Arakin

2
0

. 2 : . / (..
! ! ."# $ . . . !. % &' !( $. ! !$. % ).: *+!. !.
, -./( 2000. %012 . % (3! ".
4567 0'281'01992': ( $.".
3! ; <= !! +$>? ! 4'@
$AA!!?: . . ,< ' !! > ; ! $!<+; !.
BC !! ! < $ !! !+!+!
!; !; D!!.
>$ $C 100'+ =!=
!+! +!!! ! % A ! +<>? !A! E!!

BC !A ; <= !! +$>? ! A!;A > $

C!+ !+ FG!!; A!;A >H ! $ A
I< ! !; A!;A > $AA!!? !!.
3! ! <;J !! > ; ! $!<+; ! <
! >+! ,+!( DC!+! > !! ! A++!! !( D
A !! <>? $ > $+ >+ $+ +.
.+ K!+ $= D !> ! $; ! > ,> ! =C! !?
> !!,>( D I!!; ! A++!!; +!. L+ A( ! +!
!A!<>+! ,+! A!;; ! +!; $> ! $K!!( D +
!;( ?>? >( !,!; ! D!! A!.
3! D! ! :
1. .; (MNNOnPiaQ RSTrNO".
2. 3$D! $ !,!! (MUOrViNON in 4nPSnaPiSn".
:. 3$D! $ A++! (WraXXar MUOrViNON".
.; Y> . . !( N. Z. /!( . . L,( *. -=!+( Z. . )!?(
. . G$" ! ! 8 . A $D +!!; $!,!$. .( ! A
> $!= <J ! !A!<>+! +! $, ! >(
> ?!+>+ $!< >; +! ? $?( $=C!? A A( !
J D! ( D>; ! >? ! ! ? ; (4 ! 44". G
< D! !A!<> >( ! A>; $ ; A=
>+! ,+!( !!( !( $ ! $ ! . ( D J!!
A $ ! ! !+>? !!? !!, (>! +A!(
$ !!+( !+ ! . ." ,? !! > ; ( + ! !
$A;" ! $!<+; !. < $ ; <;J=
=C; +> ! ! J!! $ >? , ! !!? !!,.
[ ! +! ! ( > $! $?D!! D; ! ( !+
D $!+C $!?A!A ! +!A $( $ ! !
$ +! ! !$<< > !> > A $! ! !!,!! !.
E!>; $? !!= +! $; ! ; ? $ ! <
!= $! D; !. $; ! + $J
$! >? , (5\OOV] ^aPPOrnN"( >? ! ( $!++! !? $! ! !
$D!+! $! ! !!,!=. . >? , !?
$!<<= !( $; $<<= $?D! A++!A
+!
1
!( <>? ?( ?!+<= $! $;A G !
>? , _ ?!+<= !!; > !+! $D!! A

[>( >? ! $; ! DA ( > ! $!!; A!;!?

! +!!? `` ( > < C>". G + D!= ! >
+; ; ! . E !A!<>+ + 2 ( + A I!;
$! ($ +. . &"( $$A A !; !'A++!!; !( >!
<>? ? $( ! !+=C!? + !;( $ !; >(
,( D! A D!( !;; $! ! >? ; > ! !
.
a + = !! $! (@SVabTQarc 7SPON"( !> < !
>? ! ( ! J!! !A!!; > . Z! @SVabTQarc
7SPON ! $ $!; $! ! +D >$< +! +<(
$=C!+ + ( !!" $!<A $!+! !+! !; ! !? $!
! ($+ $( $! >? +! $!+ $! !; !!(
$ $D!; A > A!;!; ! . .". G K( (
$D $!<>+! $!+! $$ ( + $!>? A$$?
1
[( $> ! !> A>+ + $! ! $!<>? >? ,
A<>+ !+# ? 9%2 > > ,>( >D=C! +<<# ? &%8 % >
,> >+! !+! !>? I+ AA.
1
=C! $! +A $J< +<; !!+!
$!+!".
a !!+! $!+! ! $! ! !; (MNNOnPiaQ @SVabTQarc 4"( >? !
!( !( ! !!? $!;( > ? !>; < (!+=
! !! !!,>( $> !+> !! $> $+> + ".
< DA ! $ +( >; $ !A+!(
>+! +! !! !+>+! ! A!;!? ! ! !AI>? . E
+! ; ! $$A A; >; $! (! A
$A $"( ! !! !? D! ! !! ! $!= $
!$<!= ; !! ; !.
a +! $! ! !; (MNNOnPiaQ @SVabTQarc G"( >;
$D $!+! !! $!++! $! >? ! !; (+( A
!=,! !? $! >? >? !,!?".
< !>; < ; ! ! $!+ d00 !!,+ (! !? 000
'!; ! :00 !; A !$". . D+ $:e" !?
$!<<=( 2" +; . :" $!; ?!+<= J!! A $
!!+( $!>? ! . .
a $!+ ! !; !? ? DA ! $D!;(
!>? $$ !! > ; ( + ! $A;" ! $!<+;
! ! $!=C!? $ $! !+A >A +! <
+AA $! ! !$<! A $, A C!.
; !+> $D!; A ! $D> =C! +!!
$!,!$>: $D! > $ ! >>? ; ! $$A $?
$D!; $!A !$ $D!+ $!A !$# > $D! =
$!<+>+!.
3$D! !> +<= ( ! >$! !?
!!! $ + $$ ( $!+ $D! !+! !$
AnNfOr P]O gTONPiSnN( RSrrOVP frSnh NPaPOXOnPN( D ! $A>? !A(
$! $;= + ! . $.".
3$D!( >$+> +! +<( $= !!! ! $+C<=
$$ ($!+( $> ! $D! A ?"( ! $ =+
($!+( $D! $! $$ ! . ." $=C!+ D!+ >?
++. ( + ; $! $$< <>+! +!."
G+!+ $D!;( >? !( D>; D +< >$!< !=
>? $D!;
2
( !>? <;J $! ; !! ! >?
,( !! +!!>? > !? $!( J! $!J!
( D !! > $!+! !; ! ?. i! $D!
$> +<; (; ! $!<+;" > $!>=C;
$$; $ ?+: $D!( A !+( % $ >$! !
($( $! $$ ! . " % =( A>; !+( % $ $!
= !! !$! J!. G K; ?+( !; +<( $>
$D! !A ?. 3$D! !! > $!+! !; !
?( =C!( $!( $!<= !I+,!= $ +( $$A= $=C=
$ !+ !!! ($ < $!+!( D! !? D! ! . ".
+J ! ! $ ! $! $<: I!
(+( $! !+" $ jabSraPSrc MUOrViNON $J !!
$ $!>+ !+ ! !+ ( !!+! >;
$A! ( !? I!!? > ! . "( !'A++!!
> $D! == < $( $ ! ! $!A $!
>? ! >A +!
:
.
LD ! ! ! 2 # $!+ < D $A
+ + ! A >$! ; >. .=C + $
+ > $ $! > ! $ + +JA ! (1%2
="( $ A+ +! ! A! !> ( >?C! $> A !.
)! A; $!; > $ >+ $+ > (I! ! A++!"
? A!? ? !. .! > + +!!( >A +! !
$<! A !! + ! ! !> $< !+
!! $,!< + ( $? C=C; K!? $ ! ".
E MUOrViNON in 4nPSnaPiSn (> ). . /( k`4. *!( B. Z. L>( Z. /. [!?( *.
. lJ" $ !!; > A!;; !,!; !
$D!+ A!A ! 1'A .
. ,< % ! $!<+ $!!= ! +<+
$!= ! >? 2'A !,!>? .
E ! ! !! =C!?( !=C!? ! !? $D!;( $>?
>! +!!>? > $!! ! $! >?
!,!>? . E !,!; ; ! !A+A
$D! !( $; $> K$>( J $!+ K; > $;
!. .=C! $D! $> + ; >( !=C!
! % > !!!. G<< $D!; $ +!;
2
/?+ !; , DA . G$A( $D! >= $$+ !!+!
$A! .
:
3$D! A !$ = !A /!; N.Z.( L, ..( G$; .. ! . FG! $!+
A!;A >H $ . .. ! (?! $!".
2
,<= $ > !+!. /$,!<>? $D!; !!!(
!!! ! !D! !,!! AI!! ( ! +D ><
J!! =A $D!. , $A= < !?!; ! >(
>+! $ != ! $< =C!+ + $ $! !.
$!!! !,!>? > = !; !,!! .m L ! D.
<( $!; !A n. o. pmRSnnSr( W. q. ArnSQr s4nPSnaPiSn St RSQQSgTiaQ MnhQiN]s. E+
D !! K; !;( < $C+ !.
!$<> $D! ! > ! !A n. o. pmRSnnSr( W. q. ArnSQr s4nPSnaPiSn St
RSQQSgTiaQ MnhQiN]s( n. o. pmRSnnSr sA RSTrNO St MnhQiN] ^rSnTnViaPiSns( sjinhaT\]SnO MnhQiN] RSTrNOs(
sG! $ $!; I! 1%: A!;A >s ! .
E WraXXar MUOrViNON ( . /. !" D! $!<>; !>; +!
$ A++! A!;A >( !+=C!; ,<= > $>? > A++!!
$!<; !. i; C; $!> ? $D!;( A ! ? $A
>A +!. L+ !A ; ! ! +!
+!+< !$<< !A!<> $!+> $!+C A; ! ! $!!;
!>? A!;!? (D( *( /. )K+( D. .!D( u. /( L. )I!( ;!
) ! .". G + D!= K ?> + F*AH ! = $!
+ ! $!( D >; +!: > !( +<> AA> ! !>
I+> AA _+ $!<; ,; A A !. G!
!! $D!; > !$<! > $!+> ! !; $!;
A++!! A!;A > . [+ . )J (A. n. v]SXNSn anr A @. warPinOP sA ^raVPiVaQ
MnhQiN] WraXXar tSr qSrOihn 5PTrOnPNs( jSnrSn( 1829"( D ! $! $ A; ! /.
(x. 5Pannarr AQiOn. sjiyinh MnhQiN] 5PrTVPTrOs( jSnrSn( 7. z.( vSrSnPS( 1809". G != +
$D!; $ A++! ! 1'A C!; $! D! $!;
$D!+ ! F$!+!;H (7SPON"( > A A ! D +A +!
$<< !+=C!+! A++!+!
9
.
C+ !!! > ! ?!+>+ =! >? !; !
=C!+! !+!+! $!!; K+!; D!! !!!! !
A !A!!A +! (. 2(&( 8".
L+ A( ! + !J!? $+ !>?( ! $!I!;>? ?(
$!< > $! ?+ >? .

ESSENTIAL COURSE
UNIT ONE
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. If I were you, 4 N]STQr kOO\ an OcO Sn P]aP bSc.
(Cf: 4t 4 aX fOQQ( 4 N]aQQ ]ayO a faQkinh ]SQirac."
4t 4 ]ar PiXO( 4 N]STQr hS PS P]O P]OaPrO PSnih]P.
4t fO fOrO ]Tnhrc( fO N]STQr ]ayO a biPO.
4t cST rir nSP fSrk OnSTh]( cST fSTQrnmP hOP hSSr XarkN.
4t AnnO fOrO in wSNVSf( N]O fSTQr rinh XO T\.
4t P]O fOaP]Or fOrO tinO( fO VSTQr hS tSr a faQk.
2. 4 raP]Or QikO the idea of having a VT\ St POa P]On.
4 riNQikO P]O irOa St NPacinh aP ]SXO Sn NTV] a tinO rac.
v]O V]iQrrOn QikOr P]O irOa St hSinh tSr a faQk.
AQQ St TN QikOr P]O irOa St N\Onrinh P]O rac Stt STP St PSfn.
xO riNQikOr P]O irOa St NPacinh in PSfn P]O f]SQO NTXXOr.
x]c rSnmP cST QikO P]O irOa St ]ayinh rinnOr aP Xc \QaVO{
EXERCISES
I. Rewrite these sentences, using Pattern 1:
MUaX\QO: a" 4t iP iN VSQr( fOmQQ \TP Sn STr farX VSaPN.
4t iP fOrO VSQr( fO N]STQr \TP Sn STr farX VSaPN.
b" 4t Xc triOnrN VSXO PS NOO XO( 4mQQ bO yOrc hQar.
4t Xc triOnrN VaXO PS NOO XO( 4 N]STQr bO yOrc hQar.
9
! N" /( ;$,A " *++! A!;A >. ).( 1820# B. L!( #$" L. An MnhQiN] WraXXa.
).( GC!( 18d0# a. *!. ^raVPiVaQ MnhQiN] WraXXa. ).( FBH( 200:. %au&han&'iya (" ) and other&" A WraXXar St P]O
MnhQiN] janhTahO. jOninhrar( 1808.
:
1. 4t P]O bSc iN ]Tnhrc( 4mQQ hiyO ]iX NSXOP]inh PS OaP. 2. 4t P]O NT\\Or iN rOarc( fOmQQ NiP
rSfn PS PabQO. :. 4t 4 hOP a hSSr Xark tSr Xc VSX\SNiPiSn( 4mQQ bO ]a\\c. 9. 4t warc ]aN
XSrO trOO PiXO( N]OmQQ rOar XSrO. 0. 4t P]O fOaP]Or V]anhON( fOmQQ hS bSaPinh. 2. 4t 4
]ayO nS S\\SrPTniPc PS NOO ]iX( 4mQQ bO yOrc NSrrc. &. 4t iP rSONnmP rain( 4 N]anmP ]ayO PS
PakO Xc TXbrOQQa fiP] XO. d. 4t N]O tiniN]ON OyOrcP]inh Sn qrirac( N]O fSnmP ]ayO PS
fSrk Sn 5aPTrrac. 8. 4t cST VaPV] a VSQr( cSTmQQ ]ayO PS NPac aP ]SXO. 10. 4t P]O V]iQr
rSONnmP rS f]aP 4 POQQ ]iX( 4mQQ ]ayO PS \TniN] ]iX.
II. Answer the foIIowing questions:
1. x]aP fSTQr( cST rS it cST fOrO QaPO tSr cSTr QONNSn{ 2. x]OrO fSTQr cST hS it cST ]ar a
]SQirac nSf{ :. x]S(X" fSTQr cST inyiPO it cST arranhOr a \arPc{ 9. |Sf QSnh fSTQr iP PakO
cST PS faQk ]SXO trSX P]O }niyOrNiPc{ 0. x]iV] fSTQr cST \rOtOr PS hS PS( P]O ArP v]OaPrO Sr
P]O 6SQN]Si v]OaPrO{ 2. xSTQr cST tOOQ hQar it iP fOrO N\rinh nSf{ &. xSTQr cST QikO PS hS PS
P]O riNVS atPOr P]O QONNSnN{ d. x]aP tiQX fSTQr cST QikO PS NOO{
III. Rewrite each of these sentences, using Pattern 2:
MUaX\QO: v]O hirQ P]STh]P P]aP iP fSTQr bO hSSr PS NPTrc a tSrOihn QanhTahO.
v]O hirQ QikOr P]O irOa St NPTrcinh a tSrOihn QanhTahO.
1. v]O NPTrOnPN P]STh]P P]aP iP fSTQr bO TNOtTQ PS fSrk in P]O Qab PfiVO a fOOk. 2. xO QikOr
P]O NThhONPiSn P]aP fO N]STQr yiNiP STr NiVk triOnr. :. v]O V]iQrrOn tSTnr P]aP iP fSTQr bO
inPOrONPinh PS hS Sn an OUVTrNiSn. 9. xO P]STh]P P]aP iP fSTQrnmP bO hSSr PS NPac inrSSrN aQQ rac
QSnh. 0. xSTQrnmP cST QikO PS hS PS P]O P]OaPrO PSnih]P{ 2. AQQ St TN P]STh]P P]aP iP fSTQr bO niVO
PS arranhO a \arPc aP STr }niyOrNiPc. &. 4N P]OrO ancSnO ahainNP STr N\Onrinh P]O ]SQiracN in P]O
]SQirac VaX\{ d. xO P]STh]P P]aP iP fSTQr bO hSSr PS hS PS P]O VinOXa atPOr P]O QONNSnN.
IV. TransIate these sentences into EngIish:
1. ~! > ( > $J +!< A. 2. )> > $J!
K $<( ! > K > $+<. :. ~! > D! ( >
?! + $C. 9. ~! > A! $A+( $! J > A
<J!+ !+. 0. < $? $+<( $+! > <
,!I (tihTrON". 2. !A !+ > $! $! L>+( ! > + >
; D. &. B+ + $!< A +>< !< A
A.
V. Act out the diaIogue. Make up your own after the modeI:
o i k : x]aP fSTQr cST rS it cST ]ar a bSaP{
v X : 4 fSTQr NaiQ in iP St VSTrNO.
o i V k : x]OrO fSTQr cST NaiQ{
v S X : AQQ arSTnr P]O VSaNPN St 6riPain. 4 fSTQr OyOn Prc PS NaiQ aVrSNN P]O APQanPiV it Xc
bSaP fOrO bih OnSTh].
o i V k : x]aP fSTQr cST rS it cSTr \arOnPN rirnmP QOP cST NaiQ{
v X : 4 fSTQr rTn afac trSX ]SXO( 4 NT\\SNO.
o i V k : x]aP fSTQr cST rS it cSTr bSaP fOrO frOVkOr in a NPSrX{
v S X : 4 fSTQr hOP rrSfnOr( 4 NT\\SNO.
o i k : 4P iN TNP aN fOQQ cST ]ayOnmP hSP a bSaP( 4 NT\\SNO.
VI. ExpIain the meaning of the foIIowing sayings and iIIustrate them:
1. 4t iP fOrO nSP tSr ]S\O( P]O ]OarP fSTQr brOak. 2. 4t P]O \iQQN fOrO \QOaNanP( P]Oc fSTQr nSP
bO hiQrOr. :. 4t P]OrO fOrO nS VQSTrN( fO N]STQr nSP OnSc P]O NTn. 9. 4t P]inhN fOrO PS bO rSnO
PfiVO aQQ fSTQr bO fiNO.
TEXT. ANNE MEETS HER GLASS
v]O V]iQrrOn tiUOr P]Oir OcON T\Sn AnnO. AnnO haOr baVk( tOOQinh ]OQ\QONN.
s7Sf( V]iQrrOn(s bOhan wiNN MnrOrbc tirXQc( scST arO yOrc( yOrc QTVkc P]iN POrX
0
PS ]ayO
0
POrX n
5V]SSQ POrXN in WrOaP 6riPain arO arranhOr in P]O tSQQSfinh fac:
9
wiNN jaVOc tSr cSTr nOf POaV]Or.s
AnnO hayO a faPOrc NXiQO. v]O R]iQrrOnmN taVON fOrO TnXSyOr.
swiNN jaVOc(s rO\OaPOr wiNN MnrOrbc fiP] OX\]aNiN. sRan cST Nac P]aP{s
swiNN jaVOc(s V]SrTNOr P]O VQaNN SbOriOnPQc.
s^Or]a\N cST VSTQr Nac mWSSr XSrninhm PS cSTr nOf POaV]Or{s NThhONPOr wiNN MnrOrbc in
an iX\OraPiyO PSnO.
sWSSr XSrninh. wiNN jaVOc(s VaXO P]O \SQiPO V]SrTN.
sWSSr XSrninh( V]iQrrOn(s rON\SnrOr AnnO in a ySiVO f]iV] bSrO nS rONOXbQanVO PS ]Or
Sfn.
wiNN MnrOrbc XSPiSnOr PS P]O V]iQrrOn PS PakO P]Oir NOaPN. s4 N]STQr hiyO STP \a\Or anr
VSQSTrOr \OnViQN(s Nair wiNN MnrOrbc( saN NSSn aN cSTmyO VaQQOr P]O rOhiNPOr
2
. kOO\ P]OX bTNc
f]iQO cSTmrO tinrinh cSTr fac abSTP P]O VT\bSarrN
&
anr NS Sn.s
5]O hayO a NfitP QSSk rSTnr P]O VQaNN. s4 OU\OVP cST PS ]OQ\ wiNN jaVOc in OyOrc fac(s Nair
P]O ]OarXiNPrONN. somcST ]Oar XO( ArnSQr{s
v]O QiPPQO bSc arrrONNOr( f]S ]ar bOOn VrSNNinh anr TnVrSNNinh ]iN OcON in an ThQc XannOr
tSr P]O OnScXOnP St ]iN nOih]bSTrN( QSSkOr NTiPabQc VrONP'taQQOn.
s4t 4 fOrO cST( 4 N]STQr kOO\ an OcO Sn P]aP bSc(s XTrXTrOr wiNN MnrOrbc. s6rSkOn ]SXO
% brSP]Or in 6SrNPaQ
d
% anr NSXO raP]Or rrOartTQ ]abiPNes
AnnO QSSkOr fiP] trON] inPOrONP aP ArnSQr anr P]STh]P ]O QSSkOr gTiPO rittOrOnP trSX f]aP
wiNN MnrOrbc Nair abSTP ]iX. qar PSS innSVOnP anr a\\QO'V]OOkOr PS ]ayO NTV] a rOVSrr. 6TP
OyOn aN N]O QSSkOr( N]O Naf ]iN \ink taVO OU\rONN ]iN NVSrn St wiNN MnrOrbc f]S faN hiyinh
]Or tinaQ XONNahON PS P]O nOf POaV]Or.
s6rOak
8
aP POn tSrPc'tiyO( rOar(s Nair P]O ]OarXiNPrONN. sRSXO NPraih]P PS P]O NPatt rSSX. 4
fiQQ faiP P]OrO PiQQ cST Sin TN. 4 fiQQ inPrSrTVO cST PS P]SNO cST rirnmP XOOP Sn cSTr tirNP yiNiP
|Sf rS cST QikO P]O irOa St ]ayinh a VT\ St POa P]On{ xO nOOr rONP atPOr aQQ. 4t P]OrOmN ancP]inh
P]aP \TQON cST( 4 N]aQQ bO in Xc rSSX. zST Van rO\Onr Sn XO. nTNP NOnr a XONNahO bc SnO St
P]O V]iQrrOn.s
5]O XarO ]Or fac PS P]O rSSr anr faiPOr bOtSrO iP( OcObrSfN raiNOr aN N]O PTrnOr ]Or haO
T\Sn P]O V]iQrrOn. v]Oc haOr baVk in NSXO bOfiQrOrXOnP
s4N nS SnO hSinh PS rOXOXbOr ]iN XannOrN{s aNkOr wiNN MnrOrbc.
xiP] a nOrySTN NParP AnnO ]aNPOnOr tSrfarr PS P]O rSSr( bTP faN fayOr baVk bc a
XSyOXOnP St ]Or ]OarXiNPrONNmN ]anr. A rSOn Sr XSrO V]iQrrOn XarO a rTN] PS S\On P]O rSSr.
A trOVkQOr hirQ fiP] PfS Nkinnc rOr \QaiPN faN P]O tirNP PS rrah S\On P]O rSSr. 5]O faN rOfarrOr
bc a NXiQO.
sv]ank cST( rOar( P]ank cST(s Nair wiNN MnrOrbc anr NaiQOr XaONPiVaQQc inPS P]O VSrrirSr.
v]OrO VaXO a tainP Nih] St rOQiOt aN P]O rSSr VQSNOr bO]inr ]Or( anr P]O tSrPc'NiU PSnhTON f]iV]
]ar NS tar kO\P TnnaPTraQQc NiQOnP bOhan PS fah V]OOrtTQQc. AnnO faPV]Or P]iN V]anhO fiP]
NSXO riNXac. 5]O rOXOXbOrOr fiP] NTrrOn rOQiOt NSXO aryiVO hiyOn ]Or aP VSQQOhO in TNP NTV]
a NiPTaPiSn.
s5Panr gTiPO NPiQQ( bO gTiPO VaQX( anr hrarTaQQc P]O V]iQrrOn fiQQ bOVSXO VSnNViSTN P]aP cST
arO faiPinh. 7OyOr( nOyOr aPPOX\P PS N]STP P]OX rSfn.s
5S AnnO NPSSr ]Or hrSTnr faiPinh tSr P]O V]aPPOrinh PS NTbNirO. 6TP P]O nSiNO hrOf in
ySQTXO aN VSnyOrNaPiSnN bOVaXO XSrO aniXaPOr. pnO Sr PfS V]iQrrOn ran aVrSNN P]O rSSX PS
}NTaQQc VaQQOr A\\rSUiXaPO raPON
P]O tirNP POrX the antumn term 5O\P 0 % oOV. 20
P]O NOVSnr POrX the winter term or spring term nan. 0 % war. 20 (Sr QaPOr( rO\Onrinh Sn P]O raPO St MaNPOr"
P]O P]irr POrX the summer term A\r. 10 (Sr QaPOr" % nTQ. 20
2
to can the register iN TNOr SnQc it P]O naXON arO VaQQOr STP anr P]O \T\iQN anNfOr. To mark smb. present/absent iN StPOn TNOr in
VSnnOVPiSn fiP] rOhiNPraPiSn. v]O OU\rONNiSn to take the register iN aQNS TNOr in P]O NOnNO St sXarks.
4n NV]SSQN P]O tSrX POaV]Or XarkN P]O rOhiNPOr OyOrc XSrninh bOtSrO QONNSnN( anr StPOn bOtSrO atPOrnSSn QONNSnN PSS. v]O rOhiNPOr iN a
bSSk fiP] a QiNP St P]O \T\iQNm tTQQ naXON( arrrONNON anr raPON St birP]. x]On XarkOr( P]O rOhiNPOr iN TNTaQQc kO\P in P]O NV]SSQ SttiVO( anr
nSP PakOn PS QONNSnN.
4n TniyOrNiPiON anr VSQQOhON P]OrO iN hOnOraQQc nS tSrXaQ Xarkinh St a rOhiNPOr bc P]O POaV]inh NPatt.
&
cupboard n: a VabinOP Sr VQSNOP tiPPOr fiP] N]OQyON.
d
Borstal: an inNPiPTPiSn (QikO a \riNSn" tSr cSTnh VriXinaQN.
8
break n: v]iN iN firOQc TNOr in NV]SSQN PS rOnSPO a 10' Sr 20'XinTPO inPOryaQ in P]O XirrQO St P]O XSrninh (11%11.:0".
Morning break anr afternoon break arO TNOr in NV]SSQN f]iV] aQNS ]ayO a brOak bOPfOOn atPOrnSSn QONNSnN. Lunch break Van bO
TNOr aN a PranNQaPiSn St F<J $+H. Break Xac aQNS bO TNOr St P]O N]SrPOr PiXO aQQSfOr tSr V]anhinh QONNSnN.
Break iN nSP hOnOraQQc TNOr in TniyOrNiPiON anr VSQQOhON( OUVO\P in P]O NOnNO St P]O 0' PS 10'XinTPO brOak bOPfOOn SnO VQaNN anr P]O
nOUP( bOVaTNO P]OrO arO TNTaQQc nS SP]Or brOakN bONirON P]O QTnV] ]STr.
0
NOO P]Oir riNPanP triOnrN. vfS QiPPQO bScN aPPaVkOr OaV] SP]Or. A V]iQr fiP] birP]rac VarrN faN
riN\Qacinh P]Oir bOaTPiON PS an arXirinh VrSfr rSTnr ]Or rONk. ArnSQr ]ar rOXSyOr ]iN bQTO
\TQQSyOr anr faN aPPOX\Pinh PS \TQQ ]iN N]irP SyOr ]iN ]Oar( in SrrOr PS N]Sf ]iN triOnrN a NVar
Sn ]iN N]STQrOrbQarO.
AXirNP hrSfinh V]aSN AnnO rOXainOr NiQOnP. 5]O QSSkOr aP P]O VQSVk f]iV] OrkOr trSX SnO
XinTPO PS P]O nOUP anr rOVirOr PS QOP iP QOa\ SnVO XSrO bOtSrO N]O abanrSnOr ]S\O.
pnO VrTXb St VSXtSrP( it VSXtSrP iP VSTQr bO VaQQOr( rOXainOr fiP] ]Or. v]iN faN an
STPbTrNP St naPTraQ ]ih] N\iriPN. |Or \rONOnVO( N]O nSPOr( XOanP nSP]inh aP aQQ PS P]OX.
A V]air tOQQ SyOr( NSXOSnO cOQ\Or fiP] \ain( P]OrO faN a bTrNP St QaTh]POr( anr AnnO Naf P]O
VQSVk TX\ PS anSP]Or XinTPO. AnnO aryanVOr inPS aVPiSn.
svS cSTr rONkNes N]O rSarOr( sAnr gTiVkQces
xiP] a \QOaNTrabQO N]SVk N]O Naf ]Or fSrrN SbOcOr. xiP]in a XinTPO SrrOr ]ar rOPTrnOr.
OtrON]Or bc P]O brOak P]O V]iQrrOn PTrnOr aPPOnPiyO OcON T\Sn ]Or.
AnnOmN NOQt'ONPOOX VrO\P baVk.
(*ro+ sqrON] trSX P]O RSTnPrcs bc wiNN OOr"
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. to look , i-t 1. +<( A<( ."g" 4 QSSkOr (T\( rSfn" aP P]O S\\SNiPO ]STNO( bTP Naf
nS Qih]PN in iPN finrSfN.
/yn" to stare, to gaze
to look XOanN sPS TNO SnOmN OcON( PS Prc PS NOOs( ."g" |O QSSkOr aP XO( bTP rirnmP rOVShniO
XO.
to stare XOanN sPS QSSk NPOariQc( fiP] firO'S\On OcON( StPOn fiP] VTriSNiPc Sr NTr\riNO( Sr
yaVanPQc (+>( "s. xO Xac NParO aP a \OrNSn Sr P]inh( inPS P]O faPOr(
riNPanVO( tirO Sr ancP]inh P]aP ]aN rO\P] ($!< +<( A<( C!</$!<
A"( ."g" B NParOr aP XO aN it 4 ]ar aNkOr ]iX PS rS NSXOP]inh iX\SNNibQO. |O NParOr aP P]O
tirO( rOO\ in P]STh]P.
to gaze XOanN sPS QSSk aP NXb. Sr NXP]. (Sr inPS NXb.mN OcON" TNT. QSnh anr NPOariQc fiP]
inPOrONP( QSyO( rONirO( in fSnrOr( arXiraPiSn( OPV.s( ."g" |OmN yOrc tSnr St P]iN \iVPTrO( ]O Van
haO aP iP tSr ]STrN. v]O QSyOrN NPSSr fiP] P]Oir ]anrN VQaN\Or( hainh inPS OaV] SP]OrmN OcON.
to look about +!<( A>< $ +( ."g" 4 QSSkOr abSTP( bTP Naf nS
\OS\QO ancf]OrO.
Look ahead! A!<e
to look (a thing) through $+!< '.( ."g" jSSk P]rSTh] P]SNO rSVTXOnPN(
\QOaNO.
to look after !<( ?D!< +'n.( +'n.( ."g" 4mQQ QSSk atPOr P]O V]iQr. oSnmP
tSrhOP PS QSSk atPOr P]O tQSfOrN f]On 4mX afac.
to look for !< A'.( '.( ."g" 4myO bOOn QSSkinh tSr cST NinVO P]O yOrc XSrninh.
to look forward to (smth. or doing smth.) $J< '.( <!+
D!< A'.( ."g" nS]n QSSkOr tSrfarr PS NOOinh wariS anr ]iN fitO. 5PTrOnPN aQfacN QSSk
tSrfarr PS P]Oir ]SQiracN.
Look here! GJ;e ."g" jSSk ]OrO( fSTQrnmP iP bO bOPPOr PS NPac inrSSrN in NTV] naNPc
fOaP]Or{
2. <( >A< (tSQQSfOr bc an arOVPiyO( nSTn Sr QikO"( ."g" |O QSSkN Nar. v]O
V]iQr QSSkN iQQ (fOQQ". 5]O QSSkN QikO a rOaQ POaV]Or. 4P QSSkN QikO rain.
7SPO: t has two MnhQiN] OgTiyaQOnPN % to look anr to seem# to look XOanN >A<( ."g" |O
looks cSTnh tSr ]iN ahO. 5]O QSSkN bOaTPitTQ sn P]iN rrONN. 5]O QSSkN a V]iQr.# to seem XOanN $!!<
$! (iP OU\rONNON yariSTN rOhrOON St rSTbP"( e"g" 5]O NOOXN (PS bO" VQOyOr. v]iN yiQQahO NOOXN (PS bO"
gTiPO NXaQQ nSf. |O NOOXN (PS bO" fOQQ OrTVaPOr.
look n 1" A( ."g" v]OrO faN NSXOP]inh NPranhO in ]iN QSSk.
5cn. stare, gaze, ."g" jannc rOPTrnOr P]O XanmN NParO( bTP rirnmP TPPOr a fSrr. v]O hirQ
bQTN]Or f]On N]O nSPiVOr P]O NPranhOrmN tiUOr haO.
to have a look at A<( ."g" |ayO a QSSk aP P]iN \]SPS( rS cST rOVShniO P]O Xan{
7SPO: v]O MnhQiN] tSr A ! iN idea, opinion, (point of) view( ."g" 4 rSnmP knSf ]iN \SinP St
yiOf n (yiOfN Sn( irOa(N" St( S\iniSn St" P]iN NTbOVP.
2. >D!( ."g" A PSSk St \QOaNTrO VaXO PS ]Or taVO. v]OrO faN an anhrc QSSk in ]Or
OcON(
2
2. to differ ,i i. !<( !< (from NXb. Sr NXP]. in NXP]."( ."g" v]O PfS
brSP]OrN rittOr in P]Oir PaNPON. |iN \Qan rittOrN trSX aQQ P]O SP]OrN.# 2. AJ<(
?!< A? (trSX/fiP] NXb. in NXP]."( ."g" 4 rittOr trSX (fiP]" cST in P]iN XaPPOr.
0nt" agree (fiP] NXb.# PS NXP]."( ."g" jOPmN ahrOO PS rittOr ($< D>; $!
+ +!!".
different ad1 1. $?D!;( ;( !>; (trSX"( ."g" B iN gTiPO rittOrOnP trSX
f]aP 4 P]STh]P ]iX PS bO. 4 fanP a rittOrOnP kinr St bSSk P]iN PiXO (2ut 4 \rOtOr bSSkN St a
rittOrOnP kinr". pTr yiOfN Sn QitO arO rittOrOnP.
0nt" aQikO( ."g" pTr PaNPON arO aQikO.
7SPO: oSnmP VSntTNO P]O fSrrN different anr another f]iV] Xac bO PranNQaPOr bc P]O NaXO TNNian fSrr
A;# ."g" 4 fanP anSP]Or (A; C !" \iOVO St VakO. 4 fanP a rittOrOnP (A; AA VS\ra(
! ! . ." \iOVO St VakO. jOPmN Prc anSP]Or (C !" yarianP jOPmN bc a rittOrOnP (!A " yarianP.
2. >;( !>;( ."g" A rO\arPXOnP NPSrO NOQQN Xanc rittOrOnP P]inhN. MyOrc rac STr
NPTrOnPN hOP rittOrOnP friPPOn aNNihnXOnPN.
difference n !,( !!( ."g" v]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn STr yiOfN iN nSP yOrc hrOaP. 4
rSnmP tinr XTV] rittOrOnVO in P]O NPcQON St P]ONO friPOrN.
to make some (no, not much) difference (to smb.)( ."g" 4P fSnmP XakO XTV] rittOrOnVO
f]OP]Or fO rS iP PSrac Sr PSXSrrSf. zST Xac NPac Sr QOayO( iP XakON nS rittOrOnVO PS XO.
:. rest , i-t 1. >?<( D<( $<# < >?( ."g" B rONPOr tSr an ]STr bOtSrO
hSinh Sn fiP] ]iN fSrk. 5]O QikON PS rONP atPOr rinnOr. v]Oc NPS\\Or PS rONP P]Oir ]SrNON.
2. $!<( $!<( D< +'n.( ."g" v]O rSSt rONPN Sn Oih]P VSQTXnN. v]OrO
iN aQfacN a VQSTr rONPinh Sn P]O PS\ St P]iN XSTnPain.
:. < (D<"# <( $!<( ."g" |Or tinhOrN PSTV]Or ]iN tSrO]Oar anr
rONPOr P]OrO. 5]O NaP fiP] ]Or OQbSfN rONPinh Sn P]O PabQO.
7SPO: v]O TNNian fSrr < ]aN NOyOraQ MnhQiN] OgTiyaQOnPN( ."g" G< <. jOP
P]O XaPPOr rONP. ? < <. 4 rSnmP fanP PS NPac ]OrO. 3 < < 0 ;. pnQc 0
rSTbQON arO QOtP !+!; MyOrcP]inh rOXainN fiP]STP anc V]anhON.
rest n $;( >?( ( ."g" ONP iN nOVONNarc atPOr fSrk. 4 ]ar a hSSr nih]PmN rONP. xO
]ar NOyOraQ rONPN Sn STr fac T\ P]O XSTnPainN. 3ut: . >? =A. B N\OnP ]iN ]SQirac
in P]O 5STP].
rest n (aQfacN fiP] rOt. arPiVQO" ( <( < < A'.
the rest of (P]O PiXO( P]O bSSkN( OPV."( ."g" |ayO cST friPPOn aQQ P]O OUOrViNON{ % 7S( SnQc
]aQt St P]OX. v]O rONP (St P]O OUOrViNON" Xac bO rSnO SraQQc. pnQc tiyO St TN fOrO \rONOnP aP P]O
QONNSn( P]O rONP (St P]O hrST\" fOnP PS P]O XOOPinh. 4mQQ PakO an a\\QO anr cST Xac PakO P]O rONP.
4. comfortable ad1 1. >;# +I<>;# =>;( ."g" a VSXtSrPabQO V]air(
rSSX( bOr( ]STNO# VSXtSrPabQO N]SON( OPV.# 2. 4redi5 67" <>;( $;>;(
=C!; ( ."g" 4mX NTrO cSTmQQ bO yOrc VSXtSrPabQO P]OrO.
to make oneself comfortable( ."g" wr. wTrrSV] XarO ]iXNOQt VSXtSrPabQO in a V]air anr
SrrOrOr a NPrSnh bQaVk VSttOO.
0nt" uncomfortable
comfort n 1. J!( $D( ."g" v]O nOfN brSTh]P VSXtSrP PS aQQ St TN. |O faN a
hrOaP VSXtSrP PS ]iN \arOnPN.# 2. $!( $;( >?( ."g" PS bO tSnr St VSXtSrP( PS QiyO
in VSXtSrP
0nt" discomfort
comfort ,t J<( $!<
comforting ad1 J!<>;( $!<>;( ."g" VSXtSrPinh fSrrN.
7SPO: VSnyOniOnP ad1 XOanN NTiPabQO( ]anrc( NOryinh PS aySir PrSTbQO Sr rittiVTQPc# ."g" VSnyOniOnP PiXO(
XOP]Sr( PSSQ( \QaVO( OPV. xiQQ P]iN bTN bO VSnyOniOnP PS/tSr cST{ jOPmN arranhO a VSnyOniOnP PiXO anr \QaVO tSr P]O
VSntOrOnVO.
0nt" inconvenient
VSnyOniOnVO n 1. (P]O gTaQiPc St bOinh VSnyOniOnP Sr NTiPabQO"( ."g" aP cSTr OarQiONP
VSnyOniOnVO# tSr VSnyOniOnVO# 2. (\Q." (rOyiVO( arranhOXOnP( OPV. P]aP iN TNOtTQ Sr
VSnyOniOnP( ."g" VOnPraQ ]OaPinh( ]SP faPOr NT\\Qc"( ."g" v]O ]STNO ]aN aQQ XSrOrn
VSnyOniOnVON. 0nt" inconvenience
5. to run (ran, run) ,i-t 1. D<( A<( ."g" 1 ran aQQ P]O fac tSr tOar St bOinh QaPO. AN
&
NSSn aN fO tirOr( P]O OnOXc ran.
2. ?!<( $><( !< ( +?( ? ! $."( ."g" vraXN rTn Sn raiQN.
wSPSr VarN ran aQSnh Srrinarc rSarN. v]O bTNON rTn OyOrc tiyO XinTPON.
:. <( !<( ."g" vSrrOnPN St faPOr ran rSfn P]O NPrOOPN. iyOrN rTn inPS P]O NOa. oSnmP
cST ]Oar P]O faPOr rTnninh in P]O kiPV]On{ 4t cST ]ayO a bar VSQr( cSTr nSNO rTnN.
9. <( ."g" qSr NOyOraQ XiQON P]O rSar ran aVrSNN a \Qain.
Note: qSr P]O TNNian < $!< P]O yOrb stretch iN TNOr( ."g" v]O tSrONP NPrOPV]Or PS P]O
5STP] tSr Xanc XiQON.
0. A!<( ><( A!<("( ."g" 5S P]O NPSrc rTnN. v]O NPSrc rTnN ....
to run into smb. ; !< +'n.# to run into smth. < '
.( ."g" pTr Var ran inPS P]O bTN. 4 ran inPS a triOnr St XinO Sn Xc fac']SXO.# to run across
smb./smth. ; !< (< '."( ."g" v]O SP]Or rac 4 ran aVrSNN a
yOrc inPOrONPinh arPiVQO in P]O nOfN\a\Or.: to run over smb. $?<( !< A'.( aQNS:
to be run over (bc a Var"( ."g" 6TP tSr P]O NkiQQ St P]O rriyOr P]O Xan fSTQr ]ayO bOOn rTn SyOr
bc P]O bTN.
runner n A
6. join ,t-i 1. !<("( _!<"( ."g" 4 VSTQrnmP Sin (PShOP]Or" P]O PfS ]aQyON St
P]O yaNO( bOVaTNO a NXaQQ \iOVO faN XiNNinh. x]OrO rS P]O PfS NPrOaXN Sin (OaV] SP]Or"{
/yn" unite
N t e: to join TNT. XOanN sPS \TP PfS P]inhN PShOP]Ors( ."g" v]O iNQanr faN SinOr PS P]O XainQanr fiP] a
brirhO.# to unite TNT. XOanN sPS Sin PShOP]Or (bc a VSXXSn aiX Sr bSnr" NOyOraQ SbOVPN NS aN PS tSrX SnO nOf
TniPs( ."g" xO TniPOr aQQ STr tSrVON PS rriyO P]O OnOXc STP St STr VSTnPrc. xSrkOrN St P]O fSrQr( TniPOe v]O
}niPOr 7aPiSnN prhaniaPiSn (}7p" faN tSrXOr in 1890 in 5an qranViNVS.
2. $!!< ("( ."g" xiQQ cST Sin XO in Xc faQk{ xOmQQ Sin cST in a tOf XinTPON.
:. ?!< +$!=( $< >( ."g" 4t 4 fOrO cST 4 N]STQr Sin P]iN VQTb. |O
faN PfOnPc'PfS f]On ]O SinOr P]O arrac.
7. depend ,i 1. !< (Sn/T\Sn NXb. tSr NXP]."( ."g" xO rO\Onr Sn P]O nOfN\a\OrN
tSr intSrXaPiSn abSTP fSrQr OyOnPN. |O rO\OnrN Sn ]iN NiNPOr tSr a Qiyinh. R]iQrrOn TNTaQQc
rO\Onr Sn P]Oir \arOnPN (? !D!!! !;".# 2. $A<( !><
A'.( '.( ."g" zST Van rO\Onr T\Sn P]O Xan. 4 rO\Onr Sn cST PS rS iP. Ran 4 rO\Onr
Sn P]iN PiXO'PabQO Sr iN iP an SQr SnO{
It (all) depends <# !!+! <( ."g" xiQQ cST tiniN] cSTr
fSrk Sn PiXO{ % 4P rO\OnrN.
NOTES ON SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
1. Synonyms arO fSrrN OU\rONNinh P]O NaXO nSPiSn( bTP rittOrinh bc VOrPain arriPiSnaQ
V]araVPOriNPiVN. 8"g" to 9oo', to &tare anr to ga:e OU\rONN P]O NaXO nSPiSn St PTrninh SnOmN OcON
Sn NSXOP]inh Sr NSXObSrc( bTP &tare anr ga:e rittOr bc P]Oir OXSPiSnaQ VSQSTrinhN (NOO iPOX 1
St @SVabTQarc 7SPON" f]OrOaN 9oo' rONVribON P]O nSPiSn hOnOraQQc( fiP]STP anc arriPiSnaQ
V]araVPOriNPiVN. 5TV] a hOnOraQ fSrr in P]O hrST\ St NcnSncXN iN VaQQOr P]O synonymic
dominant.
;o g9an5e iN anSP]Or NcnSncX St P]iN hrST\ f]iV] rittOrN trSX P]O rONP St P]OX bc rTraPiSn:
iP XOanN QSSkinh aP NSXOP]inh briOtQc( \aNNinhQc( a XSXOnP SnQc.
2. Antonyms arO fSrrN fiP] VSnPraNPOr XOaninhN. 8" g" rittOrOnP % aQikO# VSnyOniOnP %
inVSnyOniOnP# QSyO % ]aPO# T\ % rSfn.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)
Words
V]SrTN n( , rittOr , Sin ,
VSXtSrP n( , rittOrOnVO n QSSk n( ,
VSXtSrPabQO ad1 rittOrOnP ad1 rONP n( ,
VSnyOniOnVO n haO n, , rTn ,
VSnyOniOnP ad1 ]OarXiNPrONN n NParO n, ,
rO\Onr , TniPO ,
Word Combinations
PS tiU SnOmN OcON Sn/T\Sn NXb. PS kOO\ an OcO Sn NXb.
d
PS tOOQ ]OQ\QONN PS hiyO (NOnr" a XONNahO
PS hiyO a NXiQO (a nSr( a QSSk( OPV." PS PTrn SnOmN OcON (haO"
PS bOar (PS ]ayO" a NPrSnh T\Sn NXb./NXP].
rONOXbQanVO PS PS rTn aVrSNN
PS XSPiSn PS NXb. PS rTn inPS
PS hiyO STP (\OnViQN( QOatQOPN( rOarOrN( PS rTn SyOr
fSrkVarrN( NOPN St XaPOriaQ( OPV." PS N]STP NXb. rSfn
PS VaQQ P]O rOhiNPOr (P]O rSQQ" PS abanrSn ]S\O
EXERCISES
I. Read the test and taIk on the foIIowing points (A. Grammar, B. Word usage):
A. 1. x]c iN P]O ^rONOnP ^OrtOVP TNOr in s... aN NSSn aN cSTmyO VaQQOr P]O rOhiNPOrs{ 2. x]c iN
P]O ^aNP ^OrtOVP RSnPinTSTN TNOr in s... f]S ]ar bOOn VrSNNinh anr TnVrSNNinh ]iN OcON in an
ThQc XannOr ...s{ :. x]c iN P]O ^rONOnP 4nrOtiniPO TNOr in s... PiQQ cST Sin TNs{ anr in s4t P]OrOmN
ancP]inh P]aP \TQON cST ...s{ 9. viVk Stt aQQ P]O NOnPOnVON fiP] P]O SbQigTO XSSrN. vranNQaPO
P]OX.
B. ^iVk STP aQQ P]O fSrrN anr \]raNON rONVribinh P]O V]iQrrOnmN aVPiSnN.
II. Read the foIIowing words with siIent t, p, gh. Memorize them:
]aNPOn( taNPOn( QiNPOn( R]riNPXaN( VaNPQO( f]iNPQO( SNPQO( nONPQO( frONPQO# VT\bSarr(
\nOTXSnia( \NcV]SQShc( raN\bOrrc# nOih]bSTr( nih]PinhaQO( NPraih]P( naTh]Pc( ]ih]( ]Oih]P(
P]rSTh]( Nih].
III. a) Write the Past Indefinite and Past ParticipIe of the verbs:
hrSf( VrOO\( bOar( brOak( kOO\( P]ink( QOa\( XOan( taQQ( tinr( tOOQ( Nac( VQinh( ]Oar( XOOP( rTn(
N]Sf#
b) the Past Indefinite and Present ParticipIe of the verbs:
rittOr( \rOtOr( XTrXTr( a\\Oar( SVVTr( rOVSyOr( rOXOXbOr( V]aPPOr( rOtOr( NPir( faPOr( tOar( SttOr(
rrah( fah( \Qan( V]aP( NQi\( bOh.
IV. Find nouns reIated to the verbs beIow. Pay speciaI attention to the speIIing of the suffix
-ence/-ance. PIace them in two coIumns:
rO\Onr( rittOr( OUiNP( aVVO\P( rONOXbQO( aPPOnr( \OrtSrX( inNiNP( SVVTr.
V. What nouns are these adjectives derived from? What is the meaning of the suffixes -d, -y?
TransIate the adjectives:
a" trOVkQOr( nSNOr( ]airOr( finhOr( ]SXOr( bOarrOr( tOaP]OrOr#
b" faPOrc( Nkinnc( hraNNc( NiQkc( bSnc( branV]c( fayc( NPSnc.
VI. Answer these questions:
1. |Sf faN AnnO inPrSrTVOr PS ]Or VQaNN{ 2. x]aP rir N]O tOOQ aP P]aP XSXOnP{ x]aP fSrrN
rSON P]O aTP]Sr V]SSNO PS rONVribO ]Or tOOQinhN{ :. x]aP inNPrTVPiSnN rir P]O ]OarXiNPrONN hiyO
PS P]O cSTnh POaV]Or{ x]aP rS cST P]ink St P]OX{ 9. x]c rir AnnO sQSSk fiP] trON] inPOrONP aP
ArnSQr{s oONVribO ArnSQrmN a\\OaranVO anr bO]ayiSTr. 0. |Sf rir P]O SP]Or V]iQrrOn bO]ayO in
wiNN MnrOrbcmN \rONOnVO{ (qinr fSrrN rONVribinh P]Oir bO]ayiSTr." 2. x]c rS cST P]ink sP]OrO
VaXO a tainP Nih] St rOQiOts atPOr wiNN MnrOrbc QOtP P]O VQaNNrSSX{ oONVribO P]O V]iQrrOnmN
bO]ayiSTr atPOr N]O QOtP. &. x]aP aryiVO hiyOn ]Or aP VSQQOhO rir AnnO rOXOXbOr{ oir N]O
tSQQSf P]O aryiVO{ x]aP faN P]O rONTQP{ x]c rir P]O V]iQrrOn bO]ayO QikO P]aP{ d. |Sf rir
AnnO rONPSrO P]O SrrOr{ oS cST P]ink iP faN P]O SnQc fac STP{ 8. RSXXOnP Sn P]O fSrrN:
sAnnOmN NOQt'ONPOOX VrO\P baVks.
VII. Comment on the meaning of the prepositions for, in, with in the sentences beIow:
A. 1. ... cST arO yOrc( yOrc QTVkc P]iN POrX PS ]ayO wiNN jaVOc for cSTr nOf POaV]Or. 2. v]Oc
V]SNO ]iX for P]Oir QOarOr. :. wTNP cST ]ayO WOSrhO for a XaNPOr % ]OrO( anr STr XSP]Or for a
NV]SSQ'XiNPrONN{ 9. 4 NPiQQ fanP cST for Xc fitO.
B. 1. s^Or]a\N cST VSTQr Nac mWSSr XSrninhm PS cSTr nOf POaV]Or{s NThhONPOr wiNN MnrOrbc
8
in an iX\OraPiyO PSnO. 2. sWSSr XSrninh( V]iQrrOn(s rON\SnrOr AnnO in a ySiVO f]iV] bSrO nS
rONOXbQanVO PS ]Or Sfn. :. v]Oc VSnyOrNOr in a f]iN\Or.
C. 1. v]Oc haOr baVk in NSXO bOfiQrOrXOnP. 2. 4t a Xan iN in hriOt( f]S V]OOrN ]iX# in
PrSTbQO( f]S VSnNSQON ]iX# in fraP]( f]S NSSP]ON ]iX# in Sc( f]S XakON ]iX rSTbQO ]a\\c#
in \rSN\OriPc( f]S rOSiVON# in riNhraVO( f]S baVkN ]iX ahainNP P]O fSrQr{ x]S bTP fSXan{
D. 1. AnnO QSSkOr with trON] inPOrONP aP ArnSQr. 2. AnnO faPV]Or P]iN V]anhO with NSXO
riNXac. :. With a nOrySTN NParP AnnO ]aNPOnOr tSrfarr PS P]O rSSr. 9. 5]O rOXOXbOrOr with
NTrrOn rOQiOt NSXO aryiVO hiyOn ]Or aP VSQQOhO in TNP NTV] a NiPTaPiSn(
E. 1. ... NSXOSnO cOQ\Or with \ain. 2. |iN ySiVO PrOXbQOr with ]SrrSr. :. |O faN rcinh with
]TnhOr. 9. v]O bScN fOrO N\OOV]QONN with tOar. 0. TP]mN OcON fOrO firO with fSnrOr.
VIII. Form adjectives and nouns from the given words with the heIp of the prefixes an-, in-,
mis-, dis-:
VSnyOniOnP( VSnyOniOnVO# VSXtSrP( VSXtSrPabQO# rO\OnrOnP( rO\OnrOnVO# rittOrOnP(
rittOrOnVO# abQO( Va\abQO# iX\SrPanP# OU\OriOnVOr# SbOriOnP# TnrOrNPanrinh# ]SnONPc.
IX. a) FiII in prepositions where necessary:
Ran cST rOXOXbOr cSTr tirNP rac... NV]SSQ{ 4P faN \rSbabQc raP]Or VSntTNinh. 4 aX NTrO cST
ran ... cSTr XSP]Or P]inkinh N]O faN rONOrPinh cST. x]On P]O V]iQr hSON ... NV]SSQ... ]iN tirNP
rac( ]O ]aN PS faPV] ... ]iN XSP]Or QOayinh. v]O POaV]Or XTNP VSnyinVO ]iX P]aP... P]O Onr ... P]O
rac ]iN XSP]Or anr ]iN ]SXO fiQQ NPiQQ bO P]OrO. 4P iN rittiVTQP PS XakO P]O nOfVSXOr Sin ... a
haXO Sr a faQk. A nOf QitO( VSX\QOPOQc rittOrOnP ... f]aP ]O iN TNOr ... bOhinN.
v]O XSP]OrN arO aN T\NOP aN P]Oir V]iQrrOn. v]Oc ]anh...... P]Oir OcON tiUOr ... P]Oir V]iQrrOn
anr riNQikO QOayinh P]OX ... P]Oir taPO.
v]O bONP fac PS rOaQ... P]O NiPTaPiSn iN PS hOP P]O V]iQr TNOr ... P]O irOa... NV]SSQ( PS ]OQ\
]iX ... OyOrc fac. wTV] rO\OnrN ... P]O \arOnPN. ... P]O bOhinninh ... P]O POrX P]O XSP]Or N]STQr
PakO ]Or V]iQr PS NOO P]O POaV]Or anr PS QSSk ... P]O NV]SSQ. v]O tirNP rac N]STQr bO NSXOP]inh PS
QSSk......anr nSP PS bO tOarOr.
b) ReteII what you've read.
c) What measures wouId you suggest to settIe the newcomers?
X. Study VocabuIary Notes, transIate the iIIustrative sentences into Russian and write your
own sentences with the new words and phrases.
XI. Use stare or gaze instead of look where possibIe:
1. 4PmN iX\SQiPO PS QSSk aP \OS\QO QikO P]aP. 2. A bih VrSfr NPSSr Sn P]O \ayOXOnP QSSkinh aP a
brSkOn Var. :. 7S fSnrOr \OS\QO NPanr QSSkinh aP P]iN \iVPTrO tSr ]STrN: iPmN bOaTPitTQ. 9. v]O
QiPPQO bScN NPSSr QSSkinh aP OaV] SP]Or rOarc PS NParP a tih]P. 0. jSSk aP ]Or: ahain N]O iN QSSkinh
STP St P]O finrSf fiP] P]aP NPranhO OU\rONNiSn St ]OrN. 2. x]On 4 QSSkOr aP ]Or OcON 4 hTONNOr
P]aP N]O ]ar VriOr. &. v]O WrOOk XcP] rTnN P]aP 7arViNNTN QSSkOr aP ]iN Sfn rOtQOVPiSn in P]O
faPOr TnPiQ ]O tOQQ in QSyO fiP] iP. d. |O NPSSr QSSkinh arSTnr aN it ]O PriOr PS iX\rONN Sn ]iN
XOXSrc OyOrcP]inh ]O Naf.
XII. FiII in
a) look or seem:
1. v]O fOaP]Or ... gTiPO farX P]STh] iPmN SnQc 0R abSyO OrS. 2. v]O V]iQrrOn ... PirOr bTP
P]Oc... hrOaPQc \QOaNOr fiP] P]O Pri\( rSnmP P]Oc{ :. v]O ]SNP anr P]O ]SNPONN ... a biP
SQrtaN]iSnOr( bTP P]Oc ... PS bO ]SN\iPabQO anr triOnrQc. 9. 5]O ... PS bO yOrc Qih]P'XinrOr( bTP
N]O SnQc... iP( in taVP N]O iN a yOrc NOriSTN anr ]arr'fSrkinh NPTrOnP. 0. wc brSP]Or NacN P]aP
\OS\QO TNTaQQc ... f]aP P]Oc arO anr 4 bOQiOyO P]aP \OS\QO arO yOrc StPOn gTiPO rittOrOnP trSX
f]aP P]Oc... PS bO.
b) another or different.
1. v]O POaV]Or PriOr PS OU\Qain P]O rTQO in a ... fac anr 4 TnrOrNPSSr iP aP SnVO. 2. v]O
NV]SSQbSc rOPTrnOr P]O bSSk ]O ]ar rOar anr aNkOr tSr... bSSk( bTP St a... kinr( ]O Nair( aN ]O
fanPOr PS ]ayO a rONP trSX rOPOVPiyO NPSriON. :. 4 aNkOr tSr a \air St N]SON St a... kinr( bTP P]O
N]S\'hirQ Nair P]aP P]O rONP St P]O N]SON fOrO nSP Xc NiO.
c) stretch or run:
10
1. A NXaQQ NPrOaX ... aQSnh P]O rSar. 2. v]ONO NPO\\ON ... PS P]O 5STP] tSr XiQON anr XiQON. :.
v]O \aP] ... aVrSNN P]O tiOQr tSr a XiQO anr P]On faN QSNP in P]O tSrONP. 9. 7S XaPPOr ]Sf ]arr 4
QSSkOr 4 Naf SnQc a yaNP \Qain... bOtSrO XO. 0. v]O ThQc NVar (J+" ... rih]P aVrSNN P]O XanmN
QOtP V]OOk. 2. qSr ]Sf Xanc kiQSXOPOrN rSON P]iN tSrONP...{
d) comfortabIe or convenient
1. 4 QikO PS NQOO\ Sn a VaX\'bOr( 4 tinr iP yOrc .... 2. 4 bOQiOyO qrirac P]O SnQc ... rac tSr STr
XOOPinh( fO ]ayO SnQc tSTr QOVPTrON Sn P]aP rac. :. v]STh] P]O tQaP faN raP]Or .... farX( Qih]P
anr VSNc( iP faN nSP... tSr STr fSrk aN iP faN raP]Or NXaQQ. 9. v]ONO N]SON arO yOrc... tSr fOar in
fOP fOaP]Or aN P]Oc ]ayO rTbbOr NSQON.
e) join or unite:
1. v]O PfS NPrOaXN ... aP P]O tSSP St P]O XSTnPain. 2. ... fO NPanr( riyirOr fO taQQ. :. pnO bc
SnO P]O V]iQrrOn ... in P]O haXO. 9. v]O \arPiNanN rOPaV]XOnP... P]O rOhTQar arXc anr P]O OnOXc
QSNP P]O baPPQO ahainNP P]Oir ... tSrVON. 0. AQQ \OaVO'QSyinh \OS\QO N]STQr ... in P]Oir NPrahhQO
ahainNP a nOf far. 2. xSnmP cST... XO in a faQk{
XIII. Paraphrase the foIIowing:
1. It is of no importance. 2. iyOrN flow inPS P]O NOa. :. zST VanmP rely Sn ]iX. 9. Make
yourself at home 0. qrOnV] is unlike English in ]ayinh tar XSrO yOrbaQ intQOUiSnN. 2. |O
seems to be iQQ. &. Connect P]ONO \SinPN fiP] a QinO. d. v]iN NPrOOP stretches OaNP anr fONP. 8.
|O rOtTNOr PS QiyO at the expense St ]iN \arOnPN. 10. 4 disagree fiP] cST. 11. I'll drive P]O Var
inPS P]O harahO. 12. xiQQ cST come with TN{ 1:. 4 met him by chance in jSnrSn QaNP fOOk. 19.
Listen to me( vSXe 10. v]iN PSSQ is easy to use. 12. v]ONO arO not the same \OS\QO fiP] P]O
NaXO naXO. 1&. x]c iN 1ane silent{
XIV. TransIate these sentences into Russian. Write your own sentences with the new words
and phrases:
1. |O looked about P]O rSSX anr VaTh]P Nih]P St P]O VaNO VSnPaininh P]O OfOQN f]iV] ]ar
bOOn VarOQONNQc left open Sn P]O PabQO. 2. The difference was VTriSTN bOPfOOn ]Or inPOnNO
OU\OVPaPiSn St P]O \rOyiSTN rac anr ]Or \rONOnP indifference. :. United fO NPanr( riyirOr fO
taQQ. 9. wc taP]Or rOXinrOr XO P]aP 4 faN OnPirOQc dependent T\Sn ]iX. 0. v]O Xanc XOn ]O
ran aVrSNN( bOQSnhinh PS a different fSrQr( ]ar tiQQOr ]iX \Or]a\N fiP] arXiraPiSn anr Onyc. 2.
4mX aQfacN rSinh P]inhN Sn P]O N\Tr St P]O XSXOnP % PS Xc Sfn inconvenience anr SP]Or
\OS\QOmN. &. 4P XarO ]iX uncomfortable PS aQPOr ]iN \QanN anr P]ink STP NSXOP]inh nOf. d. |O
faN anhrc fiP] 7Sra] bOVaTNO N]O ]ar nSP QOP P]O XaPPOr rest.
XV. ReteII the text: a) in indirect speech; b) as if you were Anne.
XVI. Write: a) a Ietter from Anne to a friend of hers about her first experience at schooI, b) an
answer of a friend of Anne's to this Ietter.
XVII. Make up diaIogues based upon the text between: a) Anne and a friend of hers, a young
teacher discussing their first Iessons; b) Anne and Miss Enderby discussing the
probIem of discipIine in cIass; c) Anne and her coIIege teacher discussing situations
Iike that described in the text.
XVIII. Miss Barrett, a young teacher from BeI Kaufman's 'Up the Down Staircase', once "had an
epidemic of unprepared students". Study the reasons they gave for negIecting to do
their homework. What other reasons couId they have given? EIect one student to pIay
the part of the teacher who shouId respond in each case. RoIe-pIay the whoIe situation.
Why I Didn't Do My Homework
% 4 knSf ]SXOfSrk iN ONNOnPiaQ PS STr fOQQ'bOinh( anr 4 rir iP bTP 4 hSP inPS a tih]P fiP]
NSXO kir Sn STr fac PS NV]SSQ anr ]O P]rOf iP in P]O hTPPOr.
% wc rSh V]OfOr iP.
% 4 rirnmP knSf fO fOrO NT\\SNOr PS rS iP.
% 4 tOQQ aNQOO\ Sn P]O NTbfac bOVaTNO 4 NPacOr T\ aQQ nih]P rSinh Xc ]SXOfSrk( NS f]On iP
NPS\\Or aP Xc NPaPiSn 4 ran P]rSTh] P]O rSSr nSP PS bO QaPO anr QOtP iP Sn P]O NOaP Sn P]O NTbfac.
11
% 4 rir iP bTP QOtP iP ]SXO bc XiNPakO.
% v]O babc N\iQQOr XiQk Sn iP.
% wc brSP]Or PSSk sXcs ]SXOfSrk inNPOar St s]iNs.
% v]O \ahO faN XiNNinh trSX Xc bSSk.
% 4 QSNP Xc bSSk anr TNP tSTnr iP.
% v]OrOmN nS rSSX in Xc ]STNO nSf Xc TnVQO XSyOr in anr 4 ]ayO PS NQOO\ in P]O ]aQQ anr
VSTQrnmP TNO P]O kiPV]On PabQO.
% 5SXOSnO NPSQO iP.
% x]aP ]SXOfSrk{
XIX. TransIate the foIIowing putting it in your own words. Comment on what yon have read:
... ; % < =!( !>+ +J+ $!;( !>+ $+ $>(
!>+! !+!( !; !A; . G+!( +> !? +...
+ $!! $ ( > > (
$<( JA JA+( +! >$!<( $!<( !!< (
; ! ; ( ;<= A ?( !; A !;.
D!( $J( ?J( ( ! +>! +(
D! +C....
.!! ! > !+!( ( A $; ( > >J!
$<:
% ={
'$>?( + ?>? ; >;( '>?( ( +( <=(
! >;( >; + +D !< ! D( A >( +<!;( $+DJ<...
! <J! $> $ ( D AC!; <!?
$J!?( +? % E! =+ ( ;!<!
'?( A $ >A< J. (J <=>"
L =!< ;."
XX. Arrange a taIk on the foIIowing topics
1. oittiVTQPiON afaiPinh cSTnh POaV]OrN.
2. OaNSnN tSr V]iQrrOnmN bOinh TnXanahOabQO.
:. |Sf PS rirOVP a V]iQrmN OnOrhc inPS P]O rih]P V]annOQN.
9. 4rOaQ T\brinhinh.
XXI. TransIate these sentences:
1. A< A ! !( $ (yiQQahO" < ! A
A +. 2. />; + D >+( !!+ +(
!+ (P]aP" +> ! A . :. . $ ;; + +, JA
_( +> D $!+ D+ $ ! !+ > $> . 9. ;
+ <( ! > J!J< < ; ! <= < !( A
$!!=< . 0. . : $$!< K J $!+< <+!.
2. GJ;( $+ $ ! $+= $( > J< <( { %
J. &. B< !< ;<; $C( <> !A!
$J! ; $$<. d. > !C J $<{ . < . EJ!(
A $! (tOPV] iP".
XXII. Try your hand at teaching.
1. The situation gives beIow couId cause difficuIties for the teacher. Describe how you wouId
handIe the situation in the teacher's position. Decide amongst your group which is the
most practicaI soIution;
6iQQ( a tSTrP] tSrXOr( faN aQfacN POQQinh P]O VQaNN abSTP ]iN rSh viXbOr( P]O PriVkN ]O VSTQr
\OrtSrX( f]aP a fSnrOrtTQ faPV]'rSh ]O faN anr ]Sf viXbOr fSTQr \rSPOVP 6iQQ. MaV] fOOk
]O fSTQr VSXO PS NV]SSQ anr POQQ abSTP P]O fSnrOrN St viXbOr.
AN iP PTrnOr STP( 6iQQ rir nSP Sfn a rSh anr nSnO St ]iN rOQaPiyON Sr VQSNO triOnrN ]ar NTV] a
rSh.
12
2. Learn to use aIternative ways of controIIing the cIass, using poIite requests rather than
direct commands.
Notice:
a" v]O tSQQSfinh tSrXN OU\rONN annScanVO anr irriPaPiSn.
% oS Prc PS fSrk Sn cSTr Sfn.
% nTNP N\Oak T\ a QiPPQOe
b" zST Van XakO cSTr VSXXanrN NSTnr XSrO \SQiPO bc TNinh OiP]Or a QSf riNinh PSnO Sr
fSrrN( \]raNON anr NPrTVPTrON QikO s\QOaNO# 4mX atrair# 4 P]ink# \Or]a\N# rSnmP cST P]ink# 4
(rSnmP" fanP cST PS...# 4 (rSnmP" OU\OVP cST PS...# fSTQr cST QikO# fSTQr cST( \QOaNO# ...( fiQQ cST#
...( VSTQr cST# f]aP it...# QOPmN/QOPmN nSP.s
Assignments:
1. Practise giving instructions to pupiIs in a poIite manner, use the phrases beIow:
hS Sn PS P]O nOUP OUOrViNO( Varrc Sn (\rSVOOr" rOarinh( rO\OaP f]aP cST Nair( VS\c P]iN Stt
P]O bSarr( fSrk in PfSN (P]rOON"( N]arO P]O POUPbSSk( Prc P]O nOUP iPOX( \raVPiNO P]O irrOhTQar
yOrbN( QiNPOn VarOtTQQc PS f]aP 4 Nac( OPV.
2. vakO iP in PTrnN PS \Qac P]O \arP St P]O POaV]Or bOhinninh anr tiniN]inh P]O QONNSn. wakO
NTrO P]aP cST rSnmP NSTnr PSS NPraih]PtSrfarr. (5OO sRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s( 5OVPiSnN 44 anr 444."
LABORATORY EXERCISES (I)
1. Listen to the text "Anne Meets Her CIass", mark the stresses and tunes, repeat the text
foIIowing the modeI.
2. Respond as shown in the modeIs, check your repIies.
3. Combine the sentences into one conditionaI sentence.
4. Write a speIIing-transIation test:
a) TransIate the given phrases into EngIish.
b) Check them with the key.
5. Answer the questions using the phrases "to Iike the idea/disIike the idea".
6. TransIate the given sentences into EngIish. Check your sentences with the key.
7. Listen to the Jokes connected with schooI Iife. Get ready to reteII them in indirect speech.
TOPIC: CHOOSING A CAREES
TEXT A. WHAT'S YOUR LINE?
5V]SSQe jONNSnN( haXON( VQTbN( ]SXOfSrk. A bOQQ rinhN. zST hS PS a VQaNNrSSX. A bOQQ rinhN.
zST ]ayO QTnV]. A bOQQ rinhN. zST hS ]SXO.
6TP SnO rac cST hS PS NV]SSQ tSr P]O QaNP PiXO. x]aP PS rS atPOr P]aP{ zST rOaQiO P]aP P]O
PiXO PS V]SSNO SnO Sb STP St P]O ]TnrrOrN ]aN VSXO. 4PmN hSinh PS bO a ]arr V]SiVO anr nSbSrc
Van XakO iP tSr cST.
6OtSrO cST Van V]SSNO( cST aNk cSTrNOQt gTiPO a QSP St gTONPiSnN. x]aP rS cST knSf cST arO
hSSr aP{ x]aP rS cST OnSc rSinh{ ^Or]a\N cST OnSc fSrkinh fiP] cSTr ]anrN. pr cST Xac
\rOtOr TNinh cSTr ]Oar % cSTr brainN. ArO cST inPOrONPOr in XaV]inON{ pr rS cST QikO XOOPinh
\OS\QO{ 4PmN rittiVTQP PS knSf aQQ P]O anNfOrN PS P]ONO gTONPiSnN TnPiQ cST ]ayO QOtP NV]SSQ anr
aVPTaQQc bOhTn fSrk.
wanc cSTnh \OS\QO VSnNirOr POaV]inh aN a VarOOr. 4PmN nSP NTr\riNinh: atPOr cSTr \arOnPN cSTr
POaV]Or Xac bO P]O XSNP iX\SrPanP \OrNSn in cSTr QitO. xiP] aQQ P]O POaV]OrN cST XOOP( cST
P]ink P]OrO iNnmP ancP]inh cST rSnmP knSf abSTP P]O fSrk. v]aPmN f]OrO cST arO frSnh( NinVO
SnQc P]SNO f]S arO in iP Van a\\rOViaPO iP. |ayO cST OyOr aNkOr cSTrNOQt f]c XSNP POaV]OrN arO
NS rOySPOr PS P]Oir fSrk anr \riyaPOQc P]ink( P]STh] P]Oc Xac nSP QikO PS arXiP iP S\OnQc( P]aP
P]Oc NOryO ]TXaniPc rSinh P]O XSNP yiPaQ Sb St aQQ{ v]SNO St TN f]S N\Onr STr racN in NV]SSQN
knSf ]Sf rOfarrinh P]O Sb iN. AP P]O NaXO PiXO iP iN nSP OaNc anr a rOaQ V]aQQOnhO PS cSTr
V]araVPOr( abiQiPiON anr PaQOnP( aN POaV]inh iN a VSnNPanP NPrOaX St rOViNiSnN.
R]iQrrOn in cSTr VQaNNrSSX arOnmP TNP bScN anr hirQN. MyOrc SnO iN a TnigTO inriyirTaQ f]S
]aN nOyOr bOOn bOtSrO anr fiQQ nOyOr ahain OUiNP. 4t cST QikO \OS\QO( cST fiQQ QSyO POaV]inh. vS
bO a hSSr POaV]Or cST XTNP bO hOnTinOQc inPOrONPOr in f]aP cST arO rSinh.
v]O XSNP iX\SrPanP P]inhN in P]O fSrQr arO afarOnONN anr QOarninh % fanPinh PS knSf
1:
OyOrc rac St cSTr QitO XSrO anr XSrO anr XSrO. 6OVaTNO OyOrc PiXO cST QOarn NSXOP]inh nOf
cST bOVSXO NSXOP]inh nOf. An ihnSranP POaV]Or POaV]ON ihnSranVO( a tOartTQ POaV]Or POaV]ON
tOar( a bSrOr POaV]Or POaV]ON bSrOrSX. 6TP a hSSr POaV]Or VaPaQcON in ]iN \T\iQN P]O bTrninh
rONirO PS knSf anr QSyO tSr P]O PrTP] anr bOaTPc.
nS]n 5POinbOVk( friPinh abSTP ]iN NV]SSQ racN Nair( s4myO VSXO PS bOQiOyO P]aP a hrOaP POaV]Or
iN a hrOaP arPiNP anr cST knSf ]Sf tOf hrOaP arPiNPN P]OrO arO in P]O fSrQr. vOaV]inh Xih]P OyOn
bO P]O hrOaPONP St P]O arPN NinVO iPN XOriTX iN P]O ]TXan Xinr anr P]O ]TXan N\iriP.s x]aP an
inVrOribQO rON\SnNibiQiPc PS bO P]O hTarrianN St P]O ]TXan N\iriP anr P]O ]TXan Xinre 4 P]ink(
P]aP iN P]O rOaNSn f]c ]TXaniPc ]aN P]O rOO\ONP rON\OVP tSr POaV]OrN.
4 fSTQr nOyOr NPS\ POaV]inh anr 4mX NTrO P]aP cST( ]ayinh V]SNOn iP tSr cSTr VarOOr( tOOQ P]O
NaXO fac. 4t cST rSnmP tOOQ P]aP fac P]On( \QOaNO( tSr aQQ STr NakON( hOP STPe v]O ]TXan Xinr
anr P]O ]TXan N\iriP arO PSS fSnrrSTN PS rONPrSc. 6TP it cST arO \rO\arOr PS aVVO\P P]O
rON\SnNibiQiPc( 4 fiN] cST aQQ P]O QTVk in P]O fSrQr.
A vOaV]Or
TEXT B. CHOOSING IS NOT SO EASY AS IT LOOKS
n a n O : |aQQS( 6Sbe
6 S b : |aQQSe
n a n O : p]( cSTmyO TNP QOtP VSQQOhO( ]ayOnmP cST{
6 S b : zON.
n a n O : x]aP arO cST hSinh PS rS{
6 S b : Mr... fOQQ( iP QSSkN QikO a V]SiVO bOPfOOn POaV]inh Sr hSinh inPS an SttiVO anr... 4
P]ink 4mr XTV] \rOtOr PS hS in tSr POaV]inh( bOVaTNO... fOQQ cST hOP QSnh ]SQiracN.
n a n O : 6TP( 6Sb( fSTQrnmP cST hOP bSrOr fiP] P]O NaXO rSTPinO cOar atPOr cOar
POaV]inh... POaV]inh P]O NaXO XaPOriaQ PS P]O V]iQrrOn. Anr... a NOnNO Se rON\SnNibiQiPc cST nOOr
% aQQ P]SNO V]iQrrOn( aQQ P]SNO \arOnPN.
S b : p]( QSSk( iP fSTQrnmP bO aN bSrinh aN... aN fSrkinh in an SttiVO. vOaV]inh iN POrribQc
NPiXTQaPinh. 4PmN ... nOf OyOrc rac % 4mX NTrO 4mr OnSc iP.
n a n O : 6TP 4 XOan( P]OrOmN NS XTV] yariOPc in SttiVO fSrke jSSk aP Xc Sb: 4mX rOaQinh
fiP] \OS\QO anr P]Oir \rSbQOXN( P]OrOmrO nOf NiPTaPiSnN PS VS\O fiP] aQQ P]O PiXO.
6 S b : zON( P]aPmN gTiPO PrTO( bTP 4 P]ink P]OrOmN a nTXbOr St rittOrOnVON bOPfOOn POaV]inh
anr SttiVO fSrk anr( fOQQ( 4 P]ink 4mQQ hS in tSr POaV]inh bOVaTNO... iP rOaQQc aPPraVPN XO.
(*ro+ n. nSnON sqTnVPiSnN St MnhQiN]s. Ca+", 18d1"
Memory Work
Autumn Flies
4n P]O SP]Or harrOnN
Anr aQQ T\ P]O yaQO(
qrSX P]O aTPTXn bSntirON
5OO P]O NXSkO PraiQe
^QOaNanP NTXXOr SyOr
Anr aQQ P]O NTXXOr tQSfOrN(
v]O rOr tirON bQaO(
v]O hrOc NXSkO PSfOrN.
5inh a NSnh St NOaNSnNe
5SXOP]inh brih]P in aQQe
qQSfOrN in P]O NTXXOr(
qirON in P]O taQQe (. j. 5POyOnNSn"
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (II)
Words
a\\rOViaPO , hOnTinOQc adv rON\SnNibiQiPc n
VarOOr n Sb n rON\SnNibQO ad1
V]aQQOnhO n \rStONNiSn n yiPaQ ad1
V]SiVO n rOQiabQO ad1 ySVaPiSn n
OrTVaPO , rON\OVP , fSrk n, ,
19
Word Combinations
PS XakO/PakO a (VarOtTQ" V]SiVO rOfarrinh/NPiXTQaPinh fSrk
PS ]ayO nS V]SiVO PS bO rOySPOr PS NXP]. Sr NXb.
PS bO inPOrONPOr in PS bO rON\SnNibQO tSr NXP].
PS QOayO/tiniN] NV]SSQ PS PakO/aVVO\P rON\SnNibiQiPc
NV]SSQ QOayOr PS ]ayO/nOOr a NOnNO St rON'
PS VSnNirOr POaV]inh (XOriVinO( \SnNibQiQirc
OPV." aN a VarOOr PS VS\O fiP] NXP].
PS PakO T\ a VarrOr/a Sb PS Oarn/OnSc hraPiPTrO
PS hS in tSr POaV]inh anr rON\OVP
PS bO in POaV]inh (XOriVinO( PS ]ayO (nS" rON\OVP tSr
bankinh( OPV." NXb. Sr NXP].
PS bO in/STP St SnOmN QinO QSyO St NXP]./tSr NXb.
7SPO: v]O nSTnN sfSrk( Sb( \rStONNiSn( VarOOr( ySVaPiSns ]ayO XSrO Sr QONN P]O NaXO XOaninh. 7OyOrP]OQONN
P]OrO iN a VOrPain rittrOnVO in P]Oir NOXanPiVN anr TNahO.
sxSrks ]aN P]O XSNP hOnOraQ XOaninh anr Van bO a\\QiOr PS ancP]inh SnO ]aN PS rS in P]O fac St Xakinh a
Qiyinh. snSbs iN VQSNO PS iP in iPN XOaninh bTP POnrN PS rOnSPO QONN \rONPihiSTN fSrk. A\arP trSX P]aP P]O fSrr
sSbs Van aQNS rOnSPO a \SNiPiSn in OX\QScXOnP( in f]iV] VaNO P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn P]O fSrrN sfSrks anr
sSbs iN gTiPO SbyiSTN (."g" 4mX yOrc tSnr St J Sb( OyOn P]STh] iP XOanN rSinh a QSP St fSrk". s^rStONNiSns iN
fSrk f]iV] rOgTirON aryanVOr OrTVaPiSn anr N\OViaQ Praininh. vrariPiSnaQQc iPmN a\\QiOr PS Qaf( XOriVinO(
arV]iPOVPTrO anr XiQiParc VarOOr. v]O fSrr sVarOOrs iPNOQt XOanN OiP]Or a VSTrNO St \rShrONN in P]O QitO St a \OrNSn
Sr ]aN P]O NaXO XOaninh aN P]O fSrr sfSrks anr iN XSNPQc TNOr f]On N\Oakinh St P]O V]SiVO St fSrk. v]O fSrr
sySVaPiSns XOanN P]O kinr St fSrk PS f]iV] a Xan iN QOr bc naPTraQ PaQOnPN (VSX\arO fiP] P]O fSrr sVaQQinhs".
4PmN a QOarnOr fSrr anr iN NOQrSX TNOr in OyOrcrac N\OOV].
OXOXbOr P]aP P] fSrr sfSrks in P]O XOaninh XOnPiSnOr abSyO iN TnVSTnPabQO anr N]STQrnmP bO TNOr fiP]
P]O inrOtiniPO arPiVQO Sr in P]O \QTraQ.
4n VSnPraNP PS iP P]O fSrr sSbs iN VSTnPabQO anr Van bO TNOr fiP] P]O inrOtiniPO arPiVQO.
EXERCISES
I. a) Transcribe and Iearn to read the foIIowing words:
XaV]inON( a\\rOViaPO( ]TXaniPc( yiPaQ( V]aQQOnhO( inriyirTaQ( afarOnONN( ihnSranVO( tOartTQ(
bSrOrSX( XOriTX( aVVO\P( rSTPinO( NPiXTQaPinh( yariOPc.
b) Study Texts A and and expIain the meaning of the words and word combinations Iisted
beIow:
P]ink \riyaPOQc( P]O XSNP yiPaQ Sb( a rOfarrinh( Sb( a V]aQQOnhO PS cSTr V]araVPOr( an
ihnSranP POaV]Or( a hTarrian( P]O NaXO rSTPinO( NPiXTQaPinh fSrk( PS hS in tSr POaV]inh
II. a) Write EngIish equivaIents of the foIIowing words and phrases. Use them in sentences of
your own:
< >( !+< $!! ($!" +'.( !< +'(
$+< $I!! !( ,!<( >< $>+ ; ( D!< =+(
DA +! !+( D! +'.
b) Find in Text A synonyms to the foIIowing words and word combinations:
PS rS fOQQ in NXP].( in taVP( bOVaTNO( taiP]tTQ( VSntONN( hraPitcinh( NinVOrOQc( knSfQOrhO( PS
rTin.
III. a) EnIarge upon the foIIowing topics:
1. AtPOr cSTr \arOnPN cSTr POaV]Or Xac bO P]O XSNP iX\SrPanP \OrNSn in cSTr QitO. 2.
vOaV]inh iN nSP OaNc anr a rOaQ V]aQQOnhO PS cSTr V]araVPOr( abiQiPiON anr PaQOnP. :. vS bO a hSSr
POaV]Or cST XTNP bO hOnTinOQc inPOrONPOr in f]aP cST arO rSinh. 9. vOaV]inh iN a VSnNPanP
NPrOaX St rOViNiSnN. 0. MyOrc PiXO cST QOarn NSXOP]inh nOf cST bOVSXO NSXOP]inh nOf.
^ r S X \ P N: P]OrOmN SnO XSrO P]inh PS bO nSPOr( XSrOSyOr( f]aPmN XSrO...( 4 Xih]P aN fOQQ
arr P]aP...( in arriPiSn( Sn PS\ St P]aP...( NSXOP]inh OQNO 4mr QikO PS Nac iN...( PaQkinh St....
b) Comment on the quotation from John Steinbeck, say if you share his opinion. Do you aIso
think that teaching equaIs art? Why do you think that! Find more quotations concerned
with teachers and teaching, comment on them.
c) Continue the text on the part of the teacher. You may find the foIIowing ideas usefuI:
10
A hSSr POaV]Or iN SnO f]S QOarnN aQQ P]O PiXO( trSX QitO( trSX VSQQOahTON( trSX V]iQrrOn# a
\rStONNiSnaQ POaV]Or inPOhraPON P]OSrc anr \raVPiVO# P]iN NSrP St fSrk rOXanrN hrOaP \aPiOnVO#
P]OrO arO Xanc NkiQQN nOVONNarc tSr hSSr POaV]inh.
d) Prepare a 3-minute taIk on one of the great teachers of the past or today, give reasons for
your choice.
IV. a) Act out the diaIogue "Choosing is not so easy as it Iooks".
b) RoIe-pIay a taIk between an intending teacher and a wiII-be journaIist on differences and
simiIarities of the careers they've chosen. Use Text and EssentiaI VocabuIary .
V. Speak about:
1. possibIe change in the system of secondary education in Russia.
^ r S X \ P N: TniyOrNaQ VSX\TQNSrc OrTVaPiSn( PS OUPOnr P]O Praininh VSTrNO( PS iX\rSyO P]O
OrTVaPiSnaQ \rSVONN( PS XSrOrniO \rShraXXON anr XanTaQN( PS TNO T\'PS'raPO POV]niVaQ
OgTi\XOnP( PS \rSyirO S\PiSnaQ Praininh in yariSTN NTbOVPN.
2. an ideaI schooI as you see it.
VI. Bead the jokes beIow. See how the verbs learn and study are used in the context. ConsuIt a
dictionary and find out the difference in their meaning and usage. ReteII the jokes in
indirect speech:
1. A cSTnh POaV]Or TNP bOhinninh ]iN VarOOr aNkN aryiVO St an SQrOr XOXbOr St P]O taVTQPc:
sx]aP ]ayO cST QOarnOr in cSTr cOarN St OU\OriOnVO{s
s4myO QOarnOr SnO P]inh. ptPOn cST fiQQ tinr f]iQO cST arO hiyinh a QONNSn in VQaNN P]aP P]OrO
iN SnO cSTnh T\NParP f]S aQfacN riNahrOON fiP] cST. vOQQ XO( fSTQr cST NPS\ ]iX anr Prc PS
XakO ]iX N]TP T\ rih]P P]On anr P]OrO{s
s4 NT\\SNO 4 fSTQr.s
sxOQQ( rSnmP. |OmN \rSbabQc P]O SnQc SnO f]S iN QiNPOninh PS cST.s
2. A ]ih]'NV]SSQ hirQ NOaPOr nOUP PS a taXSTN aNPrSnSXOr aP a rinnOr \arPc NPrTVk T\ a
VSnyOrNaPiSn aNkinh( sx]aP rS cST rS in QitO{s
|O rO\QiOr( s4 NPTrc aNPrSnSXc.s
soOar XO(s Nair P]O cSTnh XiNN( s4 tiniN]Or aNPrSnSXc QaNP cOar.s
VII. TransIate the sentences using the words learn and study in their different meanings:
1. +! ! ?!+!= !!. 2. ! A !>
>!. :. < A!( A ( K+. 9. <
!+ ; +. 0. Z! K !I+,!= < !+<'
$+D + < $!<>; >. 2. ) !( > < =!+. &.
L D!=( ! ! !< ! $!<. d. + C $! !<(
$< >+! $++! ?.
VIII. Comment on the given proverbs. Make np a situation centered round one of them:
1. 6OPPOr TnbSrn P]an TnPaTh]P.
2. jikO POaV]Or( QikO \T\iQ.
:. A QiPPQO knSfQOrhO iN a ranhOrSTN P]inh.
IX. a) FiII in prepositions and adverbs where necessary:
Dialogue
6 S b : x]aP arO cST hSinh to take... as a career{
n S ] n : ArV]iPOVPTrO. AVPTaQQc( 4myO aQrOarc NParPOr. 4 bOhan Xc NPTriON ... QaNP pVPSbOr.
6 S b : x]aP arO cST hSinh PS rS f]On cST tiniN]{
n S ] n : p]( 4 N]aQQ hS baVk ... ]SXO anr \raVPiNO ... Xc naPiyO PSfn. v]OrOmN a QSP St TNOtTQ
fSrk PS bO rSnO P]OrO % bTiQrinh NV]SSQN( ]SN\iPaQN( ]SXON ... P]O \OS\QO.
6 S b : x]aP made you decide PS PakO ... arV]iPOVPTrO aN a VarOOr{
n S ] n : xOQQ. 4 was good ... waP]N anr ArP... NV]SSQ anr 4 P]ink 4 had a certain feeling ...
rONihn. wc POaV]Or encouraged ... XO anr Nair 4 had a bent... arV]iPOVPTrO.
b : 4 tinr P]aP NSXO cSTnh \OS\QO taiQ PS PakO ... a VarOOr bOVaTNO P]OcmrO nSP NTrO f]aP
12
P]Oc fanP PS rS anr f]aP VarOOr opportunities P]OrO arO.
n S ] n : zON( P]aPmN PrTO. 6TP TNTaQQc cSTr \OrNSnaQ gTaQiPiON N]Sf......NV]SSQ( rSnmP P]Oc{
vOaV]OrN hTirO anr OnVSTrahO ... P]O cSTnh PS PakO ... P]O VarOOrN ... f]iV] P]OcmrO best suited.
b) TeII your friends how John chose his career.
c) Make up your own diaIogues on choosing a career. Use the word combinations in boId type
in them.
X. a) Read the foIIowing:
Rarinh POaV]OrN PakO an aVPiyO \arP in rOtOnrinh \OaVO anr in NSQyinh SP]Or NSViaQ \rSbQOXN(
NTV] aN NPrahhQinh tSr bOPPOr Qiyinh VSnriPiSnN anr a ]a\\iOr tTPTrO tSr P]Oir \T\iQN. v]Oir
rOXanrN arO fOQQ hrSTnrOr NinVO XiQQiSnN St bScN anr hirQN P]rSTh]STP P]O fSrQr arO bOinh
rO\riyOr St a ]a\\c V]iQr]SSr.
b) Support the idea with information from Russian and/or foreign press. Pay speciaI attention
to the situation in the USA and Great Britain.
c) Speak on:
1. cSTr irOa St a ]a\\c V]iQr]SSr#
2. P]O \rSbQOX St rO\riyOr V]iQrrOn in TNNia anr abrSar.
XI. Here is a series of extreme opinions. BuiId a conversation about each topic. Begin as in the
modeI:
MnhQiN] iN a yOrc OaNc QanhTahO PS QOarn.
A.: 4P NacN ]OrO MnhQiN] iN a yOrc OaNc QanhTahO PS QOarn.
.: 4mX nSP NTrO 4 gTiPO ahrOO. 4mr Nac iPmN tairQc rittiVTQP.
A.: x]c rS cST P]ink P]aP{
.: xOQQ( ...
Opinions:
1. A POaV]inh VarOOr iNnmP NTiPabQO tSr XOn.
2. vOaV]inh a tSrOihn QanhTahO in a NV]SSQ iN \SinPQONN.
:. MrTVaPiSn iN P]O rON\SnNibiQiPc St POaV]OrN anr \arOnPN N]STQrnmP inPOrtOrO.
9. 5V]SSQV]iQrrOn N]STQr bO aQQSfOr PS V]SSNO P]O NTbOVPN P]Oc fanP PS NPTrc.
0. 4n P]O nOar( tTPTrO NV]SSQPOaV]OrN fiQQ bO rO\QaVOr bc VSX\TPOrN.
XII. TransIate the sentences beIow into EngIish. Use EssentiaI VocabuIary II:
1. -=< + ! A < !+( ! !A D +
>. 2. G?D( $! >!< +D ; + ! ;
$!!. :. +; <JA !( < !
!. 9. =<( K J<!+ A $!< !+.
0. 3$?! ! <J; $! ! !? ! ! A $I!<A
+. 2. E J $ +( ! !. &.
3D! =; +D D!< < >+ +. d. B D>;( $
$I!= ! !!!!( +D ;! . 8. = !+
D +A ! +A <( +A > ;! AA . 10. );
A > $I!= ( C A ! J. . A > (
K + D . 11. -=< +> ! ! $AA! (P]OSrc St
OrTVaPiSn" !! + $+< $I!! ! +>!. 12. u
>$!+ J > J!<( = $I!= ><. K+
! ! !! +A $+< !+ < $!<>; > !!.
XIII. RoIe-piaying. a) Act out in pain the foIIowing situations; use EssentiaI VocabuIary II:
1. wikOmN taP]Or ]aN bOOn aNkOr bc P]O ]OarXaNPOr PS VSXO PS NV]SSQ bOVaTNO St ]iN NSnmN
TnTNTaQ bO]ayiSTr: bar XarkN( QSPN St XiNNOr VQaNNON( rTrO bO]ayiSTr. oiNVTNN P]O VaTNON St ]iN
bO]ayiSTr anr NPO\N PS bO PakOn.
2. 7OUP cOar WOSrhO anr 7iVk arO hSinh PS PakO OnPranVO OUaXinaPiSnN aP P]O }niyOrNiPc.
4XahinO a PaQk bOPfOOn P]OX abSTP P]Oir \QanN anr P]O rOaNSnN P]aP ]ayO rOPOrXinOr P]On
V]SiVO.
:. wSP]Or anr raTh]POr ]ayO a yOrc NOriSTN PaQk abSTP P]O hirQmN rOViNiSn PS PakO T\ POaV]inh
1&
aN a VarOOr. |Or XSP]Or( P]STh]( iN raP]Or NVO\PiVaQ abSTP ]Or V]SiVO.
9. 4XahinO a PaQk bOPfOOn PfS triOnrN( SnO St f]SX iN tOr T\ fiP] ]iN Sr ]Or \rONOnP bSrinh(
TnrOfarrinh Sb. v]O SP]Or PriON PS NThhONP f]aP ]O Sr N]O N]STQr rS.
^ r S X \ P N : Xih]P iP bO an irOa PS ...# ]ayO cST OyOr P]STh]P St...# cST VSTQr aQfacN ...# it
4 fOrO cST( 4mr ...# f]c rSnmP cST .(.# cSTmr bOPPOr ...
b) RoIe-pIay the foIIowing situation:
zST arO aP a ^arOnP'vOaV]OrN aNNSViaPiSn XOOPinh. zST arO riNVTNNinh a \rSbQOX cST tOOQ
yOrc NPrSnhQc abSTP AXSnh cST P]OrO iN a XSP]Or f]SmN NTrO P]aP V]iQrrOn N]STQrnmP bO NPriVPQc
riNVi\QinOr aP NV]SSQ( a taP]Or f]S ]aN P]O S\\SNiPO S\iniSn( a taP]Or f]S POnrN PS bQaXO
POaV]OrN tSr ]iN V]iQrrOnmN taTQPN( a hranrXSP]Or f]S POnrN PS N\SiQ ]Or hranrV]iQrrOn( a XSP]Or
f]S hiyON SP]Or \arOnPN aryiVO tSr P]O SnQc rOaNSn P]aP ]Or raTh]POr iN aP P]O ]Oar St P]O VQaNN.
XIV. Pick one of these topics and discuss it, making sure each member of the group gets a
chance to speak;
1. |Sf PS OnVSTrahO a V]iQr PS XakO bOPPOr \rShrONN aP NV]SSQ{ 5]STQr \arOnPN TNO# \raiNO(
\rONOnPN( \rSXiNON St tTPTrO rOfarrN{
2. 5]STQr a V]iQr bO \TniN]Or{ 4t nSP( ]Sf PS XakO V]iQrrOn SbOc{
:. 5]STQr V]iQrrOn bO aQQSfOr PS fOar VQSP]ON St P]Oir Sfn aP NV]SSQ{ 5]STQr bScN bO
aQQSfOr PS ]ayO QSnh ]air( anr hirQN PS TNO XakO'T\{
9. |Sf Van \arOnPN ]OQ\ POaV]OrN fiP] STP'St'NV]SSQ aVPiyiPiON{
0. 5]STQr \arOnPN inNiNP Sn P]Oir V]iQrrOn rSinh OgTaQQc fOQQ in aQQ P]O NTbOVPN Sr N]STQr
P]Oc OnVSTrahO P]Oir NSnN anr raTh]POrN PS N\OViaQiNO in SnO Sr PfS NTbOVPN ONNOnPiaQ tSr P]Oir
tTPTrO VarOOr{
XV. a) Read and transIate the text:
My Memories and Miseries As a Schoolmaster
v]O \arOnPN St P]O bScN aP NV]SSQ naPTraQQc tiQQ a brSar \ahO in a NV]SSQXaNPOrmN QitO anr arO
rON\SnNibQO tSr Xanc St ]iN NSrrSfN. v]OrO arO aQQ kinrN anr VQaNNON St P]OX. wSNP aVVO\PabQO
PS P]O NV]SSQXaNPOr iN P]O SQr'taN]iSnOr Pc\O St 6riPiN] taP]Or f]S OnPOrNm ]iN bSc aP P]O NV]SSQ
anr NacN:
s7Sf 4 fanP P]iN bSc fOQQ P]raN]Or it ]O rSONnmP bO]ayO ]iXNOQt. 4t cST ]ayO anc PrSTbQO
fiP] ]iX QOP XO knSf anr 4mQQ VSXO anr P]raN] ]iX XcNOQt. |OmN PS ]ayO a N]iQQinh a fOOk
\SVkOP XSnOc anr it ]O N\OnrN XSrO P]an P]aP QOP XO knSf anr 4mQQ NPS\ ]iN XSnOc aQPShOP]Or.s
6rTPaQ P]STh] ]iN N\OOV] NSTnrN( P]O rOaQ OttOVP St iP iN PS VrOaPO a NPrSnh \rOTriVO in P]O
QiPPQO bScmN taySTr( anr f]On ]iN taP]Or VTrPQc NacN( sWSSr'bcO( naVks anr ]O anNfOrN( sWSSr'
bcO( taP]Or(s in a PrOXbQinh ySiVO( P]O NV]SSQXaNPOr fSTQr bO a ]STnr( inrOOr( f]S VSTQr bO
Tnkinr PS ]iX.
6TP yOrc rittOrOnP iN P]O VaNO St P]O T\'PS'raPO \arOnP. s7Sf 4myO TNP hiyOn niXXc tiyO
\STnrN(s ]O NacN PS P]O NV]SSQXaNPOr( in P]O NaXO PSnO aN ]O fSTQr TNO PS an intOriSr VQOrk in
]iN SttiVO( sanr 4myO OU\QainOr PS ]iX P]aP f]On ]O fanPN anc XSrO ]OmN PS POQQ cST PS hS PS P]O
bank anr rraf tSr ]iX f]aP ]O nOOrN.s AtPOr f]iV] ]O hSON Sn. PS OU\Qain P]aP niXXc iN a bSc
St yOrc \OVTQiar riN\SNiPiSn( rOgTirinh P]O hrOaPONP niVOPc St PrOaPXOnP# P]aP P]Oc tinr it ]O hOPN
in POX\OrN P]O bONP fac iN PS ]TXSTr ]iX anr \rONOnPQc ]OmQQ VSXO rSTnr. niXXc( iP a\\OarN(
Van bO QOr( it QOr hOnPQc( bTP nOyOr rriyOn.
oTrinh aQQ St f]iV] PiXO P]O NV]SSQXaNPOr( inNTQPOr bc bOinh PrOaPOr aN an TnrOrQinh( ]aN
aQrOarc tiUOr ]iN OcO Sn P]O TnriNVi\QinOr cSTnh \T\ VaQQOr niXXc fiP] a yiOf St Prcinh STP
P]O \rSbQOX St NOOinh f]OP]Or ]O VanmP bO rriyOn atPOr aQQ. (*ro+
sRSQQOhO oacNs 2y 5. jOaVSVk"
b) Answer the questions beIow:
1. |Sf rSON P]O aTP]Sr V]araVPOriO PfS S\\SNiPO Pc\ON St s6riPiN] taP]Ors{ 2. x]c( in
jOaVSVkmN yiOf( P]O sSQr'taN]iSnOrs Pc\O iN XSrO aVVO\PabQO tSr a NV]SSQXaNPOr{ xSTQr cST
\rOtOr PS ]ayO naVk Sr niXXc tSr a \T\iQ{ :. |Sf rir P]O aVgTainPanVO fiP] P]O taP]OrN
intQTOnVO P]O NV]SSQXaNPOrmN aPPiPTrO PS P]O bScN{ oS cST tinr iP naPTraQ{ 9. oS cST P]ink P]O
\rSbQOXN raiNOr in P]O POUP arO STPraPOr{ nTNPitc cSTr anNfOr. 0. 4n f]aP fac N]STQr POaV]OrN
anr \arOnPN VSS\OraPO in OrTVaPinh P]O V]iQr{
1d
XVI. Act as an interviewer. Let the rest of the group speak about why and how they decided to
quaIify as a teacher of Ianguages. Find out:
1. it ancbSrc Sr ancP]inh intQTOnVOr P]Oir V]SiVO#
2. f]On P]Oc tinaQQc XarO T\ P]Oir XinrN#
:. f]aP aPPraVPN P]OX in P]O fSrk#
9. f]aP P]Oc VSnNirOr iPN aryanPahON anr riNaryanPahON.
XVII. Interview a teacher at the schooI where you have schooI practice. Ask him or her the
questions from Exercise XVI and aIso try to find out:
1. ]Sf QSnh ]O Sr N]O ]aN bOOn in POaV]inh#
2. it ]O Sr N]O OyOr rOhrOPPOr ]ayinh PakOn T\ P]O Sb#
:. f]aP iN P]O XSNP nSPabQO tOaPTrO St POaV]inh#
9. f]aP aryiVO ]O Sr N]O Van hiyO PS a POaV]Or PrainOO.
Discuss the interviews in cIass.
XVIII. Comment on the picture. You may find these phrases usefuI:
a vOaV]Or'^arOnP ANNSViaPiSn XOOPinh# PS kOO\ riNVi\QinO in P]O VQaNNrSSX# PS TNO PrariPiSnaQ
(nOf" XOP]SrN# PS bO in P]O ]abiP St hiyinh SrrOrN# PS bO NPriVP fiP] P]O \T\iQN: PS POQQ P]O \T\iQN
Stt# a bSNNc POaV]Or.
s4 fiQQ nSf OU\Qain P]O \rShrONNiyO XOP]SrN bc f]iV] cSTr V]iQrrOn arO PaTh]P % NS kOO\
gTiOP( NiP T\ NPraih]P anr rSnmP tirhOP.s
XIX. Film "Mr. Brown's Holiday"
10
. Film segment 1 "An Unexpected Turn'' (London),
a) Watch and listen, b) Do the exercises from the guide to the film.
11
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH 4
RQariPc( inPOrONP anr OX\]aNiN arO XarkN St hSSr friPinh. WSSr friPinh iN aQNS baNOr Sn
NOQOVPiSn St fSrrN in a NOnPOnVO( Sn SrhaniaPiSn St NOnPOnVON in a \arahra\]( anr Sn TniPc St a
friPPOn \aNNahO. v]ONO arO P]O Xain SbOVPiyON St P]O NOVSnr'cOar NPTriON St friPPOn MnhQiN].
Patterns of written prose. x]On friPinh cST Xac V]SSNO to describe P]O taVPN Sr OyOnPN(
to tell a story abSTP P]OX( to argue abSTP P]OX Sr to explain P]OX aVVSrrinh PS cSTr
TnrOrNPanrinh. v]ONO yOrbN VSrrON\Snr PS tSTr baNiV tSrXN St PrOaPinh a PS\iV: description,
narration, argumentation, anr exposition (OU\QanaPiSn".
Paragraph iN a NinhQO NOnPOnVO Sr a hrST\ St rOQaPOr NOnPOnVON OU\rONNinh anr rOyOQS\inh a
baNiV irOa( Sr a \arPiVTQar \]aNO St P]STh]P. v]O \arahra\] iN a \raVPiVaQ rOyiVO in friPinh. 4PN
\Tr\SNO iN PS inriVaPO P]O bOhinninhN anr OnrinhN St a P]STh]P TniP. v]O bOhinninh St a
\arahra\] iN inriVaPOr bc bOhinninh a QinO a QiPPQO in trSX P]O Xarhin.
|OrO iN a N]SrP \arahra\] describing a fOQQ'knSfn \SrPraiP: swSna jiNa (WiSVSnra" iN
rO\rONOnPOr NiPPinh in trSnP St a XarbQO baQVSnc. v]O QOtP arX rONPN Sn P]O arX St P]O NOaP( anr
P]O tinhOrN tSQr SyOr P]O Onr St iP. v]O rih]P ]anr( \Or]a\N P]O XSNP \OrtOVP ]anr OyOr \ainPOr(
QiON Qih]PQc SyOr P]O QOtP ]anr anr friNP. pn NQOOyON anr bSriVO P]O \QOaPN St P]O NaPin rrONN PakO
P]O Qih]Ps (*ro+ sjOSnarrS rO @inVis 2y M. wV. RTrOQc"
v]O aTP]Sr \rONOnPN ]iN iX\rONNiSnN St P]O \SrPraiP anr rONVribON iP in rOPaiQ.
|OrO iN anSP]Or OUaX\QO St a \arahra\] telling a story: sA raP]Or rrOartTQ P]inh ]a\\OnOr in
P]O Var aN P]Oc fOrO rriyinh T\ trSX P]O bOaV] PS P]O anViOnP PSfn( SnVO a 7SrXan \SrP( bTP
nSf QOtP ]ih] anr rrc bc P]O rOVOrinh NOa.s (*ro+ sv]O xinrs bc A. 6OnnOPP"
|OrO iN an OUaX\QO St a \arahra\] St argumentation: s4 aX ]OrO PS Nac a yOrc tOf fSrrN
SrH P]O f]SQO gTONPiSn St P]O PrOaPXOnP St aniXaQN bc STr ViyiQiOr NOQyON. qSr 4 ]ayO nS
N\OViaQ knSfQOrhO( QikO NSXO f]S fiQQ N\Oak PS cST( St P]O Praininh St \OrtSrXinh aniXaQN. 4
]ayO SnQc a VOrPain knSfQOrhO St ]TXan anr aniXaQ naPTrON# anr a VSXXSn NOnNO f]iV] POQQN
XO P]aP fiQr aniXaQN arO XSrO ]a\\c in trOOrSX P]an in Va\PiyiPc % rSXONPiV aniXaQN arO
XSrO ]a\\c aN VSX\aniSnN P]an aN VQSfnN.s (*ro+ spn ^OrtSrXinh AniXaQNs bc n.
WaQNfSrP]c"
v]O aTP]Sr PriON PS VSnyinVO P]O rOarOr St ]iN \SinP St yiOf: ]O riNQikON P]O irOa St PTrninh
10
F)' $H. > ,!: ~. /A!( . )( . l. B> <>: ~. L!!(
B. ED! . l. F-I!<+H( 18&&.
11
.., .. M un u qtu u M- B n
n" 1978.
18
rSXONPiV aniXaQN inPS \OrtSrXOrN in P]O VirVTN.
v]O expository \arahra\] bOQSf XakON iP VQOar f]aP \SQiPOnONN iN: s4P iNnmP SnQc fiP]
aVgTainPanVON anr triOnrN P]aP \SQiPOnONN VSTnPN NS XTV]. |aQt P]O PrSTbQO in XarriahO anr
SP]Or taXiQc rOQaPiSnN]i\N bOhinN fiP] P]O P]rSfinh St \SQiPOnONN SyOrbSarr. ^SQiPOnONN iN StPOn
QiPPQO XSrO P]an P]O OUOrViNO St NOQt'VSnPrSQ( f]iV] iN aN yaQTabQO a gTaQiPc in triOnrN]i\ aN
kinrnONN iPNOQt.s (*ro+ sMttOVPiyO MnhQiN] anr ^OrNSnaQ MttiViOnVc RSTrNOs"
Note: v]ONO \aPPOrnN St friPinh NOQrSX SVVTr aQSnO( XSrO StPOn P]Oc arO SinOr PShOP]Or.
Assignments:
1. Read the text "Anne Meets her CIass" and point out the paragraph of description,
narration, argumentation and exposition. What does the author Iike to describe in this
episode? What is he teIIing the reader about? What argument is Anne thinking of to
manage the cIass? What is Miss Enderby trying to expIain to Anne?
2. Search Texts A, (. II) for the basic forms of treating the topic "On Teaching" and prove
your seIection of paragraphs.
3. Write a paragraph describing the picture suggested by the teacher.
4. Write a short paragraph about your visit to a former schooImate.
5. Write a paragraph supporting or arguing Jane's and Bob's idea about teaching. (See the
DiaIogue.)
LABORATORY EXERCISES (II)
1. a) Listen to the additionaI text "What's Your Line?" on the topic "Choosing a Carrer", mark
stresses and tunes, practise reading the text.
b) Iisten to the diaIogue and Iearn it by heart.
2. Respond as in the modeIs. Check your repIies.
3. Write a speIIing-transIation test, check it with the key.
4. Write the dictation "Five Hundred Years of EngIish Language Teaching", check your speIIing
with a dictionary.
5. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, check your transIation with the key.
6. a) Listen to the text and find EngIish equivaIents to the given words and word combinations.
b) Check the words and word combinations.
c) Listen to the text again and do the tasks after it.
20
UNIT TWO
SPEECH PATTERNS
la. 4P wou9d have 2een naPTraQ it P]O bSc had gone PS NQOO\.
4P fSTQr ]ayO bOOn naPTraQ it cST ]ar \TniN]Or P]O V]iQr tSr ]iN bO]ayiSTr cONPOrrac.
4P fSTQrnmP ]ayO bOOn NS VSQr in P]O XSrninh it P]O finr ]ar NPS\\Or bQSfinh.
4P fSTQr ]ayO bOOn NPranhO it ]O ]arnmP VaQQOr Sn XO f]On ]O faN ]OrO QaNP NTXXOr.
4P fSTQr ]ayO bOOn gTiPO rark in P]O tSrONP it fO ]arnmP XarO a hSSr tirO.
1b. v]O taP]Or wou9dn?t have 5a99ed P]O rSVPSr it P]O bSc had 2een gTiPO fOQQ.
WranP fSTQr ]ayO aVVO\POr wariSmN inyiPaPiSn it ]O ]arnmP XarO T\ ]iN \QanN tSr P]O NTXXOr.
AnnO fSTQr ]ayO PakOn ]Or N\rinh OUaXN it N]O ]arnmP taQQOn iQQ.
xO N]STQrnmP ]ayO XarO triOnrN fiP] P]OX it fO ]arnmP NPacOr in P]O NaXO VaX\.
xO N]STQr ]ayO tiniN]Or STr fSrk cONPOrrac it cST ]ar ]OQ\Or TN.
1c. v]O bSc wou9d have 2ehaved in a rittOrOnP fac it ]O were NOQtiN].
v]Oc fSTQrnmP ]ayO gTarrOQQOr it P]Oc bSP] fOrO QONN nOrySTN.
zST fSTQr ]ayO iX\rSyOr cSTr N\OQQinh QSnh ahS it cST fOrO XSrO riQihOnP.
xO N]STQr ]ayO inyiPOr ]iX PS STr \arPc it fO knOf ]iX bOPPOr.
5]O fSTQrnmP ]ayO tSrhiyOn ]iX it N]O rirnmP QSyO ]iX NS XTV].
2. |O &ee+ed to 'now aQQ abSTP intQTOna.
v]O V]iQrrOn NOOX PS QikO OaV] SP]Or yOrc XTV]. zST rSnmP NOOX PS TnrOrNPanr XO.
5]O NOOXOr PS knSf hraXXar XTV] bOPPOr P]an fO P]STh]P.
v]Oc rirmP NOOX PS ]ayO XOP bOtSrO.
3. 4 VanmP 'ee4 fro+ thin'ing"
RanmP cST kOO\ trSX PaQkinh aQQ P]O PiXO{ vrc anr kOO\ trSX hSNNi\inh abSTP SP]Or \OS\QO.
5]O VSTQrnmP kOO\ trSX NVSQrinh P]O V]iQr( P]STh] N]O knOf N]O N]STQrnmP rS iP.
xO VanmP kOO\ trSX QaTh]inh f]On fO QSSk aP ]iX.
EXERCISES I. Change these sentences, using Patterns 1a and 1b:
MUaX\QO: xO N]STQr XOOP a QSP St PSTriNPN it fO fOnP PS a PSTriNP VaX\ nOUP NTXXOr.
xO N]STQr ]ayO XOP a QSP St PSTriNPN it fO ]ar hSnO PS a PSTriNP VaX\ QaNP
cOar (QaNP NTXXOr( f]On fO ]ar STr ]SQirac( OPV.".
1. wariS fSTQrnmP VSXO PS MnhQanr it nS]n rirnmP inyiPO ]iX. 2. ^OPOr fSTQr aVVO\P cSTr
inyiPaPiSn it ]O fOrO nSP iQQ. :. 4P fSTQrnmP bO a ]arrN]i\ tSr P]O V]iQrrOn PS NfOO\ anr VQOan P]O
rSSXN( fSTQr iP{ 9. 4t P]O fOaP]Or fOrO tinO fO N]STQr hS PS a ]SQirac VaX\ nOUP NTXXOr. 0.
xO fSTQr QiyO in a ]SPOQ it P]O raPON fOrO nSP yOrc ]ih]. 2. 4P fSTQr bO naPTraQ it P]Oc rirnmP
XOOP atPOr P]Oir gTarrOQ. &. wc triOnr anr 4 fSTQr hS PS P]O VinOXa atPOr P]iN QONNSn it P]O rONP
St P]O NPTrOnPN ahrOOr PS hS fiP] TN. d. 4t P]O fOaP]Or rirnmP V]anhO fO N]STQr hS PS P]O
VSTnPrc PSnih]P.
II. Combine the faIIowing sentences into one, using speech Pattern 1c:
MUaX\QO: v]Oc gTarrOQQOr. v]Oc bSP] arO yOrc nOrySTN.
v]Oc fSTQrnmP ]ayO gTarrOQQOr it P]Oc bSP] fOrO nSP yOrc nOrySTN.
1. 6Sb rOVSyOrOr. v]O rSVPSrN P]aP ]ar PrOaPOr ]iX arO yOrc OU\OriOnVOr. 2. warc \aNNOr ]Or
OUaXN. 5]O iN inrTNPriSTN. :. xO inyiPOr nS]n 6rSfn PS STr POa'\arPc. xO arO aVgTainPOr fiP]
]iX. 9. 4 rirnmP QOayO P]O V]iQrrOn aQSnO. v]Oc arO naTh]Pc. 0. 5]O rirnmP ahrOO PS POaV] TN
qrOnV]. 5]O rSONnmP knSf P]O QanhTahO fOQQ. 2. warP]a TnrOrNPSSr P]O WOrXan rOQOhaPON( N]O
iN a WOrXan. &. 4 hayO cST P]iN bSSk bOVaTNO iPmN yOrc inPOrONPinh. d. 4 aryiNOr Xc triOnrN PS
]ayO a faQkinh PSTr bOVaTNO 4 XcNOQt aX tSnr St faQkinh PSTrN.
III. Make up sentences after Patterns 2 and 3, using the foIIowing words and phrases:
21
a" ^aPPOrn 2: PS bO bTNc( PS knSf a QSP( PS TnrOrNPanr OaV] SP]Or( PS ]aPO (NXb. Sr NXP]."( PS
QSyO XTNiV( ."g" Ann NOOXN PS QSyO V]iQrrOn( 4 StPOn NOO ]Or \Qacinh fiP] QiPPQO bScN anr hirQN in
STr carr.
b" ^aPPOrn :: PS NVSQr OaV] SP]Or( PS arhTO (abSTP NXP]."( PS XOOP (fiP]"( PS friPO a QOPPOr( PS
rrOaX (St NXP]"( ."g" 5]O VanmP kOO\ trSX Vrcinh f]On N]O rOarN NOnPiXOnPaQ \SOPrc.
IV. TransIate these sentences into EngIish, using the patterns from Units One and Two:
1. |O $;( > > !+ >+( ! > > < (
2. [ $J >( ! > > ! >( > > >A A J
!? . :. > > J( ! > ! $! + +< !
$. 9. > > ( ! > ! $!! + !? ; !<!,(
! KA $. 0. B + + > $+<J A( >
$J<. 2. > > ( ! > >+( + ?J !<
> ! J( +. &. [> > ! K $ !
> $ I. d. [> > > + $!<( ! > > ;
;.
V. Make up a diaIogue, using the patterns from Units One and Two.
MUaX\QO: A.: 4t Xc XSP]Or ]arnmP bOOn iQQ 1 N]STQr ]ayO hSnO PS P]O 5STP] QaNP NTXXOr.
.: zST ]ar bar QTVk. Anr f]aP arO cSTr \QanN tSr P]O VSXinh finPOr ]SQiracN{
A.: 4 ]ayOnmP XarO anc \QanN NS tar.
.: xSTQrnmP cST QikO PS NPac fiP] XO aP Xc aTnPmN in P]O VSTnPrc{
A(: 6TP fSTQr iP bO VSnyOniOnP PS ]Or{
.: ROrPainQc.
A.: xOQQ( P]aPmN yOrc niVO St cST PS inyiPO XO.
TEXT. A DAY'S WAIT by Ernest Hemingway
|OXinhfac( MrnONP (1d88'1821": a \rSXinOnP AXOriVan nSyOQiNP anr N]SrP'NPSrc friPOr. |O bOhan PS friPO
tiVPiSn abSTP 182:( ]iN tirNP bSSkN bOinh P]O rOtQOVPiSn St ]iN far OU\OriOnVO. sv]O 5Tn AQNS iNONs (1822"
bOQSnhN PS P]iN \OriSr aN fOQQ aN sA qarOfOQQ PS ArXNs (1828" in f]iV] P]O anPifar \rSPONP iN \arPiVTQarQc
\SfOrtTQ.
oTrinh P]O RiyiQ xar |OXinhfac yiNiPOr 5\ain aN a far VSrrON\SnrOnP. |iN iX\rONNiSnN St P]O \OriSr anr
]iN NcX\aP]iON fiP] P]O O\TbQiVanN tSTnr rOtQOVPiSn in ]iN taXSTN \Qac sv]O qitP] RSQTXns (18:&"( P]O nSyOQ
sqSr x]SX P]O 6OQQ vSQQNs (1890" anr a nTXbOr St N]SrP NPSriON.
|iN QaPOr fSrkN arO sAVrSNN P]O iyOr anr inPS P]O vrOONs (1800" anr sv]O pQr wan anr P]O 5Oas (1802" anr
P]O yOrc QaNP nSyOQ s4NQanrN in P]O 5PrOaXs (18&0" \TbQiN]Or atPOr P]O aTP]SrmN rOaP]. 4n 1809 ]O faN afarrOr a
7SbOQ ^riO tSr QiPOraPTrO.
|OXinhfacmN XannOr iN V]araVPOriOr bc rOO\ \NcV]SQShiVaQ inNih]P inPS P]O ]TXan naPTrO. |O OarQc
ONPabQiN]Or ]iXNOQt aN P]O XaNPOr St a nOf NPcQO: QaVSniV anr NSXOf]aP rrc.
|O VaXO inPS P]O rSSX PS N]TP P]O finrSfN f]iQO fO fOrO NPiQQ in bOr anr 4 Naf ]O QSSkOr
iQQ. |O faN N]iyOrinh( ]iN taVO faN f]iPO( anr ]O faQkOr NQSfQc aN P]STh] iP aV]Or PS XSyO.
sx]aPmN P]O XaPPOr( 5V]aP{s
12
s4myO hSP a ]OaraV]O.s
szSTmr bOPPOr hS baVk PS bOr.s
s7S( 4mX aQQ rih]P.s
szST hS PS bOr. 4mQQ NOO cST f]On 4mX rrONNOr.s
6TP f]On 4 VaXO rSfnNPairN ]O faN rrONNOr( NiPPinh bc P]O tirO( QSSkinh a yOrc NiVk anr
XiNOrabQO bSc St ninO cOarN. x]On 4 \TP Xc ]anr Sn ]iN tSrO]Oar 4 knOf ]O ]ar a tOyOr.
szST hS T\ PS bOr(s 4 Nair( scSTmrO NiVk.s
s4mX aQQ rih]P(s ]O Nair.
x]On P]O rSVPSr VaXO ]O PSSk P]O bScmN POX\OraPTrO.
sx]aP iN iP{s 4 aNkOr ]iX.
spnO ]TnrrOr anr PfS.s
1:
12
5V]aP (@er+"A: rarQinh
1:
102 q (qa]rOn]OiP" VSrrON\Snr PS :d.8 R (ROnPihrarO"( v]O qa]rOn]OiP P]OrXSXOPOr iN TNOr P]rSTh]STP P]O 6riPiN] RSXXSnfOaQP]
anr in P]O }niPOr 5PaPON. v]O bSiQinh \SinP St P]O qa]rOn]OiP P]OrXSXOPOr iN 212( P]O trOOinh \SinP % :2( P]O nSrXaQ POX\OraPTrO St a
]TXan bSrciN abSTP 88. v]O ROnPihrarO P]OrXSXOPOr( TNOr in TNNia( qranVO anr SP]Or VSTnPriON( ]aN 0 (OrS" tSr iPN trOOinh \SinP anr
22
oSfnNPairN( P]O rSVPSr QOtP P]rOO rittOrOnP XOriVinON in rittOrOnP VSQSrOr Va\NTQON fiP]
inNPrTVPiSnN tSr hiyinh P]OX. pnO faN PS brinh rSfn P]O tOyOr( anSP]Or a \TrhaPiyO( P]O P]irr PS
SyOrVSXO an aVir VSnriPiSn. v]O hOrXN St intQTOna Van SnQc OUiNP in an aVir VSnriPiSn( ]O
OU\QainOr. |O NOOXOr PS knSf aQQ abSTP intQTOna anr Nair P]OrO faN nSP]inh PS fSrrc abSTP it
P]O tOyOr rir nSP hS abSyO SnO ]TnrrOr anr tSTr rOhrOON. v]iN faN a Qih]P O\irOXiV St tQT anr
P]OrO faN nS ranhOr it cST aySirOr \nOTXSnia.
6aVk in P]O rSSX 4 frSPO P]O bScmN POX\OraPTrO rSfn anr XarO a nSPO St P]O PiXO PS hiyO
P]O yariSTN Va\NTQON.
soS cST fanP XO PS rOar PS cST{s
sAQQ rih]P( it cST fanP PS(s Nair P]O bSc. |iN taVO faN yOrc f]iPO anr P]OrO fOrO rark arOaN
TnrOr ]iN OcON. |O Qac NPiQQ in P]O bOr anr NOOXOr yOrc rOPaV]Or trSX f]aP faN hSinh Sn.
4 rOar aQSTr trSX |Sfarr ^cQOmN
19
3oo' of Birate&, bTP 4 VSTQr NOO ]O faN nSP tSQQSfinh
f]aP 4 faN rOarinh.
s|Sf rS cST tOOQ( 5V]aP{s 4 aNkOr ]iX.
snTNP P]O NaXO( NS tar(s ]O Nair.
4 NaP aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr anr rOar PS XcNOQt f]iQO 4 faiPOr tSr iP PS bO PiXO PS hiyO anSP]Or
Va\NTQO. 4P fSTQr ]ayO bOOn naPTraQ tSr ]iX PS hS PS NQOO\( bTP f]On 4 QSSkOr T\ ]O faN
QSSkinh aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr( QSSkinh yOrc NPranhOQc.
sx]c rSnmP cST Prc PS hS PS NQOO\{ 4mQQ fakO cST T\ tSr P]O XOriVinO.s
s4mr raP]Or NPac afakO.s
AtPOr a f]iQO ]O Nair PS XO( szST rSnmP ]ayO PS NPac in ]OrO fiP] XO( ^a\a( it iP bSP]OrN cST.s
s4P rSONnmP bSP]Or XO.s
s7S( 4 XOan cST rSnmP ]ayO PS NPac it iPmN hSinh PS bSP]Or cST.s
4 P]STh]P \Or]a\N ]O faN a QiPPQO Qih]P']OarOr anr atPOr hiyinh ]iX P]O \rONVribOr Va\NTQON aP
OQOyOn SmVQSVk 4 fOnP STP tSr a f]iQO.
4P faN a brih]P( VSQr rac( P]O hrSTnr VSyOrOr fiP] a NQOOP P]aP ]ar trSOn NS P]aP iP NOOXOr aN
it aQQ P]O barO PrOON( P]O bTN]ON( P]O VTP brTN] anr aQQ P]O hraNN anr P]O barO hrSTnr ]ar bOOn
yarniN]Or fiP] iVO. 4 PSSk P]O cSTnh 4riN] NOPPOr tSr a QiPPQO faQk T\ P]O rSar anr aQSnh a trSOn
VrOOk.
AP P]O ]STNO P]Oc Nair P]O bSc ]ar rOtTNOr PS QOP anc SnO VSXO inPS P]O rSSX.
szST VanmP VSXO in(s ]O Nair. szST XTNPnmP hOP f]aP 4 ]ayO.s 4 fOnP T\ PS ]iX anr tSTnr ]iX
in OUaVPQc P]O \SNiPiSn 4 ]ar QOtP ]iX( f]iPO'taVOr( bTP fiP] P]O PS\N St ]iN V]OOkN tQTN]Or bc
P]O tOyOr( NParinh NPiQQ( aN ]O ]ar NParOr( aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr.
4 PSSk ]iN POX\OraPTrO.
sx]aP iN iP{s
s5SXOP]inh QikO a ]TnrrOr(s 4 Nair. 4P faN SnO ]TnrrOr anr PfS anr tSTr POnP]N.
s4P faN a ]TnrrOr anr PfS(s ]O Nair.
sx]S Nair NS{s
sv]O rSVPSr.s
szSTr POX\OraPTrO iN aQQ rih]P(s 4 Nair. s4PmN nSP]inh PS fSrrc abSTP.s
s4 rSnmP fSrrc(s ]O Nair( sbTP 4 VanmP kOO\ trSX P]inkinh.s
soSnmP P]ink(s 4 Nair. snTNP PakO iP OaNc.s
s4mX Pakinh iP OaNc(s ]O Nair anr QSSkOr fSrriOr abSTP NSXOP]inh.
svakO P]iN fiP] faPOr.s
soS cST P]ink iP fiQQ rS anc hSSr{s
spt VSTrNO( iP fiQQ(s
4 NaP rSfn anr S\OnOr P]O ^iraPO 6SSk anr VSXXOnVOr PS rOar bTP 4 VSTQr NOO ]O faN nSP
tSQQSfinh( NS 4 NPS\\Or.
sAbSTP f]aP PiXO rS cST P]ink 4mX hSinh PS riO{s ]O aNkOr.
sx]aP{s
sAbSTP ]Sf QSnh fiQQ iP bO bOtSrO 4 riO{s
szST arOnmP hSinh PS riO. x]aPmN P]O XaPPOr fiP] cST{s
sp]( cON( 4 aX. 4 ]Oarr ]iX Nac a ]TnrrOr anr PfS.s
100 tSr P]O bSiQinh \SinP
19
Pyle, Howard (1d0:'1811": an AXOriVan iQQTNPraPSr( \ainPOr anr aTP]Sr.
2:
s^OS\QO rSnmP riO fiP] a tOyOr St SnO ]TnrrOr anr PfS. v]aPmN a NiQQc fac PS PaQkes
s4 knSf P]Oc rS. AP NV]SSQ in qranVO P]O bScN PSQr XO cST VanmP QiyO fiP] tSrPc'tSTr rOhrOON.
4myO hSP a ]TnrrOr anr PfS.s
|O ]ar bOOn faiPinh PS riO aQQ rac( OyOr NinVO ninO SmVQSVk in P]O XSrninh.
szST \SSr 5V]aP(s 4 Nair. s^SSr SQr 5V]aP( iPmN QikO XiQON anr kiQSXOPOrN. zST arOnmP hSinh
PS riO. v]aPmN a ritQOrOnP P]OrXSXOPOr. pn P]aP P]OrXSXOPOr P]irPc'NOyOn iN nSrXaQ. pn P]iN kinr
iPmN ninOPc'Oih]P.s
sArO cST NTrO{s
sAbNSQTPOQc(s 4 Nair. s4PmN QikO XiQON anr kiQSXOPOrN. zST knSf( QikO ]Sf Xanc kiQSXOPOrN
fO XakO f]On fO rS NOyOnPc XiQON in P]O Var{s
sp](s ]O Nair.
6TP ]iN haO aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr rOQaUOr NQSfQc. v]O ]SQr SyOr ]iXNOQt rOQaUOr PSS( tinaQQc(
anr P]O nOUP rac iP faN yOrc NQaVk anr ]O VriOr yOrc OaNiQc aP QiPPQO P]inhN P]aP fOrO St nS
iX\SrPanVO.
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. to shiver ,i D<( a& N]iyOr fiP] VSQr
/yn" to tremble, to shudder, to start; to tremble iN P]O XSNP hOnOraQ fSrr#
shuddering/starting iN hOnOraQQc P]O rONTQP St (hrOaP" tOar Sr riNhTNP( ."g" |O NOOXOr \OrtOVPQc
VaQX( SnQc a NQih]P PrOXbQinh St ]iN ySiVO anr ]anrN N]SfOr ]O faN OUViPOr. kOiP] N]TrrOrOr
aP P]O Nih]P St P]O rOar bSrc. v]O V]iQr faN N]iyOrinh fiP] VSQr. 5]O NParPOr f]On P]Oc VaXO
in.
2. ache n (a VSnPinTSTN( nSP N]ar\ Sr NTrrOn( \ain". }NTaQQc TNOr in VSX\STnrN: headache,
toothache, stomachache, earache, backache( ."g" 4 ]ar a bar ]OaraV]O cONPOrrac. 5SXO
\OS\QO ]ayO (a" bar OaraV]O f]On P]O \QanO iN QSNinh ]Oih]P. 3ut: to have a sore throat, eye,
finger( OPV.( ."g" 4 VanmP N\Oak QSTrO{( 4 ]ayO a NSrO P]rSaP.
/yn" pain n PS tOOQ (]ayO" a bar (N]ar\( NQih]P" \ain in ...( ."g" 4 tOOQ a N]ar\ \ain in Xc rih]P
knOO. wc QOh hiyON XO XTV] \ain.# painful ad1 >;( D>;
0nt" painless( ."g" 4P faN a \aintTQ (\ainQONN" S\OraPiSn.
to ache , i-t < (< <" % PS bO in VSnPinTSTN \ain( e, g" wc Oar aV]ON.
AtPOr VQiXbinh P]O XSTnPain ]O aV]Or aQQ SyOr.
Cf.: hurt ,t-i $!!< <( ."g" 4P ]TrPN P]O OcON PS QSSk aP P]O NTn. wc tSSP ]TrPN (XO"
f]On 4 faQk.
:. medicine n 1. ( ."g" x]aP XOriVinO (N" rS cST PakO tSr cSTr ]OaraV]ON{ 2.
+!,!( e"g" |O iN tSnr St XOriVinO( ]O fanPN PS bOVSXO a NTrhOSn.
medical ad1, ."g" |O NPTriON aP a wOriVaQ 4nNPiPTPO. |O iN a XOriVaQ NPTrOnP. wc XOriVaQ
knSfQOrhO QOayON XTV] PS bO rONirOr. zSTmr bOPPOr VSnNTQP cSTr NTrhOSn.
9. condition n 1. !# to be in (a) good (bad) condition( ."g" AtPOr P]O P]TnrOrNPSrX
STr harrOn faN in a POrribQO VSnriPiSn( gTiPO a nTXbOr St PrOON fOrO brSkOn. MyOrc \arVOQ
arriyOr in hSSr VSnriPiSn (nSP]inh faN brSkOn Sr N\SiQOr".# to be in no condition to do smth.(
."g" |O iN in nS VSnriPiSn PS PrayOQ. v]O N]i\ faN in nS VSnriPiSn PS QOayO ]arbSTr( |O Van Ninh
yOrc fOQQ( bTP PSnih]P ]O iN in nS VSnriPiSn PS rS iP( ]O ]aN a NSrO P]rSaP.
2. !# under good (bad) condition(s)( ."g" v]O TnOX\QScOr QiyO TnrOr yOrc ]arr
VSnriPiSnN.# on condition that if( ."g" 4 fiQQ rS iP Sn VSnriPiSn P]aP cST hiyO XO P]O PiXO 4
nOOr.# conditional ad1, ."g" RSnriPiSnaQ NOnPOnVON VSnPain sit Sr iPN NcnSncXN.
5. foot n (pl feet) 1. A (!D C!!( $"( ."g" v]O bSc TX\Or PS ]iN tOOP. A
rShmN tOOP arO VaQQOr \afN.# 2. I (" :0(0 +( 49 !+!;( ."g" v]O bSc faN
PSS PaQQ tSr ]iN ahO anr ]O faN P]rOO tSSP PfS in ]iN N]SON.# :. $D!( !D <(
!( a& P]O tSSP St P]O XSTnPain( aP P]O tSSP St P]O \ahO( P]O tSSP St P]O bOr( ."g" v]iN
bSc iN aP P]O tSSP St ]iN VQaNN.
AnP. top, head( a& P]O PS\ St P]O XSTnPain( P]O PS\ (]Oar" St P]O \ahO( aP P]O ]Oar St P]O bOr(
OPV. ."g" v]iN bSc iN aP P]O ]Oar St ]iN VQaNN.
29
on foot ( walking, not riding), ."g" x]On \OS\QO arO ]ayinh P]Oir faQkinh ]SQirac P]Oc
VSyOr QSnh riNPanVON Sn tSSP. (Cf.: bc Prain( bc bTN( OPV."
footnote n
6. prescribe ,i $$!>< ( ."g" oSVPSr( fiQQ cST \rONVribO a PSniV tSr XO{
x]aP Van cST \rONVribO tSr Xc ]OaraV]O (VSQr( OPV." {
prescription n ,$# PS XakO T\ a \rONVri\PiSn tSr NXb.( ."g" ^QOaNO VaQQ in aP P]O
V]OXiNPmN anr ]ayO P]iN \rONVri\PiSn XarO T\ tSr XO# to write out a prescription.
7. bare ad1 1. D>;( A>;( $>>; (TNT. abSTP NSXO \arP St STr bSrc"( ."g"
|iN ]Oar faN barO.
/yn" naked ( having no clothes on), ."g"@iVPSrinO faN N]SVkOr f]On N]O QOarnOr P]aP N]O
fSTQr ]ayO PS NiP tSr P]O \ainPOr gTiPO nakOr.
barefoot ad1 4redi5, adv fiP] barO tOOP( fiP]STP N]SON anr NPSVkinhN( ."g" R]iQrrOn QikO PS
hS (rTn( faQk" barOtSSP.
barefooted ad1, attr" 6arOtSSPOr \OS\QO fOrO NPanrinh Sn P]O bank.
bare-legged (-armed) ad1 fiP] barO QOhN (arXN"( ."g" x]On fO N\Oak St barO'QOhhOr
V]iQrrOn fO XOan V]iQrrOn fOarinh N]SON( bTP nS NPSVkinhN# barO'tSSPOr V]iQrrOn fOar nOiP]Or
N]SON nSr NPSVkinhN.
bare-beaded( ad1 fiP]STP a ]aP( ."g" 4PmN aQrOarc PSS VSQr PS hS barO']OarOr.
2. $;( A>;( !J>; A'.( a& a barO rSSX (fiP] QiPPQO Sr nS tTrniPTrO"( barO faQQN
(fiP]STP \iVPTrON Sr faQQ\a\Or"( barO PrOON (fiP]STP QOayON"( barO taVPN (SnQc taVPN# nSP]inh bTP
taVPN".
Cf.: a bare rSSX (nS tTrniPTrO"( an empty rSSX (nS \OS\QO"( a vacant rSSX (a rSSX in
f]iV] OiP]Or nS SnO iN Qiyinh aP \rONOnP Sr nS SnO iN fSrkinh# a rSSX f]iV] Van bO SVVT\iOr"(
."g" AtPOr P]O \ianS faN PakOn STP( P]O rSSX NOOXOr gTiPO barO. 4 P]STh]P 4 ]Oarr ySiVON in P]O
nOUP rSSX( bTP iP faN OX\Pc. sxSnmP cST QSSk tSr a yaVanP rSSX in f]iV] fO VSTQr ]ayO a
VSnNTQPaPiSn{s % s4mX PSQr P]aP aQQ P]O rSSXN arO SVVT\iOr.s
d. refuse ,t-i ><("( ."g" 5]O rOtTNOr Xc SttOr. 5]O VanmP rOtTNO ]Or V]iQrrOn
ancP]inh. |O rOtTNOr PS rS f]aP 4 aNkOr ]iX.
7 P O: 4n P]O XOaninh St NaVritiVinh NXP].( \arPinh fiP] NXP].( P]O MnhQiN] yOrb PS hiyO T\ iN TNOr( ."g" |O
hayO T\ P]O irOa St hSinh P]OrO. ShOr \rSXiNOr PS hiyO T\ NXSkinh( bTP ]O rirnmP kOO\ ]iN \rSXiNO.
refusal n( ."g" |O anNfOrOr ]Or inyiPaPiSn( fiP] a VSQr rOtTNaQ(
8. like ad1 $?D!;( $>;( ."g" v]Oc arO aN QikO aN PfS \OaN. x]aP iN ]O QikO{ ( x]aP
NSrP St \OrNSn iN ]O{" x]aP rSON ]O QSSk QikO{ ( x]aP kinr St a\\OaranVO ]aN ]O hSP{" |Sf
rSON N]O QSSk PSrac{ ( x]aP iN ]Or a\\OarranVO PSrac{" 4P QSSkN QikO hSQr. ( 4P ]aN P]O
a\\OaranVO St hSQr." 4P QSSkN QikO rain. 4P faN TNP QikO ]iX PS PakO P]O bihhONP \iOVO St VakO.
v]OrO iN nSP]inh QikO ]SXO.
like 4re4 Sr adv $( ( ."g" 4 VanmP rS iP QikO cST. v]Oc arO bO]ayinh QikO QiPPQO
V]iQrrOn( 4myO nOyOr ]Oarr ]iX Ninh QikO P]aP.
7SPO: to a5t 9i'e XOanN PS rS NXP]. in P]O NaXO fac Sr in P]O XannOr St SP]Or \OS\QO( ."g" 5]O Van \Qac QikO a
rOaQ \ianiNP.# to a5t a& XOanN aVPinh in P]O Va\aViPc St NXb.( O g" 5SXO St STr NPTrOnPN aVP aN hTirON rTrinh
NTXXOr.
alike ad1 4redi5 !>;( $?D!;( $>;( ."g" v]O ]STNON in P]iN NPrOOP arO aQikO.
(Rt.: v]O ]STNON in P]iN NPrOOP arO QikO P]SNO in P]O nOUP NPrOOP."
likeness n ?( ."g" 4 VannSP NOO XTV] QikOnONN bOPfOOn P]O PfinN.
unlike ad1 $?D!;( ."g" 5]O faN TnQikO aQQ SP]Or hirQN.
unlike 4re4 !! ( ."g" }nQikO SP]Or hirQN N]O faN nSP aP aQQ PaQkaPiyO.
NOTES ON STYLE
A. v]O POrXN style, stylistic arO hOnOraQQc TNOr in PfS rittOrOnP XOaninhN. 4n QOUiVSQShc P]O
POrX functional style iN TNOr f]iV] Xac bO rOtinOr aN a NcNPOX St OU\rONNiyO XOanN \OVTQiar
PS a N\OVitiV N\]OrO St VSXXTniVaPiSn. pP]OrfiNO N\Oakinh( P]O V]SiVO St fSrrN anr St XSrON
St OU\rONNiSn rO\OnrN Sn P]O NiPTaPiSn in f]iV] P]O \rSVONN St VSXXTniVaPiSn iN rOaQiOr(
f]OP]Or iP iN a triOnrQc PaQk( an SttiViaQ QOPPOr Sr rO\SrP( a \SOX( a NViOnPitiV arPiVQO( OPV.
AVVSrrinh PS P]O NiPTaPiSn (Sr P]O N\]OrO St VSXXTniVaPiSn" fO Xac riNPinhTiN] tSrXaQ
20
(bSSkiN]( QOarnOr" anr intSrXaQ (VSQQSgTiaQ" fSrrN. v]O tSrXOr arO \OVTQiar PS tiVPiSn(
NViOnPitiV \rSNO( QOVPTrON( SttiViaQ PaQkN# P]O QaPPOr arO TNOr in OyOrcrac PaQkN fiP] triOnrN anr
rOQaPiyON. pnO N]STQr aQNS kOO\ i\ Xinr P]aP P]OrO arO a hrOaP nTXbOr St fSrrN P]aP arO
inrO\OnrOnP St P]O N\]OrO St VSXXTniVaPiSn( i. O. P]aP Van bO TNOr in a QOVPTrO( in an intSrXaQ
PaQk( in a \SOX( OPV. 5TV] fSrrN arO NPcQiNPiVaQQc nOTPraQ (."g" brOar( fSrr( bSSk( hS( PakON(
f]iPO( OPV.".
5PTrOnPN N]STQr bO farnOr ahainNP Pakinh P]O POrX 5o99oCuia9 aN a kinr St OnVSTrahOXOnP PS
TNO fSrrN P]TN XarkOr aN XTV] aN \SNNibQO. v]O POrX iX\QiON P]aP P]O fSrrN VaQQOr 5o99oCuia9
arO QiXiPOr bc P]Oir N\]OrO St TNahO anr( it TNOr in a frSnh NiPTaPiSn (."g" in a NPTrOnPmN
VSX\SNiPiSn( in a VSnyOrNaPiSn fiP] an SttiViaQ aVgTainPanVO Sr fiP] SnO ]ih]Or in aTP]SriPc"(
Xac \rSrTVO P]O iX\rONNiSn St iX\SQiPOnONN Sr OyOn rTrOnONN.
8" g" |O iN a SQQc V]a\. . $< ( (chap n( 5o99"D jolly ad1, 5o99"A v]O
NPcQiNPiVaQQc nOTPraQ fac St \TPPinh iP iN: |O iN a hSSr (tinO" Xan.
|Sf arO P]O kirN{ L J! { (kid n( 5o99"A v]O NPcQiNPiVaQQc nOTPraQ fac |Sf arO
cSTr V]iQrrOn{
4mX aQQ rih]P. RS +; +<. (all right 5o99"A v]O NPcQiNPiVaQQc nOTPraQ fac 4 tOOQ
(aX" gTiPO fOQQ.
Compare:
Neutra9 Co99oCuia9 3oo'i&h
bOhin NParP VSXXOnVO
VSnPinTO hS Sn \rSVOOr
Onr( tiniN] bO SyOr (P]rSTh]" POrXinaPO
bTc hOP \TrV]aNO
7SPO aQNS P]aP NTV] abbrOyiaPiSnN aN I?+, I?ve, I?99, you?d, you?re, OPV. arO V]araVPOriNPiV St VSQQSgTiaQ NPcQO.
v]OrOtSrO( NPTrOnPN fiQQ bO fOQQ aryiNOr PS aySir P]OX in P]Oir VSX\SNiPiSnN( ONNacN( \rOViN( OPV.
B. v]O POrX style Xac bO aQNS TNOr fiP] rOtOrOnVO PS P]O XannOr St friPinh St NSXO
\arPiVTQar aTP]Sr. 8" g" |OXinhfacmN NPcQO iN V]araVPOriOr bc QaVSniNX anr QaVk St rOPaiQ. v]O
NcnPaU St ]iN NOnPOnVON iN yOrc NiX\QO( P]O riaQShTON arO aQXSNP XSnSNcQQabiV anr NOOXinhQc
TnOXSPiSnaQ. zOP( P]rSTh] P]O aTNPOrO tSrX P]O aTP]Sr XanahON NSXOPiXON PS VrOaPO a narraPiSn
St hrOaP POnNiSn.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)
Words
aV]O ,, n tQTO n \aintTQ ad1
aySir , tSSP n \nOTXSnia n
barO ad1 XOriVaQ ad1 \rONVribO ,
barOtSSP ad1 4redi5, adv XOriVinO n \rONVri\PiSn n
barO']OarOr ad1 XiNOrabQO ad1 N]iyOr ,
VSnriPiSn n nakOr ad1 PrOXbQO ,
O\irOXiV n \ain n yaVanP ad1
tOyOr n
Word Combinations
PS ]ayO (hSP" a ]OaraV]O PS hiyO NXP]. T\
PS PakO SnOmN (Sr NXb.mN" PS XakO a nSPO (nSPON" St NXP].
POX\OraPTrO NS tar
PS brinh rSfn P]O tOyOr aP P]O tSSP (]Oar" St P]O bOr
PS bO in (a" hSSr (bar" PS rOar PS SnONOQt (aQSTr"
VSnriPiSn PS hS PS NQOO\ (5f.: PS taQQ aNQOO\"
PS QiyO (fSrk" TnrOr hSSr PS NPac (bO" afakO
(bar" VSnriPiSn (N" tQTN]Or bc P]O tOyOr (anhOr(
PS bO in nS VSnriPiSn PS rS NXP]. OUViPOXOnP( OPV."
Sn VSnriPiSn P]aP PS tQTN] fiP]
PS friPO (\TP" NXP]. rSfn PS PakO NXP]. OaNc
EXERCISES
1. Read the text and the Notes on LexicoIogy and StyIe and taIk on the foIIowing points (A.
Grammar, B.Word usage, C. StyIe):
22
A. 1. x]c rSON P]O aTP]Sr TNO Sr rrS\ P]O rOtiniPO arPiVQO bOtSrO P]O fSrr 2ed in P]O
NOnPOnVON: sxO fOrO NPiQQ in bOr.s szSTmr bOPPOr hS baVk PS bOr(s s4 NaP aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr.s
2. x]c iN P]O 4ntiniPiyO TNOr fiP] Sr fiP]STP P]O \arPiVQO to in P]O NOnPOnVON: soS cST fanP
XO PS rOar PS cST{s s4 ]Oarr ]iX Nac a ]TnrrOr anr PfS.s
:. 4n P]O NOnPOnVO s4PmN nSP]inh PS fSrrc abSTPs tP iN a \OrNSnaQ \rSnSTn. x]aP nSTn rSON iP
NPanr tSr{ (7SPO: v]O MnhQiN] tSr FBA $!<.H fSTQr bO sv]OrO iN nSP]inh PS
fSrrc abSTP.s"
9. viVk Stt P]O NOnPOnVON fiP] P]O 4ntiniPiyO TNOr aN an aPPribTPO.
0. viVk Stt aQQ P]O VSX\QOU NOnPOnVON fiP] VQaTNON SinOr fiP]STP P]O VSnTnVPiSn that, ."g"
s4 knSf (P]aP" ]O iN iQQ.s
B. 1. x]aP rir P]O taP]Or XOan f]On ]O Nair szSTmr bOPPOr hS baVk PS bOrs{ (Arr NSXO
fSrrN PS N]Sf P]O iX\QiVaPiSn."
2. ^ara\]raNO P]O NOnPOnVON: s4mr raP]Or NPac afakOs anr sTNP PakO iP OaNc.s
:. x]aP iN P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn P]O bScmN fSrrN s...it iP bSP]OrN cSTs anr s...it iPmN hSinh PS
bSP]Or cST.s (vranNQaPO P]O NOnPOnVON fiP] P]ONO \]raNON inPS TNNian."
9. |Sf anr f]c rir P]O bSc \ara\]raNO ]iN gTONPiSn sabSTP f]aP PiXO... 4mX hSinh PS riO{s
0. v]O bSc Qac fiP] ]iN OcON tiUOr aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr. x]aP NcnSncXN anr f]c rir P]O
aTP]Sr TNO PS rONVribO P]O NiPTaPiSn{ (5OO @SVabTQarc 7SPON in }niP pnO."
C. 1. RSXXOnP Sn P]O V]SiVO St fSrrN in |OXinhfacmN NPSrc trSX P]O \SinP St yiOf St P]Oir
NPcQiNPiV VSQSTrinh. x]aP NPcQO \rOyaiQN( tSrXaQ Sr intSrXaQ{
2. x]aP Van cST Nac abSTP P]O riaQShTON in P]O NPSrc anr P]Oir NPcQiNPiV \OVTQiariPiON{
:. RSXXOnP Sn P]O NcnPaU St P]O NPSrc anr P]O NPcQiNPiV OttOVP aV]iOyOr bc iP.
9. x]aP iN P]O hOnOraQ aPXSN\]OrO St P]O NPSrc{ 4N P]O POnNiSn hrarTaQQc inVrOaNOr{ |Sf iN
P]O OttOVP aV]iOyOr{ x]aP iN P]O \SinP St P]O ]ih]ONP POnNiSn (VQiXaU" {
II. a) Choose the best transIation of each EngIish sentence beIow (or give your own variant)
and reason oat your choice;
4. 4mr raP]Or NPac afakO( 1. $$!= <. 2. J $<.
44. ...aN P]STh] iP aV]Or PS XSyO. 1. ... + > < !A<. 2. ...
!D! $!!! + <(
444. |O NOOXOr yOrc rOPaV]Or trSX f]aP faN hSinh Sn. 1. L<( D=C A
!. 2. . $<= J>+ A $!?CA. :. .(
<( + A( $!?! A.
4@. 6TP ]iN haO aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr rOQaUOr NQSfQc. 1. ~A A ! +
$D>+. 2. . D !+ $D!+ + $ ;. :. ~A A(
+>; $! !( $$ = $D<.
@. v]O ]SQr SyOr ]iXNOQt rOQaUOr PSS( tinaQQc( anr P]O nOUP rac iP faN yOrc NQaVk. 4.
/D< A D( ,( ! =C!; < > <
!<;. 2. . $ D< ? ! =C!; < > +
>+. :. , , A < ; D <( ! =C!;
< + !.
b) TransIate the description of the father's waIk.
III. a) Copy, transcribe and give Russian equivaIents of these words:
aV]O( tOyOr( XOriVinO( Va\NTQO( \TrhaPiyO( hOrX( aVir( intQTOna( yariSTN( \nOTXSnia( arOa(
\iraPO( naPTraQ( bSP]Or( \rONVribO( bTN]( brTN]( fSrrc( P]OrXSXOPOr( abNSQTPOQc( rOQaU.
b) Give the four forms of the verbs:
N]TP( SyOrVSXO( QiO (D<"( Qac (<"( fakO( trOOO( fSrrc( riO(
c) Make four coIumns and write numbers I, , III and IV at their tops to represent four types of
syIIabIes. Then pick out from the Iist above ('a' and 'b') words with voweI sounds
iIIustrating different types of syIIabIes and pIace them in right coIumns.
IV. Try your hand at teaching.
(Look up the words and phrases you may need to do the task in "CIassroom EngIish",
Sections IV, VIII.)
A. Preparation. a" ^iVk STP trSX P]O POUP anr trSX P]O inPrSrTVPiSn PS iP fSrrN fiP] P]O
2&
QOPPOr in P]OX. oiyirO a N]OOP St \a\Or inPS POn VSQTXnN fiP] P]O tSQQSfinh QOPPOrN aP P]O PS\ St
OaV] VSQTXn: 1" ( 2" 5 E i, :" 5 E a, 9" 5 E o, FA VT( 2" Va VSnNSnanP( &" in P]O Onrinh
Gi5, HA 5 E h I YPf( 8" V] Yk( 10" VkYk.
RQaNNitc P]O fSrrN TnrOr OaV] ]Oarinh.
b" wakO T\ cSTr Sfn QiNP St fSrrN PS iQQTNPraPO P]O NaXO rTQON.
B. Work in Class. a" 5]Sf P]O PabQO fiP] 10 VSQTXnN PS cSTr tOQQSf'NPTrOnPN anr OU\Qain
]Sf N]STQr bO \rSnSTnVOr in OaV] VaNO.
b" oiVPaPO P]O fSrrN trSX cSTr QiNP PS P]O NPTrOnPN anr aNk SnO St P]OX PS N\OQQ P]OX Sn P]O
bQaVkbSarr. RSrrOVP P]O XiNPakON.
V. Answer the questions:
1. x]aP fOrO P]O NcX\PSXN St P]O bScmN iQQnONN{ 2. x]c rir iP NOOX PS P]O taP]Or P]aP P]O
rSVPSr knOf aQQ abSTP intQTOna{ :. x]aP fSrriOr P]O bSc{ 5inVO f]On{ 9. x]c rir P]O bSc
\rOtOr PS NPac afakO{ 0. x]aP fOrO P]O NcX\PSXN St P]O bScmN nOrySTN NPrain P]aP P]O taP]Or
PSSk tSr P]O NcX\PSXN St ]iN iQQnONN{ 2. xSTQrnmP iP ]ayO bOOn XSrO naPTraQ it P]O bSc ]ar PSQr
]iN taP]Or abSTP ]iN tOarN{ x]c{ &. oS cST QikO P]O bScmN bO]ayiSTr{ |Sf rSON iP V]araVPOriO
]iX{ d. |Sf fSTQr cST OU\Qain P]O VSnPraNPN in P]O bScmN bO]ayiSTr Sn P]O tirNP anr P]O NOVSnr
day St ]iN iQQnONN{ 8. x]c rir P]O aTP]Sr inPrSrTVO P]O rONVri\PiSn St P]O taP]OrmN faQk{ 10. oS
cST tinr P]O NiPTaPiSn rONVribOr in P]O NPSrc PrTO PS QitO{ (WiyO cSTr rOaNSnN." 11. oS cST P]ink
cST fSTQr ]ayO bO]ayOr in P]O NaXO fac in P]O bScmN \QaVO{ 12. x]aP rS cST VSnNirOr PS bO
P]O \SinP St P]O NPSrc{
Begin when possibIe your answers with:
4 bOQiOyO# 4 P]ink# 4mr QikO PS Nac# 4n Xc yiOf# AN 4 NOO iP# 4 rSnmP P]ink iP fSTQr...# v]iN iN Xc
fac St QSSkinh aP iP.
VI. Study VocabuIary Notes and a) write derivatives or compounds of:
rOtTNO( \rONVribO( \ain( aV]O( VSnriPiSn( barO( QikO.
b) Give the opposite of:
PS rOar aQSTr( in hSSr VSnriPiSn( aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr (XSTnPain( \ahO"( P]O hirQ ]ar N]SON
Sn( P]O NOaP iN SVVT\iOr( P]O PrOON arO VSyOrOr fiP] QOayON( PS bO aNQOO\.
c) Give EngIish equivaIents of these words and use them in sentences of your own:
A>; (2 fSrrN"( D< (2 fSrrN"( < (2 fSrrN".
VII. FiII in
a) ache, hurt, pain, painfuI:
% x]aP... cST{
% 4 VanmP Nac 4 tOOQ anc N]ar\ ... in NSXO rOtiniPO \QaVO( 4 TNP... aQQ SyOr.
% oSON iP... cST PS XSyO cSTr arXN( QOhN Sr ]Oar{
% wc ]Oar ... aQQ P]O PiXO( iP ... XO PS QSSk aP P]O Qih]P anr OaV] XSyOXOnP iN ... .
% xOQQ( 4 XTNP OUaXinO cST. oSnmP bO atrair( iP fSnmP bO ... .
% 6TP( rSVPSr( OaV] PSTV] hiyON XO ....
% xOQQ( Prc anr PakO iP OaNc.
b) in, on:
% zSTr V]iQrmN ]OaQP] iN ... a raP]Or bar VSnriPiSn( ]O XTNP bO P]SrSTh]Qc OUaXinOr in P]O
\SQiVQiniV.
% 6TP( rSVPSr( ]O iN ... nS VSnriPiSn PS QOayO P]O ]STNO( ]OmN PSS fOak.
% ^Or]a\N fOmr bOPPOr PakO ]iX PS ]SN\iPaQ P]On.
% p]( rSVPSr( iNnmP iP \SNNibQO PS kOO\ ]iX aP ]SXO{
% xOQQ( SnQc ... VSnriPiSn P]aP cST tSQQSf aQQ Xc inNPrTVPiSnN.
c) refuse, give up:
1. 4n N\iPO St ]iN taP]OrmN fiN] ]O ... PS QOayO P]O wOriVaQ 4nNPiPTPO aN ]O faN tSnr St XOriVinO
anr rirnmP fanP PS ... . 2. 4 rOVirOr PS brOak fiP] ]iX atPOr ]O ]ar ... PS ]OQ\ XO f]On 4 faN in
hrOaP nOOr St ]OQ\. :. v]STh] N]O rOhTQarQc ... ]iN \rS\SNaQN ]O VSTQrnmP... ]iN rrOaX St
Xarrcinh ]Or NSSnOr Sr QaPOr. 9. 4t N]O aNkN XO tSr anc taySTr 4mQQ nOyOr ... ]Or. 0. 4t 4 fOrO cST 4
fSTQrnmP... Xc \Qan NS OaNiQc.
d) Iike, as:
2d
1. v]O V]iQrrOn TX\Or anr NgTOaQOr (!D!" ... QiPPQO \T\\iON. 2. v]O hirQ PriOr PS
bO]ayO ... a hrSfn'T\ \OrNSn. :. 5]O faN inyiPOr PS P]iN VSntOrOnVO ... a N\OViaQiNP in XOriVinO.
9. |O fSrkN ... a rSVPSr in SnO St STr ]SN\iPaQN. 0. zST TNP QiNPOn PS ]iX( ]O N\OakN ... a rOaQ
rSVPSr( P]STh] ]O rSONnmP knSf ancP]inh abSTP XOriVinO. 2. ... cSTr rSVPSr( 4 rSnmP aQQSf cST PS
hOP T\ tSr NSXO XSrO racN.
VIII. Write 5 questions after each pattern beIow. (Keep to the same word order.) Discuss them
in cIass:
1. oS cST P]ink P]O bSc fSTQr ]ayO fSrriOr abSTP ]iN POX\OraPTrO it ]O ]ar knSfn P]O
rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn P]O qa]rOn]OiP anr P]O ROnPihrarO P]OrXSXOPOrN{
2. x]c( rS cST P]ink( P]O XOriVinON fOrO in rittOrOnP VSQSTrOr Va\NTQON{
IX. ReteII the text in reported speech foIIowing the outIine given beIow:
1. v]O bSc QSSkN iQQ.
2. v]O taP]Or VaQQN tSr a rSVPSr.
:. v]O rSVPSr riahnSNON P]O iQQnONN anr QOayON inNPrTVPiSnN.
9. v]O bSc NOOXN rOPaV]Or trSX f]aP iN hSinh Sn arSTnr ]iX.
0. v]O taP]Or hSON tSr a faQk.
2. v]O bScmN NPaPO PrSTbQON ]iN taP]Or.
&. v]O taP]Or tinrN STP f]aP fSrriON P]O bSc.
d. v]O bSc rOQaUON.
Use the vocabuIary of the text and the words:
to a&' (a2out, if, whyA, to wonder (whether, why, what"""A, to &ay (thatA, to te99 &+2" (a2out
&+th"A, to add (thatA, to an&wer (thatA, to re49y (thatA, to inCuire after (&+2"?& hea9thA, to de59are
(thatA"
X. SuppIy articIes where necessary:
1. ... VQiniVaQ P]OrXSXOPOr iN ... NXaQQ P]OrXSXOPOr tSr tinrinh ... POX\OraPTrO St ... bSrc.
2. ... bSiQinh \SinP St ... qa]rOn]OiP P]OrXSXOPOr iN 212( St ... ROnPihrarO P]OrXSXOPOr % 100
anr St... OaXTr P]OrXSXOPOr % d0. :.... kiQSXOPOr iN ... XOaNTrO St QOnhP] aN fOQQ aN... XiQO
anr... tSSP#... kiQShraX anr ... \STnr arO ... XOaNTrON St fOih]P. 9. |iN ]ih] POX\OraPTrO
fSrriOr... bSc bOVaTNO ]O rirnmP knSf... rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn... qa]rOn]OiP anr ROnPihrarO
P]OrXSXOPOrN.
XI. Make up short diaIogues starting with the sentences beIow. Try and argue with each other:
1. v]O XSP]Or PS P]O taP]Or: zST N]STQrnmP ]ayO hSnO tSr a faQk f]On P]O V]iQr faN iQQ.
2. v]O taP]Or PS P]O bSc: zST N]STQr ]ayO PSQr XO f]aP fSrriOr cST.
:. v]O XSP]Or PS P]O bSc: zST N]STQr ]ayO QOP XO in( f]c rirnmP cST{
9. v]O XSP]Or PS P]O taP]Or: zST Xih]P ]ayO hTONNOr P]aP NSXOP]inh faN fSrrcinh P]O bSc.
0. v]O taP]Or PS P]O XSP]Or: zST Xih]P ]ayO rrS\\Or in PS NOO f]aP NPaPO P]O bSc faN in.
2. v]O XSP]Or PS P]O taP]Or (P]O nOUP rac": 4 rSnmP QikO P]O bScmN NPaPO. ^Or]a\N fO ]ar bOPPOr
VaQQ P]O rSVPSr ahain{
Use such phrases as;
6TP f]c N]STQr (N]STQrnmP" 4{# xOQQ( 4 rSnmP (rirnmP" P]ink...# 4 fiN] 4 VSTQr( bTP...# 4 rOaQQc
VSTQrnmP iXahinO...# x]aP a NiQQc fac PS PaQke# 4 fiN] cST fSTQrnmP...# 4mX rOaQQc NSrrc( bTP...# 4
rOaQQc tOOQ bar abSTP iP...# x]aP rS cST P]ink 4 N]STQr ]ayO rSnO...{( OPV.
MUaX\QO: qaP]Or: zST N]STQr hS PS bOr aP SnVO.
5Sn: x]c N]STQr 4{ 4mX aQQ rih]P.
qaP]Or: 6TP cST arOnmP. zSTmrO N]iyOrinh anr cSTr taVO iN f]iPO.
5Sn: xOQQ( 4 TNP tOOQ a biP VSQr( 4mQQ NiP rSfn bc P]O tirO.
qaP]Or: zST arO iQQ anr cST ]ayO a tOyOr.
5n: |Sf rS cST knSf{
qaP]Or: 4 knOf iP TNP f]On 4 \TP Xc ]anr Sn cSTr tSrO]Oar.
XII. TransIate into EngIish;
28
1. !? !? > D!!( A >! +{ 2. $! A +!
$ K+ $. :. ~! > > $! K! !( > A >
A J. 9. 3 > + >; !( A !+ !
! !? +!. 0. G< + $A< !+( K $!!! !+ . 2.
<> !>: != $ $+ ! !. &. B J+ +
> $!> K! >( ! !+= <JA !. d. ~! >
J< $<( > J< !< < . 8. ) ! K
( $+ $$!> !J+ +A . 10. . {
i $?D A: $$< !( A $!<+ <. G. >
( +D +! <J ?. 12. L ! D<. +=( +
J $!< +.
XIII. a) FiII in prepositions or adverbs where necessary and summarize
15
the passage:
sxOQQ( cSTmr bOPPOr QOP XO PakO cSTr POX\OraPTrO(s Nair WrittiP]N.
s4PmN gTiPO TnnOVONNarc(s anNfOrOr ^]iQi\ irriPabQc.
sRSXO Sn.s
^]iQi\ \TP P]O P]OrXSXOPOr ... ]iN XSTP]. WrittiP]N NaP ... P]O NirO ... P]O bOr anr V]aPPOrOr
brih]PQc ... a XSXOnP( P]On ]O PSSk iP... anr QSSkOr ... iP.
s7Sf( QSSk ]OrO( SQr Xan( cST NPac ... bOr( anr 4mQQ brinh SQr oOaVSn ... PS ]ayO a QSSk ...
cST.s
s7SnNOnNO(s Nair ^]iQi\. sv]OrOmN nSP]inh P]O XaPPOr. 4 fiN] cST fSTQrnmP bSP]Or ... XO.s
s6TP iP iNnmP anc bSP]Or. zSTmyO hSP a POX\OraPTrO anr cST XTNP NPac ... bOr. zST fiQQ( fSnmP
cST{s
szSTmyO hSP a fSnrOrtTQ bOrNirO XannOr(s ^]iQi\ XTrXTrOr( VQSNinh ]iN OcON ... a NXiQO.
(*ro+ spt |TXan 6SnrahOs 2y 5SXOrNOP waTh]aX"
b) Add question tags to the sentences beIow and answer them. Begin your answers with "Yes,
he did/was'', "No, he didn't/wasn't" or "But he did/was" and then give fuII answers:
MUaX\QO: % WrittiP]N rirnmP fanP ^]iQi\ PS PakO ]iN POX\OraPTrO( rir ]O{
% zON( ]O rir. |O Naf P]aP ]iN triOnr QSSkOr gTiPO NiVk anr XiNOrabQO.
1. ^]iQi\ faN nSP irriPaPOr aP WrittiP]Nm aryiVO(...{ 2. ^]iQi\ \TP P]O P]OrXSXOPOr TnrOr biN
arX( ...{ :. ^]iQi\mN POX\OraPTrO faNnmP aQQ rih]P( ...{ 9. WrittiP]N rirnmP OyOn Prc PS V]aPPOr NiPPinh
aP ]iN triOnrmN bOr(...{ 0. ^]iQi\ P]STh]P P]aP P]OrO faN nSP]inh P]O XaPPOr fiP] ]iX( ...{ 2. v]OrO
faN rOaQQc nSP]inh P]O XaPPOr fiP] ^]iQi\( ...{ &. WrittiP]N rirnmP fanP ^]iQi\ PS NPac in bOrs( ...{
d. ^]iQi\ rirnmP fanP ]iN triOnr PS QSSk atPOr ]iX( ...{ 8. WrittiP]N faN hSinh PS brinh a rSVPSr PS
^]iQi\( ...{ 10. ^]iQi\ NXiQOr bOVaTNO ]O fanPOr biN triOnr PS P]ink( P]aP ]O faN aQQ rih]P(...{
XIV. TransIate the foIIowing text into EngIish:
)< ! + ; ( A A. E !( A
> !<>; D( C! $>!( $ A+! >! +> A!. aJ (
$! ++ ! ' . . ( K !!
+$. u +< !+! +$ ! !(
$+A.
G!J ! ( $! A!?( <; $! $
. . $!( A +<! . )< $+!( C !
+ A!( A ! A ! +! .
FB ;<. ?J( % ( % + > !
<!,H.
F J + $!+= !+H( % +<.
Fu D( % ( % !<. B D !<. ~! >
< +!+ !+( ( < ; +
JH.
J( $+( > > '! J $!< <!,.
XV. Make up three short diaIogues, using the phrases Iisted beIow:
10
to summarize (or to give a summary): PS hiyO a N]SrP yOrNiSn (TNT. in rO\SrPOr N\OOV]" St a \aNNahO( NPSrc( nSyOQ( OPV. VSnPaininh iPN
Xain \SinPN SnQc.
:0
a" PS ]ayO a ]OaraV]O( PS ]ayO a tOyOr( PS PakO SnOmN POX\OraPTrO( ]ar bOPPOr( PS ]ayO a
\rONVri\PiSn XarO T\#
b" PS VSnNTQP a rSVPSr( a Qih]P O\irOXiV St tQT( PS \rONVribO P]O XOriVinO tSr( PS bO Qih]P'
]OarOr( fSTQr raP]Or( PS rS hSSr#
V" PS PakO NXP]. OaNc( PS kOO\ trSX rSinh NXP].( P]OrO iN nSP]inh PS fSrrc abSTP( Sn
VSnriPiSn P]aP( PS bO St nS iX\SrPanVO.
XVI. Try your hand at teaching.
1. Say what yon wouId do in the teacher's position:
oTrinh a XTNiV QONNSn( f]iQO P]O POaV]Or PriOr PS rOXSnNPraPO P]O r]cP]X St a NSnh( ^OPO
PSSk PfS \OnViQN anr \rSVOOrOr PS rrTX Sn a bSSk. v]O POaV]Or NPS\\Or \Qacinh anr rOXanrOr
PS knSf f]S faN rrTXXinh. 7S rO\Qc VaXO tSrP]( NS N]O rONTXOr ]Or \Qacinh. v]iN yOrc
inNPanP P]O rrTXXinh NParPOr ahain. v]O POaV]Or( f]S ]ar bOOn Sn P]O aQOrP( VaTh]P ^OPO in P]O
aVP.
2. Practise your "CIassroom EngIish".
PIay the part of the teacher and get your pupiIs to write a speIIing test on the board.
a) Prepare a test on the vocabuIary of Unit Two at home.
b) Ask severaI pupiIs to write the words on the board.
c) Make sure that the board is properIy prepared for writing on it: the writing it eIigibIe; aII the
mistakes are corrected; the whoIe cIass is invoIved. (See "CIassroom EngIish",
Sections IV. VIII, IX)
IABORATORY EXERCISES (I)
1. jiNPOn PS P]O POUP sA oacmN xaiPs( Xark P]O NPrONNON anr PTnON( rO\OaP P]O POUP tSQQSfinh
P]O XSrOQ.
2. ^ara\]raNO P]O tSQQSfinh NOnPOnVON( VSXbininh P]OX inPS SnO VSnriPiSnaQ NOnPOnVO. wakO
aQQ nOVONNarc V]anhON.
:. ON\Snr PS P]O tSQQSfinh NOnPOnVON aVVSrrinh PS P]O XSrOQ. }NO P]O inyOrPOr tSrX St
VSnriPiSnaQ NOnPOnVON in cSTr rON\SnNON.
9. MUPOnr P]O tSQQSfinh NOnPOnVON aVVSrrinh PS P]O XSrOQ. }NO P]O yOrbN NThhONPOr.
0. xriPO a N\OQQinh'PranNQaPiSn PONP a" PranNQaPO P]O \]raNON inPS MnhQiN]# b" V]OVk P]OX fiP]
P]O kOc.
2. vranNQaPO P]O NOnPOnVON inPS MnhQiN] anr V]OVk P]OX fiP] P]O kOc. O\OaP P]O kOc aQSTr.
&. jiNPOn PS P]O POUP s^aPiOnPN 7OOrOrs NSXO SP]Or POUP Sn P]O PS\iV. qinr MnhQiN]
OgTiyaQOnPN St P]O TNNian \]raNON in P]O POUP. OPOQQ P]O POUP in inrirOVP N\OOV].
TOPIC: ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENT
TEXT A. A VICTIM TO ONE HUNDRED AND SEVEN FATAL MALADIES
*ro+ sv]rOO wOn in a 6SaPs 2y nOrSXO k. nOrSXO
4 rOXOXbOr hSinh PS P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX SnO rac PS rOar T\ P]O PrOaPXOnP tSr NSXO NQih]P
aiQXOnP. 4 hSP rSfn P]O bSSk anr rOar aQQ 4 VaXO PS rOar# anr P]On( in an TnP]inkinh XSXOnP( 4
irQc PTrnOr P]O QOayON anr bOhan PS NPTrc riNOaNON( hOnOraQQc. 4 tSrhSP f]iV] faN P]O tirNP( anr
bOtSrO 4 ]ar hQanVOr ]aQt rSfn P]O QiNP St s\rOXSniPSrc NcX\PSXNs( 4 faN NTrO P]aP 4 ]ar hSP iP.
4 NaP tSr a f]iQO trSOn fiP] ]SrrSr# anr P]On in rON\air * ahain PTrnOr SyOr P]O \ahON. 4
VaXO PS Pc\]Sir tOyOr % rOar P]O NcX\PSXN % riNVSyOrOr P]aP 4 ]ar Pc\]Sir tOyOr% bOhan PS
hOP inPOrONPOr in Xc VaNO( anr NS NParPOr aQ\]abOPiVaQQc.
R]SQOra 4 ]ar( fiP] NOyOrO VSX\QiVaPiSnN# anr ri\]P]Oria 4 NOOXOr PS ]ayO bOOn bSX fiP]. 4
QSSkOr P]rSTh] P]O PfOnPc'NiU QOPPOrN( anr P]O SnQc riNOaNO 4 ]ar nSP hSP faN ]STNOXairmN knOO.
4 NaP anr P]STh]P f]aP an inPOrONPinh VaNO 4 XTNP bO trSX a XOriVaQ \SinP St yiOf. 5PTrOnPN
fSTQr ]ayO nS nOOr PS sfaQk P]O ]SN\iPaQNs it P]Oc ]ar XO. 4 faN a ]SN\iPaQ in XcNOQt. AQQ P]Oc
nOOr rS fSTQr bO PS faQk rSTnr XO( anr( atPOr P]aP( PakO P]Oir ri\QSXa.
v]On 4 fSnrOrOr ]Sf QSnh 4 ]ar PS QiyO. 4 PriOr PS OUaXinO XcNOQt. 4 tOQP Xc \TQNO. 4 VSTQr
nSP aP tirNP tOOQ anc \TQNO aP aQQ. v]On( aQQ St a NTrrOn( iP NOOXOr PS NParP Stt. 4 \TQQOr STP Xc
faPV] anr PiXOr iP. 4 XarO iP a ]TnrrOr anr tSrPc'NOyOn PS P]O XinTPO. 4 PriOr PS tOOQ Xc ]OarP. 4
VSTQr nSP tOOQ Xc ]OarP. 4P ]ar NPS\\Or bOaPinh. 4 \aPPOr XcNOQt aQQ SyOr Xc trSnP( trSX f]aP 4
:1
VaQQ Xc faiNP T\ PS Xc ]Oar bTP 4 VSTQr nSP tOOQ Sr ]Oar ancP]inh. 4 PriOr PS QSSk aP Xc PSnhTO.
4 NPTVk iP STP aN.tar aN OyOr iP fSTQr hS( anr 4 N]TP SnO OcO anr PriOr PS OUaXinO iP fiP] P]O
SP]Or. 4 VSTQr SnQc NOO P]O Pi\( bTP 4 tOQP XSrO VOrPain P]an bOtSrO P]aP 4 ]ar NVarQOP tOyOr.
4 ]ar faQkOr inPS P]O rOarinh'rSSX a ]a\\c( ]OaQP]c Xan. 4 VrafQOr STP a XiNOrabQO frOVk.
4 fOnP PS Xc XOriVaQ Xan. |O iN an SQr V]TX St XinO( anr tOOQN Xc \TQNO( anr QSSkN aP Xc
PSnhTO( anr PaQkN abSTP P]O fOaP]Or( aQQ tSr nSP]inh( f]On 4 tanVc 4mX iQQ. 5S 4 fOnP NPraih]P T\
anr Naf ]iX( anr ]O Nair:
sxOQQ( f]aPmN P]O XaPPOr fiP] cST{s
4 Nair:
s4 fiQQ nSP PakO T\ cSTr PiXO( rOar bSc( fiP] POQQinh cST f]aP iN P]O XaPPOr fiP] XO. jitO iN
N]SrP anr cST Xih]P \aNN afac bOtSrO 4 ]ar tiniN]Or. 6TP 1 fiQQ POQQ cST f]aP iN not P]O XaPPOr
fiP] XO. MyOrcP]inh OQNO( ]SfOyOr( 4 have hSP.s
Anr 4 PSQr ]iX ]Sf 4 VaXO PS riNVSyOr iP aQQ(
v]On ]O S\OnOr XO anr QSSkOr rSfn XO( anr PSSk ]SQr St Xc friNP( anr P]On ]O ]iP XO
SyOr P]O V]ONP f]On 4 faNnmP OU\OVPinh iP % a VSfarrQc P]inh PS rS( 4 VaQQ iP AtPOr P]aP( ]O NaP
rSfn anr frSPO STP a \rONVri\PiSn( anr tSQrOr iP T\ anr hayO iP XO( anr 4 \TP iP in Xc \SVkOP
anr fOnP STP.
4 rir nSP S\On iP( 4 PSSk iP PS P]O nOarONP V]OXiNPmN( anr ]anrOr iP in. v]O Xan rOar iP( anr
P]On ]anrOr iP baVk. |O Nair ]O rirnmP kOO\ iP.
4 Nair:
szST arO a V]OXiNP{s
|O Nair:
s1 aX a V]OXiNP. 4t 4 faN a VS'S\OraPiyO NPSrON anr taXiQc ]SPOQ VSXbinOr( 1 Xih]P bO abQO
PS SbQihO cST.s
4 rOar P]O \rONVri\PiSn. 4P ran:
s1 Qb.
12
bOOtNPOak( fiP]
1 \P.
1&
biPPOr bOOr
OyOrc NiU ]STrN.
1 POn'XiQO faQk OyOrc XSrninh.
1 bOr aP 11 N]ar\ OyOrc nih]P.
Anr rSnmP NPTtt T\ cSTr ]Oar fiP] P]inhN cST rSnmP TnrOrNPanr.s
4 tSQQSfOr P]O rirOVPiSnN fiP] P]O ]a\\c rONTQP P]aP Xc QitO faN \rONOryOr anr iN NPiQQ hSinh
Sn.
NOTES ON SYNONYMS
1. (5OO 7SPO 1 Sn \. 1d." 5cnSncXN Xac aQNS rittOr bc P]O rOhrOO Sr inPOnNiPc St P]O
\]OnSXOnSn rONVribOr Sr bc VOrPain arriPiSnaQ iX\QiVaPiSnN VSnyOcOr bc P]Oir XOaninhN. 8" g"
+a9ady rONVribON a XSrO ranhOrSTN iQQnONN P]an di&ea&e, NSXOPiXON a taPaQ SnO( f]OrOaN
ai9+ent XSNPQc rOtOrN PS a NQih]P riNSrrOr. Ja9ady iX\QiON a QaNPinh( NSXOPiXON a V]rSniV
iQQnONN( f]OrOaN ai9+ent iN N]SrP anr POX\Srarc. I99ne&& iN P]O XSNP hOnOraQ fSrr in P]O hrST\
(P]O NcnSncXiV rSXinanP".
2. 5cnSncXN Xac rittOr bc P]Oir NPcQiNPiV V]araVPOriNPiVN. 8" g" 5hu+ iN a VSQQSgTiaQ NcnSncX
St Jend, to fan5y NSTnrN QONN tSrXaQ P]an PS i+agine" ;o 4a&& away iN a bSSkiN] NcnSncX St
to die"
TEXT B. A VISIT TO THE DOCTOR
% xOQQ( f]aPmN P]O XaPPOr fiP] cST( wr. xaQkOr{
% zSTmr bOPPOr aNk XO f]aP iN nSP P]O XaPPOr fiP] XO( rSVPSr. 4 NOOX PS bO NTttOrinh trSX
aQQ P]O iQQnONNON iXahinabQO: inNSXnia( ]OaraV]ON( baVkaV]O( inrihONPiSn( VSnNPi\aPiSn anr
\ainN in P]O NPSXaV]. vS XakO P]inhN NPiQQ fSrNO( 4myO VaTh]P a VSQr( 4myO hSP a NSrO P]rSaP anr
4mX VSnNPanPQc NnOOinh anr VSTh]inh. vS VrSfn iP aQQ( 4 ]ar an aVVirOnP P]O SP]Or rac( ]TrP Xc
rih]P N]STQrOr( QOh anr knOO( anr nOarQc brSkO Xc nOVk. 4t 4 PakO a QSnh faQk( 4 hOP N]SrP St
brOaP]. 4n taVP( 4 tOOQ XSrO rOar P]an aQiyO.
% 4mX NSrrc PS ]Oar P]aP. Anc]Sf( 4 ]S\O P]inhN arOnmP aN bar aN cST iXahinO. jOP XO
12
Qb. (\STnr": a XOaNTrO St fOih]P 90:.2 h
1&
\P. (\inP" Y\ainP: a XOaNTrO tSr QigTirN 0.0& 1
:2
OUaXinO cST. zSTr ]OarP( V]ONP anr QTnhN NOOX PS bO aQQ rih]P. 7Sf S\On cSTr XSTP] anr N]Sf
XO cSTr PSnhTO. 7Sf brOaP]O in rOO\Qc( P]rSTh] P]O nSNO... v]OrO rSONnmP NOOX PS bO ancP]inh
rariVaQQc frSnh fiP] cST( bTP iPmN gTiPO VQOar P]aP cSTmrO rTn rSfn( anr it cST rSnmP PakO VarO St
cSTrNOQt( cST Xac ]ayO a nOrySTN brOakrSfn anr ]ayO PS hS PS ]SN\iPaQ. 4 aryiNO cST( tirNP St
aQQ( PS NPS\ fSrrcinh. vakO a QSnh rONP( ]ayO rOhTQar XOaQN( kOO\ PS a riOP St NaQarN anr trTiP(
anr yOrc QiPPQO XOaP kOO\ Stt aQVS]SQ. 4t \SNNibQO( hiyO T\ NXSkinh( aP QOaNP tSr a PiXO. |ayO
P]iN PSniV XarO T\ anr PakO PfS PabQON\SSntTQN P]rOO PiXON a rac bOtSrO XOaQN. 4t cST rS P]iN( 4
Van \rSXiNO cST tTQQ rOVSyOrc fiP]in PfS Sr P]rOO XSnP]N.
% Anr it 4 rSnmP( rSVPSr{
% v]On cSTmr bOPPOr XakO cSTr fiQQ( it cST ]ayOnmP cOP rSnO NS.
% 4 NOO. xOQQ( P]ank cST( rSVPSr. 1 N]aQQ ]ayO PS P]ink iP SyOr anr rOVirO f]iV] iN P]O QONNOr
OyiQ: PS tSQQSf cSTr aryiVO Sr \rO\arO tSr a bOPPOr fSrQr.
TEXT C. AT THE DENTISTS
7OQQ: |OQQS( iN P]aP cST 6OrP{ 7OQQ ]OrO. 4mX NS hQar 4myO tSTnr cST in.
6OrP: |OQQS( 7OQQ. |SfmN P]inhN{
7.: qinO. jiNPOn( 6OrP. 4mX bTrNPinh fiP] nOfN. nTNP iXahinO: cONPOrrac 4 ]ar P]O tirNP rOaQ
\aPiOnP St Xc Sfn.
.: zST rSnmP Nace x]S faN iP{
7.: A niVO SQr rOar fiP] a QSP St POOP] PS bO \TQQOr STP. 4PmN NTV] fSnrOrtTQ \raVPiVO tSr XOe
.: ArO cST gTiPO NTrO P]aP NSXO St ]iN POOP] VSTQrnmP bO tiQQOr{
7.: 7SnO St P]OXe 4 NOnP ]iX PS ]ayO ]iN POOP] `'racOr( NS iPmN aQQ rih]P.
.: |Sf rir cST XanahO PS hOP NTV] a XaryOQQSTN \aPiOnP( 4 fSnrOr{
7.: |O VaXO fiP] a bar PSSP]aV]O. 4P ]ar bOOn bSP]Orinh ]iX tSr a rac Sr PfS aQrOarc.
.: xOrO P]OrO nS SP]Or rOnPiNPN in P]O NTrhOrc{
7.: 7S( 4 faN P]O SnQc SnO. 4P faN 5Tnrac.
.: ^SSr SQr P]inhe 4 ]S\O cST rirnmP Prc PS \TQQ STP aQQ ]iN POOP] aP SnVO( rir cST{
7.: oSnmP bO NiQQc. 4 TNP V]SNO P]O OaNiONP SnO PS bOhin fiP].
.: 4 NOO... Anr ]Sf rir cST hOP aQSnh{
7.: xSnrOrtTQQc. 4 PONPOr ]iN bQSSr \rONNTrO anr hayO ]iX a VST\QO St inOVPiSnN( P]STh] ]O
Nair P]aP Xc NXiQO fSrkOr bOPPOr P]an anc inOVPiSn.
.: p]( ]O rir( rir ]O{ Anr ]O rirnmP ]ayO ]OarP aPPaVk atPOr P]O PSSP] faN PakOn STP{ 4P
fSTQr ]ayO bOOn naPTraQ tSr an SQr Xan.
7.: 7S( ]O TNP tOQP a biP NiVk anr hirrc. 4 hayO ]iX PSniV anr PSQr ]iX PS NPac in bOr tSr a
f]iQO anr PakO ]iN POX\OraPTrO.
.: ^Or]a\N 4mr bOPPOr rrS\ in anr V]OVk ]iN ]OarP{ 4mX Sn NiVk QOayO nSf anr Van rS iP aP anc
PiXO.
7.: zST nOOrnmP. 4mQQ rinh ]iX T\ anr in VaNO ]OmN rTnninh a ]ih] POX\OraPTrO 4mQQ QOP cST
knSf. 6TP 4 rS ]S\O ]O fSnmP. v]O rac atPOr PSXSrrSf ]OmN VSXinh ahain(
.: ArO cST NTrO ]OmN nSP hSinh PS XakO an a\\SinPXOnP fiP] NSXO SP]Or rOnPiNP{
7.: 4 rSnmP P]ink ]O fiQQ. x]On ]O faN QOayinh ]O Nair ]O QSSkOr tSrfarr PS ]ayinh aQQ ]iN
POOP] \TQQOr STP anr ]O fSTQr kOO\ P]OX aQQ aN NSTyOnirN PS rOXOXbOr XO bc.
.: xOQQ( 4 fiN] cST hSSr QTVk. |S\O PS ]Oar trSX cST NSSn. 6cO tSr nSf( 7OQQ.
7.: WSSr'bcO( 6OrP. 4mQQ QOP cST knSf ]Sf P]inhN arO hSinh Sn.
Memory Work
qSr OyOrc OyiQ TnrOr P]O NTn.
v]OrO iN a rOXOrc( Sr P]OrO iN nSnO.
4t P]OrO bO SnO( Prc PS tinr iP.
4t P]OrO bO nSnO( nOyOr Xinr iP.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY ()
Words
a\\OnriViPiN n inNSXnia n
aPPaVk (St NXP]." n \rONVri\PiSn n
::
VaNO (St a riNOaNO" n rOVSyOr (trSX a riNOaNO" ,
V]SQOra n rOXOrc n
VSX\QiVaPiSn n NVarQOP tOyOr n
VSTh] ,, n NnOOO
VTrO St , NSrO (P]rSaP( OcO( tinhOr( OPV." ad1
VTrO tSr n NTrhOrc n
riO St , NcX\PSX n
ri\]P]OrPia n PSniV n
riNOaNO n PrOaP , (NXb. tSr a riNOaNO"
inrihONPiSn n PrOaPXOnP (tSr NXP]." n
inOVPiSn n Pc\]Sir tOyOr n
Word Combinations
PS tOOQ NXb.mN (SnOmN" \TQNO PS friPO STP a \rONVri\PiSn (tSr \iQQN( OPV."
PS hS PS a V]OXiNPmN (rrThNPSrO" PS tSQQSf P]O rSVPSrmN rirOVPiSnN
PS VaPV] (a" VSQr PS ]ayO an aVVirOnP
PS bO N]SrP St brOaP] PS OUaXinO a \aPiOnP (NXb.mN P]rSaP OPV."
PS brOaP]O in rOO\Qc PS VSnNTQP (NOO" a rSVPSr
PS ]ayO a nOrySTN brOakrSfn PS kOO\ PS a riOP (St ..."# PS bO Sn (hS Sn"( tSQQSf a
riOP
PS ]ayO a \rONVri\PiSn (XOriVinO( XiUPTrO( PSniV( OPV." XarO T\
PS PakO XOriVinO (a N\SSntTQ St( OPV."
PS bO frSnh fiP] (SnOmN ]OarP( QTnhN( OPV."# PS ]ayO NXP]. frSnh fiP]
PS bO PakOn iQQ (PS taQQ iQQ" fiP] PS bO Qair T\ fiP]
PS tOOQ NiVk (anr hirrc" PS tiQQ NXb.mN PSSP]
PS ]ayO SnOmN PSSP] tiQQOr( PS ]ayO a tiQQinh
PS \TQQ (PakO" STP a PSSP] PS ]ayO an OUPraVPiSn
PS ]ayO SnOmN PSSP] \TQQOr STP (PakOn STP"( OUPraVPOr
PS bO (]ayO SnOmN POOP]( V]ONP( ]OarP( OPV." `'racOr
PS PONP NXb.mN bQSSr PS ]ayO SnOmN bQSSr PONPOr
PS PONP NXb.mN bQSSr \rONNTrO PS ]ayO SnOmN bQSSr \rONNTrO PONPOr
PS ]ayO( hOP (hiyO" an inOVPiSn (a nOOrQO"
PS ]ayO a ]OarP aPPaVk
PS V]OVk NXb.mN ]OarP( QTnhN( OPV.# PS NSTnr NXb.mN ]OarP( QTnhN( OPV.
PS bO Sn NiVk QOayO# PS hOP NiVk QOayO
PS XakO an a\\SinPXOnP fiP] a rSVPSr
Examples
|O faN PakOn PS ]SN\iPaQ anr S\OraPOr Sn (TnrOrfOnP an S\OraPiSn" tSr a\\OnriViPiN.
AtPOr 4myO ]ar NSXO inOVPiSnN St PSniV 4 tOOQ gTiPO VTrOr St aQQ Xc aiQXOnPN.
v]O V]iQr iN iQQ (Qair T\" fiP] V]iVkOn \SU (". |OmQQ NSSn rOVSyOr it nS VSX\QiVaPiSnN
NOP in.
5XaQQ\SU ($" iN a VaPV]inh (" riNOaNO XarkOr bc tOyOr anr NXaQQ rOr N\SPN Sn
P]O bSrc anr StPOn QOayON \OrXanOnP XarkN.
4myO bOOn Sn NiVk QOayO tSr a tSrPnih]P aQrOarc( bTP 4 rSnmP tOOQ anc bOPPOr NS tar.
v]O rSVPSr riahnSNOr P]O iQQnONN aN PTbOrVTQSNiN (P. b.".
A rSVPSr f]S \OrtSrXN (VarriON STP" S\OraPiSnN iN VaQQOr a NTrhOSn. 7SfaracN S\OraPiSnN
Xac bO \OrtSrXOr aQXSNP Sn anc \arP St P]O bSrc.
x]On \OS\QO ]ayO \ain in P]Oir POOP] P]Oc hS PS a rOnPiNP PS ]ayO P]O ]SQON in P]Oir POOP]
tiQQOr (NPS\\Or". x]On nOVONNarc P]Oc Xac ]ayO P]Oir POOP] PakOn (\TQQOr" STP.
^OS\QO f]S arO PrOaPOr in ]OaQP] VOnPrON (\SQiVQiniVN" arO VaQQOr STP'\aPiOnPN( P]SNO f]S NPac
in ]SN\iPaQ arO VaQQOr in\aPiOnPN.
5SXOP]inh iN frSnh fiP] Xc QOhN: aQQ Xc SinPN aV]O anr f]On 4 bOnr Xc knOO iP ]TrPN XO.
v]O SQr XanmN Nih]P iN hOPPinh riX ("( ]iN OcON arO NSrO( NfSQQOn anr iPV]inh.
7 S P O: oSnmP Nac s|O frSPO XO a \rONVri\PiSn STPs# 2ut s|O frSPO STP a \rONVri\PiSn tSr XOs.
:9
EXERCISES
I. Study Text A and expIain the meaning of the words and phrases Iisted beIow.
in an TnP]inkinh XSXOnP( irQc PTrn P]O QOayON( a taPaQ XaQarc( \rOXSniPSrc NcX\PSXN(
VSX\QiVaPiSn( PS faQk P]O ]SN\iPaQN( PS PiXO P]O \TQNO( aQQ tSr nSP]inh( P]O \rONVri\PiSn ran( a
taXiQc ]SPOQ( PS tSQQSf P]O rirOVPiSnN( ]iN QitO faN \rONOryOr.
II. a) Write EngIish equivaIents of the foIIowing words and phrases. Use them in sentences of
your own:
1. > D# 2. !< +'.# :. !>; ; +!,!;
! !# 9. C!C< !$+# 0. !+< A'. +# 2. D> J< #
&. !< A $>+! C+!.
b) Write these words in EngIish and transcribe them:
<( !+$+( !( !I( I!( !I!( ?( !( !(
$<.
c) Find in the text synonyms of the foIIowing words and phrases and expIain how they differ:
18

