Assksav

P\m[n]Xyw t\cnSp shp-hn-fnI

NAME : MINI S
OPTION : SOCIAL SCIENCE

BapJw
P\m-[n-]Xyw F [mcW ImeIme--fn
hf-sc-tbsd am-p hnt[-b-am-hp-I-bp-mbn. 'Utam-{Ikn' F ]Zw 'Utamkv' (Demos)
{Imtmkv (Cratos) Fn cp {Kov ]Zfn
\nmWv cq]w sIm-Xv. P\m[n-]Xyw Fm
"" P\-pthn P\--fm sXc-s-Sp-p P\-fpsS `c-W-Iq-S-amWv."" P\m-[n-]Xyw F ]
Zw Htc kabw Hcp `c-W-{I-a-sbpw PohnX
ssien-sbbpw kqNn-n-p-p.-GXv A-n
{]tbm-Kn-p-tm-gpw AXn \nb-{-Wns {]iv\w A`-hn-n-cn-p-p. P\m[n-]Xyn
cmjv{So-bhpw
kmaqlyhpw
km-n-I-hp-amb P\m-[n-]Xyw Ds-Spp. `qcn-]- thmp \In hnP-bn-n-p-Xn-\p Ah-Im-i-amWp cmjv{Sob P\m[n-]Xyw \Ip-Xv. kmaqly P\m-[n-]Xyw FXp-sImv A-am-p-Xv h-c-ln-X-amb
kmaq-ly-{I-ahpw \nb-a-n-sbpw \oXn-bpsSbpw ap]n-ep ka-Xz-hp-amWv. \oXn,

kzmXyw, kaXzw, kmtlm-Zcyw Fn-hbmWv P\m-b--hy-h-bpsS ASnm\ XXz. \nc-h[n t{kmX-p-I k--am-nb Hcp
{]mNo\ ss]XrIamWv P\m-[n-]-Xyw.

P\m-[n-]Xy hnZym-`ymkw
hnZymn-Isf P\m[n]-Xy-n\p kcm-pI FXv hnZym`ymk-ns Hcp A`n-ej-Wo-b-amb ey-amWv. hnZym-`ymk {]
{In-b-bn
Dbn-m-Wn-p
ey-
hynXz hnI-k\w, t\XrXz ]cnioe\n-\p
hnZym-`ym-kw, sXmgn-ep-ambn _-s ]
ucXz hnI-k\w, P\m-b ]uc-Xz-ns hnI-k\w.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-n-\m-bp
hnZym-`ymkw
FXv AXns\ ]n-bp hnZym-`ymkw am{Xa Zmi-\nI ho-W-ns kzoI-c-Whpw
kzmwio-I-c-Whpw at\m-`m-hhpw Xm]cyfpw Hs AXn Ds-Sp-p.

Hcp P\m[n]Xy{Ia-n ]ucm-h-iyamb kmmnI KpW--fn-ep ]cn-ioe-\hpw ssZ\w-Zn\ Imcy--fn hy-amb Nn

\w
]men-p--Xn-\p
t{]mm-l-\hpw
B[p-\nI temIs ]n-bp Adn-hns B-hpamWXv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-n-\m-bp hnZym`ymkw Hcp P\m-b--k-aq-l-nse \ ]ucs
Ah-Imifpw IS-a-Ifpw {im-]qhw ]cn-KWn-p-tImv \Ip ]ucXz hnZym-`ym-kamWv. ]uc-Xz-hn-Zym-`ymkw IpSpw-_-nem-Wm-cw-`n-p--Xv.
kln-jvW-X,
kl-IcWw, kmtlm-Zcy`mhw XpS-nb P\m-b-aq-ey- sNdnb Ipn-I-fn hft-Xv IpSpw_-am-Wv.

P\m[n]Xyw t\cn-Sp
shp-hn-fn-I
P\m[n]Xymib-
\psS
cmPyv
{]mhn-I-am-m-\p {iaw \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-

I-bm-Wv. Fm AXn\v hnLm-X-ambn \psS

P\m-[n-]Xyhyh- ]e shp-hn-fn-Ifpw t\cn-Spp-v. \nc--c-Xbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw sImSn-Ip-nhm-gp Hcp cmPyv P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcn-bv-epw
hnP-bn-n-spw
temI-N-cn-{X-nse
Xs
Ghpw henb NqXp-I-fn-bm-bn-cnpw Cy-bnse
sXc-s-Spv Fpw ]e ]mmXy \nco--Icpw IcpXn. P\-kw-JybpsS ASn-m-\-n t\mp-tm
temI-nse Ghpw henb P\m[n]-Xy-cm-jv{SamWv Cy. \psS P\m-[n-]Xy {]{In-b-bn ]ehn[ Db XmgvN-Ifpw Dm-bn-p-v. Cy-bpsS ]
e Abcm-Py-f#nepw P\m-[n-]Xyw thcp-dbvmsX \n-tm kzmX-{ym-\-cw Ct-hsc
P\m-[n-]Xyw
Hcp
`c-W-hy-h-bmbn
\ne-\nm \pv Ign-p. Fnepw Cu cwKv
\mw \nc-h[n shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp-p.

