the flask in water to soften the wax in
thetic appliances. VULCANIZING POINT. T h e degree the flask.
TONGUE-SPACE. T h e space occupied of temperature a t which vulcanization W A X SOLVENT. A chemical which
by the tongue. T h e space between the UNDERVULCANIZED VULCANITE. takes place. dissolves wax; carbona, ether, chloro-
alveolar ridge of the lower cast. T h e state of vulcanite when it has not VULCANIZING PROCESS. That form, etc.
T O O T H DEPRESSIONS. T h e imprints received sufficient heat over a long process by which a combination of W I R E SPLINTS. Wire used for hold-
of the teeth in an impression. T h e im- enough period during the vulcanizing caoutchouc and sulfur is made flexible ing fractured portions of a denture or
prints of the teeth in a wax "bite." process. o r hard, as desired, by means of steam an impression which is assembled with
T O O T H INDEX. A n imprint of the pressure in a vulcanizer. the aid of sticky wax.
teeth in plaster; used to obtain a rec-
ord of the relationship of the teeth to VACUUM CHAMBER. A depression
each other. o r concavity sometimes prepared on the
TRANSLUCENCY. Partially transpar- inner surface of a denture by adding
ent. a heart shaped piece of metal over the
TRANSVERSE RIDGE. Formed by the hard area of the palate of the dental
union of two triangular ridges and cast.
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332 GLOSSARY GLOSSARY 333
PROPHYLACTIC (pro-fil-ak'-tik). RHEOSTAT (re'-o-stat). A n instru- S A G I T T A L CONDYLE P A T H (sadjr- SOLDERING TWEEZERS. A pincer
Anything that guards against disease. ment which regulatesrthe strength of i-tal). T h e (median) path of the used for holding or placing snlder.
T h e cleansing of the teeth by a den- an electric current by interposing a condyle when the jaws are openetl. SOLVENTS OF CAOUTCHOUC.
tist or dental hygienist. graded and known resistance within T h e path in a11 anfero-posterior tlirec- Agents which dissolve rubber.
PROSTHETIC (pros-thet'-ik). Per- the circuit. tion. SPATIJLA (spat'-u-lah). A flexible,
taining to artificial substitutes for lost .
RIDGE (rij) A narrow, elongated ele- SAND. A loose mass or accumulation knife-like instrument with blunt edges
members of the human anatomy. I n vation or crest, as on the surface of a of grains of silicic oxide. which varies in size and shape, and
dentistry; of an appliance that re- tooth or a bone; the ridge which for- SANDARAC. A white transparent res- is employed in the mixing, spreading
places lost teeth by artificial means. merly contained the roots of the teeth inous secretion ; a varnish. or shaping of ointments, cements, plas-
PROSTHETIC APPLIANCES. Arti- is known as the alveolar ridge. SCORING. Cutting grooves on the ter of Paris, amalgams or waxes.
ficial appliances such as artificial arms, RIDGE-LAP. T h e surface of artificial base of casts, scarring. SPATULATION. Mixing with a
legs, dentures, etc.
PUMICE (pump-is). Used in powder
teeth which faces the alveolar ridge.
RIDGE-LIKE ELEVATIONS. Rugae ;
SCRAPERS (skraf-pers) . Implements spatula.
for scraping or abrading a surface. SPINDLE (spin'-dl). A shaft or rod
form as an abrasive and polishing elevations on the mucous membrane of SEPARATING DISKS. Emery or car- upon which anything is wound.
agent. A powder from volcanic rock. the palate. borundum wheels used for cutting or STABILITY. Steadiness, immobility.
RIM O F T H E W A X E D DENTURE. separating teeth, vulcanite or metals. STAINING O F PORCELAIN T E E T H .
T h e periphery; the denture limits. SEPARATING MEDIA (me-dja). Any T h e addition of metallic stains to ar-
ROACH CARVER. A n instrument for coating upon the surface of plaster of tificial teeth to give them a more nat-
carving wax by the combined use of Paris which serves to prevent another ural appearance.
RASP FILE. A file with rough teeth heat, suction and
stratum of plaster from adhering to STAINLESS STEEL. A rustless steel
used in trimming plaster and stone ROCHELLE SALT (TO-shel') Sodium
casts.
. the first. compound.
potassium tartrate. SETTING. Hardening. STEARIN (ste'-ar-in). A white, crys-
RAT-TA1L VULCANITE A ROSIN. Any member of a classof ex- SETTING-TIME. T h e time required talline compound found in animal and
round, tapering file, like a rat's tail. udates from various trees and plants. for plaster or artificial stone to harden. vegetable fat.