iQQnONN (9 fSrrN"( triOnr( rSVPSr( QSSk gTiVkQc( iXahinO( rS a taySTr PS NXb.( riO.
III. Write 10 questions to Text A covering the main points. Prepare to discuss the test using the
words and phrases from Ex. .
IV. Study Texts and and transIate these sentences into EngIish:
1. = !,>. 2. + !?= ! J=. :. 3 + ! A.
9. J! + $!. 0. >?=<. 2. / A!+!
$. &. * ?! . d. 3 +D >< ;. 8.
EA $!;< ! $!D!;< C; !>. 10 G ; D !
<. 11. .C= $ >! ! ? +,. 12. i +=.
1:. ( +. 19. 3 + ;+ ;. 10. B! Ae 12. .
D + D ( 1&. > !>+ + $!+;. 1d. De
18. B A! A$;e 20. > +>; A!; . 21. B( !
$J! { 22. + $ . 2:. )D ><( + J
D<..{ 29( . !? ?! $+< +.
V. Reproduce Text so that a question is asked about each sentence said by the patient or the
doctor. Recite the diaIogue in cIass.
MUaX\QO: ^aPiOnP: zSTmr bOPPOr aNk XO f]aP iN nSP P]O XaPPOr fiP] XO( rSVPSr.
oSVPSr: 4N iP rOaQQc aN bar aN P]aP{ x]aP arO cST VSX\Qaininh St {
^aPiOnP: 4nNSXnia... anr \ainN in P]O NPSXaV].
oSVPSr: p]( rOar( iNnmP iP PSS XTV] tSr SnO Xan{
VI. ReIeII Text in indirect spech: a) speaking on the part of the oId man;
b) reproducing NeII's taIk with Bert over the teIephone. You may find the foIIowing phrases
usefuI:
a" PS QSSk a XiNOrabQO frOVk( PS NTttOr trSX( PS V]OOr NXb. T\( PS bO in rON\air( PS bO in ]ih]
N\iriPN# b" PS bO atrair P]aP( PS bO NSrrc tSr( PS rSTbP NXb.mN NkiQQ( PS fSnrOr it...( PS tOOQ ]TrP( PS
NThhONP P]aP SnO N]STQr...
VII. Study EssentiaI VocabuIary (II) and
a) transIate the iIIustrative exampIes into Russian;
b) express in writing the suggested idea using do for emphasis. Add a sentence to show that
the emphasis is necessary:
MUaX\QON: zSTr brSP]Or rir hS PS P]O V]OXiNPmN PS ]ayO cSTr \rONVri\PiSn XarO T\
P]STh] ]O faN \rONNOr tSr PiXO. wSP]Or PSQr cST PS \TP Sn cSTr VSaP bTP
cST fSTQrnmP anr cST rir VaPV] a VSQr.
1. PS ]ayO a nOrySTN brOakrSfn# 2. PS kOO\ PS a riOP# :. PS Prc PS XakO an a\\SinPXOnP fiP]#
1d
5OO 7SPON Sn 5cnSncXN anr AnPSncXN Sn \. 1d.
:0
9. PS hiyO (hOP" an inOVPiSn# 0. PS hOP NiVk QOayO# 2. PS NOP in (abSTP VSX\QiVaPiSnN"# K" PS
\rONVribO \iQQN tSr# d. PS TnrOrhS a PrOaPXOnP# 8. PS rOVSyOr trSX# 10. PS riahnSNO 5Xb.mN iQQnONN
(aN"# 11. PS ]ayO SnOmN PSSP] tiQQOr# 12. PS nOOr P]O NOryiVON St a NTrhOSn.
VIII. a) SuppIy prepositions where necessary:
5VarQOP tOyOr iN an intOVPiSTN tOyOr( XarkOr .. P]O a\\OaranVO ... P]O NOVSnr rac ... a brih]P
rOr raN] VSnNiNPinh ... VQSNOQc'NOP rOr N\SPN. 5]SrPQc atPOr P]O \aPiOnP rOyOQS\N a ]ih]
POX\OraPTrO anr NTttOrN ... \aintTQ NSrO P]rSaP. ... P]O P]irr Sr tSTrP] rac P]O raN] NParPN PS tarO
anr ... taySTrabQO VaNON P]O POX\OraPTrO taQQN anr P]O \aPiOnP tOOQN bOPPOr. ... P]O Onr ... a fOOk
P]O raN] TNTaQQc riNa\\OarN. RSX\QOPO rOVSyOrc Xac bO OU\OVPOr ... P]O tSQQSfinh XSnP]( v]O
VSX\QiVaPiSnN ... NVarQOP tOyOr arO yOrc NOriSTN( P]O VSXXSnONP bOinh intQaXXaPiSn ... P]O Oar.
5VarQOP tOyOr iN ONNOnPiaQQc a riNOaNO ... V]iQrrOn anr cSTnh \OrNSnN.
b) Give a short description of some other disease using a few phrases from the text above.
IX. Correct the foIIowing statements, beginning each sentence with one of the foIIowing
phrases:
Lou?re wrong" Lou?re +i&ta'en" I 5an?t agree with you" Nothing of the 'ind" 3ut ... (it i&, they
don?t, et5"A" I don?t thin' you?re right" Mf 5our&e not" Nu&t the other way round" Mn the 5ontrary"
/ure9y notO 3y no +ean&O
MUaX\QO: % zST nOyOr PakO cSTr POX\OraPTrO f]On cST A iQQ.
% p]( cON (St VSTrNO"( 4 rS. 4 aQfacN PakO Xc POX\OraPTrO f]On 4mX iQQ.
1. 5iVk \OS\QO nOyOr NPac in bOr f]iQO P]Oc arO iQQ. 2. zST fOrO Qair T\ fiP]'tQT QaNP fOOk( 4
bOQiOyO. :. 4P iN nSP ranhOrSTN PS PakO VarO St a \OrNSn f]S ]aN hSP a VaPV]inh riNOaNO. 9. ^OS\QO
StPOn tOOQ NiVk anr hirrc f]On P]Oc arO gTiPO fOQQ. 0. xO NOQrSX NnOOO anr VSTh] f]On fO
]ayO a VSQr. 2. zST nOyOr ]ayO a NSrO P]rSaP f]On cST ]ayO PSnNiQQiPiN. &. 5]O rSONnmP tOOQ anc
\ain in ]Or ]OarP f]On N]O ]aN a ]OarP aPPaVk. d. R]iQrrOn ]ayO NfSQQOn OcON f]On P]Oc ]ayO
bOOn QaTh]inh PSS XTV]. 8. ^OS\QO nOOr P]O NOryiVON St P]O rSVPSr f]On P]Oc arO fOQQ( 4 P]ink.
10. ^rSbabQc cST VSnNTQP a rOnPiNP f]On cST ]ayO a NPSXaV]'aV]O.
X. Read the text. Summarize it in 5-6 sentences without using direct speech;
|Sb NaP in P]O rSVPSrmN faiPinh'rSSX. pn P]O V]airN aP P]O faQQ SP]Or \aPiOnPN fOrO NiPPinh.
v]Oc aQQ QSSkOr Nar OUVO\P |Sb f]S faN rOarinh an OUViPinh NPSrc in a XahainO. nTNP P]On P]O
rSVPSr VaXO in PS Nac P]aP ]O faN rOarc PS NOO P]O nOUP \OrNSn. |Sb hSP T\ anr fOnP inPS P]O
VSnNTQPinh rSSX.
6OtSrO |Sb VSTQr Nac a fSrr P]O rSVPSr Nair( s7Sf f]aPmN P]O PrSTbQO{ 5iP rSfn P]OrO anr
fOmQQ ]ayO a QSSk aP cST. }ntaNPOn cSTr aVkOP anr cSTr N]irP( \QOaNO. 4mQQ QiNPOn PS cSTr ]OarP.s
|Sb PriOr PS N\Oak( bTP P]O rSVPSr inPOrrT\POr ]iX anr SrrOrOr ]iX PS Nac sninOPc'ninOs. |Sb
Nair iP. s7Sf QOP XO NOO cSTr P]rSaP( S\On cSTr XSTP] firO.s v]O rSVPSr ]ar a hSSr QSSk anr
P]On ]O Nair( sxOQQ( P]OrOmN nSP]inh frSnh fiP] cST.s s4 knSf P]OrO iNnmP(s Nair |Sb( s4 TNP
VaXO PS hOP a bSPPQO St XOriVinO tSr Xc TnVQO.s
(*ro+ MNNOnPiaQ MnhQiN] tSr tSrOihn NPTrOnPN 2y P" ~. MVkOrNQOc( jnr.. 18&&"
XI. Write 10 sentences to go with each of the pictures on pp. 68, 71.
XII. Answer the foIIowing questions:
1. x]aP arO P]O NcX\PSXN St tQT (PSnNiQQiPiN( XOaNQON( XTX\N( NVarQOP tOyOr( OPV."{ 2. x]S iN
PrOaPOr aP P]O \SQiVQiniV( anr f]S iN PrOaPOr aP P]O ]SN\iPaQ{ :. x]aP rS cST rS f]On cST taQQ
iQQ{ 9. x]aP rSON P]O rSVPSr rS f]On ]O VSXON PS OUaXinO cST{ 0. x]aP rS cST tOOQ f]On cST
]ayO tQT{ 2. |Sf rSON a NiVk \OrNSn QSSk{ &. |Sf N]STQr fO PranNQaPO inPS TNNian s|O iN iQQs
anr s|O ]aN iQQ XannOrNs{ d. x]aP VaPV]inh riNOaNON rS cST knSf{ 8. oS \OS\QO in P]iN
VSTnPrc hOP P]Oir \ac f]On P]Oc arO iQQ{
XIII. TransIate the foIIowing sentences into EngIish:
1. ( D ><( ?! A!$$. 2. + J !< . :. $C$
+; $<( $J , ! A! ! !+! +$. 9. . !!
A!<( D ! . 0. D. D ><( $!<. 2.
:2
+A !< ?( + ! A. &. $!< +( A $J
$$!!. d. ( $D;( $!+ K! $!=! A; !. 8. G+ >
?!J< = $A J$>{ [> < < . 3 +A ><
D!. 10. + ! A{ 11. ,$. G ; D +!> !
<. 12. > $! +{ 1:. 3 <>? . + D
!< + . 19. $$! $,! < $ ! >J
A. 10. L $; $ < { 12. ~! > > +
( > > $$!< . 1&. B J+ + $!D!< > !>(
< $ D. 1d. L D<( > >$!< +
+. 18. G+ >J % > ! !! '!<
,+{ 20. E !;. G! + ; < $D< $!.
XTV. Make up stories and diaIogues through mime
19
.
Have the students to prepare a mime and perform it twice (for tasks A and B). The performed
actions shouId be rather sIow to aIIow the other students to teII the story or speak for
the mimes.
A. Describe the actions of the mimes using the Present Indefinite, Continuous or Perfect
tenses. (for one or two students)
B. Speak for each mime. (for two students)
TeII the story in reported speech oraIIy or in writing. (for one student)
5ThhONPOr PS\iVN anr NPahON tSr aVPiSnN:
1. AP P]O oSVPSrmN
a" A \aPiOnP OnPOrN P]O rSSX anr POQQN P]O rSVPSr f]aP ]O (N]O" iN NTttOrinh trSX.
b" v]O rSVPSr aNkN P]O \aPiOnP PS NPri\ PS P]O faiNP anr OUaXinON ]iX (]Or".
V" v]O \aPiOnP aNkN P]O rSVPSr f]aPmN frSnh fiP] ]iX. |O NOOXN PS bO fSrriOr.
r" v]O rSVPSr PriON PS VSXtSrP P]O \aPiOnP anr friPON STP a \rONVri\PiSn.
2. AP P]O oOnPiNPmN
a" A \aPiOnP VSX\QainN St a bar PSSP]aV]O.
b" v]O rOnPiNP aNkN ]iX PS NiP rSfn anr OUaXinON ]iN XSTP]. pnO St ]iN POOP] N]STQr bO
\TQQOr STP.
V" v]O \aPiOnP iN atrair. |O tOOQN NiVk anr hirrc.
r" v]O rOnPiNP \TQQN STP ]iN PSSP] anr N]SfN iP PS P]O \aPiOnP f]S brih]POnN T\ anr QSSkN
]a\\c.
:. AP P]O 6OrNirO
a" A bSc VSX\QainN St a NSrO P]rSaP.
b" |iN XSP]Or iN fSrriOr. 5]O PakON ]iN POX\OraPTrO( iPmN nSrXaQ. |iN P]rSaP iN aQQ rih]P
V" v]On P]O bSc \rOPOnrN PS ]ayO a NPSXaV]'aV]O anr a ]OaraV]O( PS bO NiVk anr hirrc.
r" |iN XSP]Or TnrOrNPanrN ]iN PriVkN anr SrrOrN ]iX PS hS PS NV]SSQ.
XV. Try your hand at teaching.
Find a picture on a medicaI subject and ask your "pupiIs" to describe it.
A. Preparation. a" wakO T\ a QiNP St nOf fSrrN (in N\OQQinh anr PranNVri\PiSn" P]aP Xih]P bO
nOOrOr PS riNVTNN iP.
b" xriPO gTONPiSnN abSTP P]O \iVPTrO( TNinh P]O \]raNON: in the 4i5ture, in the foreground
Q2a5'groundA, in the right(9eftGA hand 5orner, to the right (9eftA of"
V" PSSk T\ P]O fSrrN anr \]raNON cST Xac nOOr PS riNVTNN P]O \iVPTrO in VQaNN in sRQaNNrSSX
MnhQiN]s( 5OVPiSn @.
B. Work in Class. 5]Sf P]O \iVPTrO PS P]O XOXbOrN St cSTr hrST\# friPO P]O nOf fSrrN Sn
P]O bQaVkbSarr( PranNQaPO P]OX (Sr OU\Qain P]Oir XOaninh" anr XakO P]O NPTrOnPN rO\OaP P]OX in
V]SrTN# aNk cSTr gTONPiSnN.
20
XVI. a) Give the idea of the text in EngIish:
Ct nnn?
18
v]O nSTn mime ]aN PfS XOaninhN: 1. a \OrtSrXanVO fiP]STP fSrrN ($+!+"# 2. an aVPSr in NTV] a \OrtSrXanVO (+!+".
20
v]O tirNP \iVPTrO N]STQr bO riNVTNNOr fiP] P]O f]SQO hrST\ TnrOr P]O POaV]OrmN hTiranVO# P]O SP]Or \iVPTrON Xac bO riNVTNNOr X \anN.
:&
+D > + ! F+! /<!H $$!,!. .+ !
$A +A; $!J< < $>( ! > < !
!<: F! ! % 20 . G ?!A $,!= % 200 .
! % :0 . G D>; < $>! A$! % 200
. G ! % : <H. Z . A !
$$!,!+ +! /<! ! 1112 e /= ?! $
$ !A( ! ! ! J...
~! > +! /<! $D $!< $>! A$!
C=C; +> (+< ;"( +D > $! !.
L AD! >( A +!,! D!! $( A ! A
D< +! /<! $!. 3$! A A. <!,
> <( < >= +!,>( % ! .
(P.RSTU> V", W.X> " a+ +. ).( 18&0"
^rSX\PN: biQQ( anaONP]ONia( PS PakO STP P]O NPiPV]( PfiVO QSnhOr.
b) Say what you know about the cost of heaIth service in America, in Russia and in other
countries nowadays.
XVII. a) Bead and transIate the texts beIow:
1. 4n WrOaP 6riPain \riXarc ]OaQP] VarO iN in P]O ]anrN St taXiQc \raVPiPiSnOrN f]S fSrk
fiP]in P]O 7aPiSnaQ |OaQP] 5OryiVO. v]O taXiQc \raVPiPiSnOr NOryiVON arO P]SNO hiyOn PS \aPiOnPN
bc rSVPSrN( rOnPiNPN( S\PiVianN anr \]arXaViNPN St P]Oir Sfn V]SiVO. qaXiQc rSVPSrN f]S arO
TnrOr VSnPraVP PS P]O 7aPiSnaQ |OaQP] 5OryiVO ]ayO an ayOrahO abSTP 2(200 \aPiOnPN. v]Oc
\rSyirO P]O tirNP riahnSNiN in P]O VaNO St iQQnONN anr OiP]Or \rONVribO a NTiPabQO VSTrNO St
PrOaPXOnP Sr rOtOr a \aPiOnP PS P]O XSrO N\OViaQiOr NOryiVON anr ]SN\iPaQ VSnNTQPanPN.
A QarhO \rS\SrPiSn St P]O ]SN\iPaQN in P]O 7aPiSnaQ |OaQP] 5OryiVO fOrO bTiQP in P]O
ninOPOOnP] VOnPTrc# NSXO PraVO P]Oir Srihin PS XTV] OarQiOr V]ariPabQO tSTnraPiSnN( NTV] aN P]O
taXSTN 5P. 6arP]SQSXOfmN anr 5P. v]SXaNm ]SN\iPaQN in jSnrSn.
AbSTP d0 \Or VOnP St P]O VSNP St P]O ]OaQP] NOryiVON iN \air tSr P]rSTh] hOnOraQ PaUaPiSn. v]O
rONP iN XOP trSX P]O 7aPiSnaQ |OaQP] 5OryiVO VSnPribTPiSn anr trSX P]O V]arhON tSr
\rONVri\PiSnN( rOnPaQ PrOaPXOnP( rOnPTrON anr N\OVPaVQON. |OaQP] aTP]SriPiON Xac raiNO tTnrN
trSX ySQTnParc NSTrVON.
(5OO: s6riPain 18d:s. jnr.( 18d:"
2. 7SbSrc \rOPOnrN P]aP P]O 7aPiSnaQ |OaQP] 5OryiVO in 6riPain iN \OrtOVP. wanc rSVPSrN
VSX\Qain P]aP P]Oc faNPO ]STrN tiQQinh in 7aPiSnaQ 4nNTranVO tSrXN( anr P]aP P]Oc ]ayO NS Xanc
\aPiOnPN P]aP P]Oc rS nSP ]ayO OnSTh] PiXO PS QSSk atPOr anc St P]OX \rS\OrQc. 7TrNON VSX\Qain
P]aP P]Oc arO SyOrfSrkOr anr TnrOr\air.
:. wanc |OaQP] 5OryiVO ]SN\iPaQN arO SQr'taN]iSnOr anr SyOrVrSfrOr( anr( bOVaTNO St P]O
N]SrPahO St bOrN( \aPiOnPN StPOn ]ayO PS faiP a QSnh PiXO tSr S\OraPiSnN. iV] \OS\QO \rOtOr PS
hS PS \riyaPO rSVPSrN( Sr PS NOO N\OViaQiNPN in |arQOc 5PrOOP( P]O taXSTN srSVPSrNs NPrOOP in
jSnrSn. x]On P]ONO \OS\QO arO iQQ P]Oc hS PS a \riyaPO nTrNinh']SXO( tSr f]iV] P]Oc Xac \ac
aN XTV] aN 100 a fOOk. AQPOrnaPiyOQc( P]Oc Xac ]irO a \riyaPO rSSX in an Srrinarc ]SN\iPaQ(
tSr f]iV] P]Oc fiQQ \ac abSTP 10 a rac.
(Ju&+an Y" 6riPain vS'rac. jnr.( 18&9"
b) Write 10 questions about the facts mentioned in the texts that you find interesting and
discuss them in cIass.
XVIII. Find some jokes on a medicaI subject and teII them to your feIIow-students.
XIX. a) Give a very short description of each picture in the Present Tense. Use prompt words
and phrases Iisted in the Note.
b) Make up a story about the pictures in the Past Tense c) Find a short titIe to the story.
7SPO: % NOfOr# !! ' NPrOPV]Or# ! +J! % aXbTQanVO#
! ' aXbTQanVO Xan# $,! S\OraPinh'rSSX# A!$ $ % \QaNPOr'
banrahO.
XX. FiIm "Mr.Brown's HoIiday". DiIm segment 2 "Miss Peggy and the Pussy Cays"
:d
(Canterbury), a) Watch and Iisten, b) Do the exercises from the guide to the fiIm.
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH

v]iN PiXO cST fiQQ QOarn XSrO abSTP P]O NXaQQONP P]STh]P TniPN P]aP bTiQr T\ friPinh(
bOhinninh fiP] a \arahra\] anr ]Sf P]Oc fSrk fiP]in P]O \arahra\].
Key-words arO Xain fSrrN in P]O \aNNahO P]aP ]OQ\ PS OX\]aNiO P]O Xain \SinP anr
TnrOrNPanr P]O NTbOVP cST arO friPinh abSTP. v]aP iN f]c kOc'fSrrN arO P]O tirNP OQOXOnPN PS
V]SSNO f]On NOPPinh cSTr Xinr Sn friPinh Sn a VOrPain NTbOVP anr P]OrO arO rittOrOnP facN PS
TNO P]OX in a \arahra\]: rO\OaPinh P]OX( TNinh NcnSncXN( brinhinh P]OX in VQSNO NOXanPiV
rOQaPiSn.
8" g" s|O rOar P]O QOPPOr NQSfQc anr VarOtTQQc. 4P faN nSP P]O kinr St VaNO ]O fanPOr( iP faN
nSP P]O kinr St VaNO ]O ]ar \rSXiNOr ]iXNOQt. 4P faN nSP in anc NOnNO an iX\SrPanP VaNO...s
(*ro+ sv]O 7OXOan jiSns 2y A. R]riNPiO". |OrVTQO ^SirSP( P]O taXSTN rOPOVPiyO St 0"
R]riNPiOmN ]ar bOOn rrOaXinh St an TnTNTaQ VaNO. v]aP SnO abSTP P]O kirna\\inh St a rSh faN a
riNa\\SinPXOnP. 4P faN nSP a \rS\Or VaNO tSr ]iX.
v]O VOnPraQ P]STh]P St P]O \arahra\] iN OX\]aNiOr bc rO\OaPinh P]O kOc'fSrr( SP]OrfiNO
OV]S'fSrr.
Assignments:
1. WS SyOr P]O PONP sA oacmN xaiPs anr \iVk STP P]O kOc'fSrrN anr \]raNON P]aP inriVaPO P]O PS\iV: St iQQnONN
anr PrOaPXOnP. ArranhO P]OX inPS P]rOO hrST\N aVVSrrinh PS P]O facN P]aP arO VSXXSnQc TNOr PS \SinP STP P]O
VOnPraQ P]STh]P. x]iV] iN P]O QarhONP hrST\ anr f]c{
2. ^rO\arO a QiNP St kOc'fSrrN Onr \]raNON bOtSrO friPinh a \arahra\]: a" de&5ri2ing ]Sf P]O \SSr bSc QSSkOr
bOtSrO P]O rSVPSr J# b" te99ing a NPSrc St ]iN rOVSyOrc# V" arguing abSTP P]O PTrninh \SinP in ]iN iQQnONN# r"
eZ49aining P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn XiQON anr kiQSXOPOrN( bOPfOOn P]O qa]rOn]OiP P]OrXSXOPOr anr P]O
ROnPihrarO P]OrXSXOPOr.
LABORATORY EXERCISES (II)
1. a) Iisten to the text "A Victim to One Hundred and Seven FataI MaIadies", mark the stresses
and tunes, b) Repeat the test foIIowing; the modeI.
2. Listen to the diaIogue "A Visit to the Doctor". Repeat the text in the intervaI and record your
version. Compare your version with the originaI and correct your mistakes.
3. Respond to the foIIowing suggestions. Begin your sentences with "Hadn't we (he) better.."?
4. Extend the statements. Begin your sentences with "It's time you (he, etc.)" + a verb in the
Past Subjunctive.
5. Write a dictation. Check the speIIing using a dictionary.
6. TransIate the given sentences into EngIish. Check them with the key.
7. Listen to the text "Doctor SaIIy" or some other text on the topic. Get ready to act it out in
cIass.
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS
Crossword Puzzle
Across
1. 5PS\ a ]SQO in a PSSP] fiP] VOXOnP( OPV. :. 5OiO NSXOP]inh fiP] P]O POOP] (aQNS VaTNO a
N]ar\ \ain". 11. qiQQ a ]SQO in a PSSP] fiP] VOXOnP( OPV. 1:. qibOrN (" VSnnOVPinh P]O
brain fiP] aQQ SP]Or \arPN St P]O bSrc anr Varrcinh tOOQinhN PS P]O brain. 19. jOP STP P]O air
NTrrOnQc P]rSTh] P]O nSNO anr P]O XSTP] (TNT. f]On ]ayinh a VSQr". 1d. An inNPrTXOnP tSr
XOaNTrinh POX\OraPTrO. 18. A kinr St XOriVinO ]ayinh hSSr OttOVPN Sn P]O bSrc. 2:. v]O
XirrQO SinP St P]O QOh f]OrO P]O QOh bOnrN. 20. A ]SQQSf in P]O QTnhN (". 2&. A \OrNSn
f]S \raVPiNON XOriVinO anr PrOaPN \OS\QO. 2d. v]O rrink XarO bc \STrinh bSiQinh faPOr Sn
rriOr QOayON bOarinh P]O NaXO naXO( StPOn TNOr aN a PSniV. 28. A VSQSTrOr QigTir TNOr tSr
friPinh fiP] a \On. :0. vakO SnOmN VQSP]ON Stt. :1. RSXO inPS PfS Sr XSrO \arPN# VraVk a bSnO(
SinP.
:8
Down
2. 6rOaP]inh SrhanN tSTnr in Xan anr aniXaQ. :. vakO air inPS P]O bSrc anr NOnr iP STP. 9.
MUiNP. 0. v]O rOhrOO St ]OaP Sr VSQr in P]O air( faPOr( bSrc( OPV. 2. 6O NPiQQ( rOQaU atPOr fSrk(
OttSrPN( OPV. &. 5XaQQ N\SPN (rOr Sr \ink" VQSNO PShOP]Or Sn P]O Nkin (TNT. a NcX\PSX St a
riNOaNO". d. oittiVTQPc in rihONPinh tSSr. 8. 6O afarO P]rSTh] P]O NOnNON. 10. A VaPV]inh riNOaNO
XarkOr bc tOyOr anr NXaQQ N\SPN P]aP VSyOr P]O f]SQO bSrc (VSXXSn aXSnh V]iQrrOn". 12.
WiyO XOriVaQ VarO PS \OS\QO in SrrOr PS VTrO P]OX. 10. A ]ih] POX\OraPTrO. 12. v]O rOr QigTir
in P]O bSrc. 1&. v]O rOhTQar bOaPinh St P]O arPOriON aN P]O bQSSr iN tSrVOr aQSnh P]OX. 20. An
S\On NSrO (( >" Sn inPOrnaQ SrhanN. 21. A N\OViaQ V]SiVO St tSSr SrrOrOr bc a rSVPSr.
22. 4QQ( TnfOQQ. 29. A \OrNSn N\OViaQQc PrainOr PS QSSk atPOr NiVk \OS\QO. 22. A N]SrP NQOO\. 2&.
7SP VQOarQc NOOn.
UNIT THREE
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. zST 9i'e the way P]Oc fSrk.
4 QikO P]O fac P]O rSVPSr PrOaPN P]O V]iQr. oS cST QikO P]O fac N]O fOarN ]Or ]aP{ 4 rSnmP QikO
P]O fac cST N\Oak PS XO. v]O POaV]Or rirnmP QikO P]O fac P]O V]iQrrOn bO]ayOr in VQaNN.
2. It i& aQfacN intere&ting tSr PSTriNPN PS PakO a Pri\ aQSnh P]O v]aXON in a bSaP.
4P faN rittiVTQP tSr P]O NPTrOnPN PS XakO nSPON St ]iN QOVPTrO.
4P fiQQ bO VSnyOniOnP tSr cST PS QiyO in STr ]SNPOQ.
4P fSTQr bO TNOtTQ tSr ]iX PS hiyO T\ NXSkinh.
4P fSTQr ]ayO bOOn naPTraQ tSr P]O NiVk Xan PS taQQ aNQOO\ atPOr P]O inOVPiSn.
EXERCISES
I. Say whether you Iike or disIike the way:
1. P]O rSVPSr PrOaPOr P]O bSc (in P]O NPSrc sA oacmN xaiPs"#
2. P]O bSc bO]ayOr rTrinh ]iN iQQnONN#
:. |OXinhfac rONVribOr P]O bScmN XSSr#
9. cST N\OnP cSTr NTXXOr ]SQiracN#
90
0. P]O NPTrOnPN St cSTr hrST\ fSrk aP P]Oir MnhQiN]#
2. cST fOrO PaTh]P MnhQiN] aP NV]SSQ#
&. fSXOn rrONN nSfaracN#
d. P]O hirQN in cSTr hrST\ rrONN P]Oir ]air.
II. FiII in missing adjectives + preposition:
1. xiQQ iP bO......OyOrcbSrc PS ]ayO STr XOOPinh atPOr P]O QONNSnN{ 4 bOQiOyO NS( bTP 4 rSnmP
knSf it iP fiQQ bO......STr POaV]Or. 2. xSTQr iP bO......P]O NOVSnr'cOar NPTrOnPN PS rOar MnhQiN]
nOfN\a\OrN{ 4t cST XOan \a\OrN \TbQiN]Or in 6riPain 4 P]ink iP fSTQr bO......P]OX NS tar. :.
x]iV] iN XSrO......a NPTrOnP: PS rOar Sr PS N\Oak MnhQiN] fOQQ{ 4t P]O NPTrOnP iN hSinh PS bOVSXO
a POaV]Or( iPmN OgTaQQc ... ... ]iX Sr ]Or bSP] PS rOar anr N\Oak fOQQ. 9. oS cST P]ink iP fSTQr
bO......NPTrOnPN fiP] bar N\OQQinh PS VS\c MnhQiN] POUPN{ 4P Xih]P bO......P]OX( St VSTrNO( bTP PS
POQQ cST P]O PrTP] iPmN a yOrc PirONSXO Sb. 0. xiQQ iP bO.......NPTrOnPN PS PakO \arP in P]O \]SnOPiV
VSnPONP aP STr rO\arPXOnP{ pt VSTrNO. 4P fiQQ bO ......tirNP'cOar NPTrOnPN aN iP fiQQ hiyO P]OX a
hSSr V]anVO PS brTN] T\ P]Oir \rSnTnViaPiSn.
III. TransIate these sentences into EngIish:
1. ~; A $D!< <+! % !+ !( !+! !A. 2( )
> > ! $!< ! K!!( ! > > $+D. :. )
!( > !J<( < <J !+! != ?. 9. [
!=( + ?!+ $< + $ $ A; !. 0. )
!( K + >. 2. G!+ ! <
!!! ! !,!? JA !!.
IV. Make up micro-diaIogues using Speech Patterns 1-2:
wSrOQ: % x]c rirnmP cST VSXO PS 7mN rOViPaQ cONPOrrac{ 4 QikOr P]O fac ]O \QacOr.
% 4mr ]ayO VSXO it 4 fOrO a XTNiVian aN cST arO. 6TP iPmN rittiVTQP tSr XO PS
TnrOrNPanr NOriSTN XTNiV( 4 \rOtOr a.
TEXT. INTRODUCING LONDON
jSnrSn iN an anViOnP ViPc. 4P hrOf T\ arSTnr P]O tirNP \SinP f]OrO P]O SXan inyarOrN tSTnr
P]O v]aXON narrSf OnSTh] PS bTiQr a brirhO. v]Oc tSTnr a NXaQQ ROQPiV NOPPQOXOnP P]On knSfn
aN jSnriniTX anr bc A. o.
21
:00 P]Oc ]ar PTrnOr iP inPS a NiOabQO \SrP anr an iX\SrPanP
Prarinh VOnPrO fiP] a faQQ f]iV] OnVQSNOr P]O ]SXON St abSTP 00(000 \OS\QO.
pnO in NOyOn St P]O \S\TQaPiSn St P]O }niPOr kinhrSX iN a jSnrSnOr. AbSTP & XiQQiSn
\OS\QO QiyO in WrOaPOr jSnrSn.
22