kmaq-lyhpw km-n-I-hpamb Ak-aXzw

P\m[n]-Xy-ns
hnP-b-n\v
kmaqly
km-nI kaXzw Bh-iyamWv. kmaq-lnI Ak-a-Xzn\v ImcWw aXw, PmXn, hw, enwKw, hwiw
Fn-h-bpsS t]cn-ep hnth-N-\--fmWv. PmXob

kaq-l-amWv
Cpw
Cy-bn-ep--Xv.
kmaqly\oXn \ne-\nm ]e \S-]-Sn-I `c-WIqSw kzoI-cn-n-p-s-nepw ]qW-am-bnpw
kaXzw t\Sn-bn-n-. Cpw PmXn-bp-sSbpw
aX-n-sbpw t]cn `n-X-I \ne-\np-p.
s]{`q-W-l-Xybvpw kv{Xo[-\s sNmn-bp
Ie-l-pw ]cn-lmcw Dm-bn-n. km-nI cwKv Ak-aXzw ]qW-ambpw amp-hm km[nn-n-.
cmjv{S-k--ns
`qcn-`m-Khpw
GXm\pw t]cpsS ssII-fn-em-Wv. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS
`qcn-`m-Khpw {Kma--fn hkn-p-n-S-tmfw
cmjv{Sobmh-Im-i- kzX-{-ambn {]tbm-Knm km[n-p-I-bn-.

\nc--cX
ASn-m\ hnZym-`ymkw P\m-[n-]-Xyns in-bmW.v Cy-bnse P\--fn hen-sbmcp
hn`mKw \nc--cmWv. CXp-aqew `c-W-n
{Inbm--I-ambn
]p-tN-cm
P\-v
km[nmsXhcpp. kmaqly cmjv{Sob Ak-a-Xzn\v CXv Imc-W-am-Ip-p. \nb-a- ]mkm-nbm AXv \S-n-em-m P\--fpsS klm-bhpw klI-c-Whpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXn\v Ahv hnZym`ymkw \I-Ww.

hn-p-h-cp P\-kwJy
1950 Cy-bpsS P\-kwJy 30 tImSnbm-bn-cpp. CXv 120 e[nIw tImSn-bmbn
hn-p. P\-s-cpw Cy kvLS-\sb XInSw
adn-pp.
Zmcn-{Zy-n\pw
sXmgn-enmbvapw Btcm-Ky-c--kw-_-amb ]e {]iv\pw Hcp ImcWw P\-kwJy h-\-hmWv. hnp-h-cp P\-kw-Jy-t-a-{]-h-\--fpsS eyw
t\Sm XS--am-Ip-p. P\-kwJy \nb-{n-m
IpSpw-_-t-a-]-cn-]m-Sn-I km \S-m-nbn-p-s-n-epw eyan t\w Cu cwKv ssIh-cnm km[n-n-n-.

Xo{h-hmZw
ASp--Im-e-mbn Xo{h-hmZw P\m-[n-]Xy-n\v ISp shp-hnfn Dbp-p. cmjv{So-bhpw aX-]-chpw Am-cm-jv{So-b-hp-amb ImcW-
CXn-\p-v.
Xo{h-hm-Z-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS
{]h-\-w \njvI-f--cmb P\--fpsS Poh A]-I-S-sSp-p-p.
Zmcn-{Zyhpw
sXmgnen-mbvabpw aXm-Xbpw bphm-sf CXn-tev \bnp--Xn-\p Imc-W-am-Wv. Cu kwL-S-\-I Xpd- Nbvtm Hp-Xont\m hcm--Xp-sImv

kaq-l-nse kp-en-Xm-h \jv-S-s-Sp-p. `oIcmh krjvSn-p--Xn-ep-]cn P\--fpsS sskzcyPo-hnXw XI-sSpp. `c-W-Iq-S-ns {]h-\n\pw \ne-\nn\pw CXv {]iv\- Dm-p-Ibpw
P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\s Xs tNmZyw sNp
Ah krjvSn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.

ho-bX
Cy P\m-[n-]Xyw t\cn-Sp asmcp {]
[m-\-s
shp-hnfn
ho-b-X-bm-Wv.
]e
kwm-\--fnepw ]e-tmgpw ho-b-kw-Lj \S-n-p-v. aX-]-c-amb `nnv P\- Xnp kulmw \in-n-p-p. Iqm-bn {]hnp--Xn\v CXv XS--am-Ip-p. aX-kw-L-S-\-I
cmjv{So-b-]mn-I-fmbn cq]m--c-s-n-p-v.
hob el-f-I cmPy-ns AJ-WvU-Xbvpw
\ne-\nn\pw `o-Wn-bm-Ip-p.