Making a new denture ROTARY DIRECTION. Pertaininv0 to SHADE O F T E E T H . T h e hue or STICKY WAX. Adhesive wax, usu-
base.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
~~
rotation ; a circular movement. color of artificial teeth. ally beeswax, resin and gum.
RE-CRYSTALLIZES. Forms crystals ROTATION CENTER O F LATERAL
agaln. SHELLAC (shel'-ak). A resinous dep- STIPPLING (stipt-ling). T o spot or
MOVEMENT. T h e fixed point of the osition from the lac-insect. dot.
FLAME (re-do'-sing)' radius of the arc described by the SHELLAC BASEPLATES. Trial or
T h e soldering flame; the melting SUCTION MACHINES. Machines
teeth when the jaw is moved side-
flame; area below the luminous cone. .-:--
.a=.
"V
RELIEF AREAS. Parts of dental casts R O U ~( rooj)
temporary denture bases made of shel-
lac and gutta-percha.
which suck in dust when grinding and
polishing.
~ , Red oxide of iron con- SHUT. T h e part of an artificial tooth SUCTIONS. Attachments on a denture
where the bone is close to the overly- taining chalk. which holds the metal pins. which help to keep it in place by cre-
gum. Areas which require a ~ ~ l i -RUBBER (rub'-er). India rubber or SILEX (si'-leks) . Sodium or potassium ating a vacuum between the denture
cation of relief metal. caoutchouc, especially in a commercial
RELIEF O F BONY AREAS. T h e ad- silicate. and the tissues.
rurrrl.
dition of metal or tinfoil over bony RUBBER PACKING. T h e act of in- SILVER ALLOY (al'-oi). A n alloy SULCUS (sul'-kus) . A Iong-shaped de-
areas on dental casts. containing silver, zinc and tin. pression on the surface of a tooth, the
troducing rubber into the denture SIMPLE REPAIRS. T h e repair of a inclines of which meet at an angle.
RELIEF METAL. Metal used for re- space; the space formerly occupied by
lieving hard areas on casts; tin, tin- denture broken in two, not involving SULPHUR (sul-fur). A yellow non-
the waxed or trial denture base. T h e teeth or clasps. metallic chemical element occurring in
foil, lead, Britannia metal, etc. gasket of a vulcanizer cover. S O F T AREAS. Areas covered by gum nature both in a free state and in com-
RETAINING WALL. A wall formed RUGAE (roof-gah) Irregular ridges
by wax to keep the plaster or stone
. and underlying tissues. Non-resistant, bination, in volcanic regions and in
on the mucous membrane covering flexible areas. certain stratified rocks.
within the desired limits on an im- the hard palate.
pression. SOFT PALATE. T h e soft or movable SWAGER (swa1-jer) (swedger). A
RUGAPAKS (roo1-gah-paks). An ap- portion of the roof of the mouth, lo- device for shaping metal accurately
RETARDERS. Substances which length- paratus that reproduces the palatal
en the time required for plaster or cated beyond the hard palate. to a desired form by the simultaneous
rugae in vulcanite dentures. SOFT VULCANIZED RUBBER RE- use of pressure from every angle.
stone to set or harden. Citric acid,
lemon juice, vinegar. LIEFS. See patented suctions. SWEDGED. Same as swaged.
SOLARIZING RUBBER (so'-lar-i-
RETRUSION. T h e act of pressing s zhing) . Exposing vulcanite to sun-
teeth backward. A backward posi-
tion of the teeth or jaw. SALIVA (sa-li'-va). T h e mixed tligcs- light~torestore its color.
REVULCANIZATION. Putting vul- tive fluid secreted by the paraotid, suli- SOLDERING APPARATUS (sof-der). TAILPIECE EXTENSION. A metal
Tools used for , ioinine hieher melting extension of a clasp, which is incor-
canite through vulcanization a second maxillary, sublingual and Inllcotls L z u
porated in the den&re base of a par-
glands of the mouth; spit. metals bv means of lower m e l t i n-
time.
metals. tial denture.
3n8 INDEX INDEX
,
G I t 1 1'1
t ~8\11'1 \I{.,. 1'1 \ " , I , , , I a , !l',:! # I'.III~:I~, ( w t . I * . \ I < I I 11 ') \,\';I\ ~ ~ I ~ I I I ~ I I : I I ~ I I I . I I I I I , ,,15 .!I i (WI
1 , 1 1 ~ 1 3 ,1 1<,r,.!I7 '!.! \\ \ \ i
3 40 INDEX