jSnrSn rSXinaPON 6riPiN] QitO. 4P iN P]O ]SXO St P]O naPiSnmN
VSXXOrVO anr tinanVO( P]O Xain VOnPrO St iPN QOhaQ NcNPOX anr P]O \rONN. 4P ]aN P]O QarhONP
TniyOrNiPc anr P]O hrOaPONP \SNNibiQiPiON tSr OnPOrPainXOnP anr tSr N\SrP in P]O VSTnPrc. jSnrSn
iN SnO St P]O taXSTN Va\iPaQ ViPiON St P]O fSrQr( anr OyOrc cOar aPPraVPN VrSfrN St yiNiPSrN trSX
]SXO anr abrSar. v]Oc VSXO PS OU\QSrO iPN ]iNPSriV bTiQrinhN( PS NOO iPN XTNOTXN anr haQQOriON(
iPN NPrOOPN anr \arkN( anr iPN \OS\QO.
v]O bTiQP'T\ arOa St WrOaPOr jSnrSn NPrOPV]ON 00 kiQSXOPrON trSX OaNP PS fONP anr Xanc St
iPN riNPriVPN arO QinkOr fiP] \arPiVTQar aVPiyiPiON( tSr OUaX\QO( \arQiaXOnParc anr hSyOrnXOnP
aVPiyiPc VOnPrON Sn ^arQiaXOnP 5gTarO St xONPXinNPOr anr x]iPO]aQQ. nTNP aN sxONPXinNPOrs
NPanrN tSr ^arQiaXOnP NS sx]iPO]aQQs iN StPOn TNOr aN P]O naXO tSr VOnPraQ WSyOrnXOnP.
ptt x]iPO]aQQ in a NXaQQ NirO'NPrOOP oSfninh 5PrOOP % iN a gTiOP( TniX\rONNiyO ]STNO %
7S. 10 % P]O SttiViaQ ]SXO St ^riXO winiNPOr.
nTNP aN xaQQ 5PrOOP in 7Of zSrk iN P]O VOnPrO St VSXXOrVO anr tinanVO NS P]O RiPc St
jSnrSn( NSXOPiXON VaQQOr sP]O NgTarO XiQOs
2:
iN P]O VOnPrO tSr XSnOc XaPPOrN. |OrO in
v]rOarnOOrQO 5PrOOP iN P]O 6ank St MnhQanr % NSXOPiXON VaQQOr sv]O pQr jarc St
21
A. D. AnnS oSXini ()at"A: in P]O cOar St P]O jSrr( nOf Ora YmiNrO.
22
Greater London inVQTrON P]O NTbTrbN St P]O ViPc aQQ St f]iV] arO VSnnOVPOr fiP] P]O VOnPrO St jSnrSn anr fiP] OaV] SP]Or bc
TnrOrhrSTnr raiQfac QinON.
2:
mile: a XOaNTrO St QOnhP]( 1208 XOPrON. MnhQiN] XOaNTrON St QOnhP] (carr % 81 VX( tSSP % :0 VX( inV] % 2.0 VX"( fOih]P (NPSnO % 2
kh( \STnr % 909 h( STnVO % :1 h"( QigTirN (haQQSn % :.&8 QiP( \inP % 0.0& QiP" arO nSP baNOr Sn P]O rOViXaQ NcNPOX.
91
v]rOarnOOrQO 5PrOOPs % P]O VOnPraQ bankinh inNPiPTPiSn f]SNO \STnr
29
nSPON tSrX P]O Xain
VTrrOnVc in P]O VSTnPrc. qQOOP 5PrOOP nOar 5P. ^aTQmN RaP]OrraQ TNOr PS bO a bTNc NPrOOP tTQQ St
tSrOihn( \rSyinViaQ anr jSnrSn nOfN\a\Or SttiVON NTV] aN ;he \ai9y 8Z4re&&, ;he \ai9y
;e9egra4h"
20
v]STh] XSNP St P]O 6riPiN] naPiSnaQ nOfN\a\Or SttiVON ]ayO XSyOr PS xa\\inh( an arOa in
MaNP jSnrSn( P]O naXO St qQOOP 5PrOOP iN NPiQQ TNOr PS rONVribO P]O nOfN\a\Or inrTNPrc.
4n 5STP] kOnNinhPSn P]OrO arO NOyOraQ QarhO XTNOTXN. v]O @iVPSria anr AQbOrP wTNOTX fiP]
a XahnitiVOnP VSQQOVPiSn St tinO anr a\\QiOr arPN aQNS inVQTrON a firO'ranhinh riN\Qac St
VOraXiVN( XOPaQfSrk anr a NOQOVPiSn St RSnNPabQOmN
22
XaNPOr\iOVON f]iV] arO fOQQ fSrP] NOOinh.
v]O 7aPTraQ |iNPSrc wTNOTX VSnPainN \QanPN( aniXaQN anr XinOraQN. v]O |aQQ St |TXan
6iSQShc OnabQON yiNiPSrN PS QOarn abSTP P]Oir bSriON anr P]O fac P]Oc fSrk. MU]ibiPN in P]O
5ViOnVO wTNOTX riN\Qac P]O riNVSyOrc anr rOyOQS\XOnP St NTV] inyOnPiSnN aN P]O NPOaX
OnhinO( \]SPShra\]c( hQaNN'Xakinh( \rinPinh anr aPSXiV \]cNiVN. v]OrO iN a haQQOrc f]OrO
V]iQrrOn Van OU\OriXOnP fiP] fSrkinh XSrOQN. v]O wTNOTX St jSnrSn in P]O RiPc \rONOnPN P]O
biShra\]c St jSnrSn( trSX P]O tSTnrinh St jSnrSn bc SXanN PS P]O WrOaPOr jSnrSn St
PSrac. xiP]in a NhTarO kiQSXOPrO Sr NS in jSnrSnmN P]OaPrO'Qanr arO SyOr P]irPc P]OaPrON(
N]Sfinh a QarhO ranhO St SQr anr XSrOX \QacN. 5XaQQOr strinhOs P]OaPrON
2&
\OrtSrX in VQTbN(
\TbN anr aP QTnV] PiXO.
jSnrSn iN tTQQ St \arkN anr hrOOn N\aVON. |crO ^ark( SrihinaQQc a rScaQ ]TnPinh tSrONP( iN P]O
QarhONP \ark in jSnrSn. 4n NTXXOr P]O 5Or\OnPinO VanaQ f]iV] tQSfN P]rSTh] P]O \ark iN
aQfacN tTQQ St NfiXXOrN( rSfOrN anr NTnbaP]OrN. nTNP NSTP] St P]O 5Or\OnPinO iN. SPPOn Sf( a
taN]iSnabQO N\SP tSr ]SrNO'ririnh( anr in SnO VSrnOr( nOar warbQO ArV] iN 5\OakOrNm RSXOr#
f]OrO OyOrcSnO Van hS anr air P]Oir yiOfN PS ancSnO f]S fiQQ QiNPOn. 6OcSnr |crO ^ark QiON
anSP]Or rScaQ \ark( kOnNinhPSn WarrOnN. R]iQrrOn haP]Or bc P]O NPaPTO St ^OPOr ^an( naXON
6arriOmN
2d
fOQQ'knSfn NPSrcbSSk V]araVPOr( Sr NaiQ P]Oir XSrOQ bSaPN Sn P]O STnr ^Snr. 4n P]O
nSrP] St jSnrSn iN OhOnPmN ^ark fiP] a SS anr an S\On'air P]OaPrO. A Pri\ aQSnh OhOnPmN
RanaQ in a riyOrbSaP hiyON a V]anVO PS NOO jSnrSn jiPPQO @OniVO( a gTiOP VSTnPrcNirO arOa tSr
riV] \OS\QO SnQc aN P]O Qanr ]OrO iN yOrc OU\OnNiyO.
jikO Xanc Va\iPaQ ViPiON( jSnrSn hrOf T\ aQSnh a XaSr riyOr. v]O v]aXON riyirON jSnrSn
N]ar\Qc in PfS. wSNP St VOnPraQ jSnrSn iN Sn P]O nSrP] bank St P]O riyOr. v]O v]aXON aP
jSnrSn iN PiraQ anr P]OrO ]ayO bOOn NOyOraQ NOriSTN tQSSrN. v]O riNk St P]iN iN inVrOaNinh aN
NSTP]Orn MnhQanr iN Ninkinh in rOQaPiSn PS NOa QOyOQ. v]rOaP St riNaNPOr( ]SfOyOr( ]aN bOOn
QONNOnOr bc P]O VSnNPrTVPiSn St a tQSSr barriOr.
4P iN aQfacN inPOrONPinh tSr PSTriNPN PS PakO a Pri\ aQSnh P]O v]aXON in a bSaP aN iP hiyON a
NPrikinh \anSraXa St jSnrSn. v]O bONP fac PS NOO P]O ViPc gTiVkQc iN trSX P]O PS\ St jSnrSn
rOr rSTbQO'rOVkOr bTNON. 5\OViaQ PSTriNP bTNON hS Sn PfS']STr VirVTQar PSTrN. v]O SP]Or gTiVk
anr OaNc fac St hOPPinh arSTnr jSnrSn iN bc sPTbOs % P]O }nrOrhrSTnr raiQfac. oTrinh P]O
sraN] ]STrNs( f]On SttiVO fSrkOrN ]Trrc PS anr trSX fSrk( P]O PTbO Prain rSSrN Van ]arrQc
VQSNO bO]inr P]O VrTN]Or VrSfrN.
jSnrSn iN an anViOnP ViPc. 6TP iP iN aQNS a Qiyinh ViPc anr QikO aQQ Qiyinh ViPiON iP iN VSnNPanPQc
rOyOQS\inh.
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. historic ad1 !!!; (!+=C!; !! !( JJ!;
!!="( ."g" ]iNPSriV \QaVO( raPO( N\OOV]( OyOnP( baPPQO( OPV. 1d12 faN a ]iNPSriV cOar tSr
TNNian \OS\QO.
29
pound: a XSnOParc TniP VirVTQaPinh in WrOaP 6riPain. }\ PS 18&1 MnhQiN] XSnOc fiP] iPN \OnniON( N]iQQinhN anr \STnrN faN nSP baNOr Sn
P]O rOViXaQ NcNPOX OiP]Or: 12 \OnVO tSr a N]iQQinh( 20 N]iQQinhN tSr a \STnr( 21 N]iQQinhN tSr a hTinOa( P]O QaPPOr hSP iPN naXO trSX P]O tirNP
VSin NPrTVk trSX hSQr Sn P]O VSaNP St WTinOa. 4n 18&1 6riPain V]anhOr SyOr PS( rOViXaQ VTrrOnVc NcNPOX % 100 nOf \OnVO PS P]O \STnr
(". 7Of VSinN (Sr \iOVON" fOrO inPrSrTVOr: P]O 1/2 \.( 2 \.( 0 \.( 10 \.( 20 \. anr 00 \. VSinN.
20
The Daily Express: a s\S\TQars \a\Or tSr P]SNO f]S \rOtOr OnPOrPainXOnP PS intSrXaPiSn. 4P iN QarhOQc tiQQOr fiP] N\SrPinh nOfN(
aVVSTnPN St VriXO( aryOrPiNOXOnPN (arN."( hSNNi\ St QiPPQO fSrP] (abSTP \riyaPO QitO St NSViOPc \OS\QO( tiQX NParN( OPV." anr NPri\ VarPSSnN.
pP]Or \S\TQar \a\OrN arO v]O /un, ;he \ai9y Jirror, ;he \ai9y Jai9" v]iN kinr St nOfN\a\OrN iN VaQQOr P]O PabQSirN.
v]O oaiQc vOQOhra\]: a raiQc jSnrSn nOfN\a\Or St VSnNOryaPiyO SriOnPaPiSn. 4P iN a sgTaQiPcs \a\Or tSr OrTVaPOr rOarOrN f]S arO
inPOrONPOr in iX\SrPanP rSXONPiV anr tSrOihn nOfN. pP]Or gTaQiPc \a\OrN arO ;he M2&erver, ;he @uardian, ;he ;i+e& anr ;he
Inde4endent"
22
Constable( 1ohn (1&&2'1d:&": a taXSTN MnhQiN] \ainPOr.
2&
a strinhOs P]OaPrO NPahON OU\OriXOnPaQ P]OaPriVaQ \QacN \OrtSrXOr bc aXaPOTrN.
2d
Barrie, 1ames M. (1d20'18:&": a 5VSPPiN] nSyOQiNP. ^OPOr ^an % a tairc'PaQO bSc f]S rOtTNOr PS hrSf T\ \rOtOrrinh PS QOar V]iQrrOn
inPS ]iN XahiV s7OyOr'7OyOr janrs f]OrO P]Oc tSTh]P \iraPON.
92
historical ad1 !!!; (>; !!;( !+=C!; J! !!!"(
."g" ]iNPSriVaQ XaPOriaQiNX( NViOnVO( \rinVi\QON( XOP]Sr( a\\rSaV] (PS"# ]iNPSriVaQ nSyOQ( \iVPTrO(
\Qac( tiQX# ]iNPSriVaQ rO\arPXOnP( XTNOTX( OPV.
history n !!( ."g" P]O ]iNPSrc St STr VSTnPrc( P]O ]iNPSrc St P]O QanhTahO# a ]iNPSrc
QONNSn# P]O |iNPSrc wTNOTX.
Note 1: 4n naXON St aVarOXiV NTbOVPN nS arPiVQO iN TNOr( ."g" |iNPSrc St P]O MnhQiN] QanhTahO iN a rittiVTQP
NTbOVP
Note 2: v]O TNNian fSrr UXU] ]aN NOyOraQ MnhQiN] OgTiyaQOnPN: " !! (? !! A'." %
]iNPSrc( ."g" v]iN PSfn ]aN an inPOrONPinh ]iNPSrc.# b" ( $! % NPSrc( ."g" 4 rSnmP QikO NPSriON St
NTV] kinr. |O PSQr TN P]O NPSrc St ]iN f]SQO QitO.# " $!J! % OyOnP( ."g" vOQQ TN NSXOP]inh abSTP P]iN
NPranhO OyOnP. 6TP: A tTnnc P]inh ]a\\OnOr PS ]iX. (/ !+ $!J !!." v]OrOmN a \rOPPc
kOPPQO St tiN]e ( !!e"
2. worth n ,<( ."g" 4PmN a riNVSyOrc St hrOaP fSrP]. v]iN intSrXaPiSn iN St nS fSrP].
worth ad1 4redi5 C!;# worth smth.( ."g" v]iN \iVPTrO iN nSP fSrP] P]O XSnOc cSTmyO
\air tSr iP. v]iN \rSbQOX iN nSP fSrP] STr aPPOnPiSn. v]iN Sb iN nSP fSrP] P]O PiXO fOmyO N\OnP
Sn iP.# worth doing smth.( ."g" v]iN tiQX iN fSrP] NOOinh. 6SSkN St P]aP kinr arO nSP fSrP]
rOarinh. v]iN \rSbQOX iNnmP fSrP] riNVTNNinh. |iN iQQnONN iN ]arrQc fSrP] PrSTbQinh abSTP.#
worth while( ."g" 4P iNnmP fSrP] f]iQO NOOinh P]O tiQX. 4P iNnmP fSrP] f]iQO NiPPinh ]OrO PiQQ 0
SmVQSVk. 4P iN fSrP] f]iQO Prcinh PS VaPV] P]O Prain( 4 P]ink iPmN fSrP] f]iQO N\Oakinh PS ]iX
abSTP iP. Cf.: v]iN bSSk iN fSrP] rOarinh. % 4P iN fSrP] f]iQO rOarinh P]iN bSSk.
worthy ad1 ;>;( ."g" 5]O iN a yOrc fSrP]c fSXan.# to be worthy of smth., NXb.(
."g" |iN bO]ayiSTr iN fSrP]c St hrOaP \raiNO.
unworthy ad1 ;>;
3. masterpiece n J
piece n 1. ( 4& a \iOVO St V]aQk (fSSr( \a\Or( OPV."
/yn" lump, slice. A NQiVO iN a P]in( tQaP \iOVO VTP Stt trSX ancP]inh( aN a NQiVO St brOar
(V]OONO( QOXSn( ]aX( OPV.". A lump iN a NXaQQ N\OViaQQc N]a\Or Sr N]a\OQONN \iOVO( a& a QTX\ St
NThar (bTPPOr( OPV.".
to pieces !( ."g" v]O VT\ tOQQ anr faN brSkOn PS \iOVON.
2. <>; $+( <( ."g" a \iOVO St tTrniPTrO# a( \iOVO St \SOPrc (!?!"#
a \iOVO St \ainPinh (!"# a \iOVO St aryiVO ("# a\iOVO St nOfN (<"#
:. +( ."g" a PfS'N]iQQinh \iOVO( a hSQr (NiQyOr" \iOVO
/yn" coin (TNOr XSrO StPOn P]an \iOVO"
4. human ad1 !;( ;>; ( ."g" a ]TXan naPTrO( P]O ]TXan
bSrc( ]TXan attairN( a ]TXan bOinh ("# hu'mane ad1 A+>;( >;
AnP. cruel
inhuman ad1 >;( a& in]TXan PrOaPXOnP
humanity n (un5ounta29eA 1. ( a& a VriXO ahainNP ]TXaniPc
/yn" man'kind n (TnVSTntabQO". 3ut 'mankind +D!>( +D; $
2. A+<( <( a& PS PrOaP \OS\QO fiP] ]TXaniPc
the Humanities A+!> !# Ncn. the Arts( ."g" ArO cST inPOrONPOr in P]O
|TXaniPiON (P]O ArPN" Sr in P]O MUaVP 5ViOnVON (> !" {
5. to strike (struck, struck) ,t 1. <( !<# to strike smb., to strike smb. (smth.)
on smth. ."g" |O NPrTVk P]O bSc a yiSQOnP bQSf. v]O Xan NPrTVk jannc Sn P]O taVO. |O NPrTVk
]iN tiNP Sn P]O PabQO.
5cn. to hit (hit, hit)( ."g" x]c rir ]O ]iP P]O bSc{# to hit one's hand (foot, head( OPV." on
smth.( ."g" 4 ]iP Xc ]Oar Sn P]O QSf N]OQt.
7SPO: strike anr hit Xac bO TNOr in P]O NaXO NOnNO % to strike or to hit smb. % bTP VarO N]STQr bO PakOn PS
TNO P]O \rS\Or yOrb X PrariPiSnaQ fSrr VSXbinaPiSnN NTV] aN to strike a match !< $!;( O( !"
5SXObSrc NPrTVk a XaPV] NS P]aP fO VSTir NOO OaV] SP]Or.
2. !< ( ?"( ."g" 4P ]aN TNP NPrTVk ]aQt \aNP tSTr. v]iN PSfOr VQSVk NPrikON P]O ]STrN.
:. $D<( !<( !" xO fOrO NPrTVk bc biN NPranhO bO]ayiSTr. 4P NPrTVk XO P]aP ]O
]ar hrSfn NS SQr. wanc P]inhN Xih]P NPrikO TN aN TnTNTaQ in a tSrOihn VSTnPrc.
9:
/yn" to surprise, to astonish, to puzzle
7PO: to be struck means sPS bO tiQQOr NTrrOnQc fiP] a NPrSnh tOOQinh St NTr\riNOs. v]aP riNPinhTiN]ON P]O
yOrb to strike from its synonyms to astonish anr to surprise# to astonish iN NPrSnhOr in XOaninh P]an to
surprise( ."g" 4 N]STQrnmP bO NTr\riNOr it iP rainOr. 4mX nSP NTr\riNOr aP NOOinh cST ]OrO( 4myO bOOn PSQr abSTP cSTr
arriyaQ. 4 faN aNPSniN]Or aP NOOinh ]iX NS V]anhOr. 4 faN NPrTVk bc ]iN NTrrOn rOaP].# to puzzle XOanN sPS XakO
a \OrNSn P]ink ]arr bOtSrO tinrinh an anNfOrs( e"g" |iN QOPPOr \TQOr XO. ( 4 rirnmP knSf f]c ]O ]ar friPPOn iP"
striking ad1, a& NPrikinh QikOnONN (nOfN( VSnPraNP" stricken 44" terror-stricken; horror-
stricken; panic-stricken
7SPO: P]O yOrb PS NPrikO ]aN ]SXSncXN: a" strike ,i <( b" strike n ( ."g"
AQQ P]O raiQfac fSrkOrN SinOr P]O NPrikO.# to go on strike _<
6. circuIar ad1 A>;( A;( ."g" v]OrO iN a VirVTQar raiQfac rTnninh rSTnr wSNVSf.
A VirVTQar NPairVaNO QOr PS P]O PS\ St P]O PSfOr.
circulate , 1. ,!!<( ."g" 6QSSr VirVTQaPON in P]O bSrc.# 2. $<(
$<( ."g" 6ar nOfN VirVTQaPON gTiVkQc.
circulation n 1. ,!,!( ."g" v]O VirVTQaPiSn St air iN raP]Or bar ]OrO( P]aPmN f]c iP iN
NPTttc.# 2. $!( C! (!.T.^T.A, ."g" pnQc NiQyOr anr VS\\Or VSinN arO in
VirVTQaPiSn nSf.
blood-circulation n C!
circle n 1. A( D<( ."g" 4PmN aQXSNP iX\SNNibQO PS rraf a VirVQO fiP]STP a \air St
VSX\aNNON ( ,!".# 2. A$$( A =;( ."g" B bOQSnhOr PS P]O bTNinONN VirVQO St
P]O PSfn.
NOTES ON HOMONYMS
Homonyms arO fSrrN P]aP VSinVirO in tSrX( bTP ]ayO rittOrOnP XOaninhN anr. Xac (Sr Xac
nSP" bOQSnh PS rittOrOnP VaPOhSriON Sr \arPN St N\OOV]. |SXSncXN Xac VSinVirO bSP] in
\]SnOPiV anr in hra\]iV tSrX( aN 2a99, n (+" anr 2a99, n (" Sr fair, ad1 (>;(
$!>; ! . ." anr fair, n (+". v]Oc Xac VSinVirO SnQc in \rSnTnViaPiSn(
bTP ]ayO rittOrOnP hra\]iV tSrXN( aN &ea, n anr PS NOO( y. v]Oc Xac VSinVirO in N\OQQinh( bTP bO
rittOrOnPQc \rSnSTnVOr( aN 9ead YQOr n (!," anr PS 9ead YQi:r , (!".
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)
Words
anViOnP ad1 tinanVO n \iOVO n
aNPSniN] , tQSSr n \SNNibiQiPc n
bTiQP'T\ ad1 ]iNPSriV ad1 \STnr n
VirVQO n ]iNPSriVaQ ad1 \TQO ,
VirVTQar ad1 ]TXan ad1 NOa QOyOQ
VirVTQaPiSn n ]TXaniPc n NOPPQOXOnP n
VSin n (P]O" |TXaniPiON NQiVO n
VSXXOrVO n QTX\ n NPrOPV] ,
VTrrOnVc n Xankinr n NPrikO ,
rSTbQO'rOVkOr n XaNPOr\iOVO n NPrikinh ad1
OnPOrPainXOnP n ^arQiaXOnP n PrattiV n
OU]ibiP , \arQiaXOnParc ad1 fSrP] n, ad1
fSrP]c ad1
Word Combinations
PS brOak PS \iOVON PS hS Sn a PSTr PS PTrn NXP]. inPS
NXP].
a \anSraXa (yiOf" St PS ]ayO a \SNNibiQiPc tSr PS bO a NTr\riNO PS
PS NPanr tSr NXP]. PS NPrikO a XaPV] PS bO fSrP]c St
NXP].
PS NPrikO a bQSf a \iOVO St aryiVO PS hS Sn NPrikO
tinO anr a\\QiOr arPN PS bO a NTr\riNO PS NXb. PS PakO a Pri\
Proper Names
99
SXan P]O @iVPSria anr AQbOiP wTNOTX
P]O v]aXON RSnNPabQO
jSnriniTX P]O 7aPTraQ |iNPSrc wTNOTX
xONPXinNPOr P]O 5ViOnVO wTNOTX
x]iPO]aQQ P]O wTNOTX St jSnrSn
oSfninh 5PrOOP |crO ^ark
qQOOP 5PrOOP P]O 5Or\OnPinO
5P. ^aTQmN RaP]OrraQ warbQO ArV]
5STP] kOnNinhPSn kOnNinhPSn WarrOnN
OhOnPmN ^ark
EXERCISES
1. Read the text and taIk as the foIIowing points (A. Grammar, B. Word usage, . Word-
formation):
A. 1. x]aP POnNO hrST\ iN XainQc TNOr in P]O POUP anr f]c{
2. qinr \aNNiyO ySiVO VSnNPrTVPiSnN anr PranNQaPO P]O NOnPOnVON fiP] P]OX.
6. vranNQaPO P]O NOnPOnVON bOhinninh fiP] just as ... so inPS TNNian.
R. 5OarV] P]O POUP tSr VSX\STnrN( VSXXOnP Sn P]Oir NPrTVPTrO. qinr rOriyaPiyON fiP] P]O
NTttiUON -ment, -er, -ly anr VQaNNitc P]OX aVVSrrinh PS P]O VaPOhSrc St N\OOV].
II. a) Search tee text and the footnotes for the EngIish equivaIents of the sentences and
phrases Iisted beIow:
A. 1. $!< +< < $! $>; A>; A# 2. !+<
+D! !; ! !; $+# :. +; ! +<# 9.
!$ ! $!!; !!<A ! $!A !# 0.
J!< $A + + $ [+# 2. <( $+<# &.
> $+ A.
B. 1. !>( F<>H A># 2. C! >!? ! > !
D+# :. $!> !# 9. $!( $=C! !# 0. $;!
!= D= !+# . + 00 $.
b) Use them in sentences of your own.
III. a) SpeII and give the four forms of the foIIowing verbs:
YhrET( YbIQr( YqmPrxkP( YNOnr( YrImN\QOI( YtQET( YQaI]( Ym]ArI( YNPraIk( Y\AQ.
b) Transcribe the foIIowing words:
ROQPiV( NOPPQOXOnP( VSXXOrVO( tinanVO( OU\QSrO( kiQSXOPrO( \arQiaXOnParc( XahnitiVOnP(
VOraXiVN( XOPaQfSrk( \]SPShra\]c( aPSXiV( rScaQ( VanaQ( NTnbaP]Or( XaSr( barriOr( \anSraXa(
rSTbQO'rOVkOr( riNaNPOr.
c) Write the degrees of comparison of:
narrSf( NXaQQ( hrOaP( SQr( gTiOP( fSrP]c( bTNc( OaNc.
d) Find homonyms in Text of Unit Three.
IV. a) AnaIyse the morphoIogicaI structure of the word sizable, expIain its meaning and give its
Russian equivaIent
b) Form adjectives from these verbaI stems by adding the negative prefix fprrjuks] on-, and the
adjective-forming suffix -able. ExpIain the meaning of the derivatives and transIate
them (in one word):
OaP( rOar( brOak( tSrhOP( \arrSn( rONVribO( rONirO( iXahinO( bOQiOyO.
V. Write questions based on the text. Use in your questions the suggested word combinations.
Ask your questions in cIass:
1. PS PTrn NXP]. inPS# 2. bTiQrT\ arOa# :. P]O ]SXO St# 9. PS NPanr tSr# 0. P]O SttiViaQ ]SXO St
P]O ^riXO winiNPOr# 2. sP]O NgTarO XiQOs# &. P]O VOnPraQ bankinh inNPiPTPiSn# d( PS bO tTQQ St# 8.
tinO anr a\\QiOr arPN# 10. P]O 5ViOnVO wTNOTX# 11. P]OaPrOQanr# 12. PS air SnOmN yiOfN# 1:. PS
haP]Or bc# 19. PS hrSf T\# 10. P]rOaP St riNaNPOr# 12. PS hiyO a \anSraXa# 1&. P]O srTN] ]STrNs.
90
VI. Try your hand at teaching. (See "CIassroom EngIish", Sections VI, VIII, IX, X.)
A. Preparation. xriPO 2%: N\OViaQ gTONPiSnN abSTP OaV] \arahra\] St P]O POUP anr
tSSPnSPON. 5OO PS iP P]aP nOf fSrrN( \]raNON anr \aPPOrnN arO TNOr OiP]Or in cSTr gTONPiSnN Sr in
anNfOrN PS P]OX.
B. Work in class. ^TP cSTr gTONPiSnN PS P]O VQaNN anr VSXXOnP Sn P]O anNfOrN (OU\rONN
cSTr a\\rSyaQ Sr riNa\\rSyaQ# VSrrOVP P]O XiNPakON( it P]OrO arO anc# arr NSXO rOPaiQN it
nOVONNarc( OPV.".
VII. Make up a diaIogue based on one of the paragraphs of the text or the footnotes. Speak for
a Russian and an EngIish student. Try and give an additionaI piece of information on
the topic Use the prompts:
|ayO cST ]Oarr (abSTP"...{# oS cST ]a\\On PS knSf...{# |ayO cST hSP anc irOa{# 5SXOSnO
]aN PSQr XO P]aP...# v]aPmN f]aP 4 ]Oarr# 4mX atrair 4 rSnmP knSf XTV] abSTP...# 4 fSnrOr it cST
rOXOXbOr...# |ayO 4 hSP iP rih]P{# AX 4 rih]P PS bOQiOyO{# AbNSQTPOQc# MUaVPQc# v]aPmN yOrc
NTr\riNinhe# v]aPmN aXainhe
VIII. a) Comment on the diaIogue beIow:
A.: |Sf Van cST bO NS NPT\ir aN PS P]ink P]aP jSnrSn iN bOaTPitTQe
.: 5PT\ire x]aP nSnNOnNOe pt VSTrNO iPmN bOaTPitTQ. jSSk aP aQQ P]O \arkN anr 6TVkinh]aX
^aQaVO anr aQQ P]O V]TrV]ON.
A.: TbbiN]e v]OcmrO tiQP]c anr tTQQ St Tnk.
.: qSr hSSrnONN NakO( f]c rSnmP cST S\On cSTr OcON{ xaQk arSTnr inNPOar St TNP rriyinh
rSTnr in a PaUi aQQ race (_argreave& Y" anr *9et5her J" wakinh ^SQiPO
7SiNON( jar.( 18d2"
b) Make up simiIar diaIogues on the sights of your native town. The foIIowing phrases might
heIp you:
4 rSnmP ahrOO aP aQQ. zST XTNP bO Skinhe v]OrOmN nS OyirOnVO tSr P]aP. p]( P]aPmN ririVTQSTNe
7SnNOnNOe TbbiN]e 4 rSnmP bOQiOyO P]aP aP aQQ. zST rSnmP knSf f]aP cSTmrO PaQkinh abSTP.
zSTmrO VSX\QOPOQc frSnh abSTP P]aP.
IX. FiII in a suitabIe word or phrase: a) surprise, astonish, strike, puzzIe:
1. 4 fSnmP bO ... it ]O hOPN a stiyOs( ]O iN a yOrc brih]P bSc. 2. xO fOrO ... bc P]O VSnPraNPN
bOPfOOn fOaQP] anr \SyOrPc in oOQ]i. :. |iN gTONPiSn ... XO. 4 rirnmP knSf ]Sf PS anNfOr iP. 9.
4 faN ... PS XOOP ]iX in PSfn( 4 faN NTrO ]O ]ar nSP VSXO baVk cOP. 0. |iN VrTOQPc... TN. xO
aQfacN P]STh]P P]aP bO faN kinr anr NcX\aP]OPiV.
b) piece, Iamp, sIice:
1. ^iVk T\ P]O ... St P]O brSkOn VT\ anr P]rSf P]OX STP. 2. WiyO XO a... St \a\Or. 4mQQ N]Sf
cST ]Sf PS XakO a bSaP tSr P]O V]iQr. :. 4mr QikO PS PakO SnO XSrO ... St VakO. wac 4{ 9. 4 nOyOr
\TP XSrO P]an PfS ... St NThar inPS Xc POa. 0. 4 nOOr a N]SrP ... St NPrinh PS PiO P]O \arVOQ fiP]. 2.
4mr QikO PS ]ayO a ... St QOXSn fiP] Xc POa.
c) historic or historicaI:
1. Or 5gTarO iN a ... N\SP: Xanc ... OyOnPN PSSk \QaVO in iP. 2. 4n ]iN ... nSyOQN xaQPOr 5VSPP
hayO a fSnrOrtTQ rONVri\PiSn nSP SnQc St ... OyOnPN( bTP St f]SQO ... O\SV]N. :. v]O ninP] St
wac iN SnO St STr XSNP iX\SrPanP... raPON: fO VOQObraPO STr ... yiVPSrc in xSrQr xar 44. 9. v]OrO
arO Xanc ... XSnTXOnPN in wSNVSf.
X. ReteII the Text Use the map of London on pp. 114-115.
XI. a) FiII in preposition wherever necessary:
^QOaNO rOXOXbOr: traffic ... 6riPain keeps ... the lefte 5S f]On crossing a street look right
tirNP P]On left. 4t \SNNibQO cross ... zebra crossings( NSXOPiXON indicated ... flashing orange
lights ... either side ... the road.
Speed limit ... 6riPain iN &0 X\] ( XiQON \Or ]STr"# ... built-up areas :0 X\]. Careful
riding iN ONNOnPiaQ aN P]OrO arO Xanc narrow anr winding roads.
Roads ... fast long-distance driving arO VaQQOr motorways. v]O bONP knSfn iN P]O
XSPSrfac ... jSnrSn anr jOOrN. Road signs arO XSNPQc P]O NaXO aN P]SNO TNOr ... P]O
VSnPinOnP. v]O NaXO hSON ... traffic lights.
92
b) Speak about the traffic in this country using the word combinations in boId type.
XII. a) ExpIain the meaning of these proverbs. TransIate them. Give their Russian equivaIents:
A birr in P]O ]anr iN fSrP] PfS in P]O bTN]. v]O haXO iN nSP fSrP] P]O VanrQO. An ]STr in
P]O XSrninh iN fSrP] PfS in P]O OyOninh. 6OPfOOn PfS OyiQN mPiN nSP fSrP] f]iQO V]SSNinh.
b) Say whether you agree with Lord Goring's opinion that "It is aIways worth whiIe asking a
question, though it is not aIways worth whiIe answering one." (O. WiIde. "An IdeaI
Husband")
XIII. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using a) be well worth + ger/n or b) just as... so:
1. |O ! < A $ [+( !J+ !<>;. 2. /!
$!J< A . :. B ! !< + C!( >+! >
!<. 9. /! $!< ); ! - ! $+<( !
!+= +!!+. 0. G + +!
$+ !!!!( /!! % I!>; ,. 2. G + $
FA+!>+!H +! $+= !!=( !( !> >!(
$ F>+!H +! % I!!( ?!+!=( ! ! .
XIV. Arrange micro-diaIogues on the foIIowing topics:
1. |Sf SQr wSNVSf iN. x]OrO anr ]Sf iP NParPOr. 2. x]aP XSnOc iN in VirVTQaPiSn in P]iN
VSTnPrc. :. x]aP P]O XSNP \S\TQar \a\OrN in wSNVSf arO. 9. x]c wTNVSyiPON QikO P]Oir
TnrOrhrSTnr raiQfac. 0. x]aP P]O XSNP \S\TQar XTNOTXN in wSNVSf arO. x]aP iN OU]ibiPOr'
P]OrO{ 2. x]aP cST knSf abSTP \arkN in wSNVSf. &. v]O PrattiV in P]O Va\iPaQ.
XV. a) Read and transIate the text:
A\arP trSX XSrO iX\SrPanP nOfN \rinPOr Sn P]O tirNP \ahO fiP] bih ]OarQinON in bSQr Pc\O
P]OrO arO Xanc SP]Or NOVPiSnN in P]O \a\Or. 5SXO \OS\QO PTrn aP SnVO PS VQaNNitiOr arN (VaQQOr bc
P]aP naXO bOVaTNO aryOrPiNOXOnPN arO arranhOr in hrST\N QikO: sPS QOPs( s\rS\OrPc fanPOrs(
sNiPTaPiSn yaVanPs( OPV.". qSr P]SNO f]S arO inPOrONPOr in VQSP]ON P]OrO arO taN]iSn \ahON. zST
Van tinr STP f]aPmN Sn bc QSSkinh in P]O aryOrPiNOXOnP hTirO. 5SXO QikO PS QSSk P]rSTh] P]O
f]SQO \a\Or rOarinh a ]OarQinO ]OrO( hQanVinh aP an inPOrONPinh arPiVQO P]OrO( QSSkinh aP a
\SQiPiVaQ VarPSSn( XacbO( Sr rOarinh NSXO St bTNinONN nOfN.
b) Answer the suggested questions:
1. oS cST rOar \a\OrN PS VaPV] T\ fiP] P]O QaPONP nOfN Sr arO cST inPOrONPOr in NSXO
\arPiVTQar \rSbQOXN{ x]c{ 2. x]OrO Van fO tinr P]O XSNP iX\SrPanP \SQiPiVaQ( bTNinONN anr
VTQPTraQ nOfN in STr \a\OrN{ :. 4n f]iV] St STr nOfN\a\OrN Van cST tinr aryOrPiNOXOnPN{ ArO
P]Oc VQaNNitiOr in anc fac{ 9. ArO P]OrO anc \SQiPiVaQ VarPSSnN anr aXTNOXOnP hTirON in STr
\a\OrN{ 0. ArO cST TNOr PS NPTrcinh a nOfN\a\Or P]SrSTh]Qc Sr TNP hQanVinh aP an arPiVQO ]OrO
anr P]OrO{
XVI. TransIate the sentences into EngIish:
1. ! A! C+ . 2. i ! A $!
!; +. :. B$!< $+! ! !: ! ! !?
! A!;!+ >+. 9. )> !!!<( A !( *;'
$ )' =; +D >>< ! D! $ =+
$( + +D >J< +A $?!. 0( _!( + D(
2. G< +( K +; ! JA D!. &. [$< A!!
C!! I> ! $>. d. 1890 A % !!!; A A 8.
LD A!; A !+ $>; A !;. 10. -( !
=+ !+ A <J!+ !D!+( >= D> $!J!. G. /
<>? A > !!< $+ )>. 12 G+C!
A A; ;( ,!!=C; $ +. 1:. /! >? +
>= ? A? J; >. 19 A ,! $!!;
!!<A ! $!A ! $! $!; KA +. 10.
i$> Z!A + ) + $!; !!+
,!!!,!! !!! E!!. 12. G< < D!>? ;? )>
20 +/.
9&
XVII. a) Read the text. ReteII it adding some more Information about ParIiament
v]O tirNP xONPXinNPOr ^aQaVO faN bTiQP bc Mrfarr P]O RSntONNSr in abSTP 1000 anr faN
TNOr aN a rScaQ rONirOnVO( P]On as the seat of Government anr tinaQQc( atPOr 109&( aN the
meeting place for Parliament. v]O tirO St 1d:9 rONPrScOr XSNP St P]O SrihinaQ bTiQrinhN. v]O
nOf bTiQrinh tSr ^arQiaXOnP faN rONihnOr bc 5ir R]arQON 6arrc in 1d90. v]O hOnOraQ NPcQO iN
hSP]iV.
v]OrO arO PfS "Chambers" Sr "Houses" of Parliament % P]aP St P]O RSXXSnN anr P]aP
St P]O jSrrN. v]O XSrO iX\SrPanP anr \SfOrtTQ St P]ONO iN P]O |STNO St RSXXSnN( f]SNO
members are elected by the public. v]O ^riXO winiNPOr anr XSNP St P]O WSyOrnXOnP arO
wOXbOrN St P]O |STNO St RSXXSnN. v]O |STNO St jSrrN is made up of jSrrN f]S ]ayO
in]OriPOr P]Oir PiPQON anr P]O rih]P PS NiP in P]O |STNO( anr sQitO \OOrNs f]S arO a\\SinPOr bc P]O
TOOn on the advice of the Government of the day.
|aQt St P]O bTiQrinh St ^arQiaXOnP iN TNOr bc P]O RSXXSnN anr P]O SP]Or ]aQt bc P]O jSrrN.
AP P]O xONPXinNPOr 6rirhO Onr iN P]O rONirOnVO St P]O 5\OakOr( f]S presides over meetings St
P]O |STNO St RSXXSnN anr aP P]O SP]Or Onr iN P]O rONirOnVO St P]O jSrr R]anVOQQSr( f]S
\rONirON SyOr P]O |STNO St jSrrN.
Parliament's most important function is the making of laws. 6OtSrO a nOf Qaf (Sr 6iQQ"
can come into effect( iP XTNP pass through P]rOO NPahON in OaV] |STNO anr be given P]O
TOOnmN approval. 4P P]On bOVSXON an Act of Parliament. (5OO:
Jountefie9d 0" jSnrSn. jnr.( 18&8"
b) Say what you know about the Russian ParIiament, i. e. two chambers: the Duma and the
CounciI of Federation.
XVIII. Give the idea of the text in EngIish:
G + ! $ $ $ A( ! ! $< !!
!!; $+( >( ,( J!! !< +> ; $.
. $ C! > $!< D J!. .! ! >?
$!! ,!; !; $+ % $+<'+!! ).[K. .
$> = $!,!= +( $> $! $= !J+ <J!?
. B( ! !; $ +!; A> FL!
; +!H( $!! $A $!! [K D!! <
!+ A! !!! >$! $!<. !
+ !? 3;( += $+ $ ! I(
+A! $+!! !? $$ $. G! K?
+=C!? ; =< $D! !? !. (Fa
D+H( 8( 18d0"
XIX. Read and comment on the foIIowing:
REMEMBRANCE DAY (POPPY DAY)
OXOXbranVO oac iN SbNOryOr P]rSTh]STP 6riPain in VSXXOXSraPiSn St P]O XiQQiSn Sr XSrO
6riPiN] NSQriOrN( NaiQSrN anr airXOn f]S QSNP P]Oir QiyON rTrinh P]O PfS xSrQr xarN. pn P]aP rac
frOaP]N arO Qair aP far XOXSriaQN P]rSTh]STP P]O VSTnPrc anr aP jSnrSnmN ROnSPa\] (a far
XOXSriaQ in x]iPO]aQQ" f]OrO a ihrOaP nTXbOr St \OS\QO haP]Or PS SbNOryO P]O PfS'XinTPO
NiQOnVO anr PS \OrtSrX P]O annTaQ OXOXbranVO oac VOrOXSnc. v]O NiQOnVO bOhinN aP P]O tirNP
NPrSkO St 6ih 6On bSSXinh 11 SmVQSVk anr i& brSkOn SnQc bc P]O VraN] St riNPanP arPiQQOrc.
x]On P]O PfS'XinTPO NiQOnVO iN SyOr( XOXbOrN St P]O ScaQ qaXiQc Sr P]Oir rO\rONOnPaPiyON
anr \SQiPiVaQ QOarOrN VSXO tSrfarr PS Qac frOaP]N aP P]O tSSP St P]O`OnSPa\]. v]On VSXON P]O
XarV] \aNP P]O XOXSriaQ St OU'NOryiVOXOn anr fSXOn( tSQQSfOr bc an OnrQONN QinO St Srrinarc
ViPiOnN f]S ]ayO VSXO ]OrO fiP] P]Oir \OrNSnaQ frOaP]N anr P]Oir Nar XOXSriON. pn P]aP rac
arPitiViaQ \S\\iON( a NcXbSQ St XSTrninh( arO PrariPiSnaQQc NSQr in P]O NPrOOPN anr \OS\QO fOar
P]OX in P]Oir bTPPSn']SQON.
(*ro+ RTNPSXN( vrariPiSnN anr qONPiyaQN St WrOaP 6riPain
2y v. k]iXTnina( 7. kSnSn( j. xaQN]O. w( 18&9"
XX. a) CoIIect information on EngIish traditions and customs.
9d
b) Arrange a taIk between Russian and EngIish students on their nationaI traditions, customs
and habits. (One of the students shouId conduct it: introduce the participants to each
other, make a short introductory speech on the subject, ask questions, etc. to keep the
taIk running on, sum up the discussion.)
LABORATORY EXERCISES (I)
1. QiNPOn PS P]O POUP s4nPrSrTVinh jSnrSns.
2. ON\Snr PS P]O tSQQSfinh TNinh P]O NThhONPOr XSrOQN.
:. RSX\QOPO P]O NOnPOnVON TNinh P]O hiyOn NThhONPiSnN.
9. vranNQaPO P]O NOnPOnVON inPS MnhQiN]( TNinh P]O MNNOnPiaQ @SVabTQarc St }niP v]rOO. R]OVk
cSTr NOnPOnVON fiP] P]O kOc.
0. QiNPOn PS NSXO POUP anr friPO iP aN a riVPaPiSn( V]OVk P]O N\OQQinh fiP] P]O kOc. OPOQQ P]O
POUP.
2. jiNPOn PS P]O POUP sv]O |STNO St RSXXSnNs Sr NSXO SP]Or POUP Sn P]O NaXO PS\iV. OPOQQ
P]O POUP( arr XSrO 4ntSrXaPiSn Sn P]O PS\iV.
TOP!: CITY
TEXT A. SOME MORE GLIMPSES OF LONDON
jSnrSn iN SnO St P]O bihhONP anr XSNP inPOrONPinh ViPiON in P]O fSrQr.
vrariPiSnaQQc iP iN riyirOr inPS P]O xONP Mnr anr P]O MaNP Mnr. v]O xONP Mnr iN taXSTN tSr
iPN bOaTPitTQ ayOnTON QinOr fiP] \QanO PrOON( bih NPSrON( riV] XanNiSnN( OU\OnNiyO rONPaTranPN(
]SPOQN( P]OaPrON anr nih]P VQTbN. v]O MaNP Mnr TNOr PS bO a \SSr arOa tiQQOr fiP] farO]STNON(
taVPSriON( NQTXN anr XiNOrabQO ]STNON. TiPO a QSP St \OS\QO QiyOr trSX ]anr PS XSTP] ]OrO. qSr
P]O rOVOnP cOarN P]iN arOa inVQTrinh oSVkQanr ]aN PTrnOr inPS a nOf ]STNinh rOyOQS\XOnP.
v]O ]OarP St jSnrSn iN P]O RiPc % iPN VSXXOrViaQ anr bTNinONN VOnPrO. |OrO iN NiPTaPOr P]O
vSfOr St jSnrSn P]aP VSXON tirNP aXSnh P]O ]iNPSriV bTiQrinhN St P]O ViPc. 4t cST fanP PS hOP
NSXO hQiX\NON St jSnrSn iPmN TNP trSX ]OrO P]aP cST ]ar bOPPOr NParP Nih]PNOOinh.
v]O vSfOr St jSnrSn faN tSTnrOr bc nTQiTN RaONar anr in 1022 rObTiQP bc xiQQiaX P]O
RSngTOrSr. 4P faN TNOr aN a tSrPrONN( a rScaQ rONirOnVO anr a \riNSn. 7Sf iP iN a XTNOTX St
arXSTr anr aQNS P]O \QaVO f]OrO P]O RrSfn nOfOQN arO kO\P. 4n \rONOnP racN( TNP aN Xanc
VOnPTriON ahS( P]O ROrOXSnc St P]O kOcN PakON \QaVO aP iPN haPON. MyOrc nih]P f]On P]O hTarr iN
V]anhOr aP OaV] haPO P]OrO iN P]O Vrc: s|aiPi x]S hSON P]OrO{s v]On P]O hTarr rO\QiON: sv]O
kOcN.s sx]SNO kOcN{s sTOOn MQiabOP]mN kOcNes s^aNN( TOOn MQiabOP]mN kOcNe AQQmN fOQQ.s
Anr NS P]O vSfOr St jSnrSn iN NatOQc VQSNOr tSr P]O nih]P.
A PfOnPc XinTPONm faQk trSX P]O vSfOr fiQQ PakO cST PS anSP]Or ]iNPSriV bTiQrinh % 5P.
^aTQmN RaP]OrraQ( P]O hrOaPONP St MnhQiN] V]TrV]ON. 4P faN bTiQP bc a taXSTN MnhQiN] arV]iPOVP(
5ir R]riNPS\]Or xrOn (12:2'1&2:". 5P. ^aTQmN RaP]OrraQ fiP] iPN ]ThO rSXO anr rSfN St
VSQTXnN iN VSnNirOrOr PS bO a tinO N\OViXOn St OnaiNNanVO arV]iPOVPTrO. 4n SnO St iPN PSfOrN
]anhN SnO St P]O QarhONP bOQQN in P]O fSrQr( WrOaP ^aTQ( fOih]inh abSTP 1&.0 PSnN. xOQQinhPSn(
28
7OQNSn
:0
anr SP]Or hrOaP XOn St MnhQanr arO bTriOr in P]O RaP]OrraQ.
7SP tar afac( in xONPXinNPOr( f]OrO XSNP St P]O WSyOrnXOnP bTiQrinhN arO NiPTaPOr( iN
xONPXinNPOr AbbOc. wanc MnhQiN] NSyOrOihnN( STPNPanrinh NPaPONXOn( \ainPOrN anr \SOPN
(7OfPSn( oarfin( anr vOnncNSn aXSnh P]OX" arO bTriOr ]OrO.
AVrSNN P]O rSar trSX xONPXinNPOr AbbOc iN xONPXinNPOr ^aQaVO( P]O NOaP St P]O 6riPiN]
^arQiaXOnP. 4PN PfS hraVOtTQ PSfOrN NPanr ]ih] abSyO P]O ViPc. v]O ]ih]Or St P]O PfS VSnPainN
P]O QarhONP VQSVk in P]O VSTnPrc anr P]O taXSTN bOQQ 6ih 6On P]aP NPrikON OyOrc gTarPOr St P]O
]STr.
4t nSf fO faQk aQSnh x]iPO]aQQ( fO N]aQQ NSSn VSXO PS vrataQhar 5gTarO. 4P faN NS naXOr
in XOXSrc St P]O yiVPSrc in P]O baPPQO St vrataQhar( f]OrO Sn pVPSbOr 21( 1d00 P]O MnhQiN] tQOOP
TnrOr 7OQNSnmN VSXXanr rOtOaPOr P]O VSXbinOr tQOOP St qranVO anr 5\ain. v]O yiVPSrc faN
fSn aP P]O VSNP St 7OQNSnmN QitO. 4n P]O XirrQO St vrataQhar 5gTarO NPanrN 7OQNSnmN XSnTXOnP
% a PaQQ VSQTXn fiP] P]O tihTrO St 7OQNSn aP iPN PS\. v]O VSQTXn iN hTarrOr bc tSTr brSnO
QiSnN.
28
The Duke of Wellington (1&28'1d02": a taXSTN 6riPiN] hOnOraQ f]SNO arXc rOtOaPOr 7a\SQOSn aP xaPOrQSS in 1d10
:0
Nelson, Horatio (1&0d'1d00": an MnhQiN] arXiraQ f]S fSn P]O baPPQO St vrataQhar (P]O APQanPiV VSaNP St 5\ain"
98
v]O tinO bTiQrinh taVinh P]O NgTarO iN P]O 7aPiSnaQ WaQQOrc anr arSininh iP (bTP TNP rSTnr
P]O VSrnOr" iN P]O ^SrPraiP WaQQOrc.
7SP tar afac iN P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX % P]O bihhONP wTNOTX in jSnrSn. 4P VSnPainN a
\riVOQONN VSQQOVPiSn St rittOrOnP P]inhN (anViOnP XanTNVri\PN( VSinN( NVTQ\PTrON( OPV.". v]O 6riPiN]
wTNOTX iN taXSTN tSr iPN Qibrarc % SnO St P]O riV]ONP in P]O fSrQr.
:1
4n iPN QarhO VirVTQar
rOarinh rSSX warU( MnhOQN anr QaPOr jOnin TNOr PS fSrk.
Anr nSf( OyOn it cST ]ayO aQXSNP nS PiXO QOtP tSr tTrP]Or Nih]PNOOinh( cST VannSP QOayO P]O
ViPc fiP]STP yiNiPinh |crO ^ark Sr sP]O ^arks aN jSnrSnOrN VaQQ iP. x]On cST arO faQkinh aQSnh
iPN N]arc ayOnTON( NiPPinh Sn P]O hraNN( arXirinh iPN bOaTPitTQ tQSfOr'bOrN Sr faPV]inh NfanN
anr rTVkN tQSaPinh Sn P]O \SnrN( iP NOOXN aQXSNP TnbOQiOyabQO P]aP aQQ arSTnr P]OrO iN a QarhO
ViPc fiP] iPN ]Oayc PrattiV.
TEXT B. SIGHTSEEING
% 4N iP \SNNibQO PS NOO ancP]inh St jSnrSn in SnO Sr PfS racN{
% xOQQ( cON( bTP( St VSTrNO( nSP ]aQt OnSTh].
% x]aP rS cST P]ink 4 STh]P PS NOO tirNP{
% xOQQ( it cST arO inPOrONPOr in V]TrV]ON anr ]iNPSriV \QaVON cST N]STQr hS PS xONPXinNPOr
AbbOc( P]O |STNON St ^arQiaXOnP( 5P. ^aTQmN anr P]O vSfOr. oS cST QikO arP haQQOriON{
% aP]Ore
% v]On f]c nSP hS PS P]O 7aPiSnaQ WaQQOrc anr P]O vaPO{
% 4mX PSQr SnO STh]P PS NOO P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX. oS cST P]ink 4 N]aQQ ]ayO PiXO tSr P]aP{
% xOQQ( cST Xih]P( bTP it 4 fOrO cST( 4 N]STQr QOayO P]aP tSr NSXO SP]Or rac. zST VSTQr
N\Onr a f]SQO rac P]OrO. 4PmN XTV] PSS bih PS bO NOOn in an ]STr Sr NS.
% 4 NT\\SNO iP iN. x]aP abSTP hSinh PS P]O SS{
% v]aPmN nSP a bar irOa. zST VSTQr N\Onr a VST\QO St ]STrN P]OrO VSXtSrPabQc( Sr OyOn a
f]SQO atPOrnSSn( faPV]inh P]O fiQr aniXaQN( birrN anr rO\PiQON. zST VSTQr ]ayO POa P]OrO PSS.
% 4mQQ rS P]aP( P]On. |Sf rS 4 hOP P]OrO{
% jOP XO NOO. 4 P]ink cSTr bONP fac trSX ]OrO iN PS faQk aVrSNN OhOnPmN \ark.
% 4N iP XTV] St a faQk{
% p]( nS( a gTarPOr St an ]STr Sr NS( bTP( it cST arO in a ]Trrc( f]c nSP PakO a PaUi{
% 4 P]ink 4 fiQQ. A]( ]OrOmN SnO VSXinh. vaUie v]O SS( \QOaNO.
(*ro+ sv]O jinhTa\]SnO MnhQiN] RSTrNOs"
TEXT C. RED SQUARE
Or 5gTarO ]aN fiPnONNOr Xanc iX\SrPanP OyOnPN in P]O QitO St TNNian \OS\QO. v]STh] PiXO
]aN V]anhOr P]O taVO St Or 5gTarO iPm ]aN rOXainOr P]O Xain NgTarO anr P]O ]OarP St P]O ViPc.
@iNiPSrN trSX ]SXO anr abrSar NPrOaX ]OrO PS OnSc P]O bOaTPc St P]O ]iNPSriV bTiQrinhN anr
XSnTXOnPN St f]iV] P]O krOXQin VSXON tirNP. v]O krOXQin rO\rONOnPN VOnPTriON St TNNian
]iNPSrc anr SnO iN TNTaQQc NPrTVk bc P]O aTNPOrO anr \SfOrtTQ a\\OaranVO St iPN faQQN anr
PSfOrN.
jikO P]O vSfOr St jSnrSn P]O krOXQin faN TNOr aN a tSrPrONN anr a NSyOrOihnmN rONirOnVO.
7Sf iP ]STNON P]O ^rONirOnPmN SttiVO anr a nTXbOr St XTNOTXN inVQTrinh P]O ArXSrc R]aXbOr
anr P]O oiaXSnr qTnr.
4n P]O VOnPrO St P]O NgTarO bc P]O krOXQin faQQ iN P]O jOnin waTNSQOTX( OrOVPOr in 18:0 bc
A. 5]V]TNOy. v]O arV]iPOVP inPOr\rOPOr P]O PrariPiSnN St P]O \craXirN in a XSrOX fac anr hayO
P]O XSnTXOnP a QaVSniV arV]iPOVPTraQ tSrX f]iV] faN \S\TQar in P]O PfOnPiON. 6O]inr P]O
waTNSQOTX P]OrO iN a nOVrS\SQiN St NSXO STPNPanrinh NPaPONXOn anr \SQiPiVaQ QOarOrN.
pn P]O NSTP]Orn NirO St Or 5gTarO iN 5P. 6aNiQmN RaP]OrraQ (@aNiQc 6Qa]Onc"( a XaNPOr\iOVO
St anViOnP TNNian arV]iPOVPTrO. 4P faN bTiQP in 1000 % 21 in XOXSrc St P]O yiVPSrc SyOr
kaan (1002". v]O XSnTXOnP NPanrinh in trSnP St P]O RaP]OrraQ POQQN TN St P]O \OS\QOmN yiVPSrc
SyOr P]O ^SQiN] inyarOrN in 1212. v]O inNVri\PiSn Sn P]O XSnTXOnP rOarN: svS RiPiOn winin
anr ^rinVO ^S]arNkc trSX a hraPOtTQ TNNias. v]O XSnTXOnP iN P]O fSrk St 4. warPSN (1&02%
1d:0". 7SP tar trSX P]O RaP]OrraQ iN f]aP iN VaQQOr P]O jSbnScO wONPS( a \QaPtSrX St f]iPO
NPSnO XSrO P]an 900 cOarN SQr. v]O PNarmN OriVPN fOrO \rSVQaiXOr P]OrO. ^TbQiV OUOVTPiSnN fOrO
:1
4n 18&: P]O Qibrarc St P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX anr tSTr SP]Or bihhONP QibrariON fOrO SinOr inPS SnO % P]O 6riPiN] jibrarc( f]iV] iN P]O
bihhONP naPiSnaQ Qibrarc in P]O }niPOr kinhrSX anr SnO St P]O bihhONP anr bONP \rONOnP'rac QibrariON in P]O fSrQr.
00
VarriOr STP Sn a fSSrOn NVattSQr OrOVPOr nOarbc. vS P]O rih]P St P]O RaP]OrraQ Sn P]O POrriPSrc
St P]O krOXQin fO Van NOO a PaQQ PSfOr( XSrO QikO a VSQTXn( SyOr d0 XOPrON ]ih]. 4P iN P]O 6OQQ
vSfOr St 4yan P]O WrOaP bTiQP in P]O 10P] VOnPTrc. v]OrO arO PfOnPc'PfS QarhO bOQQN anr SyOr
P]irPc NXaQQ SnON in iP. qSr VOnPTriON P]O OaNPOrn NirO St Or 5gTarO ]ar bOOn aNNSViaPOr fiP]
Prarinh. v]O tirNP NPSnO N]S\N fOrO bTiQP ]OrO in P]O 12P] VOnPTrc. vSrac Sn P]Oir NiPO NPanrN P]O
5PaPO oO\arPXOnP 5PSrO( bOPPOr knSfn aN W}w.
4t fO faQk T\ trSX 5P. 6aNiQmN PS P]O S\\SNiPO Onr St P]O NgTarO fO taVO a rOr briVk bTiQrinh.
v]iN iN P]O |iNPSrc wTNOTX. 4n P]O fONP Or 5gTarO iN arSininh P]O krOXQin. nTNP Sn P]O SP]Or
NirO St P]O krOXQin faQQ fO Van NOO P]O bTiQrinh St P]O tSrXOr 5OnaPO( an STPNPanrinh
arV]iPOVPTraQ XSnTXOnP bTiQP bc waPyOi kaNakSy (1&:d%1d1:"( nSf P]O NOaP St P]O
ArXiniNPraPiSn St P]O ^rONirOnP. A nTXbOr St faPV]'PSfOrN \rSPOVP P]O krOXQin brirhON. v]O
f]iPO kTPatca vSfOr iN P]O bONP NTryiySr St aQQ St P]OX. v]O PaQQONP SnO iN P]O vriniPc vSfOr (d0
X ]ih]". 6TP P]O 5\aNNkaca vSfOr fiP] P]O krOXQin VQSVk ]aN QSnh NinVO bOVSXO SnO St P]O
NcXbSQN St wSNVSf.
Memory Work
Sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge
MarP] ]aN nSP ancP]inh PS N]Sf XSrO tair:
oTQQ fSTQr ]O bO St NSTQ f]S VSTQr \aNN bc
A Nih]P NS PSTV]inh in iPN XaONPc:
v]iN RiPc nSf rSP] QikO a harXOnP fOar
v]O bOaTPc St P]O XSrninh# NiQOnP( barO(
5]i\N( PSfOrN( rSXON( P]OaPrON( anr POX\QON QiO
p\On TnPS P]O tiOQrN( anr PS P]O Nkc:
AQQ brih]P anr hQiPPOrinh in P]O NXSkOQONN air.
7OyOr rir NTn XSrO bOaTPitTQQc NPOO\
4n ]iN tirNP N\QOnrSr( yaQQOc( rSVk Sr ]iQQ#
7OmOr Naf 4( nOyOr tOQP( a VaQX NS rOO\e
v]O riyOr hQirOP] aP biN Sfn NfOOP fiQQ:
oOar WSre P]O yOrc ]STNON NOOX aNQOO\#
Anr aQQ P]aP Xih]Pc ]OarP iN Qcinh NPiQQe xiQQiaX
xSrrNfSrP]
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (II)
Words
arSin , rOtOaP , OfOQ n arV]iPOVPTrO n
rSXO n
XanNiSn n arXSTr n OrOVP , rONirOnVO n
ayOnTO n
tQSaP , NOaP n bTrc , tSrPrONN n
N]arc ad1
V]anhO , hTarr , N\OViXOn n VaP]OrraQ n
]ThO ad1
NPaPONXan n VSnPain ,
Wor !om"#n$%#on&
PS QiyO trSX ]anr PS XSTP] PS fin P]O yiVPSrc
PS bO QinOr fiP] (PrOON( ]STNON" aP P]O VSNP St NXb.mN QitO
PS bO tSTnr (in NSXO \QaVO" aP P]O PS\
a nOf ]STNinh rOyOQS\XOnP rSTnr P]O VSrnOr
PS ]ayO (hOP( VaPV]" a hQiX\NO St PS bO taXSTN tSr NXP].
PS ]ayO nS PiXO (XSnOc( OPV." QOtP in \rONOnP racN
aVrSNN P]O rSar (trSX NSXO \QaVO" x]c nSP rS NXP].{
PS rS P]O Nih]PN St NXP]. in XOXSrc St
01
PS rS P]O ViPc (XTNOTXN( \arkN( OPV." TnrOr P]O VSXXanr
Proper Names
P]O jOnin waTNSQOTX 6ih 6On P]O MaNP Mnr
vrataQhar 5gTarO
P]O vSfOr St jSnrSn P]O krOXQin nTQiTN RaONar P]O
xONP Mnr
xiQQiaX P]O RSngTOrSr 5P. 6aNiQmN RaP]OrraQ TOOn MQiabOP] P]O
6OQQ vSfOr
R]riNPS\]Or xrOn St 4yan P]O WrOaP xOQQinhPSn
P]O |iNPSrc wTNOTX xONPXinNPOr AbbOc P]O 5\aNNkaca vSfOr
EXERCISES
I. Study Text A and expIain the meaning of the words and phrases Iisted beIow:
XanNiSn( PS QiyO trSX ]anr PS XSTP]( XiNOrabQO ]STNON( PS QinO P]O NPrOOPN( rSXO( NQTXN( PS
VSXO tirNP( P]O RrSfn nOfOQN( ]ThO( NPaPONXan( aVrSNN P]O rSar( P]O NOaP (St P]O hSyOrnXOnP"( aP
P]O VSNP St NSXObSrcmN QitO( PS taVO NXP].( N]arc ayOnTON.
II. Learn the words of the texts and a) copy and transcribe these words:
XanNiSn( rONPaTranP( OfOQ( hTarr( ]aQP( VSQTXn( PSn( NSyOrOihn( naPiSnaQ( tQSaP( NVTQ\PTrO(
Nfan( fOih]( VSngTOrSr( N\OViXOn.
b) TransIate into EngIish and mark the stresses:
<( ,+!( D!( [I<A $C<( $!<( $$(
?!( ~!( .
c) Form derivatives of these verbs by adding the prefix re- (meaning "do smth. again"):
MUaX\QO: bTiQr % rObTiQr
friPO( POQQ( VSnNPrTVP( arX( OQOVP( \rSrTVO.
III. Answer the questions:
1. |Sf rS P]O PfS \arPN St jSnrSn rittOr trSX OaV] SP]Or{ 2. x]c iN iP bOPPOr PS NParP
Nih]PNOOinh trSX P]O vSfOr St jSnrSn{ :. x]S tSTnrOr P]O vSfOr anr f]On faN iP rObTiQP{ 9.
x]aP faN P]O vSfOr St jSnrSn TNOr tSr{ 0. x]aP iN P]O RiPc{ 2. x]aP rSON P]O \]raNO sa \QaVO
St inPOrONPs XOan{ &. x]aP rS cST knSf abSTP 5P. ^aTQmN RaP]OrraQ{ d. x]aP iN x]iPO]aQQ anr
in f]iV] \arP St jSnrSn iN iP NiPTaPOr{ 8. x]aP rSON P]O ROrOXSnc St P]O kOcN VSnNiNP St{ 10.
x]aP rS cST VaQQ P]O bTiQrinh in f]iV] P]O |STNON St ^arQiaXOnP arO NiPTaPOr{ 4P iN SnO
bTiQrinh( f]c P]On rS fO Nac sv]O |STNON St ^arQiaXOnPs{ 11. x]aP iN 6ih 6On{ 12. x]aP
kinr St XTNOTX iN P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX{ 1:. x]aP rS cST knSf abSTP |crO ^ark{
IV. Read the text and show aII the pIaces of interest mentioned there on the map:
vrataQhar 5gTarO iN P]O naPTraQ VOnPrO St jSnrSn. RSTQr fO bTP NPanr 12d tOOP (abSTP 00
XOPrON" abSyO P]O PrattiV( bONirO P]O tihTrO St P]O ArXiraQ( fO rOaQQc VSTQr NOO aQQ P]O hrOaP
QanrXarkN St jSnrSn. x]iPO]aQQ( f]iV] QOarN STP St P]O NgTarO PS P]O NSTP]( iN P]O NiPO St Xanc
WSyOrnXOnP SttiVON inVQTrinh P]O ^riXO winiNPOrmN rONirOnVO( qSrOihn pttiVO( xar pttiVO# aP
P]O tar Onr St x]iPO]aQQ NPanr( bONirO P]O v]aXON( P]O |STNON St ^arQiaXOnP fiP] P]O 6ih
RQSVk vSfOr( anr xONPXinNPOr AbbOc# PS P]O QOtP RSyOnP WarrOn trTiP XarkOP anr RSyOnP
WarrOn p\Ora |STNO( anr bOcSnr P]O 6ank St MnhQanr# anSP]Or NQih]P PTrn QOtP fSTQr OnabQO
cSTr OcO PS taQQ Sn P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX# tTrP]Or QOtP NPiQQ fO N]STQr NOO P]OaPrOQanr arSTnr
^iVVariQQc RirVTN (iP iN nSP aP aQQ a VirVTN bTP an S\On N\aVO St a VirVTQar tSrX" anr P]SNO
OU\OnNiyO N]S\\inh \rSXOnarON % OhOnP 5PrOOP( pUtSrr 5PrOOP( 6Snr 5PrOOP# a QiPPQO tTrP]Or(
anr inPS yiOf fSTQr VSXO |crO ^ark in P]O riNPanVO( fiP]( nOarOr( 6TVkinh]aX ^aQaVO( anr
ScaQ oriyO knSfn aN P]O waQQ( f]iV] QOarN inPS vrataQhar 5gTarO.
V. Use Text to practise simiIar conversations on Moscow.
VI. Read and reteII:
A. v]O taXSTN NgTarO XiQO St P]O RiPc St jSnrSn iN arXiniNPOrOr aN an inrO\OnrOnP TniP(
02
]ayinh iPN Sfn jSrr wacSr anr RSr\SraPiSn anr iPN Sfn \SQiVO tSrVO. 4P faN ]OrO P]aP P]O
SXanN bTiQP P]Oir faQQOr PSfn St jSnriniTX( a tOf PraVON St f]iV] rOXain PSrac( anr iP faN
]OrO P]aP P]O wOriOyaQ hTiQrN ONPabQiN]Or P]Oir ]OargTarPOrN. x]On atPOr P]O WrOaP qirO St 1222(
P]O RiPc faN rObTiQP( NPSnO anr briVk rO\QaVOr P]O Xanc XainQc fSSrOn XOriOyaQ ]STNON anr
trSX P]aP PiXO P]O RiPc hrarTaQQc bOVaXO a tinanViaQ anr VSXXOrViaQ VOnPrO.
6. pnO St P]O N\OViaQ ScN St jSnrSn iN P]O aXSTnP St N\aVO hiyOn SyOr PS \arkN( harrOnN(
NgTarON anr S\On arOaN. v]Oc \rSyirO a fOQVSXO yiNTaQ anr \]cNiVaQ brOak trSX P]O XaNN St
bTiQrinhN anr P]O ]Oayc PrattiV. kOf WarrOnN arO taXSTN 6SPaniV WarrOnN Sn P]O bankN St P]O
v]aXON. v]O harrOnN anr ]SP]STNON fiP] rarO tQSfOrN( PrOON anr N]rTbN arO fOQQ fSrP] NOOinh.
xiP]in a NPSnOmN P]rSf St 6TVkinh]aX ^aQaVO arO 5P. naXONmN ^ark anr WrOOn ^ark. 5P. naXONmN
^ark( P]O SQrONP in jSnrSn( faN VrOaPOr bc |Onrc @444 anr rOrONihnOr bc ]iN NTVVONNSrN. WrOOn
^ark( aN iPN naXO NThhONPN( XainQc VSnNiNPN St QafnN anr PrOON.
(*ro+ RSQSTrtTQ jSnrSn. 7SrfiV]( 18d1"
VII. Make up short situations or diaIogues, using tne foIIowing words and phrases:
1. f]c nSP...( QOP XO NOO( PS bO tSTnr( aVrSNN P]O rSar( PS ]ayO nS (PiXO( XSnOc" QOtP# 2. in
\rONOnP racN( PS QiyO trSX ]anr PS XSTP]# :. TnrOr P]O VSXXanr St( PS bO taXSTN tSr( PS rOtOaP(
PS fin P]O yiVPSrc( aP P]O VSNP St# 9. tSrPrONN( arXSTr( in XOXSrc St( PS VSnPain# 0. Nfan( QinOr
fiP] PrOON( tQSaP( N]arc ayOnTON( anViOnP.
VIII. FiII in prepositions:
5VSPQanr zarr iN P]O ]OargTarPOrN ... P]O wOPrS\SQiPan ^SQiVO ... jSnrSn. ...XSNP \OS\QO( iPN
naXO iXXOriaPOQc brinhN ... Xinr P]O \iVPTrO ... a rOPOVPiyO % VSSQ( VSQQOVPOr( OttiViOnP( rOarc
PS PraVk rSfn anc VriXinaQ.
5VSPQanr zarr iN NiPTaPOr ... P]O v]aXON MXbankXOnP VQSNO ... P]O |STNON ... ^arQiaXOnP anr
P]O taXiQiar VQSVk PSfOr ... 6ih 6On. v]O naXO s5VSPQanr zarrs SrihinaPON ... P]O \QSP ... Qanr
arSininh x]iPO]aQQ ^aQaVO f]OrO( ... abSTP P]O 19P] VOnPTrc( P]O rScaQPc anr nSbiQiPc ...
5VSPQanr NPacOr f]On yiNiPinh P]O MnhQiN] RSTrP. v]O \S\TQar niVknaXO ... P]O jSnrSn
\SQiVOXan sbSbbcs iN a PribTPO ... 5ir SbOrP ^OOQ( f]S inPrSrTVOr P]O \SQiVO tSrVO ... 1d28( anr
f]SNO R]riNPian naXO aPPaV]Or iPNOQt ... XOXbOrN ... P]O tSrVO.
IX. Review Text "Introducing London", texts A, B, Exercises IV, VI, VIII and study the map of
London. Speak on the given topics:
1. jSnrSn rSXinaPON 6riPiN] QitO. 2. v]O xONP Mnr. :. v]O MaNP Mnr. 9. v]O RiPc. 0. v]O
vSfOr. 2. v]O riNPriVP St xONPXinNPOr. &. v]O 6riPiN] ^arQiaXOnP. d. x]iPO]aQQ anr qQOOP 5PrOOP.
8. vrataQhar 5gTarO. 10. 5P. ^aTQmN RaP]OrraQ. 11. v]O \arkN St jSnrSn. 12. jSnrSn XTNOTXN.
1:. jSnrSn PrattiV. 19. wSnTXOnPN in jSnrSn.
X. TransIate into EngIish:
1. ++ , /!!( $! AA A!!( ! !A
% +!A A!;A A ! AA `4` . G A
+!+ A!;! ; + !+! =!+! (aQQiON" !
$D! +!! B$ $ 1d10 A. ) ( ! !
!;J!? + [+( > < K; $>. 2. )K (v]O
waQQ" % K J!!; $$( D>; <+!( C!; [I<A;
$C! !A++ , % !,!! A!;!? ;. B$! ,
! A+>; $+! ; G> ?. i $+! > !A
< > !!!( < J!!>? ,! (rOihn" >
+>+ $D!<>+ !!! (1d:&%1801". :. ;A; !C (|ih]haPO
ROXOPOrc" ! +( + ?! +A! L ). 1802 A <A!(
$!> !+! ? , ( + > !A $+! L
).
XI. Read Text . Say what Iandmarks you wouId mention to a group of tourists standing in the
middIe of Red Square. Use the word combinations given beIow:
PS fiPnONN( P]O ]OarP St P]O ViPc( P]O taVO St Or 5gTarO( P]O NOaP St P]O ArXiniNPraPiSn St P]O
^rONirOnP( PS ]SnSTr P]O XOXSrc( PS NPrOaX PS( \TbQiV OUOVTPiSnN( P]O bOaPinh St P]O ]OarP St
0:
STr Va\iPaQ(
XII. Act out a diaIogue between a Russian tourist and a poIiceman. Choose the exact pIace (in
Moscow or eIsewhere) where you are having your taIk and the pIace you want to get to.
Use in your diaIogue one or two phrases from each set given beIow:
1. MUVTNO XO( 4myO QSNP Xc fac ...# 4mX Prcinh PS hS PS ...# x]iV] iN P]O rih]P (bONP( N]SrPONP"
fac PS ...{ ^QOaNO N]Sf XO P]O fac PS ...# |Sf rS 4 hOP P]OrO{ AX 4 Sn P]O rih]P rSar{ 2. |Sf
tar iN iP{ 4N iP \SNNibQO PS faQk P]OrO{ 4N P]OrO a bTN trSX ]OrO PS ...{ 4N iP XTV] St a faQk{ :. WS
rih]P PS P]O Onr St P]O NPrOOP( P]On PTrn QOtP( hS PfS bQSVkN NPraih]P a]Oar anr P]On PTrn PS ... #
5Praih]P Sn anr P]O NOVSnr PTrninh PS P]O rih]P ...# zST arO hSinh in P]O S\\SNiPO rirOVPiSn. 9.
x]aP Van 4 rS tSr cST{ 7Sf( f]OrO iN iP cST fanP PS hS{ 4PmN a QSnh riNPanVO Stt. 4PmN a QSnh
(N]SrP" fac PS ...# 4PmN gTiPO a riNPanVO trSX ]OrO. 0. 6O VarOtTQ( P]O PrattiV kOO\N PS P]O QOtP in
P]iN VSTnPrc# jSSk STP# 4P iNnmP NatO PS VrSNN ]OrO# 6O NTrO nSP PS VrSNN P]O NPrOOP (NgTarO( OPV."#
pnO Van nOyOr bO PSS VarOtTQ# xaiP tSr P]O brOak in P]O PrattiV# oSnmP VrSNN P]O NPrOOP f]On P]O
PrattiV Qih]P ]aN V]anhOr PS rOr.
XIII. Try your band at teaching.
1. Read the text. Discuss what you wouId do in the teacher's position:
5TNan faN abNSQTPOQc iX\SNNibQO. pr NS ]Or POaV]Or faN VSnyinVOr( tSr 5TNan rir nSP QikO PS
rOar (a \rSbQOX OyOrc POaV]Or taVON trSX PiXO PS PiXO". 6TP P]OrO fOrO P]inhN P]aP 5TNan rir
OnSc. 5]O QikOr baQQOP. Anr N]O arSrOr ]Or rSh RTrQc. s|Sf Van 4(s P]STh]P P]O POaV]Or(
sinPrSrTVO 5TNan PS \QOaNTrON St rOarinh{s
2. Get 4-5 pictures of London (Moscow) attractions and be ready to comment on them. (See
"CIassroom EngIish", Sections II, L, V.)
XIV. TransIate the foIIowing sentences into EngIish:
1. Z ! > +D !< - !J< +<+. ~< +A A!?
$ +!< A $!+<+!: +D $?!< $ A
$J+( +D $!< ?= $ !+ (
!=C+ $ -( +D $+< A ?; $C! ?KDA
# + A( +D J!< = $ $ [+ !! <J+
E!D'G. 2. ~! > > +A! $< ); (]OQiVS\POr"(
> > !!( !+!< ! > J !,: !>( D>
<+! $$>( $= A ? $!?( > >?
+AKD>? + $!!< !? A + >? >?
+!( +>? $! ! >+. B +A!>+! ;+! (bTiQrinh NiPON"
!,> >J= A+> $_+> > (VranON". :. ) % +>; >;
! AA $. /! > +!; ! $!D!? D $!+=
! $= $ A K+( ?!C= ?!; ! ; (rOVSraPiSn"
>? $+>? ,. 9. G+! . /. GJ!( >; /;
(> GJ!;" $C!( % ! ! +>? =!+>? $+! D!; !,>.
3 A $D! > A !! > D!>? ,( > $! =
+!!( > $!< $+< =!+A $K.
XV. Act out a diaIogue between a Muscovite and a Londoner on his first visit to Moscow.
Imagine that you are standing in the middIe of Red Square. Your companion asks you
about everything be sees, gives his opinion about this and that and says what
buiIdings, monuments, etc. remind him of London. Use the prompts of Ex. VII. p. 111.
XVI. a) Get ready to read the text aIoud, b) Write a transIation of the text:
Morning City
v]iN faN SnO St P]SNO XSrninhN f]On P]O NXSkO anr P]O v]aXON @aQQOc XiNP rOVirO PS fSrk
a tOf XiraVQON tSr P]Oir jSnrSn( anr ON\OViaQQc tSr P]O SQrONP \arP St iP( P]O RiPc. v]O RiPc( Sn
P]ONO XSrninhN( iN an OnV]anPXOnP. v]OrO iN a tainPQc QTXinSTN ]aO( nSf NiQyOr( nSf SQr hSQr(
SyOr OyOrcP]inh. v]O bTiQrinhN ]ayO N]a\O anr NSQiriPc bTP nS fOih]P# P]Oc ]anh in P]O air( QikO
\aQaVON STP St P]O Arabian 7ih]PN# cST VSTQr PS\\QO P]O rSXO Stt 5P. ^aTQmN fiP] a tSrOtinhOr(
09
\TN] baVk P]O wanNiSn |STNO( NOnr P]O wSnTXOnP tQSaPinh inPS N\aVO. pn P]ONO XSrninhN( P]O
SQr V]TrV]ON VannSP bO VSTnPOr# P]OrO arO XSrO St P]OX P]an OyOr. v]OrO iN nS QONN PrattiV P]an
TNTaQ# P]O NVarQOP NPrOaX St bTNON NPiQQ tQSfN P]rSTh] P]O anViOnP narrSf NPrOOPN# P]O \ayOXOnPN
arO NPiQQ P]rSnhOr fiP] bank XONNOnhOrN( SttiVO bScN( \SQiVOXOn( VQOrkN( Pc\iNPN(
VSXXiNNiSnairON( rirOVPSrN( NOVrOPariON( VrSSkN( bTNc'bSriON( irQOrN# bTP Sn P]ONO XSrninhN aQQ
P]O bTNON( PaUiVabN( yanN( QSrriON anr aQQ P]O \OrONPrianN QSNO NSXOP]inh St P]Oir Srrinarc
NSQiriPc# P]Oc XSyO bO]inr haTO# P]Oc arO PcrOr in yOQyOP# P]Oir ySiVON arO XTPOr# P]Oir
XSyOXOnP iN in NQSf XSPiSn. x]aPOyOr iN nOf anr yTQhar anr tSSQiN] VSnPriyON PS QSNO iPNOQt in
P]O rOnNOr \aPV]ON St XiNP. 6TP aQQ P]O hQiX\NON St anViOnP QSyOQinONN arO P]OrO( \OrtOVPQc
traXOr anr Qih]POr: rSTnr OyOrc VSrnOr NSXObSrc iN f]iN\Orinh a QinO Sr PfS St R]aTVOr. Anr
Sn P]ONO XSrninhN( P]O riyOr iN NiX\Qc nSP PrTO: P]OrO iN nS hOShra\]c( nSP]inh bTP \TrO \SOPrc(
rSfn P]OrO# P]O faPOr ]aN hSnO anr N]a\ON STP St an aryOnPTrSTN rrOaX rritP bc Sn a PirO St
hiQrOr anr NiQyOrOr air. 5TV] iN P]O RiPc Sn SnO St P]ONO XSrninhN( a \QaVO in a WSP]iV tairc PaQO(
a XirahO( a yiNiSn.
(From "They Walk in the City" "y 1. B. Priestley. Abridged)
XVII. RoIe-pIaying:
A hrST\ St hTirON NThhONPN \SNNibQO Nih]PNOOinh rSTPON abSTP jSnrSn (wSNVSf" PS P]Oir
SttiVO rirOVPSr. MaV] SnO N\OakN in taySTr St ]iN/]Or NThhONPiSn Prcinh PS VSnyinVO bSP] P]O
rirOVPSr anr P]O hTirON P]aP P]O rSTPO iN P]O bONP. 4n P]O Onr P]O \arPiVi\anPN St P]O PaQk V]SSNO
P]O XSNP a\\rS\riaPO rSTPO.
XVIII. Describe (in writing) a sight or a view that once struck yon as picturesque, beautifuI or
unusuaI.
v]O bONP ONNacN Xac bO rOar in VQaNN anr P]On \QaVOr in a faQQ \a\Or( a N\OViaQ bTQQOPin
iNNTOr bc P]O QiPOrarc VQTb( OPV.
7SPO: v]O POUP abSyO Xac NOryO aN a \OrtOVP OUaX\QO St NTV] rONVri\PiSn
XIX. FiIm: "Mr. Brown's HoIiday." FiIm segment 3 "In Dear OId EngIand" (Broadstairs). a) Watch
and Iisten, b) Do the exercises from the guide to the fiIm.
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH (III)
v]O VOnPraQ irOa St a \arahra\] iN bTiQP T\ fiP] P]O ]OQ\ St QarhOr TniPN P]an kOc'fSrrN( P]aP
iN fiP] P]O ]OQ\ St NSVaQQOr PS\iV NOnPOnVON.
Topic sentence iN a NTXXariinh NOnPOnVO St a \arahra\]. vS\iV NOnPOnVON Van aQNS bO TNOr
PS PiO T\ a hrST\ St \arahra\]N PShOP]Or ]SQrinh P]O TniPc St a \aNNahO.
WOnOraQQc P]O PS\iV NOnPOnVO VSXON tirNP in a \arahra\]. 4P ]OQ\N PS TnrOrNPanr P]O POUP anr
bOhin friPinh( ."g" s7TXOrSTN arPitiViaQ QanhTahON ]ayO bOOn VarOtTQQc VSnNPrTVPOr anr NSXO St
P]OX arO NPiQQ in QiXiPOr TNO. 4n 1dd&( an arPitiViaQ QanhTahO( MN\OranPS( faN VrOaPOr. MN\OranPS
]aN QiPPQO hraXXar anr rrOf iPN ySVabTQarc trSX aQQ P]O MTrS\Oan QanhTahON...s (*ro+ spnO
janhTahO tSr P]O xSrQrs 2y w. ^Oi". v]O friPOr \rSVOOrN trSX a hOnOraQ NPaPOXOnP PS
\arPiVTQarN.
pVVaNiSnaQQc P]O PS\iV NOnPOnVO VSXON QaNP( f]On P]O friPOr fiN]ON tirNP PS \rO\arO ]iN
rOarOr tSr P]O hOnOraQ irOa Sr a VSnVQTNiSn( ."g" szSTmrO QikO PfS triOnrN f]S fanP PS PakO P]Oir
]SQirac PShOP]Or( bTP SnO St P]OX fanPN PS VQiXb WrOOnQanrmN NnSfc XSTnPainN f]iQO P]O SP]Or
fanPN PS tiN] Stt 4nriamN VSraQ NPranr. pbyiSTNQc iPmN nSP hSinh PS fSrks (*ro+ sv]O aSrmN
MrhOs 2y x. 5. waTh]aX".
Assignments:
1. Read the passage "Introducing London" and mark paragraphs with topic sentences.
What central idea do they summarize? Where are they placed within the paragraph?
2. Find the topic sentence that holds the unity of the whole passage.
3. Mark the key-words that emphasize the main points of the information about
London.
4. Paragraph 8 includes the key-word "parks", develop it into a topic sentence
summarizing the central idea of the paragraph.
5. Write a paragraph describing the picture on pp. 114-115. Try your hand at various
topic sentences that help to hold the unity of the paragraph.
00
LABORATORY EXERCISES (II)
1. Listen to the text "Some More Glimpses of London."
2. Listen to the dialogue "Sightseeing". Repeat the text in the intervals and record
your versions.
Compare your version with the original and correct your pronunciation mistakes if
any.
3. Translate the sentences into English, check them with the key.
4. Listen to the test "Behind the Scenes" or some other text on the topic "London".
Discuss the text in class.
5. Listen to the "Sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge". Mark the stresses and
tunes. Learn it by heart.
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS
1. Why is the clock on the Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament called "Big Ben"?
2. What is the "Cenotaph"? Where can it be found? What is the origin of the name?
3. The security of the Tower of London is mainly the responsibility of the Yeomen
Warders or "Beefeaters" as they are popularly called. What is the origin of the word
"Beefeater"?
4. What is the "Union 1ack"? What does it look like? What is its origin? Where and
when can it be seen?
5. Name five of the numerous bridges which cross the Thames. Show them on the map
of London and comment on their names.
6. What is "Soho"? Where is it situated? What are its peculiar features?
UNIT FOUR
I SPEECH PATTERNS
1. wSP]Or i& hard9y OyOr a29e to have a PrOaP QikO P]aP.
a" v]Oc arO ]arrQc OyOr abQO PS hS Nih]PNOOinh.
pnO iN ]arrQc OyOr abQO PS hOP PiVkOPN tSr P]iN N]Sf.
xO arO ]arrQc OyOr abQO PS PaQk PS OaV] SP]Or aQSnO.
|O faN ]arrQc OyOr abQO PS VaPV] P]O 2.:0 Prain ]SXO.
b" zSTmQQ ]arrQc bO abQO PS hOP PS P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX PSrac bOtSrO P]O VQSNinh ]STrN.
5]O fiQQ ]arrQc bO abQO PS hOP SyOr ]Or tOar St ]Oayc PrattiV.
2. qaP]Or faN atrair P]aP wSP]Or +ight ta'e VSQr it N]O 5a+e"
4 P]STh]P P]aP N]O Xih]P N\SiQ ]Or VSX\QOUiSn it N]O fOnP Sn NXSkinh.
|O Nair fO Xih]P bO QaPO it P]O bTN rirnmP VSXO NSSn.
Mrfarr ]S\Or ]O Xih]P XOOP P]O hirQ ahain it ]O VaXO OyOrc rac PS P]O NPrOOP N]O QiyOr in.
v]O \SQiVOXan PSQr P]O bSc ]O Xih]P bO rTn SyOr it ]O faN VarOQONN f]On VrSNNinh P]O NPrOOP.
:. xO aQQ tOQP P]aP it wou9d never do to 9et qaP]Or NPac ]SXO.
4P fiQQ nOyOr rS PS TnrOrQinO fSrrN in a Qibrarc bSSk.
4P fiQQ nOyOr rS PS P]rSf ViharOPPO'OnrN Sn P]O tQSSr.
x]c arO cST N]STPinh aP P]O PS\ St cSTr ySiVON{
4P fiQQ nOyOr rS. zST ]ayO PrOaPOr ]Or yOrc barQc.
TrOnONN fiQQ nOyOr rS.
v]O bSc Nair iP fSTQr nOyOr rS tSr a cSTnh hirQ PS TNO NS XTV] XakO'T\.
9. v]aP 'e4t Jother 2u&y tSr a QiPPQO f]iQO.
AP nih]P 4 aQfacN kOO\ Xc finrSf S\On.
02
v]Oc nOyOr kOO\ P]Oir rSSr N]TP.
kOO\ cSTr tOOP farX Sr cSTmQQ VaPV] VSQr.
|O kO\P ]iN rSSX NVrT\TQSTNQc VQOan.
5]O PSQr P]O V]iQr an inPOrONPinh NPSrc PS kOO\ ]iX afakO.
kOO\inh P]O V]iQr farX iN nSP P]O NaXO P]inh aN kOO\inh ]iX ]OaQP]c.
EXERCISES
I. Paraphrase toe foIIowing, using some of the patterns above:
^ a P P O r n 1 : 1. 4P iN nSP StPOn P]aP STr XSP]Or hSON PS P]O P]OaPrO. 2. 4P iN nSP StPOn P]aP
STr NPTrOnPN Van QiNPOn PS naPiyO MnhQiN] N\OOV]. :. 5]O yOrc NOQrSX Van attSrr PS hOP ]OrNOQt a
nOf rrONN. 9. v]Oc VannSP attSrr PS N\Onr P]Oir ]SQirac aP P]O NOaNirO. 0. |O Van nOyOr rOtTNO
]OQ\inh ]iN VSXrarON.
^ a P P O r n : : 1. 4P iN bar XannOrN PS NParO aP \OS\QO. 2. v]O POaV]Or Nair iP faN
iX\SQiPO anr rTrO PS ]anr in ]SXOfSrk friPPOn VarOQONNQc. :. s4 Nac( vTrnOr( 4 rSnmP QikO P]O fac
cST PrOaP cSTr VSXrarON. 4PmN PSS bar.s 9. wc XSP]Or Nair P]aP iP faN PSS bar PS QOP ]Or rS aQQ
P]O fSrk aQSnO. 0. 4P iN fiVkOr PS ]TrP aniXaQN. 2. szST ]ayO VSXO Tn\rO\arOr ahain. 4P iN
Tn\arrSnabQO(s Nair P]O POaV]Or.
II. Describe toe foIIowing situations in one sentence, using Pattern 2:
M U a X \ Q O : 4n NTV] VSQr fOaP]Or iP faN OaNc tSr P]O V]iQr PS VaPV] VSQr( it ]O fOnP tSr
a faQk. v]aP faN P]O VaTNO St P]O XSP]OrmN tOar.
v]O XSP]Or faN atrair P]aP P]O V]iQr Xih]P VaPV] VSQr it ]O fOnP tSr a faQk in
NTV] VSQr fOaP]Or.
1. 5]O fSrkOr yOrc QiPPQO rTrinh P]O POrX( anr iP faN gTiPO \SNNibQO tSr ]Or PS taiQ aP ]Or
OUaXinaPiSn. xO aQQ PSQr ]Or NS. 2. 4P faN ]arrQc \SNNibQO PS QOP P]O bSc NPac aP ]SXO aQSnO. |O
VSTQr XakO PrSTbQO it ]O rir. xO aQQ knOf P]aP. :. 5]O fSrkOr PSS ]arr( anr ]Or triOnrN fOrO
atrair P]aP iP fSTQr rONTQP in ]Or taQQinh iQQ. 9. v]O XSP]Or fanPOr P]O bSc PS bOVSXO a hrOaP
\ianiNP( anr NS N]O XarO ]iX \raVPiNO rac anr nih]P. 0. xO fanPOr PS hS anr NOO STr NiVk
triOnr( bTP P]O rSVPSr rirnmP aQQSf P]aP Nacinh P]aP P]OrO faN a V]anVO St STr VaPV]inh P]O
riNOaNO.
III. SuppIy adjectives:
1. 4P iN ranhOrSTN PS kOO\ P]O finrSfN ... rTrinh a P]TnrOrNPSrX. 2. 5]O kO\P ]Or rSSr ... anr
rirnmP QOP ancSnO in. :. ^TP P]O QOXSnarO in P]O rOtrihOraPSr PS kOO\ iP.... 9. v]O O\irOXiV faN aP
iPN ]Oih]P( anr aQQ P]O rSVPSrN St P]O PSfn fOrO kO\P.... 0. 4 \TP P]O PTQi\N in P]O faPOr PS kOO\
P]OX .... 2. kOO\ cSTr OcON ... anr cSTr XSTP] ... . {. v]iN tTr VSaP iN NTrO PS kOO\ cST ... in anc
trSNP. d. x]aP iN P]O POaV]Or PS rS PS kOO\ ]iN \T\iQN ...{
IV. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using the patterns:
1. |O A! !D< +J!?. 2. B+ $! !A >< A
>?; <. :. A! ( > +DJ< <( ! $+!J< A!. 9. B
; $,! $<( $ $! . 0. B?J $<< I+
A$>? J. 2. a;+! ; ! ; !+ J+<( $ A!= $
I. &. ; D!; < D< >>+!. d. B< !<
+A( > $J< <. 8. D $! + A( +D
! A =C+ A.
V. Make up diaIogues or situations, using the patterns.
TEXT. HOW WE KEPT MOTHER'S DAY

by Stephen Leacock
jOaVSVk( 5PO\]On (1d28'1899" % a taXSTN Ranarian friPOr St P]O 20P] VOnPTrc. |iN NPSriON( tTQQ St ]TXSTr
anr NarVaNX( OU\SNO P]O VSnPrariVPiSnN St QitO in XSrOX bSTrhOSiN NSViOPc.
jOaVSVk NacN P]aP P]O baNiN St ]TXSTr QiON in P]O VSnPraNPN SttOrOr bc QitO iPNOQt( bTP sP]O rOO\ baVkhrSTnr
P]aP QiON bO]inr anr bOcSnr f]aP fO VaQQ ]TXSTr iN rOyOaQOr SnQc PS P]O tOf f]S. bc inNPinVP Sr bc OttSrP ]ayO
hiyOn P]STh]P PS iP.s
0&
5S fO rOVirOr PS ]ayO a N\OViaQ VOQObraPiSn St wSP]OrmN oac. xO P]STh]P iP a tinO irOa. 4P
XarO TN aQQ rOaQiO ]Sf XTV] wSP]Or ]ar rSnO tSr TN tSr cOarN( anr aQQ P]O OttSrPN anr NaVritiVO
P]aP N]O ]ar XarO tSr STr NakO.
xO rOVirOr P]aP fOmr XakO iP a hrOaP rac( a ]SQirac tSr aQQ P]O taXiQc( anr rS OyOrcP]inh fO
VSTQr PS XakO wSP]Or ]a\\c. qaP]Or rOVirOr PS PakO a ]SQirac trSX ]iN SttiVO( NS aN PS ]OQ\ in
VOQObraPinh P]O rac( anr Xc NiNPOr AnnO anr 4 NPacOr ]SXO trSX VSQQOhO VQaNNON( anr warc anr
Xc brSP]Or xiQQ NPacOr ]SXO trSX |ih] 5V]SSQ.
4P faN STr \Qan PS XakO iP a rac TNP QikO `XaN
:2
Sr anc bih ]SQirac( anr NS fO rOVirOr PS
rOVSraPO P]O ]STNO fiP] tQSfOrN anr fiP] XSPPSON SyOr P]O XanPOQ\iOVON(
::
anr aQQ P]aP kinr St
P]inh. xO hSP wSP]Or PS XakO XSPPSON anr arranhO P]O rOVSraPiSnN( bOVaTNO N]O aQfacN rSON iP
aP `XaN.
v]O PfS hirQN P]STh]P iP fSTQr bO a niVO P]inh PS rrONN in STr yOrc bONP tSr NTV] a bih
SVVaNiSn anr NS P]Oc bSP] hSP nOf ]aPN. wSP]Or PriXXOr bSP] P]O ]aPN( anr P]Oc QSSkOr tinO(
anr qaP]Or ]ar bSTh]P NiQk PiON tSr ]iXNOQt anr TN bScN aN a NSTyOnir St P]O rac PS rOXOXbOr
wSP]Or bc. xO fOrO hSinh PS hOP wSP]Or a nOf ]aP PSS( bTP iP PTrnOr STP P]aP N]O NOOXOr PS
rOaQQc QikO ]Or SQr hrOc bSnnOP bOPPOr P]an a nOf SnO( anr bSP] P]O hirQN Nair P]aP iP faN aftTQQc
bOVSXinh PS ]Or.
xOQQ( atPOr brOaktaNP fO ]ar iP arranhOr aN a NTr\riNO tSr wSP]Or P]aP fO fSTQr ]irO a XSPSr
Var anr PakO ]Or tSr a bOaTPitTQ rriyO afac inPS P]O VSTnPrc. wSP]Or iN ]arrQc OyOr abQO PS ]ayO
a PrOaP QikO P]aP( bOVaTNO fO Van SnQc attSrr PS kOO\ SnO Xair( anr NS wSP]Or iN bTNc in P]O
]STNO nOarQc aQQ P]O PiXO.
6TP Sn P]O yOrc XSrninh St P]O rac fO V]anhOr P]O \Qan a QiPPQO biP( bOVaTNO iP SVVTrrOr PS
qaP]Or P]aP a P]inh iP fSTQr bO bOPPOr PS rS OyOn P]an PS PakO wSP]Or tSr a XSPSr rriyO fSTQr bO
PS PakO ]Or tiN]inh# it cST arO hSinh PS tiN]( P]OrO iN a rOtiniPO \Tr\SNO in trSnP St cST PS
]Oih]POn P]O OnScXOnP.
5S fO aQQ tOQP P]aP iP fSTQr bO niVOr tSr wSP]Or PS ]ayO a rOtiniPO \Tr\SNO# anr ancfac( iP
PTrnOr STP P]aP qaP]Or ]ar TNP hSP a nOf rSr P]O rac bOtSrO.
5S fO hSP OyOrcP]inh arranhOr tSr P]O Pri\( anr fO hSP wSP]Or PS VTP T\ NSXO NanrfiV]ON
:9
anr XakO T\ a NSrP St QTnV] in VaNO fO hSP ]Tnhrc( P]STh] St VSTrNO fO fOrO PS VSXO baVk
]SXO ahain PS a bih rinnOr in P]O XirrQO St P]O rac( TNP QikO `XaN Sr 7Of zOarmN oac. wSP]Or
\aVkOr iP aQQ T\ in a baNkOP tSr TN rOarc PS hS in P]O XSPSr.
xOQQ( f]On P]O Var VaXO PS P]O rSSr( iP PTrnOr STP P]aP P]OrO ]arrQc NOOXOr aN XTV] rSSX in
iP aN fO ]ar NT\\SNOr.
qaP]Or Nair nSP PS Xinr ]iX( ]O Nair P]aP ]O VSTQr TNP aN fOQQ NPac ]SXO# anr P]aP ]O faN
NTrO P]aP ]O VSTQr \TP in P]O PiXO fSrkinh in P]O harrOn# ]O Nair P]aP fO fOrO nSP PS QOP P]O taVP
St ]iN nSP ]ayinh ]ar a rOaQ ]SQirac tSr P]rOO cOarN NPanr in STr fac# ]O fanPOr TN PS hS rih]P
a]Oar anr bO ]a\\c anr ]ayO a bih rac.
6TP St VSTrNO fO aQQ tOQP P]aP iP fSTQr nOyOr rS PS QOP qaP]Or NPac ]SXO( ON\OViaQQc aN fO
knOf ]O fSTQr XakO PrSTbQO it ]O rir. v]O PfS hirQN( AnnO anr warc( fSTQr hQarQc ]ayO
NPacOr anr ]OQ\Or P]O Xair hOP rinnOr( SnQc iP NOOXOr NTV] a \iPc PS( Sn a QSyOQc rac QikO P]iN(
]ayinh P]Oir nOf ]aPN. 6TP P]Oc bSP] Nair P]aP wSP]Or ]ar SnQc PS Nac P]O fSrr( anr P]Ocmr
hQarQc NPac ]SXO anr fSrk. xiQQ anr 4 fSTQr ]ayO rrS\\Or STP( ]TP TntSrPTnaPOQc fO fSTQrnmP
]ayO bOOn anc TNO in hOPPinh P]O rinnOr.
5S in P]O Onr iP faN rOVirOr P]aP wSP]Or fSTQr NPac ]SXO anr TNP ]ayO a QSyOQc rONPtTQ rac
rSTnr P]O ]STNO( anr hOP P]O rinnOr. 4P PTrnOr STP ancfac P]aP wSP]Or rSONnmP VarO tSr tiN]inh(
anr aQNS iP faN TNP a QiPPQO biP VSQr anr trON] STP St rSSrN( P]STh] iP faN QSyOQc anr NTnnc( anr
qaP]Or faN raP]Or atrair P]aP wSP]Or Xih]P PakO VSQr it N]O VaXO.
5S fO aQQ rrSyO afac fiP] P]rOO V]OOrN tSr wSP]Or( anr qaP]Or fayOr ]iN ]anr baVk PS ]Or
OyOrc tOf XinTPON PiQQ ]O ]iP ]iN ]anr Sn P]O baVk OrhO St P]O Var( anr P]On Nair P]aP ]O rirnmP
P]ink P]aP wSP]Or VSTQr NOO TN anc QSnhOr.
:2
Xmas [krIsmqs]: an abbrOyiaPOr tSrX St R]riNPXaN. 4n MnhQanr R]riNPXaN rac (P]O 20P] St oOVOXbOr" iN SnO St P]O bihhONP ]SQiracN(
rOySPOr ON\OViaQQc PS taXiQc rOTniSn anr XOrrc'Xakinh fiP] iPN PrariPiSnaQ R]riNPXaN PrOO anr R]riNPXaN \Trrinh.
::
mantelpiece: a NPrTVPTrO St briVk( fSSr Sr XarbQO abSyO anr arSTnr a tirO'\QaVO %an S\On hraPO f]OrO a VSaQ tirO bTrnN. wSNP SQr
MnhQiN] ]STNON ]ayO nS VOnPraQ ]OaPinh. }\ PS nSf a hrOaP nTXbOr St tQaPN arO farXOr bc VSaQ tirON. 5SXOPiXON inNPOar St a VSaQ tirO a
haN tirO Sr an OQOVPriV tirO Xac bO TNOr( f]iV] iN XSrO VSnyOniOnP( aN iP Van bO QiP in a NOVSnr anr PTrnOr Stt aN NSSn aN iP iN nSP nOOrOr.
:9
sandwich: PfS NQiVON St bTPPOrOr brOar fiP] XOaP( Ohh( V]OONO Sr PSXaPS( OPV. bOPfOOn P]OX (5f" P]O TNNian ". v]O fSrr
]aN SnO XSrO XOaninh: a NanrfiV] (Sr a NanrfiV]'Xan( a NanrfiV]'bSc" iN a Xan faQkinh aQSnh P]O NPrOOP fiP] PfS aryOrPiNOXOnP'
bSarrN ]Tnh one in trSnP St ]iX anr one bO]inr.
0d
xOQQ( % fO ]ar P]O QSyOQiONP rac T\ aXSnh P]O ]iQQN P]aP cST VSTQr \SNNibQc iXahinO.
4P faN gTiPO QaPO f]On fO hSP baVk( nOarQc NOyOn SmVQSVk in P]O OyOninh( bTP wSP]Or ]ar
hTONNOr P]aP fO fSTQr bO QaPO( NS N]O ]ar kO\P baVk P]O rinnOr NS aN PS ]ayO iP TNP niVOQc rOarc
anr ]SP tSr TN. pnQc tirNP N]O ]ar PS hOP PSfOQN anr NSa\ tSr qaP]Or anr VQOan P]inhN tSr ]iX PS
\TP Sn( bOVaTNO ]O aQfacN hOPN NS XONNOr T\ fiP] tiN]inh( anr P]aP kO\P wSP]Or bTNc tSr a QiPPQO
f]iQO( P]aP anr ]OQ\inh P]O hirQN hOP rOarc.
6TP aP QaNP OyOrcP]inh faN rOarc( anr fO NaP rSfn PS P]O hranrONP kinr St rinnOr % rSaNP
PTrkOc anr aQQ NSrPN St P]inhN QikO Sn `XaN oac. wSP]Or ]ar PS hOP T\ anr rSfn a hSSr biP
rTrinh P]O XOaQ tOPV]inh P]inhN baVk anr tSrfarr.
v]O rinnOr QaNPOr a QSnh f]iQO( anr faN hrOaP tTn( anr f]On iP faN SyOr aQQ St TN fanPOr PS
]OQ\ VQOar P]O P]inhN T\ anr faN] P]O riN]ON( SnQc wSP]Or Nair P]aP N]O fSTQr rOaQQc XTV]
raP]Or rS iP( anr NS fO QOP ]Or( bOVaTNO fO fanPOr TNP tSr SnVO PS ]TXSTr ]Or.
4P faN gTiPO QaPO( f]On iP faN aQQ SyOr( anr f]On fO aQQ kiNNOr wSP]Or bOtSrO hSinh PS bOr(
N]O Nair iP ]ar bOOn P]O XSNP fSnrOrtTQ rac in ]Or QitO( anr 4 P]ink P]OrO fOrO POarN in ]Or OcON.
5S fO aQQ tOQP aftTQQc rO\air tSr aQQ P]aP fO ]ar rSnO.
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. to get (got, got) ,t-i 1. <( ><# to get smb. smth., to get smth. for
smb., ."g" 4 Van hOP P]iN bSSk tSr cST. (4 Van hOP cST P]iN bSSk."
2. $<( ."g" oir cST hOP ( rOVOiyO" Xc POQOhraX{
:. $$<( $!<( ."g" v]O PfS hirQN hSP nOf ]aPN.
9. $!><( !<( !A<( ."g" xO VannSP hOP PS wSNVSf PSnih]P. 4P faN yOrc
QaPO f]On ]O hSP ]SXO.
0. $!A!<( $A!<( $!<( ."g" 4P faN rOVirOr P]aP wSP]Or fSTQr NPac
]SXO anr hOP P]O rinnOr ( hOP iP rOarc".
2. !< A'. '. <( !<( > '. '. ( ."g" xO hSP
wSP]Or PS arranhO P]O rOVSraPiSnN.
K" !< (a& a 9in'Gver2A, ."g" 4P faN hOPPinh rark f]On fO arriyOr aP P]O NPaPiSn. 4 hSP
yOrc VSQr f]iQO faiPinh in P]O NPrOOP.
/yn" to become
to get smth. done( ."g" 4 hSP OyOrcP]inh arranhOr in PiXO.
have got have( O( h. 4 ]ayO hSP NSXOP]inh PS POQQ cST. 4 ]ayOnmP hSP P]O bSSk cSTmrO PaQkinh
abSTP (Vt.: 4 ]ayO nS bSSkN bc P]iN aTP]Sr.".
N t e: 4n XSrOrn VSnyOrNaPiSnaQ MnhQiN] P]O fSrr VSXbinaPiSn ]ayO hSP in P]O XOaninh St !+<(
< iN TNOr XTV] XSrO StPOn P]an P]O yOrb ]ayO X P]O NaXO XOaninh( ON\OViaQQc fiP] a VSnVrOPO SbOVP.
have got to do smth.( ."g" 4 ]ayO hSP PS ( XTNP" tiniN] Xc fSrk in PiXO. 4P ]aN hSP PS bO
rSnO.
to get back to come back( ."g" AP f]aP PiXO N]aQQ fO hOP baVk{
to get over a disease (tOar( rittiVTQPiON( hriOt( OPV."( ."g" oSnmP fSrrc( P]O V]iQr fiQQ NSSn hOP
SyOr ]iN iQQnONN.
to get up and down, ."g" wSP]Or ]ar PS hOP T\ anr rSfn a hSSr biP rTrinh P]O XOaQ
tOPV]inh P]inhN baVk anr tSrfarr.
to get on smb.'s nerves, ."g" oSnmP hOP T\ anr rSfn OyOrc XinTPO( cSTmrO hOPPinh Sn Xc
nOryON.
2. to turn ,t-i 1. C<("( $!<("( <"( ."g" AP ]Oarinh ]Or ySiVO 4
PTrnOr (PTrnOr Xc ]Oar". v]O Var PTrnOr P]O VSrnOr.
2. $C<("( !+<(" (inPS NXP]."( ."g" v]O faPOr in P]O \Snr PTrnOr inPS iVO aN
P]O nih]P ]ar bOOn trSNPc.
to turn away (from smb. or smth.) < ("
to turn back $<
to turn inside out ><(" !( ."g" wc TXbrOQQa PTrnOr inNirO STP in P]O
finr.
to turn out <( ."g" |O PTrnOr STP a bar aVPSr. v]O rac PTrnOr STP (PS bO" a tinO SnO.
4P PTrnOr STP P]aP P]OrO fOrO nS yaVanP NOaPN in P]O bTN.
as it turned out... as it happened
08
to turn over $<("( ."g" |O PTrnOr SyOr a \ahO. |O PTrnOr SyOr in bOr.
to turn up ($"!<( $!;!( ."g" xO OU\OVPOr ]iX PS Sin TN( bTP ]O nOyOr PTrnOr T\.
to turn smth. upside down $< ? +( <( ."g" 5SXOSnO ]aN
PTrnOr OyOrcP]inh T\NirO rSfn in Xc rrafOr.
3. to treat ,t 1. C<("( ?!<( !<# to treat smb. well, kindly,
coldly, OPV.( ."g" oSnmP PrOaP XO aN it 4 fOrO a V]iQr. 6OPPOr PrOaP ]iN fSrrN aN a SkO. zST PrOaPs
P]O XaPPOr PSS Qih]PQc.
2. !<# to treat smb. for smth. with smth., ."g" x]S PrOaPOr cSTr V]iQr tSr NVarQOP
tOyOr{ x]aP XOriVinO arO cST PrOaPOr fiP]{
:. AC< +'n. (`..T" < <!"# to treat smb. to smth., ."g" 4mQQ PrOaP
cST aQQ PS ( 4mQQ bTc cST" NSXO iVO'VrOaX. xSTQrnmP cST QikO ]iX PS PrOaP cST ( PS \ac tSr
cSTr PiVkOP" PS a baQQOP{ 4 N]aQQ PrOaP XcNOQt PS a fOOk'Onr ]SQirac.
treat n 1. <!( D!( ."g" 4myO nOyOr ]ar a PrOaP QikO P]aPe x]aP a PrOaP iP iN
nSP PS ]ayO PS hOP T\ OarQce MyOrc V]anVO PS QiNPOn PS hSSr XTNiV iN a hrOaP PrOaP PS ]Or.
2. AC!
treatment n 1. C! ( +'n."( ."g" |Or PrOaPXOnP St P]O \T\iQN iN aQfacN kinr anr
\aPiOnP( (prep, "of""
2. !( ."g" |ayO cST ]Oarr St a nOf PrOaPXOnP tSr \nOTXSnia{ (prep, "for""
4. afford P (>< !!" $!< (TNT. fiP] Van( VSTQr( bO abQO PS"
smth.; ."g" 4 VanmP attSrr PiXO tSr XSyiON.
to afford
to do smth., ."g" Ran cST attSrr PS hS afac tSr a ]SQirac{
5. to keep (kept, kept) ,t-i 1. D< ( >? XaXRAD " ?!<( ."g" 5]O aQfacN
kOO\N SQr QOPPOrN.# b" D<( <( ."g" zST Xac kOO\ P]O bSSk( 4 rSnmP fanP iP cOP.#
" (" D< ( ! . $."( ."g" B aQfacN kOO\N ]iN \rSXiNO.# r" D<( ."g" wr.
xaPNSn ]ar a fitO anr taXiQc PS kOO\.# O" D<( !< D<( ."g" 4mX NSrrc 4 kO\P
cST faiPinh.
2. $<( $<( ."g" s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs# 5]O aQfacN kOO\N ]Or
birP]rac.
to keep smth. ad1", ."g" v]iN fSrk kO\P P]O V]iQrrOn bTNc. zST XTNP kOO\ cSTr tOOP farX.
to keep to smth.( ."g" kOO\ PS P]O riOP. jOPmN kOO\ PS P]O XirrQO St P]O rSar.
to keep on doing smth., ."g" 5]O kO\P Sn friPinh f]On 4 VaXO in (not u&ed of a &tate, 2ut
on9y of a5tivitie&" Cf": |O kO\P Sn NPanrinh T\. 3ut |O rOXainOr NPanrinh.".
to keep smb. from doing smth.( ."g" 4P kO\P XO trSX nSininh cST.
to keep (smth.) back( ."g" v]O cSTnh XOn kO\P P]O VrSfr baVk. 4mX NTrO ]O iN kOO\inh
NSXOP]inh baVk ( nSP POQQinh aQQ# VSnVOaQinh NSXOP]inh". wSP]Or ]ar hTONNOr P]aP fO fSTQr
bO QaPO( NS N]O ]ar kO\P baVk P]O rinnOr.
6. to occur ,i 1. <( $!?!<( ."g" 5TV] inVirOnPN SVVTr OyOrc rac. 4P XTNP
nOyOr SVVTr ahain.
2. $!?!< +( ."g" 4P SVVTrrOr PS XO P]aP NSXOP]inh Xih]P bO frSnh fiP] ]Or. oirnmP
iP SVVTr PS cST PS VQSNO P]O finrSf PS kOO\ P]O nSiNO baVk{
7. to enjoy ,i $< <!( D<( ."g" 4 OnScOr P]O Pri\ yOrc XTV].
4myO OnScOr NOOinh cST.
to enjoy oneself, ."g" 4 OnScOr XcNOQt aP P]O VSnVOrP QaNP nih]P.
enjoyment n <!( D!
8. fun n 1. <( ( !( ."g" R]iQrrOn arO tSnr St tTn. x]aP tTn fO ]ar
f]On fO fOrO PShOP]Ore |O iN tTQQ St tTn.
to make fun of >+!<( $J!<( ."g" |OmN tSnr St Xakinh tTn St \OS\QO.
7SbSrc QikON PS bO XarO tTn St.
20
to do smth. in (for) fun < '. J( ."g" 4 Nair iP SnQc in (tSr" tTn.
2. $+ J( !! <( <!( ."g" v]O \arPc (cSTr triOnr" faN hrOaP
tTn.
funny ad1 +J;( >;( ."g" 4 ]ayO a tTnnc NPSrc PS POQQ cST.
NOTES ON STYLE
1. 4n jOaVSVkmN NPSrc s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs cST fiQQ tinr nTXOrSTN fSrrN anr
\]raNON St intSrXaQ tTnVPiSnaQ NPcQO (5OO 7SPO A Sn \. 02"( ."g" a99 that 'ind of thing (Vt. P]O
TNNian F! H"( awfu99y (in saftTQQc bOVSXinhs( 5f" P]O TNNian FD !#
$=C !,H"( a 9itt9e 2it (F<'<H"( have a 2ig day (F $!
+H"( get +e&&ed u4 (F$+<( >!< A!H"( the dinner... wa& great fun
(F > +H"( OPV.
7SPO aQNS P]O inPOrOVPiSn we99 inPrSrTVinh NSXO St P]O \aNNahON (f]iV] nSrXaQQc SVVTrN in
SraQ N\OOV]"( P]O SXiNNiSn St P]O VSnTnVPiSn that anr P]O NcnPaU iXiPaPinh P]aP St SraQ
VSXXTniVaPiSn bc iPN trOO anr VarOQONN NPrTVPTrON.
2. v]O NPSrc \rONOnPN an inPOrONPinh OUaX\QO St P]O inrirOVP XOP]Sr St V]araVPOriaPiSn. v]O
aTP]Sr rSON nSP Nac rirOVPQc P]aP P]O XOXbOrN St P]O taXiQc fOrO NOQtiN]( VaQQSTN anr ]arr'
]OarPOr \OS\QO (P]aP fSTQr bO P]O rirOVP XOP]Sr St V]araVPOriaPiSn" bTP XakON P]OX aVP anr
QOPN P]O rOarOr rraf ]iN Sfn VSnVQTNiSn.
:. s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs iN a ]TXSrSTN NPSrc. |TXSTr in tiVPiSn Xac bO St PfS
\rinVi\aQ Pc\ON. 4P Xac bO ]TXSTr St NiPTaPiSn f]On P]O aTP]Sr XakON TN QaTh] aP VOrPain tTnnc
Sr abNTrr taVPN( ."g" P]O XOXbOrN St P]O taXiQc bTcinh \rONOnPN tSr P]OXNOQyON Sn wSP]OrmN
oac( bTP bTcinh nSP]inh tSr P]Oir XSP]Or. v]OrO iN aQNS ]TXSTr St fSrrN f]On P]O rOarOr rSON
nSP QaTh] aP f]aP iN ]a\\Oninh in P]O NPSrc bTP aP ]Sf iP iN \TP bc P]O aTP]Sr. 8" g" 6TP St
VSTrNO fO aQQ tOQP P]aP iP fSTQr nOyOr rS PS QOP qaP]Or NPac aP ]SXO( ON\OViaQQc aN fO knOf ]O
fSTQr XakO PrSTbQO it ]O rir.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)
Words
attSrr , tTnnc ad1 rO\ac , OttSrP n
hOP , NaVritiVO ,, n OnSc , hTONN ,
PrOaP ,, n ON\OViaQQc adv ]irO , PrOaPXOnP n
tOPV] , kOO\ , PriX , tTn n
SVVTr , PTrn , \Tr\SNO n TntSrPTnaPOQc adv
Word Combinations
tSr NXb.mN NakO PS hOP SyOr NXP].
PS NPac (aP" ]SXO trSX VSQQOhO (VQaNNON( NV]SSQ" PS PakO NXb. tSr a rriyO
PS rrONN in SnOmN bONP (fSrNP" in VaNO
TNP aN fOQQ PS NPanr (bO" in NXb.mN fac
tSr NTV] an SVVaNiSn PS XakO PrSTbQO
PS PTrn STP PS bO nS TNO
in P]O Onr PS hOP Sn NXb.mN nOryON
PS VarO tSr NXb. (Sr NXP]." PS PTrn inNirO STP
PS kOO\ baVk PS PTrn SyOr
tSr a QiPPQO (N]SrP( QSnh" PS PTrn T\
f]iQO PS PTrn T\NirO rSfn
PS hOP T\ anr rSfn tSr (in" tTn
PS hOP PS NSXO \QaVO PS XakO tTn St NXb.
EXERCISES
1. Read Text of Unit Four and the Notes on StyIe and taIk on the foIIowing points (A. Grammar,
B. Word usage. . StyIe):
21
A. 1. x]iV] yOrbN TNOr in P]O POUP arO XSraQ yOrbN{ RSXXOnP Sn P]Oir XOaninhN anr
PranNQaPO P]O NOnPOnVON in f]iV] P]Oc arO TNOr.
2. x]aP arO P]O XOaninhN St P]O yOrbN to get, to +a'e, to 'ee4, to ta'e in P]O POUP{ (vranNQaPO
P]O NOnPOnVON fiP] P]ONO yOrbN."
:. Jother anr *ather arO Va\iPaQiOr anr TNOr fiP]STP arPiVQON in P]O POUP. |Sf fSTQr cST
TNO P]O fSrrN in rO\SrPOr N\OOV] (SraQ anr friPPOn"{
B. 1. in P]O \]raNON to de5orate the hou&e anr to tri+ the hat& fO ]ayO PfS rittOrOnP
OgTiyaQOnPN St FJ<H. x]aP Van bO PriXXOr Sr rOVSraPOr{
2. xO Nac in the +orning (evening, afternoonA, bTP in P]O \]raNO sSn P]O yOrc XSrninh St P]O
racs on iN TNOr. x]c{ (Cf: on that evening, on the +orning of hi& arriva9"A
C. 1. ^SinP STP aN Xanc VSQQSgTiaQ fSrrN anr \]raNON aN cST Van tinr. 5T\\Qc P]Oir TNNian
OgTiyaQOnPN it \SNNibQO. x]aP iN P]O aTP]SrmN \Tr\SNO in inPrSrTVinh NS Xanc TniPN St intSrXaQ
NPcQO{
2. ^SinP STP P]O \aNNahON f]iV] V]araVPOriO P]O XOXbOrN St P]O taXiQc anr P]Oir rOaQ
aPPiPTrO PS P]O XSP]Or. x]aP iN P]O XOP]Sr St V]araVPOriaPiSn TNOr bc P]O aTP]Sr{
:. x]iV] NOnPOnVON Sr \aNNahON bOar PSTV]ON St ]TXSTr{ vrc PS OU\Qain ]Sf P]O ]TXSrSTN
OttOVP iN aV]iOyOr in OaV] VaNO. x]iV] Pc\O St ]TXSTr \rOyaiQN in P]O NPSrc{ (5OO 7SPON Sn
5PcQO."
II. a) Search the text for EngIish equivaIents of the phrases Iisted beIow and write them ia your
exercise book:
+< ($<" < )!( $;! J( < $'$!+
($!!<"( < $ +J!( $! +( ; !.... +A >
!+ D $?+ < +( < +( > > !; $<>(
J!!< '!<( !< ( ? > K ( $D
A( ! A ( ; >; <( $! +J! A(
< +; $!+ ( D +A +( A! <
, +( >!<( .(.( +? ; ;( ! <( $!!< !
!< '.( +> ! $ AD>+! ...
b) Get the student sitting next to yon transIate haIf of the Russian phrases into EngIish (in
writing) and check them with the key in your notebook. TransIate the other haIf yourseIf
and ask your neighbour to correct your transIation.
III. TransIate in writing these passages. Compare and discuss different variants of students'
transIation:
1. 4P SVVTrrOr PS qaP]Or P]aP a P]inh iP fSTQr bO bOPPOr PS rS OyOn P]an PS PakO wSP]Or tSr a
XSPSr rriyO fSTQr bO PS PakO ]Or tiN]inh# it cST arO hSinh PS tiN]( P]OrO iN a rOtiniPO \Tr\SNO in
trSnP St cST PS ]Oih]POn P]O OnScXOnP. 2. qaP]Or Nair nSP PS Xinr ]iX( ]O Nair P]aP ]O VSTQr
TNP aN fOQQ NPac ]SXO# ]O Nair P]aP fO fOrO nSP PS QOP P]O taVP St ]iN nSP ]ayinh ]ar a rOaQ
]SQirac tSr P]rOO cOarN NPanr in STr fac(
IV. Try your hand at teaching:
A. Preparation. ^iVk STP trSX P]O POUP aQQ P]O fSrrN fiP] P]O QOPPOr g in P]OX. RQaNNitc P]OX
aVVSrrinh PS P]O fac h iN \rSnSTnVOr anr \TP P]OX rSfn in VSQTXnN. wakO T\ a QiNP St fSrrN
PS iQQTNPraPO P]O NaXO rTQON.
B. Work in Class. a" 5]Sf P]O PabQO PS P]O VQaNN anr QOP P]O NPTrOnPN VSXXOnP Sn iP.
b" oiVPaPO P]O fSrrN in VQaNN fiP] SnO NPTrOnP friPinh P]OX Sn P]O bSarr. RSrrOVP P]O
XiNPakON Sn P]O bSarr. (5OO mRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s( 5OVPiSnN 4@( @44( @444."
V. a) Write the words beIow in the Past Indefinite. CIassify them into two groups: one with the
finaI r doubIed, the other one with one finaI r in the Past Indefinite.
b) ExpIain to the students when the finaI r shouId be doubIed:
OnPOr( SVVTr( SttOr( rOXOXbOr( VQOar( rOtOr YrIfE:( V]OOr( bar( TPPOr YAtq( NPar( \rOtOr( NPir
YNPE:.
VI. a) Write an outIine of the text (see Ex. IX on p. 59). (The outIine may be written in the
22
Present or Past Indefinite tenses.)
b) Discuss the outIines written by severaI students and choose the best one. Improve it by
using some variants from other students' works. Write it down on the board and make
the students copy it in their exercise books.
VII. Write two questions to each item of the outIine: one shouId heIp to reveaI the
contradictions between what the members of the famiIy said and did, the other (with a
modaI verb) - what they couId or ought to have done.
e"g" 1" oir P]O hirQN rOaQQc P]ink P]aP P]Oir XSP]OrmN SQr bSnnOP faN saftTQQc bOVSXinhs PS
]Or{ 2. oSnmP cST P]ink P]Oc N]STQr ]ayO bSTh]P NSXOP]inh tSr P]Oir XSP]Or PSS{ (wakO P]O
NPTrOnPN rOaNSn STP P]Oir anNfOrN."
VIII. Study the VocabuIary Notes end EssentiaI VocabuIary (I) and a) Paraphrase the foIIowing
(in writing):
1. PS XakO NXb. rS NXP].# 2. PS ]ayO NXP]. arranhOr# :. PS rOVSyOr atPOr a riNOaNO# 9. PS NPanr
T\ anr NiP rSfn# 0. PS QSSk in P]O S\\SNiPO rirOVPiSn# 2. PS VSXO PS SnOmN Xinr# &. PS a\\Oar
TnOU\OVPOrQc# d( a hrOaP \QOaNTrO# 8. aP QaNP# 10. PS bO abQO (PS N\Onr XSnOc Sn NXP].( OPV."# 11.
PS VSnPinTO PS rS NXP].# 12. nSP PS QOP NXb. rS NXP].# 1:. PS VSnVOaQ NSXO PaVP# 19. PS OnSc
SnONOQt# 10. PS QSyO (PakO inPOrONP in"# 12. tSr a N]SrP PiXO# 1&. PS PakO a PaUi# 1d. PS bOVSXO
rirPc# 18. PS QaTh] aP (XSVk" NXb.# 20. PS hOP SP]Or \OS\QO inPS a XONN.
b) Make op sentences with the phrases yea have written.
IX. A word in one Ianguage may have different equivaIents in another.
."g" + % rSSX( \QaVO D % NaVritiVO( yiVPiX $!!< % tOPV](
brinh
a) Look op the words given above in an EngIish-Russian dictionary,

find out the exact
meaning of each pair of words and write sentences iIIustrating the difference in their
use.
b) Ask the students to transIate the Russian variants of your sentences.
X. TransIate the sentences into EngIish using EssentiaI VocabuIary (1);
1. L <! J< $!e 2. G , ; AC! +
$!D>+!. :. >=! !( K +> ; + >. 9. $
A ! < !,+ !$ ; $A;. 0. G+ D $!<
? +( > ;! ;' ${ 2. )<! !! !( <(
A !. &. !<( ; C= ;. d.
. +A D< J;. 8. )> $ $! + $D.
> < . 10. K! $!?! A( ? D!. 11. ;
D $!< ?J (kinrQc" C< D!>+!. 12. L > +A $+<(
!; !;e 1:. ?( > D!J< e 19. J
$!< % ; <( % { G<( + K !A $!?!
A. 10. i !< +A . .( D ><( D > +. 12.
L !A< K !Ae 1&. l<> !C! E +!< A
>+ =++. 1d. L J$e
XI. ReteII the test foIIowing the outIine (see Ex. VI, p. 132). Speak about the contradictions
between the words and the behaviour of the members of the famiIy:
."g" ... v]Oc Nair( P]Oc rOaQiOr f]aP P]Oir XSP]Or ]ar NaVritiVOr tSr P]Oir NakO anr fanPOr PS
P]ank ]Or tSr OyOrcP]inh N]O ]ar bOOn rSinh tSr P]OX. 4n taVP( 4 bOQiOyO( P]Oc TNP fanPOr PS
XakO iP a ]SQirac tSr P]OXNOQyON. v]Oc NPacOr aP ]SXO ... OPV.
XII. a) TransIate these sentences into Russian.
4. xO Xac just as well ranVO nSf. 2. 4 would rather ]irO a PaUi. 4mX yOrc PirOr. :. It will
never do PS \TniN] P]O V]iQr tSr f]aP ]O ]aN nSP rSnO. 9. |O nOyOr keeps people waiting it ]O
Van ]OQ\ iP. 0. xO XTNP keep him from making trouble. 2. vakO Xc hQSyON( P]Oc fiQQ keep
your hands warm. &. It's no use PriXXinh P]iN SQr ]aP( iP fSnmP QSSk bOPPOr. d. xO got
everything arranged tSr P]O Pri\ bc 8 SmVQSVk. 8. xO got her to believe STr NPSrc. 10. v]O
arranhOXOnPN tSr P]O \arPc fiQQ keep me busy P]O f]SQO rac( 4mX atrair. 11. zST N]STQrnmP
2:
keep the children out atPOr rark. 12. Keep the ticket it cST rSnmP fanP PS bO tinOr.
b) Write sentences of your own using the phrases in boId type. Address them to the other
students who shouId repIy them expressing their approvaI or disapprovaI.
^ r S X \ P N: |Sf niVO (hSSr( VQOyOr( bar( aftTQ" St cST (]iX( ]Or"e 4 rSnmP P]ink cST N]STQr
]ayO rSnO iP. 5TrO. 6TP P]aPmN nSP gTiPO PrTO. 7S fSnrOr. 4 aX rOQih]POr aP cSTr irOa.
XIII. Make up a conversation which took pIace after the day described in the text between: the
two girIs, the two boys, the father and his son, the mother and her friend, two
neighbours. You may find the foIIowing openings usefuI:
4 Nac...# |SnONPQc...# 4t cST aNk XO...# zST knSf f]aP 4 P]ink...# v]O \SinP iN...# oSnmP cST
ahrOO P]aP...# 4 XTNP Nac P]aP...# vOQQ cST f]aP(..# MyOnPTaQQc...# AVPTaQQc...# oOtiniPOQc... .
XIV. FiII in prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
4. v]O rrONN iN TNP fSnrOrtTQ. 4P iN yOrc bOVSXinh ... cST. 2. 4 ]ayOnmP NOOn cST ... ahON. |Sf
arO cST hOPPinh ...{ :. 4 QikOr P]O VakO cST PrOaPOr XO .... |Sf rS cST XakO iP{ 9. vTrn ... P]O
\ahO anr rS MUOrViNO :. 0. |O PTrnOr ... a yOrc hSSr NPSrc'POQQOr. 4 OnScOr ... ]iN NPSnON
iXXOnNOQc. 2. xO N]aQQ riNVTNN P]O XaPPOr ... STr fac ]SXO. &. 4mX NTrO cSTmQQ hOP... aQQ P]O
rittiVTQPiON ... P]O Onr. d. ^OPO rirnmP fanP PS PakO ]iN cSTnhOr brSP]Or tiN]inh( ]O faN atrair P]aP
]O fSTQr bO ... ]iN fac. 8. v]O NPTrOnPN'... WrST\ : fiQQ ]OQ\ PS rOVSraPO P]O ]aQQ... tQSfOrN anr
XSPPSON. 10. v]O taP]Or ]ar \rSXiNOr PS PakO P]O bScN ... a rriyO ... P]O VSTnPrc ... 5Tnrac. 6TP
TntSrPTnaPOQc P]O fOaP]Or V]anhOr ... P]O XSrninh anr P]Oc ]ar PS NPac ... ]SXO. 11. ROQia
fayOr ]Or ]anr ... jannc TnPiQ P]O Prain faN STP... Nih]P. 12.... NTV] a bih SVVaNiSn aQQ P]O
V]iQrrOn fOrO rrONNOr ... P]Oir bONP. 1:. x]On aQQ P]O P]inhN fOrO \aVkOr ... a NTiP'VaNO( iP PTrnOr
... P]aP Xc PiVkOP ]ar NSXO]Sf hSP P]OrO PSS( anr 4 ]ar PS PTrn OyOrcP]inh ......in NOarV] ... iP. 19.
v]O V]iQrrOn fOrO aQQSfOr PS NPac ... ]SXO ... NV]SSQ( aN P]O XSP]OrmN birP]rac faN a hrOaP
SVVaNiSn ... aQQ P]O taXiQc.
XV. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using EssentiaI VocabuIary (I) and Patterns 1-4:
1. 3 + +A ( $ +A $< < +. 2:
+ J$( ; + A!. ( < $; +. :. B +A
$!<( > + $< K! !. 9. +A $!<
$!< ; A; $. 0. =<( +> $+ < ,!
+ A( . 2. /A $! A $!<+. . $!J(
A + > ! $! !A +D D !< <!(
?!< !. &. > + ! !<( ?! ! >?!. B A!
< !+ +. d. a ( ! ? $!!< $ K+ $.
8. u' >$ ! +; +!( ( . 10. .( D ><(
$!A! _. 11. E +A '!< $+<( K J{
12. BD! > +DJ< !< + < $<{ 1:. +;
!$ $ + A+( ? A! $!J< < + !
A!< . 19. i , < !,.
XVI. Review the text. Say a few words about the styIe and Ianguage of Leacock's story. Be sure
to touch on a) seIection of words, b) syntax, c) method of characterization, d) humour.
XVII. Try your hand at teaching.
1. Say what you wouId do in the teacher's position:
nS]nmN tirNP rac in NV]SSQ fOnP NXSSP]Qc. pn P]O NOVSnr rac( anSP]Or V]iQr NaP in P]O \QaVO
nS]n fanPOr. nS]n rOtTNOr PS NiP in anc St P]O yaVanP \QaVON anr faN hiyOn P]O V]SiVO St NiPPinh
rSfn aP anSP]Or \QaVO Sr NPanrinh. |O V]SNO PS NPanr. |iN \arOnPN VaXO PS NV]SSQ NOyOraQ PiXON
in P]O nOUP tOf fOOkN( yOrc riNPrONNOr P]aP aQQ nS]n rir aP NV]SSQ faN NPanr.
2. Practise your "CIassroom EngIish".
Ask your pupiIs: a) to do Exercise XIV on p. 134 (written work); b) to get ready with Exercise
XVm (oraIIy).
XVIII. a) TransIate the text beIow into Russian:
vS XO iP ]aN aQfacN NOOXOr P]aP P]O yOrc ONNOnVO St hSSr ]TXSTr iN P]aP iP XTNP bO fiP]STP
29
]arX anr fiP]STP XaQiVO. 4 arXiP P]aP P]OrO iN in aQQ St TN a VOrPain yOin St P]O SQr SrihinaQ
rOXSniaVaQ ]TXSTr Sr Sc in P]O XiNtSrPTnO St anSP]Or f]iV] NPiVkN PS TN QikO STr SrihinaQ Nin.
4P STh]P nSP PS bO tTnnc PS NOO a Xan( ON\OViaQQc a taP anr \SX\STN Xan( NQi\ NTrrOnQc Sn a
banana Nkin. 6TP iP iN. x]On a NkaPOr Sn P]O \Snr f]S iN rONVribinh hraVOtTQ VirVQON anr
N]Sfinh Stt bOtSrO a VrSfr( brOakN P]rSTh] P]O iVO( OyOrcbSrc N]STPN fiP] Sc. vS an SrihinaQ
NayahO( P]O VrOaX St P]O SkO in NTV] VaNON faN tSTnr it a Xan f]S NQi\\Or brSkO ]iN nOVk( Sr
a Xan f]S fOnP P]rSTh] P]O iVO nOyOr VaXO T\ ahain. 4 Van iXahinO a hrST\ St \rO']iNPSriV
XOn NPanrinh rSTnr P]O iVO']SQO f]OrO ]O ]ar riNa\\OarOr anr QaTh]inh PiQQ P]Oir NirON N\QiP. 4t
P]OrO ]ar bOOn NTV] P]inhN aN a \rO']iNPSriV nOfN\a\Or( P]O attair fSTQr ]ayO bOOn ]OarOr T\:
sAXTNinh 4nVirOnP. }nknSfn WOnPQOXan 6rOakN v]rSTh] 4VO anr 4N orSfnOrs.
6TP STr NOnNO St ]TXSTr TnrOr P]O ViyiQiaPiSn ]aN bOOn fOakOnOr. wTV] St P]O tTn St P]iN
NSrP St P]O P]inh ]aN bOOn QSNP Sn TN. (*ro+ s|TXSTr AN 4 5OO
4Ps 2y 5PO\]On jOaVSVk"
b) Discuss the foIIowing questions:
1. oS cST ahrOO fiP] jOaVSVk P]aP hSSr ]TXSTr XTNP bO fiP]STP ]arX anr fiP]STP XaQiVO{
2. x]aP \Tr\SNO N]STQr ]TXSTr NOryO{ :. 4N jOaVSVk rih]P f]On ]O NacN P]aP ]TXSTr ]aN bOOn
fOakOnOr TnrOr ViyiQiaPiSn{ oSON ]O rOaQQc XOan iP{ 9. oS cST ahrOO PS jOaVSVkmN S\iniSn
P]aP ]TXSrSTN 5iiON St QitO arO rOyOaQOr SnQc PS P]O tOf f]S ]ayO hiyOn P]STh]P PS iP{ 0. oS
cST P]ink P]aP ]iN NPSrc s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs anr P]O QikO Xac hOP \OS\QO PS
TnrOrNPanr P]Oir iX\OrtOVPiSnN anr Prc PS hOP rir St P]OX{ 2. 4N P]aP NPSrc PrTO PS QitO{ &. x]aP
rS cST P]ink iN P]O ONNOnVO St hSSr ]TXSTr{
LABORATORY EXERCISES (I)
1. jiNPOn PS P]O POUP s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrN oacs( Xark P]O NPrONNON anr PTnON( rO\OaP P]O
POUP tSQQSfinh P]O XSrOQ.
2. wakO cSTr NOnPOnVON QONN VaPOhSriV bc TNinh P]O hiyOn XSrOQ.
:. xriPO a N\OQQinh'PranNQaPiSn PONP. R]OVk iP fiP] P]O kOc. R]OVk cSTr N\OQQinh fiP] a
riVPiSnarc.
9. ^ara\]raNO P]O NOnPOnVON TNinh P]O hiyOn \aPPOrnN.
0. MUPOnr P]O tSQQSfinh NOnPOnVON.
2. vranNQaPO P]O hiyOn NOnPOnVON. R]OVk cSTr PranNQaPiSn fiP] P]O kOc.
&. jiNPOn PS P]O POUP s6Oinh a |STNO]TNbanrs Sr NSXO SP]Or POUP Sn P]O PS\iV sqaXiQc
|SQiracNs. qinr P]O MnhQiN] OgTiyaQOnPN St P]O hiyOn TNNian \]raNON. WOP rOarc PS N\Oak Sn
P]O \arP St P]O fitO.
TOP!: MEALS
TEXT A. AN ENGLISHMAN'S MEALS
qSTr XOaQN a rac arO NOryOr PrariPiSnaQQc in 6riPain: brOaktaNP( QTnV]( POa anr rinnOr.
4n Xanc VSTnPriON brOaktaNP iN a NnaVk raP]Or P]an a XOaQ bTP P]O MnhQiN] brOaktaNP OaPOn aP
abSTP Oih]P SmVQSVk in P]O XSrninh( iN a tTQQ XOaQ( XTV] bihhOr P]an Sn P]O RSnPinOnP.
:0
5SXO \OS\QO bOhin fiP] a \QaPOtTQ St \SrrirhO bTP XSrO StPOn VSrntQakON fiP] XiQk anr
NThar. v]On VSXON aP QOaNP SnO NTbNPanPiaQ VSTrNO( NTV] aN ki\\OrN Sr baVSn anr OhhN.
AtPOrfarrN VSXON PSaNP fiP] bTPPOr anr XarXaQarO Sr aX. v]O XOaQ iN sfaN]Or rSfns fiP]
POa Sr VSttOO.
wSNP 6riPiN] \OS\QO nSf ]ayO NTV] a tTQQ brOaktaNP SnQc Sn 5Tnrac XSrninhN. pn fOOkracN
iP iN TNTaQQc a gTiVk XOaQ: TNP VSrntQakON( PSaNP anr POa.
MnhQiN] QTnV]( f]iV] iN TNTaQQc OaPOn aP SnO SmVQSVk( iN baNOr Sn \Qain( NiX\Qc'VSSkOr tSSr.
4P NParPN fiP] NST\ Sr trTiP TiVO. MnhQiN] \OS\QO NSXOPiXON Nac P]aP NST\ tiQQN P]OX T\ fiP]STP
QOayinh NTttiViOnP rSSX tSr P]O XSrO iX\SrPanP VSTrNO f]iV] VSnNiNPN St XOaP( \STQPrc Sr tiN]
aVVSX\aniOr bc \QOnPc St yOhOPabQON.
A\\QO'\iO iN a taySTriPO NfOOP( anr MnhQiN] \TrrinhN St f]iV] P]OrO arO yOrc Xanc( arO an
OUVOQQOnP Onrinh PS a XOaQ( ON\OViaQQc in finPOr. qinaQQc a VT\ St VSttOO % bQaVk Sr f]iPO.
vOa( P]O P]irr XOaQ St P]O rac( iN PakOn bOPfOOn tSTr anr tiyO SmVQSVk ON\OViaQQc f]On
:0
P]O RSnPinOnP (rOXOXbOr P]O Va\iPaQ QOPPOr anr P]O arPiVQO": P]O XainQanr St MTrS\O( aN riNPinVP trSX P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON (P]O naXO iN TNOr
bc P]O 6riPiN]"
20
NPacinh in a ]SPOQ f]On a \SP St POa fiP] a Th St XiQk anr a bSfQ St NThar arO brSTh]P in.
6iNVTiPN arO ]anrOr rSTnr.
AP P]O fOOkOnrN atPOrnSSn POa iN a yOrc NSViabQO PiXO. qriOnrN anr yiNiPSrN arO StPOn \rONOnP.
5SXO \OS\QO QikO PS ]ayO P]O NS'VaQQOr s]ih] POas f]iV] iN a XiUPTrO St POa anr NT\\Or %
tSr OUaX\QO XOaP( V]OONO anr trTiP Xac bO arrOr PS brOar anr bTPPOr( \aNPriON anr POa.
oinnOr iN P]O XSNP NTbNPanPiaQ XOaQ St P]O rac. v]O TNTaQ PiXO iN abSTP NOyOn SmVQSVk anr aQQ
P]O XOXbOrN St P]O taXiQc NiP rSfn PShOP]Or. v]O tirNP VSTrNO Xih]P bO NST\. v]On VSXON P]O
NOVSnr VSTrNO: tiN] Sr XOaP( \Or]a\N P]O PrariPiSnaQ rSaNP bOOt St SQr MnhQanr. v]On P]O rONNOrP
iN NOryOr: NSXO kinr St NfOOP. 6TP f]OP]Or a \OrNSn in taVP hOPN NTV] a XOaQ rO\OnrN Sn ]iN
]STNOkOO\inh bTrhOP. 5SXO \OS\QO in P]O PSfnN anr nOarQc aQQ VSTnPrc \OS\QO ]ayO rinnOr in
P]O XirrQO St P]O rac inNPOar St QTnV]. v]Oc ]ayO POa a QiPPQO QaPOr( bOPfOOn tiyO anr NiU SmVQSVk(
f]On P]Oc Xih]P ]ayO a Qih]P XOaQ % an SXOQOPPO( Sr NaTNahON Sr triOr tiN] anr V]i\N Sr
f]aPOyOr P]Oc Van attSrr.
v]On bOtSrO hSinh PS bOr( P]Oc Xac ]ayO a Qih]P NnaVk Sr NT\\Or % ."g" a VT\ St ]SP XiQk
fiP] a NanrfiV] Sr biNVTiP.
v]O OyOninh XOaQ aN fO ]ayO Nair aQrOarc hSON TnrOr yariSTN naXON: POa( s]ih] POas( rinnOr
Sr NT\\Or rO\Onrinh T\Sn iPN NiO anr aQNS P]O NSViaQ NPanrinh St P]SNO OaPinh iP.
(5OO: Botter /" MyOrcrac MnhQiN] tSr qSrOihn 5PTrOnPN. jnr.( 182:
TEXT B. AT TABLE
7 i : 4 Nac( XTX( 4mX POrribQc ]Tnhrc. 4 ]ayOnmP ]ar a P]inh aQQ rac. 4 VSTQr rS fiP] a
NnaVk.
w S P ] O r : x]c( cSTmrO TNP in PiXO tSr rinnOr.
7 i : 7S NST\ tSr XO. 4mr raP]Or ]ayO bOOtNPOak.
w S P ] O r : ArO cST gTiPO NTrO cST fSTQrnmP QikO NSXO NST\{ 4P PaNPON aQQ rih]P.
7 i V k : v]OrO iN nSP]inh QikO NPOak anr V]i\N. 4mQQ hS anr faN] Xc ]anrN.
w S P ] O r : |SfmN P]O NPOak{ 4mX atrair iPmN TnrOrrSnO.
7 i V k : p]( iPmN rSnO PS a PTrn( TNP PS Xc Qikinh. 4 rSnmP QikO XOaP SyOrrSnO. wac 4 ]ayO
anSP]Or ]OQ\inh St V]i\N{
w S P ] O r : zON( VOrPainQc. |anr XO cSTr \QaPO( \QOaNO( anr ]OQ\ cSTrNOQt PS P]O NaQar.
nTNP PS NOO ]Sf iP PaNPON.
7 i V k : p]( iPmN rOQiViSTN.
w S P ] O r : 5]aQQ 4 \TP NSXO XTNParr Sn cSTr NPOak{
7 i V k : 7S( P]ankN( 4 rSnmP VarO tSr XTNParr. 4mr raP]Or PakO a N\SSntTQ St NaTVO. ^aNN XO
P]O NaTVO( \QOaNO.
w S P ] O r : |OrO cST arO. p]( iNnmP P]OrO a NXOQQ St NSXOP]inh bTrninh{
7 i : 5S P]OrO iN.
w S P ] O r : 4myO QOtP P]O QacOr'VakO in P]O SyOn.
7 i V k : qSr hSSrnONNm NakO hOP iP STP gTiVk.
w S P ] O r (5o+ing 2a5'A: p]( 7iVke |Sf afkfarr St cST PS ]ayO N\iQP P]O NaTVO SyOr
P]O PabQO'VQSP]. WOP a \a\Or na\kin trSX P]O NirObSarr anr VSyOr iP T\.
7 i V k : 4mX POrribQc NSrrc. 4 faN gTiPO T\NOP abSTP Xc taySTriPO VakO hOPPinh N\SiQOr.
w S P ] O r : oSnmP fSrrc. |OrO iP iN( brSfn anr VriN\ Sn P]O STPNirO. x]aP fiQQ cST ]ayO(
POa Sr VSttOO{
7 i : A VT\ St POa.
w S P ] O r : Anc XiQk{ 5]aQQ 4 \TP bTPPOr Sn cSTr brOar{
7 i V k : 7S( P]ankN. 4 VanmP NOO P]O NThar'baNin.
w S P ] O r : 4PmN bO]inr P]O brOar'\QaPO. |ayO a bOPPOr QSSk.
7 i V k : 4mX atrair iPmN P]O NaQP'VOQQar.
w S P ] O r : 5S iP iN. 4n Xc ]Trrc 4 XTNP ]ayO QOtP iP in P]O rrONNOr.
7 i V k : 4PmN aQQ rih]P 4mQQ hOP iP XcNOQt.
w S P ] O r : |OQ\ cSTrNOQt PS P]O VakO. v]OrOmN nSP]inh OQNO PS tSQQSf.
7 i V k : 4myO ]ar a rOQiViSTN XOaQ.
TEXT C. IN THE DINING-HALL
22
% jOPmN hS PS P]O rininh']aQQ. xO ]ayOnmP XTV] PiXO QOtP( bTP fOmQQ XanahO iP aQQ rih]P it cST
]Trrc. zST PakO a \QaVO in P]O gTOTO anr 4mQQ NOO f]aP fO Van hOP tSr rinnOr.
% AQQ rih]P. x]aP iN Sn P]O XOnT{
% RabbahO NST\ fiP] XOaP( V]iVkOn NST\ fiP] nSSrQON anr \Oa NST\.
% 4 rSnmP knSf f]OP]Or 4mQQ ]ayO anc. x]aP ]ayO P]Oc hSP tSr NOVSnrN{
% qriOr tiN] anr XaN]Or \SPaPSON( bOOtNPOak( baVSn anr OhhN.
% Anr tSr rONNOrP{
% A QSP St P]inhN. xO Van ]ayO NPOfOr trTiP Sr VranbOrrc OQQc Sr NPrafbOrriON anr VrOaX.
% v]On( 4mQQ PakO VabbahO NST\ fiP] NSTr VrOaX anr... xOQQ( anr f]aP abSTP NSXO NParPOr{
xOmyO VSX\QOPOQc tSrhSPPOn abSTP iP.
% AN fO arO in a ]Trrc 4 bOQiOyO fO Van rS fiP]STP iP. 4 nOyOr P]STh]P cST fOrO a bih OaPOr.
% 7OiP]Or rir 4. 6TP 4 fSTQrnmP Xinr ]ayinh NSXOP]inh NTbNPanPiaQ nSf.
% 5S fOmQQ PakO SnO VTVTXbOr NaQar anr SnO PSXaPS NaQar. v]aPmQQ rS tSr P]O PiXO bOinh. 4
P]ink 4 Van XanahO a biP St tiN]'OQQc aN fOQQ anr P]On V]iVkOn NST\ fiP] nSSrQON. v]aPmQQ bO
tinO.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (II)
:2