PmXo-bX
PmXn-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-ep tNcn-Xncnhpw Cy-bn ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv. cmPys ]e
`mK--fnepw PmXnbpsS ASn-m-\-n Xcw-

Xn-cnhpw Akz--XIfpw \ne-\np-p. cmjv{Sob-]mn-I PmXnsb Xmm-enI t\--mbn

D]tbm-Kn-p-p. PmXn {Kqp-I cmjv{Sob-]mn-I-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-m-dp-v. \ CXphsc t\Sn-sb-Sp kmaqly \-Ifpw aqey-fpw \jvSs-Sp-hm CXv CS-bmpw. tZiob Xm]-cy-
amn \nn P\- Xn-ep Ie-l-n\v PmXo-bX
Imc-W-am-Ip-p.

{]mtZ-InI Ak-aXzw
Hcp cmPy-ns km-n-I-h-fbvv k
p-enX hnI-k\w Bhiyam-Wv. Nne kwm-\-
Ctmgpw hfsc ]ntm-m-h--bn-em-Wv. Hdokm, _olm, QmJ-WvUv, No-kvLv Fnh
DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. AtX-k-abw alm-cm-jv{S,
tKmh, ]m-Wv, Xan-gv\m-Sv, tIcfw Fnh hnIk-\-]p-tcm-KXn ssIh-cn kwm-\--fmWv IWm-p--Xv. Cu {]mtZ-inI Ak-aXzw ]e {]iv\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-p.

`mjm-hmZw
Cy Hcp _lp-`m-jm-cm-jv{S-am-Wv. C
y-bn `mj-bpsS t]cn-ep `n-X-\n-e-\np-p.
]e {]mtZ-in-I, cmjv{Sob In-Ifpw \ne-\np-

Xv `mj-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-em-Wv. ]e-tmgpw

CXv cmjv{Sob kwLj-n-tev \bn-p-p. P\-
Xn-ep hn`-P-\-nepw CXv Fn-t-cp-p. ]eIm-cy--fnepw cmjv{S-n\v s]mXp-hmb \S-]Sn-I kzoI-cn-m CXp-aqew km[n-msX hcpp.

hnL-S-\-hmZw
hnL-S-\-hmZw {]N-cn-n-p kwLS-\-I
cmPy-ns ]e-`m-Kpw {]hn-p-p. kao-]Im-ev Ch-bpsS {]h-\- Gdn-h-cp--Xmbn
ImWmw. CXv cmPyns AJ-WvU-Xpw `{ZXbvpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-kw-hn-[m-\-n\pw lm\nI-cam-Wv. Cy-bn aWn-q, Pp Imivao,
\mKm-emv, antm-dmw, {Xn]pc Fo e-fn
hnL-S-\-hmZ
Bi-b-
hf-cp--Xmbn
ImWmw.

\nK-a\w
Cv \psS cmPy-pssS an temI-cmjv{S--fnepw \ne\np P\m-[n-]Xyw ]
mm-Xy-am-Xr-I-bn-ep--Xm-Wv.
P\--fmXnc-s-Sp--s-Sp Hcp cm{X-e-h\pw P\-sf ]c-am-[n-Im-c-ns t{kmXmbn IW-m-p-p. `c-W-{I-a-hpw, ]qWambpw kwc-n--s aueo-Im-h-Im-i-, kmaqly-km--nI kaXzw Dd-p-\-evIp \nt-i-I-Xz-,
kmaq-ln-Ihpw
hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hpambn ]miz-h-cn--s--hp {]tXyI kwc-W-, kpXm-cyhpw kzX-{-hp-amb sXc-s-Spp-I, \nb-a-hm-gvN-bn A[njvSn-X-amb `c-W{]-{Inb Ch Cy P\m-[n-]-Xy-ns Poh-hm-bphmbn Icp-X-s-Sp-p.
kmaq-lyhpw km-n-I-hp-amb Ak-aXzw, hn-p-h-cp P\-kw-Jy, \nc--c-X, {]mtZ-

inI Ak-a-Xzw, `mjm-hm-Zw, hKo-b-X, PmXo-bX, Xo{h-hm-Zw, hnL-S-\-hmZw Fnh P\m[n-]Xyw t\cn-Sp shp-hn-fn-I-fm-Wv.