Words
baVSn n na\kin n NnaVk n
biNVTiP n nSSrQO NST\ n NSViabQO ad1
brOar'\QaPO n SXOQOP (PO" n NSTr VrOaX n
V]i\N n \aNPrc n NParPOr n
VSrntQakON n \O\\Or'bSU (\SP" n (bOOt" NPOak n
VrOaX n \SrrirhO n NPOfOr trTiP n
trTiP TiVO n \STQPrc n NThar'baNin n
OQQc n \Trrinh n NfOOP n
Th n rSaNP bOOt n PabQO'VQSP] n
XarXaQarO n NaQP'VOQQar n PSaNP n
XTNParr'\SP n NaTVO'bSaP n
Word Combinations
PS bSiQ XOaP (\SPaPSON( VabbahO( PS trc baVSn( OhhN( \SPaPSON(
OhhN( faPOr( XiQk( OPV" tiN] (VSr( \OrV]( \ikO( ]ar
PS NPOf trTiP (yOhOPabQON( XOaP" rSVk( PrSTP( NaQXSn"
VrTNP St brOar PS PaNPO hSSr (bar( rOQi'
PS NiP aP PabQO (]ayinh a XOaQ" ViSTN( OPV."
(Vt.: PS NiP aP P]O PabQO friPinh PS bO rSnO PS a PTrn (SyOr
a QOPPOr( OPV." rSnO( TnrOrrSnO"
PS ]ayO (PakO" NXP]. tSr rinnOr VriN\ PSaNP
(tSr P]O tirNP( NOVSnr VSTrNO( PS ]OQ\ SnONOQt PS NXP].
Sr rONNOrP" PS \aNN NXP]. PS NXb(
PS bTPPOr SnOmN brOar (rSQQ( OPV." PS rinO in (STP"
PS ]ayO a NnaVk (a biPO St tSSr" iPmN PS Xc Qikinh
PS ]ayO anSP]Or ]OQ\inh St NXP]. P]OrOmN nSP]inh QikO iVO
PS rSaNP XOaP (XTPPSn( \Srk( VrOaX (NPOak( OPV."
bOOt"( tSfQ (V]iVkOn( rTVk( P]OrOmN nSP]inh OQNO VSXinh
hSSNO( PTrkOc"( \SPaPSON tSr a V]anhO
Study the meanings and use of these items of your EssentiaI VocabuIary:
1. Food and MeaI. Food iN a hOnOraQ POrX tSr ancP]inh P]aP \OS\QO OaP: brOar( XOaP( tiN](
yOhOPabQON( trTiP( XiQk( PinnOr hSSrN( NfOOPN( OPV.
."g" wan VannSP QiyO fiP]STP tSSr. v]O rSVPSr Nair P]aP P]O \aPiOnP nOOrOr hSSr nSTriN]inh
tSSr. x]OrO rS cST bTc cSTr tSSr{
:2
RSX\arO MNNOnPiaQ @SVabTQarc hiyOn in P]iN QONNSn fiP] P]O tirNP'cOar ySVabTQarc Sn P]O NaXO PS\iV.
2&
Meal iN a hOnOraQiinh VSQQOVPiyO POrX tSr brOaktaNP( QTnV]( POa( rinnOr anr NT\\Or (Vt. P]O
TNNian arV]( $".
."g" |Sf Xanc XOaQN a rac rS cST ]ayO{ 5T\\Or iN an OyOninh XOaQ. 4 rSnmP fanP anc ]SP
XOaQ# 4 P]ink 4mQQ rS fiP] a NnaVk.
2. Course iN a riN] NOryOr aP a XOaQ# a \arP St a XOaQ NOryOr aP SnO PiXO.
."g" oinnOr Xac VSnNiNP St PfS Sr XSrO VSTrNON. x]aP N]aQQ fO PakO tSr STr NOVSnr VSTrNO{
5ST\ faN tSQQSfOr bc a tiN] VSTrNO.
3. To fry, to roast, to stew. vS trc XOanN sPS VSSk (Sr bO VSSkOr" in bSiQinh taPs. xO
TNTaQQc trc tiN]( \SPaPSON( OhhN( baVSn( \anVakON( OPV.
To roast XOanN sPS VSSk (Sr bO VSSkOr" in an SyOn Sr SyOr an S\On tirO.s 4n P]iN fac fO
Xac VSSk XOaP (yOaQ( \Srk"( tSfQ (V]iVkOn( PTrkOc"( OPV.
To stew XOanN sPS VSSk bc NQSf bSiQinh in a VQSNOr \an fiP] QiPPQO faPOr.s 4n P]iN fac XOaP
Xac bO VSSkOr( aQNS yOhOPabQON( trTiP( OPV.
4. Starter (49 'N" iN a riN] NOryOr bOtSrO Sr aP P]O bOhinninh St a XOaQ (iP Xac bO NaQar( tiN](
SQiyON( NST\( trTiP TiVO( OPV." |SrN rmSOTyrO (49 'N" iN TNTaQQc TNOr Sn XOnTVarrN.
5. OmeIette iN OhhN bOaPOn PShOP]Or fiP] XiQk anr triOr Sr bakOr in a \an. v]O MnhQiN] tSr
!!, iN striOr OhhNs. xO OaP triOr OhhN( NStP'bSiQOr OhhN( ]arr'bSiQOr OhhN( NVraXbQOr OhhN(
\SaV]Or OhhN( tSTr'XinTPO bSiQOr OhhN.
6. Porridge iN a riN] St SaPXOaQ Sr SP]Or XOaQ (bTVkf]OaP( NOXSQina( XiQQOP( OPV." bSiQOr in
NSXO faPOr. wiQk anr NThar Sr XiQk anr NaQP arO arrOr PS iP.
7. Toast iN NQiVOr brOar XarO brSfn anr VriN\ Sn P]O STPNirO bc ]OaPinh in a PSaNPOr. vSaNP
iN \QaVOr Sn a PSaNPraVk.
8. Chips arO triOr \iOVON St \SPaPS( StPOn OaPOn fiP] triOr tiN].
9. Soft and strong drinks $?!<> ! $! $!!.
Soft drinks arO QOXSnarO( trTiP rrinkN( trTiP TiVO( OPV. Strong drinks arO finO( QigTOTrN(
branrc( ySrka( OPV.
10. JeIIy iN TNTaQQc XarO bc bSiQinh trTiP (VranbOrriON( NPrafbOrriON( raN\bOrriON(
hSSNObOrriON( VTrranPN( a\riVSPN( OPV." anr NThar. 5SXOP]inh iN arrOr PS XakO P]O XiUPTrO NPitt.
11. MarmaIade iN a kinr St aX XarO trSX SranhO Sr QOXSn VTP T\ anr bSiQOr fiP] NThar.
12. Pudding iN a yOrc \S\TQar MnhQiN] riN]. 4P iN a P]iVk XiUPTrO St tQSTr( NTOP( XOaP( trTiP(
OPV.( VSSkOr bc bSiQinh( NPOaXinh Sr bakinh. v]OrO arO Xanc kinrN St \Trrinh. 5SXO St P]OX
arO gTiPO NTbNPanPiaQ anr NOryO aN P]O Xain VSTrNO St QTnV] Sr rinnOr. pP]OrN arO raP]Or QikO
NfOOP VakO anr OaPOn tSr rONNOrP.
EXERCISES
I. Study Text A and a) speII and transcribe EngIish equivaIents of the foIIowing:
($>;" ( J( I( ( ( ++( ( >;( $!A(
+$# < ("( !I( +( !!( ? $<.
b) give the four forms of the foIIowing verbs:
OaP( trc( rSaNP( aVVSX\anc( tiQQ( brinh.
c) expIain the meaning of the foIIowing phrases:
a tTQQ XOaQ( \Qain tSSr( a NSViabQO PiXO( a ]STNOkOO\inh bTrhOP( PS hS TnrOr yariSTN naXON(
NSViaQ NPanrinh.
2d
II. Try your hand at teaching:
A. Preparation. xriPO 10 gTONPiSnN abSTP vOUP A. 5OO PS iP P]aP a fSrr Sr \]raNO trSX MU. 4
iN TNOr OiP]Or in OaV] St cSTr gTONPiSnN Sr in anNfOrN PS P]OX.
B. Work in Class. ANk cSTr gTONPiSnN in VQaNN anr VSrrOVP P]O NPTrOnPNm XiNPakON (NOO
sRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s( 5OVPiSnN 4( 44( 444( @444( 4`".
:&
III. Study Texts and and
a) expIain the meaning of:
rOQiViSTN (abSTP tSSr"( QacOr'VakO( SyOn( na\kin( a bih OaPOr( rSnO PS a PTrn( NOVSnrN.
b) give the Infinitive oft
SyOrrSnO( N\iQP( T\NOP( XaN]Or( NPOfOr.
IV. a) Give a summary of Text in reported speech.
MUaX\QO: vOUP / iN a PaQk bOPfOOn PfS triOnrN in P]O rininh ]aQQ St P]Oir 4nNPiPTPO. v]Oc
NOOX yOrc ]Tnhrc( bTP P]Oc ]ayOnmP hSP XTV] PiXO QOtP bOtSrO P]O Onr St P]O brOak( NS SnO St
P]OX NPanrN in P]O QinO( f]iQO P]O SP]Or rOarN P]O XOnT. v]OrO iN a riV] V]SiVO St riN]ON in iP bTP
aN P]Oc arO in a ]Trrc P]Oc PakO SnQc NaQarN( tiN] OQQc anr V]iVkOn NST\( f]iV] N]SfN P]aP P]Oc
arO SbyiSTNQc TNNianN: P]O MnhQiN] arO nSP SyOrtSnr St NST\( aN cST knSf.
b) Learn Text by heart and recite it Ia pairs.
V. Study EssentiaI VocabuIary II and the commentary to it and answer the foIIowing questions:
1. x]aP kinrN St tSSr rS cST knSf{ WiyO aN Xanc nSTnN rOnSPinh tSSr aN cST Van. 2. x]aP
XOaQN rS cST knSf{ :. x]aP riN]ON rS cST knSf{ WiyO aN Xanc naXON St riN]ON aN cST Van.
9. x]aP iN TnrOrNPSSr bc a sVSTrNOs{ x]aP aPPribTPON Xac gTaQitc P]iN fSrr{ 0. x]aP Van bO
bSiQOr{ 2. oS fO trc XOaP Sr rS fO rSaNP iP{ K" x]aP iN an SXOQOPPO XarO trSX{ d. x]aP arO
VSrntQakON hOnOraQQc OaPOn fiP]{ 8. x]aP iN P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn triOr \SPaPSON anr V]i\N{
10. x]aP kinr St XOaQ iN tiyO SmVQSVk POa in MnhQanr{ oS cST knSf SP]Or naXON tSr P]iN XOaQ{
11. x]aP kinrN St trTiP rS cST knSf{ 12. oS fO rSaNP tiN]{ x]aP iN P]O fac PS VSSk iP{ 1:. oS
cST OyOr ]ayO NPOfOr trTiP tSr rONNOrP{ 19. oS cST TNTaQQc ]ayO a NParPOr bOtSrO rinnOr Sr rS
cST rS fiP]STP iP{ 10. x]OrO rS cST ]ayO cSTr XOaQN Sn fOOkracN anr Sn 5TnracN{
VI. FiII in prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
1. vakO anSP]Or ]OQ\inh ... NaQar. 2. 4 P]ink 4mQQ PrSTbQO cST ... a NOVSnr VT\ St POa. :. xiQQ cST
\QOaNO \aNN ... P]O NThar. 9. 5]O iN hSinh PS XakO NSXO tiN] NST\ ... rinnOr. 0. warXaQarO iN
XarO ... SranhO \OOQ. 2. v]O Ohh iN OaPOn ... a NXaQQ N\SSn. &. v]Oir XOaQ VSnNiNPOr ... PfS
VSTrNON. d. x]aP Van cST rOVSXXOnr ... P]O tirNP VSTrNO{ 8. v]O XOaP iN rSnO ... a PTrn. 10. 7S
NThar ... XO( P]ank cST. 11.... Xirrac \OS\QO ]ayO P]Oir XOaQN ... ]SXO Sr ... P]O VanPOOn. 12.
RTNParr iN XarO ... OhhN anr XiQk. 1:. v]O tiN] iN TNP... Xc Qikinh. 19. MyOninh XOaQ hSON ...
yariSTN naXON ... MnhQanr. 10. 4 rSnmP PakO XiQk ... Xc POa. 12. |OQ\ cSTrNOQt ... NSXO \aNPrc. 1&.
6rSP] iN XarO ... bSiQinh V]iVkOn. 1d. xiQQ cST \QOaNO ]anr ... P]O NaQP'VOQQar{ 18. x]aP rS cST
TNTaQQc SrrOr ... rONNOrP{ 20. v]O fac PS rOtTNO ... a riN] iN ... Nacinh s7S( P]ank cST.s 21. zST
Xac aNk ... a NOVSnr ]OQ\inh.
VII. TransIate these sentences into EngIish:
1. B $! I ++. a+ $ $D>; . 2.
B+D $!< A!;!; . Z? +>= ++
D++. :. a $?( $J. 9. . > ! !
? =. ) = $ <J!+ !+ C;. a !+
+$. 0. [ >+>; F<J; ;H % <+ < $. 2. . A
$<( >D( F$ !<H. &. B!A +!!
!+!e d. !IJ >;{ % G'++( D. % + D(
;( . 8. u D { % L'!< > =(
>. 10. + !A J D; J!( ( ! + !
$D!. 11" /< + ?{ % A= ( $<= ; ?.
-+! !+( $D;.
:&
pnO St P]O NPTrOnPN Xac aNk gTONPiSnN( anSP]Or VSrrOVP P]O XiNPakON atPOr OaV] gTONPiSn anr anNfOr
28
VIII. a) Act out the diaIogues beIow:
A. Inviting someone out
5.: |aQQS( 6iQQ( ]ayO cST hSP anc \QanN tSr P]iN OyOninh{
.: 7S( rOaQQc( nS.
5.: xOQQ( fSTQr cST QikO PS ]ayO a XOaQ fiP] XO{
.: p]( fOQQ( 4mX nSP NTrO 4 Van XanahO P]aP.
5.: v]OrOmN a niVO R]inONO rONPaTranP in PSfn % P]O tSSrmN yOrc hSSr P]OrO.
.: p]( P]aP NSTnrN yOrc niVO( P]ankN.
5.: 4mQQ VaQQ tSr cST abSTP d( P]On.
.: d SmVQSVk. qinO( P]ankN.
B. Asking your friends to do you a favour.
n.: 4mX TNP hSinh N]S\\inh. oS cST fanP ancP]inh{
w.: ArO cST hSinh \aNP P]O bakOrmN bc anc V]anVO( nan{
n.: zON.
w.: xOQQ( 4 fSnrOr it cST VSTQr hOP XO titPOOn oaniN] \aNPriON.
n.: qitPOOn{ 4 VanmP iXahinO f]c cST fanP titPOOn.
w.: xOQQ( 4 fanP PS hiyO OyOrcSnO in P]O VQaNN SnO tSr POa.
n.: pke 4 ]S\O 4mQQ hOP SnO St P]OX.
w.: pt VSTrNO( P]ankN a QSP. (qTnVPiSnN St MnhQiN]. vOaV]OrmN 6SSk. RaXbrirhO }niy.
^rONN( 18d1"
b) Make up diaIogues of your own using word combinations from the texts.
4`. ANk cSTr \arPnOr
1. AbSTP P]O rinnOr ]O TNTaQQc ]aN (PiXO( \QaVO( riN]ON". 2. 4t ]O PakON anc NParPOr anr f]aP
]O QikON tSr iP. :. x]aP kinr St NST\ ]O QikON bONP St aQQ. 9. x]aP ]iN taySTriPO XOaP riN]ON arO.
F" x]aP kinrN St tiN] ]O knSfN. 2. 4t' ]O QikON NPOfOr VarrSPN. &. x]aP SP]Or NPOfOr yOhOPabQON
Sr trTiP ]O OaPN. d. x]aP ]O fanPN tSr rONNOrP. 8. |Sf Xanc QTX\N St NThar ]O PakON fiP] ]iN
POa. 10. 4t ]O \rOtOrN NPrSnh Sr fOak POa. 11. x]aP ]O TNTaQQc rSON it ]O N\iQQN NSXO QigTir Sn
P]O PabQO'VQSP]. 12. 4t ]O Van VSSk anc riN]ON. 1:. AbSTP P]O fac ]O VSSkN XOaP (trc( rSaNP(
NPOf". 19. 4t ]O NSXOPiXON OaPN STP. 10. 4t ]O \rOtOrN OaPinh STP.
X. Compose diaIogues between a Russian and an EsgIish student discussing a) EngIish and
Russian meaIs; b) their favourite dishes; c) where each of them has his meaIs.
XI. a) Study the text:
Bread -and-Butter Pudding
6OaP T\ PfS OhhN anr arr PS P]OX SnO \inP St XiQk anr a QiPPQO tQaySTrinh. 6TPPOr P]O \iO'
riN] anr VTP P]rOO NQiVON St brOar'anr'bTPPOr in tinhOrN( rOXSyinh P]O VrTNPN. ^TP a QacOr St
brOar in P]O riN]( N\rinkQO fiP] NThar anr a tOf VQOanOr VTrranPN Sr raiNinN( arr XSrO brOar(
trTiP anr NThar anr P]On \STr SyOr P]O XiQk anr P]O OhhN. jOayO PS NSak tSr SnO ]STr( P]On bakO
in a NQSf SyOn abSTP an ]STr. 5\rinkQO fiP] NThar bOtSrO NOryinh.
b) Describe the way you cook your favourite dish. You may need some verbs besides those in
the text, such as min"e, mi#, grate, grind, "hop, sift, roll, bake.
XII. Try your band at teaching:
A. Preparation. qinr : \rSyOrbN rOaQinh fiP] P]O PS\iV. vranNQaPO P]OX anr hiyO P]Oir
TNNian OgTiyaQOnPN.
6. Work in Class. WOP a XOXbOr St P]O VQaNN PS friPO SnO St P]OX Sn P]O bQaVkbSarr. wakO
anSP]Or NPTrOnP PranNQaPO iP anr hiyO iPN TNNian OgTiyaQOnP. vOQQ P]O VQaNN PS P]ink St a N]SrP
NiPTaPiSn iQQTNPraPinh P]O \rSyOrb. RSrrOVP P]O XiNPakON. (jSSk T\ P]O fSrrN cST Xac nOOr PS rS
P]O OUOrViNO in VQaNN in sRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s( 5OVPiSn @444."
XIII. a) Read the text beIow and comment on it:
Tea
&0
6riPSnN rrink a gTarPOr St aQQ P]O POa hrSfn in P]O fSrQr OaV] cOar. v]Oc arO P]O fSrQrmN
hrOaPONP POa rrinkOrN. wanc St P]OX rrink iP Sn aP QOaNP Oih]P rittOrOnP SVVaNiSnN rTrinh P]O rac.
v]Oc rrink iP bOPfOOn XOaQN anr aP XOaQN. v]Oc rrink iP faPV]inh POQOyiNiSn. nSin P]O vOa'@
NOPe NacN SnO fOQQ'knSfn POa aryOrPiNOXOnP. (5OO:
Ju&+an Y" 6riPain vSrac. jnr.( 18&9"
b) What is the attitude towards tea drinking in this country?
XIV. TransIate toe foIIowing sentences:
1. F/< < > !{ % $! . EA $!! < D
<H. 2. . _ $= J!( ? A!( + ? <.
:. /A += < +> =( J> C!( !; $!A( > !
! D +D I+! . 9. /< + ?{ %
? 0. B ?! C +A { % A= ( + . 2. /$
>;{ % C $( < A!;. &. > ! ( >
$! != ${ d. > ; =! ; % $!; !! >;{ % B <
$!;( $D;. 8. u A { % > J;. 10. .
$ ;. Z. [ +< ? ++{ % ( ! <+. 12. 3 A
> A!; ( ! $ $A! +> $A!<. > > $? >
$<. 1:. . $D! ! $! . 19. . =!
!> > <J( + D!. 10. K+ + A; A AC=
J >+ >+ $!A+ (a\\QO'ParP". . > . 12. ~
+D =!( A!( +< $! (PakO a $" $ $A . %
i $!C!. ~+ > J $;!< $+!!. 1&. [> D >
{ % B C. B +A ;! != <.
XV. a) Study the text:
Pubs
qSr Xanc 6riPiN] \OS\QO( P]O \Tb iN P]O VOnPrO St P]Oir NSViaQ QitO. ^OS\QO trSX NSXO
VSTnPriON tinr P]iN raP]Or N]SVkinh( bTP tSr XSNP \OS\QO in 6riPain a \Tb iN a \QaVO fiP] a
triOnrQc aPXSN\]OrO f]OrO P]Oc Van XOOP P]Oir triOnrN anr PaQk SyOr a rrink % anr StPOn SyOr a
XOaQ.
AP QTnV]PiXO cST Van StPOn hOP NanrfiV]ON Sr a \QSTh]'XanmN QTnV] (brOar anr V]OONO". 4n
P]O OyOninh Xanc \TbN NOryO mbaNkOP XOaQNm (ON\OViaQQc V]iVkOn anr V]i\N NOryOr in a baNkOP" aP
P]O bar( anr NSXO ]ayO rONPaTranPN f]OrO cST Van hOP a VSX\QOPO XOaQ.
4P iN gTiPO nSrXaQ tSr fSXOn PS hS inPS \TbN in 6riPain( bTP QikO OyOrcbSrc OQNO P]Oc XTNP
tSQQSf P]O QiVOnNinh QafN. v]ONO arO yOrc VSX\QiVaPOr anr VSnPrSQ P]O PiXO \TbN arO aQQSfOr PS
S\On. (5OO sA\\rSaV]ON.s RaXbrirhO 18&8."
b) Comment on the text adding some more information on the topic.
XVI. Make up diaIogues:
Suggested Situations
A. |OQOn ]aN inyiPOr NSXO triOnrN PS a rinnOr \arPc. 5]O ]aN VSSkOr aiQ P]O riN]ON ]OrNOQt
anr \rSTrQc XOnPiSnN P]O taVP. |Or triOnrN rS nSP tinr OyOrcP]inh gTiPO PS P]Oir Qikinh( bTP Prc
nSP PS N]Sf iP. pn P]O f]SQO( OyOrc SnO iN ]ayinh hrOaP tTn.
6( An irriPabQO ]TNbanr iN NiPPinh aP rinnOr anr VriPiViinh ]iN fitOmN VSSkinh. |O iN Prcinh PS
POaV] ]Or P]O fac P]iN Sr P]aP riN] N]STQr bO VSSkOr P]STh] ]O knSfN yOrc QiPPQO abSTP iP. v]O
fitO iN rSinh ]Or bONP PS rOtOnr ]OrNOQt.
R. A ]SNPONN iN PrOaPinh a Qarc'yiNiPSr PS a XOaQ. v]O yiNiPSr kOO\N rO\OaPinh P]aP N]O iN Sn a
NQiXXinh'riOP( P]aP N]O nOyOr OaPN ancP]inh taPPOninh anr P]aP( in hOnOraQ( N]O OaPN QikO a QiPPQO
birr. zOP N]O ]OQ\N ]OrNOQt PS P]iN anr P]aP yOrc ]OarPiQc( PiQQ P]O ]SNPONN bOhinN faPV]inh P]O
riNa\\Oarinh tSSr fiP] NSXO anUiOPc.
o. A NQSf faiPrONN iN Pakinh an SrrOr trSX a ]Tnhrc anr iX\aPiOnP VQiOnP. AQQ P]O VQiOnPmN
OttSrPN PS SrrOr P]iN Sr P]aP riN] arO rOtTNOr Sn aQQ kinrN St \rOPOUPN: P]O \Srk iN taP# P]O bOOt iN
PSTh]# P]Oc ]ayOnmP hSP anc XSrO \SPaPSON in P]O kiPV]On# P]O iVO'VrOaX ]aN XOQPOr# P]O VSSk
]aN a PSSP]aV]O( OPV.
&1
M. vfS yOrc cSTnh anr OUPrOXOQc inOU\OriOnVOr ]STNOfiyON arO aryiNinh OaV] SP]Or aN PS
P]O bONP fac St tOOrinh P]Oir ]TNbanrN. pnO St P]OX iN inVQinOr PS PakO P]O QinO St QOaNP
rONiNPanVO anr PS NOryO SnQc PinnOr tSSr tSr aQQ P]O XOaQN. v]O SP]Or \SinPN STP P]aP PinnOr tSSr
aQSnO fiQQ nOyOr rS anr NThhONPN SP]Or facN St NSQyinh P]O \rSbQOX.
XVII. Brash up your tabIe manners.
A. Answer the foIIowing questions and then check your answers by comparing Iitem with the
answers beIow:
1. x]aP iN P]O VSrrOVP fac PS NiP aP PabQO{ 2. 5]STQr cST TNO cSTr tSrk Sr cSTr knitO tSr
Pakinh a NQiVO St brOar trSX P]O brOar'\QaPO{ :. |Sf N]STQr cST hOP a NQiVO St brOar trSX P]O
\QaPO NPanrinh Sn P]O tar Onr St P]O PabQO{ 9. x]aP iN P]O VSrrOVP fac St TNinh N\SSn( tSrk anr
knitO{ 0. |Sf N]STQr cST VTP cSTr XOaP{ 2. x]aP arO P]O riN]ON tSr f]iV] knitO N]STQrnmP bO
TNOr{ &. x]aP i& P]O fac PS OaP V]iVkOn{ d. x]aP iN SnO NT\\SNOr PS rS fiP] P]O NPSnON f]iQO
OaPinh NPOfOr trTiP{ 8. x]aP N]STQr cST rS fiP] P]O N\SSn atPOr NPirrinh cSTr POa{ 10. x]aP
N]STQr cST rS it cSTr tSSr iN PSS ]SP{ 11. x]aP N]STQr cST Nac PS rOtTNO a NOVSnr ]OQ\inh{ 12.
x]aP N]STQr cST Nac it cST QikO P]O riN] yOrc XTV]{ 1:. x]aP N]STQr cST Nac it cST riNQikO
P]O riN]{ 19. x]aP N]STQrnmP SnO rS f]iQO OaPinh{ 10. x]OrO N]STQr SnO kOO\ P]O nOfN\a\Or Sr
P]O bSSk rTrinh a XOaQ( Sn P]O PabQO Sr Sn SnOmN Qa\{
. Make up diaIogues discussing good and bad tabIe manners. Use the materiaI of Section A
for questions and that of Section for answers.
Answers to Exercise XVII.
a" s4P PaNPON (rOaQQc" tinOs or s4P iN rOQiViSTN.s
b" 7OyOr OaP P]O NPSnON (Prcinh PS bO SyOr\SQiPO". 7OiP]Or fSTQr iP bO a hSSr irOa PS riN\SNO
St P]OX bc rrS\\inh P]OX TnrOr P]O PabQO( \QaVinh P]OX in cSTr \SVkOP Sr in cSTr nOih]bSTrmN
finO'hQaNN. nTNP PakO P]OX trSX cSTr XSTP] Sn cSTr N\SSn anr \QaVO P]OX Sn cSTr Sfn
NaTVOr.
V" 7Sf]OrO nOar P]O PabQO. Oarinh aP SnOmN XOaQN iN a bar ]abiP# iP iN bar tSr cSTr rihONPiSn
anr iX\SQiPO PSfarrN SP]OrN NiPPinh aP P]O NaXO PabQO.
r" 5iP NPraih]P anr VQSNO PS P]O PabQO. oSnmP \TP cSTr OQbSfN Sn P]O PabQO. oSnmP VrSNN cSTr
QOhN Sr N\rOar P]OX aQQ SyOr P]O \QaVO TnrOr P]O PabQO.
O" 7OyOr QOan aVrSNN P]O PabQO Sr SyOr cSTr nOih]bSTrN PS hOP NSXOP]inh STP St cSTr rOaV].
nTNP Nac: s^QOaNO \aNN P]O brOar.s Mr" sxSTQr cST Xinr \aNNinh P]O brOar( \QOaNO{s
t" 7SP]inh. kOO\ cSTr iX\rONNiSnN PS cSTrNOQt anr rSnmP OXbarraNN cSTr ]SNPONN.
h" qiN] riN]ON arO hOnOraQQc OaPOn fiP]STP TNinh knitO. 4t SnO rSON( iP iN VSnNirOrOr a NOriSTN
brOaV] St hSSr PabQO XannOrN. v]O NaXO rOtOrN PS riNNSQON( VOrOaQ anr( in hOnOraQ( PS ancP]inh
P]aP iN NStP OnSTh] PS bO VSXtSrPabQc OaPOn fiP] N\SSn Sr tSrk.
]" 7OiP]Or. zSTr ]anr iN gTiPO VSrrOVP tSr hOPPinh a NQiVO St brOar tSr cSTrNOQt. AtPOr aQQ( iP iN
cST f]S iN hSinh PS OaP iP.
i" x]iQO OaPinh( SnO N]STQr \rSrTVO aN QiPPQO nSiNO Sr NSTnr aN \SNNibQO. 4P iN rOVirOrQc bar
XannOrN PS N\Oak fiP] cSTr XSTP] tTQQ. oSnmP \TP cSTr brOar in cSTr NST\. oSnmP \STr cSTr POa
in cSTr NaTVOr. oSnmP QOayO XTV] Sn P]O \QaPO: iP iN iX\SQiPO PSfarrN cSTr ]SNPONN. 4t cST ]ayO
QikOr P]O riN]( iP rSONnmP tSQQSf P]aP cST N]STQr \SQiN] P]O \QaPO fiP] cSTr brOar.
" oSnmP ]SQr cSTr N\SSn in cSTr tiNP( rSnmP PiQP iP NS aN PS N\iQQ iPN VSnPOnPN. v]O tSrk N]STQr
bO ]OQr in cSTr QOtP ]anr( P]O knitO in cSTr rih]P.
k" 4P iN frSnh tirNP PS VTP aQQ P]O XOaP cST ]ayO hSP Sn cSTr \QaPO in NXaQQ \iOVON anr P]On OaP
iP. RTP Stt a NQiVO aP a PiXO( OaP iP( P]On VTP Stt anSP]Or( ]SQrinh cSTr knitO in P]O rih]P ]anr anr
cSTr tSrk in P]O QOtP.
Q" s7S XSrO( P]ank cST.s
X" RTP Stt anr OaP aN XTV] aN \SNNibQO bc TNinh cSTr knitO anr tSrk# P]O rOXaininh \arP OaP
bc ]SQrinh P]O \iOVO in cSTr ]anr bc P]O Onr St P]O bSnO.
n" 7OyOr VSSQ cSTr tSSr bc bQSfinh aP iP. nTNP faiP a biP( P]OrO iN nS ]Trrc.
S" oSnmP QOayO cSTr N\SSn in P]O hQaNN f]iQO rrinkinh. ^TP iP Sn cSTr NaTVOr.
&2
XVIII. a) Read and transIate the foIIowing extracts:
1. 6rOaktaNP in P]O nOnNNOn ]SXO faN nSP XTV] rittOrOnP trSX brOaktaNP in a VST\QO St
]TnrrOr P]STNanr ]SXON in P]O WrOaP RiPc. xaQPOr nOnNNOn ]ar ]iN \a\Or \rS\\Or ahainNP P]O
yinOhar VrTOP anr P]O NThar bSfQ. |O rOar OU\OrPQc( nSP OyOn Pakinh ]iN OcON Stt P]O \rinPOr
\ahO f]On ]O raiNOr ]iN VSttOO VT\ PS ]iN XSTP]. ^aTQ nOnNNOn( NOyOn hSinh Sn Oih]P( faN
OaPinh ]iN ]SP VOrOaQ( f]iV] ]ar PS bO NfOOPOnOr ]OayiQc PS hOP ]iX PS PSTV] iP. wcrna nOnNNOn(
xaQPOrmN tiyO'cOar'SQr raTh]POr( faN NVraPV]inh ]Or PSf]Oar fiP] ]Or QOtP ]anr f]iQO N]O tOr
]OrNOQt fiP] ]Or rih]P. wcrna( PSS( faN OU\OrP in ]Or taN]iSn: N]O fSTQr \TP P]O N\SSn in ]Or
XSTP]( NQirO P]O VOrOaQ Stt( anr brinh STP P]O N\SSn T\NirO rSfn. MQNiO nOnNNOn (wrN. xaQPOr"
]ar NPS\\Or OaPinh XSXOnPariQc P]O bOPPOr PS OU\QSrO fiP] ]Or PSnhTO a biVTN\ir (;
" P]aP NOriSTNQc nOOrOr aPPOnPiSn.
(*ro+ sv]O 4rOaQ wans 2y n. pm|ara"
b) Comment on the tabIe manners of the Jenssen famiIy and say what you wouId do if you
were the father or the mother:
2. x]iQO Anna \rO\arOr ]OrNOQt PS XOOP ]Or VQaNN St tSrPcNiU QiyOQc anr ingTiNiPiyO V]iQrrOn
]Or QanrQarc faN bTNc \rO\arinh P]O ]ih] POa tSr ]Or ]TNbanr anr P]O nOf QSrhOr.
5]O ]ar NVrOfOr P]O SQr XinVOr PS P]O kiPV]On PabQO anr nSf tOr iP fiP] raP]Or PSTh] NPri\N
St bOOt( P]O rOXainN St P]O 5Tnrac SinP. v]OrO faN nSP XTV]( PS bO NTrO( bTP wrN. qQcnnmN
\inV]'\Onnc N\iriP ]ar bOOn rSTNOr PS XOOP P]iN V]aQQOnhO anr P]O ]OOQ St a brSfn QSat( a QarhO
SniSn( anr a PSXaPS Sn P]O PabQO fOrO P]O inhrOriOnPN St P]O rONP St P]O \rS\SNOr VSPPahO \iO.
s4t 4 S\On a Pin St bakOr bOanN(s Nair wrN. qQcnn aQSTr( sP]OrOmQQ bO nS nOOr tSr hrayc( 4
N]anmP faNPO haN TnnOVONNariQces 5]O \TrNOr ]Or P]in Qi\N fiP] NaPiNtaVPiSn( rOXOXbOrinh( fiP]
NTrrOn \QOaNTrO( P]aP N]O ]ar bSTh]P P]O bOanN aP a rOrTVOr \riVO aN sv]iN xOOkmN AXainh
pttOrs aP P]O QSVaQ hrSVOrmN. 5]O PfirQOr P]O ]anrQO St P]O XinVOr fiP] arrOr ONP.
zONPOrracmN NPOfOr a\\QO( N]O P]STh]P bTNiQc( VSTQr bO NOryOr STP fiP] a QiPPQO Oya\SraPOr
XiQk( in P]rOO inriyirTaQ riN]ON. A V]Orrc Sn PS\ St OaV] fSTQr XakO a niVO tONPiyO PSTV](
rOVirOr wrN. qQcnn in a fiQr bTrNP St OUPrayahanVO. 5]O NPraih]POnOr T\ trSX ]Or XinVinh anr
S\OnOr P]O NPSrO VT\bSarr f]OrO N]O kO\P ]Or PinnOr anr bSPPQOr tSSr. 4n P]O trSnP rSf a NXaQQ
ar St V]OrriON hQOaXOr rSNiQc. qSr SnO QSnh XinTPO wrN. qQcnn NPTriOr iPN V]arXN( PSrn bOPfOOn
S\\SNiPO tSrVON St arP anr P]ritP. @iVPSrc faN aVVSX\QiN]Or OaNiQc. s^iPc PS S\On P]OX(s Nair
wrN. qQcnn( NQaXXinh P]O VT\bSarr rSSr anr rOPTrnOr PS ]Or XinVinh. (*ro+ sqrON] trSX P]O
RSTnPrcs 2y w. OOr"
c) Comment on the character of the IandIady. Prove your statement.
XIX. Try your hand at teaching:
A. Preparation. qinr NSXO \iVPTrON anr SkON Sn P]O PS\iV anr \rO\arO PS fSrk fiP] P]OX
in VQaNN. (5OO sRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s( 5OVPiSnN @44( @444."
B. Work in Class. 1. vOQQ a SkO Sr N]Sf anr rONVribO a \iVPTrO PS P]O VQaNN. 2. ANk NSXO
gTONPiSnN PS NOO it P]O QiNPOnOrN ]ayO hraN\Or P]O XOaninh St cSTr NPSrc. :. 4t cST fanP P]O
NPTrOnPN PS TNO NSXO nOf fSrrN friPO P]OX Sn P]O bQaVkbSarr( PranNQaPO P]OX( \raVPiNO P]Oir
\rSnTnViaPiSn (in V]SrTN" Sr TNahO (bc Xakinh P]O NPTrOnPN PranNQaPO cSTr NOnPOnVON trSX
MnhQiN] Sr TNNian". 9. vOQQ P]O SkO Sr rONVribO P]O \iVPTrO SnVO XSrO. 0. wakO 1%2 NPTrOnPN
rOPOQQ P]O SkO (rONVribO P]O \iVPTrO" Sr XakO T\ a riaQShTO Sn P]O NTbOVP. 2. RSrrOVP P]O
XiNPakON atPOr P]O NPTrOnP ]aN tiniN]Or N\Oakinh. (5OO sRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s( 5OVPiSnN 4`( `."
XX. RoIe-pIaying:
ArranhO a POa'\arPc (aP ]SXO Sr in P]O VanPOOn". vfS St P]O NPTrOnPN arO PS aVP aN ]SNP anr
]SNPONN( ]ayinh NSXO triOnrN rSTnr (2 Sr : St P]OX arO MnhQiN]". v]O Xain PS\iV riNVTNNOr aP
P]O \arPc iN PrariPiSnN VSnnOVPOr fiP] XOaQN. MaV] XOXbOr St P]O hrST\ XTNP POQQ a N]SrP NPSrc(
SkO Sr \rSyOrb PS OnPOrPain P]O \arPc.
XXI.. Arrange short debates on the foIIowing questions:
1. 5]STQr fO NPiVk PS STr VTNPSX St hiyinh STr hTONPN a NTbNPanPiaQ XOaQ{ 2. |Sf rS cST
QikO P]O irOa St VOQObraPinh taXiQc ]SQiracN in a VatO Sr rONPaTranP{ :. ArO SQr PrariPiSnN( fSrP]
kOO\inh{
&:
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH
IV
O\OaPinh kOc'fSrrN in rittOrOnP facN anr TNinh PS\iV 'NOnPOnVON \rS\OrQc fiP]in a
\arahra\] arO nSP P]O SnQc friPinh POV]nigTON. WSSr friPinh nS XaPPOr f]OP]Or cST arO
rONVribinh( narraPinh( arhTinh( Sr OU\Qaininh N]STQr bO fOQQ SrhaniOr# P]aP iN( iP N]STQr bO
TnrOr VSnPrSQ St P]O VOnPraQ irOa St P]O PS\iV. 6OtSrO NParPinh PS friPO anc \iOVO St \rSNO cST
N]STQr SrhaniO cSTr P]STh]PN arSTnr a PS\iV( cST XTNP ]ayO a \Qan Sr an STPQinO.
Plan iN a QiNP St \SinPN f]iV] cST inPOnr PS rOyOQS\ in cSTr friPinh in QShiVaQ SrrOr Sr in
SrrOr St iX\SrPanVO fiP] rOtOrOnVO PS PiXO( PS \SinP St yiOf anr PS NiPTaPiSn.
Note: v]O fSrrN s\Qans anr sSTPQinOs arO NSXOPiXON TNOr fiP]STP NOnNO riNVriXinaPiSn. 6TP iP iN bOPPOr PS TNO
s\Qans f]On P]O VSX\SNiPiSn iN nSP cOP friPPOn Sr \Qanninh iN XarO bc P]O aTP]Sr. v]O fSrr sSTPQinOs iN TNOr
raP]Or f]On rOaQinh fiP] a fSrk aQrOarc friPPOn bc NSXOSnO OQNO.
v]O bONP fac PS QOarn ]Sf PS XakO a hSSr \Qan St cSTr friPinh iN PS QOarn ]Sf PS XakO an
STPQinO St SrihinaQ \iOVON St \rSNO. v]OrO arO rittOrOnP facN St friPinh an STPQinO. 4P Van bO
OU\rONNOr in: 1" kOc'fSrrN Sr briOt PS\iV \]raNON (PS\iV STPQinO"# 2" VSX\QOPO NOnPOnVON
(NOnPOnVO STPQinO"# :" hrST\N St NOnPOnVON VSnPaininh P]O PS\iV Sr Xain irOa (\arahra\]
STPQinO". v]O V]SiVO rO\OnrN Sn P]O QOnhP] anr VSX\QOUiPc St P]O friPinh anr OU\OriOnVO St P]O
bOhinnOr.
MUaX\QON: a" A NaX\QO PS\iV STPQinO St sA oacmN xaiPs.
1. A yOrc NiVk bSc St ninO cOarN SQr.
2. oSVPSrmN yiNiP.
:. qOOQinh P]O NaXO.
9. jOayinh P]O bSc tSr a f]iQO.
0. v]O bScmN PaQk abSTP rOaP].
2. ArhTXOnP abSTP POX\OraPTrO.
&. OQaUaPiSn anr nOrySTN brOakrSfn.
b" A NaX\QO NOnPOnVO STPQinO St sA oacmN xaiPs.
1. v]O bSc faN N]iyOrinh fiP] tOyOr( TnfiQQinh PS hS PS bOr.
2. v]O rSVPSr PSSk P]O bScmN POX\OraPTrO anr Nair P]OrO faN nSP]inh PS fSrrc abSTP.
:. v]O bSc NOOXOr rOPaV]Or anr kO\P QSSkinh aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr.
9. v]O taP]Or fOnP tSr a faQk.
0. |O VaXO baVk anr tSTnr P]O bSc NPiQQ NParinh aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr.
2. v]O bSc faN NTrO ]O faN hSinh PS riO.
&. v]O taP]Or OU\QainOr P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn P]O qa]rOn]OiP anr ROnPihrarO P]OrXSXOPOrN.
d. v]O bSc rOQaUOr( bTP P]O nOUP rac ]O VriOr yOrc OaNiQc aP QiPPQO P]inhN P]aP fOrO St nS
iX\SrPanVO.
Assignments:
1. Oar P]O NPSrc s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs anr XakO a PS\iV STPQinO St 4PN VSnPOnPN.
2. wakO a NOnPOnVO STPQinO St P]O NPSrc.
:. wakO a \Qan St cSTr narraPiSn abSTP P]O \OS\QO \rONOnPOr iN P]O \iVPTrO (NOO \. 1:d".
LABORATORY EXERCISES (II)
1. a" QiNPOn PS P]O PONP sAn MnhQiN]XanmN wOaQNs( Xark P]O NPrONNON anr PTnON. b" O\OaP iP in
P]O inPOryaQN tSQQSfinh P]O XSrOQ.
2. a" jiNPOn PS P]O riaQShTO sAP vabQOs.
b" O\OaP iP in P]O inPOryaQN tSQQSfinh P]O XSrOQ.
V" jOarn P]O POUP bc ]OarP.
:. AnNfOr P]O gTONPiSnN TNinh P]O hiyOn \aPPOrnN.
9. wakO T\ NOnPOnVON TNinh P]O hiyOn \aPPOrnN.
0. xriPO a riVPaPiSn.
2. ^ara\]raNO P]O hiyOn NOnPOnVON.
&. vranNQaPO P]O NOnPOnVON inPS MnhQiN]. R]OVk P]OX fiP] P]O kOc.
d. QiNPOn PS P]O POUP s|O xaN vSS viXirs Sr NSXO SP]Or POUP Sn P]O PS\iV swOaQNs. WOP rOarc
PS hiyO P]O NTXXarc in VQaNN.
&9
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS
1. x]aP iN swSP]OrmN oacs{ x]OrO anr f]On iN iP VOQObraPOr{
2. x]aP iN a \Tb{ x]aP PrariPiSnN arO VSnnOVPOr fiP] it{
:. x]aP iN a bank ]SQirac in 6riPaine
9. oONVribO NSXO PrariPiSnN Sr VTNPSXN VSnnOVPOr fiP] taXiQc Sr \TbQiV ]SQiracN in
MnhQanr.
0. x]aP rS P]O POrXN sxOQN] 6abbiPs( s^anVakO oacs anr soTPV] vrOaPs XOan{
2. qinr a NPSrc (an ONNac" Sr a \aNNahO in a nSyOQ bc an MnhQiN] Sr AXOriVan friPOr
rONVribinh a XOaQ. WiyO iPN NTXXarc in VQaNN.
UNIT FIVE
I SPEECH PATTERNS
1. 4 faN NTrO PS bO \TP rSfn in VQaNN nOUP PS P]O hirQ... anr N]O wou9d whi&4er anr hihhQO.
v]O V]iQrrOn aQfacN VaXO PS NOO P]Oir hranrXSP]Or Sn 5TnracN( anr N]O fSTQr hiyO P]OX
rOQiViSTN \aNPriON.
x]On aNkOr P]iN gTONPiSn( ]O fSTQr NXiQO anr Nac nSP]inh.
x]On \OS\QO XOP ]iX in P]O NPrOOP P]Oc fSTQr PTrn afac anr \rOPOnr nSP PS knSf ]iX.
2. nTrc Nair N]O rirnmP knSf P]aP \OS\QO TNOd to 2e XSnkOcN.
a" v]Oc TNOr PS bO hrOaP triOnrN.
v]OrO TNOr PS bO a POQO\]SnO'bSSP] rSTnr P]O VSrnOr. 4 TNOr PS knSf ]iX. }NOr cST PS knSf
]iX.
b" |O TNOr PS PrayOQ bc \QanO( }NO(r"nmP ]O{ Sr \idn?t ]O{ (5o99oC"A
|O TNOr PS fSrk QaPO aP nih]P.
oir ]O TNO PS fSrk QaPO aP nih]P{ (VSQQSg."
nTrcmN tOQQSf'NPTrOnPN TNOr PS QaTh] aP ]Or ihnSranVO.
:. 4mX nSP u&ed to re5eiving \rONOnPN.
5]O faN nSP TNOr PS bOinh PrOaPOr TnkinrQc.
4P iN PSS bar f]On a VSQQOhO NPTrOnP iN nSP TNOr PS rOarinh bSSkN.
v]O XSP]Or faN TNOr PS rSinh aQQ P]O fSrk abSTP P]O ]STNO aQSnO.
pTr NPTrOnPN arO TNOr PS fSrkinh fiP] a VaNNOPPO'rOVSrrOr.
4. 4P wa& nTrc f]S ]ar PS rOar \Qain bSSkN.
4P faN N]aXO( nSP tOar( P]aP XarO ]Or Vrc. 4P faN P]O QaNP VSTrNO P]aP PaNPOr ON\OViaQQc hSSr. 4P
faN P]O XSP]Or f]S rOVSraPOr P]O ]STNO anr \rO\arOr OyOrcP]inh tSr P]O VOQObraPiSn.
4P faN Xc NiNPOrN f]S VSSkOr aQQ P]O riN]ON.
EXERCISES
I. Paraphrase the foIIowing using Patterns 1-3:
^ a P P O r n 1: 1. 6c P]O Onr St P]O fSrkinh'rac ]O TNTaQQc faiPOr tSr ]Or aP P]O taVPSrc'haPO
anr P]Oc fOnP ]SXO PShOP]Or. 2. v]O N\rinh racN fOrO farX anr NTnnc( anr P]O V]iQrrOn N\OnP
XTV] PiXO STP'St'rSSrN. :. x]On P]Oc NSXOPiXON aNkOr ]iX abSTP ]iN VSQQOhO racN( ]O aQfacN
anNfOrOr P]aP ]O ]ar hrOaPQc OnScOr hSinh PS VSQQOhO. 9. v]O XSP]Or nOyOr VSX\QainOr#
TNTaQQc N]O SnQc Nih]Or anr fOnP Sn fiP] ]Or fSrk. 0. |Or ]TNbanr StPOn VaXO baVk ]SXO
PirOr anr anhrc# aP PabQO ]O ahain anr ahain tSTnr taTQP fiP] P]O VSSkinh. 2. x]On fO PSQr P]O
XSP]Or ]Sf hSSr OyOrcP]inh PaNPOr( N]O aQfacN Nair s|TnhOr iN P]O bONP NaTVO.s
&0
^ a P P O r n 2: 1. |O faN in P]O ]abiP St Nacinh P]aP P]OrO iN nS haXO QikO tSSPbaQQ. 2. 5]O
aQfacN QOtP P]O riN]ON TnfaN]Or in P]O kiPV]On Nink anr fOnP afac. :. x]On ]O faN a NPTrOnP
]O fOnP PS P]O Qibrarc OyOrc SP]Or rac. 9. wc XSP]Or aQfacN XarO a N\QOnrir V]SVSQaPO ParP tSr
Xc birP]rac. 0. x]On 4 faN a V]iQr( STr taXiQc aQfacN fOnP PS P]O NOaNirO tSr NTXXOr
]SQiracN. 2. x]On ]O faN cSTnhOr( ]O faN a \rOPPc hSSr ranVOr.
^ a P P O r n ::1. 4PmN NSXOP]inh nOf tSr XO PS bO PrOaPOr in P]iN fac. 2. 6Oinh XarO tTn St
faN NSXOP]inh gTiPO TnTNTaQ tSr ]Or. :. 4P faN nSP P]O tirNP PiXO P]aP P]O rSVPSr faN PS PrOaP P]iN
]SrribQO riNOaNO. 9. 4 aQfacN fSrk bc NTV] Qih]P( iP iN nSrXaQ tSr XO. 0. v]O V]iQr faN nOyOr
rOtTNOr ancP]inh anr VSnNirOrOr iP a nSrXaQ NPaPO St P]inhN.
II. Make the foIIowing sentences emphatic using Pattern 4 as in the exampIe:
MUaX\QO: wc triOnr PSQr XO OyOrcP]inh abSTP iP.
4P faN Xc wOnr f]S PSQr XO OyOrcP]inh abSTP iP.
1. oSVPSr vOX\QO VTrOr wrN. WrOOnOmN ]TNbanr St ]iN NPSXaV] riNOaNO. 2. 5POyO PrOaPOr P]OX
aQQ PS iVO'VrOaXN. :. |Or brSP]Or PSQr TN aQQ abSTP P]aP POrribQO aVVirOnP. 9. zSTr rTrOnONN XarO
]Or Vrc. 0. wc XSP]Or rSON P]O VSSkinh tSr aQQ P]O taXiQc. 2. v]SNO bSSkN XarO a rOO\
iX\rONNiSn Sn ]iX anr rOVirOr ]iN tTPTrO. &. v]iN nSiNO rSONnmP QOP XO VSnVOnPraPO Sn Xc fSrk.
d. v]ONO NPTrOnPN rOViPOr P]Oir Sfn \SOXN aP P]O QaNP \arPc fiP] a hrOaP NTVVONN.
III. TransIate these sentences into EngIish:
1. . !+ >! A!<( J >? ; % .
2. i ++( ( ! ,+!. :. LD>; ( A $!?!
$!! + !A( > D > $!<. 9. $!> $< $
; <J; !!;( A $=. 0. ~A !! K!+ + A!>(
$! A!?. 2. E<J > $!?! +; A $D. &. LD>; (
A J D<( ?D. d. E $!>( > !+ C!<
. 8. [( $'!!++( ! ){ B < !+ >!
+ KA DA J. 10. + +! $! !,(
!( !.
IV. Answer the questions: use would or used to.
N o t e: x]On P]O XOaninh iN VTNPSXarc( rO\OaPOr Sr ]abiPTaQ aVPiyiPc X P]O \aNP( TNOr PS Sr fSTQr arO
inPOrV]anhOabQO( ."g" pTr POaV]Or TNOr PS hiyO ]Or NPTrOnPN a friPPOn PONP OyOrc v]TrNrac. 5]O fSTQr rOar P]OX a
NPSrc OyOrc fOOk PSS.
qSr hrOaPOr OX\]aNiN Sn P]O irOa St \aNP VTNPSX TNOr PS iN \rOtOrabQO( ."g" |O TNOr PS faPV] a V]iQrrOnmN
\rShraX aP P]aP ]STr.
vS OU\rONN ySQiPiSn( Sr \OrNiNPOnVO rOtOrrinh PS P]O \aNP fSTQr iN TNTaQQc TNOr# ."g" 5OyOraQ PiXON ]O PriOr PS
hOP afac( bTP P]Oc fSTQr nSP QOP ]iX hS.
1. |Sf StPOn fSTQr cST friPO a VSX\SNiPiSn f]On cST fOrO in P]O ninP] tSrX{ 2. xSTQr
cSTr POaV]OrN aQfacN VSrrOVP cSTr VSX\SNiPiSnN{ :. x]S TNOr PS ]OQ\ cST fiP] cSTr
]SXOfSrk{ 9. x]aP fSTQr cST rS rTrinh P]O NTXXOr{ 0. x]OrO rir cST TNO PS hS tSr cSTr
yaVaPiSn{ 2. x]On cST fOrO a V]iQr f]aP rir cST TNO PS rS Sn 5aPTrrac atPOrnSSn{ &. x]aP
fSTQr cST TNTaQQc rS Sn 5Tnrac{ d. x]On cSTr brSP]Or faN cSTnhOr( ]O TNOr PS \Qac POnniN(
TNO(r"nmP ]O{
V. Make up short situations (no more than two or three sentences) or diaIogues to iIIustrate
Patterns 1-4
VI. Search the books you read for sentences with these patterns (1-4) to add up to your
student's workbook; practise the best exampIes in cIass.
TEXT. A FRESHMAN'S EXPERIENCE $rom "Daddy Long-Legs" by Jean Webster
v]O bSSk soarrc jSnh'jOhNs bc an AXOriVan friPOr nOan xObNPOr (1d&2'1812" iN a nSyOQ friPPOn in P]O
tSrX St QOPPOrN. v]O aTP]Sr St P]ONO QOPPOrN( a cSTnh hirQ( nTrc bc naXO( friPON P]OX PS ]Or hTarrian( a riV] Xan
f]SX N]O ]aN nOyOr NOOn.
&2
nTrc faN brSTh]P T\ in an Sr\]an aNcQTX f]OrO ]Or QitO faN ]arr. v]O V]iQrrOn fOrO f]SQQc rO\OnrOnP Sn
V]ariPc. v]Oc fOrO barQc tOr anr ]ar PS fOar SP]Or \OS\QOmN VaNP'Stt VQSP]ON. nTrc faN a yOrc brih]P hirQ anr
f]On N]O tiniN]Or NV]SSQ( ]Or hTarrian NOnP ]Or PS VSQQOhO.
nTrc tOOQN yOrc ]a\\c abSTP iP. 5]O ]S\ON PS bOVSXO a friPOr anr \ac baVk P]O XSnOc N\OnP Sn ]Or OrTVaPiSn
bc ]Or hTarrian. AbSTP P]O QaPPOr P]O hirQ knSfN aQXSNP nSP]inh: N]O knSfN P]aP ]O iN a yOrc PaQQ Xan. v]aP iN
f]c N]O SkinhQc VaQQN ]iX oarrc jSnh'jOhN.
v]iN POUP iN SnO St ]Or QOPPOrN hiyinh TN a hQiX\NO St ]Or OarQc VSQQOhO iX\rONNiSnN.
pVPSbOr( 20P]
oOar oarrc jSnh'jOhN(
RSQQOhO
:d
hOPN niVOr anr niVOr( 4 QikO P]O hirQN anr P]O POaV]OrN anr P]O VQaNNON anr P]O
VaX\TN
:8
anr P]O P]inhN PS OaP. xO ]ayO iVO'VrOaX PfiVO a fOOk anr fO nOyOr ]ayO VSrn'XOaQ
XTN].
v]O PrSTbQO fiP] VSQQOhO iN P]aP cST arO OU\OVPOr PS knSf NTV] a QSP St P]inhN cSTmyO nOyOr
QOarnOr. 4PmN yOrc OXbarraNNinh aP PiXON. 4 XarO an aftTQ XiNPakO P]O tirNP rac. 5SXObSrc
XOnPiSnOr waTriVO waOPOrQinVk(
90
anr 4 aNkOr it N]O faN a trON]Xan.
91
v]O SkO ]aN hSnO aQQ
SyOr VSQQOhO.
oir cST OyOr ]Oar St wiV]aOQanhOQS{ |O faN a taXSTN arPiNP f]S QiyOr in 4PaQc in P]O
wirrQO AhON. MyOrcbSrc in MnhQiN] jiPOraPTrO NOOXOr PS knSf abSTP ]iX( anr P]O f]SQO VQaNN
QaTh]Or bOVaTNO 4 P]STh]P ]O faN an arV]anhOQ. |O NSTnrN QikO an arV]anhOQ( rSONnmP ]O{
6TP nSf( f]On P]O hirQN PaQk abSTP P]O P]inhN P]aP 4 nOyOr ]Oarr St( 4 TNP kOO\ NPiQQ anr QSSk
P]OX T\ in P]O OnVcVQS\Oria. Anr ancfac( 4mX TNP aN brih]P in VQaNN aN anc St P]O SP]OrN( anr
brih]POr P]an NSXO St P]OXe
Anr cST knSf( oarrc( 4 ]ayO a nOf TnbrOakabQO rTQO: nOyOr PS NPTrc aP nih]P( nS XaPPOr
]Sf Xanc friPPOn rOyiOfN arO VSXinh in P]O XSrninh. 4nNPOar( 4 rOar TNP \Qain bSSkN % 4
]ayO PS( cST knSf( bOVaTNO P]OrO arO Oih]POOn bQank year& bO]inr XO. zST fSTQrnmP bOQiOyO
f]aP an abcNN St ihnSranVO Xc Xinr iN# 4 aX TNP rOaQiinh P]O rO\P]N XcNOQt.
4 nOyOr rOar soayir RS\\OrtiOQrs( Sr sRinrOrOQQas( Sr sQyan]SOs( Sr sAQiVO in xSnrOrQanrs(
Sr sSbinNSn RrTNSOs( Sr snanO McrOs. 4 rirnmP knSf P]aP |Onrc P]O Mih]P] faN XarriOr XSrO
P]an SnVO Sr P]aP 5]OQQOc faN a \SOP. 4 rirnmP knSf P]aP \OS\QO TNOr PS bO XSnkOcN( Sr P]aP
WOSrhO MQiSP faN a Qarc. 4 ]ar nOyOr NOOn a \iVPTrO St P]O swSna jiNas anr (iPmN PrTO bTP cST
fSnmP bOQiOyO iP" 4 ]ar nOyOr ]Oarr St 5]OrQSVk |SQXON.
7Sf 4 knSf aQQ St P]ONO P]inhN anr a QSP St SP]OrN bONirON( bTP cST Van NOO ]Sf XTV] 4 nOOr
PS VaPV] T\.
7SyOXbOr( 10P]
zSTr tiyO hSQr \iOVON fOrO a NTr\riNOe 4mX nSP TNOr PS rOVOiyinh R]riNPXaN \rONOnPN. oS cST
fanP PS knSf f]aP 4 bSTh]P fiP] P]O XSnOc{
1. A NiQyOr faPV] PS fOar Sn Xc friNP anr hOP XO PS rOViPaPiSnN in PiXO.
2. waPP]Of ArnSQrmN
92
\SOXN.
:. A ]SP'faPOr bSPPQO.
9. A riVPiSnarc St NcnSncXN (PS OnQarhO Xc ySVabTQarc".
0. (4 rSnmP XTV] QikO PS VSntONN P]iN QaNP iPOX( bTP 4 fiQQ." A \air St NiQk NPSVkinhN.
Anr nSf( oarrc( nOyOr Nac 4 rSnmP POQQ aQQe
4P faN a yOrc QSf XSPiyO( it cST XTNP knSf iP( P]aP \rSX\POr P]O NiQk NPSVkinhN. nTQia
^OnrQOPSn( a NS\]SXSrO( VSXON inPS Xc rSSX PS rS hOSXOPrc( anr N]O NiPN VrSNNQOhhOr Sn P]O
VSTV] anr fOarN NiQk NPSVkinhN OyOrc nih]P. 6TP TNP faiP % aN NSSn aN N]O hOPN baVk trSX
yaVaPiSn( 4 N]aQQ hS in anr NiP Sn ]Or VSTV] in Xc NiQk NPSVkinhN. zST NOO P]O XiNOrabQO VrOaPTrO
P]aP 4 aX % bTP aP QOaNP 4mX ]SnONP# anr cST knOf aQrOarc( trSX Xc aNcQTX rOVSrr( P]aP 4
:d
VSQQOhO: a \QaVO St ]ih]Or OrTVaPiSn bSP] in P]O }5A anr in WrOaP 6riPain. v]O SQrONP TniyOrNiPiON in WrOaP 6riPain arO pUtSrr anr
RaXbrirhO raPinh trSX P]O PfOQtP] anr P]irPOOnP] VOnPTriON( rON\OVPiyOQc# P]O QarhONP iN P]O }niyOrNiPc St jSnrSn. ArXiNNiSn PS P]O
TniyOrNiPiON iN bc OUaXinaPiSn anr NOQOVPiSn. xSXOn arO arXiPPOr Sn OgTaQ POrXN fiP] XOn( bTP P]O hOnOraQ \rS\SrPiSn St XOn PS fSXOn
NPTrOnPN iN P]rOO PS SnO( aP pUtSrr iP iN nOarQc tiyO PS SnO( anr aP RaXbrirhO Oih]P PS SnO.
A VSQQOhO iN NSXOPiXON a \arP St a TniyOrNiPc. qSr inNPanVO P]O }niyOrNiPiON St pUtSrr( RaXbrirhO anr jSnrSn arO VSX\SNOr St hrST\N St
QarhOQc aTPSnSXSTN VSQQOhON. pn P]O SP]Or ]anr a VSQQOhO Xac bO gTiPO inrO\OnrOnP. v]OrO iN a hrOaP nTXbOr St NTV] VSQQOhON in WrOaP
6riPain (POV]niVaQ anr VSXXOrViaQ VSQQOhON( VSQQOhON St arP( OPV."(
:8
VaX\TN: P]O hrSTnrN St a NV]SSQ( VSQQOhO Sr TniyOrNiPc
90
waOPOrQinVk( waTriVO (1d22'1898": a 6OQhian \SOP anr rraXaPiNP
91
trON]Xan: (tSr bSP] NOUON" P]O NaXO aN P]O MnhQiN] trON]Or. qirNP'cOar NPTrOnPN arO VaQQOr trON]OrN SnQc tSr abSTP a XSnP] TnPiQ P]Oc arO
TNOr PS VSQQOhO (TniyOrNiPc" QitO.
92
ArnSQr waPP]Of (1d22'1ddd": an MnhQiN] VriPiV anr \SOP 2 \SSr bSU: a bSU (TNTaQQc in a V]TrV]" in f]iV] XSnOc Xac bO \QaVOr PS bO
hiyOn PS P]O \SSr. |OrO: P]inhN hiyOn aN V]anPc (tSSr( VQSP]ON( OPV.".
&&
faNnmP \OrtOVP( rirnmP cST{
6TP( oarrc( it cSTmr bOOn rrONNOr in V]OVkOr hinh]aXN aQQ cSTr QitO( cSTmr TnrOrNPanr ]Sf 4
tOOQ. Anr f]On 4 NParPOr PS P]O ]ih] N]SSQ( 4 OnPOrOr T\Sn anSP]Or \OriSr OyOn fSrNO P]an P]O
V]OVkOr hinh]aXN. v]O \SSr bSU.2
zST VanmP knSf ]Sf 4 tOarOr a\\Oarinh in NV]SSQ in P]SNO XiNOrabQO \SSr'bSU rrONNON. 4 faN
\OrtOVPQc NTrO PS bO \TP rSfn in VQaNN nOUP PS P]O hirQ f]S tirNP SfnOr Xc rrONN( anr N]O fSTQr
f]iN\Or anr hihhQO anr \SinP iP STP PS P]O SP]OrN.
vS rOVa\iPTQaPO (P]aPmN P]O fac P]O MnhQiN] inNPrTVPSr bOhinN OyOrc SP]Or NOnPOnVO"( 4 aX yOrc
XTV] SbQihOr tSr Xc \rONOnPN.
4 rOaQQc bOQiOyO 4myO tiniN]Or. oarrc. 4myO bOOn friPinh P]iN QOPPOr Stt anr Sn tSr PfS racN( anr
4 tOar bc nSf cST arO bSrOr.
6TP 4myO bOOn NS OUViPOr abSTP P]SNO nOf aryOnPTrON P]aP 4 XTNP PaQk PS NSXObSrc( anr cST
arO P]O SnQc SnO 4 knSf. 4t Xc QOPPOrN bSrO cST( cST Van aQfacN PSNN P]OX inPS P]O faNPO'
baNkOP.
WSSr'bcO( oarrc( 4 ]S\O P]aP cST arO tOOQinh aN ]a\\c aN 4 aX.
zSTrN OyOr( nTrc.
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. bright ad1 1. !;( >;( ."g" v]O QOayON St P]O PrOON arO brih]P hrOOn in N\rinh.
^SQiN]Or NPOOQ iN brih]P.
2. +>;( $>;( +>J>;( ."g" v]OrO arO NOyOraQ brih]P \T\iQN in ]Or VQaNN. v]O
bSc ]ar a brih]P taVO.
:. +>;( ."g" MyOrcbSrc faN brih]P anr hac aP P]O \arPc.
bright(ly) adv ( ( D!( +( ."g" 5]O NPSSr in P]O rSSrfac NXiQinh
brih]PQc atPOr ]iX. v]O tirO N]inON brih]P.
brighten ,i-t $<# $!< ( < : J<( ."g" v]O Nkc iN
brih]POninh. v]iN faQQ\a\Or fiQQ brih]POn STr rSSX. x]aP Van cST rS PS brih]POn P]O QitO St P]O
NiVk Xan{
brightness n <( ( D!< +
2. pIain ad1 1. >;( !>;( $>;( ."g" v]O XOaninh St P]O fSrr iN gTiPO \Qain(
iNnmP iP{ 4 QikO ]Or \Qain N\OOV]. 5]O N\SkO \Qain MnhQiN].
/yn" clear
2. $;( >>;# A!;( ! ( >T]A, ."g" v]Oc QikO f]aP P]Oc
VaQQ \Qain tSSr. 5]O QSSkOr yOrc \rOPPc in ]Or \Qain f]iPO rrONN. 5]O bSTh]P a \Qain bQTO
XaPOriaQ.
/yn" simple
N t e: v]O rittOrOnVO in P]O XOaninhN St P]O NcnSncXN \Qain % VQOar anr \Qain % NiX\QO iN NS NQih]P P]aP
fO Xac StPOn TNO SnO inNPOar St P]O SP]Or( ."g" \Qain (VQOar" XOaninh( \Qain (NiX\QO tSSr( \Qain (NiX\QO" Xan.
zOP( P]OrO arO NSXO VaNON f]On SnQc SnO St P]O PfS NcnSncXN Xac bO TNOr( ."g" PS N\Oak \Qain MnhQiN]# PS XakO
a VQOar NPaPOXOnP# PS QiyO a NiX\QO QitO# PS hOP a NiX\QO PaNk.
:. !>;( ."g" |O QikOr ]Or \Qain( bTP ]SnONP taVO.
Rt.: ugly !>; (>;"
3. bIank ad1 $;( $>;( a& a bQank N]OOP St \a\Or# a bQank \ahO (tSrX( OPV.".
09&o fig", ."g" v]OrO faN a bQank QSSk Sn ]Or taVO.
blankly adv, ."g" 5]O QSSkOr aP XO bQankQc. |O NaP Sn P]O OrhO St P]O bOr NParinh bQankQc
bOtSrO ]iX.
blank n 1. $ +( $$( ."g" jOayO a bQank atPOr OaV] fSrr. qiQQ in P]iN bQank.# 2.
( ."g" 5]O bSTh]P PfS POQOhra\] bQankN.
7SPO: v]O TNNian fSrr `Xb ]aN NOyOraQ OgTiyaQOnPN in MnhQiN]: 1. $; ($>;" bQank N]OOP
(\ahO"# 2. $; (!A DC!;" OX\Pc rSSX (bSU( bSPPQO"# :. $; ($?>;" N]aQQSf
\OrNSn (irOaN( inPOrONPN"# 9. $; (>;" yaVanP rSSX (]STNO( tQaP".
4. ignorance n D# !( !( ."g" nTrcmN ihnSranVO XarO P]O hirQN
QaTh]. |O rir iP trSX (P]rSTh]" ihnSranVO.
ignorant ad1 D>;( =C!;( ."g" v]O bSc ]aN nOyOr bOOn PS NV]SSQ anr iN
&d
gTiPO ihnSranP. 4 aX ihnSranP St ]iN \QanN.
5. prompt ,t" 1. $D<( J<( ."g" x]aP \rSX\POr cST PS QSSk tSr ]iX in STr
PSfn{
2. $><# I!<( ."g" 5]OmQQ \rSX\P cST it cST tSrhOP P]O fSrrN. 7S
\rSX\Pinh( \QOaNO.
prompt n( ."g" ArOnmP cST aN]aXOr PS faiP tSr a \rSX\P{
prompter n I# $!
6. re`cord of 1. $!><( A!!<( ."g" B rOVSrrOr aQQ P]O OyOnPN St P]O rac.
2. $!>< $!( $( ."g" pn P]O yOrc rac St ]iN arriyaQ P]Oc rOVSrrOr
]iN N\OOV].
record n 1. $!<( $( # ?!!( !( ."g" A VarOtTQ rOVSrr faN
XarO St aQQ P]SNO abNOnP. v]O bScmN NV]SSQ rOVSrr QOayON XTV] PS bO rONirOr.
2. A++I $!( ."g" |ayO cST hSP anc rOVSrrN St 6aV]{
cassette(tape)-recording n $!<( ."g" 4mr raP]Or XakO TNO St VaNNOPPO'rOVSrrinh PS
rOyiOf P]O XaPOriaQ.
cassete (tape)-recorder n +A!I( ."g" 5SXOP]inh ]aN hSnO frSnh fiP] P]O VaNNOPPO'
rOVSrrOr( iP rSONnmP fSrk.
7. point ,t '. $>< $<,+( >< (PS"( ."g" B \SinPOr PS P]O XSnTXOnP. v]O
nOOrQO St P]O VSX\aNN \SinPN PS P]O 7SrP].
2. $<( ,!< (aP"( ."g" v]O bSc \SinPOr a NPiVk aP P]O rSh.
to point out smth., ."g" v]O POaV]Or \SinPOr STP STr XiNPakON.
to point out that, ."g" |O \SinPOr STP P]aP aQQ P]O VSQQOhO rTQON N]STQr bO SbOcOr.
8. bore ,t <( <( ."g" zSTr triOnr bSrON XO.
to bore to death by smth. +! !<( ."g" 4 faN bSrOr PS rOaP].
bore n >;( >; ( !( ."g" 4 rSnmP fanP PS NOO ]iX ahain( ]O
iN NTV] a bSrO.
boring ad1 >;( ."g" v]iN iN a yOrc bSrinh bSSk.
boredom n
9. excite ,t 1" D<( <( <( ."g" v]O \aPiOnP iN yOrc iQQ anr XTNP nSP
bO OUViPOr.
to be excited by, ."g" MyOrcbSrc faN OUViPOr bc P]O nOfN.
to get excited about (SyOr"( ."g" 4PmN nSP]inh PS hOP OUViPOr abSTP. oSnmP hOP OUViPOr SyOr
NTV] PritQON.
/t.: v]OrOmN nSP]inh PS fSrrc abSTP. 5]O aQfacN fSrriON abSTP QiPPQO P]inhN.
2. >>< ! (?!C! ! .."( ."g" v]O nOfVSXOr OUViPOr OyOrcbSrcmN inPOrONP.
exciting ad1 D=C!;( =C!;( ?>=C!;( ."g" x]aP OUViPinh nOfN
cSTmyO brSTh]Pe 4 VSTQr ]arrQc hOP SyOr P]aP OUViPinh XSXOnP. 5]O PSQr NTV] an OUViPinh NPSrc.
excited 44 >;
excitement n D!( !( TNT. PS VaTNO OUViPOXOnP( ."g" v]O rOViNiSn PS kOO\
wSP]OrmN oac VaTNOr hrOaP OUViPOXOnP in P]O taXiQc.
excitedly adv,
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)
Words
bQank ad1, n OUViPO , iPOX n
bSrO ,, n OUViPOXOnP n \Qain ad1
bSrinh ad1 OUViPinh ad1 \SinP ,
bSrOrSX n OUViPOr 44 \rSX\P ,
brih]P ad1 OUViPOrQc adv mrOVSrr n
brih]P(Qc" adv OU\OriOnVO n rOmVSrr ,
&8
brih]POn , trON]Xan n rOVSrrOr n
brih]PnONN n ihnSranVO n NS\]SXSrO n
VSntONN , ihnSranP ar
Word Combinations
P]O PrSTbQO fiP] ... iN P]aP... nOUP PS
aP PiXON PS \SinP STP NXP]. (P]aP"
PS kOO\ NPiQQ OyOrc SP]Or (NOnPOnVO( rac( OPV."
cST fSTQrnmP bOQiOyO f]aP (]Sf"... PS bO XTV] SbQihOr PS NXb.( tSr NXP].
PS bO a NTr\riNO PS NXb. PS bO bSrOr (PS rOaP]"
PS OnQarhO SnOmN ySVabTQarc PS VaTNO OUViPOXOnP
EXERCISES
I. Read the text and do the foIIowing (A. Grammar, B. Word usage):
A. 1. 5OarV] P]O POUP tSr \aNNiyO ySiVO VSnNPrTVPiSnN anr VQaNNitc P]OX aVVSrrinh PS POnNO
hrST\N. 2. RSX\arO P]O sifGVQaTNONs TNOr in P]O POUP anr OU\Qain P]Oir XOaninh. :. 4rOnPitc P]O
tTnVPiSn St P]O GingG tSrXN TNOr in P]O POUP. 9. 5OQOVP OUaX\QON PS iQQTNPraPO P]O VSX\STnr
\rOriVaPO. 0. MU\Qain f]c P]OrO iN nS arPiVQO in with 5o99ege, fro+ va5ation, in 59a&&"
6. 1. MU\Qain P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn P]O tSQQSfinh fSrrN TNOr in P]O POUP: di5tionary %
vo5a2u9ary, gigg9e % 9augh, to&& % throw, 4air % 5ou49e" 2. 5OarV] P]O POUP tSr P]O yOrb get,
PranNQaPO P]O NOnPOnVON. :. x]aP iN P]O XSNP taySTriPO fSrr in nTrcmN ySVabTQarc{ xSTQr cST
rOVSXXOnr cSTr \T\iQN PS TNO iP{
II. Choose two or three paragraphs from the text of Unit Five for transIation. Reason your
choice and discuss possibIe variants of the transIation.
III. Answer the foIIowing questions:
1. x]aP rir nTrc XOan bc 59a&&e& anr 5a+4u&c 2. x]c rir nTrc XOnPiSn i5eG5rea+ anr
XrnG+ea9 +u&h in ]Or QOPPOr{ :. x]aP rir nTrc P]ink faN P]O PrSTbQO fiP] VSQQOhO{ 9. x]aP
SkO ]ar hSnO aQQ SyOr VSQQOhO{ 0. x]c rir nTrc kOO\ NPiQQ f]On P]O hirQN N\SkO abSTP P]inhN
N]O rirnmP knSf{ 2. x]c rirnmP nTrc NPTrc aP nih]P( nS XaPPOr ]Sf Xanc friPPOn rOyiOfN fOrO
VSXinh in P]O XSrninh{ &. 4n f]aP fac rir nTrc fanP PS VaPV] T\ fiP] P]O hrST\{ d. x]aP rir
nTrc XOan bc Nacinh P]aP N]O faN aP QOaNP ]SnONP{ 8. x]aP rir nTrc XOan bc Nacinh writing
thi& 9etter off and on for two day&c 10. x]OrO ]ar nTrc NPTriOr bOtSrO VSQQOhO{ 11. x]c rir
nTrc tOOQ OXbarraNNOr aP PiXON{ 12. x]aP rir nTrc XOan bc 29an' year& anr a2y&& of
ignoran5ec 1:. x]aP N]SfN P]aP P]O POUP faN friPPOn bc an AXOriVan friPOr{
IV. Write an outIine of die Ietter. (Differentiate between significant and insignificant events
described in the Ietter. Leave out the insignificant ones.)
V. Try your hand at teaching:
A. ^rO\araPiSn. 5OarV] P]O POUPN St }niPN pnO( vfS (4"( v]rOO (4"( qSTr (4"( qiyO (4" tSr
\SQcNcQQabQON
9:
fiP] PfS NPrONNON( \raVPiNO P]Oir \rSnTnViaPiSn.
6. xSrk in RQaNN. a" ^rSnSTnVO riNPinVPQc OaV] fSrr tiUinh P]O NPTrOnPNm aPPOnPiSn Sn P]O
NPrONNON.
b" wakO P]O NPTrOnPN rO\OaP P]O fSrrN atPOr cST.
V" ANk P]O NPTrOnPN inriyirTaQQc anr VSrrOVP P]Oir XiNPakON. (5OO sRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s(
5OVPiSn @444."
VI. Study VocabuIary Notes and transIate the iIIustrative exampIes into Russian.
VII. ExpIain (in EngIish) what is meant by and give Russian equivaIents of:
9:
polysyllables: fSrrN St XSrO P]an PfS NcQQabQON# P]Oc TNTaQQc ]ayO PfS NPrONNON: P]O NOVSnrarc ((" anr P]O Xain ((" NPrONN( . !.
d0
A. bQank faQQ( bQank QSSk( bQank yOrNO( bQank N]OOP( bQank tSrX( bQank V]OgTO( bQank cOarN(
bQank Xinr( bQank taVO#
6. OX\Pc rSSX( N]aQQSf inPOrONPN( yaVanP ]STNO( N]aQQSf hirQ( brih]P rrONN( brih]P taVO( brih]P
V]iQr( brih]P OcON( ihnSranP \OrNSn( inVSX\arabQO bSrO.
VIII. Paraphrase the foIIowing sentences:
1. |O NParOr aP ]Or in TPPOr aNPSniN]XOnP. 2. |O S\OnOr ]iN OcON tSr a N]SrP f]iQO bTP P]On
QSNP ]iN VSnNViSTNnONN ahain. :. A tainP NXiQO OnQiyOnOr ]Or taVO tSr a XSXOnP. 9. v]OrO faN a
ha\ in Xc XOXSrc. 0. v]OrO arO Xanc inPOrONPinh iPOXN in P]O nOfN\a\Or PSrac. 2. v]O NiQk
NPSVkinhN VaTNOr nTrcmN Onyc. &. |O TNOr PS bO a Va\abQO \T\iQ. d. v]O QOPPOr arSTNOr hrOaP
inPOrONP. 8. AP PiXON N]O tOQP yOrc Tn]a\\c. 10. v]O PrSTbQO fiP] ]iX iN P]aP ]O iN a Qih]P'XinrOr
\OrNSn. 11. v]iN trTiP iN gTiPO OaPabQO( 4mr Nac. 12. zSTr triOnr rittOrN XTV] trSX f]aP ]O faN
cOarN ahS.
IX. a) Write 20 questions about the second part of the text of Unit Five using the foIIowing
words and phrases:
1. R]riNPXaN \rONOnP# 2. PS bO a NTr\riNO# :. friNP# 9. PS hOP PS (SnOmN" rOViPaPiSnN# 0. a ]SP'
faPOr bSPPQO# 2. PS OnQarhO SnOmN ySVabTQarc# &. PS VSntONN# d. a QSf XSPiyO# 8. PS rS hOSXOPrc#
10. PS NiP VrSNN'QOhhOr# 11. a XiNOrabQO VrOaPTrO# 12. PS knSf (trSX"# 1:. PS bO yOrc XTV]
SbQihOr tSr# 19. OyOrc SP]Or NOnPOnVO# 10. PS bO bSrOr# 12. PS bO OUViPOr abSTP# 1&. PS PSNN inPS
P]O faNPO'baNkOP# 1d. PS PaQk PS (NXb."# 18. aP QOaNP.
b) Ask your feIIow-students to give their responses.
X. TransIate the foIIowing sentences into EngIish:
1. > ?J = < !! + D I{ 2. L( D! >!
!( $ ;; + > . :. . < <(
!+ > $>+. 9. J+ J< >?!< !!!
D $ A( $< <. 0. .! [! $!>
+ + (fSrk']STNO". / A + $!?!< +A <(
< D! ! ! < . <J! !;( D>
=!( < D C!< <+!( 2. B $>;. . !
$ +A . &. + D $!< ! $!< <. d.
G $< D++> < J ;. 8. LD )< > !(
>( CJ !,( > $. 10. ZK A < $(
<J!+ +. 11. * +<! ! D!. 12. D! $ =
J! < A( A $A! ! +<. 1:. /D!; ? ! $
$!C % + D ;. 19. ++! ; <( +D
>! A A. B > >( + > !<. 10. C
$!> < +A!I+. 12. +( $ !> ! +A !?
;!.
XI. a) ReteII the contents of Judy's Ietter in Indirect Speech.
b) ReteII the contents of Judy's Ietter as her guardian might describe it to a friend of his.
c) Describe Judy's first steps in coIIege as JuIia PendIeton might be describing them to a
friend of hers.
d) Give a summary of the text
XII. Insert prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
i. v]O PrSTbQO ... P]O bSSk iN P]aP iPmN bSrinh XO ... rOaP]. 2. 4P fiQQ PakO XO ... QOaNP a XSnP] PS
VaPV]......P]O hrST\. :. x]aP rir cST bTc... P]O XSnOc cST hSP... cSTr taP]Or{ 9. 4 nOOr an aQarX
VQSVk PS fakO XO T\ ... PiXO. 0. 4myO bOOn friPinh P]O QOPPOr ... anr......PfS racN( nSf 4myO
tiniN]Or iP... QaNP. 2. 4 faN \OrtOVPQc NTrO PS bO \TP......P]O rONk nOUP... P]O hirP f]SX 4 rirnmP QikO
PS NiP.... &. |iN yiNiP faN a NTr\riNO ... XO( 4 rirnmP knSf ]O faN ... PSfn. d. x]On 4 VSXO ...
NSXO MnhQiN] fSrrN f]iV] 4 rSnmP knSf 4 aQfacN QSSk P]OX......P]O riVPiSnarc. 8. 4n ]iN N\OOV]
]O \SinPOr ... aQQ P]O rrafbaVkN ... STr fSrk. 10. v]O rriQQN Sn P]O MnhQiN] NSTnrN bSrO XO ...
PiXON( bTP 4 knSf P]aP P]Oc arO yOrc TNOtTQ. 11. |O ]OQ\Or XO a QSP... Xc XaP]OXaPiVN anr 4mX
XTV] SbQihOr ... ]iX ... iP.
d1
XIII. Revise EssentiaI VocabuIary (I) and transIate the foIIowing:
1. > D> A< A$$( > +A ! $!J< + <. 2. .
+! + +! !? $!=!?. :. 3 A $ ;; + $<
J! D; <;. 9. +( + ; < 00 $.
u +A $!< K! <A!{ 0. L > +A >? ! > ( !?
+= . 2. > J!! D+ + $D!!. &.
A! ! G( A ( ( ! ? >D< K+(
+ <J !+<. d. G$A( > =( A
!= K+>( 8. [ $!< +( > $( >
>D < K. 10. =( $$! $?( $ ;; + (
+ $$<. 11. i D!;( !<>; +<! <
$! .!( ! ! ! <+!. 12( + $! $+C<. 1:. >
D> !< <J( K $! + !< J!!< J $ . 19. .
+ + $!+=C!+ A+( >J( A=. 10. /
; ! + < !' +;{ 12. 3!< ! A>
J!! !( $ ! _! $!( >+! D $<<(
> !D< !?. 1&. G $!J! ! $! K; $!. 1d. )
!!< + >; + ! $ <. 18. u $! D!{
% =C !? <# !? >; !< $ A+!!. 20. .! >!
A' ?J!+! <+!. G +A $!<( $+ !
$!!<. 21. /! !( ! $!$D; .
XIV. Compose 20 sentences about the text, using modaI verbs must, "an, may, ought, might
with the perfect infinitive:
wSrOQN: a" nTrcmN hTarrian XTNP ]ayO (nOyOr" rOar ]Or QOPPOrN (D ><( (" !".
b" nTrc VSTQr ]ayO bSTh]P NSXO SP]Or P]inhN fiP] ]Or hTarrianmN XSnOc (+A
> $!<...".
V" nTrcmN hTarrian Xih]P ]ayO NOOn nTrc NSXOf]OrO (( +D( ! ...".
r" oSnmP cST P]ink P]aP nTrcmN hTarrian STh]P PS ]ayO anNfOrOr ]Or QOPPOr (+
> !< $!<+".
XV. a) TransIate the text into Russian:
oOar oarrc jSnh'jOhN(
zST nOyOr anNfOr anc gTONPiSnN( cST nOyOr N]Sf P]O NQih]PONP inPOrONP in ancP]inh 4 rS. 4
]ayOnmP a rSTbP P]aP cST P]rSf Xc QOPPOrN inPS P]O faNPO'baNkOP fiP]STP rOarinh P]OX. |OrOatPOr
4 N]aQQ friPO SnQc abSTP fSrk.
wc rO'OUaXinaPiSnN in jaPin anr WOSXOPrc VaXO QaNP fOOk. 4 \aNNOr P]OX bSP] anr aX nSf
a 5S\]SXSrO.
4 VaXO T\ a tSrPnih]P ahS( NSrrc PS QOayO P]O tarX( bTP hQar PS NOO P]O VaX\TN ahain. 4P iN
\QOaNanP PS VSXO baVk PS NSXOP]inh taXiQiar( 4 aX bOhinninh PS tOOQ aP ]SXO in VSQQOhO.
4 aX bOhinninh V]OXiNPrc( a XSNP TnTNTaQ NPTrc. 4myO nOyOr NOOn ancP]inh QikO iP bOtSrO. 4 aX
aQNS Pakinh QShiV. AQNS ]iNPSrc St P]O f]SQO fSrQr. AQNS \QacN St xiQQiaX 5]akON\OarO. AQNS
qrOnV].
4 N]STQr raP]Or ]ayO OQOVPOr MVSnSXiVN P]an qrOnV]( bTP 4 rirnmP rarO( bOVaTNO 4 faN atrair
P]aP TnQONN 4 rO'OQOVPOr qrOnV]( P]O ^rStONNSr fSTQr nSP QOP XO \aNN % aN iP faN. 4 TNP XanahOr
PS NgTOOO P]rSTh] P]O nTnO OUaXinaPiSnN. 6TP 4 fiQQ Nac P]aP Xc ]ih]'NV]SSQ \rO\araPiSn faN
nSP yOrc hSSr.
Anr ]OrO iN nOfN tSr cST. 4 ]ayO bOhTn PS bO an aTP]Sr. A \SOX OnPiPQOr sqrSX Xc vSfOrs
a\\OarN in P]O qObrTarc swSnP]Qcs % Sn P]O tirNP \ahO( f]iV] iN a yOrc hrOaP ]SnSTr tSr a
qrON]Xan. wc MnhQiN] inNPrTVPSr NPS\\Or XO Sn Xc fac STP. St VSQQOhO QaNP nih]P( anr Nair iP
faN a V]arXinh \iOVO St fSrk OUVO\P tSr P]O NiUP] QinO( f]iV] ]ar PSS Xanc tOOP.
6TP NSXOPiXON a rrOartTQ tOar VSXON SyOr XO P]aP 4mX nSP a hOniTN.
zSTrN PrTQc( nTrc
(*ro+ soarrc jSnh'jOhNs 2y nOan xObNPOr"
b) Comment on the Ietter above. Point out in what it differs from Judy's earIier Ietters (see the
text). ExpIain the Iast Iine of this Ietter. Is Judy quite serious here?
d2
XVI. Speak about Judy. Describe her as fuIIy as you can. When pointing out this or that trait in
her character, give your reasons. (See the text of Unit Five and Ex. XV.).
XVII. Compose diaIogues and perform them in cIass:
1. between Judy and JuIia PendIeton about Judy's guardian;
2. between two of Judy's feIIow-students about Judy;
3. between Judy and the EngIish instructor.
XVIII. Write a composition in the form of a Ietter describing some of your (or your friend's)
experiences as a fresher. Use words and phrases from EssentiaI VocabuIary (I). See
aIso Judy's Ietter (Ex. XV).
XIX. Try your hand at teaching.
%. Say what you wouId do in the teacher's positions
pnVO( atPOr ]ayinh ]aNPiQc friPPOn an aNNihnXOnP Sn P]O bQaVkbSarr P]O POaV]Or QOtP P]O VQaNN
aQSnO tSr a tOf XinTPON. }\Sn ]Or rOPTrn N]O tSTnr NOyOraQ fSrrN Sn P]O bQaVkbSarr fOrO
VirVQOr fiP] VSQSTrOr V]aQk. AP P]O bSPPSX faN friPPOn( sRarOQONN friPinh( \QOaNO rS SyOr.s
2. Practise your "CIassroom EngIish".
a) Every teacher is faced with the probIem of keeping discipIine in the cIassroom, A teacher
shouId know how to do it to goad EngIish. Describe the teacher's reaction in the
foIIowing situation:
1" Ann iN nSP \acinh aPPOnPiSn.
2" vOr i& NPanrinh T\.
:" WOSrhO % cST Van NOO SnQc P]O baVk St ]iN ]Oar.
9" 5POyO % tinrN iP iX\SNNibQO PS bO NiQOnP tSr XSrO P]an a XinTPO aP a PiXO.
0" nOnnc % iN nSP QSSkinh aP P]O bQaVkbSarr.
2" ^OPOr % iN N\rafQOr STP aVrSNN ]iN rONk.
&" AQiNSn % iN riNPTrbinh P]O hirQ NiPPinh nOUP PS ]Or.
d" 6OP] % iN VS\cinh P]O anNfOr trSX NSXObSrc OQNO.
8" AQan anr ^aTQ % arO arhTinh abSTP NSXOP]inh.
10" Anrc % P]O NQSfONP anr rrOaXiONP bSc in P]O VQaNN.
b) PIay the part of a young teacher describing a Iesson in a very unruIy cIass to his/her feIIow
teachers. (See "CIassroom EngIish", Section VII.)
LABORATORY EXERCISES (I)
1. Listen to the text "A Freshman's Experience", mark the stresses and tunes, repeat
the text following the model.
2. Paraphrase the given sentences.
3. Extend the given sentences.
4. Write a spelling-translation test Check it with the key.
5. Translate the sentences into English. Check them with the key.
6. listen to the text 'Town and Gown" or some other text on the history of English
Education. Write the summary of the text. Comment on it in class.
TOPIC: EDUCATION
jibrariON tTQQ St bSSkN ]ayO bOOn friPPOn Sn P]O OrTVaPiSn NcNPOX in 6riPain( bTP rOVOnPQc iP
]aN bOOn V]anhinh VSnNirOrabQc.
RSX\TQNSrc OrTVaPiSn bOhinN aP 0( anr V]iQrrOn aPPOnr \riXarc NV]SSQ TnPiQ P]Oc arO 11.
7SrXaQQc P]O \riXarc NV]SSQ iN riyirOr inPS 4ntanPN (0%&" anr nTniSrN (&%11".
AP P]O ahO St 11 XSNP V]iQrrOn hS PS a VSX\rO]OnNiyO NV]SSQ f]OrO P]Oc NPac TnPiQ P]Oc arO
12. 4n P]O \aNP V]iQrrOn fOnP PS rittOrOnP Pc\ON St NOVSnrarc NV]SSQN( bTP in XSNP \arPN St P]O
VSTnPrc OyOrcbSrc nSf hSON PS a VSX\rO]OnNiyO.
5SXO \arOnPN( f]S rS nSP fanP P]Oir V]iQrrOn PS hS PS a VSX\rO]OnNiyO \ac PS NOnr P]OX PS
a \riyaPO NV]SSQ. v]O XSNP OU\OnNiyO anr \rONPihiSTN \riyaPO NV]SSQN arO aVPTaQQc VaQQOr \TbQiV
d:
NV]SSQN.
AP P]O ahO St 12 \OS\QO PakO P]Oir OUaXinaPiSnN. wSNP PakO WOnOraQ ROrPitiVaPO St MrTVaPiSn
(W./.M.". prrinarc jOyOQN % nSrXaQQc VaQQOr TNP mpm jOyOQN. ^OS\QO PakO mpm jOyOQN in aN Xanc
NTbOVPN aN P]Oc fanP PS# NSXO PakO SnO Sr PfS( SP]OrN PakO aN Xanc aN ninO Sr POn.
4t cST hOP hSSr mpm jOyOQ rONTQPN( cST Van NPac Sn aP NV]SSQ TnPiQ cST arO 1d( in P]O 5iUP]
qSrX. |OrO cST \rO\arO tSr AryanVOr jOyOQ MUaXN (mAm jOyOQN". Ahain( cST PakO aN Xanc St
P]ONO aN cST fanP PS( bTP XSNP \OS\QO PakO PfS Sr P]rOO.
4n VaNO cST \aNN cSTr OUaXN fOQQ cST ]ayO a V]anVO St hSinh Sn PS TniyOrNiPc P]STh] P]iN iN
nSP aTPSXaPiV. v]O nTXbOr St \OS\QO f]S NPTrc P]OrO iN NPriVPQc VSnPrSQQOr. pP]Or Pc\ON St
tTrP]Or OrTVaPiSn arO SttOrOr aP \SQcPOV]niVN anr VSQQOhON St ]ih]Or OrTVaPiSn. ^SQcPOV]niVN
SttOr P]O V]anVO PS NPTrc NTbOVPN in a XSrO \raVPiVaQ fac( anr Xanc VSQQOhON St ]ih]Or
OrTVaPiSn N\OViaQiO in POaV]Or Praininh.
99
(5OO: Nohn&on %" anr Jorrow %" A\\rSaV]ON. RaXbrirhO( 18&8"
TEXT A. HIGHER EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING IN GREAT BRITAIN
7SfaracN POaV]Or Praininh in WrOaP 6riPain iN rOaQiOr aP TniyOrNiPiON( \SQcPOV]niVN anr
VSQQOhON St ]ih]Or OrTVaPiSn.
90

5PTrOnPN fSrkinh tSr P]Oir tirNP rOhrOO aP TniyOrNiPc arO VaQQOr
TnrOrhrarTaPON. x]On P]Oc PakO P]Oir rOhrOO fO Nac P]aP P]Oc hrarTaPO anr P]On P]Oc arO VaQQOr
hrarTaPON. 4t P]Oc VSnPinTO NPTrcinh aP TniyOrNiPc atPOr P]Oc ]ayO hrarTaPOr( P]Oc arO VaQQOr
\SNP'hrarTaPON. 4n hOnOraQ( P]O tirNP rOhrOO St 6aV]OQSr iN hiyOn PS NPTrOnPN f]S \aNN
OUaXinaPiSnN aP P]O Onr St P]rOO Sr tSTr cOarN St NPTrc.
qTrP]Or NPTrc Sr rONOarV] iN rOgTirOr aP P]O XSrO'n TniyOrNiPiON tSr P]O tirNP \SNP'hrarTaPO
rOhrOO St waNPOr( anr aP aQQ 6riPiN] TniyOrNiPiON tSr P]aP St oSVPSr.
4n 6riPain tTQQ'PiXO TniyOrNiPc NPTrOnPN (NPTrOnPN f]S N\Onr aQQ P]Oir PiXO NPTrcinh anr ]ayO
nS SP]Or OX\QScXOnP"( ]ayO P]rOO POrXN St abSTP POn fOOkN in OaV] cOar.
92
}niyOrNiPc POaV]inh VSXbinON QOVPTrON hiyOn bc \rStONNSrN( rOarOrN Sr QOVPTrOrN(
9&
\raVPiVaQ
VQaNNON (in NViOnPitiV NTbOVPN" anr NXaQQ hrST\ POaV]inh in NOXinarN Sr PTPSriaQN.
v]O VSTrNO St NPTrc tSr inPOnrinh POaV]OrN iN baNOr T\Sn VSX\TQNSrc anr S\PiSnaQ NTbOVPN.
v]O ^rShraXXO TNTaQQc VSnNiNPN St P]rOO VSrO VSX\SnOnPN: 5V]SSQ'baNOr OU\OriOnVO(
5TbOVP NPTriON anr MrTVaPiSn NPTriON.
9d
v]OSrc St MrTVaPiSn iN SnO St P]O Xain NTbOVPN. AP P]O Onr St P]O tirNP Sr NOVSnr cOar
NPTrOnPN arO PS XakO P]Oir V]SiVO aN PS P]O ahO'ranhO St V]iQrrOn P]Oc fiN] PS \rO\arO PS POaV].
nTniSr NPTrOnPN hS inPS NV]SSQN tSr SnO rac OaV] fOOk( faPV]inh OU\OriOnVOr POaV]OrN aP
fSrk. v]Oc PakO \arP in P]O QitO St P]O NV]SSQ( ]OQ\ fiP] haXON( NSViOPiON Sr \Qac \rSrTVPiSnN.
99
pt P]O P]rOO TniyOrNiPiON arO VSnNirOrOr XSrO \rONPihiSTN anr bOnOtiViaQ. v]Oir hrarTaPON ]ayO bOPPOr V]anVON St hOPPinh a Sb.
^SQcPOV]niVN arO TNTaQQc tSrXOr Sn P]O baNiN St arP VSQQOhON anr VSQQOhON St POV]nSQShc. v]Oc VSXbinO NViOnVO anr POV]nSQShc( P]O arPN(
NSViaQ NPTriON XanahOXOnP anr bTNinONN NPTriON( Qaf anr SP]Or NTbOVPN.
90
qrSX 1NP AThTNP 18&0 P]O NcNPOX St POaV]Or Praininh in MnhQanr iN bOinh rOSrhaniOr. AQQ ]ih]Or anr tTrP]Or OrTVaPiSn STPNirO P]O
TniyOrNiPiON inVQTrinh POaV]Or Praininh iN bOinh aNNiXiQaPOr inPS a VSXXSn NcNPOX. A nTXbOr St P]O OUiNPinh VSQQOhON St OrTVaPiSn arO PS
bO XOrhOr OiP]Or fiP] OaV] SP]Or Sr fiP] SP]Or inNPiPTPiSnN St tTrP]Or OrTVaPiSn (\SQcPOV]niVN anr SP]OrN".
92
pP]Or NPTrOnPN f]S fSrk rTrinh P]O rac anr NPTrc in P]O OyOninh arO \arP'PiXO NPTrOnPN.
9&
reader a TniyOrNiPc POaV]Or St a rank iXXOriaPOQc bOQSf a \rStONNSr(
lecturer: a \OrNSn QSfOr in rank P]an a rOarOr f]S hiyON QOVPTrON( ON\OViaQQc aP a VSQQOhO Sr TniyOrNiPc.
9d
6c 5V]SSQ'baNOr OU\OriOnVO POaV]inh \raVPiVO iN XOanP (bSP] sSbNOryaPiSn \OriSrs tSr TniSr NPTrOnPN anr bQSVk'POaV]inh \raVPiVO
tSr NOniSr NPTrOnPN".
6c 5TbOVP NPTriON a brSar ranhO St NTbOVPN iN XOanP St f]iV] a NPTrOnP iN PS V]SSNO PfS VSrON (P]O Xain NTbOVPN".
MrTVaPiSn NPTriON XOanN ONNOnPiaQ knSfQOrhO St V]iQrrOn( P]O VTrriVTQTX( P]O SrhaniaPiSn St NV]SSQN anr VQaNNON.
d9
5OniSr NPTrOnPN N\Onr titPOOn fOOkN Sn POaV]inh \raVPiVO. v]Oc QOarn P]O TNO St rittOrOnP
OrTVaPiSnaQ airN( aTriS'yiNTaQ taViQiPiON( SbNOryO QONNSnN anr PakO an aVPiyO \arP in riNVTNNinh
P]OX fiP] a NT\OryiNSr (PTPSr" Sn NV]SSQ \raVPiVO.
MUaXinaPiSnN arO ]OQr aP P]O Onr St OaV] POrX. qinaQ OUaXinaPiSnN (Sr tinaQN" arO PakOn aP P]O
Onr St P]O VSTrNO.
(5OO: vibbiPN M. j. MUOrViNON in Oarinh RSX\rO]OnNiSn. jSnhXan( 18&9"
TEXT B. DIALOGUE
A n n : |TQQS( 5POyO. |ayO cST hSP a XinTPO{
5 P O y O : 5TrO( cON. x]aP Van 4 rS tSr cST{
A.: 4myO rOar a nTXbOr St bSSkN Sn P]O 6riPiN] NcNPOX St ]ih]Or OrTVaPiSn bTP 4 VanmP XakO
]Oar Sr PaiQ St iP.
5.: wX... nS fSnrOr. x]aPmN P]O \rSbQOX{
A.: TiPO a QSP St \rSbQOXN. x]aP 4 fanP PS riNVTNN iN P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn a TniyOrNiPc
anr a VSQQOhO.
5.: 4PmN QikO P]iN( cST NOO... v]O \rShraXXO iN rittOrOnP. AP a TniyOrNiPc iP iN XTV] firOr.
WrOaP aPPOnPiSn iN \air PS NViOnPitiV NTbOVPN.
A: 4P NSTnrN aN P]STh] XSNP \OS\QO \rOtOr a TniyOrNiPc.
5.: xOQQ... P]aP raP]Or rO\OnrN.
A.: 5\Oakinh abSTP TniyOrNiPiON 4mX nSP gTiPO VQOar abSTP PTPSriaQN P]OrO. x]aP iN a PTPSriaQ
d0
OUaVPQc{
5.: p]( iPmN f]On NPTrOnPN riNVTNN PS\iVN fiP] a PTPSr in yOrc NXaQQ hrST\N % TNTaQQc P]OrO
arO nSP XSrO P]an P]rOO Sr tSTr NPTrOnPN anr NSXOPiXON SnQc SnO.
A.: 4 NOO... Anr VSXinh baVk PS VSQQOhON... 4mX NPiQQ nSP POrribQc NTrO f]aP a rONirOnPiaQ
VSQQOhO iN.
5.: MrX... 4PmN a VSQQOhO fiP] a ]aQQ St rONirOnVO
98
Sn P]O NaXO hrSTnrN aN P]O \rinVi\aQ
bTiQrinh. 4n taVP aQQ P]O NPTrOnPN QiyO in ]aQQ.
A: OaQQc{ anr f]aP abSTP P]O POaV]inh NPatt{
5.: AVPTaQQc P]O XaSriPc St P]O POaV]inh NPatt QiyO P]OrO PSS. 6TP P]OrO arO aQNS gTiPO a QSP St
nSn'rONirOnPiaQ VSQQOhON.
A: Anr cST NPTriOr aP TniyOrNiPc{
5.: zON...
A.: 4mr QikO PS tinr XcNOQt in P]aP TniyOrNiPc. x]aP faN iP QikO{
5.: xOQQ... a bih hrOc bTiQrinh NTrrSTnrOr bc PrOON.
A: 6OaTPitTQ{
5.: 7SP]inh yOrc rOXarkabQO. pt VSTrNO P]OrO fOrO QOVPTrO ]aQQN( VQaNNrSSXN anr a nTXbOr
St QabSraPSriON.
A: Anc taViQiPiON tSr N\SrP anr ^.M.
00
5.: jOP XO NOO... zON... A hcXnaNiTX fiP] V]anhinh rSSXN anr N]SfOrN( a POnniN VSTrP...
x]aP OQNO... A \Qacinh tiOQr tSr nOPbaQQ anr tSSPbaQQ...
A.: 4 bOQiOyO NPTrOnPN N\Onr a QSP St PiXO PShOP]Or( rSnmP P]Oc{
5.: oOtiniPOQc. xO ]ar NPTrOnPNm NSViOPiON anr VQTbN.
A.: AX 4 rih]P PS bOQiOyO P]aP P]Oc arO tSr P]SNO inPOrONPOr in rraXa anr XTNiV{
5.: TiPO... anr aQNS \SQiPiVN( XSrOrn QanhTahON( QiPOraPTrO( NViOnVO anr aP]QOPiVN.
A: A]... P]aPmN fSrP] knSfinh.
5.: Anr f]aP 4mr QikO PS arr iN P]aP NPTrOnPN P]OXNOQyON SrhaniO aQQ P]SNO VQTbN anr
NSViOPiON. v]OrO iN TNTaQQc a 5PTrOnPNm RSTnViQ Sr }niSn.
A.: xOQQ 5POyO. v]ankN yOrc XTV]. zSTmyO bOOn XSNP ]OQ\tTQ.
TEXT C. HOW TO GET A DEGREE
n.: xOQQ( ArnSQr( 4 rOXOXbOr cST Nair SnVO cST fOrO a 6. A. ^Or]a\N cST VSTQr POQQ XO ]Sf
gTiVkQc cST hSP P]SNO QOPPOrN atPOr cSTr naXO{
A.: AP TniyOrNiPc 4 NPTriOr ]iNPSrc. 4P faN a :'cOar VSTrNO. Anr atPOr P]aP 4 hSP a 6. A rOhrOO.
n.: 6.A. NPanrN tSr 6aV]OQSr St ArPN rOhrOO( rSONnmP iP{
A.: zON( f]iV] rOXinrN XO St Xc nOih]bSTr f]SNO NSn ]ar TNP hSP ]iN 6. A. A triOnr aNkOr
yOrc NOriSTNQc: s4 NT\\SNO cSTr NSn fiQQ Prc PS hOP an w. A. Sr ^]. o.s
01
nOUP PS f]iV] Xc
nOih]bSTr anNfOrOr: s7SP aP aQQ( nSf ]O iN Prcinh PS hOP a n'p'6.s
A: A]... ]O XOanP a Sbe v]aPmN a hSSr SkOe (5OO: MnhQiN] 80:( 6SSk 2. jnr.(
18&d"
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (II)
Words and Word Combinations
A. OrTVaPiSn NcNPOX NViOnPitiV NTbOVPN
VSX\TQNSrc OrTVaPiSn an inPOnrinh POaV]Or
\riXarc NV]SSQ S\PiSnaQ
NOVSnrarc NV]SSQ VSrO VSX\SnOnP (VSrO"
VSX\rO]OnNiyO NV]SSQ NV]SSQ (POaV]inh" \raVPiVO
\TbQiV NV]SSQ 5V]SSQ'baNOr OU\OriOnVO
tTrP]Or OrTVaPiSn 5TbOVP NPTriON
\SQcPOV]niV MrTVaPiSn NPTriON
VSQQOhO St ]ih]Or OrTVaPiSn (v]OSrc St" MrTVaPiSn
98
baQQ St rONirOnVO: a XSrO XSrOrn POrX P]an ho&te9, TNOr SnQc St NPTrOnP ]SNPOQN (P]O abbrOyiaPOr tSrX ha99, fiP] nS arPiVQO( iN firOQc
TNOr bc NPTrOnPN in OyOrcrac NiPTaPiSnN". _o&te9 iN a XSrO hOnOraQ fSrr (a nTrNONm ]SNPOQ( a taVPSrc ]SNPOQ( acSTP] ]SNPOQ( OPV.".
00
^. M ^]cNiVaQ MrTVaPiSn.
01
^]." \": oSVPSr St ^]iQSNS\]c (PiPQO hiyOn PS VSX\QOPiSn St anc rONOarV]( nS XaPPOr f]iV] NTbOVP cST NPTrc"
d2
PS N\OViaQiO in Xain NTbOVP
POaV]Or Praininh ahO'ranhO
rOhrOO TniSr NPTrOnPN
TnrOrhrarTaPO NOniSr NPTrOnPN
hrarTaPO \Qac \rSrTVPiSn
\SNP'hrarTaPO OrTVaPiSnaQ airN
tTQQ'PiXO NPTrOnP aTriS'yiNTaQ taViQiPiON
\arP'PiXO NPTrOnP yiNTaQ airN
rOarOr PS SbNOryO a QONNSn
QOVPTrOr NT\OryiNSr (PTPSr"
\raVPiVaQ VQaNNON PS ]SQr OUaXinaPiSnN
tinaQ OUaXinaPiSnN (tinaQN"
B. PTPSriaQ V]anhinh rSSX
rONirOnPiaQ VSQQOhO NPTrOnPNm NSViOPc
nSn'rONirOnPiaQ VSQQOhO 5PTrOnPNm RSTnViQ (}niSn"
]aQQ St rONirOnVO /. 6.A.( 6.Mr.( 6.5V( 6.5.M.(
PS QiyO in ]aQQ 6.5.w. rOhrOO (6aV]OQSr St
\rinVi\aQ bTiQrinh (P]O ArPN( MrTVaPiSn( 5ViOnVO(
5OnaPO" MnhinOOrinh( wOriVinO OPV."
POaV]inh NPatt w.A.( w.Mr (waNPOr St
^]cNiVaQ MrTVaPiSn (^.M." ArPN( MrTVaPiSn( OPV."
hcXnaNiTX (hcX" ^]o. (oSVPSr St ^]iQSNS\]c"
EXERCISES
I. Study Text A and write EngIish equivaIents of the foIIowing words and phrases. Transcribe
them:
$AA! ! (! !;"( $!?!!; !!(
D >JA !( $<( >$!( $!( ( <;J
!( !< ( +A!( A !(
A !( (2 fSrrN"( $!! !( C!; !<( ><
>+ +'n.( <>;( I<!>;( $! J( !!
A $+( +$ $+ $AA!A ,!( $AA!(
$I!!=C !,!$!( A$$( > +J!? ( $
$<>( > J!? ( > $!( !'!<> (
$C< !( !< $ $$! (2 fSrrN"( $!< K+>(
>$> K+>.
II. Write 15 questions on Text A, using new words and expressions in each question. Ask your
comrades to repIy them. Summarize what you have Iearned about the British system of
higher education.
III. Study Texts and and write EngIish equivaIents of the foIIowing words and phrases:
!+ >JA !( $!! !( D CD!!+(
D CD!!( CD!! ("( !! D
(!!"( D!< CD!!! ( ?"( $AA!!; ( ,!>;
( A!+!!; ( ( C( !; (
A+!>? ( +A! A+!>? ( I!I!? .
IV. Ask your feIIow-students:
1. AbSTP P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn a TniyOrNiPc( \SQcPOV]niV anr VSQQOhO St ]ih]Or OrTVaPiSn. 2.
x]c iP iN \rOtOrabQO PS NPTrc aP TniyOrNiPc. :. x]aP NTbOVPN P]O ^rShraXXO St a TniyOrNiPc iN
baNOr T\Sn. 9. x]aP cST knSf abSTP PTPSriaQN. 0. AbSTP P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn a rONirOnPiaQ
anr a nSn'rONirOnPiaQ VSQQOhO (TniyOrNiPc". 2. x]S QiyON in ]aQQ. &. x]aP rSSXN Van bO tSTnr in
a TniyOrNiPc bTiQrinh. d. x]aP N\SrP taViQiPiON P]OrO arO aP a TniyOrNiPc. 8. x]aP VQTbN anr
NSViOPiON arO \S\TQar in 6riPiN] VSQQOhON anr TniyOrNiPiON. 10. x]S rTnN P]SNO VQTbN anr
NSViOPiON. 11. x]aP a 6. A. iN. 12. |Sf gTiVkQc SnO Van hOP P]SNO QOPPOrN bOtSrO ]iN naXO. 1:.
d&
x]aP a w. A. iN. 19. x]iV] rOhrOO iN ]ih]Or: w. A. Sr ^]. o.{ 10. 4t iP iN OaNc tSr a 6aV]OQSr St
ArPN PS tinr a Sb.
V. ReteII Text in indirect speech using new words and word combinations.
VI. FiII in prepositions. Ask the others to give their responses to the given sentences so as to
make up micro-diaIogues:
1.... WrOaP 6riPain P]O VSTrNO... NPTrc... inPOnrinh POaV]OrN iN baNOr ... VSX\TQNSrc anr
S\PiSnaQ NTbOVPN. 2. v]O ^rShraXXO TNTaQQc VSnNiNPN ... P]rOO VSrO VSX\SnOnPN. oS cST
rOXOXbOr f]aP P]Oc arO{ :. ArO cST hSinh PS N\OViaQiO ... MrTVaPiSn{ 9. 4P iN iX\SrPanP... a
NPTrOnP PS QOarn P]O TNO ... rittOrOnP yiNTaQ airN ... ]iN bQSVk'POaV]inh \raVPiVO. 0. wc NV]SSQ
\raVPiVO bOhan f]On 4 faN ... P]O tirNP cOar. 2.... STr rO\arPXOnP OUaXinaPiSnN arO ]OQr ... P]O
Onr ... OaV] POrX# ... OaV] OUaXinaPiSn NPTrOnPN arO hiyOn NOyOraQ racN f]iV] P]Oc N\Onr ...
rOyiNinh P]O XaPOriaQ. &. v]O MnhQiN] VQTb SrhaniOr ... P]O NPTrOnPN iN VSnVOrnOr ..( OUPra'
VTrriVTQar aVPiyiPiON. d. oS cST OnSc cSTr QOVPTrON ... v]OSrc ... MrTVaPiSn{ ArO P]Oc
NT\\QOXOnPOr... NOXinarN{
VII. a) ReteII Text in indirect speech; b) act it out.
VIII. Speak about the EngIish Department at your University (use EssentiaI VocabuIary on the
topic).
IX. Make up diaIogues, using EssentiaI VocabuIary on the topic Suggested situations:
A. A TNNian NPTrOnP anr an MnhQiN] NPTrOnP arO OUV]anhinh intSrXaPiSn Sn NcNPOXN St
]ih]Or OrTVaPiSn in P]Oir VSTnPriON.
6. vfS NPTrOnPN St P]O MnhQiN] rO\arPXOnP arO riNVTNNinh P]Oir VSQQOhO QitO. pnO St P]OX iN
OnP]TNiaNPiV abSTP OyOrcP]inh( P]O SP]Or iN a riNNaPiNtiOr hrTXbQOr anr tinrN taTQP fiP] OyOrc
QiPPQO P]inh.
R. A NPTrOnP St P]O MnhQiN] rO\arPXOnP iN N\Oakinh abSTP P]O \rShraXXO anr P]O VSTrNO St
NPTrc fiP] a triOnr St ]iN (]OrN".
o. A NPriVP taP]Or (XSP]Or" iN rOXanrinh an OU\QanaPiSn trSX a NSn (raTh]POr" atPOr a taiQTrO
in a VSQQOhO OUaX. v]O NSn iN hiyinh aQQ kinrN St QaXO OUVTNON N\Oakinh abSTP sSyOrVrSfrOr
NcQQabTNs( inTNPiVO St \rStONNSrN anr bar QTVk in hOnOraQ.
X. a) Bead and transIate into Russian:
Oxford
5S P]iN iN pUtSrr. AN NSSn aN fO OXOrhO inPS P]O VQOan( brSar NPrOOPN( P]OrO arO NihnN OnSTh]
P]aP P]iN iN P]O anViOnP NOaP St MnhQiN] QOarninh. WSfnN anr XSrPar bSarrN.
02
zSTnh
TnrOrhrarTaPON in QSSNO bQaVk P]ih]'QOnhP] hSfnN. A hrarTaPOmN hSfn iN hOnOraQQc St knOO
QOnhP] anr tSr VOrOXSniaQ SVVaNiSnN aP QOaNP( ]aN a ]SSr QinOr in NiQk St P]O VSQSTr \rONVribOr
bc P]O fOarOrmN taVTQPc.
pUtSrrmN Xain raiQfac NPaPiSn iN NSXO ]aQt a XiQO PS P]O fONP St P]O arOa in f]iV] arO
VQTNPOrOr XSNP St P]O VSQQOhON: TOOnmN RSQQOhO anr }niyOrNiPc RSQQOhO( wahraQOn RSQQOhO anr
gTiPO a nTXbOr St SP]OrN.
AQQ P]ONO PShOP]Or XakO T\ P]O }niyOrNiPc St pUtSrr.
v]O VOnPraQ }niyOrNiPc( in hOnOraQ( arranhON QOVPTrON tSr P]O f]SQO bSrc St NPTrOnPN in a
\arPiVTQar NTbOVP anr ]SQrN OUaXinaPiSnN anr hranPN rOhrOON# an inriyirTaQ VSQQOhO \rSyirON
tSr rONirOnVO anr PTPSriaQN. WrOaP OX\]aNiN iN Qair aP pUtSrr anr RaXbrirhO Sn f]aP arO VaQQOr
sPTPSriaQNs( in f]iV] a oSn
0:
hiyON \OrNSnaQ inNPrTVPiSn in ]iN NPTrc aP QOaNP SnVO a fOOk PS
NPTrOnPN nTXbOrinh nSP XSrO P]an tSTr aP a NiPPinh.
qSr a QSyOr St SQr arV]iPOVPTrO( pUtSrr ]aN XTV] PS SttOr. wanc St P]O VSQQOhON \rONOnP a
QSyOQc \iVPTrO St anViOnP \OarQ'hrOc faQQN( nSbQO PSfOrN( \iVPTrONgTO hSP]iV arV]facN. AQQ ]ayO
hraNN QafnN St yOQyOP NXSSP]nONN f]iV] XTNP bO NOOn PS bO bOQiOyOr( anr Xanc ]ayO( in
02
mortar board: a tQaP'PS\\Or NPTrOnPmN Va\
0:
Don: a VSQQOhO PTPSr f]S rirOVPN P]O NPTriON St TnrOrhrarTaPON
dd
NTXXOr( XSNP XahnitiVOnP riN\QacN St tQSfOrN.
(0fter sv]O 6riPiN] 5VOnOs 2y WOSrhO 6irfOQQ"
b) Argue the pros and cons of: 1. TutoriaI system. 2. Students' uniform. 3. ResidentiaI coIIeges.
XI. Describe the pictures on p. 183:
XII. Try your hand at teaching:
A. Preparation. WOP rOarc tSr a PaQk Sn SnO St P]O tSQQSfinh PS\iVN:
1. |ih]Or OrTVaPiSn in TNNia.
2. |ih]Or OrTVaPiSn in WrOaP 6riPain.
:. pUtSrr }niyOrNiPc.
9. RaXbrirhO }niyOrNiPc.
0. vOaV]Or Praininh in WrOaP 6riPain anr in TNNia.
B. Work in Class. jiNPOn PS P]O NPTrOnPNm PaQk anr Nac a tOf fSrrN abSTP P]O VSnNPrTVPiSn St
OaV] PaQk: iPN bOhinninh( rOyOQS\XOnP( VSnVQTNiSn( anr P]O hOnOraQ baQanVO St P]ONO \arPN.
5\Oak Sn f]aP cST P]ink Xac NTr\riNO a TNNian NPTrOnP aP an MnhQiN] }niyOrNiPc (pUtSrr(
RaXbrirhO": a" \rShraXXO( b" POaV]inh XOP]SrN( V" NPTrOnPNm OUPra'VTrriVTQar aVPiyiPiON.
^rSX\PN: 4 P]ink (NT\\SNO( hTONN( bOQiOyO( rarO Nac"...# xOQQ( Xc S\iniSn iN P]aP...# wc yiOf
iN P]aP...# vrTO( bTP...# zST Xac bO rih]P... bTP aQQ P]O NaXO...# 4 fSTQrnmP Nac P]aP# 6TP Sn P]O
SP]Or ]anr.
XIII. Read the text. Comment on its content:
Students in Tents
v]rOO NXaQQ POnPN % PfS bQTO anr SnO k]aki % arO \iPV]Or aXSnh PrOON Sn a ]iQQ abSyO
5TNNOU }niyOrNiPc VaX\TN. v]iN fOOkOnr P]Oc arO m]SXOm PS P]rOO NPTrOnPN f]S VannSP tinr a
bOr in P]O nOih]bSTrinh PSfn St 6rih]PSn.
v]Oc arO an a\P NcXbSQ St an aVVSXXSraPiSn VriNiN P]aP iN attOVPinh P]STNanrN St NPTrOnPN
P]rSTh]STP P]O VSTnPrc. vSnih]P d0 SP]Or 5TNNOU NPTrOnPN fiQQ bOr rSfn Sn XaPPrONNON Sn P]O
tQSSr St P]O TniyOrNiPc NOnaPO V]aXbOr. 4P fiQQ bO P]O NiUP] % anr \rSbabQc tinaQ % nih]P St
am\rSPONP SVVT\aPiSne
4n OyOrc XaSr ViPc P]OrO arO NPTrOnPN Sn VaX\ bOrN in nSSkN anr VranniON anr SP]OrN
mVraN]inhm Sn P]O tQSSrN St triOnrNm tQaPN.
v]O 7aPiSnaQ }niSn St 5PTrOnPN rONVribON iP aN P]O fSrNP OyOr NPTrOnP aVVSXXSraPiSn VriNiNe
v]O inriVaPiSnN arO P]aP iP iN a tSrOPaNPO St a XaNNiyO \rSbQOX.
}nQONN NSXOP]inh rariVaQ iN rSnO( P]O VSnVO\P St a NPTrOnP ]ayinh P]O rih]P PS hS afac PS
TniyOrNiPc Xac NSSn bO rOar. (5OO: ;tofi C", Creed ;" /"
MnhQiN] in winr. jnr.( 18d2"
XIV. Speak on:
1. zSTr inPOnPiSnN aN PS cSTr POaV]inh VarOOr.
2. x]aP cST arO hSinh PS rS PS bOVSXO a ]ih]Qc'gTaQitiOr N\OViaQiNP.
XV. RoIe-pIaying.
Work in two groups, one pIaying the university Iecturers, the other presenting students. Both
groups are discussing one and the same exam. Compare their versions and make your
concIusion as to the difference in approach:
MUaX: MnhQiN] jiPOraPTrO.
ONTQPN: oayO SbOrPNSn % 5aP R]arQON |S\O % ^SSr
oTnVan |SQXON % WSSr oSrSP]c 6airr % @Orc WSSr
nOnnc iV]arrN % WSSr
XVI. Compose a short story to which the pictures on pp. 187-189 might serve as an iIIustration.
Use prompt words and phrases Iisted betow:
\]cNiViNP# P]OSrc St rOQaPiyiPc# PrOarinh Sn air# tTQQ St NfOOP rOXiniNVOnVON#
VaNP a hQanVO# a NTrrOn N]SVk# VSXO PS rOaQiO# a hTiQPc VSnNViOnVO#
tirNP PraVON St taPihTO# PirOr'STP#
d8
fiP] a fOP PSfOQ rSTnr ]iN ]Oar# in trTNPraPiSn# a raOr QSSk# a PTb St faPOr# NVaPPOrOr aQQ
SyOr# \OO\inh inNirO# \TQOr#
NPranhO yiNiSnN# fOQVSXO V]OOrtTQQc# arX'in'arX# a VanO#
in a trOnc St OnP]TNiaNX# QOaninh Sn# QTnaPiV aNcQTX.
XVII. FiIm "Mr. Brown's HoIiday". FiIm segment 5 "Is it Good to be a Student?" (Chrichester). a)
Watch and Iisten, b) Do the exercises from the guide to the fiIm.
80
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH
V
A kinr St friPinh POV]nigTO P]aP ]OQ\N PS aV]iOyO hSSr rONTQPN iN NTXXariinh P]O VSnPOnPN
St friPPOn fSrkN.
5TXXarc iN a rO\rONOnPaPiSn St P]O VSnPOnPN St VSX\QOPO fSrkN in briOt. 4P iN OU\OVPOr PS bO
abSTP a NiUP] Sr a POnP] St P]O SrihinaQ in QOnhP]. 4P iN OaNiOr PS XakO a NTXXarc St NPSriON(
nSyOQN anr \QacN f]iV] ]ayO a \QSP.
^QSP iN a NcNPOXaPiV arranhOXOnP St OyOnPN bc XOanN St f]iV] P]O friPOr bTiQrN T\ a
XOaninhtTQ NiPTaPiSn anr N]SfN P]O V]araVPOrN. }NTaQQc a \QSP VSnNiNPN St a hSSr bOhinninh( a
XirrQO( anr an Onr.
4n SrrOr PS XakO a hSSr VQOar NTXXarc St a NPSrc cST ]ayO PS hS P]rSTh] P]O tSQQSfinh
NPahON:
1. Oar P]O NPSrc VarOtTQQc NS aN PS TnrOrNPanr iPN \QSP.
2. wakO a QiNP St aQQ P]O \SinPN cST tinr iX\SrPanP. v]ONO nSPON N]STQr bO yOrc briOt( yOrc
XTV] QikO P]O PS\iV \Qan (NOO P]O NaX\QO in }niP qSTr".
:. }Ninh P]O QiNP St \SinPN( friPO a rSTh] rratP St P]O NTXXarc. zST Xac \ara\]raNO anr
XSritc PS\iV NOnPOnVON. v]iN fiQQ ]OQ\ cST PS rO\rSrTVO P]O VSnPOnPN St P]O NPSrc in cSTr Sfn
fSrrN.
9. AtPOr ]ayinh friPPOn a rSTh] rratP N]SrPOn iP anr friPO a 'tair VS\c St cSTr NTXXarc.
Note: vakO VarO nSP PS V]anhO P]O XOaninh St P]O SrihinaQ Sr arr PS iP. zSTr NTXXarc Xac tSQQSf P]O STPQinO
St P]O NPSrc in briOt.
|OrO iN a NaX\QO NTXXarc St sA oacmN xaiPs (NOO }niP vfS".
A bSc St ninO tOQQ iQQ. |O faN rTnninh a ]ih] POX\OraPTrO (102q". v]O rSVPSr riahnSNOr P]O
iQQnONN aN tQT. |O Nair P]OrO faN nSP]inh PS fSrrc abSTP it P]O tOyOr rir nSP hS abSyO SnO
]TnrrOr anr tSTr rOhrOON. v]O bSc Qac NPiQQ in P]O bOr. |O NOOXOr rOPaV]Or anr faN QSSkinh
yOrc NPranhOQc aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr. x]On P]O taP]Or PSSk ]iN POX\OraPTrO ahain P]O bSc aNkOr
]iX abSTP P]O PiXO ]O faN hSinh PS riO. |O arhTOr fiP] ]iN taP]Or abSTP P]O POX\OraPTrO
bOVaTNO f]On bOinh aP NV]SSQ in qranVO ]O QOarnOr trSX P]O bScN P]aP cST VanmP QiyO fiP] P]O
POX\OraPTrO St tSrPc'tSTr rOhrOON. v]O taP]Or rOaNNTrOr ]iX OU\Qaininh P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn
P]O qa]rOn]OiP anr ROnPihrarO P]OrXSXOPOrN. v]O bSc rOQaUOr atPOr sa racmN faiPs( P]STh] P]O
nOUP rac ]O faN NPiQQ NTttOrinh trSX a nOrySTN brOakrSfn.
Assignments:
1. xriPO a NTXXarc St P]O NPSrc s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs. (5OO }niP qSTr."
2. vrc PS XakO a NTXXarc St nTrcmN QOPPOrN. (oSnmP tSrhOP PS XakO a QiNP St P]O XSNP
iX\SrPanP \SinPN bOtSrO friPinh a rSTh] rratP."
:. xriPO a NTXXarc St P]O riaQShTO bOPfOOn Ann anr 5POyO. (5OO vOUP 6." v]ink St P]O bONP
PS\iV NOnPOnVON inPrSrTVinh Sr/anr VSX\QOPinh cSTr NTXXarc.
LABORATORY EXERCISES (II)
1. jiNPOn PS vOUPN A anr 6( Xark P]O NPrONNON anr PTnON. O\OaP P]OX tSQQSfinh P]O XSrOQ
2. jiNPOn PS vOUP / wark P]O NPrONNON anr PTnON. O\OaP iP tSQQSfinh P]O XSrOQ.
:. xriPO a N\OQQinh'PranNQaPiSn PONP. R]OVk iP fiP] P]O kOc.
9. xriPO a riVPaPiSn. R]OVk cSTr N\OQQinh fiP] a riVPiSnarc.
0. vranNQaPO P]O NOnPOnVON anr V]OVk cSTr PranNQaPiSn fiP] P]O kOc (friPPOn fSrk".
2. QiNPOn PS P]O POUP sRaXbrirhOmm Sr NSXO SP]Or POUP Sn P]O PS\iV sMrTVaPiSns. xriPO P5
gTONPiSnN PS P]O POUP WOP rOarc PS riNVTNN iP in VQaNN.
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS
I. Test your "I. Q."
09
and compare it to 1udy's "abyss of ignorance". Say what you
know about:
1. waTriVO waOPOrQinVk.
2. wiV]OQOanhOQS.
:. soayir RS\\OrtiOQrs anr P]O aTP]Sr St P]O bSSk.
9. s4yan]SOs anr P]O aTP]Sr St P]O bSSk.
09
I.Q. 4nPOQQihOnVO TSPiOnP % a nTXbOr inriVaPinh P]O QOyOQ St a \OrNSnmN XOnPaQ rOyOQS\XOnP SbPainOr bc XTQPi\Qcinh ]iN XOnPaQ
ahO bc 100( anr riyirinh P]O rONTQP bc ]iN V]rSnSQShiVaQ ahO( P]O QaPPOr hOnOraQQc VSP OUVOOrinh 12.
81
0. snanO McrOs anr P]O aTP]Sr St P]O bSSk.
2. sSbinNSn RrTNSOs anr P]O aTP]Sr St P]O bSSk.
&. sAQiVO in xSnrOrQanrs.
d. |Onrc P]O Mih]P].
8. 5]OQQOc.
10. WOSrhO MQiSP.
11. wSna jiNa.
12. 5]OrQSVk |SQXON.
II. Give the names of humorists: a) you appreciate most of all; b) of British or
American origin; c) of world reputation.
UNIT SIX
I SPEECH PATTERNS
1. 4 needn?t have hurried"
Cf" zST nOOrnmP hS P]OrO PSXSrrSf. % zST nOOrnmP ]ayO hSnO P]OrO cONPOrrac.
4 nOOrnmP POQQ ]iX P]aP# ]O knSfN iP. % 4 nOOrnmP ]ayO PSQr ]iX P]aP# ]O knOf iP aQrOarc.
v]O POaV]Or nOOrnmP OU\Qain NTV] NiX\QO P]inhN# P]O \T\iQN knSf P]OX. % v]O POaV]Or
nOOrnmP ]ayO OU\QainOr NTV] NiX\QO P]inhN# P]O \T\iQN knOf P]OX.
zST nOOrnmP aNk P]iN gTONPiSn. % zST nOOrnmP ]ayO aNkOr P]iN gTONPiSn.
2. |Omr bOOn PaQkinh +ore than u&ua9"
zSTmyO VSXO QaPOr P]an TNTaQ.
pTr ]SXOfSrk PSrac iN QSnhOr P]an TNTaQ.
zONPOrrac P]iN aVPrONN \QacOr bOPPOr P]an TNTaQ.
vSXSrrSf 4 aX PS hOP T\ OarQiOr P]an TNTaQ.
3. |O QSSkOr aP XO fiP] tho&e kinr bQTO eye& of hi&"
4 knOf PSS fOQQ P]aP V]arXinh NXiQO St ]OrN.
zST nOOrnmP rO\OaP PS XO P]SNO QiON St cSTrN.
4 rOaQQc rSnmP knSf f]aP PS rS fiP] P]iN naTh]Pc V]iQr St XinO.
4 rSnmP QikO P]aP N]ar\ ySiVO St cSTr triOnrmN.
x]S Nair P]aP{ pt VSTrNO( P]aP rOar ]TNbanr St warcmN.
EXERCISES
I. Paraphrase the foIIowing sentences, using Patten 1:
^ a P P O r n 1 : 1. x]c rir cST anNfOr P]iN gTONPiSn{ 4P faN nSP XOanP tSr cST. 2. |O
N\SkO PSS QSnh( iP bSrOr OyOrcbSrc \rONOnP. :. v]OrO faN nS rOaNSn f]c N]O N]STQr hOP NS
OUViPOr SyOr a QiPPQO P]inh QikO P]aP. 9. xaN iP nOVONNarc PS bSP]Or NTV] a bTNc Xan fiP] P]iN
TniX\SrPanP gTONPiSn{ 0. x]c ]ayO cST VSXO PS XOOP XO{ v]OrO faN nS nOOr tSr cST PS
bSP]Or.
II. CompIete the foIIowing sentences, using the patterns:
^ a P P O r n 2 : 1. vSrac N]O ]aN bOOn anNfOrinh ]Or PaNk OyOn bOPPOr ... . 2. ArO cST iQQ{
zST arO QSSkinh ... . :. v]O fac PS ]iN SttiVO NOOXOr PS ]iX Sn P]aP rac ... . 9. |O faN in QSyO(
anr P]O NTn NOOXOr PS N]inO .... 0.... OarQiOr P]an TNTaQ. 2. v]O NST\ PaNPON OyOn .... &.... QaPOr P]an
TNTaQ.
^ a P P O r n : : 1. 5]O arrrONNOr TN anhriQc in P]aP ]arN] ... . 2. oir cST ]a\\On PS NOO
P]aP V]arXinh ... { :. 4 rirnmP fanP PS VSXO T\ PS cST( bOVaTNO cST fOrO NS bTNc N\Oakinh PS
P]aP rOar .... 9. 4 rSnmP QikO P]O fac N]O PrOaPN P]aP XiNOrabQO .... 0. 4 fiN] 4 knOf ]Sf 4 N]STQr
brinh T\ P]iN rOar .... 2. 7S SnO anc QSnhOr bOQiOyON P]SNO ... . &. 4t 4 fOrO cST( 4 N]STQr P]rSf
afac P]ONO .... d. x]S VSTQr ]ayO rSnO NTV] a P]inh bTP...{ 8. 4 ]ayO ]Oarr a QSP abSTP P]aP....
82
III. TransIate these sentences into EngIish:
1. + D > $!?!< = . B! C $!J. 2. Z' K!?
!? >? I< ' J. )> !< ! $D( +
>( !( ( D J. :. K < D! > < !
;( + >. . $! !+ A+( A ; $!!
<J= $$!J!+! +! % $ KA !A
$.
IV. Make up short situations to iIIustrate Patterns 1, 2, 3 (three situations for each pattern).
V. Make up diaIogues, using aII the patterns.
TEXT. A FRIEND IN NEED by WiIIiam Somerset Maugham &abridged'
waTh]aX( xiQQiaX 5SXOrNOP (1d&9'1820": an MnhQiN] friPOr. |O aV]iOyOr a hrOaP NTVVONN aN a nSyOQiNP fiP]
NTV] nSyOQN aN spt |TXan 6SnrahOs( sv]O aSrmN MrhOs anr SP]OrN( aN a rraXaPiNP fiP] wN fiPPc NaPiriVaQ
\QacN spTr 6OPPOrNs( sv]O RirVQOs( OPV.( bTP ]O iN bONP knSfn bc ]iN N]SrP NPSriON.
AP P]O bOhinninh St ]iN QiPOrarc VarOOr waTh]aX faN hrOaPQc intQTOnVOr bc qrOnV] naPTraQiNX. jaPOr Sn( ]iN
STPQSSk Sn QitO V]anhOr. 4P bOVaXO VSSQ( TnOXSPiSnaQ anr \ONNiXiNPiV. |O NacN P]aP QitO iN PSS PrahiV anr
NOnNOQONN PS bO rONVribOr. A friPOr VanmP V]anhO QitO( ]O XTNP SnQc Prc PS aXTNO ]iN rOarOr( NPir ]iN iXahinaPiSn.
Anr P]iN iN f]OrO waTh]aX aV]iOyON \OrtOVPiSn: ]iN NPSriON arO aQfacN taNVinaPinh. waTh]aXmN NkiQQ in
rO\iVPinh NVOnON anr V]araVPOrN fiP] a tOf PSTV]ON iN aXainh anr f]OP]Or ]O XOanN iP Sr nSP ]iN nSyOQN( NPSriON
anr \QacN rOyOaQ P]O yaniPc( ]c\SVriNc anr brTPaQiPc St P]O NSViOPc ]O QiyON in. 5S rSON P]O NPSrc sA qriOnr in
7OOrs. 6TrPSn( a \rSN\OrSTN bTNinONNXan( iN nSP.in P]O QOaNP VSnVOrnOr abSTP P]O PrSTbQON anr nOOrN St P]SNO
f]S ]ayO taiQOr in QitO. xiP]STP a XSXOnPmN ]ONiPaPiSn ]O NOnrN a Xan PS rOaP] TNP bOVaTNO ]iN \rONOnVO bSrON
]iX( anr QaPOr Sn ]O rOXOXbOrN P]O taVP fiP] a skinrQc V]TVkQOs.
x]On waTh]aX rONVribOr \OS\QO anr \QaVON in ]iN N]SrP NPSriON( ]O rir iP XSNPQc trSX ]iN \OrNSnaQ
OU\OriOnVO.
s4PmN raP]Or a tTnnc NPSrc(s ]O Nair. s|O faNnmP a bar V]a\. 4 QikOr ]iX. |O faN aQfacN fOQQ'
rrONNOr anr NXarP'QSSkinh. |O faN ]anrNSXO in a fac( fiP] VTrQc ]air anr \ink'anrf]iPO
V]OOkN. xSXOn P]STh]P a QSP St ]iX. v]OrO faN nS ]arX in ]iX( cST knSf( ]O faN SnQc fiQr.
pt VSTrNO ]O rrank PSS XTV]. v]SNO NSrP St tOQQSfN aQfacN rS. A biP St XSnOc TNOr PS VSXO in
tSr ]iX SnVO a gTarPOr anr ]O XarO a biP XSrO bc Varr'\Qacinh. |O fSn a hSSr rOaQ St XinO( 4
knSf P]aP.s
6TrPSn hayO a kinrQc QiPPQO V]TVkQO. 4 knOf trSX Xc Sfn OU\OriOnVO P]aP ]O VSTQr QSNO
XSnOc aP brirhO fiP] a hSSr hraVO.
s4 NT\\SNO P]aP iN f]c ]O VaXO PS XO f]On ]O fOnP brSkO( P]aP anr P]O taVP P]aP ]O faN a
naXONakO St XinO. |O VaXO PS NOO XO in Xc SttiVO SnO rac anr aNkOr XO tSr a Sb. 4 faN
raP]Or NTr\riNOr. |O PSQr XO P]aP P]OrO faN nS XSrO XSnOc VSXinh trSX ]SXO anr ]O fanPOr
PS fSrk. 4 aNkOr ]iX ]Sf SQr ]O faN.
sv]irPc'tiyO(s ]O Nair.
sAnr f]aP ]ayO cST bOOn rSinh ]iP]OrPS{s 4 aNkOr ]iX.
sxOQQ( nSP]inh yOrc XTV](s ]O Nair.
4 VSTQrnmP ]OQ\ QaTh]inh.
s4mX atrair 4 VanmP rS ancP]inh tSr cST TNP cOP(s 4 Nair. sRSXO baVk anr NOO XO in anSP]Or
P]irPc'tiyO cOarN( anr 4mQQ NOO f]aP 4 Van rS.s
|O rirnmP XSyO. |O fOnP raP]Or \aQO. |O ]ONiPaPOr tSr a XSXOnP anr P]On PSQr XO P]aP ]O
]ar ]ar bar QTVk aP VarrN tSr NSXO PiXO. |O ]arnmP bOOn fiQQinh PS NPiVk PS brirhO( ]Omr bOOn
\Qacinh \SkOr( anr ]Omr hSP PriXXOr. |O ]arnmP a \Onnc. |Omr \afnOr OyOrcP]inh ]O ]ar. |O
VSTQrnmP \ac ]iN ]SPOQ biQQ anr P]Oc fSTQrnmP hiyO ]iX anc XSrO VrOriP. |O faN rSfn anr STP. 4t
]O VSTQrnmP hOP NSXOP]inh PS rS ]Omr ]ayO PS VSXXiP NTiVirO.
4 QSSkOr aP ]iX tSr a biP. 4 VSTQr NOO nSf P]aP ]O faN aQQ PS \iOVON. |Omr bOOn rrinkinh XSrO
P]an TNTaQ anr ]O QSSkOr titPc. v]O hirQN fSTQrnmP ]ayO P]STh]P NS XTV] St ]iX it P]Ocmr NOOn
]iX P]On.
sxOQQ( iNnmP P]OrO ancP]inh cST Van rS OUVO\P \Qac VarrN{s 4 aNkOr ]iX.
s4 Van NfiX(s ]O Nair.
s5fiXes
8:
4 VSTQr ]arrQc bOQiOyO Xc OarN# iP NOOXOr NTV] an inNanO anNfOr PS hiyO.
s4 NfaX tSr Xc TniyOrNiPc.s
00
4 hSP NSXO hQiXXOrinh St f]aP ]O faN rriyinh aP. 4myO knSfn PSS Xanc XOn f]S fOrO QiPPQO
Pin hSrN aP P]Oir TniyOrNiPc PS bO iX\rONNOr bc iP.
s4 faN a \rOPPc hSSr NfiXXOr XcNOQt f]On 4 faN a cSTnh Xan(s 4 Nair.
5TrrOnQc 4 ]ar an irOa.
^aTNinh in ]iN NPSrc( 6TrPSn PTrnOr PS XO.
soS cST knSf kSbO{s ]O aNkOr.
s7S(s 4 Nair( s4 \aNNOr P]rSTh] iP SnVO( bTP 4 SnQc N\OnP a nih]P P]OrO.s
sv]On cST rSnmP knSf P]O 5]iSca RQTb. x]On 4 faN a cSTnh Xan 4 NfaX trSX P]OrO rSTnr
P]O bOaVSn anr QanrOr aP P]O VrOOk St varTXi. 4PmN SyOr P]rOO XiQON anr iPmN raP]Or rittiVTQP Sn
aVVSTnP St P]O VTrrOnPN rSTnr P]O bOaVSn. xOQQ( 4 PSQr Xc cSTnh naXONakO abSTP iP anr 4 Nair
PS ]iX P]aP it ]Omr rS iP 4mr hiyO ]iX a Sb. 4 VSTQr NOO ]O faN raP]Or PakOn abaVk.
szST Nac cSTmrO a NfiXXOr(s 4 Nair.
s4mX nSP in yOrc hSSr VSnriPiSn(s ]O anNfOrOr.
4 rirnmP Nac ancP]inh. 4 N]rThhOr Xc N]STQrOrN. |O QSSkOr aP XO tSr a XSXOnP anr P]On ]O
nSrrOr.
sAQQ rih]P(s ]O Nair. sx]On rS cST fanP XO PS rS iP{s
4 QSSkOr aP Xc faPV]. 4P faN TNP atPOr POn.
sv]O NfiX N]STQrnmP PakO cST XTV] SyOr an ]STr anr a gTarPOr. 4mQQ rriyO rSTnr PS P]O VrOOk
aP ]aQt \aNP PfOQyO anr XOOP cST. 4mQQ PakO cST baVk PS P]O VQTb PS rrONN anr P]On fOmQQ ]ayO
QTnV] PShOP]Or(s
soSnO(s ]O Nair.
xO N]SSk ]anrN. 4 fiN]Or ]iX hSSr QTVk anr ]O QOtP XO. 4 ]ar a QSP St fSrk PS rS P]aP
XSrninh anr 4 SnQc TNP XanahOr PS hOP PS P]O VrOOk aP varTXi aP ]aQt \aNP PfOQyO. 6TP 4 nOOrnmP
]ayO ]TrriOr# ]O nOyOr PTrnOr T\.s
soir ]O tTnk iP aP PSO QaNP XSXOnP{s 4 aNkOr.
s7S( ]O rirnmP tTnk iP. |O NParPOr aQQ rih]P. 6TP St VSTrNO ]Omr rTinOr ]iN VSnNPiPTPiSn bc rrink
anr riNNi\aPiSn. v]O VTrrOnPN rSTnr P]O bOaVSn fOrO XSrO P]an ]O VSTQr XanahO. xO rirnmP hOP
P]O bSrc tSr abSTP P]rOO racN.s
4 rirnmP Nac ancP]inh tSr a XSXOnP Sr PfS( 4 faN a PritQO N]SVkOr. v]On 4 aNkOr 6TrPSn a
gTONPiSn.
sx]On cST XarO ]iX P]aP SttOr St a Sb( rir cST knSf ]Omr bO rrSfnOr{s
|O hayO a QiPPQO XiQr V]TVkQO anr ]O QSSkOr aP XO fiP] P]SNO kinr anr Vanrir bQTO OcON St
]iN. |O rTbbOr ]iN V]in fiP] ]iN ]anr.
sxOQQ( 4 ]arnmP hSP a yaVanVc in Xc SttiVO aP P]O XSXOnP.s
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. to curI ,t-i" 1. !<('"( !<('"( e"g" 5]O ]aN VTrQOr ]Or ]air. v]O SQr
Xan faN VTrQinh ]iN QSnh XSTNPaV]O.
2. !<( !<( ."g" oSON ]Or ]air VTrQ naPTraQQc Sr rSON N]O VTrQ iP in VTrQOrN{ v]O
NXSkO trSX STr VaX\'tirON VTrQOr T\farrN aXSnh P]O PrOON.
to curl one's lip $!< !!< ( ."g" 4 rSnmP QikO P]O fac N]O VTrQN ]Or Qi\ f]On
PaQkinh PS XO.
to curl up ><('"( ."g" v]O V]iQr VTrQOr T\ in P]O arX'V]air anr fOnP PS NQOO\.
curling ad1 <=C!; ( RXA
Cf" curled ad1 !; anr VTrQc ad1 >;( ."g" 4 rSnmP QikO VTrQOr ]air. 3ut 4 QikOr P]iN
\QTX\ VTrQc']OarOr QiPPQO bSc.
curl n 1. ( !# 2. ( !+ I+ !( ."g" v]O hirQ ]ar QSnh VTrQN
SyOr ]Or N]STQrOrN. |Sf rS cST kOO\ cSTr ]air in VTrQ{ 5SSn fO Naf P]O VTrQN St NXSkO riNO
T\farrN.
00
to swim for one's university: PS PakO \arP in NfiXXinh raVON ]OQr bOPfOOn SnOmN TniyOrNiPc POaX anr NSXO SP]Or POaXN. ^raVPiVaQQc
OyOrc NV]SSQ( VSQQOhO anr TniyOrNiPc in WrOaP 6riPain ]aN iPN Sfn N\SrPN VQTbN( anr P]OrO arO yariSTN STPrSSr N\SrPN VSX\OPiPiSnN ]OQr
annTaQQc fiP]in OaV] NV]SSQ( aN fOQQ aN bOPfOOn rittOrOnP NV]SSQN( VSQQOhON( anr TniyOrNiPiON. v]ONO arO( aN a rTQO( aPPOnrOr bc N\OVPaPSrN
rrafn trSX aQQ NOVPiSnN St P]O \TbQiV( anr P]O pUtSrr anr RaXbrirhO bSaP raVON( in f]iV] VrOfN trSX P]ONO PfS TniyOrNiPiON VSX\OPO
OyOrc N\rinh Sn P]O v]aXON( arSTNO naPiSnaQ inPOrONP.
89
2. to break (broke, broken) ,t-i 1. +<('"( !<('"( ."g" B tOQQ anr brSkO
]iN QOh. x]S brSkO P]O finrSf{ WQaNN brOakN OaNiQc.
to break (NXP]." in PfS (P]rOO( OPV." !<('"( +<('"( <('"
(! ! .." !( ."g" v]O XSP]Or brSkO P]O brOar in PfS anr hayO OaV] V]iQr a \iOVO.
to break to pieces !<('" A!( ."g" v]O yaNO tOQQ anr brSkO PS \iOVON.
2. < !>+ (+<( I!!!"( !<( TNT. to be broken(
."g" B faN VSX\QOPOQc brSkOn aN P]O rONTQP St P]O taiQTrO St ]iN bTNinONN. 5]O faN brSkOn atPOr
]Or ]TNbanrmN rOaP].
:. J<( a& PS brOak P]O Qaf( a \rSXiNO( SnOmN fSrr( an a\\SinPXOnP
0nt" to keep( ."g" 5]O brSkO P]O a\\SinPXOnP. 5]O rir nSP kOO\ iP
to break with smb. or smth. (SQr ]abiPN( PrariPiSnN( OPV." $< ..( $!< ...( .h.
B VanmP brOak fiP] ]iN bar ]abiPN.
to break off $!< $ (67, d.X.!A, ."g" x]On N]O VaXO in ]O brSkO Stt.
|O brSkO Stt in P]O XirrQO St a NOnPOnVO.
N o t e: 7S SbOVP atPOr break off. Cf" in TNNian: $!< A.
to break out !< $( $>?< (d e`U!.aUU, `^., bT.A, ."g" A tirO
brSkO STP rTrinh P]O nih]P.
to break through (smth.) $><('"( ."g" v]O \arPiNanN brSkO P]rSTh] P]O OnOXcmN
QinO.
to break the record $!<
break n $+( $> ( d., =.d. ! .."( ."g" 4 tOOQ PirOr( QOPmN ]ayO a brOak.
xOmrO fSrkinh NinVO ninO SmVQSVk fiP]STP a brOak.
3. to stick (stuck, stuck) ,t-i 1. $!!<('"( !<# !$<# $!$<(
a& PS NPiVk a NPaX\ Sn a QOPPOr( PS NPiVk a nSPiVO Sn a bSarr. v]ONO NPaX\N fSnmP NPiVk. v]O
niVknaXO NPTVk PS ]iX.
2. <# D<( $!D!<{ < +( ."g" qriOnrN N]STQr NPiVk
PShOP]Or. zST XTNP NPiVk PS cSTr \rSXiNO. v]STh] vSX Naf P]aP nSbSrc bOQiOyOr ]iX( ]O NPTVk
PS ]iN fSrrN. 5PiVk PS bTNinONNe (|O ;<e"
:. ><( ><# ><( ."g" v]O hirQ NPTVk a tQSfOr in ]Or ]air. |O NPTVk ]iN
]anrN in ]iN \SVkOPN.
9. <( <( ."g" v]O N\QinPOr NPTVk in Xc tinhOr. v]O Var NPTVk in P]O XTr. v]O
kOc NPTVk in P]O kOc]SQO.
4. to drive (drove, driven) ,t-i 1. A< ("# $< ($!"( ."g" B
rrSyO P]O ]SrNON inPS P]O tSrONP.
2. $!<( $< (+J!;( +!+"( ."g" |OmN QOarninh PS rriyO.
:. ?< ( +!( K!$D"( ."g" 5]aQQ fO rriyO ]SXO Sr faQk{
N o t e: xiP] rOtOrOnVO PS PrayOQQinh Sn a biVcVQO( Sn a ]SrNO Sr SP]Or aniXaQ P]O
yOrb PS rirO iN TNOr( ."g" |O TX\Or Sn ]iN ]SrNO anr rSrO afac. |O rSrO SyOr Sn
]iN biVcVQO PS NOO XO cONPOrrac.
to drive up (away) $_D< (_D<"( e"g" xO rrSyO T\ PS P]O ]STNO.
to drive at (5o99oC"A !< +'.( +< '.( ."g" 4 VSTQr nSP TnrOrNPanr
f]aP ]O faN rriyinh aP.
to drive smb. mad !< +
drive n !( ( $A ( adUR., e>U`^.A, ."g" xO ]ar a niVO rriyO.
to go for a drive $!<( J!< $A +!( ."g" 5]aQQ fO hS tSr a
rriyO rSTnr P]O PSfn{
driver n JI( !<( +J!!( a& a bTN'rriyOr( PraX'rriyOr( PaUi'rriyOr( OnhinO'
rriyOr
5. pause n $( $># $>J( ."g" v]OrO faN a N]SrP \aTNO f]iQO P]O nOUP
80
N\OakOr hSP Sn PS P]O \QaPtSrX. A \aTNO iN XarO bOVaTNO St rSTbP Sr ]ONiPaPiSn Sr tSr P]O NakO
St OU\rONNiyOnONN f]On N\Oakinh( Ninhinh( rOarinh( OPV.
/yn" break
to make a pause < $( !<( ."g" v]O N\OakOr XarO a N]SrP \aTNO PS
NPrONN ]iN fSrrN.
to pause ,i < $( !<( ."g" B \aTNOr PS VSQQOVP ]iN P]STh]PN. |O fOnP
Sn fiP]STP \aTNinh.
5cn. stop
N t e: to stop iN TNTaQQc TNOr f]On P]O aVPiSn iN nSP NT\\SNOr PS VSnPinTO# PS
\aTNO iN TNOr f]On P]OrO iN SnQc a POX\Srarc brOak in P]O aVPiSn( ON\OViaQQc in
N\OOV] Sr friPinh( ."g" |O \aTNOr TnPiQ P]O nSiNO NPS\\Or.
6. to nod ,i-t 1. !< A;( ."g" 4 aNkOr ]iX it ]O VSTQr rinh XO T\ anr ]O nSrrOr.
5]O nSrrOr PS XO aN N]O \aNNOr.
/yn" bow
N t e: PS NSr rOtOrN QS a gTiVk XSPiSn St P]O ]Oar SnQc( anr iN QONN tSrXaQ
P]an PS bSf( f]iV] iN a NQSfOr( tSrXaQ bOnrinh( TNTaQQc St P]O bSrc aN
fOQQ aN P]O ]Oar( ."g" v]O NOryanP bSfOr anr QOtP P]O rSSX.
0nt to shake one's bead
2. +<( < +( ."g" 5]O NaP in P]O arXV]air nSrrinh SyOr ]Or bSSk.
nod n !( ."g" 5]O \aNNOr XO fiP] a nSr. 5]O hayO XO a nSr.
(. ruin n 1. A!<( J!( !( ."g" v]O rOaP] St oaycmN XSP]Or faN P]O rTin St
]iN ]S\ON.
to bring smb. (smth.) to ruin !<( $A!<( ."g" B brSTh]P ]iN taXiQc PS rTin.
2. !> (often 49A, !>( ."g" v]O rTinN St SXO. v]O OnOXc QOtP P]O ViPc in rainN.
rain ,t A!<( J<( <
%o ruin one's life (hopes, business, constitution), ."g" |O knOf P]aP ]O ]iXNOQt ]ar rTinOr
]iN QitO bc NPOaQinh P]O XSnOc.
to rain oneself !<( ."g" v]O tOQQSf rainOr ]iXNOQt bc Varr'\Qacinh.
ruinous ad1 !<>;( A!<>;( J!<>;
8. to rub ,t-i <('"( !<( ."g" v]O hcXnaNP rTbbOr ]iN ]anrN fiP] PaQV. v]O rSh
rTbbOr iPN nSNO ahainNP Xc VSaP.
to rub smth. rrc >!< ?( ."g" B rTbbOr wN taVO (]anrN" rrc.
to rub in !< (+< ! . ."( ."g" Tb P]O SiQ in fOQQ.
to rub off !< (< $?!"( ."g" Tb P]O fSrrN Stt P]O bQaVkbSarr.
to rub out !< (T`UXTT. =.TURaU, >T!faA, " !" 5]O rTbbOr aQQ P]O \OnViQ
XarkN STP.
to rub one's hands (together) $!< ! <!( ."g" |iN XannOr St rTbbinh
biN ]anrN hOPN Sn Xc nOryON.
rub n( ."g" 5]O hayO P]O N\SSnN a hSSr rTb.
9. vacant ad1 >;( >;# >;( $;( ."g" v]O POQO\]SnO bSSP] faN
yaVanP anr 4 faN abQO PS POQO\]SnO aP SnVO. 5]O haOr inPS yaVanP N\aVO.
N o t e: v]O TNNian fSrrN Xd!Tb anr `Xb ]ayO rittOrOnP MnhQiN] OgTiyaQOnPN:
1. Xd!Tb Xac bO PranNQaPOr bc vacant, free, not engaged, spare, loose.
vacant XOanN snSP SVVT\iOr(s a& a yaVanP NOaP (rSSX( ]STNO( tQaP"# a yaVanP \SNP (\SNiPiSn"#
a yaanP Xinr
free XOanN sinrO\OnrOnP(s a& a trOO \OrNSn# a trOO NPaPO# trOO fiQQ
not engaged XOanN snSP SVVT\iOr( nSP bTNc(s ."g" zST arO nSP OnhahOr nSf( arO cST{
0nt" engaged, busy
Spare XOanN sarriPiSnaQ PS f]aP iN TNTaQQc nOOrOr(s ."g" 4 ]ayO N\arO PiXO PSrac. 4myO hSP
N\arO VaN] abSTP XO anr Van QOnr cST : Sr 0 rSTbQON.
82
loose XOanN snSP Pih]P Sr nSP tiPPinh VQSNO(s ."g" |O ]ar QSSNO VQSP]ON Sn. AQQ P]O finrSf
traXON in Xc tQaP arO QSSNO.
0nt tight
2. `Xb ]aN P]O tSQQSfinh MnhQiN] OgTiyaQOnPN: vacant, OX\Pc( bQank( N]aQQSf.
(5OO P]O nSPON PS P]O fSrr bQank Sn \. 129."
vacancy n D<( ."g" xO ]ayO a yaVanVc Sn STr NPatt. xO aryOrPiNOr tSr a
NOVrOParc PS tiQQ P]O yaVanVc.
NOTES ON WORD-FORMATION
v]O yOrb to 9and faN XarO trSX P]O nSTn 9and bc XOanN St V S n y O r N i S n f]iV] iN
a yOrc \rSrTVPiyO fac St Xakinh nOf fSrrN in XSrOrn MnhQiN].
4n VSnyOrNiSn( a nOf fSrr anr P]O SnO trSX f]iV] iP iN \rSrTVOr ]ayO P]O NaXO \]SnOPiV
N]a\O bTP aQfacN bOQSnh PS rittOrOnP VaPOhSriON Sr \arPN St N\OOV]( NS P]aP yOrbN Xac bO
\rSrTVOr trSX nSTnN Sr arOVPiyON (."g" PS ]anr <# PS VSXb $!><# PS \SVkOP
< +# PS \aQO <"( nSTnN trSX yOrbN (."g" brOak $># rriyO $#
tinr ?"( OPV.
v]O SP]Or PfS Xain facN St fSrr'bTiQrinh arO a t t i U a P i S n (Sr NS VaQQOr
rOriyaPiSn" anr V S X \ S N i P i S n .
4n attiUaPiSn nOf fSrrN arO \rSrTVOr fiP] P]O ]OQ\ St attiUON (P]aP iN NTttiUON anr \rOtiUON"(
. g: bOaTPitTQ( NfiXXOr( TnbOQiOyabQO.
4n VSX\SNiPiSn nOf fSrrN arO \rSrTVOr trSX PfS Sr XSrO NPOXN( ."g": VQaNNrSSX( faQQ
nOfN\a\Or( hSSr'tSr'nSP]inh( bQTO'OcOr( OPV.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)
Words
brOak ,, n ]ONiPaPO , rTin ,, n
VTrQ ,, n Qanr , rTinSTN ad1
VTrQOr ad1 naXONakO n N]SVk ,
VTrQinh ad1 nod ,, n NXarP ('QSSkinh" ad1
VTrQc ad1 \aTNO ,, n NPiVk ,
VTrrOnP a" raP]Or adv yaVanP ad1
rriyO ,, n rTb , yaVanVc n
rriyOr n
Word Combinations
in a fac PS brOak Stt PS bO fiQQinh PS rS
NXP].
PS brOak STP PS NPiVk PS NXP]. (NXb." PS brOak P]O rOVSrr
PS bO rSfn anr STP PS brOak fiP] PS VSXXiP NTiVirO
PS VTrQ SnOmN Qi\ PS rriyO aP PS VTrQ T\
Sn aVVSTnP St PS rriyO T\ (afac" to bO PakOn abaVk
PS rriyO NXb. Xar PS N]rTh SnOmN N]STQrOrN PS XakO a \aTNO
PS ]ayO bar (hSSr" QTVk PS rTb SnOmN ]anrN (PShOP]Or"
PS rTX T\ PS brinh &+2" (NXP]." PS rTin
EXERCISES
I. Read the text and do the foIIowing (A. Grammar, B. Word usage, C. Word-formation).
A. 1. ^iVk STP trSX P]O POUP aQQ P]O irrOhTQar yOrbN anr hiyO P]Oir tSTr tSrXN. 2. 5OarV] P]O
POUP tSr 'ing'tSrXN anr VQaNNitc P]OX aVVSrrinh PS P]Oir tTnVPiSnN in P]O NOnPOnVON. :. wark aQQ
P]O VaNON St 5OgTOnVO St vOnNON in P]O POUP anr VSXXOnP Sn P]OX (OU\Qain P]O rTQON". 9. 5OQOVP
NOnPOnVON fiP] P]O yOrb go TNOr aN a Qink yOrb# f]aP SP]Or yOrbN Van bO TNOr in P]O NaXO
8&
tTnVPiSn{
B. 1. ^iVk STP trSX P]O POUP fSrrN anr \]raNON rONVribinh a\\OaranVO. 2. viVk Stt aQQ
inPrSrTVPSrc \]raNON TNOr bc 6TrPSn# TNO P]OX in NOnPOnVON St cSTr Sfn. :. ^iVk STP aQQ P]O
NOnPOnVON fiP] P]O fSrr rather anr PranNQaPO P]OX inPS TNNian. 9. ^ara\]raNO aQQ P]O NOnPOnVON
fiP] P]O yOrb get"
C. 1. ^iVk STP trSX P]O POUP aQQ VSX\STnr fSrrN anr irOnPitc P]Oir Pc\O. 2. RSnNPrTVP NSXO
VSX\STnrN XSrOQQinh P]OX atPOr we99Gdre&&ed anr &+artG9oo'ing" :. 5OarV] P]O POUP tSr yOrbN
anr nSTnN tSrXOr bc XOanN St VSnyOrNiSn.
II. TransIate in writing three paragraphs from the text: 1) the first paragraph, 2) the paragraph
beginning with "He didn't move" and 3) the paragraph from "Swim!" up to "SuddenIy I
had an idea".
Read the transIation in cIass and discuss it with your feIIow-students.
III. a) Transcribe these words:
]anrNSXO( fOQQ'rrONNOr( gTarPOr( OU\OriOnVO( QSNO( NTiVirO( \aTNinh( VTrrOnP( abaVk(
N]STQrOr( rrSfnOr.
b) Transcribe and expIain the ruIes of reading these words:
fiQr( raP]Or( VTrQ( \afn( \aNN( VSnNPiPTPiSn( riNNi\aPiSn( bOaVSn( gTONPiSn( ]aQt( yaVanVc(
\SkOr( PritQO.
IV. Write twenty speciaI questions about the text In each question use one of the phrases from
EssentiaI VocabuIary (I).
V. FiII in prepositions:
1. ]anrNSXO ... a fac# 2. PS knSf... SnOmN Sfn OU\OriOnVO# :. |O VSTQr QSNO XSnOc ...
brirhO ... a hSSr hraVO. 9. PS ]ayO bar QTVk ... VarrN# 0. |O rir nSP fanP PS NPiVk ... brirhO. 2. |O
faN aQQ... \iOVON. &. 4 TnrOrNPanr f]aP ]O faN rriyinh .... d. 4 QanrOr ... P]O VrOOk St varTXi. 8....
aVVSTnP...# 10. |O nOyOr PTrnOr....
VI. Study VocabuIary Notes and transIate the iIIustrative exampIes into Russian.
VII. Answer the foIIowing questions:
1. 6TrPSn P]STh]P P]aP f]aP ]O faN POQQinh faN sraP]Or a tTnnc NPSrc.s oS cST aQNS P]ink NS{
x]c rSnmP cST{ x]c rir 6TrPSn P]ink iP tTnnc{ 2. x]aP kinr St Xan faN cSTnh 6arPSn{ x]aP
rS cST P]ink St ]iN fac St Qiyinh{ oS cST a\\rSyO St iP{ x]c nSP{ :. x]c rS cST P]ink cSTnh
6TrPSn PTrnOr PS ]iN naXONakO tSr ]OQ\ f]On ]O faN rainOr{ 9. x]aP faN P]O NiPTaPiSn in
f]iV] ]O tSTnr ]iXNOQt{ 0. x]aP rir 6TrPSn XOan bc Nacinh P]aP ]iN cSTnh naXONakO faN
srSfn anr STPs{ P]aP ]O faN saQQ PS \iOVONs{ 2. x]aP rir cSTnh 6TrPSn XOan f]On ]O Nair P]aP
]O sNfaX tSr ]iN }niyOrNiPcs{ &. pn f]aP VSnriPiSn rir 6TrPSn \rSXiNO a Sb in ]iN SttiVO PS
]iN naXONakO{ x]aP rS cST P]ink St P]iN VSnriPiSn{ d. x]c rir cSTnh 6TrPSn aVVO\P iP{ |O
knOf ]O faN nSP in hSSr VSnriPiSn( rirnmP ]O{ 8. x]aP ]a\\OnOr PS ]iX{ 10. oS cST P]ink SQr
6TrPSn knOf P]aP biN naXONakO fSTQr bO rrSfnOr{ x]c rS cST P]ink NS{ 11. x]c rir 6TrPSn
NOnr ]iN naXONakO PS aQXSNP NTrO rOaP]{ 12. x]aP kinr St Xan rS cST P]ink SQr 6TrPSn faN{
1:. x]c rSON P]O aTP]Sr OX\]aNiO f]On N\Oakinh abSTP SQr 6TrPSn ]iN skinrQc V]TVkQO(s
sXiQr V]TVkQO(s sP]SNO Vanrir anr kinr bQTO OcON St ]iNs{
VIII. Write an outIine of the story. You may try three ways: a) foIIowing the chain of true events;
b) sticking to the story as toId by the author or c) buiIding it up round the main idea of
the story.
IX. a) FiII in different EngIish equivaIents of the Russian words )*+,- and ./0102+
&engaged, busy, o""upied or 3a"ant, free, spare':
1. AN ]O faN ... cONPOrrac ]O VSTQrnmP Sin STr VSX\anc. 2. 4 PriOr PS hOP ]iX Sn P]O \]SnO
bTP P]O QinO faN ... AN 4 faN ... 4 rOVirOr PS rinh ]iX T\ QaPOr. :. 4N P]O \QaVO nOUP PS cST ...{ %
7S( iP iN ... . 9. x]On 4 OnPOrOr P]O ]aQQ aQQ P]O NOaPN fOrO ... anr 4 VSTQr ]arrQc tinr a ... NOaP. 0.
xiQQ cST bO ... PSXSrrSf{ jOPmN hS PS P]O VSTnPrc. % 7S( 4mQQ bO ... aP Xc SttiVO. 2. jOPmN tinr
a ... VQaNNrSSX anr rO]OarNO STr riaQShTO P]OrO. % 4mX atrair aP P]iN ]STr aQQ P]O rSSXN arO NTrO
8d
PS bO ... . &. |ayO cST anc ... PiXO PSrac{ d. AP P]iN QaPO ]STr aQQ PaUiN fiQQ bO ... . 8. 4 aX cSTnh(
]OaQP]c( anr ... PS rS aN 4 \QOaNO.
b) Think of situations or microdiaIogues consisting of a statement (or a question) and a repIy
to it using the words mentioned above.
X. TransIate these sentences into EngIish:
1. . ! $!<+ < + ! ! A $>; C!. 2. <
A D!< +. :. L= +( ! +A >< <. 9. >
A >{ % L D!=( + ! +. 0. /+<
!A > > J!+ ? A D 2. ~< A!!, >
+{ % L D!=( + >. &. -! +> A!<>
<. d. $!! K! $D!{ != !? !. 8. 3 A >
$!> $!< !( A > . 10. A ! D
$! < *. 11. . !( > < +>+!. 12.
+ $!<( ?J ! +J!. 1:. a > J!
!J!. )! LK( >; KA +! +! + ( ! !
A>< $ +. 19. =! $< !' !<A !.
10. 3!< $D( $ !?! A>( ! < $ KA $D
_!. 12. .! $! ( < J. 1&. . C $+< +(
D C!. 1d. 3! +( $!< !! ! < !
A; $!!.
XI. Read the story carefuIIy and answer the foIIowing questions:
1. x]On rS cST TNTaQQc: rTb cSTr V]in# hiyO a QiPPQO V]TVkQO# aNk abSTP NXb.mN ahO# hS \aQO#
]ONiPaPO# N]rTh cSTr N]STQrOrN# QSSk aP cSTr faPV]# N]akO ]anrN{
2. 4n f]aP NiPTaPiSnN rir SQr 6TrPSn anr ]iN naXONakO \OrtSrX P]O NaXO aVPiSnN aN in ^SinP
1. RSXXOnP Sn OaV] NiPTaPiSn.
XII. Try your band at teaching:
A. Preparation. 1. ^rO\arO PS OU\Qain P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn P]O yOrbN: &to4 anr 4au&e, nod
anr 2ow &o aN PS XakO NTrO P]aP cSTr \T\iQN Van TNO P]ONO yOrbN \rS\OrQc. 2. xriPO an OUOrViNO
PS \raVPiNO P]O tSQQSfinh anPSncXN: to 2rea' anr to 'ee4, to nod anr to &ha'e, free anr
engaged, 9oo&e anr tight :. v]ink St P]O anNfOrN cST fSTQr hiyO it cSTr \T\iQN aNkOr cST: 1"
|Sf QSnh iN a XiQO{ 2" oir 6TrPSn XOan Qanr XiQON Sr naTPiVaQ XiQON f]On ]O Nair P]OrO fOrO
SyOr P]rOO XiQON bOPfOOn P]O 5]iSca RQTb anr P]O VrOOk St varTXi{ :" 4n f]aP \arP St P]O
fSrQr rir P]O OyOnPN PakO \QaVO{
B. Work in Class. 1. ANk P]O VQaNN PS anNfOr P]O gTONPiSnN hiyOn in 4POXN 1 anr : anr PS rS
cSTr OUOrViNO trSX 4POX 2.
2. RSrrOVP P]O XiNPakON( VSXXOnP Sn P]O anNfOrN anr Nac a tOf fSrrN bc fac St
OU\QanaPiSn it nOOrOr. (}NO sRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s( 5OVPiSnN 4( 4@( @44."
XIII. Write a summary of the story "A Friend in Need". Before writing it find answers to the
foIIowing questions that may serve as the key points of the story.
8" !": x]aP rir cSTnh 6TrPSn aNk tSr{
x]aP rir ]O hOP{
x]aP faN ]iN SVVT\aPiSn anr P]aP St SQr 6TrPSn{
x]aP fOrO P]O aryanPahON anr riNaryanPahON St SQr 6TrPSnmN \SNiPiSn anr P]SNO St ]iN
naXONakO{
x]aP fOrO cSTnh 6TrPSnmN V]anVON{
RSTQr ]O XanahO PS VSyOr P]rOO XiQON{
x]S hainOr ancP]inh trSX P]iN \OrtSrXanVO{
x]aP rS cST P]ink bSP] St P]OX N]STQr ]ayO rSnO TnrOr P]O VirVTXNPanVON{
x]aP fOrO cSTr tOOQinhN atPOr rOarinh P]O NPSrc{
88
XIV. Speak on the characters of the story;
a" pQr 6TrPSn (]iN a\\OaranVO( V]araVPOr anr f]aP cSn P]ink St ]iX".
b" zSTnh 6TrPSn (]iN a\\OaranVO( V]araVPOr anr f]aP cSn P]ink St ]iX".
V" v]O NPSrc'POQQOr (f]aP kinr St \OrNSn ]O faN# ]Sf ]O faN iX\rONNOr bc 6TrPSnmN NPSrc#
fiP] f]SX ]iN NcX\aP]iON fOrO".
XV. Paraphrase the foIIowing sentences, using coIIoquiaI words and phrases from the text
instead of the words in itaIic type which are styIisticaIIy neutraI:
1. wc NiNPOrmN ]TNbanr faN kiQQOr in P]O far( anr NSSn atPOr P]aP ]Or OQrOr V]iQr riOr St
\nOTXSnia. 7S fSnrOr N]O faN 2ro'en 4hy&i5a99y and &4iritua99y" 2. |O ruined hi+&e9f
bOVaTNO ]O \QacOr VarrN anr rrank a QSP. x]On 4 XOP ]iX( there &ee+ed to 2e no way out tSr
]iX. zOP( ]O ]ar aQfacN bOOn a niVO Xan anr had never done any har+ to any2ody" :. 4 2egan
to under&tand f]aP N]O +eant to &ay" 9. 5]O iN raP]Or a hSSr VSSk( iNnmP N]O{ % xSXOn of that
'ind aQfacN arO. 0. wOn of thi& 'ind are a9way& a great &u55e&& with fSXOn. 2. zST Nair cST
rirnmP 5o+e to P]O OUaX Sn wSnrac bOVaTNO cST fOrO &o i99 you 5ou9dn?t +ove" 4 rSnmP bOQiOyO
iP. 4mX NTrO cST were &i+49y afraid" &. RSTQrnmP cST QOnr XO a 9itt9e +ore XSnOc{ 4 a+ in a
ho4e9e&& 4o&ition"
XVI. Revise the story and discuss the foIIowing:
1. How does the author make the reader realize what kind of man Burton the Elder
was? Which method of characterization does he use, direct or indirect? (See Notes on
Style, p. 120.)
2. Point out the lines and passages in which the ironical attitude of the author towards
Burton the Elder is felt. Is it expressed by lexical or syntactical means? (Analyse each
case.) Comment on the title of the story.
3. What is the message (the main idea) of the story?
XVII. Perform a diaIogue between oId Burton and his namesake.
Don't forget that old Burton was busy in his office, not very easily impressed,
indifferent to other people's troubles; his namesake was down and out, all to pieces and
not in very good condition to swim.
XVIII. RoIe-pIaying.
Role-play a Trial at which you will try Burton for wilful murder. It may be arranged in
the following way:
5PTrOnP A % N\Oakinh tSr the judge.
5PTrOnP A % N\Oakinh tSr the prosecution (]O fiQQ rONVribO aQQ P]O taVPN \rSyinh 6TrPSnmN
hTiQP".
5PTrOnP / % N\Oakinh tSr the defence (]O fiQQ Prc anr \rONOnP aQQ P]O taVPN P]aP Xac N\Oak
in 6TrPSnmN taySTr".
5PTrOnP o % rO\rONOnPinh 6TrPSn (]O fiQQ( naPTraQQc( Prc PS rOtOnr ]iXNOQt".
5PTrOnPN M( q( W % aVPinh aN witnesses tSr P]O \rSNOVTPiSn Sr P]O rOtOnVO.
v]O rONP St P]O hrST\ arO aVPinh aN members of the jury anr fiQQ brinh a yOrriVP St shTiQPcs
Sr snSP hTiQPcs.
v]O TrhO VSnrTVPN P]O PriaQ( \TPN gTONPiSnN( OUaXinON P]O rSVTXOnPN anr OyirOnVO.
Counsel for the prosecution ($" arrrONNON P]O Trc anr \rONOnPN ]iN VaNO( atPOr
f]iV] ]O VaQQN fiPnONNON f]S NfOar PS POQQ P]O PrTP]( P]O f]SQO PrTP]( anr nSP]inh bTP P]O PrTP].
Counsel for the defence \rSVOOrN in P]O NaXO fac. v]O TrhO Xac inPOrtOrO aP anc \SinP
anr aNk gTONPiSnN.
x]On P]O PfS NirON ]ayO \rONOnPOr P]Oir VaNON( P]O TrhO hiyON ]iN NTXXinh T\. v]O Trc
rOPirON PS VSnNirOr iPN yOrriVP: WTiQPc Sr 7SP WTiQPc. 4t the defendant iN tSTnr hTiQPc( P]O TrhO
passes sentence Sn ]iX.
XIX. Think of a different end to the story (comicaI, puzzIing, etc.).
XX. Write a short story to iIIustrate the proverb "A friend in need is a friend indeed". Use
100
EssentiaI VocabuIary of the Iesson. ReteII your story in cIass.
XXI. TransIate the foIIowing sentences into EngIish, using the word rather.
1. i !A < ( <+! J A=. 2( u+ +( =<(
> D! A = D. :. ~C J { % ( $D;( 9. i
< +A A. 0. ( $D;( <+ K $!. 2. .
D( + A$. &. B < !! A !; $!?. d. . >A
< ; $ ?!+; $A!. 8. . $< + <
!; J;.
XXII. a) Read the text:
MyOrc NTXXOr Xanc \OS\QO( hirQN anr fSXOn a& we99 a& bScN anr XOn( Prc PS NfiX trSX
MnhQanr PS qranVO Sr trSX qranVO PS MnhQanr. v]O riNPanVO at the neare&t 4oint& iN SnQc abSTP
PfOnPc XiQON( bTP 2e5au&e of the &trong tide& the di&tan5e that +u&t 2e &wu+ iN TNTaQQc +ore
than twi5. a& far"
v]OrO iN a NPrSnh PirO trSX P]O APQanPiV pVOan. v]iN riyirON in PfS in SrrOr to 4a&& round P]O
6riPiN] 4NQON. v]O PfS PirON XOOP nOar P]O XSTP] St P]O v]aXON( anr NPrSnh VTrrOnPN P]Oc VaTNO
XakO iP iX\SNNibQO PS NfiX in a NPraih]P QinO aVrSNN P]O R]annOQ.
v]O tirNP Xan to &u55eed in NfiXXinh P]O R]annOQ faN Ra\Pain xObb( an MnhQiN]Xan. v]iN
faN in AThTNP 1d&0. |O 9anded in qranVO 21 ]STrN 90 XinTPON atPOr entering the water aP
oSyOr. 5inVO P]On P]OrO ]ayO bOOn Xanc &u55e&&fu9 &wi+& anr the ti+e ha& 2een &hortened"
pnO qrOnV] NfiXXOr VrSNNOr iP in 11 ]STrN anr 0 XinTPON.
6OVaTNO P]O NOa iN TNTaQQc VSQr( NfiXXOrN 5over their 2odie& with grea&e" v]iN( P]Oc Nac(
]OQ\N to 'ee4 out the 5o9d" v]Oc arO tOr rTrinh P]O NfiX bc XOn f]S hS fiP] P]OX in NXaQQ
bSaPN.
b) ReteII the text above using the phrases in itaIic type.
c) Comment on the text. Say if you think such a competition is a sport.
XXIII. Try your hand at teaching.
1. Say what you wouId do in the teacher's position:
Anna( a tSTrP] tSrX \T\iQ( NTr\riNOr anr N]SVkOr P]O V]iQrrOn in VQaNN bOVaTNO St P]O QSnh
ranhQinh OarrinhN N]O faN fOarinh. AP tirNP P]O POaV]Or rOVirOr PS ihnSrO P]iN( ]S\inh P]O
V]iQrrOn fSTQr NSSn ihnSrO iP aQNS. |SfOyOr( P]O NTbrTOr bTP OUViPOr nSiNO VSnPinTOr.
MyOrcSnO fanPOr PS NOO anr PSTV] P]O OarrinhN.
2. Practise your CIassroom EngIish.
^rO\arO a N]SrP PONP Sn P]O ySVabTQarc St }niP 5iU. ^Qac P]O \arP St P]O POaV]Or anr hiyO P]O
PONP in VQaNN( V]OVk iP anr VSXXOnP Sn OaV] fSrk. (5OO sRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s. 5OVPiSnN @44( 4`."
LABORATORY EXERCISES (I)
1. Listen to the text "A Friend in Need", mark the stresses and tunes. Read the text
following the model.
2. a) Paraphrase the given sentences,
b) Make up sentences contrasting to the given ones using the verb need and a
suggested noun.
c) Respond to the remarks using the given pattern.
3. Write a spelling-translation test.
4. Change the given sentences according to the model.
5. Task I. Listen to the English sentences and write down the Russian translation.
Check your translation with the key (written work).
Task II. Translate your phrases back into English and check them with the key.
6. Listen to the text "The Story of Arthur Bloxham" or some other story on students'
life; write 10 questions to the text. Get ready to discuss it in class.
101
TOP!: SPORTS AND GAMES
TEXT A. WHAT MAKES ALL PEOPLE KIN
^OS\QO aQQ SyOr P]O fSrQr arO yOrc tSnr St N\SrPN anr haXON. v]aP iN SnO P]inh in f]iV]
\OS\QO St OyOrc naPiSnaQiPc anr VQaNN arO TniPOr.
v]O XSNP \S\TQar STPrSSr finPOr N\SrPN arO N]SSPinh( ]TnPinh( ]SVkOc anr( in P]O VSTnPriON
f]OrO P]O fOaP]Or iN trSNPc anr P]OrO iN XTV] NnSf % NkaPinh( Nkiinh anr PSbShhaninh. 5SXO
\OS\QO hrOaPQc OnSc tihTrO'NkaPinh anr Nki'TX\inh.
5TXXOr attSrrN OUVOQQOnP S\\SrPTniPiON tSr NfiXXinh( bSaPinh( caV]Pinh( VcVQinh( hQirinh
anr Xanc SP]Or N\SrPN. AXSnh STPrSSr haXON tSSPbaQQ PakON P]O tirNP \QaVO in \TbQiV inPOrONP#
P]iN haXO iN \QacOr in aQQ P]O VSTnPriON St P]O fSrQr. v]O SP]Or haXON P]aP ]ayO tirXQc
ONPabQiN]Or P]OXNOQyON in taySTr in rittOrOnP VSTnPriON arO hSQt( Qafn'POnniN( VriVkOP( ySQQOc'
baQQ( baNkOP'baQQ( anr NS Sn. 6arXinPSn iN aQNS yOrc \S\TQar.
AQQ P]O cOar rSTnr Xanc \OS\QO inrTQhO in bSUinh( frONPQinh( aP]QOPiVN( hcXnaNPiVN anr PraVk
anr tiOQr OyOnPN. 5VSrON St cSTnh hirQN anr fSXOn hS in tSr VaQQiNP]OniVN.
AXSnh inrSSr haXON P]O XSNP \S\TQar arO biQQiarrN( PabQO POnniN( rraTh]PN anr NSXO SP]OrN(
bTP P]O hrOaP inPOrnaPiSnaQ haXO iN V]ONN( St VSTrNO. v]O rONTQPN St V]ONN PSTrnaXOnPN arO
NPTriOr anr riNVTNNOr bc P]STNanrN St OnP]TNiaNPN in rittOrOnP VSTnPriON.
5S fO Xac Nac P]aP N\SrP iN SnO St P]O P]inhN P]aP XakON aQQ \OS\QO kin.
TEXT B. SPORTS AND GAMES POPULAR IN ENGLAND
% x]aP fSTQr cST Nac arO P]O XSNP \S\TQar haXON in MnhQanr PSrac{
% xOQQ( 4 NT\\SNO tSSPbaQQ( P]aP iN( NSVVOr Sr rThhOr( anr VriVkOP.
% x]aP arO P]O SP]Or STPrSSr haXON{
% p]( P]OrOmN POnniN( ]SVkOc( hSQt( anr NS Sn. vOnniN iN \QacOr aQQ P]O cOar rSTnr % Sn ]arr
VSTrPN Sr hraNN VSTrPN in NTXXOr( anr Sn ]arr Sr VSyOrOr VSTrPN in finPOr.
% x]aP abSTP ]SrNO'raVinh{
% 4 N]STQr Nac P]aP iN SnO St P]O XSNP \S\TQar N\SrPN in WrOaP 6riPain. v]On P]OrO arO( St
VSTrNO( faQkinh'raVON( rTnninh( NfiXXinh anr bSUinh.
% 4myO bOOn PSQr P]aP P]OrO arO nS finPOr N\SrPN in MnhQanr.
% xOQQ( cST NOO( P]O MnhQiN] finPOr iNnmP yOrc NOyOrO aN a rTQO( anr fO rSnmP StPOn ]ayO P]O
V]anVO St Nkiinh( NkaPinh Sr PSbShhaninh( bTP finPOr iN P]O hrOaP PiXO tSr ]TnPinh( \rSyirOr P]O
hrSTnr iN nSP PSS ]arr.
% 4N P]OrO anc hSQt PS bO ]ar nOar jSnrSn{
% p]( cON( anc aXSTnP. v]OrO arO rSOnN St hSSr hSQt'QinkN fiP]in an ]STr Sr NS St
jSnrSn. zST STh]P PS Sin a hSQt VQTb it cSTmrO kOOn Sn P]O haXO.
% 4 P]ink 4 N]aQQ it 4 hOP P]O V]anVO. x]aP abSTP inrSSr haXON{
% xOQQ( P]OrOmN V]ONN( biQQiarrN( VarrN( PabQO POnniN... 6c P]O fac( rS cST \Qac biQQiarrN{
% xOQQ( 4 rS( bTP St VSTrNO( 4mX nSP a \rStONNiSnaQ Sr a V]aX\iSn( TNP an Srrinarc aXaPOTr(
anr nSP a yOrc hSSr SnO aP P]aP(
TEXT C. THE FOOTBALL MATCH (( !on)er&$%#on*
Characters - Mr. Priestley, Lucille, Frieda, Pedro, Olaf, Hob.
j T V i Q Q O : x]aP N\QOnrir NOaPNe xOmQQ bO abQO PS NOO OyOrcP]inh trSX ]OrO.
^ O r r S : zON( nan ]aN VOrPainQc QSSkOr atPOr TN fOQQ. xOmQQ ]ayO PS PakO ]iX STP PS rinnOr
atPOr P]O XaPV].
v ] O S P ] O r N : WSSr irOa( ^OrrS( fO VOrPainQc XTNP.
| S b : Anr fO XTNP N]STP tSr ]iN POaX. 4 ]S\O nan iN in tSrX PSrac.
w r . ^ r i O N P Q O c : 4]S\O ]O iN. 4 ]Oar P]Oc arO PS V]SSNO P]O \QacOrN PSXSrrSf tSr
P]O inPOrnaPiSnaQ XaPV] anr it ]O \QacN fOQQ PSrac nan Xac bO V]SNOn.
^ O r r S : zON( 4 ]Oarr P]aP P]O 5OQOVPiSn RSXXiPPOO fSTQr bO aP P]O XaPV] anr 4 PSQr nan
]O faN PS \Qac ]iN bONP PSrac bOVaTNO P]Oc fOrO faPV]inh ]iX.
102
. 1 a t : 4P XTNP bO OUViPinh PS \Qac in an inPOrnaPiSnaQ XaPV].
^ O r r S : |OrO arO P]O POaXN VSXinh STP. nan iN QOarinh P]O jSnrSn POaX. |O XTNP bO P]O
Va\Pain.
q r i O r a : zON( ]O iN.
| S b : nan XTNP bO a hSSr \QacOr.
p Q a t : |O iN# cST ]ayO PS bO a hSSr \QacOr PS bO Va\Pain St jSnrSn POaX.
j T i Q Q O 4t nan iN V]SNOn tSr P]O inPOrnaPiSnaQ XaPV]( fiQQ ]O ]ayO PS hiyO T\ ]iN NPTriON
anr hS inPS Praininh{
q r i O r a : |O XTNPnmP rS P]aP. |O XTNP hS Sn fiP] ]iN NPTriON. v]Oc arO XSrO iX\SrPanP
P]an tSSPbaQQ.
w A . E A i O N Q Q O c : |O nOOrnmP hiyO T\ ]iN NPTriON. |O ]aN bOOn \Qacinh rOhTQarQc
anr iN in hSSr tSrX.
| S b : nanmN QSNP P]O PSNN anr P]O pUtSrr Va\Pain ]aN rOVirOr PS \Qac fiP] P]O finr.
p Q a t : p]( fOQQ( P]OcmQQ ]ayO PS \Qac ahainNP P]O finr in P]O NOVSnr ]aQt. 4 NOO nan iN
\Qacinh VOnPrO'tSrfarr. |OmN TNP hOPPinh rOarc PS kiVk Stt. v]OrO P]Oc hS.
| S b : RSXO Sn( jSnrSne
(AbSTP an hour and a ha9f 9aterA
w r . ^ r i O N P Q O c : v]iN ]aN bOOn a hranr haXO. 4 ]arrQc rOXOXbOr OyOr NOOinh a
bOPPOr SnO. nan ]aN \QacOr P]O haXO St ]iN QitO.
j T V i Q Q O : 4myO nOarQc QSNP Xc ySiVO fiP] N]STPinh sRSXO Sn( jSnrSnes p]( 4 fiN]
jSnrSn VSTQr fin.
w r . ^ r i O N P Q O c : 4 rSnmP P]ink P]Oc Van. 4P XTNP bO nOarQc PiXO nSf. 4PmN SnO hSaQ
OaV]( anr P]O pUtSrr rOtOnVO iN XahnitiVOnP
p Q a t : zON( it Xc faPV] iN rih]P( P]Oc ]ayO P]rOO XinTPON PS hS.
q r i O r a : jSSke nan ]aN hSP P]O baQQ. |OmN hSinh QikO Qih]Pninh PSfarrN P]O pUtSrr hSaQ.
p]( hS Sn( nane
^ O r r S : v]aP pUtSrr VOnPrO']aQt iN Prcinh PS NPS\ ]iX.
j T V i Q Q O : WS Sn( nan. zST XTNPnmP QOP ]iX NPS\ cST.
w r . ^ r i O N P Q O c : nan \aNNOr P]O baQQ PS P]O inNirO rih]P( a fSnrOrtTQ \aNN.
j T i Q 1 O : p]e v]O inNirO'rih]P iN rSfn# ]OmN ]ar PS \arP fiP] P]O baQQ.
p Q a t : jSSk( nanmN hSP iP ahain( ]OmN bOaPOn P]O tTQQbaVk anr iN raVinh PSfarrN P]O hSaQ.
| S b : 5]SSP( nan( N]SSPe 4PmN a hSaQe
^ O r r S : p]( f]aP a N]SPe v]O hSaQ'kOO\Or ]arnmP a V]anVO.
w r . ^ r i O N P Q O c : Anr P]OrOmN P]O f]iNPQO tSr tTQQ PiXO( anr jSnrSn ]ayO fSn.
xOQQ( P]Oc ]ayO PS V]SSNO nan tSr P]O inPOrnaPiSnaQ XaPV] nSf.
(*ro+ sMNNOnPiaQ MnhQiN] tSr qSrOihn 5PTrOnPNs( 6SSk 9( 2y R. M. MVkOrNQOc. A2ridgedA
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (II)
Words
5SXO \S\TQar N\SrPN
arV]Orc NkaPinh arPiNPiV
hcXnaNPiVN (VaQQiNP]OniVN" Nkiinh bSUinh
VrSNN'VSTnPrc Nkiinh Var (XSPSrVcVQO" raVinh rSfn']iQQ Nkiinh
VcVQinh Nki'TX\ riyinh
NQaQSX tOnVinh Nkc riyinh
(\araV]TPinh"
tihTrO'NkaPinh NfiXXinh hcXnaNPiVN
fOih]P'QitPinh hQirinh finrNTrtinh
]anh hQirinh frONPQinh XSTnPainOOrinh
arX'frONPQinh rSfinh anr VanSOinh caV]Pinh
aP]QOPiVN (PraVk'anr'tiOQr" XaraP]Sn (raVO" riNVTN (]aXXOr(
ayOQin"
\SQO yaTQP (yaTQPinh" P]rSfinh raVO/rTn
10:
]ih] (QSnh( Pri\QO" TX\ N]SP \TPPinh ]TrrQO raVON
NPOO\QOV]aNO
Some popular games
Open-air games
barXinPSn n nOP'baQQ n
02
baNkOP'baQQ n rThbc n (5o99oC" rThhOr"
VriVkOP n (Qafn" POnniN n
tSSPbaQQ n (5o99oC" NSVVOr" ySQQOc'baQQ n
hSQt n faPOr \SQS
]SVkOc n
Indoor games
V]ONN n NgTaN] n
rraTh]PN n PabQO'POnniN n
Sports Terms
aXaPOTr (\rStONNiSnaQ" N\SrP VT\ (tinaQ( NOXi'tinaQ" XaPV]
inrSSr (STPrSSr Sr S\On'air" N\SrPN V]aX\iSnN]i\ n, ."g" naPiSnaQ
tSSPbaQQ V]aX\iSnN]i\ N\SrP n
VSX\OPO y N\SrPN n OyOnPN
VSX\OPiPiSn n( ."g" inPOr' N\SrPN ad1, ."g" N\SrPN aVkOP
VSQQOhO VT\ VSX\OPiPiSn (N]irP"
VSnmPONP y N\SrPinh ad1
mVSnPONP n( ."g" fSrQr hcX naNPiVN PSTrnaXOnP n
VSnPONP (riyaQrc in Ninhinh( bOaTPc"
Participants
VrOf n (TNOr tSr N\SrPNXOn S\\SnOnP (riyaQ" n
rSfinh Sr NaiQinh a bSaP" N\SrPNXan (aP]QOPO" n
naPiSnaQ (pQcX\iV( VSQQOhO" N\SrPNfSXan n POaX
SttiViaQ (TX\irO( rOtOrOO( TrhO" n
Audience
tan (VSQQSg." n( ."g" a tSSP' N\OVPaPSr n
baQQ tan N\SrPN OnP]TNiaNP
N]STP tSr y NT\\SrP y
Scoring system
bONP (rOVSrr( taNPONP" PiXO \SinP n, ."g" |Sf Xanc
rOtOaP y \SinPN ]ayO P]Oc fSn{
rraf n, ."g" v]O XaPV] rTnnOr'T\ n
OnrOr in a rraf. NVSrO n( ."g" v]O NVSrO St P]O
rraf y( ."g" v]O PfS POaXN rrOf. haXO faN 2:9 (NiU PS tSTr".
hSaQ n NVSrO y( ."g" |O NVSrOr
QSNO y 20 \SinPN. 7OiP]Or NirO
QSNOr n NVSrOr in P]O haXO (O
yiVPSrc n ! A".
Competition sites and sports equipment
barbOQQ n nOP n
bOaX n \Qac'hrSTnr n
V]ONNbSarr n \TVk n
02
net-ball: an MnhQiN] haXO( baNiVaQQc P]O NaXO aN baNkOP'baQQ (\QacOr bc fSXOn"
109
V]ONNXan n raVkOP n
VQTb (NPiVk" n rinhN n
riNVTN n Nki TX\
rraTh]PNXan n N\SrPN ]aQQ
hcX n bSUinh hQSyON
ayOQin n PraX\SQinO (" n
TX\inh (N\rinh" bSarr TnOyOn (\araQQOQ"( aNcXXOPriV barN
Word Combinations
aP]QOPiV Praininh PS fin P]O POaX (\OrNSnaQ(
PS tSQQSf a PSTrnaXOnP naPiSnaQ( fSrQr" V]aX\iSn'
(VSX\OPiPiSn( OPV." N]i\
PS kiVk P]O baQQ PS fin bc 2 (:( OPV." hSaQN
PS NVSrO a hSaQ (20 \SinPN" (\SinPN"
PS kOO\ P]O NVSrO PS fin fiP] P]O NVSrO 9 PS 0
PS Onr a haXO in a rraf in NXb.mN taySTr
(PS rraf a haXO" PS NOP T\ (brOak" a rOVSrr
PS fin a \riO (a VT\( P]O rOVSrr ]SQrOr
yiVPSrc" P]O fSrQr (naPiSnaQ( MTrS\Oan" rOVSrr
EXERCISES
I. Study Texts A and and transcribe these words:
PSbShhaninh( caV]Pinh( Qafn'POnniN( frONPQinh( aP]QOPiVN( hcXnaNPiVN( VaQQiNP]OniVN( biQQiarrN(
rraTh]PN( PSTrnaXOnP( OnP]TNiaNP( NSVVOr( rThhOr( VSTrP( aXaPOTr.
II. Write 15 questions about Texts A and B; b) ReteII Texts A and (in indirect speech).
EvaIuate the reports of your feIIow students according to deIivery: generaI cIarity,
pronunciation, fIuency, rythm, intonation.
III. Study EssentiaI VocabuIary (II), ExpIanatory Notes and name: a) as many kinds of sport as
you can; b) some open-air games; c) some indoor games.
IV. What do yon caII a person who goes Ia for:
frONPQinh( VcVQinh( fOih]P'QitPinh( NfiXXinh( riyinh( rTnninh( XSTnPainOOrinh( bSUinh(
Nkiinh( raVinh( ]TnPinh( \Qacinh tSSPbaQQ( \Qacinh V]ONN( \Qacinh rraTh]PN( aP]QOPiVN( NkaPinh(
\Qacinh ySQQOc'baQQ( \Qacinh baNkOP'baQQ( \Qacinh ]SVkOc{
V. a) FiII in prepositions if necessary:
5\SrP iN yOrc \S\TQar ... 6riPain. ... SP]Or fSrrN a QSP... 6riPiN] \OS\QO QikO P]O irOa ... N\SrP( a
QSP OyOn faPV] N\SrP( ON\OViaQQc... P]O v@. |SfOyOr( P]O nTXbOr f]S aVPiyOQc PakO \arP ... N\SrP
iN \rSbabQc gTiPO NXaQQ. ... P]O f]SQO 6riPiN] \OS\QO \rOtOr PS bO taP raP]Or P]an tiP
v]O XSNP \S\TQar N\OVPaPSr N\SrP iN tSSPbaQQ. qSSPbaQQ iN \QacOr ... a 5aPTrrac atPOrnSSn ...
XSNP 6riPiN] PSfnN anr P]O tanN( Sr NT\\SrPOrN ... a \arPiVTQar POaX fiQQ PrayOQ... SnO Onr ... P]O
VSTnPrc... P]O SP]Or PS NOO P]Oir POaX \Qac(
wanc SP]Or N\SrPN arO aQNS \QacOr ... 6riPain( inVQTrinh hSQt ... f]iV] cST Prc PS knSVk a
baQQ ... a ]SQO# VrSgTOP... f]iV] cST Prc PS knSVk a baQQ... NSXO ]SS\N# baNkOP'baQQ... f]iV] cST
Prc PS hOP a baQQ... a netD tenni& ... f]iV] cST try to ]iP a . baQQ NS P]aP cSTr S\\SnOnP VannSP ]iP iP
anr VriVkOP f]iV] i& \QacOr ... a baQQ( bTP iN SP]OrfiNO inVSX\rO]OnNibQO. AN cST Van NOO( it P]O
baQQ ]ar nSP bOOn inyOnPOr( P]OrO fSTQr ]ayO bOOn nS N\SrP.
AVPTaQQc P]aPmN nSP gTiPO PrTO. AP]QOPiVN iN nSP \QacOr ... a baQQ( nSr iN ]SrNO'raVinh. ^Or]a\N
P]aP OU\QainN f]c P]Oc arO nSP NS \S\TQar aN tSSPbaQQ. (5OO
sA\\rSaV]ONs. RaXbrirhO 18&8"
b) ReteII the text.
VI. Answer the foIIowing questions. Do not answer in one sentence. Add something:
1. x]aP kinr St N\SrP rS cST hS in tSr{ 2. oS cST \Qac rraTh]PN{ :. oS cST aPPOnr ]SVkOc
100
XaPV]ON{ 9. x]aP tSSPbaQQ POaX rS cST NT\\SrP{ 0. oir cST OyOr Prc tihTrO'NkaPinh{ 2. x]S
TNTaQQc QikON PSbShhaninh{ {. x]aP rS N\OVPaPSrN rS aP P]O NPariTXN{ d. x]OrO arO bSaP'raVON
]OQr in wSNVSf{ 8. x]aP iN P]O XSNP \S\TQar N\SrP in TNNia{ 10. oS TNNain POaXN
\arPiVi\aPO in inPOrnaPiSnaQ XaPV]ON{ 11. x]S VSaV]ON cSTr ySQQOc'baQQ POaX{ 12. x]OrO arO
P]O pUtSrr anr RaXbrirhO bSaP'raVON ]OQr{ 1:. x]aP iN P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn a sN\SrPs anr a
shaXOs{ 19. x]aP N\SrPN anr haXON rS cST knSf{ 10. x]aP haXON PakO P]O tirNP \QaVO in
\TbQiV inPOrONP{ 12. x]aP iN P]O hrOaP naPiSnaQ N\SrP in MnhQanr{
VII. Read Text and try to expIain the phrases Iisted beIow. Do not mereIy transIate them into
Russian. Change them into a type of EngIish that is more easiIy understood and expIain
what they mean in the context of the conversation.
N]STP tSr ]iN POaX# iN in hSSr tSrX PSrac# QSNP P]O PSNN# PS \Qac fiP] (ahainNP" P]O finr# PS
kiVk Stt# VSXO Sn# P]O haXO St ]iN QitO# : XinTPON PS hS.
VIII. TransIate the foIIowing sentences into EngIish:
1. $$!= A= ! ! <. 2. += $!< $
$!=. :. /A +A D<( I+. 9. -=! + +!
.!+$!;!+! !A+!. 0. . +A +! I!!; $A. 2. =
I<= + F/$H. &. BJ !A !< !<=. d. . ?
!< I?!!. 8. > !+< A; !;{ 10.
!I!A ! <$!+ $!!< + . 11. )<! + <
?!+ ! $! $!< + =J ! J;. 12. /< $!+ !
!!+ J?++ +$!{ 1:. E > ?! > < K+
!!{ 19. L $>; ! A{ 10. > $; K +{ 12. /< !
$$>+ !+ $. 1&. B! D!( !
>!A= + 2:0. 1d. ~+ ?J I!A !. 18. C!>
!A= I( ${ % ZA=( . 20. L $ JA
!! $ JJ+{ % .! ! J!? $!. 21. B ! $< <J
+ $!>? D +. 22. $$!= ?D=
A!+! =+ A+ ! $. 2:. )> +D+ +! <( +>
$A>. 29. > !< < !? $ A{
% .<. 20. ( !A ! !<=. 20. 3 $>; !
+D! ?J; I!!; $A!.
IX. Correct the wrong statements. Add a few more sentences to make up a diaIogue:
1. v]OrO iN nS rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn sNSVVOrs anr srThbcs. 2. 6arXinPSn Van bO \QacOr SnQc
inrSSrN. :. v]O hSaQ'kOO\Or aVPN aN a TrhO in tSSPbaQQ. 9. 4VO ]SVkOc iN \S\TQar fiP] fSXOn. 0.
A POnniN baQQ iN NPrTVk fiP] a VQTb. 2. xSXOn arO hSSr tSSPbaQQ \QacOrN aN a rTQO. &. ^OS\QO f]S
\Qac rraTh]PN arO VaQQOr rraTh]PNXOn. d. xO TNO baQQN f]On \Qacinh barXinPSn. 8. WSQt iN
\QacOr Sn iVO tiOQrN. 10. |SVkOc iN SnO St P]O XSNP \S\TQar NTXXOr haXON. 11. vabQO'POnniN
anr Qafn'POnniN arO SnO anr P]O NaXO haXO. 12. 4n ]SVkOc a ]anrbaQQ anr raVkOPN arO TNOr. 1:.
6SUOrN tih]P fiP] barO ]anrN. 19. vraVk anr tiOQr OyOnPN arO nOyOr inVQTrOr in pQcX\iV WaXON.
10. zST Xac PSTV] P]O baQQ fiP] cSTr ]anrN f]On \Qacinh tSSPbaQQ.
Prompts: 4 TNP rSnmP ahrOO...# 4mX nSP NS NTrO...# AQQ 4 knSf iN... bTP aP QOaNP...# |Sf Van cST
Nac NTV] a P]inhe zST NOOX PS P]ink P]aP...# v]aP iN TNP P]O SP]Or fac rSTnr. zST arO barQc
XiNPakOn.
X. Try to describe your favourite game. Use a dictionary to Iook up any speciaI words. Let your
partners guess which game you are describing. Speak according to the pIan that is
given in the exampIe:
E x a m p l e:
1. Number of players (per team):
vfS POaXN St OQOyOn \QacOrN OaV].
2. Equipment necessary: a baQQ.
MaV] \QacOr fOarN N]SrPN anr N\OViaQ bSSPN.
3. Place where played: a N\OViaQ tiOQr f]iV] ]aN hSaQ \SNPN aP bSP] OnrN.
102
4. How to play and win: P]O \QacOrN kiVk P]O baQQ PS OaV] SP]Or. v]Oc Prc PS kiVk iP bOPfOOn
P]O hSaQ \SNPN St P]O S\\SNinh POaX. v]O S\\SNinh POaX Prc PS NPS\ P]OX( v]O POaX NVSrinh P]O
hrOaPONP nTXbOr St shSaQNs finN.
5. Length of game: SnO ]STr anr a ]aQt( fiP] a brOak in P]O XirrQO.
6. Some of the rules: SnQc P]O PfS hSaQ'kOO\OrN (f]S NPanr in trSnP St P]O PfS hSaQN" arO
aQQSfOr PS PSTV] P]O baQQ fiP] P]Oir ]anrN# nS SnO Van kiVk Sr \TN] anSP]Or \QacOr.
(5OO sA\\rSaV]ON(s RaXbnrhO( 18&8"
XI. a) Speak on each kind of sport on the Iist beIow; briefIy describe it as weII as the quaIities it
requires from the sportsman, .g. strength, endurance, quickness of reaction, courage,
etc. Say a few words about its advantages and attractive features:
XSTnPainOOrinh( rSfinh( caV]Pinh( ]SVkOc( POnniN( baNkOP'baQQ( ySQQOc'baQQ( V]ONN( bSUinh(
frONPQinh( tOnVinh( arPiNPiV hcXnaNPiVN( tihTrO'NkaPinh( Nkiinh( NkaPinh( Nki'TX\inh( Nkc'riyinh(
arV]Orc( riNVTN P]rSfinh( finr'NTrtinh( NPOO\QOV]aNO( XaraP]Sn.
b) Make up diaIogues discussing one (or severaI) of the sports from the Iist above. Use the
foIIowing:
in Xc S\iniSn ...# P]OrOmN nSP]inh QikO ...# 4 rSnmP gTiPO NOO f]aP \OS\QO tinr in ...# ]Sf Van
cST Nac NTV] a P]inhe# 4 rSnmP knSf ancP]inh XSrO OUViPinh P]an ...# 4 NOO nSP]inh OUViPinh in ...#
4 VanmP ahrOO fiP] cST P]OrO# abNSQTPOQc XaryOQQSTN# 4 QikO iP iXXOnNOQc.
XII. a) Read the text and comment on it:
Hang Gliding The Sport of the 1980s
|anh hQirinh( QikO finrNTrtinh( VSXON trSX AXOriVa. v]O \OrNSn f]S P]STh]P St P]iN N\SrP(
qranViN ShaQQS( hSP P]O irOa f]On ]O faN faPV]inh N\aVO Va\NTQON taQQinh PSfarrN P]O NOa.
v]O Va\NTQON ]ar a NSrP St finh f]iV] ]OQ\Or P]OX PS hS XSrO NQSfQc TnPiQ P]Oc rOaV]Or P]O
NOa.
6TP P]iN irOa iNnmP aN nOf aN cST Xih]P P]ink: in P]O titPOOnP] VOnPTrc( jOSnarrS ra @inV]i
rrOf \iVPTrON St a ]anh hQirOr# iP faN a NSrP St kiPO f]iV] VSTQr Varrc a \OrNSn.
v]O XSrOrn ]anh hQirOr Van hS fiP] P]O finr Sr ahainNP iP( anr P]O \iQSP Van V]anhO
rirOVPiSn bc XSyinh P]O VSnPrSQ bar. |anh hQirOrN riNO anr taQQ fiP] P]O XSyOXOnPN in P]O air %
nOar QTQQN( tSr OUaX\QO( P]Oc TNTaQQc hS T\.
AQQ SyOr P]O fSrQr( P]ONO hianP bTPPOrtQiON arO bOVSXinh XSrO anr XSrO \S\TQar( aN \OS\QO
riNVSyOr P]O tTn St tQcinh. (*ro+ swSrOrn MnhQiN] 4nPOrnaPiSnaQs.
wSaika( 18d9( 7S. 229"
b) What do you know of the kinds of sport which recentIy appeared! Describe them and say
what attracts peopIe in them.
XIII. Act out the foIIowing situations:
1. vfS triOnrN arO PaQkinh atPOr a tSSPbaQQ XaPV]. pnO iN ]a\\c % ]iN taySTriPO POaX ]aN
fSn# P]O SP]Or iN nSP aN ]iN POaX ]aN QSNP P]O XaPV].
2. 4XahinO a riaQShTO bOPfOOn PfS N\SrPN tanN abSTP P]Oir taySTriPO N\SrPN.
:. A triOnr St cSTrN VQaiXN PS bO an saQQ'rSTnr N\SrPNXans. pnVO cST VaQQ Sn ]iX anr tinr
]iX NTrrSTnrOr bc a P]iVk VQSTr St ViharOPPO NXSkO. zST ]ayO a PaQk fiP] ]iX.
9. 4PmN 5Tnrac atPOrnSSn. 4n a tOf XinTPON( P]OrO fiQQ bO a tSSPbaQQ XaPV] Sn v@( f]iQO Sn
anSP]Or V]annOQ P]OrO fiQQ bO a taN]iSn N]Sf. ArhTXOnP bOPfOOn ]TNbanr anr fitO.
0. zST arO in P]O ]aQQ St cSTr inNPiPTPO. zST arO an arrOnP aP]QOPO anr QikO PS hOP T\ aP NTnriNO(
aP f]iV] cSTr rSSX'XaPO iN hrTXbQinh. zST Prc PS XakO ]iX rS aP QOaNP ]iN XSrninh OUOrViNON.
XIV. TransIate into EngIish:
1. ( D( = KA . . > A' !>+ A+( $<
! +>? $+. 2. BD! $( $!!+ ! !A
{ % ( + $# !A> A $!+ A!? :.
+A $!< !+ J+( A + !( + JA !! >!A
+ 2:0. 9. B$ > $!!<. /! !' $?; $A>.
0. . > J ( A + !( A + $!A. 2. )
J !+ ?D; A!+!; D ! A. &. (
10&
AJ !A !< !<=. )> +A! $!A<( +A! ! I+.
d. /! $ A; ! C !<. 8. L+ > $!;
+!; $ >D+ >{
XV. a) TransIate the text into Russian:
The Football Match
5SXOP]inh yOrc gTOOr iN ]a\\Oninh in P]aP narrSf P]SrSTh]tarO PS P]O fONP St P]O PSfn. A
hrOc'hrOOn PirO tQSfN NQThhiN]Qc rSfn iPN QOnhP]. 4P iN a PirO St VQSP] Va\N.
v]ONO Va\N ]ayO TNP QOtP P]O hrSTnr St P]O 6rTrrOrNtSrr }niPOr ANNSViaPiSn qSSPbaQQ RQTb.
vS Nac P]aP P]ONO XOn \air P]Oir N]iQQinh PS faPV] PfOnPc'PfS ]irOQinhN kiVk a baQQ iN XOrOQc PS
Nac P]aP a yiSQin iN fSSr anr VaPhTP( P]aP s|aXQOPs iN NS XTV] \a\Or anr ink. qSr a N]iQQinh P]O
6rTrrOrNtSrr }niPOr A.q.R. SttOrOr cST RSntQiVP anr ArP# iP PTrnOr cST inPS a VriPiV( ]a\\c in
cSTr TrhOXOnP St tinO \SinPN( rOarc in a NOVSnr PS ONPiXaPO P]O fSrP] St a fOQQ'TrhOr \aNN( a
rTn rSfn P]O PSTV] QinO( a Qih]Pninh N]SP( a VQOaranVO kiVk bc baVk Sr hSaQ'kOO\Or# iP PTrnOr
cST inPS a \arPiNan( ]SQrinh cSTr brOaP] f]On P]O baQQ VaXO NaiQinh inPS cSTr Sfn hSaQXSTP](
OVNPaPiV f]On cSTr tSrfarrN raVOr afac PSfarrN P]O S\\SNiPO hSaQ( OQaPOr( rSfnVaNP( biPPOr( Pri'
TX\]anP bc PTrnN aP P]O tSrPTnON St cSTr NirO( faPV]inh a baQQ N]a\O 4QiarN anr prcNNOcN tSr
cST# anr f]aP iN XSrO( iP PTrnOr cST inPS a XOXbOr St a nOf VSXXTniPc( aQQ brSP]OrN PShOP]Or
tSr an ]STr anr a ]aQt( tSr nSP SnQc ]ar cST ONVa\Or trSX P]O VQankinh XaV]inOrc St P]iN QONNOr
QitO( trSX fSrk( fahON( rOnP( rSQON( NiVk \ac( inNTranVO VarrN( nahhinh fiyON( aiQinh V]iQrrOn(
bar bSNNON( irQO fSrkXOn( bTP cST ]ar ONVa\Or fiP] XSNP St cSTr XaPON anr cSTr nOih]bSTrN(
fiP] ]aQt P]O PSfn( anr P]OrO cST fOrO( V]OOrinh PShOP]Or( P]TX\inh SnO anSP]Or Sn P]O
N]STQrOrN( NfS\\inh TrhOXOnPN QikO QSrrN St P]O OarP]( ]ayinh \TN]Or cSTr fac P]rSTh] a
PTrnNPiQO inPS anSP]Or anr aQPShOP]Or XSrO N\QOnrir kinr St QitO( ]TrPinh fiP] RSntQiVP anr cOP
\aNNiSnaPO anr bOaTPitTQ in iPN ArP. wSrOSyOr( iP SttOrOr cST XSrO P]an a N]iQQinhmN fSrP] St
XaPOriaQ tSr PaQk rTrinh P]O rONP St P]O fOOk. (*ro+ sWSSr
RSX\aniSnNs 2y n. 6. ^riONPQOc. 02ridgedA
b) Comment on the extract:
1. MU\Qain P]O fSrrN: svS Nac P]aP P]ONO XOn \air P]Oir N]iQQinh PS faPV] PfOnPc'PfS
]irOQinhN kiVk a baQQ iN XOrOQc PS Nac P]aP a yiSQin iN fSSr anr VaPhTP( P]aP s|aXQOPs iN NS XTV]
\a\Or anr ink.s 2. MU\Qain P]O fSrrN: sqSr a N]iQQinh P]O 6rTrrOrNtSrr }niPOr A.q.R. SttOrOr
cST RSntQiVP anr ArP.s :. x]aP( in P]O aTP]SrmN S\iniSn( rSON tSSPbaQQ hiyO \OS\QO{ 9. oS cST
ahrOO fiP] P]O aTP]Sr in P]aP{ x]aP rS cST P]ink abSTP NTV] haXON aN tSSPbaQQ anr ]SVkOc anr
P]O NOVrOP St P]Oir \S\TQariPc{
XVI. a) Study the text and search for some arguments in favour of sport. Summarize the text:
How Healthy Are You?
R]OVk cSTr knSfQOrhO.
x]aP NSrP St N]a\O arO cST in{ ArO cST P]O NSrP St \OrNSn f]S hSON tSr a rTn OaV] XSrninh(
Sr arO cST P]O SP]Or kinr f]S hOPN STP St brOaP] f]On rOaV]inh tSr a ViharOPPO{
wacbO cST ]ayO a QSP St OnOrhc. zST hS PS fSrk Sr NV]SSQ( cST XakO rOViNiSnN aQQ rac( cST
rS OUPra fSrk aP ]SXO. MUOrViNO{ zST rSnmP ]ayO OnSTh] PiXO % f]c bSP]Or ancfac{
xOQQ( P]O anNfOr PS P]aP gTONPiSn iN cSTr bSrc rONihn. |TXan bOinhN fOrOnmP bTiQP tSr NiPPinh
aP a rONk aQQ rac: cSTr bSrc iN VSnNPrTVPOr tSr ]TnPinh( TX\inh( QitPinh( rTnninh( VQiXbinh anr
a yariOPc St SP]Or aVPiyiPiON. 4t cST rSnmP hOP P]O OUOrViNO P]aP cSTr bSrc fanPN( P]On P]inhN Van
hS barQc frSnh. zSTr Xinr fSrkN aQQ rac( anr cSTr bSrc rSON nSP]inh: P]O rONTQPN Van yarc
trSX rO\rONNiSn PS NOyOrO iQQnONN PS OarQc rOaP].
7SP a yOrc V]OOrtTQ P]STh]P( anr St VSTrNO P]O naPTraQ rOaVPiSn iN s4PmN nSP hSinh PS ]a\\On PS
XO.s wacbO( XacbO nSP. |OrO arO PfS facN St QSSkinh atPOr cSTrNOQt: tirNPQc( bc NOOinh it cST
arO rSinh P]O rih]P NSrP St OUOrViNO( anr NOVSnrQc bc NOOinh it cST ]ayO P]O rih]P kinr St riOP.
(*ro+ swSrOrn MnhQiN] 4nPOrnaPiSnaQs. wSaika. 18d9( 7S. 22:"
10d

b) Persuade your partner to start practising sport immediateIy.
c) Speak on: 1. the roIe of sport in modern Iife; 2. sport as part of schooI and coIIege Iife.
108
XVII. RoIe-pIaying.
Work in groups of four or fire. You are people of different age and social standing.
Express your attitude to sport and sportsmen in general.
XVIII. Describe these pictures in suds a way as if you have seen the event with your own eyes.
Use some detaiIs, try to sound as convincing as possibIe. Use some words and
phrases given beIow:
P]O NPariTX fiP] a NOaPinh Va\aViPc St ...# a \SQO'TX\Or# in hSSr tSrX# a rOtOrOO# a NParPOr# a
VrSNN'bar#
fayO a NParP# rTN]inh PSfarrN# QikO Qih]Pninh#
raVO \aNP# Varrcinh P]O \SQO# \TQOr#
\QanP P]O \SQO# T\ in P]O air# fiP] a NXiQO Sn ]iN taVO# afONPriVkOn#
\rOPPc'QSSkinh# OXbarraNNOr# fiP] ]Or OcON rSfnVaNP# fiP] ]iN ]anrN \rONNOr# Qanr SnPS#
brOak P]O rOVSrr# P]O rOVSrr St ]iN QitO# VanriraPO XaNPOr St N\SrPN St TNNia.
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH
VI
v]O \QSP iN a yOrc iX\SrPanP aN\OVP St friPPOn fSrkN. 6TP P]OrO iN NSXOP]inh OyOn XSrO
iX\SrPanP( P]aP iN( P]O Xain irOa Sr P]O XONNahO.
Message iN P]O Xain irOa P]aP a friPOr fanPN PS VSXXTniVaPO in ]iN fSrk P]rSTh] P]O
V]araVPOrN anr P]Oir bO]ayiSTr( P]O \]cNiVaQ anr OXSPiSnaQ baVkhrSTnr Sr NSXOPiXON P]rSTh]
]iN Sfn hOnOraQiinh NPaPOXOnPN. vS XakO iP VQOar anr TnrOrNPanrabQO cST ]ayO PS QOarn ]Sf PS
friPO P]O hiNP.
Gist iN VSXXSnQc TnrOrNPSSr aN P]O ONNOnVO Sr Xain \SinP (St an arPiVQO( \arahra\] Sr
arhTXOnP"( aQNS aN P]O ONNOnPiaQ \arP St a NPSrc( nSyOQ( Sr \Qac P]aP ]OQ\N PS TnrOrNPanr P]O Xain
irOa.
5TXXarc rOaQN fiP] P]O \QSP St VSX\QOPO friPPOn fSrkN( NTV] aN a NPSrc( nSyOQ Sr \Qac. WiNP
rOaQN fiP] P]O Xain irOa St anc P]STh]PtTQ friPinh( nS XaPPOr f]OP]Or iP iN a \arahra\] Sr a
nSyOQ. 4P iN OU\OVPOr PS bO yOrc N]SrP anr VQOar.
4n SrrOr PS friPO P]O hiNP St a NPSrc (sA oacmN xaiPs( tSr OUaX\QO" cST ]ayO PS rS P]O
tSQQSfinh:
1. Oar P]O NPSrc VarOtTQQc( \acinh aPPOnPiSn PS P]O V]araVPOrN( hOnOraQ aPXSN\]OrO anr P]O
aTP]SrmN rOXarkN Sr NPaPOXOnPN (."g" a brih]P VSQr rac( a \aQO'taVOr anr N]iyOrinh bSc( P]O
hrSfinh NPrain"( P]O aPXSN\]OrO St NTN\OnNO.
2. nSP rSfn P]O Xain \SinPN anr NOO ]Sf P]Oc arO QinkOr (."g" P]O bSc iN iQQ bTP ]O fSnmP hS
PS bOr# ]O iN NPiQQ fSrriOr anr kOO\N NParinh aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr# ]O Van ]arrQc bOQiOyO P]aP ]O
]aN nS rOaNSn PS fSrrc abSTP ]iN ]OaQP]".
:. ^SinP STP P]O aTP]SrmN rOXarkN (P]O bSc faN QSSkinh aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr NPranhOQc# P]aPmN
a NiQQc fac PS PaQk# ]O ]ar bOOn faiPinh PS riO aQQ rac# rOQaUaPiSn faN yOrc NQSf".
9. WS SyOr P]ONO \SinPN( rOVSnNirOr P]OX VarOtTQQc anr tSrXTQaPO P]O Xain irOa( ."g" 4P iN a
NPSrc POQQinh TN ]Sf tOar anr NOQt'\iPc P]rSTh] ihnSranVO Sr XiNQOarinh intSrXaPiSn Xac VaTNO
fSrrc anr NTttOrinh Sr ]Sf rOXarkabQc \aPiOnP P]O V]iQrmN OnrTranVO Xac bO.
Assignments:
1. Give your own version of the gist of "A Day's Wait" and "How We Kept Mother's
Day".
2. Write the gist of "A Friend in Need". When writing analyse the title of the story.
3. Write the gist of two letters written by 1udy and compare them. What is their
message?
LABORATORY EXERCISES ()
1. Listen to the dialogue "Sports and Games Popular in England". Mark the stresses
110
and tunes. Repeat the text following the model.
2. Listen to the text "The Football Match", mark the stresses and tunes. Repeat it
following the model.
3. Write a spelling-translation test Check it with a dictionary.
4. Task I: Translate the English sentences into Russian (in writing) and check them
with the key.
Task : Translate your sentences hack into English (orally) and check them with the
key.
5. Listen to the text "Sport in Great Britain".
Task I: Write down the Russian equivalents given in the exercise. Task II: Listen %o the
text again and write down the English equivalents of the Russian phrases.
Task m: Write 10 questions on the text Be ready to discuss it in class.
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS
1. Say in what countries the following sports and games are popular:
VriVkOP( NTrtinh( karaPO( rOinrOOr raVinh( rThbc( baNObaQQ( TrS (TiPNT"( QaVrSNNO( QaNNS'
P]rSfinh( NSVVOr( VrSgTOP
II. Which is better - to be a specialist or a generalist?
Divide your class into 2 teams. Match each specific term in column I. with the generic
term in column II. The team which is the first to match the terms correctly wins the
score.
4 44
barbOQQ baNkOP'baQQ
raVkOP VriVkOP
fiVkOP hSQt
aQ\OnNPSVk tOnVinh
knSVkSTP tihTrO'NkaPinh
biN]S\ POnniN
VaPV]Or iVO']SVkOc
haTnPQOP XSTnPainOOrinh
\TVk baNObaQQ
POO bSUinh
N\in V]ONN'\Qacinh
N\ikO fOih]P QitPinh
III. Read one of the short stories by W. S. Maugham and speak about it in class. Speak
not only on the contents, but also give analyses of the characters, the author's mastership,
methods of characterization, style and language. See Notes on Style, p. 52.
111
UNIT SEVEN
I SPEECH PATTERNS
1. v]OrO i& hard9y a VSTnPrc in P]O fSrQr f]OrO NTV] a yariOPc St NVOnOrc Van bO tSTnr.
v]OrO iN ]arrQc a bSSk bc P]iN aTP]Sr f]iV] ]O ]aN nSP rOar.
v]OrO faN ]arrQc a tSSPbaQQ XaPV] f]iV] ]O XiNNOr.
v]OrO iN ]arrQc anSP]Or POaX fiP] bOPPOr S\\SrPTniPiON PS fin.
2. v]aP fSTQr +a'e you thin' cST fOrO in |SQQanr.
v]O POaV]Or XarO naVk rTb STP aQQ P]O ink XarkN in ]iN POUPbSSk.
v]Oc VSTQrnmP XakO xiQQiaX vOQQ bSf bOtSrO P]O PcranPmN Va\.
v]O NQih]PONP nSiNO fSTQr XakO ]iX NParP.
wakO ]iX rO\OaP P]O rTQO. (6Tr: |O faN XarO to rO\OaP P]O rTQO."
EXERCISES
I. Change the foIIowing sentences to as to use the patterns:
Pattern 1: 1. 4 rSnmP P]ink P]OrO iN anSP]Or ]SVkOc'POaX St OgTaQ \S\TQariPc. 2. v]OrO faN
nSP a NinhQO fSrQr V]aX\iSnN]i\ ]O XiNNOr. :. 4mX nSP NTrO fO ]ayO a yaVanVc Sn STr NPatt. 9.
xOmyO nS XSrO PiXO( bTP cST Van tiniN] P]O VSX\SNiPiSn Stt aP ]SXO. 0. v]OrO faN NVarVOQc a
Qiyinh NSTQ aP P]O NPariTX. 2. 4 rSnmP P]ink P]OrO iN anc rOaNSn tSr P]Oir QSNinh P]O haXO.
Pattern 2: 1. v]O VSaV] tSrVOr P]O aP]QOPON PS \SNP\SnO P]Oir Praininh. 2. v]O NPranhOrN
fanPOr ShOr PS rriyO T\ PS P]O baVk carr( anr ]O SbOcOr. :. v]Oc fiQQ nOyOr tSrVO AnrrOf PS
brOak ]iN \rSXiNO. 9. oTrinh P]O VSnyOrNaPiSn N]O tOQP TnOaNc. 0. |O fiQQ nSP brOak fiP] ]iN bar
]abiPN( nS XaPPOr f]aP cST arO Nacinh.
II. CompIete tee foIIowing, using Pattern 2:
1. x]aP OyOnPN XarO cST ...{ 2. x]S VSTQr XakO cSTr triOnr ...{ :. x]iV] St P]O
OU\OriXOnPN XarO P]O NViOnPiNP...{ 9. x]aP kinr St QONNSn XakON cST .(.{ 0. x]aP XarO jOS
vSQNPSc ...{ 2. v]O nOf VSaV] XarO TN ... .
III. TransIate the foIIowing sentences into EngIish, using the patterns:
1. ~ ! ; ( ; $> > >; +. 2. ~ ! <
A; A !+ !+( [!. :. ~ ! !? > A +D<
!< .. 9. ~ ! ; ( >; =! $!; '
<A . 0. 3De GD; AA ( > $!< + !
++. 2. GD; > ! A ! $ J?++( >
$$!. &. ~ ! ; A; ( ; !+<>; ! $!>;. d. u
! JA !< { 8. !J !! .! <
. 10. ! +( ! ! A J!< C!( /!!
;. 11. ZA ! < <( ! +<( 12. u
! ; D< AA { 1:. u ! -K!
< /!{ 19. i K$! +J! += ( + $!.
IV. Respond to the foIIowing statements and questions, using the patterns. (Make use of the
conversationaI formuIas given in the Reminder.)
1. 4 bOQiOyO P]O vSfOr St jSnrSn VSXON tirNP aXSnh P]O ]iNPSriV bTiQrinhN St jSnrSn. 2. 4
P]ink @aNiQc 6Qa]Onc RaP]OrraQ iN gTiPO TnigTO. :. v]O RiPc St jSnrSn iN SyOrVrSfrOr in P]O
racPiXO. 9. R]riNPS\]Or xrOn faN P]O XSNP PaQOnPOr 6riPiN] arV]iPOVP St P]O `@44 VOnPTrc. 0.
5inVO 182& T\ PS 1892 A. AQOk]in faN P]O XSNP STPNPanrinh V]ONN'\QacOr. 2. wSNP NV]SSQN in
6riPain ]ayO arS\POr P]O VSrO VTrriVTQTX. &. Ran cST QOnr XO a rSTbQO{ d. AQQ St P]OX arO
NParinh aP P]O aryOrPiNOXOnP. 4 fSnrOr( f]c{ 8. x]On 4 XOnPiSnOr ]iN naXO warc bTriOr ]Or
taVO in ]Or ]anrN anr fSTQr nOyOr anNfOr Xc gTONPiSn.
112
Reminder. Lou don?t &ay &o9 Nu&t Qon9yA fan5yO Indeedc ghyO I& that &o9 \ear XOe gho?d
have thought itc I a+ &ur4ri&ed" I a+ &ho5'ed" It?& a+a:ingO It?& in5redi29eh Certain9yO Mf
5our&e" Natura99yO Le& indeedO )oo'& 9i'e that" ge99, I thin'"
TEXT. THE BRITISH ISLES
v]O 6riPiN] 4NQON VSnNiNP St PfS Xain iNQanrN: WrOaP 6riPain anr 4rOQanr. v]ONO anr SyOr tiyO
]TnrrOr NXaQQ iNQanrN arO knSfn VSQQOVPiyOQc aN P]O }niPOr kinhrSX St WrOaP 6riPain anr
7SrP]Orn 4rOQanr. v]Oir PSPaQ arOa iN NSXO 89( 200 NgTarO XiQON.
0&
WrOaP 6riPain \rS\Or
VSX\riNON MnhQanr( xaQON anr 5VSPQanr. v]O NSTP]Orn \arP St P]O iNQO St 4rOQanr iN P]O 4riN]
O\TbQiV (Sr MirO".
6riPain iN VSX\araPiyOQc NXaQQ( bTP P]OrO iN ]arrQc a VSTnPrc in P]O fSrQr f]OrO NTV] a
yariOPc St NVOnOrc Van bO tSTnr in NS NXaQQ a VSX\aNN. v]OrO arO fiQr rONSQaPO XSTnPainN in
P]O nSrP]Orn |ih]QanrN St 5VSPQanr % P]O ]SXO St P]O rOOr anr P]O OahQO % P]aP arO aN QSnOQc
aN anc in 7Srfac. v]OrO arO tQaP PTQi\ tiOQrN rSTnr P]O qOnN
0d
% a bQaO St VSQSTr in N\rinh( P]aP
fSTQr XakO cST P]ink cST fOrO in |SQQanr. xiP]in a tOf XiQON St wanV]ONPOr anr 5]OttiOQr
cST Van bO in hQSriSTN ]OaP]Or'VSyOrOr XSSrN.
08
pnVO P]O. 6riPiN] 4NQON fOrO \arP St P]O XainQanr St MTrS\O % P]O nOarONP \SinP iN aVrSNN P]O
5PraiP St oSyOr( f]OrO P]O V]aQk VQittN St 6riPain arO SnQc PfOnPc'PfS XiQON trSX P]SNO St
qranVO.
20
v]O NOaN rSTnr P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON arO N]aQQSf. v]O 7SrP] 5Oa iN nSf]OrO XSrO P]an 200 tOOP
rOO\( NS P]aP it 5P. ^aTQmN RaP]OrraQ fOrO \TP rSfn in anc \arP St iP NSXO St P]O VaP]OrraQ fSTQr
NPiQQ bO abSyO faPOr. v]iN N]aQQSfnONN iN in NSXO facN an aryanPahO. 5]aQQSf faPOr iN farXOr
P]an rOO\ faPOr anr ]OQ\N PS kOO\ P]O N]SrON trSX OUPrOXO VSQr. 4P iN( PSS( P]O ]SXO St XiQQiSnN
St tiN]( anr XSrO P]an a XiQQiSn PSnN arO VaTh]P OyOrc cOar.
zST ]ayO nSPiVOr Sn P]O Xa\ ]Sf rOO\Qc inrOnPOr P]O VSaNP QinO iN. v]iN inrOnPaPiSn hiyON a
hSSr NT\\Qc St N\QOnrir ]arbSTrN tSr N]i\N# anr cST fiQQ nSPO( PSS( P]aP Sfinh PS P]O N]a\O St
P]O VSTnPrc P]OrO iN nS \SinP in iP P]aP iN XSrO P]an NOyOnPc XiQON trSX P]O NOa % a taVP P]aP ]aN
hrOaPQc taViQiPaPOr P]O OU\SrP St XanTtaVPTrON anr ]aN XarO P]O MnhQiN] raVO a NOa'QSyinh SnO.
pn P]O nSrP]'fONP P]O VSaNPN arO brSkOn bc ]ih] rSVkc VQittN. v]iN iN ON\OViaQQc nSPiVOabQO in
nSrP]'fONP 5VSPQanr( f]OrO cST ]ayO QSnh finrinh inQOPN (VaQQOr sQSV]Ns" anr a hrOaP Xanc
iNQanrN. xONPOrn 5VSPQanr iN trinhOr bc P]O QarhO iNQanr V]ain knSfn aN P]O |ObrirON( anr PS P]O
nSrP] OaNP St P]O 5VSPPiN] XainQanr arO P]O prknOc anr 5]OPQanr 4NQanrN.
4n 5VSPQanr cST ]ayO P]rOO riNPinVP rOhiSnN. v]OrO iN( tirNPQc( P]O |ih]QanrN( P]On P]OrO iN P]O
VOnPraQ \Qain Sr jSfQanrN. qinaQQc P]OrO arO P]O NSTP]Orn T\QanrN( sP]O 5VSPP VSTnPrc(s
21
fiP]
P]Oir hOnPQc rSTnrOr ]iQQN f]OrO P]O N]OO\ fanrOr. |OrO P]OrO arO XSrO N]OO\ PS P]O NgTarO
XiQO P]an ancf]OrO in P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON.
4n MnhQanr anr xaQON aQQ P]O ]ih] Qanr iN in P]O fONP anr nSrP]'fONP. v]O NSTP]'OaNPOrn \Qain
rOaV]ON P]O fONP VSaNP SnQc aP SnO Sr PfS \QaVON % aP P]O 6riNPSQ R]annOQ anr bc P]O XSTP]N St
P]O riyOrN oOO anr wOrNOc.
4n P]O nSrP] cST tinr P]O R]OyiSPN
22
NO\araPinh MnhQanr trSX 5VSPQanr( P]O ^OnninON hSinh
rSfn MnhQanr QikO a baVkbSnO anr P]O RTXbrian XSTnPainN t P] jakO oiNPriVP(
2:

SnO St P]O
QSyOQiONP (anr P]O fOPPONP" \arPN St MnhQanr. 4n P]O fONP arO P]O RaXbrian XSTnPainN f]iV]
SVVT\c P]O hrOaPOr \arP St xaQON.
v]O NSTP]'OaNPOrn \arP St MnhQanr iN a QSf'Qcinh Qanr fiP] hOnPQO ]iQQN anr a VSaNP f]iV] iN
rOhTQar in STPQinO( Nanrc Sr XTrrc( fiP] SVVaNiSnaQ V]aQk VQittN( anr inQanr a QSyOQc \aPPOrn St
0&
94,250 square miles: P]iN iN abSTP P]O NaXO NiO aN 7Of OaQanr Sr ]aQt P]O NiO St qranVO.
0d
the Fens: QSf XarN]c Qanr fiP] QSPN St faPOrfacN ("
08
moors (\Q"( XSSr: an arOa St S\On faNPO Qanr# XSSrN in MnhQanr anr 5VSPQanr arO StPOn TNOr tSr \rONOryinh haXO.
20
The Channel Tunnel( f]iV] QinkN MnhQanr anr qranVO( iN a QiPPQO SyOr 00 kX (:1 XiQON" QSnh( St f]iV] nOarQc :d kX (29 XiQON" arO
aVPTaQQc TnrOr P]O MnhQiN] R]annOQ.
21
"the Scott country": a ]iQQc VSTnPrc in P]O NSTP]'OaNP St 5VSPQanr f]OrO 5ir xaQPOr 5VSPP (1&&&'1d:2"( P]O taXSTN 6riPiN] \SOP anr
nSyOQiNP( QiyOr.
22
the Cheviots (the Cheviot Hills): a fSSQ'\rSrTVinh VSTnPrc in 6riPain. v]O R]OyiSP brOOr St N]OO\ ]aN hiyOn iPN naXO PS a fSSQQOn
VQSP] St ]ih] gTaQiPc.
2:
the Lake District: a bOaTPitTQ \QaVO P]aP ]aN bOVSXO taXSTN P]ankN PS a riNPinhTiN]Or PriS St \SOPN % xiQQiaX xSrrNfSrP] (1&&0'
1d00"( 5aXTOQ RSQOrirhO (1&&2'1d:9" anr SbOrP 5STP]Oc (1&&9'1d9:" ' f]S XarO P]Oir ]SXON P]Or. (sjakO \SOPNs iN P]O naXO P]aP
faN hiyOn PS P]OX."
11:
hrOOn anr hSQr % tSr XSNP St MnhQanrmN f]OaP iN hrSfn ]OrO % anr brSfn \QSTh]'Qanr fiP]
\QOaNanP tarXN anr VSPPahON in P]Oir XirNP. 4PN riV] brSfn NSiQ iN rOO\Qc VTQPiyaPOr % XTV] St iP
iN TnrOr f]OaP# trTiP'hrSfinh iN OUPOnNiyOQc VarriOr Sn. A gTarPOr St P]O NThar TNOr in P]O
VSTnPrc VSXON trSX NThar'bOOP hrSfn P]OrO( bTP P]O XSNP iX\SrPanP VrS\ iN \SPaPSON.
v]O \SNiPiSn St P]O XSTnPainN naPTraQQc rOPOrXinOr P]O rirOVPiSn anr QOnhP] St P]O riyOrN(
anr P]O QSnhONP riyOrN( OUVO\P P]O 5OyOrn anr RQcrO( tQSf inPS P]O 7SrP] 5Oa( anr OyOn P]O
5OyOrn tQSfN OaNPfarr Sr NSTP]'OaNP tSr P]O hrOaPOr \arP St iPN QOnhP].
v]O riyOrN St 6riPain arO St nS hrOaP yaQTO aN faPOr'facN % P]O QSnhONP( P]O v]aXON( iN a
QiPPQO SyOr 200 XiQON % anr tOf St P]OX arO nayihabQO OUVO\P nOar P]O XSTP] tSr ancP]inh bTP
P]O NXaQQOr yONNOQN.
4n P]O ONPTariON St P]O v]aXON( wOrNOc( vcnO( RQcrO( vac( qSrP] anr 6riNPSQ AySn
29
arO NSXO
St P]O hrOaPONP \SrPN.
(qrSX sMNNOnPiaQ MnhQiN] tSr qSrOihn 5PTrOnPNs 2y R. M. MVkOrNQOc( 6SSk :( jnr.( 188&.
0da4tedA
Memory Work
v]O NOa iN VaQX PS'nih]P(
v]O PirO iN tTQQ( P]O XSSn QiON tair
}\Sn P]O 5PraiPN# % Sn P]O qrOnV] VSaNP( P]O Qih]P
WQOaXN( anr iN hSnO# P]O VQittN St MnhQanr NPanr(
WQiXXOrinh anr yaNP( STP in P]O PrangTiQ bac.
RSXO PS P]O finrSf( NfOOP iN P]O nih]P aire
pnQc( trSX P]O QSnh PinO St N\rac
x]OrO P]O Obb XOOPN P]O XSSn'bQanV]mr Nanr(
jiNPOne cST ]Oar P]O hraPinh rSar
pt \ObbQON f]iV] P]O fayON NTVk baVk( anr tQinh(
AP P]Oir rOPTrn( T\ P]O ]ih] NPranr(
6Ohin( anr VOaNO( anr P]On ahain bOhin(
xiP] PrOXTQSTN VarOnVO NQSf( anr brinh
v]O OPOrnaQ nSPO St NarnONN in.
(*ro+ soSyOr 6OaV]s 2y waPP]Of ArnSQr (1d22'1ddd"
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. vary ,t-i 1. +<("# !+<("# !<( ."g" warkOP \riVON StPOn yarc. 4
Prc PS yarc Xc riOP.
5cn. change
2. !<( ?!<( ."g" pTr S\iniSnN yarc.
/yn" differ
Note: vary iN PS V]anhO Sr rittOr \arPiaQQc.
variant n !( ."g" v]iN fSrr ]aN PfS N\OQQinh yarianPN.
various ad1 (a nSTn in P]O NinhTQar iN nOyOr TNOr atPOr iP"
1. !>;( >;( ."g" v]OrO arO yariSTN rOaNSnN tSr Xc rOtTNaQ.
i" >;( ."g" 4mQQ hiyO cST yariSTN OUOrViNON Sn P]aP rTQO.
/yn" different( ."g" v]Oc arO gTiPO rittOrOnP \OS\QO.
varied ad1 >; (TNOr fiP] nSTnN bSP] Ninh( anr \i."( ."g" yariOr VQiXaPO(
NVOnOrc( NTrtaVO( POX\OraPTrO( S\iniSnN( N\SrPN( OPV.( ."g" v]O nSyOQ rONVribON P]O yariOr VarOOr
St an aryOnPTrOr.
variety n 1. !( ."g" zST XTNP ]ayO XSrO yariOPc in cSTr tSSr.
2. !<# !( ."g" 4myO hSP NSXO rarO yariOPiON St NTV] NPaX\N. v]OrO arO NSXO rarO
yariOPiON St QOat'bOarinh PrOON in P]O \ark.
variety-show <( K>; ,
29
v]OrO arO NOyOraQ riyOrN in 6riPain P]aP bOar P]O naXO St AySn. v]O QSnhONP iN P]O 6riNPSQ AySn tQSfinh inPS P]O 6riNPSQ R]annOQ( bTP bONP
knSfn P]rSTh]STP P]O fSrQr iN P]O SnO tQSfinh inPS P]O 5OyOrn. pn iPN bankN( in 5PrartSrr'Sn'AySn( P]O hrOaPONP MnhQiN] \SOP xiQQiaX
5]akON\OarO (1029 '1212" faN bSrn anr N\OnP ]iN cSTP].
119
2. scene n 1. ,( ! ( $<"( ."g" v]O rTOQ NVOnO in s|aXQOPs iX\rONNOr TN
hrOaPQc. |Or aVPinh faN fSnrOrtTQ in P]O QaNP NVOnO.
2. + ;! ( `S.X., >TU7., ^U6TUA, ."g" 4n P]O tirNP aVP P]O NVOnO iN Qair in
qranVO. vrataQhar faN P]O NVOnO St a taXSTN baPPQO bOPfOOn P]O 6riPiN] tQOOP anr P]O VSXbinOr
qrOnV] anr 5\aniN] tQOOPN.
:. $;D( !( !C( ."g" 4 QikO P]O fac P]iN friPOr rONVribON rTraQ NVOnON. zST
VSTQr NOO aftTQ NVOnON atPOr P]O OarP]gTakO.
scenery n (un5ounta29eA 1. ,!( ."g" v]O NVOnOrc faN iX\rONNiyO in P]O QaNP aVP. v]Oc
]ayO aQXSNP nS NVOnOrc in P]aP \Qac.# 2. $;D( JI( ."g" 4 \rOtOr \QainN PS XSTnPain
NVOnOrc. 4 QSSkOr STP St P]O finrSf OnScinh P]O NVOnOrc.
3. shaIIow ad1 1. +!;( a& N]aQQSf faPOr( a N]aQQSf riN]
0nt" deep
2. $?>;( $;# <>;( a& a N]aQQSf Xinr( arhTXOnP# N]aQQSf inPOrONPN#
a N]aQQSf Xan( \OrNSn
0nt" serious (abSTP a \OrNSn( bSSk( arhTXOnP"( rOO\ (QSyO( tOOQinhN"
Note: P]O TNNian fSrr a.R>Ub ]aN rittOrOnP XOaninhN f]iV] arO rOnrOrOr in MnhQiN] bc XOanN St rittOrOnP
fSrrN: 1" tinO % C!; ! +!? ;( a& fine &and, 2u5'wheat, 2" NXaQQ % $>; ( !'
+"( aN &+a99 5hange (un5ounta29eA?, :" tQaP % A!;( $! $!;( aN a f9at 4an (49ateA"
4. extreme ad1 1. ;!; (aP Sr nOar P]O Onr Sr OrhO"( a& P]O OUPrOXO Onr (OrhO( bSrrOr(
OPV."( in P]O OUPrOXO 7SrP]
2. >;>;# +>;( a& OUPrOXO \aPiOnVO (QSyO( kinrnONN( inPOrONP"
extremely adv >;( a& PS bO OUPrOXOQc inPOrONPOr in NXP].( PS bO OUPrOXOQc NSrrc
tSr NXb.( NXP].( OPV.
5. suppIy ,t D<( ."g" 4n STr ]aQQ P]O NPTrOnPN arO NT\\QiOr fiP] aQQ P]O nOVONNarc
tTrniPTrO anr bOrrinh. x]S fiQQ NT\\Qc P]O OU\OriPiSn fiP] aQQ P]O nOVONNarc OgTi\XOnP{
supply n (StPOn 49A $(>"( ."g" v]iN N]S\ ]aN a QarhO NT\\Qc St finPOr VSaPN.
to give a good supply of, ."g" v]ONO tSrONPN hiyO a hSSr NT\\Qc St PiXbOr.
6. shape n I+( !( ."g" 4 rSnmP QikO P]O N]a\O St ]iN nSNO. v]iN NVTQ\PTrO ]aNnmP
hSP XTV] N]a\O( 4 N]STQr Nac.
/yn" form, outline
in the shape St( ."g" 4 fanP PS hOP a brSSV] in P]O N]a\O St a ]SrNON]SO.
shapeless ad1 I+>;( ."g" |O ]ar a rahhOr VSaP anr a N]a\OQONN ]aP Sn.
shapely ad1 !; I+># ;>;( ?J D>;( a& a N]a\OQc tihTrO
7. channeI n ( a NPrOPV] St faPOr firOr P]an a NPraiP( Sininh PfS NOaN Sr NO\araPinh
PfS bSriON St Qanr( aN P]O MnhQiN] R]annOQ( P]O 6riNPSQ R]annOQ
/yn" 1. ca'nal % a V]annOQ tSr faPOr XarO bc Xan( nSP bc naPTrO( TNOr tSr N]i\N Sr
tSr Varrcinh faPOr PS \QaVON P]aP nOOr iP( a& P]O 5TO RanaQ( P]O ^anaXa RanaQ( P]O @SQha'oSn
RanaQ( P]O qOrhana RanaQ# 2. strait $! % a narrSf V]annOQ St faPOr VSnnOVPinh PfS QarhO
bSriON St faPOr( a& P]O wahOQQan 5PraiP( P]O 5PraiP St oSyOr
8. vaIue n ,<( !( ."g" v]O QiPOrarc yaQTO St P]aP bSSk iN nSP hrOaP. 4 rSnmP
bOQiOyO cST rOaQiO P]O yaQTO St ]iN aryiVO.
to be of great (little, some, no) value to smb., ."g" 4n NSXO cOarN ]iN \iVPTrON fiQQ bO St
hrOaP yaQTO. v]iN bSSk fiQQ bO St nS yaQTO in cSTr NPTriON.
value ,t 1. ,!<( D!<( ."g" 4 hrOaPQc yaQTO ]iN triOnrN]i\.
+yn. appreciate (",!< >( $ A+( ."g" xO aQQ a\\rOViaPO a ]SQirac atPOr a
cOar St ]arr fSrk. 4 hrOaPQc a\\rOViaPO cSTr kinrnONN.
2. ,!<( ."g" |O yaQTOr P]O ]STNO tSr XO aP d00.
valuable ad1 ,>;( ."g" 4PmN a yaQTabQO \iVPTrO.
110
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)
Words
aryanPahO n tQSf , N]a\OQc ad1
VanaQ n ]arbSTr n NSiQ n
V]annOQ n QSnOQc ad1 NPraiP n
VQitt n XanTtaVPTrO n NT\\Qc ,
VSX\araPiyOQc adv \Qain n yaQTabQO ad1
VrS\ n \QSTh] , yaQTO ,, n
VTQPiyaPO , rSVkc ad1 yariOr ar
rOOr n NVOnO n yariOPc n
riNPinVP ad1 NVOnOrc n yariSTN ar
OahQO n N]aQQSf ad1 yarc y
OUPrOXO ad1 N]a\O n fanrOr ,
OUPrOXOQc adv N]a\OQONN ad1 f]OaP n
Word Combinations
PS P]O fONP (OaNP( nSrP]# NSTP]" St in P]O nSrP] (NSTP]( OaNP( fONP"
fiP]in a tOf XiQON (XOPrON( OPV." St PS NO\araPO NXP]. trSX NXP].
PS kOO\ NXP]. trSX (VSQr( rOhTQar in STPQinO
]OaP( bar intQTOnVO( OPV." TnrOr f]OaP (rcO, OPV."
Sn P]O Xa\ PS tQSf inPS (P]O NOa( QakO( riyOr"
PS hiyO a hSSr NT\\Qc St Sfinh PS P]O N]a\O (rain( OPV."
PS tQSf (trSX( STP St" PS bO St hrOaP (QiPPQO( NSXO( nS" yaQTO
EXERCISES
I. Read the text and do the foIIowing (A. Grammar, B. Word usage, C. Word-formation):
A. 1. ^iVk STP aQQ \rS\Or naXON anr arranhO P]OX inPS PfS hrST\N % nSTnN fiP] P]O rOtiniPO
arPiVQO anr fiP]STP iP# OU\Qain P]O TNO St P]O arPiVQO. 2. 5OarV] P]O POUP tSr NOnPOnVON fiP]
inyOrNiSn. vranNtSrX P]OX inPS rOhTQar NOnPOnVON anr VSX\arO P]OX fiP] P]O SrihinaQ SnON.
5\OVitc f]aP kinr St inyOrNiSn iP iN. :. x]aP POnNO hrST\ iN \rOrSXinanP in P]O POUP anr f]c{
B. 1. ^iVk STP aQQ P]O arOVPiyON P]aP hS PShOP]Or fiP] P]O tSQQSfinh nSTnN: &ea, 9a'e, riverD
+ountain&, hi99&, 59iff&D area, 9and, fie9d, +oor&, u49and, 9ow9and" 2. wark aQQ P]O VaNON f]On
nSTnN arO rOtinOr bc PfS arOVPiyON# VSXXOnP Sn P]O fSrr SrrOr# iN iP \SNNibQO PS V]anhO iP{ :.
^iVk STP aQQ P]O nSTnN rOtinOr bc P]O arOVPiyO &+a99D iN iP \SNNibQO PS TNO 9itt9e inNPOar{ 9.
5OarV] P]O POUP tSr P]O VSXbinaPiSnN St 0dv E0d1 Onrinh in Ged, PranNQaPO P]OX inPS TNNian
anr TNO P]OX in NOnPOnVON St cSTr Sfn.
C. 1. ^iVk STP aQQ P]O rOriyaPiyON anr VQaNNitc P]OX aVVSrrinh PS P]O NTttiU. 2. 5OarV] P]O POUP
tSr VSX\STnrN anr VSXXOnP Sn P]Oir NPrTVPTrO. :. ^iVk STP trSX P]O POUP aQQ P]O fSrrN P]aP
]ayO ]SXSncXN. 5\OQQ( PranNVribO anr VQaNNitc P]OX.
II. Write EngIish equivaIents of the foIIowing:
+!! ( +!!> =;( ! ( A!; 200 I( ! +!<(
! [+> +A!+ <J 200 +!<( ! ( C $C<
!!!! 89 200 . +!< !! 299 000 . !+( ! % 02
+!! .
III. a) Make up a Iist of geographicaI names used in the text (mind the articIes) and transcribe
them.
b) Transcribe and transIate the foIIowing words:
aryanPahO( VanaQ( V]annOQ( VSX\araPiyOQc( rONSQaPO( rOPOrXinO( ONPTarc( OUPrOXOQc( hQSriSTN(
]OaP]Or( inrOnPaPiSn( XanTtaVPTrO( XSSr( nayihabQO( SVVaNiSnaQQc( \QSTh]( NVOnOrc( NPraiP( PSPaQ(
yahTO( yaQTO( yarc( fanrOr( f]OaP( finr.
c) TransIate the foIIowing verbs into EngIish. Give their four forms:
nxt, t, nnt, ut, t, nt, at, ut,
112
nmnt.
d) Give the pIuraI of the foIIowing nouns. TransIate them into Russian:
rOOr( N]OO\( tiN]( XSTP]( tSSP
IV. SuppIy adjectives:
1. ... faPOr iN farXOr P]an ... faPOr. 2. RSrnfaQQ iN taXSTN tSr iPN ... VQittN. :. 4PN ... NSiQ iN
rOO\Qc VTQPiyaPOr. 9. v]iN \arP St P]O VSTnPrc iN nSPOr tSr ... VSQr. 0. v]O }. k. ... arOa iN NSXO
89(200 NgTarO XiQON. 2. v]OrO arO ... tiOQrN in P]O OaNP St MnhQanr. &. v]OrO arO ... ]arbSTrN tSr
N]i\N. d. 4n P]O nSrP]Orn |ih]QanrN St 5VSPQanr cSTmQQ OnSc P]O Nih]P St ... XSTnPainN. 8. v]Oc
fOrO Xakinh P]Oir fac P]rSTh] ... ]iQQN. 10. v]OrO fOrO ... \QainN NPrOPV]inh tSr XiQON anr XiQON.
11. jSfQanrN iN P]O ... \Qain St 5VSPQanr.
V. Answer the foIIowing questions (use the map on p. 240):
1. x]aP rS fO VaQQ P]O hrST\ St iNQanrN NiPTaPOr PS P]O nSrP]'fONP St MTrS\O{ 2( x]aP arO P]O
naXON St P]O bihhONP iNQanrN{ :. oS P]O }niPOr kinhrSX anr WrOaP 6riPain XOan P]O NaXO{ 9.
x]aP VSTnPriON arO NiPTaPOr Sn P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON{ x]aP arO P]Oir Va\iPaQN{ 0. x]aP iN WrOaP
6riPain \rS\Or{ 2. x]aP arO P]O naXON St P]O faPOrN faN]inh P]O VSaNPN St P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON{ &.
x]c rS P]O MnhQiN] VaQQ P]O NPraiP bOPfOOn WrOaP 6riPain anr P]O XainQanr P]O s5PraiP St oSyOrs
anr P]O qrOnV] VaQQ iP s^aN'rO'RaQaiNs (inPOrnaPiSnaQ POrX"{ d. x]aP arO P]O XSNP iX\SrPanP
riyOrN in WrOaP 6riPain{ 8. x]aP arO P]O naXON St P]O V]iOt XSTnPain ranhON Sn P]O iNQanr{ 10.
x]OrO arO P]O RTXbrian anr P]O RaXbrian XSTnPainN NiPTaPOr{
VI. TransIate the foIIowing sentences in writing. (ConsuIt EssentiaI VocabuIary (I).) Respond to
the questions and statements, using the conversationaI formuIas (see p. 164, Ex. XI 8):
1. > +D $< D;J! $> !!!!{ 2. i
$ <J; ,!. :. a ! >( $ /{ 9. A
$>+ D+ ! A!! D ?J!+ !!+ $; >. 0. L!
A> = A!= l!!{ 2. L ' l!! ?
. L ! >={ &. . )K !+ !< $!<>
!( $ . d. u +D $?!< $> !<A ?{ 8.
/!< <J < $?; +! =A' A!! $
$J!,;. 10. + ; > ? <J! $> A{ 11. <!?
+!? - ?! A L; (RrScrSn"( + !+ <J; K'
$.
VII. Study the foIIowing derivatives and compounds:
Nanrc( nSPiVOabQO( \QSTh]'Qanr( NOa'QSyinh( ]OaP]Or'VSyOrOr( XTrrc( nayihabQO( NThar'bOOP(
QSf'Qcinh( faPOrfacN( trTiP'hrSfinh.
a) Write out the sentences in which they are used in the text.
b) Use them in sentences of your own.
c) Give EngIish equivaIents of the foIIowing:
>;( +>;( D!>;( D>;( !>;( A>;( >+>;(
!>;( ?+!>;( $>;( ?>;( !>;( $$!<>;( ,>;(
?>;( +>;( !+>;( $!+>;( $?C!;.
d) Give Russian equivaIents of the foIIowing:
yariOPc'N]Sf( f]OaP'tiOQr( VSaQ'NT\\QiOr( \QSTh]Xan( ]OaP]Or'XSSr( ]SrNON]SO( NOaN]SrO(
NOaNVa\O( OarP]gTakO#
rOOr']TnPinh( f]OaP'hrSfinh( N]OO\'brOOrinh( VrS\'haP]Orinh( Qanr'\QSTh]inh( NnSf'
\QSTh]inh#
N]i\bTiQrinh (carrN"( QOat'bOarinh (PrOON"( naPTrO'QSyinh (naPiSn"( tTrbOarinh (aniXaQN"(
SVOan'hSinh (NPOaXOrN"( tSSr'\rSrTVinh (inrTNPriON"#
NnSf'VSyOrOr (tiOQrN"( NXSkO'tiQQOr (rSSX"( Xan'XarO (VanaQ"( hraNN'VSyOrOr (\Qain"( NOa'
bSTnr (N]i\"( fOaP]Or'bOaPOn (taVO"( XSSn'QiP (\aP]".
VIII. SuppIy articIes where necessary. Write answers to the questions:
11&
1. jSSk aP... Xa\ St ... 6riPiN] 4NQON. oS cST knSf f]aP... PfS QarhONP iNQanrN arO VaQQOr{ 2. ...
rih]P']anr NirO St... Xa\ iN ... MaNP. x]aP NOa iN OaNP St ... WrOaP 6riPain{ :. 4n f]aP rirOVPiSn
iN ... 4riN] 5Oa trSX ... WrOaP 6riPain{ 9. ^SinP PS ... bSrc St ... faPOr f]iV] iN fONP St ... 4rOQanr.
x]aP rS fO VaQQ iP{ 0. vSfarrN ... bSPPSX St ... Xa\ iN ... 5STP]. x]aP iN PSfarrN ... PS\ St ...
Xa\{ 2. 4n f]aP rirOVPiSn iN ... WrOaP 6riPain trSX ... MnhQiN] R]annOQ{ &. x]aP VSTnPrc iN fONP
St ... MnhQanr{ d. qinr ... v]aXON. ... riyOrNm aQfacN tQSf PSfarrN ... NOa. 4n f]aP rirOVPiSn
rSON ... v]aXON tQSf{ 8. ... 5OyOrn tQSfN inPS ... 6riNPSQ R]annOQ( rSONnmP iP{ 10. x]OrO rSON ...
5OyOrn riNO{ 11. x]aP rS fO VaQQ... ]ih]ONP \arP St... 5VSPQanr{ 12. qinr ... MrinbTrh] anr ...
WQaNhSf. 4n f]aP \arP St ... 5VSPQanr arO P]Oc NiPTaPOr{ 1:. x]OrO arO ... R]OyiSP |iQQN{ 19. 4n
f]aP rirOVPiSn arO ... 6riPiN] 4NQON trSX ... XainQanr{ 10. x]aP faPOr bSrc NO\araPON ... 6riPiN]
4NQON trSX ... RSnPinOnP{
IX. Study VocabuIary Notes and transIate the iIIustrative exampIes into Russian.
X. SuppIy suitabIe words (consuIt EssentiaI VocabuIary I):
1. v]O MnhQiN] ...( in iPN narrSfONP \arP (P]O ... St oSyOr" iN SnQc :2 kX firO. 2. v]O ... St
5VSPQanr iN nSPOr tSr iPN fiQr anr rONSQaPO bOaTPc. :. v]O riyOrN St WrOaP 6riPain arO St nS
hrOaP... aN faPOrfacN( NSXO St P]OX arO SinOr bc XOanN St ... . 9. v]O rOQiOt St WrOaP 6riPain ...
PS a rOXarkabQO rOhrOO. 0. v]Oc PSSk ... St P]Oir NPac in jSnrSn PS brTN] T\ P]Oir MnhQiN]. 2.
v]O V]iOt hrain.. arO SaPN anr barQOc. &. iyOrN in MnhQanr arO NOQrSX trSOn. ... arO iVO'trOO. d.
7OUP PS VSaQ anr irSn( NPSnO anr NQaPO arO XSNP ... XinOraQN in MnhQanr. 8. v]O riV] ... St NSTP]'
OaNP MnhQanr iN fOQQ VTQPiyaPOr. 10. v]O xOQN] wSTnPainN arO yOrc ... anr rittiVTQP PS VQiXb. 11.
v]O NOaN NTrrSTnrinh P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON arO yOrc ...( TNTaQQc QONN P]an :00 tOOP rOO\. 12. 6riPainmN
VSX\QOU hOSQShc iN SnO St P]O Xain rOaNSnN tSr iPN riV] ... St NVOnOrc. 1:. 4n finPOr OaNPOrn
6riPain taVON P]O VSQrOr VSnPinOnP f]OrOaN fONPOrn 6riPain taVON P]O ... farX APQanPiV. 19. 4n
XSNP arOaN P]O tarXOr ... SnQc P]O yaQQOc QanrN anr P]O ... f]OrO NSiQN arO rOO\Or anr riV]Or. 10.
v]OrO arO ... Pc\ON St fiQr yOhOPaPiSn( inVQTrinh P]O naPTraQ tQSra St fSSrN( tOnN anr XarV]ON.
12. v]O jakO oiNPriVP iN taXSTN tSr iPN ....
XI. Express the same idea in your own words or expIain the foIIowing substituting synonyms
for the words in itaIics:
1. vSX aXNac N\OnP PfS ]a\\c cOarN in P]O variou& Va\iPaQN St MTrS\O. 2. 6QSrfcn( hainh
aP P]O rark STP/XO St XSTnPainN bOtSrO ]Or( knOf P]aP rain fSTQr taQQ bOtSrO nih]P'PiXO. :. v]O
finrSfN St NOXi'VirVTQar &ha4e fOrO Sn P]O QOyOQ St P]O tQSSr. 9. |O wa& wandering abSTP fiP]
PfS \OnVO in ]iN \SVkOP anr nSf]OrO PS hS tSr P]O nih]P. 0. 4P faN P]O NPrinh St \OarQN wiNN
SbinNSn faN fOarinh anr iP faN va9ued aP 00 P]STNanr \STnrN. 2. jarrc ]ar a fSnrOrtTQQc
XOQSriSTN ySiVO fiP] a NinhTQar variety St PSnO. &. v]O V]iQrrOn a44re5iated P]O XOV]aniVaQ
PScN P]Oc ]ar nOyOr NOOn bOtSrO. d. |iN ]anrN fOrO QSnh( bTP nSP QarhO tSr ]iN NiO( bOaTPitTQQc
&ha4ed anr aP P]O NaXO PiXO NPrSnh. 8. 5]O ]aN PfOnPc cOarN advantage SyOr XO. 10. 6SP] ]ar
the advantage St N\Oakinh hSSr anr tQTOnP qrOnV]. 11. v]Oc ]ayO TNP ]ar a POrritiV &5ene" 12. 4
TNOr rS wander abSTP P]O NfOOP'NXOQQinh XOarSfN in P]O OyOninh. 1:. |O faN nSP inPOrONPOr in
cSTr yiOfN Sn P]O NSViaQ anr XSraQ va9ue St P]Oir rOQaPiSnN]i\. 19. v]STh] N]O ]ar QSNP P]O
trON] bQSSX St eZtre+e cSTP]( P]OrO faN nSP a QinO Sn ]Or tSrO]Oar Sr TnrOr ]Or ]aOQ OcON. 10.
v]O VQiXaPO iN NTttiViOnPQc varied tSr bSP] NTb'PrS\iVaQ anr NTb'arVPiV \QanPN to 2e 5u9tivated
within the eZtent St P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON. 12. v]O 6riPiN] tarXOr 5u9tivate& a 5o+4arative9y NXaQQ
PraVP St Qanr \rSrTVinh a variety St \rSrTVPN. 1&. vSX ran arSTnr anr NPS\\Or within a foot or
two St P]O tQSfOr. 1d. Mwing to nTXOrSTN ra\irN P]O riyOr iN nSP nayihabQO. 18. nTQia ^OnrQOPSn
QikOr PS NiP VrSNN'QOhhOr Sn P]O VSTV] TNP PS N]Sf ]Or &ha4e9y QOhN in NiQk NPSVkinhN.
XII. FiII in prepositions. Make a study of the text'
nTNP Stt P]O VSaNP... P]O XainQanr ... nSrP]'fONPOrn MTrS\O anr SnQc ninOPOOn XiQON riNPanP ...
iP ... P]O nOarONP \SinP QiON P]O NXaQQ hrST\ ... iNQanrN knSfn aN P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON.
v]O 6riPiN] 4NQON inVQTrO WrOaP 6riPain( 4rOQanr anr a nTXbOr ... NXaQQ iNQanrN. WrOaP 6riPain
VSnNiNPN ... MnhQanr( 5VSPQanr anr xaQON. v]O NSTP]Orn PfS P]irrN ... 4rOQanr arO SVVT\iOr ... P]O
4riN] O\TbQiV f]iV] bSrrOrN ... 7SrP]Orn 4rOQanr. WrOaP 6riPain iN a rOhiSn ... yariOr QSfQanrN(
rSQQinh ]iQQN anr tOf XSTnPainN. AQP]STh] P]O ]ih]ONP \Oak( 6On 7OyiN ... P]O WraX\ianN ...
5VSPQanr( riNON ... 9(900 tOOP( NTV]']Oih]PN NOQrSX SVVTr. v]O ^OnninO anhO ... nSrP]Orn
11d
MnhQanr riNON SnQc NQih]PQc #.. :(000 tOOP( aN rS P]O RaXbrian XSTnPainN ... xaQON.
... P]O OUPrOXO NSTP] ... MnhQanr arO P]O taXOr V]aQk ]iQQN NSXO ... f]iV] tSrX P]O oSyOr
RQittN.
v]O riyOrN ... P]O rOhiSn arO N]SrP anr ... hOnOraQ tQSf ... P]O VOnPraQ anr NSTP]Orn QSfQanrN ...
P]O NTrrSTnrinh NOaN. wanc ... P]OX arO VSnnOVPOr ... OaV] SP]Or ... VanaQN. v]O VSaNPN ... P]O
6riPiN] 4NQON arO faN]Or ... P]O APQanPiV pVOan( P]O 7SrfOhian( 7SrP] anr 4riN] NOaN anr PfS bih
V]annOQN (P]O MnhQiN] R]annOQ anr P]O 7SrP] R]annOQ".
XIII. Write questions about the text, using new words and phrases in each question. When
asking and answering the questions use the map.
XIV. Give EngIish equivaIents of the Russian word 45678 in its different meanings. Use them
in sentences of your own.
XV. a) Read and transIate the foIIowing text:
v]O farX VTrrOnPN in P]O APQanPiV pVOan intQTOnVO P]O VQiXaPO St WrOaP 6riPain. v]O finPOrN
arO nSP NOyOrOQc VSQr( f]iQO NTXXOrN arO rarOQc ]SP.
aintaQQ iN OyOnQc riNPribTPOr P]rSTh]STP P]O cOar.
v]O \OrVOnPahO St P]O VQSTrinONN iN ]ih]( fOQQ SyOr ]aQt P]O racN St P]O cOar bOinh SyOrVaNP#
tShN aQSnh P]O VSaNP aN fOQQ aN SVVaNiSnaQQc in P]O inPOriSr trOgTOnPQc ]irO P]O NTn. v]O tShN St
jSnrSn( StPOn XarO NOyOrO bc XiUPTrO fiP] ViPc NXSkO (NXSh"( ]ayO a fSrQr'firO rO\TPaPiSn(
bTP SnO nSP PS bO OnyiOr.
b) TaIk (or make up a diaIogue) on the cIimate "of the European part of Russia using the terms
from the text above.
XVI. TransIate these sentences iato EngIish:
1. E> =!( >? +> D!!( $!!< . 2.. A > !
; ! $ ~!;. :. ~ ! > ; J; ; ;( A
> >C!!< <?;> <>. 9. G !!<( +D
!< < >> + ++ . 0. . % <J $!,( !<(
>+ !+. . > D! ? !! J!? A. 2. i !!;
$+! + $ I+ == J=. &. ~! > + < C!!< K!
=<$> D>( ! > ! (tarO" . d. *!>; JI
A>+ + =A ! J; >. 8. . !( !
$ (P]O PTnrra". 10. ; AD< A !!. 11. ['
$< D ! > ; > $ (bQank N\aVON".
XVII. FiII in:
a) %o ,-$n.e, %o )$ry or to #//er.
1. v]O NSiQ ... fiP]in a tOf XiQON in Xanc riNPriVPN( \rSrTVinh N]ar\ VSnPraNP St NVOnOrc anr
tQSra. 2. v]O VQiXaPO St WrOaP 6riPain ... hrOaPQc trSX P]aP St P]O RSnPinOnP. :. v]O fOaP]Or ...
yOrc StPOn in MnhQanr. 9. v]O taVO St 5VSPQanr ... trSX P]aP St 5STP] MaNP MnhQanr. 0. v]O
OrTVaPiSnaQ NcNPOX St WrOaP 6riPain ... trSX P]aP St P]O }niPOr 5PaPON. 2. vaNPON .... &. |O QSSkOr
OUaVPQc aN N]O rOXOXbOrOr ]iX( aN cSTnh( aN trank( bTP ]iN OU\rONNiSn faN .... d. v]O ayOrahO
finPOr POX\OraPTrO ... bOPfOOn % :R anr % &R. 8. x]aP Van ]ayO ]a\\OnOr PS ... ]iX NS
XTV]{ 10. v]aP iN a \SinP Sn f]iV] cST anr N]O fSTQr VOrPainQc....
b) #//eren%, )$r#o0& or )$r#e1
1. TNNia ]aN a ... VQiXaPO bOVaTNO St iPN yaNP POrriPSrc. 2.... branV]ON St inrTNPrc arO tSTnr in
WrOaPOr jSnrSn. :. v]iN hSSr f]OaP Qanr iN gTiPO ... trSX P]SNO bOinh VTQPiyaPOr in nSrP]Orn
rOhiSnN. 9. 6riPain iN iXXOnNOQc ... fiP]in a NXaQQ arOa. 0. v]O inNOVP taTna in 6riPain iN QONN...
P]an P]aP St RSnPinOnPaQ MTrS\O. 2. |O ]aN bOOn PS ... \QaVON St P]O OUPrOXO 7SrP]. &. A hQanVO
aP P]O Xa\ iN OnSTh] PS NOO ]Sf... P]O NTrtaVO St MnhQanr iN. d. A ]SXO in P]O VSTnPrc iN yOrc...
trSX an a\arPXOnP in P]O ViPc. 8. 4 ]ayO VSXO aVrSNN ]iX in rOVOnP cOarN Sn ... SVVaNiSnN. 10.
v]O cSTnh Xan aNkOr XO ... kinrN St gTONPiSnN. 11. v]O nOfN\a\OrN VarriOr ... rO\SrPN St P]O
NPSrX.
12. x]aP fO fOar nSfaracN iN gTiPO ... trSX f]aP STr anVONPSrN fSrO. 1:. |O NParPOr PS
118
POaV] XO WOrXan. |O fSTQr POQQ XO P]O WOrXan tSr P]O ... SbOVPN fO \aNNOr( a VSf( a ]SrNO( a
Xan anr NS Sn( anr P]On XakO XO rO\OaP NiX\QO WOrXan NOnPOnVON. 19. v]rSTh] Xanc cOarN
St... VSnriPiSnN ]O kO\P P]inkinh St ]iN taXiQc. 10. |ayinh PriOr ... PS\iVN St VSnyOrNaPiSn 4 tOQP
OU]aTNPOr.
c) %o )$l0e or %o $ppre,#$%e1
1. 5]O PSQr RSTnP 6SrVOQQi P]aP ]Or nOVkQaVO faN... aP Oih]P P]STNanr \STnrN. 2. nTrhinh bc
]iN fSrrN ]O ... cSTr ]OQ\. :. 6Oinh aNkOr f]aP ]O P]STh]P St a \SNNibQO V]anhO in P]O \Qan ]O
Nair ]O... iP 9. 6TP 4 fSTQr nSP QikO ]iX PS P]ink P]aP 4 rS nSP... P]O ]SnSTr P]aP ]O ]aN rSnO XO.
0. v]O \iVPTrO iN ... aP a P]STNanr rSQQarN. 2. 4 NT\\SNO SnQc a qrOnV]Xan Van ... PS P]O tTQQ P]O
hraVO St aVinO anr P]O XTNiV St ]iN yOrNO. &. nanO ATNPOnmN fSrk iN PS bO ... \riXariQc aN NaPirO.
d. wr. RSSk ... ]iN NOVrOParc tSr ]Or aVVTraVc.
d) lonely or $lone1
1. 5]O NPacOr ... in ]Or rSSX rOtTNinh PS VSXO rSfnNPairN. 2. v]OirN faN a ... ]STNO iNSQaPOr
bc P]O XSTnPainN. :. |O tOQP XiNOrabQO anr .... 9. ... in P]O ]STNO faN wiNN 5ariO @iQQiOr. 0. MQQiSP
in ]iN fOQQ'VTP rinnOr aVkOP QSSkOr OQOhanP aN ]O ... VSTQr QSSk. 2. soS cST knSf P]aP XOOPinh
cST tSr P]O tirNP PiXO iN PS XO QikO a ... PrayOQQOr VSXinh aVrSNN NSXO brih]P tQSfOrQOP in P]O
rONOrPes % Nair 5ir qranViN. &. |O faN ... f]On 4 faN TN]OrOr in. d. qraT 6OVkOr NOOXOr PS
QSSk tSr S\\SrPTniPiON St bOinh ... fiP] jarrc. 8. v]O 6riPiN] tarX]STNO iN StPOn NSXO riNPanVO
trSX a \TbQiV rSar. v]O QitO P]OrO iN ]arr anr .... 10. zSTnh nSQcSn ... aXSnh P]O qSrNcPON faN
ihnSranP St 6SNinnOcmN niVknaXO.
XVIII. TransIate the sentences into EngIish:
1. u+ J > $( >J D;. 2. .J! !
$! 3<A ? ! ~!;. :. A'; % !
J!? A>? >? +A!;( ? + + $D!!. 9.
! $ A<( +A! !;! !> $?> =
; ! (VaNP anV]Sr". 0. G''L !!!= +!(
/>; $! % l!= Z!!. 2( i < , + .
&. ~ ! $!?!< + D< D!$!>+! !+!. d. <J <
$?; +! K+ ; $ $J!,;. 8. 3D !! +!!
A +> !! !> ! ;( C!? A!. 10. -!!
$D< L$!;A + !< ( < < A! A ! !
!+ +A ! ?.
XIX. The tabIe beIow (ApriI, 1981) shows some simiIarities and differences between the four
countries of Great Britain:
MnhQanr 5VSPQanr xaQON 7Sr]Orn 4rOQanr
ArOa (Ng kX" 1:0(922 &d(1:: 20(&&8 1:(0&2
^S\TQaPiSn 98(:00(000 0(100(000 2(800(000 1(&00(000
|ih]ONP
XSTnPain
(]Oih]P"
5VatOQQ
^ikO
8&d X
6On
7OyiN
1(:92 X
5nSfrSn
1(0d0 X
5QiOyO oSnarr
d02 X
jarhONP ViPc
(\S\TQaPiSn"
jSnrSn (WrOaPOr
jSnrSn" &(0&9(:00
WQaNhSf 211(220 Rarritt
:1d(000
6OQtaNP 28&(800
xO Van \SinP STP P]O NiXiQariPiON QikO P]iN:
4n N\iPO St P]O SbyiSTN rittOrOnVON in NiO anr \S\TQaPiSn( P]O VSTnPriON St P]O }k ]ayO
quite a lot in common. xaQON anr 7SrP]Orn 4rOQanr arO fairly similar in NiO( P]STh] P]O arOa
St xaQON iN slightly QarhOr. v]OrO isn't much difference in \S\TQaPiSn bOPfOOn Rarritt anr
6OQtaNP( P]STh] 6OQtaNP iN just a little QarhOr.
5VatOQQ ^ikO anr 5nSfrSn arO more or less the same ]Oih]P( P]STh] 5nSfrSn iN just a few
XOPrON ]ih]Or. Both 5nSfrSn and 6On 7OyiN arO SyOr 1(000 X ]Oih]P( P]STh] neither St P]OX
iN all that ]ih] VSX\arOr fiP] P]O AQ\N( tSr OUaX\QO.
120
a) Practise using the words and word combinations in bold type to make other
comparisons between some two-four regions of Russia. Write your best sentences down.
b) In small groups, compare your own country (republic) with another country (republic)
you know well. What are the similarities in Climate, Industry, People, Traffic, Railways,
Scenery, City life, Food, Agriculture, Education, Clothes?
XX. TaIk about your home town. Use the foIIowing diaIogue as a modeI:
A.: zSTmrO trSX xaQON( arOnmP cST{
o.: zON( P]aPmN rih]P. 4 VSXO trSX 5fanNOa aVPTaQQc.
A.: A]( 5fanNOae 4myO nOyOr bOOn P]OrO. 4PmN a \SrP( iNnmP iP{
o.: p] cON % bih rSVkN( NPOOQ fSrkN anr a QSP St ]Oayc inrTNPrc rSTnr abSTP. 6TP iPmN tTnnc(
TNP STPNirO P]O PSfn P]OrOmN rOaQQc bOaTPitTQ VSTnPrc. 4PmN OUPrOXOQc bOaTPitTQ aQSnh P]O VSaNP %
P]O WSfOr ^OninNTQa. 7S inrTNPrc Sr nSP]inh % TNP QikO iP faN a ]TnrrOr cOarN ahS.
A: 5STnrN hrOaP. Anr ]Sf QarhO iN 5fanNOa{
o.: p]( iPmN a bih ViPc. zST XTNPnmP P]ink P]aP aQQ P]O \OS\QO in xaQON QiyO in yiQQahON( xO ]ayO
ViPiON PSSe
A.: zON( 4 NT\\SNO NS.
XXI. Try your hand at teaching.
1. Say what you would do in the teacher's position:
^aTQ( a NOniSr in ]ih] NV]SSQ( XTNP STPNXarP OyOrc arTQP fiP] f]SX ]O VSXON in VSnPaVP.
|iN nOOr PS tOOQ NT\OriSr iN NS NPrSnh P]aP ]O N\OnrN ]STrN \QSPPinh ]Sf ]O Van aV]iOyO ]iN hSaQ.
|O hSON PS P]O Qibrarc PS QSSk T\ rOtiniPiSnN anr intSrXaPiSn St irrOQOyanP NTbOVP XaPPOr( anr
VSntrSnPN P]O POaV]Or fiP] gTONPiSnN QikO sx]aP kinr St rrONN rir nSNO\]inO fOar f]On N]O
XarriOr 7a\SQOSn{s 5inVO P]O POaV]Or VannSP anNfOr P]iN gTONPiSn( ^aTQ \rSVOOrN fiP] ]iN
intSrXaPiSn anr \rSyON ]iN NT\OriSriPc PS P]O f]SQO VQaNN.
2. a) Try and act as a teacher of geography and discuss one of the following topics.
Make use of Essential Vocabulary (1). Use the map when speaking. (Give a three-minute
talk.)
b) Comment on the students' knowledge of the topic, their skill of reading the map and
the choice of the vocabulary:
1. v]O 6riPiN] 4NQON anr P]O NOaN( NPraiPN anr V]annOQN( faN]inh P]Oir VSaNP. 2. v]O rOQiOt St
MnhQanr( iPN ]ih]QanrN( QSfQanrN anr XSTnPainN. :. v]O riyOrN St MnhQanr. 9. v]O jakO oiNPriVP.
0. 5PraPtSrr'Sn'AySn. 2. v]O rOQiOt St 5VSPQanr. &. v]O rOQiOt St xaQON. d. v]O VQiXaPO St WrOaP
6riPain. 8. v]O rOQiOt anr VQiXaPO St 4rOQanr. (5OO sRQaNNrSSX MnhQiN]s( 5OVPiSn @444"
LABORATORY EXERCISES (I)
1. Listen to the text "The British Isles", mark the stresses and tunes. Repeat the text
following the model.
2. Paraphrase the sentences, using the suggested speech patterns. Check your
sentences with the key (oral work).
3. Complete the sentences with geographical terms. Write these terms down and check
them with the key (oral and written work).
4. Write a spelling-translation test: a) translate the phrases into English; b) check them
with the key.
5. Do the suggested exercises and check them with the key (written work).
6. Listen to the text "Soil and Vegetation" or some other text on Geography: a) write it
as a dictation; b) retell it.
TOP!: GEOGRAPHY
TEXT A. INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS IN GREAT BRITAIN
MnhQanr iN a ]ih]Qc rOyOQS\Or inrTNPriaQ VSTnPrc. v]O ViPc St jSnrSn iN SnO St P]O xSrQrmN
121
P]rOO QOarinh tinanViaQ VOnPrON aQSnh fiP] 7Of zSrk anr bc tar P]O bihhONP in MTrS\O v]O 6ank
St MnhQanr iN P]O VSXXOrViaQ \TQNO St P]O ViPc St jSnrSn f]iQO WrOaPOr jSnrSn iN iX\SrPanP
tSr \rSrTVPN St aQQ kinhN in VQTrinh tSSr( inNPrTXOnP OnhinOOrinh( OQOVPriVaQ anr OQOVPrSniV
OnhinOOrinh( VQSP]inh( tTrniPTrO anr \rinPinh. 4P ]aN NSXO ]Oayc OnhinOOrinh \QanPN anr NOyOraQ
QOarinh rONOarV] ONPabQiN]XOnPN
20
. jSnrSn iN a hrOaP \SrP fiP] Xanc rSVkN.
7SrP]'fONP St jSnrSn( in P]O XirQanr VSTnPiON (P]O wirQanrN" iN a yOrc iX\SrPanP inrTNPriaQ
riNPriVP f]iV] iN knSfn aN P]O s6QaVk VSTnPrcs. 4n 6irXinh]aX( P]O VOnPrO St P]iN arOa( anr in
P]O XanTtaVPTrinh PSfnN nOarbc( yariSTN hSSrN arO \rSrTVOr: XaV]inO PSSQN( PTbON( rSXONPiV
XOPaQfarO( rTbbOr \rSrTVPN( OPV. v]O QarhONP VSaQ anr irSn tiOQrN in 6riPain arO QSVaPOr in P]O
wirQanrN. qTrP]Or nSrP] iN wanV]ONPOr( SnO St P]O Xain VOnPrON tSr OQOVPriVaQ anr ]Oayc
OnhinOOrinh anr tSr XO \rSrTVPiSn St a firO ranhO St hSSrN inVQTrinh VSX\TPOrN( OQOVPrSniV
OgTi\XOnP( \OPrSV]OXiVaQN( rcO'NPTttN anr \]arXaVOTPiVaQN. v]O wanV]ONPOr 5]i\ RanaQ QinkN
wanV]ONPOr fiP] jiyOr\SSQ( SnO St 6riPainmN QOarinh NOa\SrPN.
MaNP St wanV]ONPOr iN P]O ViPc St 5]OttiOQr( fOQQ'knSfn tSr iPN XanTtaVPTrO St ]ih] gTaQiPc
NPOOQN( PSSQN anr VTPQOrc. A N]SrP raiQfac STrnOc PS P]O nSrP]'OaNP fiQQ PakO cST trSX
wanV]ONPOr PS 6rartSrr( P]O VSXXOrViaQ VOnPrO St P]O fSSQ PrarO.
qTrP]Or nSrP] iN 7OfVaNPQO NiPTaPOr Sn P]O 7SrP] 5Oa VSaNP( a ViPc taXSTN tSr iPN N]i\bTiQrinh
carrN anr iPN OU\SrP St VSaQ.
x]aP iN rOXarkabQO abSTP P]O NOVSnr ]aQt St P]O 20P] VOnPTrc iN P]O aVVOQOraPinh \aVO St
V]anhO.
v]O 5VSPPiN] OVSnSXc ]aN XSyOr afac trSX P]O PrariPiSnaQ inrTNPriON St VSaQ( NPOOQ anr
N]i\bTiQrinh. 7SrP]'OaNP 5VSPQanr iN nSf P]O VOnPrO St SttN]SrO SiQ anr haN inrTNPriON. v]OrO
]aN bOOn a NihnitiVanP rOyOQS\XOnP in ]ih]'POV]nSQShc inrTNPriON( NTV] aN V]OXiVaQN( OQOVPrSniV
OnhinOOrinh anr intSrXaPiSn POV]nSQShc. 4n 5VSPQanr( P]O riV]ONP \arP iN P]aP St P]O jSfQanrN.
|OrO P]OrO arO VSaQ anr irSn tiOQrN. WQaNhSf iN P]O QarhONP ViPc( NOa\SrP anr Prarinh VOnPrO St
5VSPQanr.
OVOnP rOVarON ]ayO NOOn tTnraXOnPaQ V]anhON in P]O xOQN] OVSnSXc. xaQON iN an
iX\SrPanP VOnPrO tSr VSnNTXOr OQOVPrSniVN( intSrXaPiSn POV]nSQShc( V]OXiVaQN( anr tSSr anr
rrink.
AQP]STh] 6riPain iN a rOnNOQc \S\TQaPOr( inrTNPriaQiOr VSTnPrc( ahriVTQPTrO iN NPiQQ SnO St iPN
XSNP iX\SrPanP inrTNPriON. oaircinh iN XSNP VSXXSn in P]O fONP St MnhQanr( f]OrO P]O fOPPOr
VQiXaPO OnVSTrahON P]O hrSfP] St hSSr hraNN. 5]OO\ anr VaPPQO arO rOarOr in P]O ]iQQc anr
XSSrQanr arOaN St nSrP]Orn anr NSTP]'fONPOrn MnhQanr. 4PN bONP tarXQanr QiON in P]O NSTP]'
OaNPOrn \QainN.
v]O NSTP] St MnhQanr iN rTraQ( fiP] Xanc tOrPiQO yaQQOcN( fOQQ'VTQPiyaPOr tiOQrN anr \aNPTrON.
v]O NSTP]'OaNPOrn VSaNP iN fOQQ'knSfn tSr iPN \iVPTrONgTO NVOnOrc anr XiQr VQiXaPO anr a
nTXbOr St \S\TQar rONSrPN. pn P]O NSTP]Orn VSaNP St MnhQanr P]OrO arO Xanc QarhO \SrPN( aXSnh
P]OX: 5STP]aX\PSn( ^SrPNXSTP]( ^QcXSTP].
TEXT B. THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE
% 4 knSf P]aP P]OrO arO Xanc Pc\ON St naPTraQ NVOnOrc in MnhQanr. 6TP f]aP iN P]OrO in P]O
MnhQiN] QanrNVa\O P]aP NPrikON P]O OcO St P]O NPranhOr TNOr PS SP]Or VSTnPriON{
% 4PN s\ark'QikOs a\\OaranVO( 4 bOQiOyO. MnhQanr in PrTP] QSSkN QikO SnO hrOaP fOQQ'SrrOrOr
\ark fiP] iPN SQr PrOON( hrOOn XOarSfN anr ]OrhON.
22
% 6TP aN tar aN 4 knSf P]O ]OrhON PakO T\ a VSnNirOrabQO \arP St NSiQ NTiPabQO tSr \QSTh]inh.
% v]Oc rS. 6TP P]O MnhQiN]Xan QSyON P]O hrOOn St MnhQanr fiP] iPN ]OrhON( POnrOr'hrOOn in
N\rinh( VSyOrOr fiP] QOat anr tQSfOr in NTXXOr( a bQaO St hSQr anr rOr in aTPTXn. 4n finPOr
PSS P]Oc arO NPiQQ bOaTPitTQ fiP] a tOf NVarQOP bOrriON aQXSNP bTrninh in P]O trSNP.
% Anr cOP( it MnhQanr NfO\P afac ]Or ]OrhON anr \TP in P]Oir \QaVO tOnVON P]O Nayinh St
Qanr fSTQr bO OnSrXSTN.
% 6TP XTV] St P]O \ark'QikO bOaTPc St P]O VSTnPrcNirO fSTQr bO hSnO anr fiP] iP P]O
\OVTQiar V]araVPOr St P]O MnhQiN] QanrNVa\O.
% 4 ]Oar P]OrO arO a QSP St QSyOQc harrOnN aQQ aQSnh P]O MnhQiN] VSTnPrcNirO. ArO MnhQiN]
\OS\QO tSnr St harrOninh{
20
7SfaracN P]OrO iN QiPPQO inrTNPrc in jSnrSn aN ]Oayc OnhinOOrinh \QanPN ]ayO bOOn XSyOr PS P]O nOarONP XanTtaVPTrinh PSfnN.
22
hedge: a rSf St bTN]ON Sr QSf PrOON f]iV] arO tSrXinh a kinr St barriOr.
122
% v]Oc arO. AQXSNP OyOrc SnO in MnhQanr PriON PS VSXO in PSTV] fiP] a biP St \QanP QitO. 4n
P]O MaNP St jSnrSn cST Xac NOO fSrkinhXanmN stQaPNs fiP] P]Oir finrSf harrOnN. 4n P]O xONP
Mnr( Qanr f]iV] iN fSrP] Xanc P]STNanrN St \STnrN \Or aVrO iN rOySPOr PS harrOn TNO. 4n P]O
NXaQQ NTbTrban yiQQaN a yOrc VSnNirOrabQO PaU St XSnOc anr QabSTr i& \air in P]O OttSrP PS kOO\
in hSSr SrrOr a QiPPQO \SVkOP ]anrkOrV]iOt St Qafn anr a tOf N]rTbN.
% xOQQ( 4 P]ink P]aP P]iN \rSyON P]aP P]O MnhQiN]Xan iN aP ]OarP a hrOaP QSyOr St naPTrO(
P]STh] ]O iN NT\\SNOr PS bO NTV] a \rSNaiV anr \raVPiVaQ \OrNSn.
TEXT C. LOOKING AT THE MAP OF RUSSIA
% 4mr QikO cST PS POQQ XO NSXOP]inh abSTP cSTr VSTnPrc.
% 4 P]ink P]O bONP fac PS hOP a hOnOraQ irOa St a VSTnPrc iN PS NPTrc P]O Xa\. 4PmN QTVkc 4myO
hSP SnO fiP] XO. |OrO iP iN.
% ^Or]a\N fO ]ar bOPPOr NParP fiP] P]O \]cNiVaQ STPQinO St P]O VSTnPrc.
% xOQQ( TNNia Van bO riyirOr rSTh]Qc inPS PfS Xain rOhiSnN % P]O ]ih]QanrN in P]O OaNP
anr P]O QSfQanrN VSyOrinh P]O hrOaPOr \arP St P]O VSTnPrc( fiP] a QSnh XSTnPain ranhO VTPPinh iP
inPS PfS TnOgTaQ \arPN.
% zST XOan P]O }raQN. v]Oc tSrX P]O naPTraQ bSrrOr bOPfOOn MTrS\O anr ANia. 6TP P]O
]ih]ONP XSTnPain V]ainN( aN tar aN 4 Van NOO arO NiPTaPOr in P]O NSTP] anr P]O NSTP]'OaNP St P]O
VSTnPrc. x]aP rS cST VaQQ P]OX{
% v]O RaTVaNTN( bOPfOOn P]O RaN\ian anr P]O 6QaVk 5Oa anr P]O AQPai in ANia.
% 4mr QSyO PS hS P]OrO. wc ]Sbbc iN XSTnPainOOrinh. 6TP STr XSTnPainN arO nSP NS ]ih] aN
cSTrN( aN tar aN 4 knSf.
% 4 bOQiOyO P]Oc arO nSP xO ]ayO \OakN tSTr anr a ]aQt XiQON ]ih]. 6TP fO aQNS ]ayO
QSfQanrN NOyOraQ ]TnrrOr tOOP bOQSf NOa QOyOQ. xO ]ayO NPO\\ON in P]O NSTP]( \QainN anr tSrONPN
in P]O XirQanrN( PTnrra anr Paiha in P]O nSrP].
% x]aP arO P]O sNPO\\ONs{
% v]Oc arO PrOOQONN \QainN VSyOrOr fiP] hraNN. v]O NSiQ iN tOrPiQO P]OrO.
% Anr iN P]O PTnrra QikO STr ]OaP]Or XSSrN{
% 7SP in P]O QOaNP. 4PmN a kinr St trSOn rONOrP in P]O ArVPiV rOhiSn.
% Anr f]aP iN P]O mPaiham( 4 fSnrOr{
% 4PmN a P]iVk VSnitOrSTN tSrONP NPrOPV]inh PS P]O NSTP] St P]O PTnrra. 4PmN riV] in aniXaQN(
yaQTOr tSr P]Oir tTr QikO NabQO( tSU( NgTirrOQ.
% 4mr QikO PS hS ]TnPinh P]OrO( bTP 4mX atrair 4 fSTQr nOyOr bO abQO PS NPanr PSO VSQr.
% pTr VQiXaPO iN aQNS yariOr. 4n P]O NSTP]'fONP P]O fOaP]Or iN TNTaQQc XiQr anr fOP#
nSrP]Orn ANia iN SnO St P]O VSQrONP \QaVON Sn OarP]( anr in P]O NSTP] P]O ]OaP iN TnbOarabQO. 6TP
in P]O XirrQO St P]O VSTnPrc P]O VQiXaPO iN XSrOraPO anr VSnPinOnPaQ.
% xOQQ( iP ]aN bOOn yOrc inPOrONPinh tSr XO PS ]Oar aQQ P]SNO P]inhN. v]ank cST yOrc XTV]
tSr cSTr intSrXaPiSn.
Memory Work
MnhQanre fiP] aQQ P]c taTQPN( 4 QSyO P]OO NPiQQ(
4 Nair aP RaQaiN( anr ]ayO nSP tSrhSP iP
4 QikO P]O PaUON f]On P]OcmrO nSP PSS Xanc#
4 QikO a NOa'VSaQ tirO( f]On nSP PSS rOar#
4 QikO a bOOt'NPOak( PSS( aN fOQQ aN anc#
|ayO nS SbOVPiSn PS a \SP St bOOr#
4 QikO P]O fOaP]Or f]On iP iN nSP rainc(
v]aP iN( 4 QikO PfS XSnP]N St OyOrc cOar. @eorge 3yron
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY ()
Words
bSrrOr n ]OrhO n( , rONSrP n
VaPPQO n
QOyOQ n rTraQ ad1 V]OXiVaQN n
12:
XaV]inOrc n
NPO\\O n VSPPSn n XSrOraPO ad1
NPrOPV] ,, n
rONOrP n \aNPTrO n Paiha n rSVk
n
\Oak n PSSQ n tOnVO n
\iVPTrONgTO ad1
PTnrra n tOrPiQO ad1 ranhO n yaNP
ad1
tinanViaQ ad1 raf ad1
Word Combinations
intSrXaPiSn POV]nSQShc rOnNOQc (P]inQc" \S\TQaPOr VSnNTXOr
OQOVPrSniVN
N]i\bTiQrinh carrN ]ih]Qc rOyOQS\Or Prarinh VOnPrO
VSaQ (irSn" tiOQrN rTraQ riNPriVP SttN]SrO SiQ
inrTNPrc
riV] in (NXP]." ]Oayc (Qih]P" OnhinOOrinh XSrOraPO (XiQr"
VQiXaPO
Proper Names
P]O AySn oTbQin P]O 7SrP] 5Oa
6OQtaNP MirO P]O ^OnninON
6irXinh]aX WQaNhSf ^SrPNXSTP]
P]O 6riNPSQ R]annOQ P]O WraX\ianN P]O 5OyOrn
P]O RaXbrianN P]O |ObrirON 5]OttiOQr
P]O R]OyiSP |iQQN P]O prknOc 4NQanrN 5STP]aX\PSn
P]O RQcrO P]O 5]OPQanr 4NQanrN P]O 5PraiP St oSyOr
P]O RTXbrianN 4rOQanr P]O vcnO
jOOrN P]O v]aXON
wanV]ONPOr
P]O wOrNOc
7OfVaNPQO
EXERCISES
I. Study Texts A and and a) transcribe the words beIow:
\OPrSV]OXiVaQN( VSXXOrVO( tOrPiQO( OnhinOOrinh( irSn( inrTNPrc( OgTi\XOnP( XSrOraPO( rONSrP(
\]arXaVOTPiVaQN( raircinh( rOar( rTraQ( \iVPTrONgTO( XOarSf( \QSTh]inh( aVrO.
b) Transcribe the geographicaI names used in Text A,
II, Pick out front Text A EngIish equivaIents of the foIIowing:
>! $+>J ( C!; I!>; ,( D
+J!!( +A<>; ;( K !(
!<> I!( =C!; +$ $+( !
>?A!+ $!( > I! >+ +( !I+,!
?A!( > K!( >; $<= !( +!(
?!+!! $> ! IA ><( <?;>; ;( $>
!>( ?J > $( D!$!>; $;D( +A!; !+( +>
>.
III. Writte questions about Text A, using the words and phrases from Ex. II. Prepare to discuss
the text (Use he map.)
129
IV. Read Text and pick-out EngIish squivaIents of the foIIowing phrases:
$!< C $! +'n.( !+< $! '.( ><
= A!,( < $!+=( + =!+ ! (+; "(
< + !( !D +( ! ; +( $!+>;.
V. ReteII Text in indirect speech. Try and give an additionaI piece of information on the topic.
VI. FiII in Use weirds bolder, boundary or frontier. Choose the correct aIternative.
Note: v]O TNNian fSrr 7TUj ]aN NOyOraQ OgTiyaQOnPN in MnhQiN]: bSrrOr % $A!
!! $ $ > +,!; !!!( ."g" v]O \OS\QO Qiyinh Sn P]O bSrrOr St PfS
arSininh VSTnPriON TNTaQQc N\Oak P]O QanhTahON St bSP].# bSTnrarc % A!,
A!!< !!( $( ."g" v]iN NPrOaX tSrXN a bSTnrarc bOPfOOn P]O PfS tarXN.# trSn'
PiOr % A!, +,! !!( A A!,( ." !, PS \aNN P]O trSnPiOrN( !
$A! !! ; ( !! bSrrOr" < $ +,!;
!!!( ."g" PS hTarr P]O trSnPiOrN( trSnPiOr NPaPiSn( tSrPrONN( inVirOnP( riN\TPO(
1. x]On fO fOnP VaX\inh( fO \TP T\ STr POnPN Sn P]O ... St P]O QakO. 2. v]O ... inVirOnP faN
rO\SrPOr bc P]O nOfN\a\OrN in rOPaiQ. :. A ... riN\TPO iN a gTarrOQ abSTP f]OrO a ... iN Sr STh]P PS
bO. 9. v]O riyOr tSrXOr a ... bOPfOOn P]ONO rTraQ riNPriVPN. 0. v]O ]aQt'rTinOr PSfOr TNOr PS bO
a ... tSrPrONN. 2. v]O rOhiSn aQSnh P]O bSTnrarc bOPfOOn MnhQanr anr 5VSPQanr iN VaQQOr P]O ... .
&. A ]OrhO iN a tOnVO Sr a rSf St bTN]ON Sr QSf PrOON( f]iV] arO \QanPOr PS tSrX a ... rSTnr a
harrOn Sr tiOQr. d. WrOaP 6riPainmN .... nSrP]Orn( OaNPOrn anr NSTP]Orn( arO tSrXOr bc NOaN anr
SVOanN.
VII. Study Text and use it as a modeI for a taIk between an EngIishman and a Russian who is
on his first visit to EngIand.
VIII. FiII in the words north, west east, south, or their derivatives:
1. v]O ... ]aQt St STr VSTnPrc VSnNiNPN XainQc St QSf \QainN( f]iQO P]O hrOaPOr \arP St P]O ...
]aQt St TNNia iN VSyOrOr fiP] XSTnPain V]ainN. 2. 4n 5ibOria P]O bihhONP riyOrN arO P]O pb( P]O
zOniNNOi anr P]O jOna. v]Oc tQSf ... P]rSTh] a yaNP arOa \araQQOQ PS SnO anSP]Or. :. v]O VQiXaPO
VSnPraNPN arO gTiPO NPrikinh in TNNia. zST Van tinr P]O ... brayinh P]O trSNPN P]aP rOaV] &0
rOhrOON bOQSf OrS ROnPihrarO anr aP SnO anr P]O NaXO PiXO P]O ... baNkinh 4n P]O NTn Sn ...
NOaN]SrON QinOr fiP] hrOOn \aQXN. 9. v]O jOninhrar rOhiSn QiON PS P]O ... St wSNVSf. 0. A ... iN a
\OrNSn f]S QiyON in P]O ... anr a ... iN SnO f]S QiyON in P]O ... . 2. oOySn anr RSrnfaQQ arO
NiPTaPOr Sn P]O ... \OninNTQa St MnhQanr.
IX. SuppIy articIes where necessary:
v]OrO iN nS SP]Or VSTnPrc in ... fSrQr f]SNO naPTrO iN XSrO yariOr P]an P]aP St ... TNNia. ...
fONPOrn ]aQt St ... VSTnPrc VSnNiNPN XainQc St... QSf \QainN. v]O VSTnPrc iN riyirOr inPS PfS
\arPN bc ... }raQ XSTnPainN.... hrOaPOr \arP St ... OaNPOrn ]aQt iN VSyOrOr fiP] yaNP \QaPOaTN anr
XSTnPain V]ainN. |OrO( Sn ... kaXV]aPka ^OninNTQa ... bihhONP aVPiyO ySQVanSON St ... pQr xSrQr
arO QSVaPOr.
4n ... NSTP] ... \QainN St ... fONPOrn ]aQt St ... VSTnPrc arO bSTnrOr bc... ]ThO XSTnPain ranhON.
|OrO arO ... VSTnPrcmN ]ih]ONP \OakN.
wanc St ... riyOrN St... TNNia arO aXSnh ... fSrQrmN hrOaPONP ... XSNP iX\SrPanP riyOrN St ...
fONPOrn \Qain arO ... @SQha( ... xONPOrn oyina(... oSn anr ... 7SrP]Orn oyina.
4n ... qar MaNP... AXTr tQSfN inPS ... ^aVitiV.
4n ... QakON( PSS( STr VSTnPrc iN OUPrOXOQc riV]. AXSnh P]OX arO ... fSrQrmN hrOaPONP QakO ...
RaN\ian 5Oa anr ... rOO\ONP % ... QakO 6aikaQ.
X. Discuss the foIIowing topics (use the map):
1. MnhQiN] NVOnOrc anr VQiXaPO.
2. AhriVTQPTraQ riNPriVPN St MnhQanr.
:. v]O XSNP iX\SrPanP inrTNPriaQ rOhiSnN in MnhQanr.
9. ^]cNiVaQ baVkhrSTnr St TNNia.
0. v]O NTrtaVO St TNNia.
2. v]O VQiXaPO St TNNia.
120
Note: Evaluate these talks according to their information content: amount and quality
of information.
XI. SuppIy prepositions where necessary:
pTr XSP]OrQanr iN iXXOnNO. 4PmN ... tar P]O QarhONP anr riV]ONP VSTnPrc bSP] ... ANia anr
MTrS\O. 4PN trSnPiOr QinO iN P]O QSnhONP... P]O fSrQr.
7aPTraQ VSnriPiSnN ... TNNia yarc hrOaPQc. 4t cST VrSNN TNNia ... P]O OUPrOXO 7SrP] ... P]O
5STP] cST fiQQ hOP a hSSr irOa ... P]O VQiXaPO VSnPraNPN( PS Nac nSP]inh ... P]O rittOrOnVO ...
NVOnOrc anr yOhOPaPiSn( V]araVPOriNPiV ... yariSTN hOShra\]iVaQ SnON. 5ibOria TnQikO ... P]O
}raQN( P]O taVO ... va'Parc rittOrN ... P]aP... P]O RaTVaNTN. pnO rOhiSn iN riV] ... SnO P]inh( anSP]Or
iN riV] ... anSP]Or.
^Or]a\N nS VSTnPrcmN hOShra\]iV QSVaPiSn ]aN \QacOr NTV] a] iX\SrPanP \arP... iPN ]iNPSrc aN
TNNiamN. |aQt... MTrS\O anr ]aQt... ANia( iPN ]iNPSrc ]aN rOySQyOr ... P]iN baNiV taVP.
XII. 1. Describe the scenery, cIimate and industries of your home town, region or repubIic. 2.
Choose four sIides or postcards and give a commentary on them. With the first picture,
concentrate on describing what there is in the picture. With the second one try to give
the position of things accurateIy. You can use the third one for taIking about how and
when the picture was taken. And the Iast one can be the starting point for a story or
joke. (See "CIassroom EngIish" Section V.)
XIII. Finish up the sentences according to the modeI. (ConsuIt a dictionary.):
MnhQiN]XOn QiyO in MnhQanr( P]Oc N\Oak MnhQiN].
... in 5VSPQanr(.... ... in 4rOQanr( .... ... in 5fOrOn( ....
... in 7Srfac( .... ... in oOnXark(.... ... in |SQQanr( ...
... in 5\ain( ... ... in P]O }5A( .... ... in 5fiPOrQanr(....
XIV. Make up diaIogues between an EngIish and a Russian student on the topics:
1. wSNVSf anr jSnrSn % VTQPTraQ anr inrTNPriaQ VOnPrON.
2. v]O Xain inrTNPriaQ VOnPrON (PSfnN( \SrPN( OPV." St TNNia anr MnhQanr.
:. TraQ arOaN St bSP] VSTnPriON.
XV. TransIate the foIIowing, putting it into your own words:
a) express your opinion;
b) say how far factors like climate, the geography of a country, its history, religion(s),
system of government, etc affect national character. Give examples.
) write some brief notes about your own national character $& yon think foreigners see
yon. Then, in small groups, describe to each other this "foreign" view of your nation and
say why you agree or disagree with it.
B x
B,!<>; ? $= D!. B ! + K !
<J; $!( + A!+( > $ +( !+= $
D!< ; >. [ $ ! ! ! A!. /'
!<< ! $ !? ?. .! +<J A!? $D> !+
+!( $?C!+ ++. D( ( $<( $! ; !<!
? K ! <+ $!!>? ! D $<>? ( ! !
>? <+ !>( A! D !+># D C!(
=C A! D +D >< $.
)!!!!; % +! K+{ % A! ! +! C=
= +!!( $K( !!. B !( ! $= $>=
$!D< ; ( + +.
B+!+> +$! ! +$?,>( ! + >
>.
Z? =<< $! !+ $+!< J!+ ! A( + =
A! >( ! '! ! !< > ; ;. ?!C<
122
I,; ?;( A!! !+!!< +. B <
$J>; ! D= !< $$!? ! !!?. ;
$C! I+!+( ! D + > !!!!>( ! ! !?
$ K,!.
K! $>( >+( $D;( !< C !: $! ; ;
$<! A!;!; ? > A>+ ! $+>+.
k.TU" PUR <aa!^. (/l"( !! A+! +!,. 18&9
$>=< D<( A! !A +!<. G+>
$!? A. B K! !!( < +> J( $!= A<(
;. L J+ !! ?J+( !> > A!;; > $'$D+
= !+ C!+ ++( >= A !! ,!<>;
? ! C!; !< D!!.
D " WUXRU (A!"( A!( 18&:
XVI, Comment on the foIIowing proverbs and sayings. (ExpIain their meaning, give their
Russian equivaIents.):
MaNP Sr xONP( ]SXO iN bONP. v]OrO iN nS \QaVO QikO ]SXO.
5S Xanc VSTnPriON( NS Xanc VTNPSXN. x]On aP SXO( rS aN P]O SXanN rS.
SXO faN nSP bTiQP in a rac. vS Varrc VSaQN PS 7OfVaNPQO.
XVII. Read the foIIowing passage and a) discuss it in detaiI; b) give a short summary of the
passage; c) comment on the foIIowing:
P]O bOaTPc St 6riPain aN P]O aTP]Sr NOON iP#
P]O yariOPc St hOShra\]iVaQ tOaPTrON#
a ]a\\c VSX\rSXiNO bOPfOOn 7aPTrO anr wan.
xO QiyO in SnO St P]O XSNP bOaTPitTQ iNQanrN in P]O fSrQr. v]iN iN a taVP fO arO aQfacN
tSrhOPPinh. x]On bOaTPitTQ iNQanrN arO XOnPiSnOr fO P]ink St vrinirar
2&
anr va]iPi.
2d
v]ONO arO
tinO( rSXanPiV \QaVON( bTP P]Oc arO nSP rOaQQc aN OUgTiNiPOQc bOaTPitTQ aN STr Sfn 6riPain. 6OtSrO
P]O XinON anr taVPSriON VaXO( anr QSnh bOtSrO fO fOnP trSX bar PS fSrNO fiP] STr arPOriaQ
rSarN anr \OPrSQ NPaPiSnN anr ]SrribQO briVk bTnhaQSfN( P]iN VSTnPrc XTNP ]ayO bOOn an
OnV]anPXOnP. MyOn nSf( atPOr fO ]ayO bOOn bTNc tSr NS QSnh tQinhinh XTr aP P]iN tair \aQO taVO(
P]O OnV]anPXOnP NPiQQ rOXainN. 5SXOPiXON 4 rSTbP it fO rONOryO PS \SNNONN iP. v]OrO Van bO tOf
\arPN St P]O fSrQr in f]iV] VSXXOrViaQ hrOOr anr \TbQiV inrittOrOnVO ]ayO VSXbinOr PS rS
XSrO raXahO P]an P]Oc ]ayO ]OrO. v]O \rSVONN VSnPinTON. 4P iN NPiQQ PSS StPOn aNNTXOr P]aP anc
OnPOr\riNinh tOQQSf atPOr gTiVk \rStiPN ]aN a \OrtOVP rih]P PS rONPrSc a QSyOQinONN P]aP iN P]O
]OriPahO St P]O f]SQO VSXXTniPc.
v]O bOaTPc St STr VSTnPrc iN aN ]arr PS rOtinO aN iP iN OaNc PS OnSc. OXOXbOrinh SP]Or anr
QarhOr VSTnPriON fO NOO aP SnVO P]aP SnO St iPN V]arXN iN P]aP iP iN iXXOnNOQc yariOr fiP]in a
NXaQQ VSX\aNN. xO ]ayO ]OrO nS yaNP XSTnPain ranhON( nS iQQiXiPabQO \QainN. 6TP fO ]ayO
NT\Orb yariOPc. A hrOaP rOaQ St OyOrcP]inh iN \aVkOr inPS QiPPQO N\aVO. 4 NTN\OVP P]aP fO arO
aQfacN tainPQc VSnNViSTN St P]O taVP P]aP P]iN iN a NXaQQiN] iNQanr( fiP] P]O NOa aQfacN rSTnr P]O
VSrnOr( xO knSf P]aP OyOrcP]inh ]aN PS bO nOaPQc \aVkOr inPS a NXaQQ N\aVO. 7aPTrO( fO tOOQ(
]aN VarOtTQQc arTNPOr P]inhN % XSTnPainN( \QainN( riyOrN( QakON PS P]O NVaQO St P]O iNQanr iPNOQt.
A XSTnPain 12(000 tOOP ]ih] fSTQr bO a ]SrribQO XSnNPOr ]OrO( aN frSnh aN a \Qain 900 XiQON
QSnh( a riyOr aN brSar aN P]O wiNNiNNi\\i# v]STh] P]O hOShra\]iVaQ tOaPTrON St P]iN iNQanr arO
VSX\araPiyOQc NXaQQ( anr P]OrO iN aNPSniN]inh yariOPc aQXSNP OyOrcf]OrO( P]aP rSON nSP XOan
P]aP STr XSTnPainN arO nSP XSTnPainN( STr \QainN nSP \QainN.
pTr V]iQrrOn anr P]Oir V]iQrrOn atPOr P]OX XTNP QiyO in a bOaTPitTQ VSTnPrc. 4P XTNP bO a
VSTnPrc ]a\\iQc VSX\rSXiNinh bOPfOOn 7aPTrO anr wan( bQOnrinh f]aP faN bONP( fSrP]
rOPaininh trSX P]O \aNP fiP] f]aP bONP rO\rONOnPN P]O N\iriP St STr Sfn ahO( a VSTnPrc riV] in
nSbQO PSfnN aN iP iN in PrOON( birrN( anr fiQr tQSfOrN.
(*ro+ sv]O 6OaTPc St 6riPains 2y n. . ^riONPQOc"
XVIII. RoIe-pIaying:
2&
Trinidad; an iNQanr in P]O APQanPiV( PS P]O nSrP]'OaNP St 5STP] AXOriVa
2d
Tahiti: an iNQanr in P]O ^aVitiV
12&
wr. 7iVO( a QOVPTrOr( in ]iN OarQc tSrPiON. |iN PS\iV:
soSnmP 5\SiQ 7aPTrOs.
v ] O a T r i O n V O : AQOU( a NVO\PiVaQQc'XinrOr cSTnh Xan St 21( a NPTrOnP St
WOShra\]c# wiNN oSrSP]c ^OaV]( an arrOnP QSyOr St naPTrO(
ahO &:#
wr. qrOrOriVk |OaQOc( a STrnaQiNP fSrk inh Sn a \S\TQar
nOfN\a\Or( XirrQO'ahOr.
O N P S t V Q a N N : XakO SttOrN anr NThhONPiSnN rOQaPinh PS P]O \rSbQOX.
Don't Spoll Nature
6SP] in rOnNOQc anr in P]inQc \S\TQaPOr VSTnPriON P]O aTP]SriPiON XakO rOhTQaPiSnN anr hiyO
]inPN PS fSTQr'bO PSTriNPN PS \rSPOVP P]O VSTnPrcNirO trSX \SQQTPiSn.
|OrOmN f]aP P]O vSTriNP pttiVO St qinQanr aryiNON fSTQr bO yiNiPSrN: x]iQO cST arO OnScinh
P]O TnigTOnONN St P]O qinniN] QanrNVa\O( P]O tSrONPN( P]O QakON( P]O riyOrN( P]O NOaN( P]O fiQr QitO
anr yOhOPaPiSn( cST N]STQr SbOc P]O TnfriPPOn QafN St naPTrO. 5]OOr VarOQONNnONN anr
P]STh]PQONNnONN Van VaTNO hrOaP raXahO. AN cST PrayOQ abSTP( \QOaNO rOXOXbOr cST arO a hTONP
in P]O qinniN] VSTnPrcNirO.
4P iN tSrbirrOn PS brOak Stt branV]ON St PrOON anr bTN]ON. ^iVkinh tQSfOrN (OUVO\P \rSPOVPOr
N\OViON" iN aQQSfOr. x]On cST PrayOQ bc Var \QOaNO aySir P]rSfinh QiPPOr anr rTbbiN] abSTP. ^TP
iP in \QaNPiV bahN anr PakO iP PS P]O nOUP \QaVO f]OrO faNPO iN VSQQOVPOr. 4n ja\Qanr( P]O bOaTPc
St P]O QanrNVa\O iN OUPrOXOQc trahiQO anr OaNiQc raXahOr. OXOXbOr P]aP iP Van PakO SyOr 200
cOarN tSr P]O PraVkN QOtP bc cSTr Var PS riNa\\Oar.
AQP]STh] iP Xac bO POX\Pinh PS rriyO SyOr XSSrN St ja\Qanr cST XTNP aQfacN kOO\ PS P]O
rSarN. 6OVaTNO P]O VQiXaPO in ja\Qanr iN NS VSQr( XOPaQ hQaNN anr \QaNPiV faNPO rOXain
TnV]anhOr tSr VOnPTriON.
5 T h h O N P O r \ ] r a N O N : Yight, 5an we 2egin, then, do you thin'c Can you a99
hear +e at the 2a5'O @ood, that?& fine. I?+ going to ta9' a2out: a& you 'nowD anyhow" % I?d
1u&t 9i'e to run through the +ain 4oint&""" ;he fir&t thing of 5our&e, i&""" 0nd on to4 of that...
Now ha& any2ody got any 4oint& he?d 9i'e to rai&ec Now, that?& a good Cue&tion" ;he thing here
i& % Or we?ve thought a 9ot a2out thi& one" I thin' that?& it then" ;han'& very +u5h for your
attention"
XIX. FiIm "Mr. Brown's HoIiday". FiIm Segment 7 "How do I Get to...?" (SaIIsbury), a) Watch
and IisIen, b) Do the exercises from the fiIm.
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH
VII
4n iPN brSarONP NOnNO anc XOaninhtTQ \iOVO St friPPOn \rSNO XarkOr tSr iPN TniPc( VSnPOnP anr
XONNahO Xac bO VaQQOr a VSX\SNiPiSn( P]aP iN a TniP St friPPOn VSXXTniVaPiSn inySQyinh a
friPOr( a XONNahO anr a rOarOr.
6OPfOOn P]O NOnPOnVO anr P]O f]SQO VSX\SNiPiSn NPanrN P]O \arahra\]. 4P iN a VSX\SNiPiSn
in XiniaPTrO bOVaTNO iP XOOPN P]O NaXO rOgTirOXOnP St TniPc( VSnPOnP anr XONNahO (NOO s5PTriON
St xriPPOn MnhQiN]s in }niPN pnO( vfS( v]rOO".
A hrST\ St \arahra\]N VSnNPiPTPON XSrO VSX\QOU VSX\SNiPiSnN( NTV] aN ONNacN( N]SrP NPSriON(
aVVSTnPN( QOPPOrN( VQaNN'VSX\SNiPiSnN aN a N\OViaQ OUOrViNO in friPPOn VSXXTniVaPiSn( OPV.
Essay iN a N]SrP \rSNO VSX\SNiPiSn (0%20 \ahON" Sn a \arPiVTQar NTbOVP. }NTaQQc iP iN St
OU\QanaPSrc anr arhTXOnPaPiyO naPTrO (NOO s5PTriONs in }niP pnO". qSr inNPanVO( P]O \aNNahO
svOaV]Or vraininh in WrOaP 6riPains (NOO }niP qiyO" aN fOQQ aN s4nPrSrTVinh jSnrSns (NOO }niP
v]rOO" iN VQSNO PS a tSrXaQ ONNac. sx]aPmN zSTr jinOs (NOO }niP pnO" anr P]O tirNP QOPPOr St nTrc
rONVribinh ]Or VSQQOhO OU\OriOnVO (NOO }niP qiyO" Xac bO VQaNNOr fiP] intSrXaQ ONNacN Sn
POaV]inh.
}niPc St ONNacN iN bTiQP T\ arSTnr P]O VOnPraQ irOa. Anc arriPiSn St TniX\SrPanP rOPaiQN Sr
atPOrP]STh]PN rONPrSc P]O TniPc.
RS]OrOnVO iN aV]iOyOr P]rSTh] NkiQtTQ arranhOXOnP St rOPaiQN aVVSrrinh PS P]O tSQQSfinh
rTQON: a" \rONOnP cSTr XaPOriaQ trSX sP]O hOnOraQ PS P]O \arPiVTQars# b" Prc P]O SrrOr St
12d
OnTXOraPiSn( P]aP iN( arranhO NOyOraQ \SinPN St yiOf aVVSrrinh PS P]Oir iX\SrPanVO( Sr inPOrONP(
Sr SrrOr St ]a\\Oninh# V" TNO kOc'fSrrN aN VSnnOVPiyON anr PranNiPiSnN.
v]O tSQQSfinh iN a briOt QiNP St PranNiPiSnaQ fSrrN anr \]raNON P]aP ]OQ\ PS VSnnOVP
\arahra\]N St an ONNac: on the one (otherA hand, in the &e5ond 49a5e, on the 5ontrary, at the
&a+e ti+e, in 4ari5u9ar, in &4ite of thi&, in 9i'e +anner, in 5ontra&t to thi&, in the +eanti+e, of
5our&e, in 5on59u&ion to &u+ u4, in addition, +ore4ver, fina99y, after a99, and tru9y, in other
word&"
MX\]aNiN iN aV]iOyOr fiP] P]O ]OQ\ t VSnVrOPO rOPaiQN. AySir hOnOraQiPiON anr abNPraVPiSnN.
6OtSrO friPinh an ONNac VSnNirOr P]O tSQQSfinh:
1. 5PTrc P]O XaPOriaQN abSTP P]O PS\iV.
2. v]ink St P]O Xain irOa cST arO hSinh PS rOyOQS\ in cSTr ONNac.
:. xriPO an intSrXaQ ONNac sjSSkinh aP P]O wa\ St TNNia.s
9. wakO a \Qan (PS\iV \Qan( NOnPOnVO \Qan( \arahra\] \Qan".
0. oOyOQS\ P]O \arahra\] \Qan inPS an ONNac aVVSrrinh PS P]O rTQON St TniPc( VS]OrOnVO anr
OX\]aNiN.
2. WS SyOr P]O ONNac tSr sNOQt'OriPinhs \Tr\SNO anr NOO it iP XOOPN P]O Xain rOgTirOXOnP St
hSSr friPinh % VQariPc St VSXXTniVaPiSn.
Assignments:
1. Mke an outline of the passage "The British Isles" and analyse it from the point of
view of its unity, coherence and emphasis.
2. Write a formal essay "Looking at the Map of the British Isles" according to your
own plan.
LABORATORY EXERCISES (II)
1. jiNPOn PS P]O POUPN s4nrTNPriaQ anr AhriVTQPTraQ oiNPriVPN in WrOaP 6riPains( sv]O MnhQiN]
janrNVa\Os( sjSSkinh aP P]O wa\ St TNNias. wark P]O NPrONNON anr PTnON. O\OaP P]O POUPN
tSQQSfinh P]O XSrOQ.
2. xiP]STP QSSkinh baVk aP P]O POUPN( rOVirO f]OP]Or P]O tSQQSfinh NPaPOXOnPN arO PrTO Sr
taQNO.
:. MUPOnr P]O NOnPOnVON aVVSrrinh PS P]O XSrOQ.
9. xriPO a N\OQQinh'PranNQaPiSn PONP# a" PranNQaPO P]O \]raNON inPS MnhQiN]# b" V]OVk P]OX fiP]
P]O kOc.
0. jiNPOn PS P]O POUP sv]O jakO oiNPriVPs anr friPO iP aN a riVPaPiSn. R]OVk iP fiP] P]O kOc.
2. jiNPOn PS P]O \SOX sMnhQanrs bc W. W. 6crSn. wark P]O NPrONNON anr PTnON. jOarn iP bc
]OarP .
&. jiNPOn PS P]O POUP sv]O 4NQO St wans Sr NSXO SP]Or POUP riNVribinh a \arP St WrOaP 6riPain.
wakO a NTXXarc St P]O Xain \SinPN St P]O \aNNahO.
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS
I. Quiz "Across the Globe".
Answer the following questions. It is accuracy and amount of Information that count
when choosing the winner:
1. x]aP iN P]O QSnhONP riyOr in P]O fSrQr{
2. 4n f]aP fac rS P]O fONPOrn N]SrON St P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON rittOr trSX P]O OaNPOn N]SrON{
:. x]aP arO P]O NXaQQONP VSTnPriON in P]O fSrQr{
9. x]aP QanhTahO iN N\SkOn in |SQQanr{
0. x]aP arO P]O 5OyOn xSnrOrN St P]O fSrQr{
2. x]aP iN P]O Va\iPaQ St ATNPraQia{
&. x]aP arO P]O SVkiON anr f]OrO arO P]Oc tSTnr{
d. x]aP iN P]O VSQrONP arOa in TNNia{
8. x]aP iN P]O naPiSnaQ OXbQOX St Ranara{
10. x]OrO iN P]O ViPc St |SnSQTQT NiPTaPOr{
II. Quiz "Across the British Isles".
128
Answer the following questions. In this case it is resourcefulness and sense of humour
that count when choosing the winner:
1. x]aP iN P]O Xain rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn P]O RTXbrianN anr P]O RaXbrianN{
2. oS MnhQiN]XOn brinh VSaQ PS 7OfVaNPQO{
:. oS MnhQiN]XOn hS T\ Sr rSfn PS hOP PS MrinbTrh]{
9. x]aP iN P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn jSV] 7ONN anr jSV] jSXSnr{
0. x]aP VSQSTr iN \rOrSXinanP Sn P]O Xa\ St P]O 6riPiN] 4NQON{
(v]ink PfiVO bOtSrO anNfOrinh. v]OrO iN WrOOnfiV] in P]O 5STP]( cST Xac N\SP WrOOnSVk in
P]O 7SrP]( NOarV] P]O Xa\ tirNP."
2. x]iV] iN VQSNOr PS jSnrSn( pUtSrr Sr RaXbrirhO{
&. x]aP iN P]O rittOrOnVO bOPfOOn ^SrPNXSTP] anr ^QcXSTP]{
d. x]aP iN jiyOr\SSQ taXSTN tSr{
UNIT EIGHT
1 SPEECH PATTERNS
1. xO XTNP 4revent hi+ fro+ 9eaving"
v]O VSQr fOP fOaP]Or \rOyOnPOr P]O jSfSSr hirQN trSX hSinh tSr QSnh faQkN.
|iN r]OTXaPiNX StPOn \rOyOnPOr 5aQyaPSrO trSX rSinh ancP]inh aP aQQ.
zSTmr bOPPOr kOO\ cSTrNOQt trSX Pakinh OUPrOXO XOaNTrON.
@ariSTN rOaNSnN kO\P 6iQQ trSX Sininh P]O OU\OriPiSn.
MQia PriOr PS kOO\ ]Or QiPPQO V]iQr trSX Vrcinh.
i" zST VanmP aVP without fee9ing"
nSQcSn NParPOr tSr P]O RQTb fiP]STP ]ayinh XarO T\ ]iN Xinr.
qrank nSf tOQP( fiP]STP knSfinh f]c( P]aP P]O SttOr faN \rSbabQc hSSr.
SNO NaP P]OrO tSr a QSnh PiXO fiP]STP TntaNPOninh ]Or VSaP.
zST VanmP POaV] SnO ]Sf PS TNO N\OOV] \aPPOrnN fiP]STP hiyinh a hSSr NT\\Qc St yariSTN
OUaX\QON.
v]Oc VanmP ]ayO hSSr VrS\N fiP]STP VTQPiyaPinh NSiQ.
:. |iN VQSP]ON XarO ]iX hard to re5ogni:e"
jSPN St XiNPakON XarO ]iN N\OOV] rittiVTQP PS tSQQSf.
v]OrO faN NSXOP]inh in 6SNinnOcmN a\\OaranVO P]aP XarO ]iX OaNc PS rOVShniO.
|Or N]aQQSf'XinrOrnONN XakON ]Or rTQQ PS N\Oak PS.
v]Oc tSTnr iP iX\SNNibQO PS NT\\Qc P]O taVPSrc fiP] raf VSPPSn.
xO tSTnr iP ]arr PS XakO T\ STr XinrN abSTP V]SSNinh a \QaVO tSr rONP.
9. v]ONO QOPPOrN arO hard9y worth the 4a4er P]Oc arO friPPOn Sn.
v]O \rSbQOX iN ]arrQc fSrP] P]O PrSTbQO PakOn. v]O \iVPTrO iN St QiPPQO yaQTO( iP iN ]arrQc
fSrP] P]O XSnOc \air.
v]O OU\OriXOnP iN ]arrQc fSrP] P]O PiXO cSTmyO N\OnP Sn iP. v]O inVirOnP iN ]arrQc fSrP] aQQ
P]iN OUViPOXOnP. v]O NSiQ faN ]arrQc fSrP] P]O PSiQ.
EXERCISES
I. Change the sentences, using the patterns:
^ a P P O r n 1 : 1. v]O OU\QSrOrN VSTQr nSP rOaV] P]O NSTP]Orn bSTnrariON St P]O rONOrP
bOVaTNO St P]O NVSrV]inh ]OaP anr QaVk St trON] faPOr. 2. v]O rac faN tShhc# P]O tiN]OrXOn
VSTQr nSP NOO P]O VSaNP'QinO. :. 4PmN fOP STPrSSrN. ^TP Sn Xc rainVSaP( iPmQQ NayO cST tSr a f]iQO.
9. |O VSTQrnmP PakO \arP in P]O VSntOrOnVO bOVaTNO ]O faN iQQ. 0. 5]O VSTQr nSP XakO a hSSr
N\OOV] bOVaTNO St ]Or \SSr knSfQOrhO St MnhQiN].
1:0
^ a P P O r n 2 : 1. AXc rir nSP Nac a fSrr anr QOtP P]O rSSX. 2. zST Van ]arrQc rOaQiO
f]aP an SVOan'hSinh N]i\ iN it cST ]ayOnmP bOOn inNirO. :. v]Oc fiQQ nSP VSXO PS NOO TN it P]Oc
arO nSP inyiPOr. 9. |O VSTQr QiNPOn PS QSnh yOrNON in jaPin( P]STh] ]O rir nSP TnrOrNPanr a fSrr.
0. |O fSTQr Xark r]cP]X fiP] ]iN rih]P tSSP( P]STh] ]O nOyOr rOaQiOr f]aP ]O faN rSinh.
^ a P P O r n : : 1. pfinh PS P]O NXaQQnONN St STr bSaP iP faN OaNc PS nayihaPO in NTV]
N]aQQSf faPOrN. 2. 4P faN iX\SNNibQO PS XSyO Sn bOVaTNO St P]O rainc NOaNSn in P]O PrS\iVN. :.
xO VSTQr ]arrQc rOVShniO P]O \QaVO atPOr P]O ]TrriVanO. 9. 4P faN OaNc PS V]anhO STr \QanN
Sfinh PS ]iN gTiVk arriyaQ. 0. 4 VSTQr nSP rOVShniO cSTr NiNPOr bOVaTNO St ]Or nOf ]airrS.
^ a P P O r n 9 : 1. 4 rSnmP P]ink cST arO rih]P Pakinh NS XTV] PrSTbQO SyOr P]O \rSbQOX. 2.
v]aP NaVritiVO St ]iN faN aQXSNP TNOQONN. nTNP PS P]ink St aQQ P]O OttSrPN XarOe :. x]aPmN P]O
tarO{ 4mX atrair iP iN XSrO OU\OnNiyO P]an cSTr QThhahO. 9. 5]O ]ar XarO a QSnh fac PS VSXO
P]OrO( bTP P]O VSntOrOnVO faN St QiPPQO yaQTO PS ]Or. 0. v]O XanTNVri\P PTrnOr STP PS bO a yarianP
St P]O SrihinaQ. 4 faN NSrrc 4 faNPOr NS XTV] PiXO PranNQaPinh iP.
II. CompIete the foIIowing sentences, using the patterns. Make nse of the words and phrases
in brackets:
^ a P P O r n 1 : 1. @ariSTN rOaNSnN ... (PS rS S\PiSnaQ NTbOVPN". 2. |Or iQQnONN ... (PS
gTaQitc tSr P]iN \SNP". :. wc nOih]bSTrmN NiQQc rOXarkN ... (PS OnSc P]O \OrtSrXanVO". 9. |iN
aryiVO ... (PS hOP inPS PrSTbQO". 0. v]O finrc fOaP]Or ... (PS PakO TN tSr a rriyO".
^ a P P O r n 2 : 1. zST VanmP QOayO WrOaP 6riPain ... (PS NOO P]O jakO oiNPriVP". 2. 5]O fiQQ
nSP PakO anc XOriVinO ... (PS VSnNTQP a rSVPSr". :. zST N]STQrnmP QOayO ... (PS ]ayO a NnaVk". 9.
5]O VanmP N\Oak abSTP P]O nOfN ... (PS hOP OUViPOr". 0. zST fSnmP bO abQO PS \aNN cSTr OUaX ... (PS
fSrk ]arr".
^ a P P O r n : : 1. |Or XannOrN ... (Tn\QOaNanP PS rOaQ fiP]". 2. jaVk St raintaQQN...
(rittiVTQP PS \QSTh]". :. jikOnONN St P]Oir naXON ... (OaNc PS rOXOXbOr". 9. 4 rSnmP tinr iP... (PS
bSP]Or ]iX". 0. xO tinr iP... (PS XakO TNO St Pa\O'rOVSrrinh".
^ a P P O r n 9 : 1. v]O \iVPTrO iN St QiPPQO yaQTO( iP... (XSnOc". 2. v]O rONTQPN St P]O
OU\OriPiSn ... (OttSrPN". :. v]O Pri\ iN ... (PrSTbQO". 9. v]O rOVSraPiSnN arO ... (PiXO". 0. v]O
yiVPSrc faN ... (NaVritiVO". 2. v]O XOriVinO iN ... (XSnOc".
III. TransIate the foIIowing sentences into EngIish. Use the patterns:
^ a P P O r n 1 : 1. G!+! ( $?! $>. 2. u'
$+J [+ < !( + $C ! !;, D. :. u $+J
+ $<< K; +D<={ 9. . > +J> !!!( >
+<! $. 0. K $!+( < >> ;! $ A
!.
^ a P P O r n 2 : 1. )! ? ! A( !+ !? $!?.
2. * $!( $ !+ -K! !< $>( < !+. :. B A
A( * : F)DJ< !!H. 9. B A ! ( -K! >J.
^ a P P O r n : : 1. )D $,!<>? +! = A >+
$!+!. 2. a> ! A! ! !, +>+. :. !
+I> ! A $!+> A!+! $+!!. 9. ?( !+ A
!+< . 0. ?D( J!+ J!+ + $! $A!<.
^ a P P O r n 9 : 1. ~ ! K + ! A( > > $!! . 2.
! ?$. :. 3$ D( + . 9. ~ ! K $ !
$A +!. 0. D;+ ; !( D!; ? ! ? A(
> $ A> +.
IV. Respond to the foIIowing statements, using the patterns. (Make use of the conversationaI
formuIas given in the Reminder.):
A. 1. AQOUanrOr ^S\Sy faN TnabQO PS \OrtOVP ]iN inyOnPiSn bOVaTNO St P]O QaVk St XSnOc. 2.
1:1
jiPPQO oayir faN atrair St P]O wTrrNPSnON( ]O VSTQr nSP rOar ]iN QONNSn fOQQ in P]Oir \rONOnVO.
:. jannc rOaQiOr P]aP wabOQ Xih]P hOP inPS PrSTbQO. |O fanPOr PS NayO ]iN NiNPOr. 9. zST VanmP
\SNNibQc NParP Sn a NOa yScahO it P]O fOaP]Or rO\SrP iN TntaySTrabQO.
B. 1. zST XTNP NOO P]O jakO oiNPriVP fiP] cSTr Sfn OcON PS bO abQO PS a\\rOViaPO iPN bOaTPc.
2. wc TnVQO riNQikON warc P]STh] ]O ]aN nOyOr NOOn ]Or. :. ^aNNOnhOrN N]STQr nSP bO rOXinrOr
PS \ac P]Oir tarON. 9. 4 ]S\O( cST fiQQ PranNQaPO aQQ P]ONO NOnPOnVON anr nOyOr VSnNTQP a
riVPiSnarc.
C. 1. v]OrO faN NSXOP]inh NPranhO abSTP P]O WartQcmN XannOr St N\Oakinh. 2. jaPin hraXXar
iN QShiVaQ( P]aPmN f]c iP iN OaNc PS TnrOrNPanr. :. 6crSnmN yOrNON arO fOQQ'r]cXOr( cST Van QOarn
P]OX bc ]OarP gTiPO OaNiQc. 9. 4t cST knSf 5fOriN] cSTmQQ tinr QiPPQO rittiVTQPc in TnrOrNPanrinh
7SrfOhian bOVaTNO P]ONO QanhTahON arO St VSXXSn Srihin.
OXinrOr: Nu&t &o" luite &o" I Cuite agree here" Natura99y" Certain9y" /ure" I thin' &o" )oo'&
9i'e that" I di&agree with you" Lou are wrong" Lou are +i&ta'en" ;here?& &o+ething in what you
&ay, 2ut""" " Certain9y not" I+4o&&i29eO It?& unfair" It?& un1u&t"
V. Think of short situations in which you can use these patterns.
TEXT. SEEING PEOPLE OFF 9y Max Beerbohm
69
pn a VSQr hrOc XSrninh St QaNP fOOk 4 rTQc PTrnOr T\ aP MTNPSn
&0
PS NOO Stt an SQr triOnr f]S
faN NParPinh tSr AXOriVa.
pyOrnih]P fO ]ar hiyOn a tarOfOQQ rinnOr( in f]iV] NarnONN faN fOQQ XinhQOr fiP] tONPiyiPc.
Anr nSf( ]OrO fO fOrO( NPitt anr NOQt'VSnNViSTN Sn P]O \QaPtSrX# anr traXOr in P]O finrSf
St P]O raiQfac'VarriahO( faN P]O taVO St STr triOnr# bTP iP faN aN P]O taVO St a NPranhOr % a
NPranhOr anUiSTN PS \QOaNO( an a\\OaQinh NPranhOr( an afkfarr NPranhOr.
s|ayO cST hSP OyOrcP]inh{s aNkOr SnO St TN( brOakinh P]O NiQOnVO.
szON( OyOrcP]inh(s Nair STr triOnr( fiP] a \QOaNanP nSr.
v]OrO faN a QSnh \aTNO.
pnO St TN( fiP] a nSr anr a tSrVOr NXiQO aP P]O PrayOQQOr( Nair:
sxOQQs
v]O nSr( P]O NXiQO( anr P]O TnXOaninh XSnSNcQQabQO fOrO rOPTrnOr VSnNViOnPiSTNQc.
AnSP]Or \aTNO faN brSkOn bc SnO St TN fiP] a tiP St VSTh]inh. 4P faN an SbyiSTNQc aNNTXOr
tiP( bTP iP NOryOr PS \aNN P]O PiXO. v]OrO faN nS Nihn St P]O PrainmN rO\arPTrO.
A XirrQO'ahOr Xan faN PaQkinh OarnONPQc PS a cSTnh Qarc aP P]O nOUP finrSf bTP SnO PS
STrN. |iN tinO \rStiQO faN yahTOQc taXiQiar PS XO. v]O cSTnh Qarc faN OyirOnPQc AXOriVan( anr
]O faN OyirOnPQc MnhQiN]# SP]OrfiNO 4 N]STQr ]ayO hTONNOr trSX ]iN iX\rONNiyO air P]aP ]O faN
]Or taP]Or.
4n a tQaN] 4 rOXOXbOrOr. v]O Xan faN |TbOrP jO SN. 6TP ]Sf ]O V]anhOr NinVO QaNP 4 Naf
]iXe v]aP faN NOyOn Sr Oih]P cOarN ahS( in P]O 5Pranr. |O faN P]On (aN TNTaQ" STP St
OnhahOXOnP( anr bSrrSfOr ]aQt'a'VrSfn. 4P NOOXOr a \riyiQOhO PS QOnr ancP]inh PS ]iX. |O
faN aQfacN XahnOPiV. Anr f]c ]iN XahnOPiNX ]ar nOyOr XarO ]iX NTVVONNtTQ Sn P]O jSnrSn
NPahO faN aQfacN a XcNPOrc PS XO. |O faN an OUVOQQOnP aVPSr.
4P faN NPranhO PS NOO ]iX( atPOr aQQ P]ONO cOarN ]OrO Sn P]O \QaPtSrX St MTNPSn( QSSkinh NS
\rSN\OrSTN anr NSQir. 4P faN nSP SnQc P]O tQON] ]O ]ar \TP Sn( bTP aQNS P]O VQSP]ON( P]aP XarO
]iX ]arr PS rOVShniO. |O QSSkOr QikO a bankOr. AncSnO fSTQr ]ayO bOOn \rSTr PS bO NOOn Stt
bc ]iX.
s5Panr baVk( \QOaNOes
v]O Prain faN abSTP PS NParP anr 4 fayOr tarOfOQQ PS Xc triOnr. jO SN rir nSP NPanr baVk.
|O NPSSr VQaN\inh in bSP] ]anrN P]O ]anrN St P]O cSTnh AXOriVan.
s5Panr baVk( Nir. \QOaNOes
|O SbOcOr( bTP gTiVkQc rarPOr tSrfarr ahain PS f]iN\Or NSXO tinaQ fSrr. 4 P]ink P]OrO fOrO
POarN in ]Or OcON. v]OrO VOrPainQc fOrO POarN in ]iN f]On( aP QOnhP]( ]ayinh faPV]Or P]O Prain STP
St Nih]P( ]O PTrnOr rSTnr.
28
Max Beerbohm (1d&2'1802": an MnhQiN] ONNaciNP( VriPiV anr VariVaPTriNP
&0
Euston: a raiQfac'NPaPiSn in jSnrSn
1:2
|O NOOXOr( nOyOrP]OQONN( rOQih]POr PS NOO XO. |O aNkOr XO f]OrO 4 ]ar bOOn ]irinh aQQ
P]ONO cOarN: anr NiXTQPanOSTNQc rO\air XO P]O ]aQt'VrSfn aN P]STh] iP ]ar bOOn bSrrSfOr
cONPOrrac. |O QinkOr ]iN arX in XinO( anr faQkOr XO NQSfQc aQSnh P]O \QaPtSrX( Nacinh fiP]
f]aP \QOaNTrO ]O rOar Xc rraXaPiV VriPiViNX OyOrc 5aPTrrac. 4 PSQr ]iX( in rOPTrn( ]Sf XTV]
]O faN XiNNOr Sn P]O NPahO.
sA]( cON(s ]O Nair( s4 nOyOr aVP Sn P]O NPahO nSfaracN.s
|O Qair NSXO OX\]aNiN Sn P]O fSrr sNPahO(s anr 4 aNkOr ]iX f]OrO( P]On( ]O rir aVP.
spn P]O \QaPtSrX(s ]O anNfOrOr.
szST XOan(s Nair 4( sP]aP cST rOViPO aP VSnVOrPN{s
|O NXiQOr.
sv]iN(s ]O f]iN\OrOr( NPrikinh ]iN NPiVk Sn P]O hrSTnr( siN P]O \QaPtSrX 4 XOan.s
s4 NT\\SNO(s ]O Nair \rONOnPQc( hiyinh XO a Qih]P tSr P]O Vihar f]iV] ]O ]ar SttOrOr XO( scST
]ayO bOOn NOOinh a triOnr Stt{s
|O aNkOr XO f]aP 4 NT\\SNOr ]O ]ar bOOn rSinh. 4 Nair P]aP 4 ]ar faPV]Or ]iX rSinh P]O
NaXO P]inh.
s7S(s ]O Nair hrayOQc. sv]aP Qarc faN nSP a triOnr St XinO. 4 XOP ]Or tSr P]O tirNP PiXO P]iN
XSrninh( QONN P]an ]aQt an ]STr ahS( ]OrO(s anr ahain ]O NPrTVk P]O \QaPtSrX fiP] ]iN NPiVk.
4 VSntONNOr P]aP 4 faN bOfiQrOrOr. |O NXiQOr.
szST Xac(s ]O Nair( s]ayO ]Oarr St P]O AnhQS'AXOriVan 5SViaQ 6TrOaT.s
4 ]ar nSP. |O OU\QainOr PS XO P]aP St P]O P]STNanrN St AXOriVanN f]S \aNN P]rSTh] MnhQanr
P]OrO arO Xanc ]TnrrOrN f]S ]ayO nS MnhQiN] triOnrN. 4n P]O SQr racN P]Oc TNOr PS brinh QOPPOrN
St inPrSrTVPiSn. 6TP P]O MnhQiN] arO NS in]SN\iPabQO P]aP P]ONO QOPPOrN arO ]arrQc fSrP] P]O \a\Or
P]Oc arO friPPOn Sn.
sAXOriVanN arO a NSViabQO \OS\QO( anr XSNP St P]OX ]ayO \QOnPc St XSnOc PS N\Onr. v]O
AA.5.6. NT\\QiON P]OX fiP] MnhQiN] triOnrN. qitPc \Or VOnP St P]O tOON iN \air SyOr PS P]O triOnr.
v]O SP]Or titPc iN rOPainOr bc P]O AA.5.6. 4 aX nSP( aQaN( a rirOVPSr. 4t 4 fOrO( 4 N]STQr bO a yOrc
riV] Xan inrOOr. 4 aX SnQc an OX\QScOO. 6TP OyOn NS 4 rS yOrc fOQQ. 4 aX SnO St P]O NOOrN'Stt.s
4 aNkOr tSr OnQih]POnXOnP.
swanc AXOriVanN(s ]O Nair( sVannSP attSrr PS kOO\ triOnrN in MnhQanr. 6TP P]Oc Van aQQ
attSrr PS bO NOOn Stt. v]O tOO iN SnQc tiyO \STnrN (PfOnPc'tiyO rSQQarN" tSr a NinhQO PrayOQQOr#
anr Oih]P \STnrN (tSrPc rSQQarN" tSr a \arPc St PfS Sr XSrO. v]Oc NOnr P]aP in PS P]O 6TrOaT(
hiyinh P]O raPO St P]Oir rO\arPTrO( anr a rONVri\PiSn bc f]iV] P]O NOOr'Stt Van irOnPitc P]OX Sn
P]O \QaPtSrX. Anr P]On % fOQQ( P]On P]Oc arO NOOn Stt.s
s6TP iN iP fSrP] iP{s 4 OUVQaiXOr(
spt VSTrNO iP iN fSrP] iP(s Nair jO SN. s4P \rOyOnPN P]OX trSX tOOQinh STP St iP. 4P OarnN P]OX
P]O rON\OVP St P]O hTarr. 4P NayON P]OX trSX bOinh rON\iNOr b P]Oir tOQQSf'\aNNOnhOrN % P]O
\OS\QO f]S arO hSinh PS bO Sn P]O bSaP. 6ONirON( iP iN a hrOaP \QOaNTrO in iPNOQt. zST Naf XO
NOOinh P]aP cSTnh Qarc Stt. oirnmP cST P]ink 4 rir iP bOaTPitTQQc{s
s6OaTPitTQQc(s 1 arXiPPOr. s4 OnyiOr cST. v]OrO faN 4 %s
szON( 4 Van iXahinO. v]OrO fOrO cST( N]TttQinh trSX tSSP PS tSSP( NParinh bQankQc aP cSTr
triOnr( Prcinh PS XakO VSnyOrNaPiSn( 4 knSf. v]aPmN ]Sf 4 TNOr PS bO XcNOQt( bOtSrO 4 NPTriOr(
anr fOnP inPS P]O P]inh \rStONNiSnaQQc( 4 rSnmP Nac 4 aX \OrtOVP cOP. A raiQfac'NPaPiSn iN P]O
XSNP rittiVTQP St aQQ \QaVON PS aVP in( aN cST riNVSyOrOr tSr cSTrNOQt.s
s6TP(s 4 Nair( s4 faNnmP Prcinh PS aVP. 4 rOaQQc tOQP.s
s5S rir 4( Xc bSc(s Nair jO SN. szST VanmP aVP fiP]STP tOOQinh. oirnmP cST NOO P]SNO POarN in
Xc OcON f]On P]O Prain NParPOr{ 4 ]arnmP tSrVOr P]OX. 4 POQQ cST 4 faN XSyOr. /o fOrO cST( 4
rarO Nac. 6TP cST VSTQrnmP ]ayO \TX\Or T\ a POar PS \rSyO iP. zST VanmP OU\rONN cSTr tOOQinh. 4n
SP]Or fSrrN( cST VanmP aVP. AP anc raPO(s ]O arrOr kinrQc( snSP in a raiQfac'NPaPiSn.s
svOaV] XOes 4 VriOr.
|O QSSkOr P]STh]PtTQQc aP XO(
sxOiQ(s ]O Nair aP QOnhP]( sP]O NOOinh'Stt NOaNSn iN \raVPiVaQQc SyOr. zON( 4mQQ hiyO cST a
VSTrNO( 4 ]ayO a hSSr Xanc \T\iQN Sn ]anr aQrOarc# bTP cON(s ]O Nair( VSnNTQPinh an SrnaPO
nSPO'bSSk( s4 VSTQr hiyO cST an ]STr Sn vTONracN anr qriracN(s
|iN POrXN( 4 VSntONN( arO raP]Or ]ih]. 6TP 1 rS nSP hrTrhO P]O inyONPXOnP.
VOCABULARY NOTES
1::
1. serve ,t-i 1. D!<( ."g" 7S Xan Van NOryO PfS XaNPOrN. |O NOryON aN harrOnOr (no
arti59eOA" |O NOryOr P]rOO cOarN in P]O arXc (nayc". v]ONO N]SON ]ayO NOryOr XO PfS cOarN. A
fSSrOn bSU NOryOr aN a PabQO(
2. $< ( ."g" v]O faiPOr NOryOr P]O NST\( oinnOr iN NOryOr(
:. D!<( ."g" v]OrO faN nS SnO in P]O N]S\ PS NOryO XO.
to serve smb. right, ."g" 4P NOryON cST rih]P tSr ]ayinh riNSbOcOr XO.
service n 1. D( ."g" B faN in aVPiyO NOryiVO rTrinh P]O far. |O ]aN bOOn in P]O
oi\QSXaPiV 5OryiVO tSr P]rOO cOarN.
2. D!!( ."g" v]O XOaQN aP P]iN rONPaTranP arO hSSr bTP P]O NOryiVO iN \SSr. v]O
Prain NOryiVO iN hSSr ]OrO.
:. A( D!( ."g" 5]O nS QSnhOr nOOrN P]O NOryiVON St a rSVPSr. wc rSSX iN aP cSTr
NOryiVO.
servant n A( $!A
2. famiIiar ad1 1. +>;( $!>>;( a& a taXiQiar ySiVO (taVO( naXO( NVOnO(
]anrfriPinh( NSnh( XOQSrc( PTnO( NVOnP( NXOQQ( OPV."
to be familiar to smb., to be familiar with smth., ."g" zST N]STQr bO taXiQiar fiP] P]O
taVPN bOtSrO cST NParP inyONPihaPiSn. |O iN taXiQiar fiP] Xanc QanhTahON. |Or taVO NOOXN ta'
XiQiar PS XO.
2. !!;( !!+>;( ."g" ArO cST Sn taXiQiar POrXN fiP] ]iX{ oSnmP bO PSS taXiQiar fiP]
]iX( ]OmN raP]Or a riN]SnONP Xan.
:. I+!<>;( ."g" oSnmP cST P]ink ]O iN a biP PSS taXiQiar fiP] ]Or{
familiarity n ! +( I+!<<
3. impress ,t $< +( $!!< $!# to impress smb., ."g" v]iN
bSSk rir nSP iX\rONN XO aP aQQ. 4 faN hrOaPQc (rOO\Qc" iX\rONNOr bc ]iN aVPinh. x]aP iX\rONNOr
cST XSNP in P]O \Qac{
impression n $!# PS make (produce) an impression Sn smb., to leave an
impression on smb., e, g" |iN N\OOV] XarO a NPrSnh iX\rONNiSn Sn P]O aTriOnVO. ^TniN]XOnP
NOOXOr PS XakO QiPPQO iX\rONNiSn Sn P]O V]iQr. vOQQ TN abSTP cSTr iX\rONNiSnN St MnhQanr. v]O
hrST\ QOtP a hSSr (\SSr( taySTrabQO" iX\rONNiSn Sn P]O OUaXinOr.
impressive ad1 $!C!; (A" $!( a& an iX\rONNiyO VOrOXSnc (Nih]P(
NVOnO( \OrNSn( hONPTrO( OPV."( ."g" v]O NVOnO faN gTiPO iX\rONNiyO.
4. obey ,t-i $!<( $!<( J<( ."g" 5SQriOrN XTNP SbOc SrrOrN.
R]iQrrOn XTNP SbOc hrSfn'T\N. 3ut J< % to follow one's advice
(n%. to disobey
SbOriOnVO n $J!( $!!( $<( ."g" ^arOnPN rOXanr SbOriOnVO trSX
P]Oir V]iQrrOn.
0nt" disobedience
obedient ad1 $J>;( $>;( ."g" B iN an SbOriOnP bSc. v]O V]iQrrOn ]ayO bOOn
SbOriOnP PSrac.
AnP. disobedient( naughty Qof a 5hi9dA
5. Iight n ( C!( a& NTnQih]P( racQih]P( XSSnQih]P( haN Qih]P( OQOVPriV Qih]P( ."g"
v]O NTn hiyON Qih]P PS P]O OarP]. 4 hSP T\ bOtSrO Qih]P. v]O Qih]P bOhan PS taiQ. jih]PN fOrO
bTrninh in OyOrc rSSX. 6rinh a Qih]P gTiVkQce xO Naf P]O Qih]PN St P]O ViPc. jSSk aP P]O XaPPOr
in P]O rih]P Qih]P.
0nt darkness
by the light of smth. $! A'.
to stand in smb.'s light AD!< +'. # (figA +J< +'.( < A'
. A
to throw (shed) light on smth. $!< '. ."g" v]ONO taVPN N]Or (a" nOf
Qih]P Sn P]O XaPPOr.
to put (switch, turn) on (off) the light D!A< (A!<"
1:9
to give smb. a light < $!!<( O. !" WiyO XO a Qih]P( \QOaNO.
to come to light D!<( ><( ."g" 7Of OyirOnVO ]aN rOVOnPQc VSXO PS
Qih]P.
Light at the end of the tunnel , ( ."g" AN P]O OUaXN a\\rSaV]Or( N]O
tOQP P]aP aP QaNP N]O VSTQr NOO P]O Qih]P aP P]O Onr St P]O PTnnOQ.
light ad1 >;( a& a Qih]P rSSX( a Qih]P rac# Qih]P ]air( a Qih]P VSX\QOUiSn# Qih]P brSfn
(bQTO( hrOOn( hrOc( OPV."
to get light <( ."g" 4P hOPN Qih]P yOrc OarQc P]ONO NTXXOr XSrninhN.
light (QiP Sr Qih]POr" ,t-i 1. D!A<("( a& PS Qih]P a QaX\ (a VanrQO( a tirO"( ."g" |O QiP a
QaX\. ^QOaNO Qih]P P]O NPSyO.
to light a cigarette !<
0nt" turn off (P]O haN"( blow out (a VanrQO"( put out (a tirO"
2. C< (up"( ."g" v]O NPrOOPN fOrO brih]PQc QiP T\. v]O rSSX faN Qih]POr bc NiU
finrSfN. pTr ]STNON arO Qih]POr bc OQOVPriViPc. v]O bTrninh bTiQrinh QiP T\ P]O f]SQO riNPriVP.
v]O riNinh NTn QiP T\ P]O XSTnPain PS\N.
sunlit, starlit (night, sky), moonlit ad1
6. prevent ,t $C<( $$D<( +J<# to prevent smb. from (doing)
smth., to prevent smth., ."g" ain \rOyOnPOr P]O haXO. 4mQQ XOOP cST aP NiU it nSP]inh \rOyOnPN.
4QQnONN \rOyOnPOr ]iX trSX rSinh P]O fSrk. |Sf'Van cST \rOyOnP iP trSX ]a\\Oninh{
5SXOP]inh \rOyOnPOr ]iX trSX VSXinh (\rOyOnPOr ]iN VSXinh".
prevention n $C!# Brover2: ^rOyOnPiSn iN bOPPOr P]an VTrO.
7. earn ,t 1. ><( ."g" |O OarnN a hSSr fahO bOVaTNO ]O fSrkN tSr a tair
OX\QScOr.
to earn one's living >< D!<( ."g" 5]O OarnOr ]Or Qiyinh bc NOfinh.
2. D!<( ."g" |iN tirNP bSSk OarnOr ]iX P]O taXO St a nSyOQiNP. v]O POaV]Or PSQr ]Or
\T\iQN P]aP P]Oc ]ar OarnOr a ]SQirac. |Or hSSr fSrk OarnOr ]Or P]O rON\OVP St ]Or VSQQOahTON.
earnings n 49 ( ."g" |O ]aN N\OnP aQQ ]iN OarninhN.
8. do (did, done) ,t-i 1. <( >$<( !+< +'n.( a& PS rS SnOmN fSrk(
rTPc( N]S\\inh( XSrninh OUOrViNON
."g" zST rir fOQQ (frSnh" PS rOtTNO. |ayinh nSP]inh bOPPOr PS rS 4 fOnP tSr a faQk. v]OrOmN
nSP]inh PS bO rSnO nSf. 7S NSSnOr Nair P]an rSnO. xOQQ bOhTn iN ]aQt rSnO.
to do a sum J< !I+!=
to do one's best < +D( ."g" 4 XTNP rS Xc bONP PS ]OQ\ ]iX(
2. $!!<: to do good, to do harm( ."g" v]iN XOriVinO fSnmP rS cST anc hSSr. |iN
]SQirac ]aN rSnO ]iX a fSrQr (a QSP( a hrOaP rOaQ" St hSSr. 4P fiQQ rS cST XSrO ]arX P]an hSSr.
:. $!!< $( a& PS rS SnOmN ]air (rSSX( bOr( OPV."( ."g" 4 QikO P]O fac N]O rSON
]Or ]air. xiQQ cST rS P]O bOrN f]iQO 4 rS P]O finrSf{
9. +!< $!+<!( ."g" oir cST rS P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX f]On cST
fOrO in jSnrSn{ xO StPOn NOO tSrOihnOrN in wSNVSf rSinh P]O Nih]PN.
0. $?!<( A!<: that will (won't) do( ."g" 4P fSnmP rS PS \Qac aQQ rac. v]O rSSX fiQQ
rS TN gTiPO fOQQ. 4P fSnmP rS PS NiP T\ NS QaPO. v]iN NSrP St fSrk fSnmP rS tSr ]iX. xiQQ P]iN N]OOP
St \a\Or rS{
2. $,<( $$<( ."g" jO SN rir fOQQ in P]O 6TrOaT. MyOrcP]inh in P]O harrOn iN
rSinh N\QOnrirQc. 5]O iN rSinh yOrc fOQQ aP NV]SSQ.
to do away with smth., ."g" 5XSkinh N]STQr bO rSnO afac fiP].
to have to do with smb. (smth.), ."g" |O ]aN PS rS fiP] aQQ NSrPN St \OS\QO. xO ]ayO PS rS
fiP] taVPN( nSP P]OSriON.
to have smth. (nothing, not much, little, etc.) to do with smb. (smth.), ."g" 4 aryiNO cST PS
]ayO nSP]inh PS rS fiP] ]iX. x]aP ]ayO 4 PS rS fiP] iP{
NOTES ON STYLE
1:0
1. v]OrO arO PfS Xain V]araVPOrN in P]iN NPSrc: jO SN anr P]O n a r r a P r ( i. O. P]O
\OrNSn POQQinh P]O NPSrc (aQNS VaQQOr sP]O 4 St P]O NPSrcs". v]O narraPSr iN an aNNTXOr \OrNSnaQiPc
anr N]STQr bc nS XOanN bO VSntTNOr fiP] P]O aTP]Sr St P]O NPSrc. 4P fSTQr bO aN naiyO PS
aNNSViaPO P]O narraPSr St P]iN NPSrc fiP] waU 6OOrbS]X aN PS aNNSViaPO P]O bSc Sn f]SNO bO]aQt
s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs iN PSQr fiP] 5PO\]On jOaVSVk. v]O V]araVPOr St P]O narraPSr iN
trOgTOnPQc inPrSrTVOr in tiVPiSn. 4P iN a NPcQiNPiV rOyiVO( ON\OViaQQc taySTrOr bc N]SrP'NPSrc
aTP]SrN (NOO sA oacmN xaiPs bc |OXinhfac Sr sA qriOnr in 7OOrs bc x. 5. waTh]aX"( f]iV]
]OQ\N P]O rOarOr PS QSSk aP P]O rONVribOr OyOnPN aN it strSX fiP]ins.
2. 4 n y O r N i S n (V]anhO St P]O TNTaQ SrrOr St fSrrN" Xac bO TNOr tSr NPcQiNPiV
\Tr\SNON OiP]Or PS tSVTN P]O rOarOrmN aPPOnPiSn Sn a VOrPain \arP St P]O NOnPOnVO Sr PS aV]iOyO an
OXSPiSnaQ OttOVP( ."g" """ anr traXOr in P]O finrSf St P]O raiQfac'VarriahO( faN P]O taVO St STr
triOnr...
:. O \ O P i P i S n iN anSP]Or NPcQiNPiV rOyiVO TNOr tSr P]O \Tr\SNON St OX\]aNiN. 4P
Xac VSnNiNP in rO\OaPinh SnQc SnO fSrr( NS P]aP fiP] OaV] rO\OPiPiSn P]O OXSPiSnaQ POnNiSn
inVrOaNON( e"g" """ bTP iP faN aN P]O taVO St a NPranhOr % a NPranhOr anUiSTN PS \QOaNO( an
a\\OaQinh NPranhOr( an afkfarr NPranhOr.
v]O rO\OPiPiSn St P]O NaXO NcnPaVPiVaQ \aPPOrn PfiVO Sr NOyOraQ PiXON iN VaQQOr
N c n P a V P i V a Q \ a r a Q Q O Q i N X ( ."g" 4P \rOyOnPN P]OX trSX tOOQinh STP St iP. 4P
OarnN P]OX P]O rON\OVP St P]O hTarr. 4P NayON P]OX trSX bOinh rON\iNOr bc P]Oir tOQQSf'
\aNNOnhOrN.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)
Words
bankOr n tinaQ ad1 SbOriOnVO n
bTrOaT n hTONN , SbOriOnP ad1
rO\arPTrO n iX\rONN , SbOc ,
riNSbOriOnP ad1 iX\rONNiyO ad1 \QaPtSrX n
Oarn , Qih]P , \rOyOnP ,
Onyc , XSyO , NOryO ,
taXiQiar ad1 XcNPOrc n NOryiVO n
tOQQSf'\aNNOnhOr n NSViabQO ad1
Word Combinations
PS NOO NXb. Stt PS fayO tarOfOQQ PS NXb.
PS brOak P]O NiQOnVO PS N]TttQO trSX tSSP PS tSSP
PS \aNN P]O PiXO PS XakO (QOayO( \rSrTVO"
PS bO taXiQiar fiP] NXP]. (PS NXb." an iX\rONNiSn Sn NXb.
in P]O SQr racN (in P]O SQrOn racN" PS \TP STP P]O Qih]P
a QOPPOr St inPrSrTVPiSn PS NOryO NXb. rih]P tSr...
PS Oarn SnOmN Qiyinh
EXERCISES
1. Bead the text and expIain the foIIowing points (A. Grammar, B. Word usage, !. StyIe):
A. 1. MU\Qain P]O TNO St POnNON in: a" P]O NOVSnr NOnPOnVO St P]O POUP# b" P]O tSQQSfinh
NOnPOnVO: sA XirrQO'ahOr Xan faN PaQkinh OarnONPQc PS a cSTnh Qarc...s.
2. ^SinP STP NOnPOnVON in f]iV] SbQigTO XSSrN arO TNOr anr OU\Qain P]O XOaninh VSnyOcOr
bc P]O tSrX St P]O yOrb in OaV] VaNO.
:. RSXXOnP Sn P]O TNO St P]O aTUiQiarc did in s]O rir aVPs.
9. x]c iN P]O inrOtiniPO arPiVQO TNOr bOtSrO P]O fSrr rirOVPSr in s4 aX nSP( aQaN( a rirOVPSrs{
B. 1. MU\Qain P]O XOaninh St sP]O nOUP finrSf bTP SnOs. (wakO T\ NOnPOnVON St cSTr Sfn
fiP] P]O \aPPOrn sP]O nOUP ... bTP SnOs."
2. qinr a \air St anPSncXN in P]O \aNNahO bOhinninh fiP] s4n a tQaN]s anr OU\Qain P]Oir
XOaninhN. }NO P]OX in NOnPOnVON St cSTr Sfn.
1:2
:. x]aP iN P]O XOaninh St P]O fSrr 49atfor+ in P]O tSQQSfinh trahXOnP: ... spn P]O
\QaPtSrX(s ]O anNfOrOr. szST XOan(s Nair 4( sP]aP cST rOViPO aP VSnVOrPN{s
9. RSXXOnP Sn P]O XOaninh St 'ee4 in swanc AXOriVanN ... VannSP attSrr PS kOO\ triOnrN in
MnhQanrs (5f": to 'ee4 dog&, hor&e&, to 'ee4 a 5at, a 5anary, OPV.". x]aP iN P]O OttOVP aV]iOyOr
bc P]O TnTNTaQ fSrr VSXbinaPiSn to 'ee4 friend& anr bc P]O f]SQO NOnPOnVO (swanc
AXOriVanN VannSP attSrr PS kOO\ triOnrN in MnhQanrs( i. O. NSXO St P]OX Van anr \rSbabQc rS"{
0. |Sf rS cST TnrOrNPanr P]O fSrrN fee9ing out of it in s4P \rOyOnPN P]OX trSX tOOQinh STP
St iPs{
C. 1. a" x]aP iN P]O aTP]SrmN \Tr\SNO in TNinh inyOrNiSn in: straXOr in P]O finrSf ... faN P]O
taVO St STr triOnrs{ b" x]c iN P]O fSrr &tranger rO\OaPOr tSTr PiXON in P]O NOVSnr \arP St P]O
NaXO NOnPOnVO{ x]aP iN P]O OttOVP aV]iOyOr bc P]O rO\OPiPiSn{
2. x]aP iN P]O OttOVP aV]iOyOr bc P]O NcnPaVPiVaQ \araQQOQiNX in P]O \aNNahO bOhinninh fiP]
spt VSTrNO iP iN fSrP] iPs{ (s4P \rOyOnPN P]OX...s( s4P OarnN P]OX...s( s4P NayON P]OX...s"
:. ^SinP STP \aNNahON bOarinh PSTV]ON St ]TXSTr. oSON P]O aTP]Sr \rONOnP P]O V]araVPOr St
jO SN NOriSTNQc Sr ]TXSrSTNQc{ (irSniVaQQc{ NaPiriVaQQc{ XSVkinhQc{" 4QQTNPraPO cSTr anNfOr
bc NOnPOnVON trSX P]O NPSrc.
II. a) Write the transcribed words in traditionaI speIIing. ExpIain the ruIes for reading. Think of
some other words speIIed in the same way:
1. kQRN\( \RN( QRNP# 2. m\rPN\qrqN( "kPnSImOnSqN( "kPnSqN( mPbyiqN( m xNkSqN# 3. NaIP(
QaIP( rImQaIP# 4. E:n( mE:nIN( mE:nIsPQir# hON( myOIhI.
b) Mark the stresses and expIain the reading ruIes. TransIate the words into Russian:
]SN\iPabQO % ]SN\iPaQiPc# \rSN\OrSTN % \rSN\OriPc# tONPiyO % tONPiyiPc# tinaQ % tinaQiPc.
III. a) Write oat from the story the sentences with the foIIowing words:
NPitt % afkfarr# SbyiSTNQc % OyirOnPQc# OarnONPQc % hrayOQc# PS rOVShniO % PS irOnPitc#
\rSN\OrSTN % riV]# PS tSrVO % PS \TX\ T\.
b) ExpIain the difference between the synonyms within each pair. (See Notes on p. 18.) When
in doubt, consuIt dictionaries.
IV. Answer the questions. Argue your answers:
1. x]OrO iN P]O NVOnO Qair in P]O NPSrc{ 2. |Sf rir P]O NOOrN'Stt tOOQ anr f]c{ x]aP fOrO
P]Oc rSinh PS \aNN P]O PiXO{ :. x]aP XarO P]O narraPSr St P]O NPSrc P]ink P]aP P]O Xan f]S faN
NOOinh Stt a cSTnh Qarc faN nSP ]Or taP]Or{ 9. x]S faN P]O Xan{ }nrOr f]aP VirVTXNPanVON
]ar P]O narraPSr XOP ]iX bOtSrO{ x]aP XarO ]iX ]arr PS rOVShniO{ 0. x]aP XarO P]O narraPSr
aNk jO SN f]OrO ]O aVPOr{ 2. x]c rir P]O anNfOr XakO ]iX P]ink P]aP jO SN rOViPOr aP
VSnVOrPN{ &. x]c faN ]O bOfiQrOrOr f]On jO SN Nair ]O ]ar tirNP XOP P]O cSTnh Qarc ]O faN
NOOinh Stt QONN P]an ]aQt an ]STr bOtSrO{ d. x]aP Van cST Nac abSTP P]O aVPiyiPiON St P]O AnhQS'
AXOriVan 5SViaQ 6TrOaT{ 8. |Sf Van cST OU\Qain jO SNmN NTVVONN aN an OX\QScOO St P]O
6TrOaT{ 10. |Sf rir( in jO SNmN S\iniSn( P]O NOOinh'Stt VOrOXSnc ]OQ\ AXOriVanN{ oS cST
P]ink iP faN a hSSr irOa{ 11. x]aP iN P]O iX\QiVaPiSn St P]O fSrr afford a\\QiOr PS triOnrN{ Ran
triOnrN rOaQQc bO afforded Sr not affordedc 12. oir jO SN PakO NOriSTNQc ]iN Sb anr ]iXNOQt in
P]O rSQO St a \rStONNiSnaQ NOOr'Stt{ |Sf rSON iP V]araVPOriO ]iX{ 1:. x]aP iN P]O aTP]SrmN (nSP
P]O narraPSrmNe" aPPiPTrO PS jO SN{ x]aP iN P]O aTP]SrmN irSnc rirOVPOr ahainNP{
V. Study VocabuIary Notes, transIate the iIIustrative exampIes and a) give synonyms of:
naTh]Pc ad1, hSSr ad1 (a2out a 5hi9dA, \TP an Onr PS#
b) give antonyms oft
taXiQiar ad1, SbOc ,, rO\arPTrO n( Qih]P n( Qih]P ,D
c) give derivatives of:
\rONN( NOryO( \rOyOnP( Oarn( SbOc( taXiQiar.
VI. FiII in appropriate words (coasuIt EssentiaI VocabuIary (I) Iist):
1. |O aryiNOr qrank( szSTmQQ rS bOPPOr it cST NPac aP NV]SSQ TnPiQ NOyOnPOOn. 4P VanmP rS cST
1:&
anc... .s 2. AP P]O ahO St P]irPOOn qrank RSf\OrfSSr faN abQO ... a QiPPQO XSnOc nSf anr P]On.
:. v]O aTVPiSnOOr nSPiVOr qrank anr faN... bc P]O NSQiriPc St P]O bScmN OU\rONNiSn. 9. AtPOr ]iN
QSnOQc rinnOr 5SaXON ... ]iN Vihar anr faQkOr STP ahain. 0. niX... P]O Va\PainmN SrrOr PS rirO tSr
oSVPSr jiyONOc aP SnVO. 2. 7S SnO VSTQr... Ra\Pain qQinPmN SrrOrN. &. v]Oc VSTQr nSP Xanc PiQQ
5aQyaPSrO ]ar rSnO ]iN XiQiParc .... d. 4 knOf P]aP ]iN ]OarP faN ... bc P]O bOaTPc anr P]O
yaNXONN anr P]O NPiQQnONN. 8. 4 N]aQQ V]SSNO P]O Sb 4 aX XSNP... fiP]. 10. v]O XiQQOr faN
VSTnPinh SyOr biN XSnOc bc P]O ... St a VanrQO. 11. s4mX aP cSTr...s XOanN s4mX rOarc PS ... cSTr
VSXXanrNs. 12. |O faN \OOrinh inPS P]O rarknONN ... bc a NinhQO VanrQO. 1:. sx]c rSnmP cST hS
4nPS P]O VSTnPrc{s rO\OaPOr nTnO. s4P fSTQr ... cST a QSP......es 19. v]Oc fOrO aP P]Oir QiPPQO PabQO
in P]O rSSX( f]OrO RarriO SVVaNiSnaQQc ... a XOaQ. 10. x]On P]O bSc faN fiP] TN ]O faN
triOnrQc anr....
VII. Express in one word (see Text Eight aad VocabuIary Notes):
a \acXOnP XarO in rOPTrn tSr SnOmN fSrk( VSXinh QaNP aP P]O Onr St NXP].( PS rS f]aP SnO iN
PSQr( P]O OttOVP \rSrTVOr Sn P]O Xinr Sr tOOQinhN( a NirO yiOf St P]O ]TXan taVO( \aQO in VSQSTr(
PS brinh tSSr anr \TP iP Sn P]O PabQO( NSXOP]inh NPranhO Sr NOVrOP( tSnr St NSViOPc.
VIII. The foIIowing statements are not true to fact Correct them, using the conversationaI
formuIas given in the Reminder:
M U a X \ Q O : v]O aTP]Sr PTrnOr T\ aP MTNPSn PS XOOP a triOnr St ]iN.
% p]( nS( ]O rirnmP. |O PTrnOr T\ aP MTNPSn PS NOO ]iN triOnr Stt.
1. v]O NOOrN'Stt tOQP gTiPO aP OaNO Sn P]O \QaPtSrX. 2. 7S SnO PriOr PS brOak P]O NiQOnVO Sn P]O
\QaPtSrX. :. v]O tiP St VSTh]inh ]OQ\Or P]O NiPTaPiSn. 9. v]OrO faN OyOrc Nihn St P]O PrainmN
iXXOriaPO rO\arPTrO f]On P]Oc VaXO PS P]O \QaPtSrX. 0. v]O taVO St jO SN rirnmP NOOX
taXiQiar PS P]O narraPSr. 2. jO SN faN yOrc NSrrc PS NOO P]O narraPSr. &. jO SN Nair ]O fSrkOr
Sn P]O NPahO. d. jO SN Nair ]O faN a rirOVPSr St P]O AnhQS'AXOriVan 5SViaQ 6TrOaT. 8. v]O
narraPSr tTQQc TnrOrNPSSr f]c jO SN ]ar bOOn TnNTVVONNtTQ Sn P]O NPahO. 10. jO SN
OU\QainOr P]aP aQQ P]O tOON fOrO \air SyOr PS P]O OX\QScOON. 11. jO SN QSSkOr QikO a bOhhar
f]On P]O narraPSr Naf ]iX Sn P]O \QaPtSrX. 12. v]O narraPSr rirnmP Onyc jO SN. 1:. jO SN
Nair P]aP SnO Van aVP fiP]STP tOOQinh. 19. v]OrO fOrO nS NihnN St jO SN bOinh XSyOr f]On ]O
Naf P]O cSTnh AXOriVan Stt. 10. v]O narraPSr faN nSP XSyOr f]On NOOinh ]iN triOnr Stt. 12.
v]O narraPSr fanPOr jO SN PS POaV] ]iX PS VSnVOaQ ]iN tOOQinhN.
O X i n r O r: I?+ afraid I don?t agree" I thin' you?re +i&ta'en (thereA" I don?t thin' you are
right" I &ee what you +ean, 2ut"""" I?+ not &o &ure" Mn the 5ontraryO Lou 5an?t 2e &eriou&9 I
dou2t it" I di&agree with you" I &hou9d?t &ay &o" I o21e5t to it" *ar fro+ it" /ure9y not" Noth?ing of
the &ortO Nu&t the other way roundO
IX. Insert prepositions where necessary:
1. 4 Naf P]O XcNPOriSTN NPranhOr ... P]O XSrninh. 2. 4 XOP ]Or ... P]O tirNP PiXO ... a farX
NTnnc XSrninh ... QaNP N\rinh. :. 4 rOVShniOr ]Or taVO ... P]O finrSf. 9. 4 Naf nS Nihn ...
Onyc ... ]Or OcON. 0. oir cST VSntONN ... ancP]inh ... rOPTrn{ 2. xaiP... XO ... \QaPtSrX 7S. : ...
P]O 5P. ^OPOrNbTrh raiQfac'NPatiSn ... ]aQt \aNP POn. &. x]aP ]ayO cST hSP ... cSTr ]anr{ d. 4
nOyOr aVPOr ... P]O NPahO. 8. 5]O NXiQOr ... ]Or tOQQSf'\aNNOnhOrN. 10. 4 ]Oarr ]iX rOViPO ... a
VSnVOrP ... QaNP fOOk. 11. vaQk ... ]Or ... P]O tOO. 12. |O NPrTVk P]O PabQO ... ]iN ]anr. 1:. oir P]Oc
NT\\Qc cST ... OyOrcP]inh{ 19. 4 rOVShniOr ]Or ... cSTr rONVri\PiSn. 10. nTNP a XinTPO. 4 N]aQQ
VSnNTQP... P]O PiXOPabQO. 12. x]aP \rOyOnPOr cST ... VSntONNinh ... OyOrcP]inh{ 1&. v]O NiPTaPiSn
iN yOrc afkfarr( bTP 4 P]ink 4 Van ]OQ\ ... iP. 1d. ... SP]Or fSrrN cST ]ayOnmP SbOcOr ... Xc in'
NPrTVPiSnN. 18. v]Oc ran ... VarriahO ... VarriahO ... P]O \QaPtSrX. 20. |O Nair iP... a tiP... anhOr. 21.
5]O nSrrOr ... XO ... a hrayO air. 22. 4PmN a XcNPOrc ... XO. 2:. 4 faNnmP NaPiNtiOr ... ]Or yahTO
anNfOr. 29. 4 VanmP POQQ cST ]Sf fO aQQ XiNN ... cST. 20. 4 VanmP rS ... P]iN POUP'bSSk. 22. 4 Van
]arrQc NOO ancP]inh ... P]iN Qih]P. 2&. oS cST P]ink 4 Van rS Xc QONNSnN f]On cST arO
NPanrinh ... P]O Qih]P{ 2d. |aN ]O Xanc \T\iQN ... ]anr{
X. TransIate these sentences into Russian:
1. 5iPPinh aP ]Or bTrOaT N]O haOr aP P]O taXiQiar SbOVPN arSTnr ]Or. 2. zSTmyO rSnO XO a
hrOaP NOryiVO. |Sf N]aQQ 4 OyOr bO abQO PS rO\ac cST tSr cSTr kinrnONN{ :. 4P fiQQ nOyOr rS PS
SbOc cSTr OyOrc iX\TQNO. 9. 4n P]iN PSfn cSTmQQ nOyOr tinr a nTrNOrc'Xair tSr QSyO Sr XSnOc.
1:d
^OS\QO ]OrO ]ayO QSNP PaNPO tSr rSXONPiV NOryiVO. 0. 4n ]iN ]anrNSXOnONN anr aNNTranVO R]arQON
4ySrc faN rraXaPiVaQQc iX\rONNiyO. 2. 4P faN SnQc PfS fOOkN QaPOr P]aP qrank PSSk ]iN rO\arPTrO
trSX xaPOrXan anr RSX\anc. &. 6c P]iN PiXO 5iQyOr ]ar arS\POr gTiPO a triOnrQc anr taXiQiar
PSnO. d. v]aP faN ]Sf ]O aQfacN rOXOXbOrOr ]Or atPOrfarrN: a NQOnrOr hirQ fayinh tarOfOQQ PS
]iX trSX P]O NTnQiP \SrV].
XI. Try your band at teaching.
Say what yon wouId do in the teacher's position:
warc faN an OUVOQQOnP \T\iQ trSX P]O tirNP rac N]O OnPOrOr NV]SSQ. 5]O faN knSfn PS aQQ P]O
POaV]OrN aN sP]O OUVO\PiSnaQQc brih]P hirQ.s 5]O faN P]O Onyc St Xanc V]iQrrOn f]S S\OnQc
arXiPPOr P]aP P]Oc fSTQr QikO PS bO QikO ]Or. AP ]SXO( N]O faN \QaVOr Sn a \OrONPaQ(s nSP]inh
faN OyOr rOniOr PS ]Or. v]O V]iQrrOn OU\OVPOr anr aVVO\POr P]aP warcmN fSrk faN aQfacN
\OrtOVP. pnO Van iXahinO P]O N]SVk OyOrcSnO OU\OriOnVOr f]On SnO rac warc tQOf inPS a rahO
f]On N]O XiNNOr P]rOO fSrrN in a N\OQQinh PONP( anr ]Or rONTQPN fOrO fSrNO P]an NSXO SP]OrNm.
qirNP warc PSrO T\ ]Or \a\Or( P]On N]O \rSVOOrOr PS POar T\ ]Or N\OQQinh bSSk. 5]O NVrOaXOr
P]aP P]O SP]OrN V]OaPOr( P]aP N]O faN aQfacN P]O bONP anr aQfacN fiQQ bO.
XII. a) ReteII the text: 1) in the third person; 2) as if yon ware the narrator's friend who was
Ieaving for America; 3) as if you were the young American Iady; :' as if yon were Le
Ros.
b) Give a summary of the story.
XIII. TransIate these sentences into EngIish:
1. u' $+J + $;! $C<>; D!. 2. -!, +A $!
$< + +>+( ( D ><( A' ! A <J. :. ~A !!!
<! $! +>+ + <J= $<. 9. E+< $!<+
$! ! !A $!. 0. . + > D!<
12 . 2. +D( > $+J< A _. &. B !; $!
!( K < A. d. /$ (intSrXaPiSn" = ?!
+ =. 8. . < C!<>; . 10. a ( > J( >
$!J< A +DA . Z. B AD!; ( +A <(
< $!. 12. >> + +! !,> C!< A+. 1:. B
!; A : ! > < < D( < ( >
>< +<J. 19. )> >! A> A $C<; <=.
XIV. Act out the scene:
sx]OrO arO cST tSr{s P]O Prain VSnrTVPSr aNkOr an SQr Qarc.
szSTmrO yOrc iX\OrPinOnP(s Nna\\Or P]O SQr Qarc. sx]aP bTNinONN iN iP St cSTrN f]OrO 4 aX
hSinh{ 6TP it cST XTNP knSf( 4 aX bSTnr tSr 6SNPSn.s
v]O VSnrTVPSr SbQihinhQc \iVkOr T\ ]Or P]rOO bahN( tSTnr ]Or a NOaP in P]O 6SNPSn Prain anr
\TP P]O bahN Sn P]O raVk. AN ]O QOtP P]O VarriahO( P]O SQr Qarc QOanOr STP St P]O finrSf anr
VaVkQOr aP ]iX. s4 hTONN 4 tSSQOr cST( cST iX\OrPinOnP cSTnh Xan. 4mX rOaQQc hSinh PS 6TttaQS.s
XV. Go over the text of Unit 8 again to discuss the foIIowing in cIass. Let someone agree or
disagree and express their own opinion (see the Prompts suggested):
1. x]aP kinr St Xan iN rONVribOr in P]O V]araVPOr St jO SN{ oS cST VSnNirOr P]O V]araVPOr
PrTO PS QitO Sr iN iP OUahhOraPOr{ x]iV] XOP]Sr St V]araVPOriaPiSn rSON P]O aTP]Sr TNO( rirOVP Sr
inrirOVP{ (^rSyO cSTr \SinP." 2. 4N P]O NPSrc TNP an aXTNinh anOVrSPO Sr rSON iP VSnPain
OQOXOnPN St NSViaQ NaPirO{ (^rSyO cSTr \SinP" :. x]iV] QinON anr \aNNahON bOar PSTV]ON St
]TXSTr{ x]aP Pc\O St ]TXSTr \rOyaiQN in P]O NPSrc{ RSX\arO P]O NPSrc fiP] s|Sf xO kO\P
wSP]OrmN oac.s x]iV] St P]O PfS rS cST VSnNirOr XSrO aXTNinh anr f]c{ x]iV] iN XSrO PrTO
PS QitO{ x]iV] raiNON XSrO iX\SrPanP \rSbQOXN{ 9. x]aP Van cST Nac abSTP P]O QanhTahO St P]O
NPSrc{ (vSTV] Sn: a" NOQOVPiSn St fSrrN( b" NcnPaU."
^rSX\PN: true enoughD a2&o9ute9y-eZa5t9y-CuiteD I 5ou9dn?t agree +oreD ye&, 2ut &ure9y you
don?t thin'D ye&, 2ut on the other handD a& I &ee it, in +y view (o4inionAD 4er&ona99y I 2e9ieve (I
fee9AD I?d 1u&t 9i'e to &ay, the way I &ee itD if you a&' XO: it?& 9i'e thi&D oh, &ure9y not, md rather
not &ay anything a2out"
1:8
LABORATORY EXERCISES (I)
1. Listen to the text "Seeing People Off", mark the stresses and tunes. Repeat it
following the model.
2. Respond to the given questions according to the model.
3. Extend the statements. Express your disbelief, surprise or doubt in response to the
given sentences. Follow the models.
4. Write a spelling-translation test: a) translate the phrases into English; b) check them
with the key.
5. Listen to the text "Climbing" or some other text on the topic "Seeing People off"
and write it as a reproduction.
6. Listen to the poem "Adieu, adieul.." by G. G. Byron. Mark the stresses and tunes,
repeat it following the model and learn it by heart.
TOP!: TRAVELLING
TEXT A. DIFFERENT MEANS OF TRAVEL .
A Q O U : ^OrNSnaQQc 1 ]aPO NOOinh \OS\QO Stt. 4 \rOtOr bOinh NOOn Stt XcNOQt. 4mX
OUPrOXOQc tSnr St PrayOQQinh anr tOOQ POrribQc OnyiSTN St anc triOnr f]S iN hSinh ancf]OrO. 4
VanmP ]OQ\ tOOQinh 4 N]STQr NS XTV] QikO PS bO in ]iN \QaVO.
6 O r P : 6TP f]aP XOP]Sr St PrayOQQinh rS cST \rOtOr{
A.: qSr XO P]OrO iN nSP]inh QikO PrayOQ bc air# iP iN XSrO VSXtSrPabQO( XSrO VSnyOniOnP anr St
VSTrNO tar gTiVkOr P]an anc SP]Or XOP]Sr. v]OrO iN nSnO St P]O rTNP anr rirP St a raiQ fac Sr Var
STrnOc( nSnO St P]O PrSTbQO St V]anhinh trSX Prain PS NPOaXOr anr P]On PS anSP]Or Prain.
6ONirON( tQcinh iN a P]riQQinh P]inh. oSnmP cST ahrOO{
.: 4 P]ink 4 N]STQr QikO PS Nac a fSrr Sr PfS tSr PrainN. xiP] a Prain cST ]ayO N\OOr( VSXtSrP
anr \QOaNTrO VSXbinOr. qrSX P]O VSXtSrPabQO VSrnOr NOaP St a raiQfac VarriahO cST ]ayO a
N\QOnrir yiOf St P]O f]SQO VSTnPrcNirO. 4t cST arO ]Tnhrc( cST Van ]ayO a XOaQ in P]O rininh'
Var# anr it P]O STrnOc iN a QSnh SnO cST Van ]ayO a fSnrOrtTQ bOr in a NQOO\Or. 6ONirON( rS cST
knSf anc \QaVO P]aPmN XSrO inPOrONPinh P]an a bih raiQfac'NPaPiSn{ v]OrO iN P]O XSyOXOnP( P]O
OUViPOXOnP( P]O haiOPc St \OS\QO hSinh afac Sr faiPinh PS XOOP triOnrN. v]OrO arO P]O N]STPN St
P]O \SrPOrN aN P]Oc \TQQ QThhahO aQSnh P]O \QaPtSrXN PS P]O faiPinh PrainN( P]O VrSfr aP P]O
bSSkinh'SttiVO hOPPinh PiVkOPN( P]O ]Tnhrc anr P]irNPc SnON ]Trrcinh PS P]O rOtrON]XOnP rSSXN
bOtSrO P]O Prain NParPN. 7S( rOaQQce oS cST knSf a XSrO OUViPinh \QaVO P]an a bih raiQfac'
NPaPiSn{
/ i Q : 4 rS.
A.: Anr P]aP iN{
R: A bih NOa \SrP( qSr XO P]OrO iN nS PrayOQ NS tinO aN bc bSaP. 4 QSyO PS tOOQ P]O rOVk St P]O
190
bSaP TnrOr Xc tOOP( PS NOO P]O riNO anr taQQ St P]O fayON( PS tOOQ P]O trON] NOa finr bQSfinh in
Xc taVO anr ]Oar P]O Vrc St P]O NOa'hTQQN. Anr f]aP OUViPOXOnP( PSS( P]OrO iN in VSXinh inPS P]O
]arbSTr anr NOOinh rSTnr TN aQQ P]O N]i\N( NPOaXOrN( VarhS'N]i\N( NaiQinh N]i\N( rSfinh bSaPN.
A.: xOQQ( 4 NT\\SNO P]aPmN aQQ rih]P tSr P]SNO P]aP QikO iP( bTP nSP tSr XO. 4mX aQfacN NOaNiVk(
ON\OViaQQc f]On P]O NOa iN a QiPPQO biP rSTh].
.: 4myO ]Oarr P]aP a hSSr VTrO tSr NOaNiVknONN iN a NXaQQ \iOVO St rrc brOar.
A.: wacbO# bTP 4 P]ink a bOPPOr VTrO iN a QarhO \iOVO St rrc Qanr.
o a y i r : xOQQ( cST Xac Nac f]aP cST QikO abSTP aOrS\QanO tQih]PN( NOa yScahON( raiQfac
STrnOcN Sr PSTrN bc Var( bTP hiyO XO a faQkinh PSTr anc PiXO. x]aP rSON P]O XSPSriNP NOO St
P]O VSTnPrc{ 6TP P]O faQkOr QOayON P]O rTQQ brSar ]ih]fac anr hSON aQSnh QiPPQO finrinh QanON
f]OrO VarN VanmP hS. |O PakON XSTnPain \aP]N P]rSTh] P]O ]OaP]Or( ]O fanrOrN bc P]O NirO St
gTiOP QakON anr P]rSTh] P]O N]arO St fSSrN. |O NOON P]O rOaQ VSTnPrc( P]O fiQr tQSfOrN( P]O
cSTnh birrN in P]Oir nONPN( P]O rOOr in P]O tSrONP# ]O tOOQN P]O gTiOPnONN anr VaQX St naPTrO.
Anr bONirON( cST arO Nayinh cSTr raiQfac tarO PrayOQQinh Sn tSSP 7S SnO Van rOnc P]aP
faQkinh iN P]O V]Oa\ONP XOP]Sr St PrayOQQinh(
5S 4 Nac: a faQkinh PSTr tSr XO.
(*ro+ sMNNOnPiaQ MnhQiN] tSr qSrOihn 5PTrOnPNs bc /. M. MVkOrNQOc( 6SSk 9( jnr.( 1800"
TEXT B. AT THE STATION
q.: xOQQ( ]OrO fO arO aP QaNPe x]On 4 hOP inPS P]O bSaP'Prain(
&1
4 tOOQ P]aP ]SQiracN ]ayO aQrOarc
bOhTn. |ayO cST hSP P]O PiVkOPN( nan{
n.: zON( ]OrO P]Oc arO. 4 bSSkOr NOaPN tSr cST anr XO# PrainN arO TNTaQQc VrSfrOr aP P]iN PiXO.
xO ]ayO nTXbOrN A 22 anr A :0# PfS VSrnOr'NOaPN in a nSn'NXSkOr( SnO NOaP taVinh P]O OnhinO(
SnO baVk PS P]O OnhinO. 4N P]aP aQQ rih]P{
q.: v]aPmN yOrc hSSr( nan. 4 rSnmP QikO hSinh a QSnh STrnOc in a NXSkOr. wac 4 NiP taVinh P]O
OnhinO{
n.: pt VSTrNOe zST Van PakO f]iV]OyOr NOaP cST QikO. AN a XaPPOr St taVP( 4 rOaQQc \rOtOr
NiPPinh fiP] Xc baVk PS P]O OnhinO. |OrOmN STr VarriahO( A( anr ]OrOmN STr VSX\arPXOnP. zST Van
hOP inPS P]O Prain nSf.
q.: jTVc( fSnmP cST VSXO inPS P]O VarriahO fiP] XO{ zST fiQQ bO fannOr inNirO.
j: v]ankN( 4 fiQQ.
n.: 4mQQ hS anr NOO P]aP STr QThhahO ]aN bOOn \TP inPS P]O hTarrmN yan( anr 4mQQ bSSk PfS NOaPN
in P]O rONPaTranP Var tSr QTnV]. 4mQQ hOP NSXO nOfN\a\OrN aP P]O bSSkNPaQQ anr NSXO V]SV]SQaPO
Sn Xc fac baVk. (_e goe& away"A
j.: nan iN a hSSr tOQQSf tSr hOPPinh P]inhN rSnO( iNnmP ]O{
q.: |O iN. 4 rSnmP knSf ancSnO bOPPOr. 4mX yOrc hQar ]O iN VSXinh fiP] XO. 4 knSf P]aP 4 N]aQQ
]ayO a yOrc VSXtSrPabQO STrnOc. nan fiQQ NOO PS OyOrcP]inh % tinr P]O NOaPN Sn P]O Prain( NOO
P]aP Xc QThhahO iN aQQ rih]P( anr hOP iP P]rSTh] P]O VTNPSXN. 4 N]anmP ]ayO PS rS ancP]inh aP aQQ
OUVO\P NiP baVk anr OnSc P]O STrnOc.
(trSX sMNNOnPiaQ MnhQiN] tSr qSrOihn 5PTrOnPNs 2y /. ~. MVkOrNQOc( 6SSk 2. jnr.( 18&&"
TEXT C. A VOYAGE ROUND EUROPE
j.: |OQQS( AnnO. ArO cST baVk trSX cSTr ]SQiracN aQrOarc{ pSS( cSTmrO QSyOQc anr brSfne
x]OrO ]ayO cST bOOn{
A.: p]( 4myO ]ar a tanPaNPiV PiXOn 4myO TNP bOOn Sn a VrTiNO rSTnr MTrS\O fiP] Xc oar.
j.: p]( cST QTVkc P]inhe zST XTNP ]ayO NOOn NS Xanc inPOrONPinh \QaVON. x]OrO rir cST NaiQ
trSX{
A.: xOQQ( fO QOtP trSX prONNa...
j.: oir cST VaQQ aP anc MTrS\Oan \SrPN{
A.: zON. TiPO a QSP. xO fOnP aN]SrO aP OaV] SnO anr fOnP Sn NSXO rOaQQc inPOrONPinh Pri\N
Nih]PNOOinh.
&1
boat-train: P]O Prain P]aP PakON \aNNOnhOrN PS a N]i\
191
j.: oir cST hS bc Prain Sr rir cST ]irO a Var{
A.: 7S( fO fOnP bc VSaV].
&2
7Sf 4 Van Nac 4myO NOOn SXO( jSnrSn( ^ariN anr AP]OnN.
j.: pSS( 4mX NS OnyiSTN. xOrO cST OyOr NOaNiVk{
A.: pnQc a QiPPQO( 4 faN tinO( TnPiQ PfS racN atPOr WibraQPar( v]O NOa NTrrOnQc bOVaXO yOrc
rSTh]( anr 4 ]ar PS NPac in Xc Vabin.
j.: x]aP a N]aXO. 6TP faN cSTr taP]Or aQQ rih]P{
A.: zON( ]O faN tinO aQQ P]O PiXO. |OmN nOyOr NOaNiVk(
j.: oir cST hS aN]SrO f]On cST rOaV]Or 5\ain{
A.: 7S( fO SnQc Naf P]O VSaNP'QinO trSX P]O rOVk. 4P rirnmP rOaQQc QSSk yOrc inyiPinh( a biP
barO anr XSnSPSnSTN( in taVP.
j.: Anr rir cST hS tSr a NfiX in P]O wOriPOrranOan{
A.: zON( anr in P]O APQanPiV pVOan PSS. v]OrO arO NSXO bOaTPitTQ bOaV]ON Sn P]O fONP VSaNP
St qranVO( 4PmN NS niVO PS ]ayO a NfiX P]OrO.
j: xOQQ( 4mX hQar cSTmyO ]ar NTV] a QSyOQc PiXOe
Memory Work
From a Railway Carriage
qaNPOr P]an tairiON( taNPOr P]an fiPV]ON(
6rirhON anr ]STNON( ]OrhON anr riPV]ON#
Anr V]arhinh aQSnh QikO PrSS\N in a baPPQO(
AQQ P]rSTh] P]O XOarSfN( P]O ]SrNON anr VaPPQO#
AQQ St P]O Nih]PN St P]O ]iQQ anr P]O \Qain
qQc aN P]iVk aN rriyinh rain#
Anr OyOr ahain( in P]O fink St an OcO(
^ainPOr NPaPiSnN f]iNPQO bc.
|OrO iN a V]iQr f]S VQaXbOrN anr NVraXbQON(
AQQ bc ]iXNOQt anr haP]Orinh braXbQON#
|OrO iN a PraX\ f]S NPanrN anr haON#
Anr P]OrOmN P]O hrOOn tSr NPrinhinh P]O raiNiONe
|OrO iN a VarP rTn afac in P]O rSar(
jTX\inh aQSnh fiP] Xan anr QSar#
Anr ]OrO iN a XiQQ anr P]OrOmN a riyOr#
MaV] a hQiX\NO anr hSnO tSr OyOre Yo2ert )"
/teven&on
NOTES ON SYNONYMS
v]O aVP St PrayOQQinh Van bO rONVribOr bc a nTXbOr St NcnSncXN f]iV] rittOr bc yariSTN
iX\QiVaPiSnN (NOO 7SPON Sn 5cnSncXN( \. 1d". v]Oc aQQ rONVribO P]O aVP St hSinh trSX SnO \QaVO
PS anSP]Or (P]aP iN f]c P]Oc arO NcnSncXN"( bTP rittOr bc P]O QOnhP] St PiXO PakOn bc P]aP aVP(
bc iPN \Tr\SNO( rONPinaPiSn Sr bc P]O XOP]Sr St PrayOQQinh.
travel n: P]O aVP St PrayOQQinh( ON\. a QSnh SnO in riNPanP Sr tSrOihn \QaVON( OiP]Or tSr P]O
\Tr\SNO St riNVSyOrinh NSXOP]inh nOf Sr in NOarV] St \QOaNTrO anr aryOnPTrO. (qrOg. in the
49ura9"AD ."g" |O iN friPinh a bSSk abSTP ]iN PrayOQN in AtriVa.
journey n: P]O aVP St hSinh trSX SnO \QaVO PS anSP]Or( TNTaQQc Pakinh a raP]Or QSnh PiXO# ."g"
4PmN a P]rOO racNm STrnOc bc Prain. zSTmQQ ]ayO PS XakO P]O STrnOc aQSnO. WSinh Sn a STrnOc iN
aQfacN OUViPinh.
voyage n: a raP]Or QSnh STrnOc( ON\. bc faPOr Sr air# ."g" 4mr QSyO PS hS Sn a yScahO( fSTQr
cST{ v]O irOa St an APQanPiV yScahO POrritiOr ]Or: N]O faN NTrO PS bO NOaNiVk aQQ P]O PiXO.
trip n: a STrnOc( an OUVTrNiSn( trOg. a briOt SnO( XarO bc Qanr Sr faPOr# ."g" oir cST OnSc
cSTr fOOk'Onr Pri\ PS P]O NOaNirO{
tour n: a STrnOc in f]iV] a N]SrP NPac iN XarO aP a nTXbOr St \QaVON (TNT. fiP] P]O yiOf St
Nih]PNOOinh"( P]O PrayOQQOr tinaQQc rOPTrninh PS P]O \QaVO trSX f]iV] ]O ]ar NParPOr# ."g" pn STr
&2
coach: a QSnh'riNPanVO bTN
192
5STP]Orn'MnhQanr PSTr fO yiNiPOr xinrNSr( pUtSrr( RaXbrirhO( 5PraPtSrr'Sn'AySn anr P]On
VaXO baVk PS jSnrSn.
cruise n Ykni:: a NOa yScahO trSX \SrP PS \SrP( ON\. a \QOaNTrO Pri\# ."g" v]O wOriPOrranOan
VrTiNO \rSXiNOr Xanc inPOrONPinh iX\rONNiSnN.
hitch-hiking n: PrayOQQinh bc hOPPinh trOO rirON in \aNNinh aTPSXSbiQON anr faQkinh bOPfOOn
rirON# ."g" |iPV]']ikinh iN a VSX\araPiyOQc nOf fac St PrayOQQinh f]iV] hiyON SnO a V]anVO PS
NOO XTV] fiP]STP N\Onrinh ancP]inh.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY ()
Words
bSSkinh'SttiVO n STrnOc n NXSkOr
Vabin n ]iPV]']ikinh n (NXSkinh'Var" n
VarhS'N]i\ n QThhahO n N\OOr n
VrTiNO n QThhahO'yan n NPOaXOr n
rOVk n \SrPOr n PSTr n
rininh'Var n rSTh] ad1 PrayOQ n
OnhinO n NaiQ , Pri\ n
tarO n NOa'hTQQ n yScahO n
tQih]P n NOaNiVknONN n faQkOr n
hTirO n NQOO\Or (NQOO\inh'Var" n fayO n
Word Combinations
PS hS Sn a STrnOc( Pri\( PS PrayOQ NOVSnr/NPanrarr
yScahO( a \aVkahO PSTr VQaNN
PS PrayOQ bc air (Prain( PS VaQQ aP a \SrP
bSaP( VrTiNOr( QinOr( OPV." PS hS aN]SrO
PS V]anhO trSX Prain PS bSaP( bar (hSSr" NaiQSr
(VrTiNOr( QinOr" PS XakO a Pri\( STrnOc
(6TP: PS V]anhO tSr a bSaP. Sn rOVk
09&o: x]OrO rS 4 V]anhO tSr Sn N]SrO
^ariN{" PS QSSk inyiPinh
PS bO NOaNiVk( PS bO PrayOQNiVk PS bO rTO aP (a \QaVO"
(in anc kinr St PranN\SrP" rirOVP/P]rSTh] Prain
NinhQO PiVkOP cST VanmP bOaP P]O Prain
rOPTrn PiVkOP (rOPTrn bOrP]" a ]SXO QSyOr/NPac'aP']SXO/
PS PrayOQ/hS tirNP VQaNN a ]SXO'NPac Pc\O
EXERCISES
I. Answer the questions. Be carefuI to argue your case weII:
1. x]aP XOanN St PrayOQ rS cST knSf{ 2. x]c arO Xanc \OS\QO tSnr St PrayOQQinh{ :. x]c
rS NSXO \OS\QO QikO PrayOQQinh bc Prain{ 9. oS cST QikO PrayOQQinh bc Prain{ x]aP XakON cST
QikO/riNQikO iP{ 0. x]aP arO P]O aryanPahON St a NOa'yScahO{ 2. x]aP arO P]O aryanPahON St
]iPV]']ikinh{ &. x]aP kinr St \OS\QO TNTaQQc SbOVP PS PrayOQQinh bc NOa{ d. x]aP arO P]O
aryanPahON anr riNaryanPahON St PrayOQQinh bc air{ |ayO cST OyOr PrayOQQOr bc air{ |Sf rS
cST QikO iP{ 8. x]aP rS cST P]ink abSTP faQkinh PSTrN{ 10. x]aP iN( in cSTr S\iniSn( P]O XSNP
OnScabQO XOanN St PrayOQ{ 11. x]aP fac St PrayOQQinh attSrrN XSNP VSXtSrP tSr OQrOrQc \OS\QO{
(WiyO cSTr rOaNSnN." 12. oS cST P]ink PrayOQ ]OQ\N a \OrNSn PS bOVSXO fiNOr{
II. FiII in appropriate words (consuIt the Iist of synonyms on pp. 291- 292):.
4. 4mr bO rOQih]POr PS hS Sn a NOa .... bTP Xc fitO ]aN nOyOr bOOn a hSSr NaiQSr( NS fO VanmP
Sin cST. 2. jaNP fOOk fO XarO a fSnrOrtTQ ... PS P]O XSTnPainN. 4P PSSk TN tSTr ]STrN
{{{ 289 ! :'2 $$C>{ ? !A?{{{
7 i n a : Anr f]OrO rir cST hS ... aN]SrO{
19:
A Q O U : p]( ... NSXO N\SP cST arO nSP QikOQc PS tinr ... anc Xa\. xOQQ( f]On fO tSTnr
STrNOQyON ... P]O bank fO iXXOriaPOQc NParPOr ... P]O \QaVO f]OrO STr OU\OriPSn faN fSrkinh.
7 i n a : oir cST hS ... Var{
A Q O U : p]( nSe 7S Var VSTQr ]ayO rriyOn ... P]SNO \aP]N. xO PrayOQQOr \arPQc... tSSP(
anr ... NSXO \QaVON fOnP... NXaQQ riyOrN anr NPrOaXN ... rSfinh'bSaPN. xO fOrO ... N\SPN f]OrO
nS XanmN tSSP ]ar NPO\\Or ... TN.
7 i n a : |Sf OUViPinhe 5S cST OnScOr ... P]O STrnOc( rirnmP cST{
A Q O U : MyOrc XinTPO ... iP( P]STh] iP faN nSP an OaNc SnO.
7 i n a : oir cST rOPTrn ... air{
A Q O U : 7S(... Prain. v]O taVP iN( 4 ]ar ]arrQc OnSTh] XSnOc ... P]O raiQfac tarO( nSP PS Nac
ancP]inh ... P]O \QanO.
VII. RoIe-pIaying.
Work in groups of four or five:
zST arO a taXiQc rOVirinh Sn P]O Pc\O St ]SQirac cST fiQQ hS Sn nOUP NTXXOr. v]On rO\SrP PS
P]O SP]Or taXiQiON Sn cSTr tinaQ rOViNiSn( OU\Qaininh P]O rOaNSnN tSr cSTr V]SiVO. ^SinP STP
aryanPahON anr riNaryanPahON( hiyinh farninh baNOr Sn \OrNSnaQ OU\OriOnVO.
VIII. TransIate the foIIowing into EngIish:
1. ! $> ?!< FGH{ a; ! { 2. <
== +! $J!. $? $J + ! A = +;
<=. :. /A + J $? ; B$<. [+ +> $+ $
! + E!+. 9. . +A $!< ?< $. G $
> !J+ >. +; ! $J+ ! $$>? +J!?. 0.
$J+ +, A$$ J!? J! != $ $ A!!. 2.
) > ( ! < ; $D!> >?!! ! =. B> ! !?
?!( =( + <. B ! ! $>!<
$. &. / $ $J! J! A AA (
$JA ~$. d. $ > A !J< ! $<>; A( +
> ! A A +. A' > +. B $!
< > !< >+. 8. 3 < ! $ $+A C!{ [$<
+A $( ! +A AD.
IX. Make up diaIogues.
5 T h h O N P O r N i P T a P i S n N :
A. vfS triOnrN arO riNVTNNinh rittOrOnP facN St N\Onrinh P]Oir ]SQiracN. v]Oc bSP] fanP PS
PrayOQ( bTP SnO St P]OX iN an OnP]TNiaNP rOarc tSr ancP]inh anr P]O SP]Or iN a VaTPiSTN anr a
NVO\PiVaQ \OrNSn. (}NO P]O tSQQSfinh: there i& nothing 9i'e trave9 2y air-2y &ea, et5", it i& +ore
5onvenient to """D there i& none of the """D &4eed, 5o+fort and 49ea&ure 5o+2inedD there i& no
trave9 &o fine a& 2y"""D the ri&e and fa99 of the wave&D 5o+ing in to the har2our, that?& a99 right
for tho&e that 9i'e itD when the &ea i& roughD hit5hGhi'ingD it?& ri&'y, i&n?t itO I 4refer to 2e on the
&afe &ideD I?d rather &tay at ho+e"A
6. A \OrNSn f]S ]aN TNP rOPTrnOr trSX a tSrOihn VrTiNO iN anNfOrinh P]O gTONPiSnN St an
OahOr QiNPOnOr. (}NO P]O tSQQSfinh: a +o&t eZ5iting eZ4erien5eD I rea99y envy youD do te99 +e a99
a2out it, where did you &ai9 fro+c what were your 4ort& of 5o99i go a&horeD go &ight&eeingD
what wa& the 49a5e that i+4re&&ed you +o&tO I didn?t thin' +u5h of...# the 1ourney wa& tiringD
2ut you did en1oy it, didn?t youOA
R. An SQr Qarc iN PaQkinh PS a \SrPOr aP P]O raiQfac \QaPtSrX. 5]O kOO\N tSrhOPPinh P]O naXO
St P]O \QaVO N]O iN hSinh PS anr rSON nSP gTiPO knSf ]Sf Xanc \iOVON St QThhahO N]O ]aN. (}NO
P]O tSQQSfinh: wi99 you &ee to +y 9uggagec where for, +ada+c it 1u&t &9i44ed +y +e+ory, it?& a
&ort of re&ort 49a5eD wou9d you 9i'e +e to have the&e trun'& 4ut in the 9uggageGvanc where on
earth i& that &uit5a&ec it wi99 never go on the 9uggageGra5'D I +u&t have a &eat fa5ing the enG
gineD dear +e, I?+ &ure to +i&& the trainD i& it a through trainc I hate to 5hangeD when are we
199
due to arrivecA
;. a) TransIate the foIIowing fragment into Russian in written form:
x]On cSTr N]i\ QOayON |SnSQTQT P]Oc ]anh mQOiNm rSTnr cSTr nOVk( harQanrN St NfOOP'
NXOQQinh tQSfOrN. v]O f]art iN VrSfrOr anr P]O banr \QacN a XOQPinh |afaiian PTnO. v]O
\OS\QO Sn bSarr P]rSf VSQSTrOr NPrOaXOrN PS P]SNO NPanrinh bOQSf( anr P]O NirO St P]O N]i\ iN
hac fiP] P]O P]in QinON St \a\Or( rOr anr hrOOn anr cOQQSf anr bQTO. x]On P]O N]i\ XSyON
NQSfQc afac P]O NPrOaXOrN brOak NStPQc( anr iP iN QikO P]O brOakinh St ]TXan PiON. wOn anr
fSXOn arO SinOr PShOP]Or tSr a XSXOnP( bc a haiQc VSQSTrOr NPri\ St \a\Or( rOr anr bQTO anr
hrOOn anr cOQQSf( anr P]On QitO NO\araPON P]OX anr P]O \a\Or iN NTnrOrOr( NS OaNiQc( fiP] a QiPPQO
N]ar\ Nna\. qSr an ]STr P]O trahXOnPN PraiQ rSfn P]O ]TQQ anr P]On P]Oc bQSf afac. v]O
tQSfOrN St cSTr harQanrN tarO anr P]Oir NVOnP iN S\\rONNiyO. zST P]rSf P]OX SyOrbSarr.
(*ro+ sv]O vrOXbQinh St a jOats 2y x. 5. waTh]aX"
b) Compare the seeing-off ceremony described in the fragment with the one you read
about in the story "Seeing People Off".
c) Comment on the second part of the fragment beginning with the wordg "...it is like
the breaking of human ties". What does the description symbolize? Comment on the
stylistic aspect of the fragment.
XI. a) Read the text beIow and transIate it into Russian oraIIy:
A Sea Trip
s7Ss( Nair |arriN( sit cST fanP rONP anr V]anhO( cST VanmP bOaP a NOa Pri\.s
4 SbOVPOr PS P]O NOa Pri\ NPrSnhQc. A NOa Pri\ rSON cST hSSr f]On cST arO hSinh PS ]ayO a
VST\QO St XSnP]N St iP( bTP( tSr a fOOk( iP iN fiVkOr.
zST NParP Sn wSnrac fiP] P]O irOa P]aP cST arO hSinh PS OnSc cSTrNOQt. zST fayO an airc
ariOT PS P]O bScN Sn N]SrO( Qih]P cSTr bihhONP \i\O anr NfahhOr abSTP P]O rOVk aN it cST fOrO
Ra\Pain RSSk( 5ir qranViN orakO( anr R]riNPS\]Or RSQTXbTN aQQ rSQQOr inPS SnO. pn vTONrac
cST fiN] cST ]arnmP VSXO. pn xOrnONrac( v]TrNrac anr qrirac( cST fiN] cST fOrO rOar. pn
5aPTrrac cST arO abQO PS NfaQQSf a QiPPQO bOOt POa( anr PS NiP T\ Sn rOVk( anr anNfOr fiP] a
fan( NfOOP NXiQO f]On kinr']OarPOr \OS\QO aNk cST ]Sf cST tOOQ nSf. pn 5Tnrac( cST bOhin
PS faQk abSTP ahain( anr PakO NSQir tSSr. Anr Sn wSnrac XSrninh( aN( fiP] cSTr bah anr TX'
brOQQa in cSTr ]anr( cST NPanr bc P]O hanhfac( faiPinh PS NPO\ aN]SrO( cST bOhin PS P]SrSTh]Qc
QikO iP.
4 rOXOXbOr Xc brSP]Or'in'Qaf hSinh tSr a N]SrP NOa Pri\ SnVO tSr P]O bOnOtiP St ]iN ]OaQP].
|O PSSk a rOPTrn bOrP] trSX jSnrSn PS jiyOr\SSQ# anr f]On ]O hSP PS jiyOr\SSQ( P]O SnQc P]inh
]O faN anUiSTN abSTP faN PS NOQQ P]aP rOPTrn PiVkOP.
4P faN SttOrOr rSTnr P]O PSfn aP a PrOXOnrSTN rOrTVPiSn# NS 4 aX PSQr# anr faN OyOnPTaQQc
NSQr tSr Oih]POOn \OnVO PS a cSTP] f]S ]ar TNP bOOn aryiNOr bc ]iN XOriVaQ Xan PS hS PS P]O
NOaNirO( anr PakO OUOrViNO.
s5OaNirOes Nair Xc brSP]Or'in'Qaf( \rONNinh P]O PiVkOP attOVPiSnaPOQc inPS ]iN ]anr# sf]c(
cSTmQQ hOP OnSTh] PS QaNP cST a QitOPiXO# anr aN tSr OUOrViNOe f]c( cSTmQQ hOP XSrO OUOrViNO(
NiPPinh rSfn Sn P]aP N]i\( P]an cST fSTQr PTrninh NSXOrNaTQPN Sn rrc Qanr.
|O ]iXNOQt % Xc brSP]Or'in'Qaf % VaXO baVk bc Prain. |O Nair P]O 7SrP]'xONPOrn aiQfac
faN ]OaQP]c OnSTh] tSr ]iX. (*ro+ sv]rOO wOn in a 6SaPs 2y
nOrSXO k. nOrSXO. 0da4tedA
b) Answer the foIIowing questions:
1. x]aP XarO P]O narraPSr SbOVP PS P]O NOa Pri\{ 2. x]c rir ]iN brSP]Or'in'Qaf NOQQ ]iN
rOPTrn PiVkOP{ :. |Sf rir ]O rONVribO P]O aryanPahON St a NOa Pri\ PS P]O cSTP] f]S bSTh]P ]iN
PiVkOP{
"' Point out the Hues and passages that you consider humorous. Is it humour of situation or
humour of words! (AnaIyse each case separateIy.)
XII. Speak individuaIIy or arrange a discussion on the foIIowing:
190
1. x]aP aPPraVPN \OS\QO in P]O irOa St PrayOQQinh{
2. 4N P]O rSXanPiV aN\OVP St PrayOQQinh NPiQQ aQiyO in STr PiXO{
:. v]O VOQObraPOr PrayOQQOrN St P]O \aNP.
9. x]OrO anr ]Sf fSTQr cST QikO PS PrayOQ{
XIII. Try your hand at teaching.
1. Arrange and run a conversation on the foIIowing text:
v]O pnQc xac PS vrayOQ 4N Sn qSSP
x]On anP]rS\SQShiNPN PTrn P]Oir aPPOnPiSn PS P]O PfOnPiOP] VOnPTrc( P]Oc fiQQ NTrOQc V]SSNO
P]O QabOQ sjOhQONN wans. |iNPSriON St P]O PiXO fiQQ hS NSXOP]inh QikO P]iN: s4n P]O PfOnPiOP]
VOnPTrc \OS\QO tSrhSP ]Sf PS TNO P]Oir QOhN. wOn anr fSXOn XSyOr abSTP in VarN( bTNON anr
PrainN trSX a yOrc OarQc ahO. v]O NTr\riNinh P]inh iN P]aP P]Oc rirnmP TNO P]Oir QOhN OyOn f]On
P]Oc fOnP Sn ]SQirac. v]Oc bTiQP VabQO raiQfacN( Nki'QitPN anr rSarN PS P]O PS\ St OyOrc ]ThO
XSTnPain.s
v]O tTPTrO ]iNPSrc bSSkN Xih]P aQNS rOVSrr P]aP fO rir nSP TNO STr OcON. 4n STr ]Trrc PS hOP
trSX SnO \QaVO PS anSP]Or( fO taiQOr PS NOO ancP]inh Sn P]O fac. Air PrayOQ 0yON cST a birrmN'
OcO yiOf St P]O fSrQr. Rar rriyOrN in \arPiVTQar( nOyOr fanP PS NPS\. v]O Pc\iVaQ PfOnPiOP]'
VOnPTrc PrayOQQOr iN P]O Xan f]S aQfacN NacN m4myO bOOn P]OrOm % XOaninh( s4 rrSyO P]rSTh] iP
aP 100 XiQON an ]STr Sn P]O fac PS NSXOf]OrO OQNO.s
x]On cST PrayOQ aP ]ih] N\OOrN P]O \rONOnP XOanN nSP]inh: cST QiyO XainQc in P]O tTPTrO(
bOVaTNO cST N\Onr XSNP St cSTr PiXO QSSkinh tSrfarr PS arriyinh aP NSXO SP]Or \QaVO. 6TP
aVPTaQ arriyaQ f]On iP iN aV]iOyOr( iN XOaninhQONN. zST fanP PS XSyO Sn ahain. v]O PrayOQQOr Sn
tSSP( Sn P]O SP]Or ]anr( QiyON VSnNPanPQc in P]O \rONOnP. |O OU\OriOnVON PS \rONOnP XSXOnP fiP]
]iN OcON( ]iN OarN anr P]O f]SQO St ]iN bSrc. AP P]O Onr St ]iN STrnOc ]O tOOQN a rOQiViSTN
\]cNiVaQ fOarinONN. |O knSfN P]aP NSTnr NaPiNtcinh NQOO\ fiQQ bO ]iN: P]O TNP rOfarr St aQQ PrTO
PrayOQQOrN.

192

Arguments:
qSr: AhainNP:
1. MyOn Sn ]SQirac: VabQO raiQfacN( Nki'QitPN(
rSarN PS PS\N St XSTnPainN.
1. qSSQiN] PS VQiXb a XSTnPain f]On P]OrOmN
a raiQfac Sr rSar T\ iP
2. x]On PrayOQQinh aP ]ih] N\OOrN \rONOnP XOanN
nSP]inh: QitO in tTPTrO.
2. vrayOQQinh aP ]ih] N\OOrN iN a \QOaNTrO in
iPNOQt.
:. vrayOQQOr Sn tSSP: QiyON VSnNPanPQc in \rONOnP :. vrayOQQinh Sn tSSP: OU]aTNPinh: cST hOP
nSf]OrO taNP
9. vc\iVaQ PfOnPiOP]'VOnPTrc PrayOQQOr: s4myO
bOOn P]OrO.s 4PaQc( oOQ]i( 4rkTPNk# P]rSTh] aP 100
XiQON an ]STr.
9. 4PmN nSf \SNNibQO PS NOO Xanc VSTnPriON(
XOOP \OS\QO St aQQ naPiSnaQiPiON.
2. Think of some o%-er arguments and counter-arguments to carry on the discussion.
(See "Classroom English", Section IX.)
XIV. A. Do yon know how to act sensibIy when out in the wiIds? If not, the text beIow might
heIp you:
4t cST arO NOPPinh Stt Sn a faQkinh PSTr( PakO a VSX\aNN( a Xa\ anr tirNP'air OgTi\XOnP fiP]
cST. MyOn P]O XSNP OU\OriOnVOr Van QSNO P]Oir fac in P]O yaNP Tnin]abiPOr arOaN. 4t cST hOP QSNP
rSnmP QSNO cSTr ]Oar. 4nNPOar bO NOnNibQO( Prc PS hiyO NSXO inriVaPiSn St f]OrO cST arO anr kOO\
cSTrNOQt farX. Anr rOXOXbOr: nOyOr hS Stt aQSnO( anr intSrX NSXOSnO aP cSTr \SinP St
rO\arPTrO f]OrO cST inPOnr PS hS( anr f]aP rSTPO cST inPOnr PS PakO.
B. Describe the pictures. Use the suggested phrases.
See if the traveIIers have acted sessibIy. Support your idea.
a" hiyO XO a wa9'ing tour every ti+eD you 5an?t 2eat (hit5hGA hi'ingD need you ta'e &o +u5h
9uggagec b" PS get to wi9d, uninha2ited 49a5e&D to 2e hard9y a29e to go onD to 2e near9y
drowned in a &wa+4D uni+agina29e hard&hi4&D to over5o+e the o2&ta59e&D V" there wa& a turn
in the weather, it wa& 4ouringD f9a&he& of 9ightning, ro99& of thunder, I wi&h I were in a rai9way
5arriage nowOD r" to 59i+2 the &tee4e&t ro5'&D to fa5e the danger of"""D to get to 49a5e& where no
+an?& foot ha& ever &te44edD O" to rea5h the to4 in &afety, to 2e hard9y a29e to 2e9ieve one?&
eye&D you 5ou9d 'no5' +e down with a feather"
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH
VIII
19&
oittOrOnP \aPPOrnN St friPinh (NOO s5PTriONs in }niP pnO" NOQrSX SVVTr aQSnO( XSrO StPOn
P]Oc bQOnr inPS SnO anSP]Or( ON\OViaQQc in QOPPOr friPinh.
Letter iN a N\OVitiV kinr St friPPOn VSX\SNiPiSn inySQyinh a VSnVrOPO friPOr( XONNahO anr a
VSnVrOPO rOarOr. 4n Xanc facN iP iN a trOO VSX\SNiPiSn. A QOPPOr iN in a NOnNO( a P]OXO( hSyOrnOr
bc P]O NaXO rTQON St friPinh P]aP hSyOrn OyOrc SP]Or kinr St VSX\SNiPiSn. 4P XTNP bO VQOar( fOQQ
SrhaniOr( VS]OrOnP. Anr iP N]STQr bO inPOrONPinh.
6TP a QOPPOr iN aQNS hSyOrnOr bc VOrPain SP]Or QafN( Sr VSnyOnPiSnN St TNahO( f]iV] P]O QOPPOr
friPOr VannSP ihnSrO.
v]ONO arO P]O \arPN St a QOPPOr: P]O ]Oarinh( P]O inNirO arrrONN( P]O hrOOPinh( P]O bSrc St P]O
QOPPOr( P]O VSX\QiXOnParc VQSNO( P]O NihnaPTrO.
qSr OaV] St P]ONO \arPN TNahO ]aN \rONVribOr VOrPain NOP tSrXN rO\Onrinh Sn rittOrOnP Pc\ON
St QOPPOrN % \OrNSnaQ Sr bTNinONN QOPPOrN( intSrXaQ Sr tSrXaQ NSViaQ nSPON.
The heading. v]O \arPN St a ]Oarinh( friPPOn in P]O tSQQSfinh SrrOr( arO P]O NPrOOP( arrrONN(
P]O naXO St a ViPc Sr PSfn (P]O naXO St P]O NPaPO in P]O }.5.A."( P]O raPO( ."g"
@inO RSPPahO pUtSrr Sar AbinhrSn'Sn'v]aXON 1: wac 18...
N t e: In Great Britain very often the house is not numbered but has a "proper"
name, like "Vine Cottage",
The inside address. 4n a bTNinONN QOPPOr P]O inNirO arrrONN iN P]O arrrONN St P]O \OrNSn
friPPOn PS. 4n \OrNSnaQ QOPPOr P]O inNirO arrrONN iN TNTaQQc SXiPPOr.
4n a bTNinONN QOPPOr iP iN aQfacN VSrrOVP PS TNO a \OrNSnaQ PiPQO fiP] P]O naXO St P]O \OrNSn
arrrONNOr. A bTNinONN PiPQO N]STQr nSP \rOVOrO P]O naXO. RSrrOVP \OrNSnaQ PiPQON arO: wr.( wrN.(
wiNN( or.( ^rStONNSr( wONNrN.( ."g"
or. [. / |Sfarr
5T\OrinPOnrOnP St 5V]SSQN
The Greeting. v]O tSQQSfinh tSrXN arO VSrrOVP tSr bTNinONN anr \rStONNiSnaQ QOPPOrN:
WOnPQOXOn: jariON:
oOar 5ir: oOar waraX:
wc rOar /ir" Jy rOar waraX:
oOar wr. xarrOn: oOar wiNN |Sfarr:
4n \OrNSnaQ QOPPOrN OiP]Or a VSQSn Sr a VSXXa Xac bO TNOr atPOr P]O hrOOPinh. A VSXXa iN
VSnNirOrOr QONN tSrXaQ. 4n \OrNSnaQ QOPPOrN P]O ranhO St hrOOPinhN iN TnQiXiPOr anr intSrXaQ( QikO
sJy own )oveyG\oveys St nTrcmN soOar oarrc jSnh'jOhNs.
The Body of the Letter. A hSSr QOPPOr N]STQr bO VQOar( rirOVP( VS]OrOnP( rihnitiOr anr
VSTrPOSTN.
The CompIimentary CIose. RSrrOVP tSrXN tSr bTNinONN QOPPOrN arO:
zSTrN PrTQc( zSTrN yOrc PrTQc( @Orc PrTQc cSTrN(
ON\OVPtTQQc cSTrN( qaiP]tTQQc cSTrN. 5inVOrOQc cSTrN(
zSTrN NinVOrOQc( RSrriaQQc cSTrN.
The Signature. 5SXO St P]O VSnyOnPiSnN N]STQr bO SbNOryOr: a" nOiP]Or \rStONNiSnaQ PiPQON(
nSr aVarOXiV rOhrONN N]STQr bO TNOr fiP] a NihnaPTrO# b" an TnXarriOr fSXan N]STQr Nihn
]OrNOQt aN wiNN jaTra 6Qank( bTP N]O Xac \QaVO wiNN in \arOnP]ONON bOtSrO ]Or naXO it N]O
tOOQN P]aP iP iN nOVONNarc tSr \rS\Or irOnPitiVaPiSn# V" a XarriOr fSXan Sr a firSf NihnN ]Or
Sfn naXO( nSP ]Or XarriOr naXO. qSr OUaX\QO( oiana |SQirac 6rSfn iN ]Or Sfn naXO# wrN.
WOSrhO 6rSfn iN ]Or XarriOr naXO(
|OrO iN an OUaX\QO St a bTNinONN QOPPOr:
oOar wiNN Rarnabc(
AQQSf XO PS OnVQSNO a VSnPribTPiSn PS cSTr yOrc rONOryinh qTnr bOtSrO iP iN tinaQQc fSTnr
T\.
zSTrN yOrc PrTQc(
|OrVTQO ^SirSP.
Assignments:
1. Go over the letters (see Unit Five) and copy down the samples of the complimentary
close.
19d
2. Write a reply to 1udy's letter as if you were the person she wrote her letter to.
3. Write a letter to a friend sharing the memories of your holiday trip and your feelings
at the station on the day of departure.
4. Write a letter to your dean in which you request permission to stay at your parents'
several days more. Give your reason clearly and convincingly.
XV. Film "Mr. Brown's Holiday". Film Segment 8 "Caught in the Rain" (On the Way
to Yeovil). a) Watch and listen, b) Do the exercises from the guide to the film.
LABORATORY EXERCISES (II)
1. Listen to the text "Different Means of Travel", mark the stresses and tunes. Repeat
it following the model.
2. Listen to the conversation "At the Station", mark the stresses and tunes; repeat
after the tape, learn the text by heart.
3. Listen to the dialogue "A Voyage Round Europe", mark the stresses and tunes.
Repeat the text following the model and record your variant. Compare your variant with
the model and correct your pronunctalion mistakes.
4. Write a spelling-translation test: a) translate the phrases into English; b) check them
with the key.
5. Listen to some text on the topic "Trawelling", Retell it in class.
6. Listen to some anecdotes. Put down the word combinations you find useful. Act
them out in class (oral and written work).
7. Listen to the poem "From a Railway Carriage". Mark the stresses and tunes.
Repeat after the tape. Learn it by heart.
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS
What do you know about
1. Christopher Columbus and the history of his discovery? Why wasn't America
named in his houour? After whom was it named and why?
2. Captain Cook, Sir Francis Drake, Roald Amundsen, Mlckloukha-Macklay, the
Papanin expedition?
3. The Mystery of the Atlantis, the Mystery of the Bennudian Triangle, the Mystery of
the Easter Isle, the Loch Ness Monster?
UNIT NINE
I. SPEECH PATTERNS
1. v]Oc fOrO abSTP wrN. 6TrQSfmN ahO( &o were the attendant&"
s4 POQQ cST 4 faN XSyOr. 5S fOrO cST( 4 rarO Nac.s
s4 faNnmP Prcinh PS aVP. 1 rOaQQc tOQP.s s5S rir 4( Xc bSc(s Nair jO SN.
wc triOnr hTONNOr f]aP XcNPOrc P]Oc fOrO PaQkinh abSTP. 5S rir 4.
5]O faN hrOaPQc iX\rONNOr bc jaTrOnVO pQiyiOrmN aVPinh. 5S fOrO P]Oc.
2. SNO thought hi+ gTiPO funny"
R]riNPinO P]STh]P P]iN V]OgTO tSr PfOnPc hTinOaN raP]Or NPranhO.
v]Oc aQfacN tSTnr jO SN XahnOPiV.
v]O vraNkOr hirQN VSnNirOrOr qabOrXaV]Or yOrc rSXanPiV.
qSr P]O tirNP PiXO in a QSnh f]iQO Mrik P]STh]P ]iXNOQt fSnrOrtTQQc trOO.
:. 5]O &aw hi& fa5e 4eering P]rSTh] P]aP XaNk.
jannc Naf WrOP @iQQiOr NiPPinh aP P]O PabQO XSPiSnQONN anr iX\OrNSnaQ.
198
x]On \aNNinh a VSttOO NPaQQ jannc nSPiVOr PfS f]iPO XOn NParinh aP ]iX.
niX anr ]iN XSP]Or ]Oarr P]O bQinr Xan a\\rSaV]inh P]O rSSr.
4P faN OaNc PS iXahinO 4ra \OrtSrXinh aN P]O kOO\Or St a NOVSnr'raPO VQTb.
oayO trSfnOr aN ]O Naf oan QOayinh.
9. SNO fanPOr ]iX to &to4 59owning tSr P]OX.
x]On Mrik tiniN]Or rOarinh P]O QOPPOr( ]O VSTQrnmP PakO ]iN OcON Stt P]O \a\Or.
^rONOnPQc vSX \iVkOr T\ a NPraf anr bOhan Prcinh PS baQanVO iP Sn ]iN nSNO.
v]O NaiQSr bOhan rSfinh PSfarrN P]O ]arbSTrmN XSTP].
wOanf]iQO N]O fOnP Sn PaQkinh in ]Or OarnONP( VSnyinVinh ySiVO.
EXERCISES
I. Change the sentences, using the patterns:
^ a P P O r n 2 : 1. v]O wTrrNPSnON P]STh]P P]aP oayir faN riNSbOriOnP. 2. MyOrcbSrc
tSTnr P]aP P]OrO faN NSXOP]inh XcNPOriSTN abSTP jarc AQrSc. :. xO P]STh]P P]aP P]O QaNP NVOnO
faN gTiPO iX\rONNiyO. 9. 4 tSTnr P]aP P]O NPranhOrmN ySiVO faN yahTOQc taXiQiar PS XO. 0. |TVk
qinn VSTQrnmP bOar ]iN nOf QitO aP P]O firSfmN( in ]iN S\iniSn iP faN OUPrOXOQc rTQQ.
^ a P P O r n : : 1. 5abina VaXO inPS P]O ]aQQ( N]O Naf P]aP ]O faN NiPPinh aP P]O POQO\]SnO.
2. xO faPV]Or ]Sf P]O NOOrN'Stt fOrO N]TttQinh trSX tSSP PS tSSP. :. pTPNirO ]O tSTnr P]aP nSO
faN NPanrinh Sn P]O \QaPtSrX. 9. 5]O faPV]Or ]Sf ]O faN fayinh tarOfOQQ PS ]iN triOnrN. 0. 4
Naf P]aP 6Sb faN \Qacinh VOnPrO tSrfarr.
^ a P P O r n 9 : 1. Mrik NParPOr PS rOar P]O QOPPOr ahain. 2. 5SSn P]O \SrPOrN bOhan PS \TQQ
QThhahO aQSnh P]O \QaPtSrX. :. AP QaNP naVk tiniN]Or PS friPO nTXOrSTN QOPPOrN St inPrSrTVPiSn. 9.
jOy zaN]in bOhan PS \Qac tSSPbaQQ f]On ]O faN a POOn'ahOr. 0. 6TrPSnmN naXONakO NParPOr PS
\Qac \SkOr anr fOnP brSkO. 2. v]O WartQc \TQQOr a V]rcNanP]OXTX trSX P]O yaNO anr bOhan PS
\QTVk Stt SnO f]iPO \OPaQ atPOr anSP]Or.
II. Think of a situation. Suggest a beginning matching up the end. Use the proper pattern:
^ a P P O r n 1 : 1. ...# NS fOrO aiQ P]O \aNNOnhOrN. 2. ...# NS rir fO. :....# NS aX 1. 9. ...# NS
Van fO. 0. ...# NS ]ayO 4. 2. ..#NS ]ayO cST. &. ...# NS faN STr VSaV]. d. ...# NS rir P]O hSaQ kOO\Or.
8. ...# NS rir P]O S\\SnOnP. 10. ...# NS fOrO STr nOih]bSTrN. 11. ...# NS faN STr QThhahO. 12....# NS
iN N]O.
^ a P P O r n 2 : 1. ... yahTOQc taXiQiar. 2. ... gTiPO NSViabQO. :. ... raP]Or iX\rONNiyO. 9. ...
SbOriOnP. 0. ... gTiPO rittOrOnP. 2.... yaQTabQO.
^ a P P O r n : : 1.... NOryinh anSP]Or XOaQ. 2. ... Xakinh a \aTNO in ]iN NPSrc. :.... rTbbinh
]iN ]anrN fiP] rOQih]P 9.... N]rThhinh ]Or N]STQrOrN. 0. ... \aNNinh P]O brOar'\QaPO PS P]O Xan
nOUP PS ]iX. 2. ...VTrQinh ]Or Qi\ anr N]Sfinh ]Or riNhTNP tSr P]O NVOnO.
^ a P P O r n 9 : 1. ... NPS\\Or brOaP]inh. 2. ... NParPOr tiQQinh in P]O a\\QiVaPiSn tSrX. :. ...
NPS\\Or N]iyOrinh fiP] VSQr. 9. ... bOhan PrOXbQinh fiP] tOar. 0. ... NPS\\Or Xakinh nSPON. 2....
tiniN]Or rOarinh aQSTr.
III. TransIate the foIIowing into EngIish. Use the patterns:
^ a P P O r n 1 : 1. .! < $!! !? ! ,!=. %
)> D. 2. < +> ! A?. % )> D. :. == !IJ
+A D>+. % ); D. 9. Z+ +! ! A . %
B+ D. 0. -< $!< ! D D. 2. ~ > $J>;. % Z +;
D. &. i + < J!# =<( ! J D( d. BJ! $$!!
!< C!<>+! ! +!>+! =<+!. % BJ! D.
^ a P P O r n 2 : 1. E! . <J ! ! A < >+
(Srr". 2. D! ! J D; +A!? $?. :. LA
D $> ! ! * (WfOnrSQOn"( J J
<;. 9. * (|TrNPfSSr" !( LK! !
,>( +( + ! >< !+ + D!< $ +
(NOnNibQO". 0. E+K! ! ; $$ A>+ ! < +>+ (rarinh". 2.
100
E !( +!,> C!<>( A! ?! A$!!+>+!. &.
. Z +( A < $.
^ a P P O r n : : 1. / AA , i= =( $! u<
;!. 2. [+ ! ! !!( +< ! $C +, (PS
hQiXXOr" . :. ( $( =!( ! ,. 9. +A
$!<( !+ $+. 0. )> !!( > !< !+
. 2. A > J !( A >J( $A +
.
^ a P P O r n 9 : 1. D++ !A $ +<( !
+! . 2. =! ! $!?!< A$$+!. :. . ! +A !<
!< ! A! <. 9. L$! $ $! A ! !<
. 0. G< C< !+ +<!+ $J>+ +<!+.
IV. Respond to the foIIowing statements and questions, using the patterns:
^ a P P O r n 1 : 1. jO SN faN rOQih]POr PS NOO ]iN SQr aVgTainPanVO. 2. 5SXO \OS\QO tOOQ
raP]Or NPitt Sn P]O \QaPtSrX. x]aP abSTP cST{ :. wc triOnrN QikOr P]O tiQX sTiOP qQSfN P]O
oSn.s x]aP abSTP cSTrN{ 9. ROQia QSyOr jannc. x]aP abSTP 5ariO{ 0. 5PO\]On jOaVSVk iN a
taXSTN ]TXSrSTN friPOr. x]aP abSTP wark vfain{ 2. 5SXO \OS\QO QikO P]inhN XarO PS SrrOr.
x]aP abSTP cSTr triOnr{ &. 4mr raP]Or rOar NSXOP]inh bc R]Ok]Sy( fSTQr cST{ d. 5P. ^aTQmN
RaP]OrraQ iN a tinO N\OViXOn St arV]iPOVPTrO. }ntSrPTnaPOQc 4 rirnmP NOO xONPXinNPOr AbbOc. 8.
warPin MrOn QiyOr TnrOr yOrc ]arr VSnriPiSnN f]On ]O faN cSTnh. x]aP abSTP naVk jSnrSn
]iXNOQt{ 10. 4 tinr P]iN OUOrViNO OUPrOXOQc OaNc.
^ a P P O r n 2 : 1. x]aP rS cST P]ink abSTP 5]akON\OarOmN \QacN{ 2. |Sf rS cST tinr P]O
NVrOOn yOrNiSn St sxar anr ^OaVOs{ :. 4n Xc S\iniSn R]. oiVkOnNm QanhTahO iN raP]Or rittiVTQP.
9. x]aP fSTQr cST Nac PS a rac Sr PfS in P]O XSTnPainN{ 0. x]aP iN cSTr iX\rONNiSn St P]O
vSfOr St jSnrSn{ 2. x]aP rS cST P]ink St ]iPV]']ikinh aN a XOanN St PrayOQ{ &. |Sf rir cST
tinr P]O QaNP tiQX cST Naf{ d. x]aP rS cST P]ink St jO SNmN SVVT\aPiSn{ 8. 5SXO \OS\QO QikO
PrayOQQinh bc air. 10. x]aP iN cSTr S\iniSn abSTP P]O MnhQiN] QanhTahO{
^ a P P O r n : : 1. |ayO cST OyOr faPV]Or P]O NTnriNO{ 2. oir cST ]ayO a V]anVO PS ]Oar
]Sf cSTr triOnr faN rOViPinh aP VSnVOrPN{ :. Ran cST iXahinO P]aP cST arO POaV]inh a VQaNN St
NXaQQ V]iQrrOn{ 9. oS cST ]Oar anc nSiNO{ 4PmN VSXinh trSX abSyO( iNnmP iP{ 0. x]aP kinr St
\OS\QO Van cST NOO Sn P]O \QaPtSrX anr f]aP arO P]Oc rSinh P]OrO{
^ a P P O r n 9 : 1. x]On rir cST NParP PS QOarn MnhQiN]{ 2. x]iV] St cSTr triOnrN ]ayO
NParPOr PS QOarn a NOVSnr tSrOihn QanhTahO{ :. x]On rS P]Oc tiniN] PS NOryO XOaQN in cSTr
VanPOOn{ 9. xO N]aQQ bOhin PS friPO P]O PONP f]On OyOrcbSrc VSXON.
V. Write 12 questions suggesting answers with these patterns. (The questions in Ex. IV may
serve as a modeI.)
TEXT. ROSE AT THE MUSIC-HALL $rom "They WaIk in the City" by J. B.
PriestIey
^riONPQOc( nS]n 6SinPSn (1d89'18d9" iN P]O aTP]Sr St nTXOrSTN nSyOQN( \QacN anr QiPOrarc ONNacN
fOQQ'knSfn aQQ SyOr P]O fSrQr. pt ]iN \rO'far nSyOQN P]O XSNP taXSTN arO sv]O WSSr RSX\aniSnNs(
sAnhOQ ^ayOXOnPs( sv]Oc xaQk in P]O RiPcs( anr sxSnrOr |OrSs. |iN far nSyOQN s6QaVkSTP in
WrOaPQOcs( soacQih]P Sn 5aPTrracs anr sv]rOO wOn in 7Of 5TiPNs( fOrO yOrc \S\TQar fiP] P]O rOarOrN
rTrinh anr atPOr P]O 5OVSnr xSrQr xar. v]O rarinh anr TnTNTaQ VSX\SNiPiSn St NSXO St ]iN \QacN
(NTV] aN soanhOrSTN RSrnOrs( sviXO anr P]O RSnfacNs" iN a rOyiVO tSr rOyOaQinh \OS\QOmN rOaQ NOQyON
]irrOn TnrOr VSnyOnPiSnaQ XaNkN.
^riONPQOc QSyON \OS\QO. |iN taySTriPO V]araVPOr iN a QiPPQO Xan( an TniX\SrPanP N]c \OrNSn( QSNP in P]O
TnhQO St P]O bih ViPc( ]OQ\QONN in P]O taVO St tSrVON f]iV] ]O VannSP VSXbaP. 4n P]O rONVri\PiSn St an
OQrOrQc VSXiV aVPSr in P]O hiyOn OUPraVP cST fiQQ tinr NSXOP]inh St P]O Nar POnrOrnONN anr VSX\aNNiSn
V]araVPOriNPiV St ^riONPQOcmN aPPiPTrO PSfarrN sQiPPQO XOns.
101
x]On P]Oc arriyOr aP P]O XTNiV']aQQ(
&:
P]O rSSrN tSr P]O NOVSnr ]STNO fOrO TNP S\Oninh(
&9
anr P]Oc faQkOr NPraih]P inPS P]O NPaQQN( f]iV] fOrO yOrc V]Oa\. v]O aTriOnVO XarO a hrOaP
rOaQ St nSiNO( ON\OViaQQc in P]O baQVSnc. wrN. 6TrQSf QOr P]O fac PS P]O trSnP anr tSTnr PfS
yOrc hSSr NOaPN tSr P]OX. SNO bSTh]P a \rShraXXO tSr PfS\OnVO( hayO iP PS wrN. 6TrQSf(
P]On QSSkOr abSTP ]Or brih]PQc.
4P faN a niVO triOnrQc QiPPQO \QaVO( P]iN XTNiV']aQQ( farXOr anr VSNiOr anr aQPShOP]Or XSrO
]TXan P]an P]O \iVPTrO P]OaPrON
&0
N]O TNTaQQc aPPOnrOr. pnO P]inh N]O nSPiVOr. v]OrO fOrO yOrc
tOf cSTnh \OS\QO P]OrO. v]Oc fOrO nOarQc aQQ abSTP wrN. 6TrQSfmN ahO. 5S fOrO P]O aPPOnranPN.
5S fOrO P]O XOXbOrN St P]O SrV]ONPra( f]S NSSn VrO\P inPS P]Oir \iP( fi\inh P]Oir XSTP]N. @Orc
tOf St P]O PTrnN
&2
fOrO cSTnh# P]Oc P]OXNOQyON( P]Oir VrOaNOr anr tarinh NVOnOrc( P]Oir fSrn
\rS\OrPiON( P]Oir SkON anr Xanc St P]Oir NSnhN fOrO hOPPinh Sn in cOarN. Anr P]O QSTrONP
a\\QaTNO aQfacN VaXO f]On a \OrtSrXOr Nair ]O fSTQr iXiPaPO sSTr rOar SQr taySTriPOs 5S'
anr'NS( anr naXOr a XTNiV']aQQ NPar P]aP SNO ]ar nOyOr ]Oarr St( Sr f]On a NinhOr fSTQr POQQ
P]OX P]aP P]O nOf NSnhN fOrO aQQ yOrc fOQQ in P]Oir fac bTP P]aP P]O SQr NSnhN fOrO bONP anr ]O
Sr N]O fSTQr sOnrOaySTr PS rOnrOrs SnO St P]Oir SQr taySTriPO riPPiON. v]O rONTQP St P]iN faN P]aP
P]STh] P]O f]SQO \QaVO faN NS VSNc anr triOnrQc( iP faN aQNS raP]Or Nar. zSTP] ]ar tQOr trSX iP.
v]OrO faN nS bQSSX Sn ancP]inh ]OrO. nSinPN fOrO NPitt( OcON anUiSTN bO]inr P]O XaNk St \ainP.
pnO PTrn faN an OVVOnPriV tOQQSf fiP] a hrSPONgTO XakOT\( a rOarf]iPO taVO anr a yOrc rOr
nSNO( anr ]iN VSNPTXO faN P]aP St a rahhOr PraX\. |O XarO QiPPQO SkON( tOQQ SyOr ]iXNOQt( anr
P]On VQiXbOr Sn PS P]O baVk St a V]air( XarO XSrO QiPPQO SkON anr \QacOr P]O aVVSrriSn( SNO
P]STh]P ]iX gTiPO tTnnc aP tirNP( bTP yOrc NSSn V]anhOr ]Or Xinr abSTP ]iX. 5]O faN NiPPinh
nOar OnSTh] PS NOO ]iN rOaQ taVO( \OOrinh anUiSTNQc P]rSTh] P]aP XaNk. 4P faN SQr( fOarc( rON'
SQaPO. Anr trSX f]OrO N]O NaP( N]O VSTQr NOO inPS P]O finhN anr NPanrinh P]OrO( nOyOr Pakinh
]Or OcON Stt P]O \OrtSrXOr( faN an OQrOrQc fSXan( ]SQrinh a rrONNinh hSfn in SnO ]anr anr a
NXaQQ XOriVinO hQaNN in P]O SP]Or. Anr P]On SNO fanPOr ]iX PS NPS\ VQSfninh tSr P]OX(
fanPOr P]O VTrPain PS VSXO rSfn( NS P]aP ]O VSTQr \TP Sn P]aP rrONNinh hSfn( rrink ]iN
XOriVinO Sr f]aPOyOr iP iN( anr hS afac fiP] P]O OQrOrQc fSXan( anr rONP anr nSP fSrrc anc
XSrO.
6TP N]O Nair nSP]inh PS wrN. 6TrQSf( f]S faN OnScinh ]OrNOQt( anr QaTh]inh anr VQa\\inh
aN ]arr aN ancSnO P]OrO( \Or]a\N bOVaTNO N]O PSS faN nS QSnhOr cSTnh anr faN bOinh
OnPOrPainOr bc \OS\QO St ]Or Sfn ahO.
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. way n 1. $<( A( ."g" v]O fac fO PSSk Qac P]rSTh] P]O tSrONP. /yn" road, path,
track.
2. $!( ."g" Ran cST N]Sf XO P]O fac PS vrataQhar 5gTarO{ (L $;!...{"
N o t e : way iN bTP NOQrSX TNOr PS rOnSPO a N\OViaQQc bTiQP XOanN St VSXXTniVaPiSn bOPfOOn PfS
\QaVON( P]O TNTaQ fSrr tSr f]iV] iN road; way iN XSrO StPOn TNOr PS rOnSPO rirOVPiSn( ."g" 1 Van N]Sf
cST P]O fac PS P]O nOarONP yiQQahO (i. O. 4 Van POQQ cST f]aP rirOVPiSn cST N]STQr PakO in SrrOr PS hOP PS
P]O yiQQahO". 6TP# 4 Van N]Sf cST a yOrc hSSr rSar PS P]O yiQQahO.# path rOnSPON a PraVk XarO bc P]O
tOOP St \OS\QO f]S \aNN aQSnh ($( $!" aN a \aP] P]rSTh] P]O fSSrN. pt P]O P]rOO NcnSncXN
abNPraVP TNahON arO XSNP Pc\iVaQ St way, ."g" fac PS knSfQOrhO( fac PS ]a\\inONN( OPV.( path iN aQNS
NSXOPiXON TNOr in NTV] VSXbinaPiSnN( aN sv]O ^aP] St v]TnrOrs( ranhOrSTN \aP]( OPV.
to make one's way !! $( $?!<( ."g" v]Oc XarO P]Oir fac P]rSTh] P]O NiQOnP
NPrOOPN St P]O NQOO\inh ViPc.
to lead the way ! ;( !! A( ."g" v]O hTirO QOr P]O fac P]rSTh] P]O
tSrONP PiQQ fO rOaV]Or a narrSf \aP]. v]iN fac( \QOaNO. GD;( $;! =.
on the way $ A( ."g" jOPmN riNVTNN iP Sn P]O fac ]SXO.
to lose one's way !<( ."g" v]O V]iQrrOn QSNP P]Oir fac in P]O tSrONP.
by the way !( +D $!+( ."g" 6c P]O fac( f]aP faN iP N]O PSQr cST{
&:
music-hall: a ]aQQ Sr P]OaPrO TNOr tSr yariOPc OnPOrPainXOnP: NSnhN( ranVinh( aVrSbaPiV \OrtSrXanVON( ThhQinh. (7SPO: sXTNiV']aQQs
XTNP nSP bO VSntTNOr fiP] sVSnVOrP']aQQs."
&9
the doors for the second house were just opening: P]O NOVSnr \OrtSrXanVO faN abSTP PS bOhin. 4n XTNiV']aQQN anr in VirVTNON
PfS Sr XSrO \OrtSrXanVON fiP] P]O NaXO \rShraXXO arO hiyOn OyOrc rac.
v]O NaXO POrX iN TNOr fiP] rOtOrOnVO PS VinOXaN: P]O tirNP (NOVSnr( P]irr" ]STNO $>; (;( !;" .
&0
picture theatre (5o99oC"A: a VinOXa
&2
turns: (hereA aVPSrN Pakinh \arP in P]O \rShraXXO. vTrn % a N]SrP \OrtSrXanVO Sn P]O NPahO St a XTNiV']aQQ Sr a yariOPc P]OaPrO (+
$A++>". v]O \rShraXXO St a yariOPc \OrtSXanVO TNTaQQc VSnNiNPN St yariSTN PTrnN.
102
to be (stand) in smb.'s way +J<( < $$ A!( ."g" jOP XO \aNN( rSnmP NPanr
in Xc fac. v]Oc VSTQrnmP OyOn PaQk in \riyaPO: P]OrO faN aQfacN NSXOSnO in P]O fac. x]aP faN
iP P]aP NPSSr in P]O fac St ]Or ]a\\inONN{
to be (get) out of smb.'s way +J<( $$<( ;! A!( ."g" WOP STP
St Xc face 4 N]aQQ hOP ]Or STP St P]O fac tSr POn XinTPON( NS P]aP cST Van ]ayO an S\\SrPTniPc
PS NOPPQO P]O XaPPOr.
in one's (own) way + ( ."g" v]O XTNiV faN TnTNTaQ bTP gTiPO bOaTPitTQ in iPN Sfn
fac.
to have (get) one's own way < +( !< A( ."g" 5]O QikON PS ]ayO
]Or Sfn fac in OyOrcP]inh. |ayO iP cSTr Sfn fac.
way out >? ! $D!( ."g" v]aP NOOXN PS XO a yOrc hSSr fac STP. Brover2: x]OrO
P]OrOmN a fiQQ P]OrOmN a fac.
2. attend ,t-i 1. $C<( $!<( ."g" AQQ V]iQrrOn SyOr NOyOn aPPOnr NV]SSQ in
STr VSTnPrc.
2. $!D!<( D!<( ."g" 5]O faN PirOr St aPPOnrinh Sn (T\Sn" riV] SQr QariON
f]S nOyOr knOf OUaVPQc f]aP P]Oc fanPOr.
attendant n D!< ( .. % !( $<!"( ."g" v]O aPPOnranP fiQQ
N]Sf cST PS cSTr NOaPN.
attendance n 1. $!!( $C+<( ."g" APPOnranVO aP NV]SSQN iN VSX\TQNSrc.
v]O aPPOnranVO ]aN taQQOn Stt. zSTr aPPOnranVO iN rOgTONPOr.# 2. D!!# ?# A!(
."g" 7Sf P]aP P]O \aPiOnP iN STP St ranhOr P]O rSVPSr iN nS QSnhOr in aPPOnranVO.
3. wear (wore, worn) ,t-i 1. !< (!.^!A, >< >+ '.( ."g" AP P]O \arPc
N]O fSrO ]Or fOrrinh rrONN anr ]O Nair N]O QSSkOr QikO a QiQc'St'P]O'yaQQOc. zST N]STQr aQfacN
fOar bQTO: iP XaPV]ON cSTr OcON.
/yn" to have smth. on
to wear make-up (paint, rouge) $< +!( !<
to wear scent J!<
2. !J!<( $!<( ."g" 4 ]ayO fSrn Xc N]SON inPS ]SQON. v]O Var\OP fNN fSrn bc
P]O Xanc tOOP P]aP ]ar PrSrrOn Sn iP.
:. !< ( `RS., dU ! .."( ."g" v]iN VQSP] fOarN fOQQ (barQc".
wear n( ."g" v]iN NPcQO St rrONN iN in hOnOraQ fOar nSf. /; $< KA
I. RQSP]ON tSr OyOrcrac fOar. .D D>; <. 5]SON tSr NPrOOP fOar. [I!
!,>.
footwear <
underwear <
4. anxious ad1 1. >;( D>;( $;>;( ."g" 4 aX anUiSTN abSTP ]iN
]OaQP]. |Or taVO faN VaQX( bTP P]O anUiSTN OcON bOPracOr NSXOP]inh St f]aP N]O tOQP.
/yn" worried( troubled( ."g" 5]O aQfacN hOPN fSrriOr abSTP QiPPQO P]inhN.
2. !< D=C!; A'.( ."g" B fSrkN ]arr bOVaTNO ]O iN anUiSTN PS NTVVOOr. v]O
aVPSr faN anUiSTN PS \QOaNO P]O aTriOnVO.
/yn" eager( ."g" 4NnmP ]O OahOr PS QOarn{
anxiety n 1. $;( A( $!( ( ."g" xO faiPOr fiP] anUiOPc tSr P]O
rSVPSr PS VSXO. AQQ P]ONO anUiOPiON XarO ]iX QSSk \aQO anr PirOr.
/yn" worry
2. +! +'.( ."g" v]aP anUiOPc tSr PrTP] XarO ^]iQi\ raP]Or
Tn\S\TQar fiP] NSXO St ]iN NV]SSQXaPON.
anxiously ado $;+( !+( ."g" xO anUiSTNQc faiPOr tSr ]iN arriyaQ.
Note: Rt. P]O NcnSncXN to be anxious, to worry, to trouble, to bother. v]O ranhO St XOaninh St fSrrc iN
firO: iP Van rOnSPO OXSPiSnaQ NPaPON St rittOrOnP inPOnNiPc f]OrOaN iPN NcnSncXN arO narrSfOr in XOaninh. 4n P]O
NOnPOnVO s|iN QSnh abNOnVO fSrriOr ]iN XSP]Or yOrc XTV]s worry OU\rONNON a NPrSnh tOOQinh St anUiOPc. 4P iN
aQNS \SNNibQO PS Nac: s4P XarO ]Or yOrc anUiSTN.s v]O inPOnNiPc St tOOQinh iN NQih]PQc fOakOr ]OrO# PrSTbQO rOnSPON
10:
a NPiQQ fOakOr OXSPiSn# bSP]Or rONVribON raP]Or a NPaPO St irriPaPiSn anr riNNaPiNtaVPiSn P]an St anUiOPc. 5SXOPiXON
OiP]Or St P]O NcnSncXN Van bO TNOr in SnO anr P]O NaXO NOnPOnVO. v]O rittOrOnVO QiON in P]O inPOnNiPc St P]O
OXSPiSn OU\rONNOr bc OaV] yOrb( ."g" oSnmP QOP P]aP bSP]Or cST ( rSnmP P]ink abSTP iP: iP iN TniX\SrPanP". oSnmP
QOP P]aP PrSTbQO cST (nOarQc P]O NaXO( bTP aQNS: oSnmP hOP nOrySTN abSTP iP". oSnmP bO anUiSTN abSTP iP. (v]O
tOOQinh St tOar anr anUiOPc iN NPrSnhOr ]OrO P]an in P]O \rOyiSTN OUaX\QO." oSnmP QOP P]aP fSrrc cST ( rSnmP QOP
P]aP N\SiQ cSTr XSSr# rSnmP tOar P]aP NXP]. bar fiQQ ]a\\On".
5. make (made, made) ,t-i 1. <( $!!<# A!<( ."g" x]aP iN P]O bSU XarO
St{
2. !<( ><( ."g" 4mX NTrO N]OmQQ XakO an OUVOQQOnP POaV]Or.
:. <( ."g" xOmQQ ]ayO PS XakO ]iX PakO P]O XOriVinO.
N t e: 4n P]iN XOaninh XakO iN tSQQSfOr bc a VSX\QOU SbOVP. (pbNOryO P]O abNOnVO St PS fiP] P]O
intiniPiyOe"
to make a mistake < J!( J!<
to make a report <
to make (a) noise J+<
to make a (the) bed !< $<
to make friends with smb. $D!< +'n.( ."g" 5SSn N]O XarO triOnrN fiP] ]Or
tOQQSf'\aNNOnhOrN. 5]O OaNiQc XakON triOnrN.
to make oneself at home < +( ."g" RSXO in anr XakO cSTrNOQt aP
]SXO.
to make a joke (jokes) J!<( !<( ."g" x]c rS cST aQfacN XakO SkON{ RanmP cST
bO NOriSTN{
N o t e : Make iN aQNS TNOr fiP] nTXOrSTN arOVPiyON hiyinh OXSPiSnaQ V]araVPOriNPiVN( aN PS XakO NXb.
]a\\c (anhrc( Nar( OPV.".
to make up 1. < (,$( X`UX> ! .."( ."g" 6OtSrO \aVkinh XakO T\ a QiNP St
P]inhN cST arO hSinh PS PakO.# 2. >+><( ."g" zST arO a tSSQ PS QiNPOn PS ]iN NPSrc. |O ]aN
XarO iP aQQ T\. wakO T\ cSTr Sfn NOnPOnVON TNinh P]O nOf fSrrN.# :. A!+!<('"(
!<( ."g" |Sf QSnh fiQQ iP PakO P]O aVPSrN PS XakO T\{ 5]O faN NS XTV] XarO T\ P]aP 4
rirnmP rOVShniO ]Or aP tirNP# 9. +!!<( a& 4 aX NSrrc tSr f]aP 4 Nair. jOPmN XakO iP T\. zSTmr
bOPPOr XakO iP T\ fiP] Ann.# 0. +C<( +$!<( ."g" xO XTNP XakO T\ tSr QSNP
PiXO. xSnmP cST QOP XO Prc PS XakO T\ tSr aQQ 4myO taiQOr PS rS in P]O \aNP{
to make up one's mind PS rOVirO
make-up n A!+( +!( ."g" x]c N]STQr cST N\SiQ cSTr \rOPPc taVO fiP] aQQ P]iN XakO'
T\{ v]O fSXan TNON PSS XTV] XakO'T\ (...!J+ !< !".
6. hoId (heId, heId) ,t-i 1( D<( ."g" 5]O faN ]SQrinh a rOr rSNO in ]Or ]anr.
to hold on to smth. D< '.( ."g" |SQrinh Sn PS a branV]( ]O VQiXbOr a QiPPQO
]ih]Or. |SQr Sn PS P]O raiQinh( iPmN NQi\\Orc ]OrO.
to hold a meeting $!< !( ."g" A NPTrOnPNm XOOPinh faN ]OQr in STr
rO\arPXOnP cONPOrrac.
2. +C<( D< ( ."g" |Sf Xanc \OS\QO fiQQ P]iN QOVPTrO']aQQ ]SQr{
:. D< ( `7!.A, ."g" xiQQ P]iN fOaP]Or ]SQr{
hold n
to catch (get) hold of smth. ?!< '.( ?!< '.( < +'n.( ."g"
B nOarQc tOQQ rSfn( bTP XanahOr PS VaPV] ]SQr St ]iN VSX\aniSnmN arX. v]O V]iQr hSP ]SQr St
a brih]P tQSfOr.
to keep hold of smth. D!<( >$<( ."g" xiP] OyOrc XinTPO iP bOVaXO ]arrOr
anr ]arrOr PS kOO\ ]SQr St P]O NQi\\Orc rS\ON.
to lose hold of smth. >$!< (!6 >A, ."g" 4P faNnmP ]Or naPTrO PS QSNO ]SQr St ancP]inh
N]O ]ar hSP ]SQr St.
7. entertain ,t-i 1. $!!+< A; (raP]Or tSrXaQ"( ."g" xO arO OnPOrPaininh a QSP.# 2.
<( !+<( ."g" xO fOrO aQQ OnPOrPainOr bc ]iN PriVkN.
entertaining ad1 <>;( !+<>;( ."g" v]O VSnyOrNaPiSn faN tar trSX
OnPOrPaininh. 4n taVP( iP faN ]SrribQc rTQQ.
109
5cn. amusing
entertainment n !( !C( $!( ."g" v]OrO arO Xanc \QaVON St
OnPOrPainXOnP in anc bih ViPc.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)
Words
anUiOPc n aPPOnranP n iXiPaPO , anUiSTN ad1
aTriOnVO n XakO , anUiSTNQc adv OnPOrPain ,
XakO'T\ n aPPOnr , OnPOrPainXOnP n fOar ,
aPPOnranVO n ]SQr ,, n finhN n, 49 fi\O ,
Word Combinations
PS XakO (a" nSiNO a QSnh fac trSX
PS QOar P]O fac (PS" PS QSNO SnOmN (P]O" fac
PS QSSk abSTP SnONOQt PS bO (hOP" STP St P]O fac
abSTP (St" NXb.mN ahO PS ]ayO SnOmN (Sfn" fac
XOXbOrN St P]O SrV]ONPra PS VaPV] ]SQr St NXP].
anUiSTN (fSrriOr" abSTP NXP]. PS kOO\ ]SQr St NXP].
PS XakO SkON PS QSNO ]SQr St NXP].
PS XakO SnONOQt aP ]SXO PS ]SQr a XOOPinh
PS XakO T\ NXP]. PS ]SQr Sn PS NXP].
PS XakO SnOmN fac
EXERCISES
1. Bead the text and expIain the foIIowing points (A. Grammar, B. Word usage, . StyIe):
A. 1. MU\Qain P]O TNO St POnNON in: a" s...a \OrtSrXOr Nair ]O fSTQr iXiPaPO mSTr rOar SQr
taySTriPOm 5S'anr'NS( anr naXOr a XTNiV']aQQ NPar P]aP SNO ]ar nOyOr ]Oarr Sts# b" szSTP] ]ar
tQOr trSX iPs# V" s5]O faN NiPPinh nOar OnSTh]...s
2. MU\Qain P]O TNO St aQQ P]O arPiVQON in P]O trahXOnP bOhinninh fiP] spnO PTrn faN an
OVVOnPriV tOQQSfs( anr Onrinh fiP] s\QacOr P]O aVVSrriSn.s
B. 1. |Sf rS cST TnrOrNPanr P]O fSrr hu+an in s...aQPShOP]Or XSrO ]TXan P]an P]O \iVPTrO
P]OaPrON...s{
2. a" MU\Qain P]O XOaninh St P]O iPaQiViOr fSrrN in P]O tSQQSfinh: s@Orc tOf St P]O PTrnN
fOrO cSTnh# P]Oc P]OXNOQyON( P]Oir 5rea&ed anr fading NVOnOrc( P]Oir fSrn \rS\OrPc fOrO
getting on in year&nD b" x]aP kinr St aPXSN\]OrO iN VrOaPOr bc P]iN rONVri\PiSn{ x]iV]
V]araVPOriNPiV tOaPTrO St P]O \QaVO iN N\OViaQQc OX\]aNiOr{
:. x]aP iN P]O XOaninh St P]O fSrr 29oo+ in sv]OrO faN nS bQSSX Sn ancP]inh ]OrOs{ x]aP
kinr St iXahO iN VrOaPOr bc P]O NOnPOnVO{
9. MU\Qain P]O XOaninh St P]O fSrrN anZiou& in sOcON anUiSTN bO]inr P]O XaNk St \ains anr
anZiou&9y in s]iN rOaQ taVO \OOrinh anUiSTNQc P]rSTh] P]aP XaNk.s (0nZiou& iX\QiON tOar. x]c iN
P]O OXSPiSn St tOar OX\]aNiOr in P]ONO PfS NOnPOnVON{"
C. 1. MU\Qain P]O OttOVP aV]iOyOr bc inyOrNiSn in: a" spnO P]inh N]O nSPiVOrs# b" s...5Panrinh
P]OrO( nOyOr Pakinh ]Or OcON Stt P]O \OrtSrXOr( faN an OQrOrQc fSXan...s (5OO 7SPON Sn 5PcQO( \.
2&&".
2. a" x]aP iN P]O OttOVP aV]iOyOr bc P]O NcnPaVPiVaQ \araQQOQiNX in: s...5S fOrO P]O aPPOnranPN.
5S fOrO P]O XOXbOrN St P]O SrV]ONPras{ b" qinr anSP]Or VaNO St NcnPaVPiVaQ \araQQOQiNX in P]O
QaNP \aNNahO bTP SnO anr VSXXOnP Sn iP.
100
II. Transcribe the foIIowing words and transIate them into Russian:
anUiOPc( arriyaQ( aPPOnranVO( iXiPaPO( aQPShOP]Or( PfS\OnVO( \rS\OrPiON( VrOaNOr( fOarinh(
fOarc( aTriOnVO( NPraih]P( rONSQaPO( SinP( anUiSTN( hrSPONgTO( rahhOr( \Or]a\N( OnrOaySTr.
III. a) Find in the text sentences with:
a hrOaP rOaQ St( yOrc tOf( yOrc tOf St( Xanc St
and write your own sentences with the same word-combinations,
b) Find in the text sentences with:
aQPShOP]Or( nOarQc( TNTaQQc( P]On( aP tirNP( NSSn( f]aPOyOr iP iN( anc XSrO( nS QSnhOr
and write your own sentences with the same words and phrases.
IV. Answer the questions:
1. x]On rir SNO anr wrN. 6TrQSf arriyO aP P]O XTNiV']aQQ{ 2. x]OrO fOrO P]Oir NOaPN{ :.
xOrO P]O NPaQQN OU\OnNiyO{ 9. 4n f]aP fac rir P]O aTriOnVO bO]ayO{ 0. x]aP kinr St \QaVO faN
P]O XTNiV']aQQ{ x]aP faN iPN XSNP V]araVPOriNPiV tOaPTrO{ 2. xOrO P]O aPPOnranPN anr P]O
XOXbOrN St P]O SrV]ONPra cSTnh Sr OQrOrQc \OS\QO{ &. x]aP rir P]O NVOnOrc anr P]O \rS\OrPiON
QSSk QikO{ d. x]On rir P]O QSTrONP a\\QaTNO VSXO{ x]c{ 8. x]c rSON P]O aTP]Sr Nac P]aP P]O
XTNiV']aQQ faN raP]Or Nar P]STh] iP faN VSNc anr triOnrQc{ 10. x]c fOrO P]O aVPSrmN OcON
anUiSTN bO]inr P]O XaNk St \ainP{ 11. x]aP rir P]O Xan in P]O VSNPTXO St a PraX\ rS Sn P]O
NPahO{ 12. oir SNO QikO ]iN aVPinh{ 1:. x]aP rir N]O NOO in P]O finhN{ 19. x]c rir N]O Nac
nSP]inh PS wrN. 6TrQSf{ 10. |Sf rSON P]iN O\iNSrO V]araVPOriO SNO{ 12. x]aP rSON P]O
aTP]Sr fanP PS POQQ TN bc P]iN O\iNSrO{
V. Search the text for adjectives and cIassify them into two groups according to "positive" and
"negative" quaIities as suggested by the context (e.g. 1) great, good, nice... and 2)
cheap, creased...). When the Iist is ready, describe some pIace and its atmosphere
using the adjectives of each group.
VI. TeII the story of Rose as your own experience in the past.
VII. Study VocabuIary Notes and a) transIate the exampIes; b) give synonyms of:
rSar n( OahOr a, aXTNinh a, fOar ,D
c) give antonyms of:
PS tinr SnOmN fac( PS QSNO ]SQr St#
d) give derivatives of:
aPPOnr( OnPOrPain( fOar.
VIII. FiII in with:
a) be anxious, worry, troubIe, bother.
1. 5]O aQfacN ... f]On N]O rSONnmP hOP Xc QOPPOrN tSr a QSnh PiXO. 2. v]O QOPPOr P]aP intSrXOr
TN St ]Or TnOU\OVPOr rO\arPTrO hrOaPQc ... XO. :. 4 knOf P]aP ]O fSTQr fiQQinhQc ]OQ\ XO( bTP 4
rirnmP QikO PS ... ]iX. 9. oSnmP...e oinnOr fiQQ bO rOarc Sn PiXO. 0. v]O V]iQr iN yOrc fOak( anr 4
Van yOrc fOQQ TnrOrNPanr P]aP iP... cST. 2. oSnmP ... abSTP P]O PaUi. 4mQQ hOP cST ]SXO in Xc Var. &.
4 tOQP P]aP ]O rirnmP \ac anc aPPOnPiSn PS f]aP 4 faN Nacinh. 4 rOVirOr P]aP ]O ... abSTP
NSXOP]inh. d. 4 N]STQrnmP QikO PS ... cST fiP] Xc PirONSXO attairN. 8. v]O VQiXaPO iN yOrc bar
P]OrO( anr 4 ... abSTP ]Or ]OaQP]. 10. 4mX NSrrc PS ...cST( bTP 4 nOOr ]iN arrrONN barQc.
b) anxious and its derivatives:
1. x]aP arO cST NS ... abSTP{ 2. |Or ... taVO faN \aQO. :( xO fOrO tTQQ St ... anr fSrrc. 9.
wiV]aOQ faN ... PS tinr a Sb. 0. 4 faN ... faiPinh tSr ]iN anNfOr. 2. |iN ... tSr NTVVONN XarO ]iX
Xanc OnOXiON. &.... XakON \OS\QO SQrOr.
c) attend and its derivatives:
1. From the ahO St NOyOn PiQQ NOyOnPOOn 4... NV]SSQ. 2. v]O ... at QOVPTrON ]aN taQQOn Stt. :. 4n
this hotel you will be fOQQ... on. 4. Your... iN rOgTONPOr.
d) entertain and its derivatives:
102
1. Who(m) are you ... at dinner tonight? 2. |iN SkON didn't ... us much. 3. The \Qac was
not very ... 4. Do you know any places of... in P]iN town? 0. oS P]Oc StPOn ...{
IX. TransIate these sentences into Russian:
1. x]aP XakON cST P]ink ]O knSfN P]O PrTP]{ % MyOrcP]inh. |iN QSSk. v]O fac ]O PaQkOr aP
rinnOr. 2. 5]O NXiQOr in P]aP V]arXinh fac St ]OrN. :. |O N\SkO Sn SnO nSPO. 4P hayO kiPPc P]O
iX\rONNiSn P]aP ]O faN N\Oakinh trSX a QSnh fac Stt. 9. |O ]ar \arPiVTQarQc VSnhraPTQaPOr TN
Sn P]O fac fO ]ar rSnO P]O rittiVTQP Sb. 0. 4 rirnmP knSf f]iV] fac PS QSSk. 2. 4 rOaQQc VanmP
hOP TNOr PS P]O nOf facN. &. 4N P]aP P]O fac cST tOOQ PSfarrN TN{ d. 5]O P]rOf Xc NQi\\OrN inPS
Xc taVO. 5]O bO]ayOr in P]O XSNP STPrahOSTN fac. 8. 4NabOQ rirnmP fanP PS NPanr in jarrcmN fac.
10. 5S\]iO \TN]Or ]Or fac P]rSTh] P]O ranVOrN anr fO QSNP Nih]P St ]Or in P]O VrSfr. 11. 4
XarO fac tSr ]iX PS hS T\ P]O NPairN. 12. 5TannOmN XSP]Or VSTQr ]arrQc QiyO Sn ]Or \OnNiSn
fiP] \riVON P]O fac P]Oc fOrO. 1:. v]Oc ]ar bOOn PS R]arPrON anr fOrO Sn P]Oir fac baVk PS
^ariN. 19. 4 Naf P]O faiPOr P]rOarinh ]iN fac P]rSTh] P]O PabQON. 10. v]O rSSX ]ar a narrSf
irSn bOr anr bc fac St tTrniPTrO SnQc P]O barONP nOVONNiPiON.
X. TransIate these sentences into EngIish, using the word way.
1. + J! ?!< !+ . B ! D> ! $'+ !
'! $J! ( !+ ! . G A +; ! <
!!<. L <=( ! !! A !A (tSrONPOr"( >; $+A !+
< +;. 2. . K+ ( ; >; <;
+. :. B ! ( $! !. 9. = K!? +( +A!
> > $! { 0. L; D >? ! $D! > $A{ 2. =<(
< + +J<.
XI. Make up diaIogues:
a) between Rose and Mrs. Burlow (after the performance);
b) between the old clown and his wife (before he went on to the stage);
c) between two readers (about the episode described in the passage and the author of the
story).
XII. Insert prepositions or adverbs where necessary:
1. oSnmP fSrrc cSTr \rOPPc QiPPQO ]Oar ... P]O XcNPOriSTN yiNiPSr. 2. 6c arranhinh hSSr
XarriahON tSr ]Or raTh]POrN N]O OU\OVPOr PS XakO......aQQ P]O riNa\\SinPXOnPN St ]Or Sfn VarOOr.
:. |O NaP gTiPO NPiQQ anr NParOr fiP] P]SNO firO iXXSbiQO OcON St ]iN ... P]O \iVPTrO. 9. |O ]aN a
baP] ... VSQr faPOr OyOrc XSrninh. % p]e |O iN XarO ... irSn( P]aP Xan. 0. ArO fO ... P]O fac{
% 7S( cST VSTQrnmP ]ayO VSXO XSrO tSrPTnaPOQc. 2. 4 NT\\SNO iP faN naPTraQ... cST PS bO
anUiSTN ... P]O harrOn \arPc. 6TP P]aPmN aQQ... nSf. v]OrOmN nSP]inh XSrO PS fSrrc ... . &. |O
arriyOr ... P]O jSXSnr |SPOQ( yA ]SP anr NfOaPc anr OU]aTNPOr anr ]ar an SbNVTrO tOOQinh
P]aP P]Oc fSTQr PakO SnO QSSk ... ]iX anr P]On aNk ]iX PS hS ... .
XIII. Make up a story, using the words and phrases from EssentiaI VocabuIary I.
XIV. TransIate the foIIowing sentences into EngIish:
1. ; ?( $+ A ! $!< . 2. . ?!<
+= ( > $<. :. )> $!< ( D< ! <. 9.
>; +<A >$ ! !AJ. 0. <; > < (
>$! ! J( $ ! !< A!. 2. ! ; +
$! J>; J+( ! ! +A !< $!<+. L( +A
!< !? $;! ( + ?< $>< D( ! +J= +. &.
/!< >;( ! >? ! $!A $D!( +A $!;!
! + J!=. d. )+ < $! + <. Z D. 8. .
> !< J( ! ( A! ! +<( $! C !+!.
10. F A < $ A<. B +( +D $!+( A
> $+; D< <A! ?H. GD!; $D! A! C +A(
+ D ?( ! <!= ? ?!J!? A. 11. )! !
10&
>! !( > +$!< ; +<!; . 12. B<( > A
> $'+. ~! > J< !( > < D!J< A.
XV. Test on synonymy. ConsuIt Notes on pp. 18 and 201.
1. Prove that the following words are (or are not) synonyms:
fac % rSar % \aP] % PraVk % ]ih]fac % NPrOOP#
PS bO anUiSTN % PS bO NSrrc % PS fSrrc % PS PrSTbQO % PS bSP]Or % PS bO T\NOP#
PS fanP % PS bO OahOr % PS bO anUiSTN.
2. Point out the synonymic dominant of each group.
3. Explain how synonyms of each group differ one from another according to differentiations
suggested in Notes on Synonyms.
4. Synonyms within the following pairs differ by style. Point out which of them are bookish,
colloquial or neutral.
(Consult the context in which they are used in the text.)
\iVPTrO ]STNO % VinOXa PS hOP Sn in cOarN % PS ahO PS
OnrOaySTr % PS Prc
PS Ninh (\OrtSrX" % PS rOnrOr rONSQaPO % Nar PS VQa\ %
PS a\\QaTr
XVI. Go over the text again and try to discuss the foIIowing:
1. |Sf rSON P]O aTP]Sr rONVribO P]O XTNiV']aQQ{ ^SinP STP P]O VSnPraNPinh V]araVPOriNPiVN.
x]aP kinr St aPXSN\]OrO iN VrOaPOr bc P]O aTP]Sr in P]O trahXOnP{ 6c f]aP rOyiVON iN P]O
OttOVP aV]iOyOr{
2. |Sf rSON P]O aTP]Sr XakO P]O rOarOr TnrOrNPanr P]aP SNa iN a kinr']OarPOr hirQ( Va\abQO
St TnrOrNPanrinh anr VSX\aNNiSn{ x]iV] XOP]Sr St V]araVPOriaPiSn rSON P]O aTP]Sr TNO{
:. RSXXOnP Sn P]O NOQOVPiSn St fSrrN in P]O trahXOnP.
9. RSXXOnP Sn P]O NcnPaU St P]O trahXOnP anr iPN NPcQiNPiV yaQTO.
XVII. a) TransIate the text into Russian:
4P faN PiXO PS hS. qranViN xSbTrn \TP Sn ]iN OnSrXSTN ]aP( NParPOr PaQkinh abSTP ]iXNOQt
ahain( anr P]Oc faQkOr rSfn PS P]O RSQiNOTX. |O faN XTV] PaQQOr P]an N]O ]ar NT\\SNOr ]iX
PS bO % P]STh] \Or]a\N iP faN P]O abNTrr ]aP % anr N]O tOQP a QiPPQO rTX\c P]inh( P]STh] a
niVO NOnNibQO QiPPQO rTX\c P]inh( aN N]O PrSPPOr aQSnh bc ]iN NirO( \rOPOnrinh PS QiNPOn( bTP bTNc
aQQ P]O PiXO POQQinh ]OrNOQt P]aP ]OrO N]O faN( SNO 5aQPOr( hSinh PS P]O TNNian 6aQQOP aP P]O
RSQiNOTX( fiP] a PaQQ( NT\OrtinO( yOrc jSnrSniN] cSTnh Xan. 4P faN aQQ yOrc NPranhO inrOOr.
v]Oc VQiXbOr PS SnO St P]O baQVSniON St P]O hihanPiV P]OaPrO( f]iV] NOOXOr PS SNO P]O XSNP
N\QOnrir anr OUViPinh \QaVO N]O ]ar OyOr NOOn. oSOnN St \QacOrN rSfn bOQSf fOrO PTninh T\.
AQQ rSTnr P]OX( NT\OrtinO \OrNSnN( nSP TnQikO qranViN xSbTrn( fOrO NPTrcinh P]Oir
\rShraXXON. v]On P]O Qih]PN riOr afac( OUVO\P P]SNO P]aP iQQTXinaPOr P]O VTrPain NS
bOaTPitTQQc. v]O XTNiV bOhan( anr qranViN xSbTrn NPS\\Or PaQkinh. SNO inNPanPQc tSrhSP ]iN
yOrc OUiNPOnVO. v]O XTNiV faN yOrc NPranhO( nSP QikO anc N]O ]ar ]Oarr bOtSrO( anr nSP aP aQQ
VSXtSrPabQO anr triOnrQc anr NfOOP. SNO rir nSP knSf f]OP]Or N]O QikOr iP Sr nSP# N]O VSTQr
nSP kOO\ iP aP a riNPanVO PS rOVirO abSTP iP# N]O faN NiX\Qc VarriOr afac anr ]aQt rrSfnOr bc
P]O VSQSNNaQ fayON St NSTnr# N]O faN SyOrf]OQXOr bc iPN inNiNPOnP bOaP anr VQanh. v]O VTrPain
faN XahiVaQQc NfO\P afac( anr P]O NPahO bQaOr aP ]Or. 5]O faN NParinh aP a nOf VSTnPrc( a nOf
fSrQr. 4P faN aN it P]O QaNP hrOaP fayO St XTNiV ]ar PakOn ]Or anr tQTnh ]Or SyOr P]O bSTnrariON
St P]iN fSrQr. v]O QiPPQO \OS\QO
&&
in P]ONO nOf VSTnPriON QiyOr P]Oir QiyON SnQc in XSyOXOnP.
5SXOPiXON P]Oc fOrO rTQQ. 5SXOPiXON P]Oc fOrO NiQQc. 6TP aP SP]Or PiXON P]Oc fOrO NS
bOaTPitTQ in P]Oir OnOrhc anr hraVO( NS SbyiSTNQc P]O VrOaPTrON St anSP]Or anr bOPPOr fSrQr P]an
P]iN( a fSrQr aQQ St XTNiV anr VSQSTr( P]aP SNO V]SkOr anr aV]Or aP P]O Nih]P St P]OX.
^OS\QO VQa\\Or. qranViN xSbTrn VQa\\Or. 6TP SNO rir nSP VQa\. nTNP \TPPinh ]Or ]anrN
PShOP]Or( Xakinh a NiQQc nSiNO( faN nSP hSSr OnSTh] tSr P]OX. 5]O hayO P]OX ]Or ]OarP.
(qrSX sv]Oc xaQk in P]O RiPcs bc n. 6.^riONPQOc"
b) Comment on the foIIowing aspects of the fragment:
1. |Sf rSON P]O aTP]Sr rONVribO P]O XTNiV{ x]aP rSON ]O XOan bc Nacinh P]aP P]O XTNiV
&&
little people: (]OrO" tairiON( OQyON( anr hnSXON St tSQkQSrO
10d
faN snSP aP aQQ VSXtSrPabQO anr triOnrQc anr NfOOPs { |Sf rS cST TnrOrNPanr P]O fSrrN s5]O
VSTQr nSP kOO\ iP aP a riNPanVO PS rOVirO abSTP iPs{ oSON XTNiV OyOr attOVP cST in P]O NaXO
fac{ x]aP kinr St XTNiV rSON{ 2. MU\Qain P]O fSrrN: sv]O NPahO bQaOr aP ]Or.s sv]O QiPPQO
\OS\QO in P]ONO nOf VSTnPriON QiyOr P]Oir QiyON SnQc in XSyOXOnP.s s...P]O VrOaPTrON St anSP]Or
anr bOPPOr fSrQr P]an P]iN( a fSrQr aQQ St XTNiV anr VSQSTr.s
c) Comment on the Iiterary merit and styIe of the fragment. Do you think that the author has
managed to create a vivid and emotionaIIy charged picture of a baIIet performaAcet
(Give reasons for whatever you say.) Which Iines do you consider especiaIIy
expressive? Why? What styIistic devices can you point out in the extract?
XVIII. Write an essay describing a person's first visit to a baIIet (opera, drama) performance or
to a symphony concert. Try to imitate the styIe and manner of the fragment above (you
may borrow some phrases from it).
LABORATORY EXERCISES (I)
1. Listen to the text "Rose at the Music-Hall", mark the stresses and tunes. Repeat the text
following the model.
2. Re-word the given sentences, making all the necessary changes.
3. Extend the following sentences according to the model.
4. Write a spelling-translation test: a) translate the phrases into English; b) check them with the
key.
5. Listen to the text "Chaplin" or the story of another famous actor. Pick out the main points
from each paragraph, write a summary of the text In not more than 10 sentences. Discuss the
text in class.
TOP!: THEATRE
TEXT A. DRAMA, MUSIC AND BALLET 47 BRITAIN
v]O VOnPrO St P]OaPriVaQ aVPiyiPc in 6riPain iN jSnrSn. v]OrO arO abSTP 00 \rinVi\aQ P]OaPrON
in \rStONNiSnaQ TNO
&d
in Sr nOar P]O xONP Mnr anr NSXO 20 in P]O NTbTrbN.
wSNP St P]ONO arO QOP PS \rSrTVinh XanahOXOnPN Sn a VSXXOrViaQ baNiN
&8
bTP NSXO St P]OX
arO \OrXanOnPQc SVVT\iOr bc NTbNiriNOr VSX\aniON( NTV] aN P]O 7aPiSnaQ v]OaPrO f]iV] NPahON
VQaNNiVaQ anr XSrOrn \QacN in iPN VSX\QOU St P]rOO P]OaPrON Sn P]O 5STP] 6ank St P]O iyOr
v]aXON. v]O tSrXOr pQr @iV RSX\anc( f]iV] faN 6riPainmN XaSr P]OaPriVaQ PSTrinh VSX\anc(
]aN nSf PakOn T\ rONirOnVO in P]O 7aPiSnaQ v]OaPrO( V]anhinh iPN naXO PS P]O 7aPiSnaQ v]OaPrO
RSX\anc. 4n arriPiSn P]O ScaQ 5]akON\OarO RSX\anc \rONOnPN 5]akON\OarOan \QacN aP
5PrartSrr'T\Sn'AySn anr a XiUOr rO\OrPSirO in jSnrSn.
pTPNirO jSnrSn P]OrO arO Xanc nSn'rO\OrPSrc P]OaPrON f]iV] \rONOnP aQQ kinrN St rraXa anr
aQNS \TP Sn yariOPc N]SfN anr SP]Or OnPOrPainXOnPN. OVOnPQc P]OrO ]aN bOOn a hrSfP] in P]O
aVPiyiPc St rO\OrPSrc VSX\aniON f]iV] rOVOiyO tinanViaQ NT\\SrP trSX P]O ArPN RSTnViQ anr P]O
QSVaQ aTP]SriPiON. v]ONO VSX\aniON OX\QSc QOarinh \rSrTVOrN( rONihnOrN anr aVPSrN( anr P]O
NPanrarr St \rSrTVPiSnN iN hOnOraQQc ]ih]. 5SXO VSX\aniON ]ayO P]Oir Sfn P]OaPrON( f]iQO
SP]OrN rOnP trSX P]O QSVaQ aTP]SriPiON.
wTNiV St aQQ kinrN % s\S\s XTNiV( tSQk XTNiV( a( Qih]P XTNiV anr braNN banrN % iN an
iX\SrPanP \arP St 6riPiN] VTQPTraQ QitO. v]O QarhO aTriOnVON aP SrV]ONPraQ VSnVOrPN anr aP
\OrtSrXanVON St S\Ora( baQQOP anr V]aXbOr XTNiV rOtQOVP P]O firON\rOar inPOrONP in VQaNNiVaQ
XTNiV.
v]O ScaQ p\Ora |STNO( RSyOnP WarrOn( jSnrSn( f]iV] rOVOiyON tinanViaQ aNNiNPanVO trSX
P]O ArPN RSTnViQ( hiyON rOhTQar NOaNSnN St S\Ora anr baQQOP. 4P ]aN iPN Sfn SrV]ONPra f]iV] \QacN
tSr P]O ScaQ p\Ora anr P]O ScaQ 6aQQOP. 6SP] VSX\aniON ]ayO a ]ih] inPOrnaPiSnaQ rO\TPaPiSn.
v]O MnhQiN] 7aPiSnaQ p\Ora f]iV] \OrtSrXN in P]O jSnrSn RSQiNOTX hiyON NOaNSnN St S\Ora
anr S\OrOPPa in MnhQiN]. 4P aQNS PSTrN P]O \rSyinVON.
4n 188d P]O WSyOrnXOnP annSTnVOr P]O tSrXaPiSn St P]O zSTnh wTNiV vrTNP PS rOyOQS\ P]O
XTNiVaQ NkiQQN St P]O cSTnh fiP] NSXO XSnOc trSX P]O 7aPiSnaQ jSPPOrc( anr rSnaPiSnN trSX
&d
i. O. bTiQrinhN XOanP tSr P]O \OrtSrXanVO St \QacN bc \rStONNiSnaQ VSX\aniON.
&8
4n MnhQanr (inVQTrinh jSnrSn" SnQc a tOf P]OaPrON ]ayO P]Oir Sfn \OrXanOnP VSX\anc (P]Oc arO VaQQOr rO\OrPSrc P]OaPrON". v]OaPriVaQ
VSX\aniON arO TNTaQQc tSrXOr tSr a NOaNSn( NSXOPiXON NPahinh SnQc SnO \Qac tSr OiP]Or a QSnh Sr a N]SrP rTn( P]Oir XanahOXOnPN ]ayinh
\rOyiSTNQc rOnPOr a P]OaPrO tSr P]OX PS \OrtSrX in (P]O NS'VaQQOr nSn'rO\OrPSrc P]OaPrON".
108
XTNiV V]ariPiON anr VSX\aniON inySQyOr in XTNiV bTNinONN. v]O naPiSnaQ cSTP] SrV]ONPraN St
WrOaP 6riPain ]ayO ONPabQiN]Or ]ih] NPanrarrN.
v]OrO arO NOyOraQ P]STNanr aXaPOTr rraXaPiV NSViOPiON in 6riPain. wSNP TniyOrNiPiON ]ayO
P]riyinh aXaPOTr rraXa VQTbN anr NSViOPiON. MyOrc cOar an 4nPOrnaPiSnaQ qONPiyaQ St }niyOrNiPc
v]OaPrO iN ]OQr.
TEXT B. AT THE BOX-OFFICE
% 4 fanP tSTr NOaPN tSr 5Tnrac( \QOaNO.
% waPinOO Sr OyOninh \OrtSrXanVO{
% MyOninh( \QOaNO.
% xOQQ( cST Van ]ayO yOrc hSSr NOaPN in P]O NPaQQN. Sf q.
% p]( nSe 4PmN nOar P]O SrV]ONPra'\iP. wc fitO VanmP NPanr QSTr XTNiV.
% v]On 4 VSTQr tinr cST NSXO NOaPN in P]O \iP.
% 4mX atrair P]aP fSnmP rS OiP]Or. wc taP]Or'in'Qaf iN POrribQc N]SrP'Nih]POr. |O fSTQrnmP NOO
XTV] trSX P]O \iP( fSTQr ]O{
% |X... ^Or]a\N( cSTmr VarO PS PakO a bSU{
% ROrPainQc nSPe 4PmN PSS OU\OnNiyO. 4 VanmP attSrr iP. % orONN'VirVQO P]On{
% 4 rSnmP QikO PS NiP in P]O rrONN'VirVQO.
% 4mX atrair P]O SnQc P]inh P]aP rOXainN iN P]O haQQOrc.
% |Sf Van cST NThhONP NTV] a P]inhe wc XSP]Or'in'Qaf iN a NPSTP fSXan fiP] a fOak
]OarP. xO VSTQrnmP rrOaX St QOPPinh ]Or faQk T\ tSTr tQih]PN St NPairN( VSTQr fO{
% 4 tinr( Nir( P]aP P]OrO iNnmP a NinhQO NOaP in P]O ]STNO
d0

P]aP fSTQr NTiP cST.
% v]OrO iNnmP( iN P]OrO{ xOQQ( 4 P]ink fOmr XTV] bOPPOr hS PS P]O XSyiON. AN tSr XO( 4 rSnmP
VarO XTV] tSr P]iN P]OaPrO'hSinh bTNinONN. WSSr race
TEXT C. PANTOMIMES
5 a Q Q c : vSnc( P]OrOmN an aryOrPiNOXOnP in P]O QSVaQ \a\Or Nacinh P]aP P]O P]OaPrO in P]O
|ih] 5PrOOP iN \TPPinh Sn
d1
sRinrOrOQQas. 4 ]ayOnmP NOOn a \anPSXiXO tSr cOarN anr cOarN. oS
cST tanVc hSinh{
v S n c : zO]( P]aP NSTnrN hSSr. 4 rSnmP P]ink 4myO NOOn SnO NinVO 4 faN abSTP tSTrPOOn %
OUVO\P tSr SnO Sn iVO f]On 4 faN Vrac abSTP NkaPinh( anr P]aPmN nSP gTiPO P]O NaXO P]inh( iN iP{
5 a Q Q c : 7S. 4VO N]SfN rSnmP ]ayO aQQ P]O fSnrOrtTQ PrariPiSnaQ NVOnOrc anr P]aP hSrhOSTN
P]OaPrO aPXSN\]OrO.
v S n c : ^anPSXiXON arO aftTQQc SQr( it cST P]ink abSTP iP( arOnmP P]Oc{ 4 XOan fiP] a hirQ
\Qacinh P]O \arP St P]O \rinVi\aQ bSc( aQQ rrONNOr T\ in Pih]PN anr PTniV ...
5 a Q Q c : wX( anr P]O raXO \arPN PakOn bc XOn. 4myO nOyOr NOOn sRinrOrOQQas. 4 NT\\SNO
P]O NPO\XSP]Or anr P]O ThQc NiNPOrN arO P]O XOnmN \arPN in P]aP.
v S n c : AQarrin TNOr PS bO Xc taySTriPO( f]On a VSXOrian \QacOr P]O xirSf vfankOc.
Anr f]On AQarrin rTbbOr P]O XahiV QaX\ an OnSrXSTN hOniO a\\OarOr ...
5 a Q Q c : Anr P]O aTriOnVO bSSinh P]O fiVkOr TnVQO( anr Sininh in P]O Ninhinh St P]O
\S\TQar NSnhN P]Oc aQfacN XanahO PS hOP inPS P]O \Qac NSXO]Sf.
v S n c : zONe 4 fSnrOr ]Sf Sn OarP] P]Oc XanahO PS tiP PSracmN \S\ NSnhN inPS \anPSXiXO
NPSriON{
d0
v]O \arP St P]O P]OaPrO f]iV] ]aN a NPahO anr NOaPN tSr P]O aTriOnVO iN VaQQOr aTriPSriTX Sr ]STNO (a9&o: P]OaPrO']STNO".
v]O QSnh rSfN St V]airN NiPTaPOr Sn P]O hrSTnr tQSSr St P]O aTriPSriTX in. trSnP St P]O NPahO arO VaQQOr P]O NPaQQN (trSnP rSfN" anr P]O
\iP (baVk rSfN".
v]O NPaQQN anr P]O \iP arO NTrrSTnrOr bc bSUON. v]OrO arO aQNS NSXO baQVSniON OnVirVQinh P]O aTriPSriTX Sn P]rOO NirON. v]O QSfONP St
P]OX (VSXinh iXXOriaPOQc abSyO P]O bSUON" iN VaQQOr P]O rrONN'VirVQO anr P]O ]ih]ONP (NSXOf]OrO nOar P]O VOiQinh St P]O ]STNO" iN knSfn
aN P]O haQQOrc.
4n XSNP P]OaPrON P]O NOaPN tSr P]O aTriOnVO arO NO\araPOr trSX P]O NPahO bc P]O SrV]ONPra'\iP. 4n NSXO P]OaPrON( ]SfOyOr( P]OrO iN nS
SrV]ONPra'\iP( anr P]O XTNiVianN arO \QaVOr bO]inr P]O NVOnON (baVk'NPahO". v]O NirON St P]O NPahO anr P]O NVOnOrc \QaVOr P]OrO arO VaQQOr
finhN.
d1
4P PakON gTiPO a nTXbOr St \OS\QO PS \TP Sn a \Qac. v]O PrOaPXOnP St a \Qac( P]O NPcQO St P]O \rSrTVPiSn( P]O Praininh St P]O \OrtSrXOrN
rO\Onr Sn P]O rirOVPSr (aQNS VaQQOr bc NSXO \OS\QO \rSrTVOr in WrOaP 6riPain". v]O NPahO'XanahOr iN P]O \OrNSn in V]arhO St P]O POV]niVaQ
\arP St P]O \rSrTVPiSn St a \Qac. v]OrO arO aQNS XakO'T\ arPiNPN( \OS\QO f]S XakO P]O VSNPTXON( P]SNO f]S rONihn P]O \rS\N anr NVOnOrc(
anr tinaQQc( NPahO ]anrN.
v]O aVPSrN Pakinh \arP in P]O \Qac arO VaQQOr P]O VaNP (5f. P]O TNNian F !$!;H".
120
5 a Q Q c : xOQQ( f]c rSnmP fO hOP PiVkOPN anr tinr STP{
v S n c : zON( pk. RSXO Sn( P]On.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (II)
Words
aVP , haQQOrc n \rS\OrPiON
aVPinh n
inPOryaQ n (\rS\N" n baQVSnc n
Qih]Pinh n
rO\OrPSirO n bSU n XaPinOO n rSf
n
VaNP n SrV]ONPra'\iP n NPahO'XanahOr n
VSX\anc n
\iP n NPaQQN n VSNPTXON n
\rSrTVO ,
(P]OaPrO'" ]STNO n rirOVPSr n \rSrTVOr n
PrOaPXOnP n
rrONN'VirVQO n \rSrTVPiSn n
Word Combinations
\rStONNiSnaQ P]OaPrO P]O NOPPinh St a NVOnO rO\OrPSrc VSX\anc
Qih]P anr NSTnr OttOVPN aXaPOTr P]OaPrO PS \rSrTVO a \Qac
rraXaPiV NSViOPc
EXERCISES
I. Answer the foIIowing questions:
A. 1. x]aP iN P]O VOnPrO St P]OaPriVaQ aVPiyiPc in WrOaP 6riPain{ 2. x]iV] P]OaPriVaQ
VSX\aniON rOVOiyO tinanViaQ NT\\SrP trSX ArPN RSTnViQ{ :. x]aP iN XOanP bc a rO\OrPSrc
P]OaPrO{ 9. x]aP rS cST knSf abSTP P]O ScaQ 5]akON\OarO RSX\anc{ 0. x]aP kinr St
\OrtSrXanVON arO NPahOr in P]O ScaQ p\Ora |STNO{ 2. ArO P]OrO Xanc P]OaPrON in Sr nOar P]O
xONP (MaNP" Mnr St jSnrSn{ &. x]aP kinr St XTNiV iN \S\TQar in MnhQanr{ d. ArO P]OrO anc
aXaPOTr P]OaPrON in WrOaP 6riPain{ 8. x]aP QOarinh aVPSrN St P]O 6riPiN] P]OaPrO rS cST knSf{
10. |Sf arO P]O 6riPiN] ArPN RSTnViQN hSinh PS VOQObraPO a\\rSaV] St P]O XiQQOnniTX{
B. 1. |Sf iN P]O TNNian P]OaPrO SrhaniOr{ 2. x]aP TNNian P]OaPrON arO bONP knSfn in
TNNia anr abrSar{ :. 4N aPPOnranVO aP STr P]OaPrON ]ih]{ 9. |Sf Xanc PiXON a XSnP] (a cOar"
rS cST hS PS P]O P]OaPrO{ 0. ArO P]OrO anc aXaPOTr P]OaPrON in TNNia{
II. Try your band at teaching:
A. ^rO\araPiSn( a" qinr \iVPTrO rO\rONOnPinh a P]OaPrO']STNO( b" 5PTrc P]O tSSPnSPON Sn \.
:2& rONVribinh a P]OaPrO']STNO anr iPN \arPN( V" xriPO gTONPiSnN PS \rSySkO anNfOrN VSnPaininh
aQQ P]O nOf fSrrN.
B. xSrk in VQaNN. ANk cSTr gTONPiSnN( QiNPOn PS P]O an' 'NfOrN anr VSrrOVP P]O NPTrOnPmN
XiNPakON.
III. Learn Text by heart. Act out this diaIogue.
IV. ReteII Text in your own words.
Speak on your favourite genre (opera, drama, ballet, comedy, musical, etc). Why do you
like it?
121
V. TransIate the foIIowing into EngIish:
LA +> $!J!( > D $. u < +! $( !
A> +!!< ,. ,!! >! < $>( >D> >?(
>? ! >? ?. B K+ I ! =+> ;=C!? !, >A! <
KII.
/ !$!; > $?;( !A ( !$JA A= <( >
$ !$. LA > ,( !+! A !<A >
+ ! A !A. + +!; ,> ! <A
+ !J!. a!! >! $>. )A! $!. L + D( K ,
> C. ED! !$< C!( > !!<
$! !A> .
LA $ =!<; ,> $!( $! A $(
$+ $< C $!+.
VI. Read the foIIowing and either agree or disagree with the statements. (See the Reminder.):
1. v]O ]STNO iN P]O \arP St P]O P]OaPrO f]OrO P]O XOXbOrN St P]O SrV]ONPra TNTaQQc NiP. 2. An
aTriPSriTX iN a bTiQrinh Sr a \arP St a bTiQrinh in f]iV] P]O aTriOnVO NiP. :. v]O aTriOnVO
inVQTrO bSP] N\OVPaPSrN anr aVPSrN. 9. x]On P]O aTriOnVO iN \QOaNOr iP kOO\N NiQOnP. 0. xO Nac
sP]O ]STNO iN tTQQs f]On nSP aQQ P]O NOaPN in P]O aTriPSriTX arO SVVT\iOr. 2. v]O \iP iN nOarOr PS
P]O NPahO P]an P]O NPaQQN. &. zST \rOtOr NOaPN in P]O haQQOrc( rSnmP cST{ d. xinhN arO P]O NirON St a
NPahO fiP] P]O NVOnOrc. 8. zST fSTQrnmP QikO PS hS bO]inr P]O NPahO( 4 bOQiOyO. 10. v]O V]Oa\ONP
NOaPN arO in P]O bSUON. 11. v]O XSNP OU\OnNiyO NOaPN arO in P]O SrV]ONPra NPaQQN. 12. 5PTrOnPN
aQfacN bTc NOaPN in P]O SrV]ONPra NPaQQN. 1:. 6c P]O VaNP St P]O \Qac fO XOan aQQ P]O aVPSrN
bOQSnhinh PS P]O P]OaPriVaQ VSX\anc. 19( v]O rSQO St P]O \rSrTVOr iN nSP yOrc iX\SrPanP. 10.
zST rSnmP knSf f]S 5PaniNQayNkc faN( 4 bOQiOyO. 12. 4P rSONnmP PakO Xanc \OS\QO PS \rSrTVO a
\Qac. 1&. 4 bOQiOyO cST VQa\ PS N]Sf cSTr a\\rOViaPiSn St P]O aVPinh Sr P]O \Qac aN a f]SQO.
OXinrOr. 3eyond a99 dou2t" I &hou9d thin' &o" I won?t deny it Jo&t 9i'e9y" I di&agree with
you" Mn the 5ontrary" Lou are wrong" Nu&t the other way round" Not XOe 3y no +ean&"
VII. a) Describe your impressions of a pIay (opera, baIIet) you have seen. FoIIow the pIan
beIow:
1. WSinh PS P]O P]OaPrO. (|Sf rir cST hOP P]O PiVkOPN{ x]OrO fOrO cSTr NOaPN{ xaN P]O ]STNO
tTQQ{"
2. v]O \Qac. (xaN iP inPOrONPinh{ x]aP faN inPOrONPinh{ x]aP rirnmP cST QikO abSTP iP{"
:. v]O aVPinh. (xaN P]O VaNP hSSr{ x]SNO aVPinh iX\rONNOr P]O aTriOnVO{ 4n f]aP NVOnON{"
9. v]O \rSrTVPiSn. (oir P]O \rSrTVPiSn ]OQ\ P]O aTriOnVO PS VaPV] P]O Xain irOa St P]O \Qac{
4n f]aP \SinPN St P]O \rSrTVPiSn rir cST tOOQ P]O fSrk St P]O \rSrTVOr{ oir P]O hOnOraQ N\iriP
St P]O \rSrTVPiSn NaPiNtc P]O rOXanr St P]O \Qac{"
0. oONihninh. (oir cST QikO P]O NVOnOrc{ |Sf fOrO P]O Qih]P anr NSTnr OttOVPN TNOr{"
2. v]O aTriOnVO. (x]aP kinr St \OS\QO rir iP VSnNiNP St{ |Sf rir P]Oc rOVOiyO P]O
\OrtSrXanVO{"
O X i n r O r: it i& &ur4ri&ing to +eet a 49ay a2out ordinary 4eo49e 5aught u4 in ordinary
event&, the author &how& a re+ar'a29e ta9ent for writing dia9ogue whi5h i& entertaining and
witty, the 5hara5ter& are 49ea&ant (hu+orou&, ordinaryAD one 2rief &5ene for+& the 59i+aZ of
the 49ay, the 5hara5ter& a5t out a fanta&y, the audien5e i& +ade to thin': unti9 a9+o&t the fina9
5urtainD &49endid dire5tionD it wa& one of the fine&t rendering& of thi& 4art I?ve ever heardD I
hear the &5enery wa& 49anned and de&igned 2y...# hi& +u&i5a9 ta9ent i& Cuite eZ5e4tiona9, hi&
49aying &o+eti+e& re+ind& +e of"""D the high9ight of the evening wa& ...
b) Make up diaIogues discussing the points above.
VIII. a) SuppIy articIes where necessary:
R]Ok]SymN \Qac s... 5Oa'hTQQs faN tirNP NPahOr in ... AQOUan'rrinNkc v]OaPrO in... ^OPOrNbTrh.
4P faN ... VSX\QOPO taiQTrO.... \Qac faN rTinOr bc ... rTQQ anr ... VQTXNc \rSrTVPiSn. 4P faN NPahOr
122
in ... shSSr SQr PrariPiSnNs f]OrOaN ... R]Ok]SymN \QacN fOrO gTiPO TnQikO anc SP]Or \QacN
friPPOn bOtSrO anr rOXanrOr ... nOf tSrXN anr rOyiVON.... ^OPOrNbTrh aTriOnVO rir nSP
TnrOrNPanr s... 5Oa'hTQQ.s v]OrO faN ... QaTh]POr in XSNP \SOPiVaQ NVOnON anr Xanc St...
aTriOnVO QOtP QSnh bOtSrO ... Onr St ... \Qac. 4P faN ... VrTOQ bQSf PS R]Ok]Sy. |SfOyOr( in...
wSNVSf ArP v]OaPrO( f]iV] faN nSP ... cOar SQr P]On (iP faN in 1d8d"( ... NaXO \Qac rirOVPOr bc
k. 5. 5PaniNQayNkc faN ... PrOXOnrSTN NTVVONN.... 5PaniNQayNkcmN \rSrTVPiSn St s... 5Oa'hTQQs
S\OnOr ... nOf O\SV] in ... ]iNPSrc St ... P]OaPrO anr NcXbSQiOr... PriTX\] St... nOf anr ...
\rShrONNiyO tSrXN SyOr ... SQr SnON.
4n ... XOXSrc St P]aP OyOnP... f]iPO NOa'hTQQ N\rOarN iPN finhN Sn ... VTrPain St ... wSNVSf ArP
v]OaPrO.
b) Answer the foIIowing questions:
1. x]On anr f]OrO faN R]Ok]SymN s5Oa'hTQQs tirNP NPahOr{ 2. x]c rir iP taiQ{ :. x]c faN iP
P]aP P]O NaXO \Qac faN a PrOXOnrSTN NTVVONN in P]O ArP v]OaPrO{ 9. x]c rir P]O ArP v]OaPrO
V]SSNO P]O NOa'hTQQ tSr iPN OXbQOX{
IX. a) Give a free transIation of the foIIowing passage. Make use of the EngIish phrases given
at the end:
.<( $! >? !< Fu;H( >! D> ! D>. +(
G! u? < . 3 A $!J D!
A $,. G! K+ J ! A > (
$ > !A $ Fu;!H( $A +( ; $!J $! $;
$ GA. B$? $ +A < A!<>+ +A
$!. . K+ $$D A )!
G( +J + $. )D +( > +
?!+( +!<> J! $? ! $!
< $. G= != !< + !!(
>+ +>( !>( >?!! !A< $< $+<( J; $>;
. / ,( +> $!J!!< + A( >; J$ +:
FZA; ?J( !$( ;< $?( !+I. ! > A <<(
;( $ $!! A++> =!+>; +! $!< +( >;
J!+! +!. > A $+!H.
L +> !A! % $+=. G>; ! $! A+ +!!
!<A . . ! ! $ +( + D A?
!. B A( $ A; $>( $! $ ( ( J>
$!+>. a $J ... ! ... $< !( +> !(
>. G+ ... ! ... )> ! $!D(
D( + !<. B,( +> $! $? !(
!+ >( ! !+< A A. ). . -!;( !A
)J ! !+! =!<>+! +! $! ,? !;( +>
!! ,!=. 3$? D>+ + ! ! !+I+. u? >
$ $ A++.
(PTUXRX>Ub <" /. ) D!< !"
Use the following:
P]O VirVTXNPanVON ... fOrO VSX\QiVaPOr anr \aintTQ( ]iN rOO\ rO\rONNiSn( ]O Xih]P ]ayO nSP
NTryiyOr anSP]Or taiQTrO( iX\QSrOr TN PS VanVOQ P]O \OrtSrXanVO( fO barQc nOOrOr iP( PS raiNO
P]O bSU SttiVO rOPTrnN( P]O innOr ySiVO( XTrrOrOr bc cSTr Sfn ]anrN( P]O tirNP aVP VSnVQTrOr
aXir rOaP]'QikO NiQOnVO( PS tainP( 4 faN Sn Xc QaNP QOhN( P]OrO faN an T\rSar( a VraN]( a NPSrX St
a\\QaTNO( P]O VTrPain fOnP T\ ... P]On rSfn ahain( fO fOrO NPanrinh NPTnnOr( fO fOrO
NT\\SNOr PS PakO P]O VTrPain'VaQQN( XOQPOr P]O iVO( PS V]OOr( OaV] aVP ]Oih]POnOr P]O NTVVONN.
b) What can you say about the significance of the event described above for the history of
Russian and worId theatre?
X. a) Read Sir Laurence OIivier's answers given by him in a newspaper interview:
T O N P i S n : |Sf ]aN POQOyiNiSn attOVPOr P]O P]OaPrO{
A n N f O r : xOQQ( iPN \S\TQariPc XOanN P]aP XiQQiSnN St \OS\QO PakO rraXa tSr hranPOr.
12:
xiP] ]STrN anr ]STrN OyOrc fOOk( P]O yiOfOr Van ]ayO a bOQQctTQ St rraXa. 4t cSTmrO hSinh PS
aPPraVP a Xan anr ]iN fitO afac trSX P]Oir v@ NOP Sn a finPOrmN nih]P( anr ]SQr P]OX PS a \Qac
in a P]OaPrO( cSTmyO hSP PS hri\ P]OX anr kOO\ P]OX hri\\Or.
7Sf( cST rS ]ayO VOrPain aryanPahON in P]O P]OaPrO. v]O POQQc iN \OrtOVP tSr P]O P]inhN P]aP
]ayO bOOn N\OViaQQc bTiQP tSr iP. 6TP P]O v@ NVrOOn VannSP hiyO cST P]O \OVTQiar VSnriPiSn St P]O
P]OaPrO( f]OrO fO arO aQQSfOr PS hOP baVk PS QitO'NiO \OS\QO in rOQaPiSn.
.: 4N P]OrO anc \arPiVTQar ]Sbbc']SrNO P]aP cST rirO in cSTr fSrk aN aVPSr anr rirOVPSr{
A.: 4 rOQc hrOaPQc Sn r]cP]X. 4 P]ink P]aP iN SnO P]inh 4 TnrOrNPanr % P]O OU\QSiPaPiSn St
r]cP]X( V]anhO St N\OOr St N\OOV]( V]anhO St PiXO( V]anhO St OU\rONNiSn( V]anhO St \aVO in
VrSNNinh P]O NPahO. kOO\ P]O aTriOnVO NTr\riNOr( N]STP f]On P]OcmrO nSP OU\OVPinh iP( kOO\ P]OX
Sn P]Oir PSON % V]anhO trSX XinTPO PS XinTPO.
x]aP iN P]O Xain \rSbQOX St P]O aVPSr{ 4P iN PS kOO\ P]O aTriOnVO afakO.
p.: |Sf PrTO iN iP P]aP an aVPSr N]STQr irOnPitc fiP] a rSQO{
A.: 4 rSnmP knSf. 4 Van SnQc N\Oak tSr XcNOQt. Anr in Xc VaNO iPmN nSP mN]STQrm( iPmN mXTNPm. 4
TNP rS. 4 VanmP ]OQ\ iP. 4n Xc VaNO 4 tOOQ 4 aX f]S 4 aX \Qacinh. Anr 4 P]ink( P]STh] 4 N\Oak
SnQc trSX Xc Sfn OU\OriOnVO( P]aP P]O aVPSr XTNP irOnPitc PS NSXO OUPOnP fiP] ]iN \arP.
4n spP]OQQSs P]O \aNNahO trSX P]O ]anrkOrV]iOt NVOnO P]rSTh] PS tQinhinh P]O XSnOc in
MXiQiamN taVO iN( \STnr bc \STnr( P]O ]OayiONP bTrrOn 4 knSf P]aP ]aN bOOn Qair T\Sn XO cOP bc
a rraXaPiNP.
Anr waVbOP]. oS cST knSf f]aP iN P]O tirNP P]inh PS QOarn abSTP \Qacinh waVbOP]{ vS hOP
P]rSTh] P]O \OrtSrXanVO fiP]STP QSNinh cSTr ySiVO. (*ro+ wSNVSf
7OfN( 1828( 7S 10( *rag+ent&A
b) Try your hand at teaching:
A. ^rO\araPiSn. v]ink St inPOrONPinh gTONPiSnN Sn 5ir jaTrOnVO pQiyiOrmN inPOryiOf.
6. xSrk in VQaNN. wakO cSTr triOnrN anNfOr cSTr gTONPiSnN.
XI. SoIe-pIaying.
AP a v]OaPrO qONPiyaQ
5P. A: a taXSTN \rSrTVOr
5P. .: a VOQObraPOr aVPSr
5P. R: a PaQOnPOr cSTnh aVPrONN( f]S XarO an iXXOriaPO ]iP fiP] ]Or NOnNiPiyO anr XSyinh
\OrtSrXanVO
ONP St VQaNN: a STrnaQiNP( a VriPiV( a \Qacfrih]P anr P]OaPrO'hSOrN
AQQ arO inyiPOr PS P]O NPTriS.
XXI. a) TransIate the foIIowing fragments into Russian (in writing)!
A. v]OrO arO Xanc \OS\QO f]SX P]O P]OaPrO tiQQN fiP] an OUViPOXOnP f]iV] nS taXiQiariPc
Van NPaQO. 4P iN PS P]OX a fSrQr St XcNPOrc anr rOQih]P# iP hiyON P]OX OnPrc inPS a rOaQX St P]O
iXahinaPiSn f]iV] inVrOaNON P]Oir Sc in QitO( anr iPN iQQTNiSn VSQSTrN P]O SrrinarinONN St P]Oir
raiQc rSTnr fiP] P]O hSQrOn N]iXXOr St rSXanVO. g" /" Jaugha+
B. 4n P]O v]OaPrO fO arO \rSTr PS NOryO( irOaN XOrOQc \Qac QikO NTXXOr Qih]Pninh SyOr( a
rOO\ QakO St tOOQinh# P]O inPOQQOVP Xac bO gTiVkOnOr P]OrO( bTP f]aP iN XSrO iX\SrPanP iN P]aP
P]O iXahinaPiSn St P]O N\OVPaPSr bOhinN PS bO ]aTnPOr( NS P]aP QSnh atPOr ]O ]aN QOtP P]O \Qac'
]STNO P]O aVPSrN arO NPiQQ fiP] ]iX( NPiQQ POQQinh ]iX St P]Oir rON\air anr P]Oir ]S\O. N" 3"
Brie&t9ey
b) Comment on the fragments above.
XIII. Speak individuaIIy or arrange a discussion on the foIIowing:
1. x]c iN iP P]aP \OS\QO hS PS P]O P]OaPrO{ x]aP rS P]Oc QSSk tSr P]OrO{
2. x]aP iN cSTr taySTriPO P]OaPrO anr f]c{
:. v]O trahXOnP abSyO (MU. `44 6" rONVribON P]O VaNO f]On sP]O iXahinaPiSn St P]O N\OVPaPSr
bOhinN PS bO ]aTnPOr NS P]aP QSnh atPOr ]O ]aN QOtP P]O \Qac']STNO P]O aVPSrN arO NPiQQ fiP] ]iX...s
4N P]O OU\OriOnVO taXiQiar PS cST{ AtPOr f]aP \Qac rir cST ]ayO iP QaNP PiXO{
9. x]aP iN P]O rSXanPiV NirO St P]O P]OaPrO{
0. x]aP iN P]O OrTVaPiSnaQ rSQO St P]O P]OaPrO{ oS cST ahrOO fiP] ^riONPQOc (NOO P]O trahXOnP
129
in MU. `44 6" P]aP P]O P]OaPriVaQ arP a\\OaQN raP]Or PS P]O N\OVPaPSrmN iXahinaPiSn anr tOOQinhN
P]an PS ]iN inPOQQOVP{ WiyO cSTr rOaNSnN.
XIV. Try your hand at teaching. 1. Say what you wouId do in the teacher's position:
wiV]aOQ( a brih]P( cSTnh( NSSn'PS'bO titP]'tSrXOr( VSntONNOr PS ]iN POaV]Or P]aP in ]iN yiOf
NV]SSQ faN nS tTn( P]O POaV]OrN fOrO nS hSSr( NTXXOr N]STQr QaNP tSrOyOr anr rShN fOrO QTVkc
bOVaTNO P]Oc rirnmP ]ayO PS hS PS NV]SSQ. v]O POaV]Or \rSPONPOr P]aP NV]SSQ faN iX\SrPanP. 6TP
wiV]aOQ( f]S rirnmP N]arO P]O POaV]OrmN S\iniSn( anNfOrOr fiP] a SnO'fSrr gTONPiSn sx]c{s.
2. Respond to the foIIowing modestIy. Here are a few possibIe ways of beginning answers:
p]( iP faN nSP]inh. v]O rOaQ VrOriP N]STQr hS PS .... 4 ]ar yOrc QiPPQO PS rS fiP] iP. 4P faNnmP
rittiVTQP aP aQQ( rOaQQc. v]ank cST( bTP iPmN nSP rOaQQc aQQ P]aP hSSr. p]( cSTmrO OUahhOraPinh( 4
\QacOr SnQc a NXaQQ \arP in P]O f]SQO P]inh. 4P faN yOrc XTV] a POaX OttSrP. zSTmrO yOrc kinr(
bTP rOaQQc ancSnO OQNO VSTQr rS iP.
5 V O n a r i S
A.: 4myO nOyOr NOOn NTV] an aPPraVPiyO anr PaQOnPOr VQaNN St V]iQrrOn. 4 P]ink cST( aN P]Oir
POaV]Or( rONOryO P]O ]ih]ONP \raiNO.
zST: ...
A.: 4mX NTrO P]Oc arO N\QOnrir( bTP 4 rSnmP ahrOO P]aP cST rSnmP rONOryO anc VrOriP. 4 knSf cST
\QannOr P]O QSyOQc rOVSraPiSnN in P]Oir VQaNNrSSX( tSr a NParP.
zST: ...
A.: 4mX NSrrc( 4 TNP VanmP bOQiOyO iP ]ar nSP]inh PS rS fiP] cST. Anr OyOn it P]Oc ]ar P]O
SrihinaQ irOa( 4mX NTrO cST hTirOr P]OX in P]Oir fSrk.
zST:...
A(: p]( VSXO Sn( iP VanmP ]ayO bOOn OaNc anr 4 rSnmP ahrOO P]aP ancSnO VSTQr ]ayO rSnO it
(*ro+ wakinh ^SQiPO 7SiNON 2y |arhrOayON anr w. qQOPV]Or. jars 18&8"
3. CIassroom EngIish. (Revision);
a) 4PmN P]O QaNP \OriSr Sn 5aPTrrac. v]O QONNSn iN VSXinh PS an Onr. zST arO \QOaNOr fiP] P]O
fSrk cST anr P]O \T\iQN ]ayO rSnO. zST tinr P]aP cST TNP ]ayO abSTP : % 9 XinTPON PS ]ayO
P]O OUOrViNO bSSkN VSQQOVPOr anr P]O bSarr VQOanOr. zST intSrX P]O VQaNN P]aP P]Oc fiQQ ]ayO PS
tiniN] P]O OUOrViNO Stt aP ]SXO( POQQ P]OX cST arO \QOaNOr fiP] P]Oir \rShrONN( NOP P]O ]SXOfSrk
anr NPaPO briOtQc f]aP cST arO \Qanninh tSr P]O nOUP QONNSn. AtPOr P]aP cST aNk cSTr \T\iQN PS
Pirc T\ P]O rSSX anr PS bO gTiOP f]On P]Oc hS STPNirO. zST fiN] P]OX a niVO fOOkOnr anr Nac
hSSr'bcO.
120
b) 4PmN a rSTPinO MnhQiN] QONNSn in P]O XirrQO St P]O POrX. v]O QONNSn iNnmP hSinh PSS fOQQ zST
arO Prcinh PS kOO\ cSTr \T\iQN inPOrONPOr in P]O OUOrViNON cST arO V]OVkinh. zST hOP P]OX PS
rOar P]O NOnPOnVON in PTrn anr VSrrOVP P]Oir XiNPakON( bTP P]O \T\iQN arO PirOr anr tinr iP rittiVTQP
PS VSnVOnPraPO Sn P]O fSrk. 5SXO St P]OX NParP V]aPPinh anr tirhOPinh. zST Prc nSP PS N]Sf
cSTr annScanVO anr \rSVOOr V]OVkinh P]O OUOrViNO.
V" zSTmyO hSP a QSP St fSrk PS hOP P]rSTh] in P]iN QONNSn. zST aNk P]O \T\iQN PS rS an OUOrViNO
trSX P]O POUPbSSk NiQOnPQc. zST V]OVk P]aP P]Oc aQQ ]ayO P]O rih]P \QaVO. x]On cSTr \T\iQN ]ayO
QSSkOr P]rSTh] P]O OUOrViNO cST fanP OyOrcbSrc PS rOar P]rOO NOnPOnVON OaV]. zST VSXXOnP
Sn P]Oir fSrk. 4n P]O rOXaininh tiyO XinTPON( cST ]ayO a gTiVk ySVabTQarc PONP Sn P]O
bQaVkbSarr. zST XakO NTrO P]aP P]O bSarr iN \rS\OrQc \rO\arOr( anr aNk 2 Sr : \T\iQN PS friPO
P]O PONP. zST kOO\ P]O rONP St P]O VQaNN inySQyOr anr VSXXOnP Sn P]O fSrk.
r" 4PmN a rOyiNiSn QONNSn. zSTmyO brSTh]P PS P]O VQaNNrSSX a Xa\ St 6riPain( NSXO NQirON
anr/Sr \iVPTrON St jSnrSn anr a NQirO \rSOVPSr. zST aNk SnO St P]O \T\iQN PS ]OQ\ cST tiU P]O
Xa\ anr \iVPTrON Sn P]O bSarr anr hOP P]O NQirO \rSOVPSr rOarc. v]O \T\iQN \SinP STP Sn P]O
Xa\ P]O XSNP iX\SrPanP PSfnN( riyOrN( XSTnPain V]ainN Sr ancP]inh cST tinr nOVONNarc PS
XOnPiSn. AtPOr P]aP P]Oc N\Oak briOtQc abSTP jSnrSn Nih]PN Xakinh TNO St P]O \iVPTrON anr
NQirON. zST kOO\ Xakinh nSPON f]iQO P]Oc N\Oak anr VSXXOnP Sn P]Oir fSrk aP P]O Onr St P]O
rOyiNiSn QONNSn.
O" AP P]O Onr St P]O POrX cST tinr iP nOVONNarc PS ]ayO a briOt rOyiNiSn St P]O bSSk cSTr
\T\iQN arO rOarinh. zSTr irOa iN PS aNk P]O \T\iQN a nTXbOr St gTONPiSnN PS OnVSTrahO a
riNVTNNiSn. zST P]ink P]O gTONPiSnN SyOr yOrc P]SrSTh]Qc bOtSrO]anr anr aNk cSTr VQaNN PS
anNfOr P]OX. zST arO inPOrONPOr in OyOrcSnOmN \SinP St yiOf anr rOaVP PS VSXXOnPN a\'
\rS\riaPOQc( Prcinh PS kOO\ P]O VSnyOrNaPiSn hSinh.
XV. Describe these pictures: Use the foIIowing:
a" PS VSXO ]SXO hrOaPQc OUViPOr( PS fayO NSXO NQi\N St \a\Or in P]O air( PS bO rOQih]POr( PS
]ayO hrOaP tTn \Qacinh fiP] SnOmN PScN# b" PS rrah NXb. aQSnh P]O NPrOOP( PS ]SfQ aP P]O PS\ St
SnOmN ySiVO# V" PS ]ayO OUVOQQOnP NOaPN( sxiQ]OQX vOQQs faN Sn( P]O XTNiV faN NS QSTr cST
VSTQrnmP ]Oar a fSrr( PS bO bSrOr# r" P]aP faN XTV] bOPPOr( PS VaPV] NXb.mN inPOrONP( a bSf Yby
anr arrSfN( PS N]SSP Stt a] a\\QO trSX...# O" in yOrc ]ih] N\iriPN( PS V]aPPOr abSTP SnOmN iX\rON'
NiSnN( PS bO \QOaNOr# t" PS bO N]SVkOr( P]O V]iQrmN iXahinaPiSn faN VOrPainQc ]aTnPOr bc P]O
S\Ora Sr( raP]Or( bc SnO \arPiVTQar NVOnO( P]O \SSr POrrc'bOar( PS QSSk OUPrOXOQc TnVSXtSrPabQO.
XVI. FiIm "Mr. Brown's HoIiday". FiIm segments 9 "One More Substitute" (YeoviI) and 10 "Back
at Home" (London), a) Watch and Iisten, b) Do the exercises from the guide to the fiIm.
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH
IX
pnO St P]O XSNP OttOVPiyO OUOrViNON in hSSr friPinh iN a trOO VSX\SNiPiSn.
qrOO VSX\SNiPiSn iN a \iOVO St inrO\OnrOnP friPinh (:%0 \ahON in QOnhP]". zST arO trOO PS
NOQOVP P]O NTbOVP( PS rOVirO Sn P]O \aPPOrn St friPinh (narraPiyO( rONVri\PiyO( arhTXOnPaPiyO(
OU\SNiPSrc"( anr PS V]SSNO friPinh POV]nigTO (kOcfSrrN( PS\iV NOnPOnVON( VSnnOVPiyON anr
122
PranNiPiSnN".
4n P]O \rSVONN St trOO VSX\SNiPiSn P]OrO arO P]rOO Xain \SinPN PS VSnNirOr: f]aP PS Nac %
NOQOVPiSn St a NTbOVP anr P]O P]OXO( ]Sf PS arranhO P]O XaPOriaQ in P]O bONP SrrOr( anr ]Sf PS
OU\rONN cSTr P]STh]PN in P]O bONP \SNNibQO QanhTahO.
v]O P]OXO anr NTbOVP N]STQr bO NOQOVPOr fiP] VarO NS P]aP cST knSf OUaVPQc f]aP cST
XOan PS friPO abSTP anr f]aP iN P]O \Tr\SNO St friPinh % iN iP rONVribinh( OnPOrPaininh(
\OrNTarinh Sr inNPrTVPinh{
sv]O 6riPiN] 4NQONs iN( tSr inNPanVO( St rONVri\PiyO naPTrO( s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs iN
bSP] OnPOrPaininh anr inNPrTVPinh( nTrcmN QOPPOrN arO NinVOrOQc \OrNTarinh.
RSX\SNiPiSn XTNP bO TnitiOr anr VSX\QOPO. 4P XTNP ]ayO a bOhinninh( XirrQO( anr Onr. 4P
XTNP bO VS]OrOnP# P]aP iN( NcNPOXaPiV in iPN \rONOnPaPiSn( fiP] rOtOrOnVO PS PiXO( PS \SinP St
yiOf( anr PS NiPTaPiSn. 4P XTNP rOyOaQ cSTr aPPiPTrO Sr TrhOXOnP PSfarrN XaPOriaQ anr
V]araVPOrN Sr PSfarrN cSTr rOarOr( Sr bSP].
The beginning, or introduction OU\rONNON P]O SVVaNiSn( P]O \rSbQOX( anr P]O \Tr\SNO.
A hSSr bOhinninh aPPraVPN P]O rOarOrmN aPPOnPiSn( ]iN inPOrONP anr NSXOPiXON ]iN OXSPiSnN (NOO
P]O bOhinninh St s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs Sr St sA qriOnr in 7OOrs".
v]O XirrQO Sr bSrc St P]O VSX\SNiPiSn in iPN PTrn XakON P]O \rSbQOX VQOar P]rSTh]
narraPiSn( rONVri\PiSn( arhTXOnP Sr OU\SNiPiSn (VSX\arO rittOrOnP \aNNahON trSX P]iN POUPbSSk".
}NTaQQc P]O XirrQO inVQTrON P]O rOPaiQN. 4P Xac ]ayO P]O PTrninh \SinP Sr VQiXaU rONVribinh P]O
XSXOnP St hrOaPONP OXSPiSnN.
The end or concIusion iN P]O rONTQP St P]aP VQaritiVaPiSn. v]O aTP]Sr \rSyirON an anNfOr
PS P]O Xain gTONPiSn. 4P iN TNTaQQc XarkOr bc a NTXXarc NPaPOXOnP OX\]aNiinh P]O XONNahO
(VSX\arO P]O tinaQ NOnPOnVON in sA oacmN xaiPs( s|Sf xO kO\P wSP]OrmN oacs( sSNO aP P]O
wTNiV']aQQs".
Assignments:
1. Write a composition explaining the message of the passage "Rose at the Music-ball.
2. Write a composition following the events described in the pictures on pp. 338-339.
3. Write a composition describing your visit to a theatre and your impressions of the
prevailing atmosphere,
4. If you have become proficient at writing compositions as an exercise you may turn to
teaming how to write compositions as art. Try your hand at writing a composition about the best
way to comfort your mother (father, child, sister or brother, friend).
Evaluate your composition according to the main principles of good writing: unity, coherence,
and emphasis.
LABORATORY EXERCISES (II)
1. Listen to the text "Drama, Music and Ballet in Britain", mark the stresses and tunes.
Repeat the text following the model.
2. Record the dialogue "At the Box-Office" in pairs. Listen to the records and discuss them in
class.
3. Listen to the dialogue "Pantomimes", mark the stresses and tones. Repeat it following the
model.
4. Write a spelling-translation test:
a) translate the phrases into English;
b) check them with the key.
5. Respond to the following questions or statements and correct them if necessary.
6. Listen to the story. Write ten questions about the text. Suggest a title for the text and give
reasons for your choice. Find evidence in the text to support the following statements.
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS
1. What do you know about K. S. Stanislavsky, his role in the history of the Moscow Art
Theatre and bis influence on world theatre?
2. Where do the following quotations come from? Who says the lines? Under what
circumstances?
12&
a) The time is out of 1oint Oh, cursed plight. That ever I was bom to set it right '
b) Beware, my lord, of the jealousy;
It is the green-eyed monster, that doth mock The meat it feeds on.
c) How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is To have a thankless child.
3. What do you know about the problem of Shakespeare's authorship?
4. What do you know about the Sovremennik Theatre? about the Lenkom Theatre? about the
Tovstonogov Theatre in St Petersburg?
5. Listen to a text connectid with the topic "Theatre".
SUPPLEMENT
A. CLASSROOM ENGLISH
I. PupiI Language
v]iN NOVPiSn VSnPainN a QiNP St \]raNON P]aP \T\iQN Xih]P bO OU\OVPOr PS TNO rTrinh an MnhQiN]
QONNSn.
1. FoIIowing the Lesson
4mX NSrrc( 4 rirnmP TnrOrNPanr. zSTmrO N\Oakinh PSS gTiVkQc.
4 rirnmP hOP P]aP rSfn. RSTQr cST Nac iP ahain{ RSTQr cST rO\OaP P]O QaNP biP{
4 XiNNOr P]O bOhinninh St f]aP cST Nair. RSTQr cST OU\Qain ahain( \QOaNO{
5]aQQ fO rS P]O OUOrViNO in STr fSrk bSSkN{ ArO fO NT\\SNOr PS tiniN] P]iN Stt aP
]SXO{
x]aP rS fO ]ayO PS rS nOUP{ RSTQr cST friPO iP T\ Sn P]O bSarr(
\QOaNO{
4N iP Xc PTrn{ (AX 4 nOUP{ 5]aQQ 4 NParP{"
2. Correctness of Answers
x]c VanmP cST Nac ...{ 4N P]iN a XiNPakO{ x]aPmN frSnh fiP] (Nacinh"...{
x]c rir cST Xark P]iN frSnh{ x]c rir cST \TP a QinO TnrOr P]iN
fSrr{
4NnmP P]OrO a XiNPakO in NOnPOnVO :{ 5]STQrnmP P]OrO bO an arPiVQO{
4 P]ink cSTmyO XarO a XiNPakO Sn P]O bSarr.
3. Language Questions
|Sf rS cST N\OQQ...{ ArO P]OrO PfS QN Sr SnQc SnO{
|Sf rS cST \rSnSTnVO P]O nOUP fSrr{ 4mX nSP NTrO ]Sf PS Nac P]O nOUP fSrr.
RSTQr cST TNO P]O tTPTrO (\aNNiyO" ]OrO{ Ran fO QOayO P]iN STP (XiNN P]iN STP" {
4N P]OrO a N]SrPOr (bOPPOr" fac St Nacinh P]iN{
4. PoIiteness
4mX NSrrc 4mX QaPO# 4myO bOOn PS ... 4mX atrair 4myO QOtP Xc bSSk aP ]SXO.
RSTQr 4 QOayO POn XinTPON OarQiOr (aP PfOnPc PS ..."{
RSTQr 4 ]ayO anSP]Or VS\c{ |ayO cST hSP an OUPra N]OOP{
5]aQQ 4 PTrn P]O Qih]PN STP{
II. Beginning of Lesson
jOP XO inPrSrTVO XcNOQt( 4mQQ bO POaV]inh cST MnhQiN] P]iN cOar.
4PmN PiXO PS NParP nSf( / xO Van hOP rSfn PS (NSXO" fSrk.
4mQQ TNP Xark P]O rOhiNPOr. x]S iN XiNNinh (afac( nSP ]OrO PSrac" {
vrc nSP PS bO QaPO nOUP PiXO.
4mX faiPinh PS NParP.
III. End of Lesson
12d
v]OrOmN P]O bTOr (bOQQ". / xOmQQ ]ayO PS NPS\ ]OrO.
ih]P. zST Van \TP cSTr P]inhN afac anr hS.
|Sf arO fO rSinh tSr PiXO{
v]OrO arO NPiQQ P]rOO XinTPON PS hS.
xO NPiQQ ]ayO a VST\QO St XinTPON QOtP.
|anh Sn a XSXOnP/TNP ]SQr Sn a XinTPO.
pnO XSrO P]inh bOtSrO cST hS.
OyiNO f]aP cST rir PSrac anr P]On Prc OUOrViNO 0.
oS P]O rONP St P]O OUOrViNO aN cSTr ]SXOfSrk tSr PSXSrrSf.
v]OrO fiQQ bO a PONP Sn P]iN nOUP vTONrac (in P]O nOar tTPTrO".
IV. BIackboard Activity
RSXO STP PS P]O bSarr( \QOaNO (f]On P]O POaV]Or iN aP P]O trSnP St P]O VQaNN".
WS PS P]O bSarr (f]On P]O POaV]Or iN NPanrinh aP P]O baVk St P]O VQaNN".
wSyO STP St P]O fac (NPO\ aNirO" NS P]aP OyOrcSnO Van NOO.
4N P]OrO ancP]inh PS VSrrOVP (P]aP nOOrN VSrrOVPinh"{
x]aP QOPPOr iN XiNNinh{ v]OrOmN a km XiNNinh (km iN XiNNinh".
RrSNN P]O ?t?& anr rSP P]O im&"
xriPO iP fiP] a Va\iPaQ m (iP bOhinN fiP] a mm".
xriPO iP aN SnO fSrr (PfS fSrrN".
v]ONO PfS QOPPOrN arO P]O frSnh fac rSTnr.
^TP a VSXXa (gTONPiSn Xark( OUVQaXaPiSn Xark( VSQSn( NOXi'VSQSn( tTQQ NPS\" atPOr P]O fSrr
(NOnPOnVO"( \QOaNO.
MnVQSNO P]O fSrrN in gTSPaPiSn XarkN (inyOrPOr VSXXaN"( \QOaNO.
jOPmN aQQ rOar P]O NOnPOnVON trSX P]O bSarr.
}NO P]O rTNPOr (N\SnhO".
^TP (PakO( hOP( friPO( VS\c" P]aP rSfn in cSTr nSPObSSkN.
wakO nSPON Sn f]aP 4 Nac in cSTr OUOrViNO bSSkN.
xriPO iP in bQSVk (bih" QOPPOrN (in bQSVk Va\iPaQN".
xriPO (rOfriPO" iP nOaPQc.
oS P]O OUOrViNO in friPinh.
xiQQ cST( \QOaNO( hS PS cSTr NOaP. (oSnmP Nac m5iP rSfnm it a \T\iQ iN nSP NPanrinh aP ]iN NOaP."
|anr in cSTr \a\OrN aN cST QOayO (hS STP" anr XakO NTrO cSTr naXON arO Sn P]OX.
V. SIides, Pictures, FiIms
4mQQ tiniN] P]O VQaNN bc N]Sfinh cST a tiQX (NSXO NQirON".
^TP P]O NVrOOn T\ (\TQQ rSfn P]O NVrOOn".
oraf P]O VTrPainN (VQSNO P]O bQinrN".
jih]PN STP( \QOaNO. 5fiPV] Sn P]O \rSOVPSr.
x]S fSTQr QikO PS fSrk (S\OraPO" P]O \rSOVPSr PSrac {
vTrn P]O Qih]PN Sn ahain (\TP P]O Qih]PN baVk Sn".
7OUP \iVPTrO( \QOaNO/V]anhO P]O \iVPTrO.
4PmN a biP STP St tSVTN.
4mX atrair P]iN SnO iN T\NirO rSfn.
x]aP iN ]a\\Oninh in P]iN \iVPTrO{
x]aP Van cST NOO in P]O tSrOhrSTnr (baVkhrSTnr( VOnPrO( rih]P']anr VSrnOr( P]O PS\ QOtP']anr
VSrnOr( aP P]O bSPPSX" St P]O \iVPTrO{
4mQQ QOP P]iN \]SPShra\] hS rSTnr. |ayO a QSSk anr P]On \aNN iP Sn.
^aNN P]iN \iVPTrO rSTnr.
RSXO STP anr \SinP PS jSnrSn Sn P]O Xa\.
VI. Textbook Activity
128
RSQQOVP in P]O \a\OrN (N]OOPN( POUPN( fSrr QiNPN( ]anrSTPN( PONPN"( \QOaNO.
qOPV] P]O riVPiSnariON trSX P]O POaV]OrmN rSSX (NPatt'rSSX".
zST fiQQ ]ayO PS N]arO (cSTr bSSk" fiP] 7iVk.
vakO STP cSTr bSSkN anr S\On P]OX aP \ahO 2& (}niP 2".
zSTmQQ tinr P]O OUOrViNO Sn \ahO :d.
jOPmN XSyO Sn PS P]O nOUP \ahO.
OtOr baVk PS P]O hraXXar nSPON Sn \ahO 20.
AQQ bSSkN VQSNOr( \QOaNO (N]TP cSTr bSSkN".
v]O \iVPTrO aP P]O PS\ (bSPPSX" St P]O \ahO (aP P]O yOrc PS\".
(v]O" POnP] QinO trSX P]O PS\ (bSPPSX" (rSfn/T\".
(v]O" QaNP bTP SnO QinO (fSrr" in \arahra\] PfS.
4t P]OrO arO anc fSrrN cST rSnmP knSf( \QOaNO aNk.
Oar SnO NOnPOnVO OaV].
Ann( cST rOar P]O \arP St wrN. x]iPO P]iN PiXO.
7Sf QOPmN aVP STP P]iN riaQShTO.
vrc anr aVP QikO a POaV]Or (a rOnPiNP( OPV.".
v]O rONP St cST arO P]O aTriOnVO.
WiyO a NcnSncX tSr mrTN]Orm. (x]aP iN a NcnSncX tSr m]ThOm{"
vrc PS \TP iP in SP]Or fSrrN.
(v]aP faN aQXSNP rih]P" % TNP SnO QiPPQO NQi\. v]OrO faN a NXaQQ (NQih]P" XiNPakO (OrrSr" in
f]aP cST Nair.
VII. CIass ControI
RSTQr 4 ]ayO cSTr aPPOnPiSn( \QOaNO{
jSSk P]iN fac. / jSSk T\ tSr a XSXOnP.
6O gTiOPe MyOrcSnO QiNPOn.
oSnmP aQQ N]STP. / oSnmP PaQk aP SnVO.
WOP Sn fiP] cSTr fSrk gTiOPQc.
5PS\ tirhOPinh. / oSnmP kOO\ PTrninh rSTnr.
5iP T\ (NPraih]P".
xSrk in PfSN (\airN".
4 fanP cST PS tSrX hrST\N. v]rOO \T\iQN in OaV] hrST\.
4 fanP cST PS rS NSXO \Qac rOarinh in hrST\N.
xSrk Sn cSTr Sfn. / xSrk bc cSTrNOQyON.
jSSke 4myO TNP abSTP ]ar OnSTh] trSX cST.
oSnmP cST PaQk( cST PfS hirQN.
oSnmP NiP P]OrO rac'rrOaXinh( waria.
VIII. Right /Wrong
WSSr. ih]P. qinO. ih]P cST arO. TiPO rih]P.
v]aPmN P]O fac. v]aPmN rih]P. v]aPmN iP. v]aPmN VSrrOVP.
zON( cSTmyO hSP iP zSTmyO hSP P]O irOa.
x]aP cST Nair faN \OrtOVPQc aQQ rih]P.
zST rirnmP XakO a NinhQO XiNPakO.
v]aPmN OUaVPQc P]O \SinP.
v]aPmN TNP f]aP 4 faN QSSkinh tSr.
7S( P]aPmN frSnh. 7SP rOaQQc. }ntSrPTnaPOQc nSP.
zST VanmP TNO P]aP fSrr ]OrO.
zST XiNNOr P]O yOrb STP.
zST tSrhSP P]O \rO\SNiPiSn. winr P]O \rO\SNiPiSn.
zST TNOr P]O frSnh POnNO.
zST XiNTnrOrNPSSr P]O inNPrTVPiSnN.
1&0
pnVO ahain( bTP rOXOXbOr P]O fSrr SrrOr.
vrc nSP PS XiU P]ONO PfS fSrrN T\.
v]OcmrO N\OQP P]O NaXO( bTP \rSnSTnVOr rittOrOnPQc.
^Or]a\N cST ]ar bOPPOr Nac ...
4P faNnmP \rSnSTnVOr VSrrOVPQc. v]O fSrr iN aVVOnPOr Sn P]O NOVSnr NcQQabQO.
6O VarOtTQ fiP] P]O mN]m'NSTnr.
7SPiVO ]Sf Xc PSnhTO PSTV]ON Xc POOP]. 5OO ]Sf Xc XSTP] ]arrQc XSyON.
Ahain \QOaNO( bTP faPV] cSTr \rSnTnViaPiSn.
jiNPOn PS P]O fac Xc ySiVO hSON T\.
zST XTNP QOP cSTr ySiVO taQQ aP P]O Onr St P]O NOnPOnVO.
jOPmN NOO it cSTmyO N\OQP iP rih]P / VSrrOVPQc.
zST nOOr an OUPra QOPPOr ]OrO.
Tb STP P]O frSnh fSrr. xi\O STP / Stt P]O QaNP QOPPOr.
AQfacN V]OVk P]O \TnVPTaPiSn.
oSnmP PranNQaPO fSrr tSr fSrr.
v]ink abSTP P]O XOaninh St P]O f]SQO NOnPOnVO.
zST tinr iP rittiVTQP PS rOar aQSTr.
zSTmQQ ]ayO PS N\Onr XSrO PiXO \raVPiNinh P]iN.
5\Oak XSrO VQOarQc. 7SP NS gTiVkQc( 4 VanmP tSQQSf.
v]OrO faN a XiNPakO in P]aP NOnPOnVO. WS baVk anr NOO it cST Van tinr/N\SP iP.
oSnmP f]iN\Or P]O anNfOr. oSnmP ]OQ\ ]iX. oSnmP kOO\ \rSX\Pinh.
4mX NTrO N]O Van XanahO Sn ]Or Sfn.
IX. Assessment
@Orc hSSr. xOQQ rSnO. v]aPmN niVO. zST XarO a yOrc hSSr Sb St P]aP.
v]aPmN XTV] (a QSP" bOPPOr. zSTmyO iX\rSyOr a QiPPQO.
zST VanmP Nac P]aP( 4mX atrair.
zST NPiQQ ]ayO NSXO PrSTbQO fiP] cSTr N\OQQinh (NSTnrN( OPV.".
zST nOOr NSXO XSrO \raVPiVO fiP] ...
4 faNnmP yOrc NaPiNtiOr fiP] P]aP. zST Van rS bOPPOr P]an P]aP.
v]aP faN raP]Or riNa\\SinPinh.
vrc ]arrOr. A biP XSrO OttSrP. 4 ]S\O cST rS bOPPOr nOUP PiXO.
;he fo99owing 5o++ent& are often u&ed on written wor':
MUVOQQOnP fSrk. @Orc fOQQ rSnO. WSSr NPTtt. kOO\ iP T\. ArOgTaPO.
wTV] bOPPOr. 5]SfN NSXO iX\rSyOXOnP. WrOaP iX\rSyOXOnP.
5aPiNtaVPSrc. RSTQr rS bOPPOr. vSS Xanc VarOQONN NQi\N. RarOQONN.
7OOrN PS N]Sf XSrO OttSrP. 7SP T\ PS cSTr TNTaQ NPanrarr.
oiNa\\SinPinh. 5OO XO abSTP P]iN.
X. Conversation
;he&e 4hra&e& he94 to 'ee4 the 5onver&ation +oving:
x]c{ (4n f]aP fac{ x]c rS cST P]ink NS{"
oSnmP cST P]ink( P]STh]( P]aP ...
4mX nSP NTrO f]aP cST XOan.
|ayO cST hSP ancP]inh PS arr (PS f]aP 7iVk Nair"{
oSON ancbSrc N]arO 7iVkmN S\iniSn (yiOfN"{
RSTQr NSXOSnO NTX T\ f]aP ]aN bOOn Nair{
jOPmN TNP rTn P]rSTh] P]O arhTXOnPN tSr anr ahainNP.
B. CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES
1&1
1. HandIing a DiaIogue
4 Nac... |SnONPQc... 4t cST aNk XO ... zST knSf f]aP 4
P]ink ...
v]O \SinP iN ... oSnmP cST ahrOO P]aP...{ vOQQ cST f]aP...
|ayO cST ]Oarr abSTP...{ oS cST ]a\\On PS knSf P]aP...{
|ayO cST hSP anc irOa ...{ 5SXOSnO ]aN PSQr XO P]aP...
4 ]Oar P]aP... v]aPmN f]aP 4 ]Oarr. 4mX atrair 4 rSnmP knSf XTV]
abSTP...
7SP P]aP 4 knSf St ... 4 fSnrOr it cST rOXOXbOr ... |ayO 4 hSP iP rih]P{
AX 4 rih]P PS bOQiOyO ...{ 6TP f]c N]STQr (N]STQrnmP" 4{ xOQQ 4 rSnmP (rirnmP" P]ink ...
6TP ]Sf VSTQr 4{ 4t 4 fOrO cST ... 4 fiN] 4 VSTQr bTP ... 4 rOaQQc VSTQrnmP iXahinO ...
x]aP a NiQQc fac PS PaQke 4 fiN] cST fSTQr ... 4mX rOaQQc NSrrc bTP...
4 rOaQQc tOOQ bar abSTP iP. x]aP rS cST P]ink 4 N]STQr ]ayO rSnO{
2. Reacting to News
p]( rOaQQce 7OyOr P]STh]P abSTP iP. zST rSnmP Nac NSe nTNP (SnQc" tanVce
4nrOOr{ x]ce 4N P]aP NS{ oOar XOe x]Smr ]ayO P]STh]P St iPe oSON iP NPrikO cST
aN TnTNTaQ{
4mX NTr\riNOr. 4mX N]SVkOr. 4PmN aXainhe 4PmN inVrOribQOe jSSkN QikO P]aP.
4 ]ayO nS irOa. WSSrnONN knSfN.
3. Discussion. Opinions
4 fSTQr QikO PS bOhin P]O riNVTNNiSn Sn P]O NTbOVP bc ... qrSX P]O \SinP St yiOf St ...
ArriPiSnaQQc ... 4P ]aN bOOn \SinPOr STP P]aP... 4mr TNP QikO PS Nac ...
4 P]ink( (NT\\SNO( hTONN( bOQiOyO( rarO Nac" ... ^OrNSnaQQc 4 bOQiOyO (4 tOOQ" ...
4n Xc S\iniSn (yiOf" ... AN 4 NOO iP ... v]O fac 4 NOO iP ...
xOQQ( Xc S\iniSn iN P]aP... wc yiOf iN P]aP... v]iN iN Xc fac St
QSSkinh aP iP.
4 rSnmP P]ink iP fSTQr ... v]OrOmN SnO XSrO P]inh PS bO nSPOr.
wSrOSyOr ...
x]aPmN XSrO ... 4 Xih]P aN fOQQ arr P]aP... 4n arriPiSn ... pn PS\ St P]aP ...
5SXOP]inh OQNO 4mr QikO PS Nac iN ... vaQkinh St... zST Xac bO rih]P( bTP aQQ P]O NaXO ...
4t cST aNk XO ... 4 fSTQrnmP Nac P]aP... zON( bTP Sn P]O SP]Or ]anr ...
v]OrOmN nSP]inh QikO ... 4 rSnmP gTiPO NOO f]aP \OS\QO tinr in ...
4 rSnmP knSf ancP]inh XSrO OUViPinh P]an ... AbNSQTPOQc XaryOQQSTN. 4 QikO iP iXXOnNOQc.
AQQ P]inhN VSnNirOrOr 4 XTNP Nac P]aP... 4mr raP]Or nSP Nac ancP]inh abSTP iP.
WOnOraQQc N\Oakinh ... 4P rO\OnrN.
4. Agreeing. Disagreeing
nTNP NS. TiPO NS. 4 gTiPO ahrOO ]OrO. 7aPTraQQc. ROrPainQc. 5TrO.
MUaVPQc. oOtiniPOQc. TiPO. wSNP QikOQc. AbNSQTPOQc. vrTO OnSTh]. 4 VSTQrnmP
ahrOO XSrO.
4 N]STQr P]ink NS. 6OcSnr aQQ rSTbP. 4 fSnmP rOnc iP. jSSkN QikO P]aP. |a\\c PS
]Oar iP.
4mX nSP NTrO 4 gTiPO ahrOO. x]c rS cST P]ink P]aP...{ 4mX atrair 4 rSnmP ahrOO.
4 P]ink cSTmrO XiNPakOn (P]OrO". 4 rSnmP P]ink cST arO rih]P. 4 VanmP ahrOO fiP] cST P]OrO.
4 NOO f]aP cST XOan( bTP... 4mX nSP NS NTrO. 4 NOO nSP]inh OUViPinh
in ...
4 rSTbP iP. 4 (cST" N]STQrnmP Nac NS. v]OrOmN NSXOP]inh in f]aP cST Nac( bTP
4 riNahrOO fiP] cST. zSTmrO frSnh. zSTmrO XiNPakOn. 7SP XOe
|Sf Van cST Nac NTV] a P]inhe pn P]O VSnPrarce zST VanmP bO NOriSTN.
4 SbOVP PS iP. 5TrOQc nSP. 7SP]inh St P]O kinr (NSrP".
1&2
nTNP P]O SP]Or fac rSTnr. ROrPainQc nSP. 4X\SNNibQO.
4PmN Tntair. 4PmN TnTNP.
5. Giving Advice
wih]P iP bO an irOa PS ...{ |ayO cST OyOr P]STh]P St zST VSTQr aQfacN ... 4t 4 fOrO cST( 4mr ...
x]c rSnmP cST ...{ zSTmr bOPPOr ...
EXERCISES IN INTONATION
SECTION ONE. Review of FundamentaI Intonation Patterns and Their Use
^AvvM7 1: (jpx ^M'|MAo " jpx qAjj
([G."
wSrOQN: (zON.
4mX a (rSVPSr.
^AvvM7 G: (jpx ^M'|MAo " oM5RM7o47W
|MAo jpx qAjj ( vA4j"
wSrOQ: 4P iNnmP mgTiPO mf]aP 4
(fanP.
^AvvM7 444: (jpx ^M'|MAo " jpx 45M (vA4j"
wSrOQN: "zON. "4N iP{ WS
"Sn.
^AvvM7 4@: (jpx ^M'|MAo " oM5RM7o47W
|MAo jpx 45M ( vA4j"
wSrOQ: |ayOnmP mfO mXOP mNSXOf]OrO
"bOtSrO{
^AvvM7 @: (jpx ^M'|MAom" (|4W| |MAo " w4o'jM@Mj
wSrOQ: 5SXOPiXON 4

]aPO iP.
^AvvM7 @4: (jpx ^M'|MAo " qAjj'45M (vA4j
^AvvM7 @44: (jpx ^M'|MAo" qAjj47W |MAo qAjj'45M ([G."
^AvvM7 @444: (jpx ^M'|MAo" jpx |MAo jpx 45M (vA4j"
1&:
EXERCISES
The exercises below are meant to revise the intonation patterns you already know.
I. Read the foIIowing conversationaI situations. Define the communicative type of the repIies.
Say what attitudes are conveyed in them. Give your own repIies to the same
conversationaI contexts;
x]aP iN cSTr taySTriPO NTbOVP{ MnhQiN].
|O iN aP P]O inNPiPTPO. x]OrO( rS cST P]ink{
4mQQ rS iP XcNOQt. oSnmP.
|OrOmN a nSPO tSr cST. v]ankN.
x]aP rS cST P]ink St P]O \iVPTrO{ 4PmN a PrTO XaNPOr\iOVO.
wac 4 ]ayO cSTr bSSk{ x]aP rS cST fanP iP tSr{
4 N]anmP N\Oak PS ]iX anc XSrO. oSnmP bO NiQQc.
RSXO anr QSSk STP ]OrO. x]aP a fSnrOrtTQ yiOfe
|ayO cST NOOn ]iX{ 4 ]ayO.
qX PfOnPc'PfS. |Sf SQr arO cST{
(;ea5her to 59a&&A WS Sn.
5S cST P]ink ]OmN nSP VSXinh. MUaVPQc.
4mX faiPinh tSr warc. x]On iN N]O VSXinh{
xO arO ]ayinh a \arPc PSnih]P. oSnmP NPac PSS QSnh P]OrO.
5OO cST PSXSrrSf. WSSr'bcO tSr P]O \rONOnP.
|OmN VSXinh Sn 5aPTrrac. pn wSnrac( 4 P]ink.
wac 4 QOayO cST tSr a XSXOnP{ 6O gTiVk( P]On.
4mQQ QOayO Sn qrirac. 7S( Sn 5aPTrrac. xOQQ( XakO T\ cSTr Xinr.
x]aPmN P]aP rrONN XarO St{ 4PmN \TrO fSSQ.
x]iV] bTN N]aQQ fO PakO{ x]iV] SnO rS cST \rOtOr{
4 VanmP rS iP NS gTiVkQc. vOQQ XO ]Sf 4 Van ]OQ\ cST.
zSTmyO rSnO a QSP tSr ]iX. 7SP in P]O QOaNP.
4mX NS NSrrc tSr ]Or. 5]O zSTmyO nS rOaNSn PS fSrrc.
NOOXN PS bO POrribQc iQQ. 5]OmQQ bO fOQQ yOrc NSSn.
4 rSnmP P]ink XTV] St P]iN bSSk. 4mX nSP Pakinh iP. x]iV] rS cST \rOtOr( P]On{
v]ankN aftTQQc. oSnmP XOnPiSn iP.
4mX atrair 4 VanmP ]OQ\ cST. @Orc fOQQ.
2. Read the foIIowing diaIogues. Express the suggested attitudes:
% x]aP PrSTbQON cST{ Q&y+4atheti5a99y intere&tedA
% 4mX gTiPO TnfOQQ. 4 tOOQ hirrc anr 4 Van ]arrQc NPanr Sn X QOhN. (&eriou&A
% Anc \ain{ (&y+4atheti5a99y intere&tedA
% zON( 4myO a NSrO P]rSaP. (5onveying 4er&ona9 5on5ernA
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
% 5]aQQ 4 ]ayO PS NPac in bOr QSnh{ (genuine9y intere&tedA
% 7S( nSP XSrO P]an a fOOk( 4 ]S\O. (TnVOrPain"
% Anr N]aQQ 4 PakO anc XOriVinO{ (genuine9y intere&tedA
% zON( VOrPainQc. |OrO iN a \rONVri\PiSn tSr cST. (weighty, 5att gori5A
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
% x]aP iN cSTr POX\OraPTrO{ (&y+4atheti5a99y intere&tedA
% 4PmN P]irPc'Oih]P \SinP NOyOn.
% ^QOaNO NPri\ PS P]O faiNP. 4 N]aQQ OUaXinO cST. |Sf QSnh ]ayO cST tOQP P]iN fac{
(&y+4atheti5a99y intere&tedA
% 5OyOraQ racN aQrOarc. 4myO bOOn Pakinh \iQQN( bTP 4 rSnmP tOOQ anc bOPPOr.
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
A.: |OQQS( ^OPO( f]aPmN ]a\\OnOr PS cST{ x]c i& cSTr arX in a NQinh{ (&y+4atheti5a99y
intere&tedA
^.: 4 ]ar a bar taQQ anr brSkO Xc arX.
A.: |Sf aftTQe |ayO cST anc \ain nSf{ (inPOrONPOr"
1&9
^.: 4P NPiQQ ]TrPN( bTP nSP NS XTV] aN bOtSrO. (re&erving 1udge+entA
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
o.: x]aPmN PrSTbQinh cST{ (inPOrONPOr"
A.: pnO St Xc trSnP POOP] iN fSrkinh QSSNO.
o.: zST ]ayO PS ]ayO P]iN SnO STP. 4PmN a \iPc cST rirnmP ]ayO iP QSSkOr aP bOtSrO. (gru+29ingA
A: 4 fiN] 4 ]ar. (5onveying 4er&ona9 5on5ernA
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
% 4 ]ayO an abNVONN Sn Xc tinhOr( iP ]TrPN XO aftTQQc. (&eriou&A
% oir cST rTn a N\QinPOr inPS cSTr tinhOr{ (intere&tedA
% 7S( 4 ]a\\OnOr PS \iVk iP fiP] a firO.
% x]aP rir cST rS tSr iP{ (&ear5hingA
% 4 rir nSP]inh( 4 P]STh]P iP fSTQr ]OaQ bc iPNOQt.
% v]aP faN nSP yOrc VQOyOr St cST. (re4ri+andA
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
% zSTr ySiVO iN ]SarNO anr cSTr taVO iN tQTN]Or. zST XTNP ]ayO a VSQr. 4mX NTrO. x]OrO rir
cST XanahO PS hOP iP{ (&y+4athyA
o 4 rSnmP knSf XcNOQt. 4 XTNP ]ayO VaTh]P VSQr QaNP nih]P( f]On 4 PSSk Xc VSaP Stt.
% |Sf P]STh]PQONN St cST( P]O OyOninh faN VSQr anr finrc. (re4roa5hfu9A 7Sf cSTmQQ ]ayO
PS NPac in.
3. a) Listen to the diaIogue. Mark the stresses and tunes. Find sense-groups and sentences
pronounced with intonation Patterns I, II; III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII. Say what kind of
sentences they are used in. Define the attitudes expressed in them:
% jOPmN ]ayO POa in P]O harrOn( N]aQQ fO{
% v]aPmN a hSSr irOa. 5]aQQ 4 PakO P]O PabQO STP{
% zON( \QOaNO. Anr P]O V]airN PSS.
% ih]P. x]OrO N]aQQ 4 \TP P]OX{
% p]( ancf]OrO. 4mQQ brinh P]O POa.
% WSSr. xOmQQ ]ayO P]O PabQO ]OrO anr P]O V]airN ]OrO.
% x]c ]ayO cST \TP P]O PabQO P]OrO{
% xOQQ( cST Nair ancf]OrO.
% zON( bTP cST XTNP bO NOnNibQO. 4PmQQ bO PSS ]SP P]OrO.
% x]OrO N]aQQ 4 \TP iP P]On{
% 6rinh iP TnrOr P]O PrOO ]OrO. v]aPmN bOPPOr.
% 7Sf \Or]a\N fO Van ]ayO NSXO POa.
% p]( rOar. 4mX NSrrc 4myO tSrhSPPOn P]O NThar. xSTQr cST Xinr hOPPinh iP tSr XO{
% 7SP aP aQQ.
% 7Sf f]OrO rir 4 \TP P]O XiQk{ A]( ]OrO iP iN.
% |OrOmN P]O NThar.
% v]ank cST. v]aPmN cSTr VT\.
% v]ank cST. v]iN iN yOrc \QOaNanP.
% 4P iN( iNnmP iP{ 6TP 4mX a biP VSQr ]OrO. oS cST P]ink cST VSTQr XSyO P]O PabQO ahain{ 4mX
NSrrc PS bO a nTiNanVO.
% AQQ rih]P. 4mQQ \TP iP baVk f]OrO iP faN. 4N P]aP bOPPOr{
% wTV]. x]OrO arO cST hSinh{
% 4mX hSinh inrSSrN. qSr a biP St \OaVO anr gTiOP.
b) Record your reading of the diaIogue. PIay the recording back for the teacher and your
feIIow-students to detect the possibIe errors. Practise the diaIogue for test reading.
Memorize and dramatize it.
c) Make up conversationaI situations, using the foIIowing phrases:
jOPmN .... N]aQQ fO{ 4PmQQ bO PSS ... .
v]aPmN a hSSr irOa. v]aPmN bOPPOr.
zON( \QOaNO. 7Sf( \Or]a\N( ... .
ih]P. p]( rOar( 4mX NS NSrrc.
p]( ... . 7SP aP aQQ.
1&0
xOQQ( cST Nair ... . oS cST P]ink cST VSTQr ... {
d) Use the same phrases in a conversation.
4. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear and reproduce intonation in different
speech situations.
a) listen to the story "Helen's eyes were not very good..."
82
carefully, sentence by sentence.
Mark the stresses and tunes. (The teacher will help you to correct your variant.) Practise reading
your corrected variant
b) Listen carefully to the narration of the story. Observe the peculiarities in intonation-group
division, pitch, stress and tempo. Note the use of temporizers. Reproduce the model narration of
the story.
5. This exercise is meant to test your abiIity to read and reproduce a story with correct
intonation.
Read the jokes silently to make sure you understand each sentence. Find the sentence
expressing the essence of the joke. Split up each sentence into intonation-groups if necessary.
Mark the stresses and tunes. Underline the communicative centre and the nuclear word of each
intonation-group. It is not expected that each student will intone the text in the same way. The
teacher will help you to correct your variant
Practise reading the joke several times.
Reproduce the model narration of the joke:
zSTnh ^OPOr VaXO in SnO rac bTrNPinh fiP] OUViPOXOnP. xaQkinh rSfn P]O Xain NPrOOP ]O
]ar NTrrOnQc riNVSyOrOr ]O faN NirO'bc'NirO fiP] XSyiO aVPSr RQark WabQO.
% oir cST PaQk PS ]iX{ fO aNkOr.
% xOQQ( iP faN QikO P]iN( ]O Nair NQSfQc. 4 knOf f]S ]O faN anr ]O knOf f]S ]O faN % anr
iP TNP rirnmP XakO NOnNO TN riNVTNNinh iP.
GGGGGGGGGGGGG
5SXO \OS\QO fOrO haP]OrOr Sn P]O yOranra] atPOr rinnOr.
A cSTnh Qarc aNkOr: sRan cST naXO tiyO racN St P]O fOOk fiP]STP XOnPiSninh wSnrac(
vTONrac( xOrnONrac( v]TrNrac( qrirac( 5aPTrrac Sr 5Tnrac{s 7SbSrc VSTQr hTONN. AP QaNP P]O
cSTnh Qarc Nair: s4P iN yOrc OaNc. |OrO arO P]O tiyO racN: PSrac( cONPOrrac( P]O rac bOtSrO
cONPOrrac( PSXSrrSf( anr P]O rac atPOr PSXSrrSfs.
SECTION TWO. Intonation Pattern IX. <igh fall
(LOW PRE-HEAD + ) HIGH FALL (+ TAIL)
wSrOQ: x]c rirnmP cST bTc P]O \iVPTrO{
% wTV] PSS OU(\OnNiyO.
5PrONN'anr'PSnO XarkN in P]O POUP: |ih] qaQQ.
v]O |ih] qaQQ in P]O nTVQOTN NParPN yOrc ]ih] anr TNTaQQc rOaV]ON P]O QSfONP \iPV]. v]O
NcQQabQON St P]O PaiQ arO \rSnSTnVOr Sn P]O QSf QOyOQ.
v]O |ih] qaQQ \rSyirON a hrOaPOr rOhrOO St \rSXinOnVO tSr P]O fSrr( Xakinh iP XSrO
OX\]aPiV. v]O rOhrOO St \rSXinOnVO rO\OnrN Sn P]O ]Oih]P St P]O taQQ.
v]iN inPSnaPiSn \aPPOrn iN TNOr:
1 . 4 n N P a P O X O n P N ( VSnyOcinh \OrNSnaQ VSnVOrn Sr inySQyOXOnP( NSTnrinh
QiyOQc( inPOrONPOr( airc# yOrc VSXXSn in VSnyOrNaPiSn.
."g" oS cST knSf P]O Xan{ % 7S. (4 rSnmP." zON. (4 rS." x]OrOmN Xc VS\c{ % ^OPOr
(PSSk iP (tSr cST.
2 . 4 n g T O N P i S n N :
a " 4 n N \ O V i a Q gTONPiSnN( NSTnrinh QiyOQc( inPOrONPOr( ."g" 4 N]aQQ bO QaPO( 4mX
d2
v]O PONPN St P]O NPSriON anr riaQShTON rOVSrrOr Sn P]O Pa\O NOO Sn \. 922.
1&2
atrair. % |Sf (QaPO{
b " 4 n h O n O r a Q gTONPiSnN( VSnyOcinh XiQrQc NTr\riNOr aVVO\PanVO St P]O QiNPOnOrmN
\rOXiNON. ."g" 4 QikO iP ]OrO. oS cST{ (4 P]STh]P cSTmr ]aPO iP."
: . 4 n i X \ O r a P i y O N ( NSTnrinh farX.
."g" x]aPmN P]O XaPPOr{ % jSSk. (4PmN raininh."
9 . 4 n O U V Q a X a P i S n N ( yOrc OXSPiSnaQ. ."g" 4PmN Oih]P SmVQSVk. % |OayOnNe
(4mX QaPO."
EXERCISES
1. Iisten carefuIIy to the foIIowing conversationaI situations. Concentrate your attention on the
intonation of the repIies:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
Statements
(conveying personal concern or involvement,
sounding interested, lively, airy)
7Sf f]aP ]ayO cST rSnO PS warc{ 7SP]inh.
x]SmN bOOn OaPinh Xc hra\ON{ 7S SnO. 7S SnO ]aN. 7S SnOmN bOOn OaPinh cSTr
frOPV]Or hra\ON.
x]iV] fiQQ cST PakO( |Onrc{ v]iN SnO. v]aP SnO.
|Sf Xanc St ]iN bSSkN ]ayO cST rOar{ AQQ St P]OX. 7SnO St P]OX.
x]On rir cST NOO ]iX{ pn v]TrNrac. (4 P]STh]P cST knOf."
xSTQr cST QikO PS Sin TN{ 4mr QSyO PS.
RSXO Sn. jOPmN hOP hSinh. xO VanmP. 4PmN raininh.
4P faN aQQ cSTr taTQP. 6TP iP faNnmP. Anr 4 Van \rSyO iP.
Specia !"esti#ns (lively, interested)
4 N]aQQ ]ayO PS hiyO iP PS ]iX. x]c{
4mX hSinh PS 5fiPOrQanr. x]On{
zSTmQQ nOyOr hTONN f]SmN ]OrO. x]S{
zST Van fin OaNiQc. |Sf{ |Sf NS{
|OmN VSXinh PS NPac fiP] TN. x]On( Xac 4 aNk{
4 XTNPnmP PakO P]OX. x]c XTNPnmP cST PakO P]OX{
5Srrc PS bO NS QaPO. x]aPmN ]a\\OnOr{
4 STh]P PS friPO PS ]iX. x]c bSP]Or{
(|TQQS( oOnniN." |Sf arO cST{
4 Nair nS NTV] P]inh. x]aP rir cST Nac( P]On{
vSracmN STP St P]O gTONPiSn( PSS. x]On Van cST VSXO( Xac 4 aNk{
Genera !"esti#ns (conveying mildly
surprised acceptance of the listener's
premises)
4 QikO iP ]OrO. oS cST{
5]O iN P]irPc'tiyO. 4N N]O{
v]Oc fSnmP ]OQ\ TN. xSnmP P]Oc{
4 VanmP bOar VaPN. RanmP cST{
4 XTNP bO ]SXO bc NiU. wTNP cST{
4 STh]P PS hS PS P]O QOVPTrO. 6TP fiQQ cST hS( rS cST P]ink{
$mperati%es (expressing warmth)
oS cST P]ink P]iN ]aP fiQQ tiP XO{ vrc iP.
|OmQQ bO POrribQc anhrc. jOP ]iX.
A QOPPOr fSnmP rOaV] Ann in PiXO. ^]SnO ]Or( P]On.
|O rSONnmP fanP PS \Qac. v]On XakO ]iX.
4mX aftTQQc NSrrc. qSrhOP iP.
|O VanmP attSrr PS \ac. xOQQ( hiyO iP PS ]iX( P]On.
&'camati#ns (very emotional)
1&&
|OmN SyOr NOyOnPc. xOQQe
AQiVO iN VSXinh aN fOQQ. OaQQce 5\QOnrire
xiQQ cST ]ayO a rrink{ v]ank cSTe
(v]aP cST wr. ArV]ar{" WSSr XSrninhe WSSr XSrninh PS cST.
4mQQ hiyO iP PS cST. |Sf QSyOQce
4mX XSNP hraPOtTQ PS cST. oSnmP XOnPiSn iP( Xc rOar V]a\.
5]O NacN cSTmrO PS bQaXO. x]aP nSnNOnNOe
4NnmP iP a QSyOQc yiOfe MnV]anPinhe
2. Listen to the repIies and repeat them in the intervaIs. Start the faII high enough.
3. Listen to the VerbaI Context and repIy to it in the intervaIs.
4. In order to fix Intonation Pattern IX in your mind, ear and speech habits, pronounce each
repIy severaI times untiI it sounds perfectIy naturaI to you.
5. Listen to a feIIow-student reading the repIies and point out his (her) errors in pronunciation.
6. Listen to the VerbaI Contest said by a feIIow-student. Make your repIies sound IoveIy, warm,
airy. Use the proper intonation patterns. Continue the exercise untiI everyone has
participated:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
4NnmP iP PSS tar afac trSX ]OrO{ AftTQQc tar.
x]OrO iN Xc bSSk{ warc PSSk iP tSr cST.
|ayO cST bOOn P]OrO bOtSrO{ pt VSTrNO( 4 ]ayO.
wac 4 QOayO cST tSr a XSXOnP{ x]c( cON.
zST STh]P PS QOP ]iX knSf. 4 ]ayO.
x]aP iN N]O rSinh ]OrO{ 5]OmN faiPinh tSr NSXObSrc.
4mr QSyO PS NPac T\ tSr P]O \Qac. zST VanmP. 4PmN PSS QaPO.
5]OmN PfOnPc. Mih]POOn( 4 P]ink( N]O Nair.
4PmQQ PakO XTV] PiXO. |Sf XTV]{
WiyO P]OX SnO St P]ONO bSSkN. x]iV] SnO( rS cST P]ink{
4 XTNP hS P]OrO. 6TP f]On{
4mQQ tinr ]iX. 6TP ]Sf Van cST tinr ]iX{
zST VanmP hS P]OrO. 6TP f]c nSP{
5]O fSTQrnmP QiNPOn PS XO. xSTQrnmP N]O{
MyOrcbSrc ahrOON fiP] cST. p]( rS P]Oc{
7SbSrc Van rS iP Ran 4 ]ayO a Prc{
jSVk P]O rSSr. xaiP a XinTPO.
4mQQ \]SnO ]Or. oSnmP.
wac 4 ]OQ\ cST{ zON( rS.
x]aP ]aN N]O rSnO{ jSSk.
v]ank cST yOrc XTV]. v]ank cST.
xSTQr cST QikO PS NPac T\ tSr P]O POQOyiNiSn{ 4nrOOr 4 fSTQr.
4myO bOOn ]OQ\inh vSX( wTXXc. v]aPmN a hSSr hirQ.
|Sf arO cST hOPPinh Sn{ xSnrOrtTQQc.
|OQQS( warce p]( P]OrO cST arO( vSX.
oS cST \Qac V]ONN{ 5TrOQc( 4 rSe
7. Give your own repIies to the VerbaI Context above. Use Intonation Pattern IX in them.
8. Use Intonation Pattern I in the DriIIs. Observe the difference in attitudes.
9. This exercise is meant to revise the intonation patterns you aIready know. Work in pairs.
The teacher or one of the students will suggest a Verbal Context You in turn reply to it using:
a) statements, sounding lively, interested, airy; conveying personal concern or involvement;
b) special questions, sounding lively, interested;
1&d
c) general questions, conveying mildly surprised acceptance of the listener's premises;
d) imperatives, sounding warm;
e) exclamations, very emotional.
10. Practise the foIIowing diaIogues. Use the High FaII in them. Observe the attitudes you
convey:
% p]( rOare p]e
% 4mX NS NSrrce 4 rS ]S\O 4 ]ayOnmP ]TrP cSTe
% p]( nS. 4 faN TNP a QiPPQO NParPQOr( P]aPmN aQQ. 4PmN gTiPO aQQ rih]P.
''''''''''''''''''''
% oS cST QikO P]iN tQaP{
% p]( cON( 1 rS( rOtiniPOQc.
% 4mX atrair 4 VSTQrnmP \SNNibQc rS P]aP.
% x]c nSP{
''''''''''''''''''''
% zSTmQQ ]ayO PS VQOan P]O finrSf.
% 7SP XOe
% x]c nSP{
% 4 rir iP QaNP PiXO.
% x]SNO PTrn iN iP P]On{
% |OQOnmN( 4 P]ink.
11. Listen to the VerbaI Context suggested by the teacher. RepIy by using one of the driII
sentences beIow. Pronounce it with Intonation Pattern IX. Say what attitude you mean
to render;
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
4mQQ rinh cST T\ Sn 5Tnrac( ih]Pe WSSre qinOe ROrPainQce 7aPTraQQce 5TrOQce p]( ]Se
v]aP fSnmP rSe
4P aQQ rO\OnrN Sn P]O fOaP]Or. ih]P cST arOe MUaVPQc NSe 7aPTraQQce }nrSTbPOrQce 5TrO
OnSTh]e 6c nS XOanNe zST arO frSnhe qar trSX iPe
ROrPainQc nSPe
4 N]aQQ PakO cST PS P]O p\Ora |STNO. qinOe WSSre ROrPainPc nSP P]iN fOOke AhrOOre 5OPPQOre
p]( nSe
xiQQ cST bO rOarc bc NiU{ ROrPainQce oOVirOrQce 4 P]ink NSe }nrSTbPOrQce 5TrOQc
nSPe
4 bOQiOyO ]OmN tiniN]Or biN Sb. |arrQc OyOre 4 P]ink NSe 5TrO OnSTh]e
12. Make up a diaIogue of your own, using some of the phrases from Ex. 10.
13. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear and reproduce intonation in
conversation.
a) Listen to the dialogue "A Visit to the Doctor" carefully, sentence by sentence. Write it
down. Mark the stresses and tunes. Your teacher will help you to correct your variant. Practise
reading each sentence of your corrected variant after the cassette-recorder.
b) Record your reading of the dialogue. Play the recording back immediately for the teacher
and your fellow-students to detect your errors. Practise the dialogue for test reading.
c) Make up conversational situations with the following phrases:
xOQQ( f]aPmN P]O XaPPOr fiP] ...{
zSTmr bOPPOr aNk XO f]aP iN nSP P]O XaPPOr fiP] XO( ...
vS XakO P]inhN NPiQQ fSrNO ...
4n taVP...
d) Make up a talk about illnesses and their treatment, using phrases from the dialogue above.
Work in pairs.
e) Imagine you are consulting a doctor - tell him what troubles you. Imagine you are a
doctor. You diagnose the case as quinsy. Tell your
patient what he should do to get well.
1&8
14. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear and reproduce intonation in reading.
a) Listen to the text carefully, sentence by sentence. Write down the text. Mark the stresses
and tunes. The teacher will help you to correct your variant Practise reading each sentence of
your corrected variant after the cassette-recorder.
b) Record your reading. Play the recording back immediately for the teacher and your fellow-
students to detect your errors.
Practise the text for test reading.
15. Mark stresses and tunes in the foIIowing text, Iisten to the modeI. Mark the stresses and
tunes. Compare your intonation with that of the modeI. Practise the text according to
the modeI:
Doctor, Dentist and Chemist
4t cST ]ayO PSSP]aV]O( cST N]STQr hS PS cSTr rOnPiNP. |OmQQ OUaXinO cSTr POOP]( anr it P]O
aV]inh PSSP] iN nSP PSS tar hSnO( ]OmQQ NPS\ iP. 4t iP iN PSS bar( ]OmQQ PakO iP STP.
4t cST rSnmP tOOQ fOQQ( cST N]STQr VSnNTQP a rSVPSr. 4t cST tOOQ PSS iQQ PS hS PS P]O rSVPSrmN(
cSTmQQ ]ayO PS NOnr tSr ]iX. |OmQQ aNk cST PS rONVribO PS ]iX P]O NcX\PSXN St cSTr iQQnONN.
v]On ]OmQQ tOOQ cSTr \TQNO( QSSk aP cSTr PSnhTO anr OUaXinO cST P]SrSTh]Qc. qinaQQc ]OmQQ
\rONVribO P]O PrOaPXOnP anr friPO STP a \rONVri\PiSn.
oSVPSrNm \rONVri\PiSnN arO XarO T\ bc a V]OXiNP. AP V]OXiNPNm N]S\N in P]O }5A cST Van aQNS
hOP \aPOnP XOriVinON St aQQ kinrN( QSPiSnN( PSniVN( VSTh]'XiUPTrON( babc'tSSrN( aN\irin( \iQQN(
SinPXOnP( banrahON( ar]ONiyO \QaNPOr anr NS Sn. zST Van bTc raSrN anr raSr'bQarON( yaVTTX'
tQaNkN( ]SP faPOr bSPPQON( N\SnhON( PSSP]'brTN]ON anr PSSP]'\aNPON( \SfrOr'\TttN( Qi\NPiVkN(
N]ayinh'NSa\ anr N]ayinh'brTN]ON anr a ]TnrrOr anr SnO SP]Or P]inhN.
4t cST arO inPOrONPOr in \]SPShra\]c( cST Van aQNS hOP VaXOraN anr tiQXN aP XSNP V]OXiNPNm.
v]OcmQQ rOyOQS\ anr \rinP cSTr tiQXN tSr cST( PSS. 5SXO V]OXiNPN arO aQNS gTaQitiOr S\PiVianN(
anr it cSTr OcONih]PmN taTQPc P]OcmQQ PONP cSTr OcON anr \rONVribO hQaNNON tSr cST.
16. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear intonation and reproduce it in
different speech situations.
a" jiNPOn PS P]O SkO spnO rac wrN. nSnON fOnP N]S\\inh...s( NOnPOnVO bc NOnPOnVO. xriPO iP
rSfn. wark P]O NPrONNON anr PTnON. ^raVPiNO P]O SkO tSr PONP rOarinh.
b" jiNPOn PS P]O narraPiSn St P]O SkO. pbNOryO P]O \OVTQiariPiON in inPSnaPiSn'hrST\ riyiNiSn(
\iPV]( NPrONN anr POX\S. 7SPO P]O TNO St POX\SriOrN. O\rSrTVO P]O XSrOQ narraPiSn cSn ]ayO
QiNPOnOr PS.
17. This exercise is meant to test your abiIity to anaIyse and reproduce materiaI for reading
and reteIIing.
a) Read the jokes silently to make sure you understand each sentence. Find the sentence
expressing the essence of the joke. Split up each phrase into intonation-groups if necessary.
Locate the communicative centre of each sentence. Mark the stresses and tunes. Practise reading
the jokes.
b) Tell the jokes in your own words:
The Doctor's Advice
pnVO an SQr hOnPQOXan fOnP PS NOO a rSVPSr. v]O rSVPSr OUaXinOr ]iX anr Nair: swOriVinO
fSnmP ]OQ\ cST. zST XTNP ]ayO a VSX\QOPO rONP. WS PS a gTiOP VSTnPrc \QaVO tSr a XSnP]( hS PS
bOr OarQc( rrink XiQk( faQk a QSP( anr NXSkO TNP SnO Vihar a rac.s
sv]ank cST yOrc XTV](s Nair P]O hOnPQOXan( s4 N]aQQ rS OyOrcP]inh cST Nac.s
sp]( rSVPSr(s Nair P]O hOnPQOXan a XSnP] QaPOr( s4 tOOQ gTiPO fOQQ nSf. 4 ]ar a hSSr rONP. 4
fOnP PS bOr OarQc( 4 rrank a QSP St XiQk( 4 faQkOr a QSP. zSTr aryiVO VOrPainQc ]OQ\Or XO. 6TP
cST PSQr XO PS NXSkO SnO Vihar a rac( anr P]aP SnO Vihar a rac aQXSNP kiQQOr XO aP tirNP. 4PmN nS
1d0
SkO PS NParP NXSkinh aP Xc ahO.s
Doctor's Orders
5 O r y a n P : 5ir( fakO T\( fakO T\e
w a N P O r : x]aP iN P]O XaPPOr{
5 O r y a n P : 4PmN PiXO PS PakO cSTr NQOO\inh PabQOPN.
w r N . 6 r S f n : oSnmP cST P]ink( rSVPSr( cSTmyO raP]Or SyOrV]arhOr tSr aPPOnrinh
niXXc f]On ]O ]ar P]O XOaNQON{
o S V P S r : zST XTNP rOXOXbOr( wrN. 6rSfn( P]aP inVQTrON PfOnPc'PfS yiNiPN.
w r N . 6 r S f n : zON( bTP cST tSrhOP ]O intOVPOr P]O f]SQO NV]SSQe
SECTION THREE. Intonation Pattern X
(LOW PRE-HEAD+) RISING HEAD + HIGH FALL (+ TAIL)
wSrOQ: 4 fSnrOr f]On AQiVOmN Prain iN rTO.
% jSSk iP mT\ in P]O PiXO'(PabQO.
v]O NcQQabQON St P]O iNinh |Oar \rOVOrinh P]O |ih] qaQQ hrarTaQQc Varrc P]O \iPV] T\.
5PrONN'anr'PSnO Xark in P]O POUP:
v]O tirNP NPrONNOr NcQQabQO:
v]iN inPSnaPiSn \aPPOrn iN TNOr:
1 . 4 n N P a P O X O n P N ( VSnyOcinh \OrNSnaQ VSnVOrn( inySQyOXOnP( riNhrTnPQOr
\rSPONP.
."g" |ayOnmP cST brSTh]P P]O Var\{ % zST

rirnmP aNk XO (PS.

2 . 4 n g T O N P i S n N :
a " 4 n N \ O V i a Q gTONPiSnN NSTnrinh Tn\QOaNanPQc NTr\riNOr Sr riN\QOaNOr(
\rSPONPinh.
."g" 5Onr P]OX aP SnVO. %

x]OrO PS{
b " 4 n h O n O r a Q gTONPiSnN( \rSPONPinh( NSXOPiXON iX\aPiOnP.
."g" v]TrNracmN a ]S\OQONN rac tSr XO. %

RanmP fO mXakO iP a qrirac( (P]On{

: . 4 n i X \ O r a P i y O N ( QiyOQc( fiP] a nSPO St VriPiVaQ NTr\riNO.
."g" x]aP N]aQQ 4 rS{ %

vrc iP ahain.
9 . 4 n O U V Q a X a P i S n N ( VSnyOcinh attrSnPOr NTr\riNO( \rSPONPinh.
."g" nS]nmN VSXinh. % x]aP an OU

PraSrrinarc P]inh.
EXERCISES
1. Listen carefully to the following conversational situations. Concentrate your
attention on the intonation of the replies:
Verbal Context Drill
Statements
(conveying personal concern or involvement,
disgruntled protest)
4 XTNP NOO wr. SbOrPN. 4mX atrair cST VanmP. |OmN TNP hSnO STP.
x]aP rir cST P]ink St P]O ]STNO{ 4 faN raP]Or PakOn fiP] iP. 4P NOOXN gTiPO niVO.
|O NacN ]O knSfN nSP]inh abSTP iP. 4 TNP VanmP TnrOrNPanr iP. 4 riNPinVPQc rOXOXbOr
POQQinh ]iX.
|ayOnmP cST tiniN]Or P]aP bSSk cOP{ 4myO SnQc TNP bOhTn iP.
4mX atrair 4 taiQOr Xc OUaX. 4mX nSP aP aQQ NTr\riNOr. zST XTNP Prc fSrkinh a biP
]arrOr.
1d1
zST STh]P PS ]ayO intSrXOr XO aP SnVO. 4 rirnmP rOaQiO( iP faN NS iX\SrPanP.
Specia !"esti#ns
(s#"ndin( displeased, unpleasantly surprised,
protesting)
x]aPmN P]aP cST Nac{ x]c rSnmP cST QiNPOn{
4 VanmP tinr P]O tiQO ancf]OrO. x]aP ]ayO cST rSnO fiP] iP{
zST VanmP OaNiQc XOnr iP. x]aP rS cST XOan( OaNiQc{
4 hayO iP PS ]Or \OrNSnaQQc. 6TP f]On rir cST NOO ]Or{
x]iV] SnO N]aQQ 4 ]ayO{ x]iV] fSTQr cST \rOtOr{
4 N]aQQ friPO PS ]iX ahain. x]aPOyOr rS cST ]S\O PS hain bc P]aP{
4 faN PSS QaPO. v]Ocmr NSQr STP. x]cOyOr rirnmP cST bTc iP f]On cST ]ar P]O
V]anVO{
Genera !"esti#ns (protesting, impatient)
4mX POrribQc ]arr T\e ArOnmP fO aQQ{
4PmN aQfacN \SNNibQO. 6TP rS cST P]ink iPmN QikOQc{
4mX gTiPO bSSkOr T\ nOUP fOOk. xiQQ P]O fOOk atPOr NTiP cST bOPPOr{
4n Xc yiOf ]OmN a VTQ\riP. RSTQr cST bO XiNPakOn{
4 VanmP XOOP cST P]iN vTONrac( 5]aQQ fO QOayO iP PiQQ nOUP fOOk{
1 VanmP Nac 4 rS QikO P]iN VSaP. xSTQr cST ]ayO \rOtOrrOr P]O \QTX VSQSTrOr SnO{
$mperati%es (lively, with a note of critical
surprise)
x]aP Sn OarP] N]aQQ 4 rS{ vrc iP ahain. zSTmyO nS aQPOrnaPiyO.
x]aP N]STQr 4 POQQ ]iX{ vOQQ ]iX OUaVPQc f]aP cST P]ink.
|Sf Xanc NanrfiV]ON N]aQQ 4 XakO{ wakO aN Xanc aN cST P]ink fOmQQ OaP.
4 rSnmP fanP PS hS aQSnO. RSXO aQSnh fiP] TN( P]On.
4myO QSNP Xc inyiPaPiSn. xOQQ friPO anr aNk P]OX PS NOnr cST anSP]Or SnO.
&'camati#ns (conveying affronted surprise,
protesting)
4 PSQr ]iX f]aP 4 P]STh]P St ]iX. WSSr tSr cSTe
5]O NacN N]OmN PfOnPc'ninO. AbNSQTPO nSnNOnNOe
6TP 4 VanmP PakO cST STP PSnih]P. 4mX
fSrkinh QaPO.
x]aP a \iPc cST rirnmP Nac NS NSSnOr.
jSSk. 4P fSrkN. 5S iP rSON. |Sf yOrc Srre
zSTmrO a biP hrTX\c PSrac. 7SP in P]O QOaNPe
2. Listen to the replies and repeat them in the intervals. Pronounce the first stressed syllable
as low as possible; the following stressed syllables of the head gradually rise to the high level.
Start the fall on the nucleus high enough.
3, Listen to the Verbal Context and reply in the intervals.
4. In order to fix Intonation Pattern X in your mind, ear and speech habits, pronounce each
reply several times until it sounds perfectly natural to you.
5. listen to your fellow-student reading the replies, tell him (her) what his (her) errors in
intonation are.
6. Listen to the Verbal Context suggested by the teacher. Reply by using one of the sentences
below. Pronounce it with Intonation Pattern X. Say what attitude you mean to render:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
x]c rSnmP cST NPac QSnhOr{ 4myO nS PiXO. 4mX NS bTNc nSf.
x]On rS fO hS P]OrO{ 4myO TNP PSQr cST. AP NOyOn.
oS cST rOaQQc fanP PS NOO ]Or{ 4 ]ayOnmP NOOn ]Or tSr ahON.
x]aP XarO cST hS P]OrO{ 4 fOnP P]OrO bOVaTNO 4 fanPOr PS.
x]c rirnmP cST VSXO P]OrO in PiXO{ zST knSf ]Sf tar iP iN.
x]aP rS cST P]ink St P]iN \iVPTrO{ 4PmN nSP]inh QONN P]an a XaNPOr\iOVO.
4myO nS PiXO nSf. 4mX QOayinh. x]OrO PS{
1d2
zST XTNP QSSk P]rSTh] iP ahain. x]aPmN frSnh abSTP iP{
|OmQQ bO ]OrO bc NiU. x]aP XakON cST NS NTrO{
zST XTNP \]SnO ]Or aP SnVO. x]c nSP cST{
4 XiNNOr NSXO fSrrN. x]c rSnmP cST QiNPOn{
zSTmr bOPPOr PakO a PaUi. x]aP tSr{
wSnrac iN a yOrc bTNc rac tSr XO. RanmP fO XOOP Sn qrirac P]On{
zST arO nSP a hSSr NfiXXOr( arO cST{ |ayO 4 OyOr \rOPOnrOr PV bO{
warcmN nSP ]OrO cOP. WS aQSnO( P]On.
4PmN PSS QaPO PS faQk. vakO a bTN( P]On.
4 rSTbP it 4 Van rS iP bOPPOr. vrc ahain.
|OmN hiyOn T\ P]iN irOa. 5OnNibQO V]a\e
|OmN fSn. xSTQr cST bOQiOyO iPe
7. Give your own repIies to the VerbaI Context of Ex. 1 and 6. Use Intonation Pattern X.
8. The teacher or one of the students suggests a VerbaI Context The students repIy to it in turn
using:
a) statements conveying personal concern, involvement or protest;
b) special questions sounding unpleasantly surprised, displeased or protesting;
c) general questions sounding impatient, protesting;
d) imperatives sounding lively, with a note of critical surprise;
e) exclamations conveying affronted surprise, protesting. Continue the exercise until everyone
has participated. Work in pairs.
9. Read the foIIowing extracts. Observe the position of the IogicaI stress:
svOQQ ]Or P]aP cST inPOnr PS Xarrc ]Or( bTP atPOr cST rOPTrn trSX P]iN STPinh( nSP bOtSrO.s (*.
\rei&er" sAn AXOriVan vrahOrcs"
szST rSnmP QiyO ]OrO{s % s7S(s 4 Nair( s4 rSnmP. zST fSTQrnmP it 4 rir.s QN" %" Nero+e" sv]rOO
wOn in a 6SaPs"
s5]O faN NS \rOPPc anr VTPO. zOP N]O faN a fSrkinh hirQ( aN ]O rOXOXbOrOr nSf( PSS % a
taVPSrc hirQ( aN WiQbOrP fSTQr Nac( anr ]O faN ]Or NT\OriSr. 6TP N]O faN NS \rOPPc anr VTPO.s
(v]. \rei&er" sAn AXOriVan vrahOrcs"
s4n P]O PaUi( rOPTrninh aP QaNP PS R]ONbSrSTh] vOrraVO ]O \rSVQaiXOr ]a\\iQc: sqirNP raPO
V]a\N P]ONO( R]riNe |aN bOOn a fSnrOrtTQ OyOninh( ]aNnmP iP{s 5]O anNfOrOr in a P]in NPOarc
ySiVO: s4PmN bOOn a ]aPOtTQ OyOninhes (Cronin" sv]O RiParOQs"
10. Look for simiIar situations in the books you are reading at the moment
11. This exercise is meant to practise the intonation patterns you aIready know.
a) Listen to the dialogue "Guessing Game", sentence by sentence. Write it down. Define the
intonation pattern of each sentence and the attitude expressed by it
b) Record your reading. Play the recording back for your teacher aad fellow-students to
detect the possible errors:
A.: Anr P]O nOUP SbOVP iN yOhOPabQO.
.: oSON SnO OaP iP{
A: zON.
.: oS cST OaP iP{
A: zON.
.: oS cST OaP iP aP brOaktaNP{
A: 7S.
.: oS cST OaP iP aP rinnOr PiXO{
A: 7S.
.: xOQQ P]On aP POa PiXO.
A: zON.
.: 4N iP a raf yOhOPabQO{
A: zON.
1d:
.: 4N iP niVO{
A: @Orc niVO.
.: oir fO ]ayO NSXO tSr POa PSrac{
A: zON.
Practise the dialogue for test reading. Memorize and dramatize it.
12. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to bear and reproduce intonation in different
speech situations.
a) listen to the dialogue "Sightseeing" carefully, sentence by sentence. Write it down. Mark
the stresses and tunes. The teacher will help you to correct your variant Practise reading each
sentence of your corrected variant after the cassette-recorder.
b) Record your reading of the text Play the recording back immediately for the teacher and
your fellow-students to detect your errors. Practise the dialogue for test reading. Memorize and
play it
c) Make up conversational situations with the following phrases:
4N iP \SNNibQO ...{ v]aPmN nSP a bar irOa.
x]aP rS cST P]ink ...{ 4 NT\\SNO iP iN.
aP]Or. x]aP abSTP...{
xOQQ( cST Xih]P... . jOP XO NOO ... .
4N iP XTV] St a faQk{ oS cST P]ink 4 N]aQQ ]ayO PiXO tSr...{
d) Make up a talk about your recent trip. Use the phrases from the dialogue above. Work in
pairs.
e) Imagine you are telling the class about your recent trip to London.
13. This exercise is meant to revise Intonation Pattern IX. Read the foIIowing diaIogue. Use the
High FaII to express personaI concern, invoIvement:
% x]aP arO cST hSinh PS rS P]iN fOOk{
% xOQQ( fO rSnmP rOaQQc knSf.
% x]c nSP yiNiP kOf WarrOnN{
% xOQQ( fOmyO bOOn P]OrO.
% zSTmyO NOOn XTV]( ]ayOnmP cST{
% zON( fOmyO NOOn aQQ P]O TNTaQ P]inhN. v]O vSfOr St jSnrSn( anr P]O SS( anr P]O |STNON
St ^arQiaXOnP.
% |ayO cST yiNiPOr xONPXinNPOr AbbOc{
% zON( fO fOnP P]OrO a tSrPnih]P ahS. 6TP 4 ]ayOnmP NOOn 5P. ^aTQmN RaP]OrraQ NinVO 4 faN
]OrO in 1881.
% 4 ]ayOe 4myO bOOn P]OrO PfS Sr P]rOO PiXON.
% 6TP 4 rOaQQc STh]P PS P]ink abSTP P]O bTNinONN NirO St Xc yiNiP.
% zON. zST XTNP yiNiP a XSPSr'Var taVPSrc. AtPOr aQQ( P]aP iN cSTr Xain inPOrONP.
% v]aPmN PrTO. 4 ]ayOnmP bOOn PS SnO cOP. 4 OU\OVP P]inhN ]ayO V]anhOr NinVO 1881.
% 4mX NTrO P]Oc ]ayO. zON( P]OrO ]ayO bOOn NSXO yOrc bih rOyOQS\XOnPN NinVO cST fOrO
]OrO QaNP.
14. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear intonation and reproduce it in
different speech situations.
a) Listen to the 1oke "A pretty well-dressed young lady..." sentence by sentence. Write it
down. Mark the stresses and tunes. Practise the joke for test reading.
b) Listen to the narration of the joke. Observe the peculiarities in intonation-group division,
pitch, stress and tempo. Note the use of temporizers. Reproduce the model narration you have
listened to. Tell the joke in your own words.
15. This exercise is meant to test your abiIity to anaIyze materiaI for reading.
a) Read the joke silently to make sure you understand each sentence. Find the sentence
expressing the essence of the joke. Split up each phrase into intonation-groups if necessary.
1d9
Locate the communicative centre of each sentence. Mark the stresses and tunes, concentrating
your attention on the attitude expressed. It is not expected that each student will mark the story
in exactly the same way. Discuss your variants in class. Your teacher will help you to choose the
best variant. Practise your corrected variant for test reading.
b) Tell the joke in your own words.
Wrong Pronunciation
A qrOnV]Xan f]S ]ar QOarnOr MnhQiN] aP NV]SSQ( bTP ]ar ]aQt tSrhSPPOn iP( faN NPacinh in
jSnrSn Sn bTNinONN. 4P faN in P]O XSnP] St 7SyOXbOr( anr P]O fOaP]Or faN XSNP Tn\QOaNanP(
riNahrOOabQO( raX\ anr tShhc.
v]O ^ariNian( nSP bOinh aVVTNPSXOr PS P]O MnhQiN] VQiXaPO( ]ar VaTh]P a NOyOrO VSQr( anr
faN VSTh]inh rac anr nih]P. AP QaNP ]O rOVirOr Sn hOPPinh a rOXOrc tSr ]iN VSTh] bTP aN ]O rir
nSP rOXOXbOr P]iN MnhQiN] fSrr( ]O QSSkOr iP T\ in ]iN qrOnV]'MnhQiN] riVPiSnarc. v]OrO ]O
tSTnr P]aP P]O MnhQiN] tSr iP faN 5ough" }ntSrPTnaPOQc ]iN riVPiSnarc rir nSP POQQ ]iX ]Sf PS
\rSnSTnVO iP. OXOXbOrinh( ]SfOyOr( P]O \rSnTnViaPiSn St P]O fSrr 49ough, ]O naPTraQQc
VSnVQTrOr P]aP 5ough XTNP bO \rSnSTnVOr Ykay.
5S ]O OnPOrOr a V]OXiNPmN N]S\ anr Nair: sxiQQ cST( \QOaNO( hiyO XO NSXOP]inh tSr Xc VSfes
v]O V]OXiNP( P]inkinh ]O ]ar XiNTnrOrNPSSr ]iX aNkOr \SQiPOQc: s4 bOh cSTr \arrSn( Nir{s
v]O qrOnV]Xan rO\OaPOr ]iN rOgTONP tSr NSXO rOXOrc tSr ]iN 5ow"
sqSr cSTr VSf( Nir{s rO\QiOr P]O V]OXiNP. sArO cST a tarXOr P]On{s
sA tarXOr{s anNfOrOr P]O qrOnV]Xan raP]Or inrihnanPQc. sx]aP in P]O fSrQr XakON cST
P]ink NS{ p]( nS( 4 VaXO trSX ^ariN( trSX bOaTPitTQ ^ariN(s ]O arrOr \rSTrQc.
v]O V]OXiNP nSf aQXSNP bOhan PS P]ink P]aP ]O faN rOaQinh fiP] a XarXan. 4n hrOaP
bOfiQrOrXOnP ]O aNkOr ahain: s6TP cSTr VSf( Nir{ x]OrO iN cSTr VSf{s
s|OrOes VriOr P]O qrOnV]Xan( VSTh]inh yOrc QSTr anr \SinPinh PS ]iN V]ONP. s|OrO iP iNe 4
]ayO a yOrc bih VSf in Xc V]ONPes
jTVkiQc( P]O V]OXiNP TnrOrNPSSr ]iX anr hayO ]iX P]O rOXOrc ]O fanPOr.
SECTION FOUR. Intonation Pattern XI
(LOW PRE-HEAD + ) FALLING HEAD+ HIGH FALL (+ TAIL)
wSrOQ: |Sf arO cST tinrinh cSTr nOf Sb{
% jikinh P]O fSrk iXXOnNOQc.
v]O |ih] qaQQ NParPN trSX a ]ih]Or \iPV] P]an P]O \rOVOrinh NcQQabQO St P]O qaQQinh |Oar.
4t P]O ]Oar VSnPainN SnQc SnO NPrONNOr fSrr P]O |ih] qaQQ NParPN trSX P]O QOyOQ St P]O NPrONNOr
NcQQabQO.
."g" |Sf niVOe
v]iN inPSnaPiSn \aPPOrn iN TNOr:
1 . 4 n N P a P O X O n P N ( VSnyOcinh \OrNSnaQ VSnVOrn( NSTnrinh Qih]P( airc( farX
bTP fiP]STP P]O riNhrTnPQOr OttOVP St ^aPPOrn `.
."g" x]c rSnmP P]Oc fSrk in P]O OyOninhN{ % 5SXO St P]OX rS( 4 bOQiOyO.
2 . 4 n g T O N P i S n N :
a " 4 n N \ O V i a Q gTONPiSnN( NSTnrinh inPOrONPOr( briNk( bTNinONN'QikO.
."g" 4myO TNP NOOn P]aP nOf XTNiVaQ. % x]aP iN iP VaQQOr{
b " 4 n h O n O r a Q gTONPiSnN( VSnyOcinh XiQrQc NTr\riNOr aVVO\PanVO St P]O QiNPOnOrmN
\rOXiNON# NSXOPiXON NSTnrinh NVO\PiVaQ( bTP fiP]STP P]O iX\aPiOnVO St ^aPPOrn `. (v]O gTON'
PiSn iN \TP tSrfarr aN a NTbOVP tSr riNVTNNiSn."
."g" 5]aQQ fO Prc ahain{ % xOQQ mfSTQr iP bO anc TNO{
1d0
: . 4 n i X \ O r a P i y O N ( NSTnrinh QiyOQc# NThhONPinh a VSTrNO St aVPiSn PS P]O
QiNPOnOr.
."g" v]O POamN PSS ]SP. % ^TP NSXO XSrO XiQk in iP.
9 . 4 n O U V Q a X a P i S n N ( VSnyOcinh XiQr NTr\riNO bTP fiP]STP P]O attrSnP St
^aPPOrn `.
."g" jSSk( iPmN NnSfinh. % p]( ye&O
EXERCISES
1. Listen carefuIIy to the foIIowing conversationaI situations. Concentrate your attention on the
intonation of the repIies:
Verbal Context Drill
Statements (conveying personal concern;
sounding light, airy, warm)
x]OnmN P]O VSnVOrP{ 7OUP 5Tnrac. 7OUP xOrnONrac.
4PmN hSinh PS bO a tinO \QaVO. 5S iP NOOXN. 5S 4myO ]Oarr.
x]aP faN P]O N]Sf QikO{ qirNP raPO. 5iX\Qc N\QOnrir.
4PmN nSP yOrc yaQTabQO( iN iP{ 4P VSNP SyOr P]rOO ]TnrrOr \STnrN.
xOmQQ nOyOr hOP P]OrO. 4PmN nSP aN tar aN cST iXahinO.
x]iV] fSTQr cST QikO( POa Sr VSttOO{ 4mr \rOtOr POa.
4 Xac bO a biP QaPO. v]aP fSTQrnmP XaPPOr in P]O QOaNP.
Specia !"esti#ns (sounding interested, bris,
business!lie)
4myO TNP NOOn P]aP nOf XTNiVaQ. x]aPmN iP VaQQOr{
s}nrOrnOaP] P]O ArV]ON(s x]aP rir cST P]ink St iP{
TiPO hSSr( rOaQQc. x]S VSX\SNOr P]O XTNiV{
nS]n AraXN( 4 P]ink ]iN naXO iN. x]iV] P]OaPrO iN iP \Qacinh aP{
sv]O ^rinVO St xaQON.s x]iV] OUaVPQc iN sv]O ^rinVO St xaQONs{
v]O SnO nOar ^iVVariQQc RirVTN. |Sf rir cST hOP P]OrO{
6c a tSTrPOOn bTN. x]c rirnmP cST hS bc PTbO{
4 VanmP bOar P]O }nrOrhrSTnr.
Genera !"esti#ns
(conveying mildly surprised acceptance of the
listener's premises; sometimes sceptical)
omcST P]ink 4 N]STQr rinh ]iX{ wih]PnmP iP bO bOPPOr PS faiP{
4 ]aPO P]O P]STh]P St N\rinh VQOaninh. pTh]P fO PS rOQac iP anc QSnhOr( P]STh]{
4 rSnmP rOaQQc fanP PS XOOP P]OX. xiQQ cST bO abQO PS hOP STP St iP{
4mX NSrrc( bTP 4 ]aPO VSVSa. xSTQr cST QikO a VT\ St POa( P]On{
v]ank cST tSr aQQ cSTmyO rSnO. 4N P]OrO ancP]inh OQNO 4 Van rS PS ]OQ\{
|OmN \rSXiNOr PS NPS\ NXSkinh. oSON ]O rOaQQc XOan f]aP ]O NacN{
$mperati%es
(sounding lively; suggesting a course of
action to the listener)
4 ]aPO gTarrOQQinh fiP] RQara. v]On XakO iP T\ fiP] ]Or.
4 N]anmP bO abQO PS \]SnO cST. orS\ XO a QinO( P]On.
5Srrc 4 tSrhSP PS V]anhO Xc N]SON. nTNP QSSk aP P]O XTr cSTmyO brSTh]P in ]OrO.
4 VanmP P]ink f]aP PS Nac. oSnmP Nac ancP]inh aP aQQ. jOayO iP OnPirOQc PS XO.
x]aP N]aQQ 4 rS fiP] P]iN{ ^TP iP in P]O faNPO \a\Or baNkOP.
&'camati#ns (conveying mild surprise)
|O fSnmP hiyO TN \OrXiNNiSn. 5S P]aPmN P]aP.
4 hayO ]iX a \iOVO St Xc Xinr. xOQQ rSnOe WSSr tSr cSTe
vSX ]aN \aNNOr ]iN OUaX. xOQQ tanVc P]aPe
1d2
4myO TNP bOVSXO a taP]Or. RSnhraPTQaPiSnN( Xc rOar V]a\e
4 tSrhSP OyOrc fSrr abSTP iP. x]aP a tinO XONN cSTmyO XarO St P]inhNe
xOmQQ hS P]OrO Sn qrirac. v]O NSSnOr P]O bOPPOre
4mX NSrrc PS ]ayO PS ySPO ahainNP cST. A tinO triOnr cST PTrnOr STP PS bOe
2. Listen to the replies and repeat them is the intervals. Make your voice follow the intonation
line exactly.
3. Listen to the Verbal Context above and reply in the intervals concentrating your attention
on the intonation line.
4. In order to fix Intonation Pattern XI in your mind, ear and speech habits pronounce each
reply several times until it sounds perfectly natural to you.
5. listen to your fellow-student reading the replies. Tell him (her! what his (her) errors in
pronunciatioa and intonation are,
6. a) Listen to a fellow-student reading the Verbal Context below. Pronounce each of the
following replies in two ways: first with Intonation Pattern X, then with Intonation Patters XI.
Observe the intonation line. State the difference in attitude. Ask a fellow-student to comment oa
the attitudes you are trying to render:
mer2a9 ConteZt
\ri99
|aN N]O VaTh]P T\ fiP] P]O hrST\{ 6OPPOr P]an P]aP. 5]O iN P]O bONP in P]O hrST\ nSf.
4mX hQar cSTmyO XarO NSXO \rShrONN. 5S iN Xc POaV]Or.
x]c rSONnmP N]O Sin STr Pri\N{ 5SXOPiXON N]O rSON.
x]aPmN ]iN Xark in \]cNiVN{ 4 rSnmP rOXOXbOr.
4mX an aXaPOTr. 4 N]STQr nOyOr bOQiOyO iP. zSTmrO hSSr aP POnniN inrOOr.
x]OrO iN Xc \On{ 4PmN hSnO ahain. zST nOyOr rOXOXbOr f]OrO cST \TP cSTr P]inhN.
v]ank cST yOrc XTV] tSr cSTr ]OQ\. 7SP aP aQQ. nTNP ]a\\c PS ]OQ\ cST anc PiXO.
jOPmN hS PS P]O \iVPTrON in P]O OyOninh. 4 rOaQQc VanmP. 4myO hSP a QSP St fSrk PS rS.
xOmrO QOayinh PSnih]P: 4PmN a \iPc. zST \rSXiNOr PS NPac fiP] TN a biP QSnhOr.
4mX hSinh PS VSnNTQP a rSVPSr. 4PmN ]ih] PiXO cST P]STh]P abSTP cSTr ]OaQP].
4PmN nSP Xc NiO. xOQQ( f]aP NiO rS cST PakO( P]On{
4 Naf wikO P]O rac bOtSrO cONPOrrac. |Sf iN ]O hOPPinh Sn{
5]O fOnP PS P]O VirVTN Sn 5Tnrac. x]c rirnmP N]O PakO P]O V]iQrrOn fiP] ]Or{
warc iN faiPinh tSr cST. x]c ]aN N]O VSXO{
4 hSP baVk cONPOrrac. Anr f]OrO rir cST hS( 4 fSnrOr{
4 rSnmP knSf ^OPOrmN arrrONN. x]c rirnmP cST aNk ]iX abSTP iP bOtSrO{
5]O \rSXiNOr PS brinh P]O bSSk. oSON N]O aQfacN kOO\ ]Or \rSXiNON{
v]Oc Nac P]OcmQQ ]OQ\ TN. oS P]Oc rOaQQc XOan P]aP{
5]aQQ fO aNk ]Or PS N\Oak PS ]iX{ xiQQ iP bO St anc TNO{
5]aQQ fO hS tSr a faQk PS P]O tSrONP{ 4NnmP iP NPiQQ \STrinh{
4 rirnmP TnrOrNPanr P]O rTQO. xSTQrnmP iP bO bOPPOr tSr cST PS aNk P]O POaV]Or PS OU\Qain
iP ahain{
v]Oc fSnmP VSXO PS P]O \arPc. oS P]Oc NPiQQ tOOQ SttOnrOr{
4 VanmP faiP tSr ]iX anc QSnhOr. RSTQrnmP fO rinh ]iX T\( P]On{
4mX yOrc XTV] SbQihOr PS ]iX. vOQQ ]iX abSTP iP( P]On.
|O aNkOr ]Or abSTP ]Or ahO. |Sf NiQQc St ]iXe
5]O XarO XO VSXO tSr P]O NOVSnr PiXO. x]aP a N]aXOe
5]OmN Qair T\ fiP] gTinNc ahain. ^SSr P]inhe
v]ank cST tSr cSTr yOrc hSSr nOfN. oSnmP XOnPiSn iP.
|O \rSXiNOr PS N\Oak PS ]Or. v]O NSSnOr P]O bOPPOr.
b) listen to a fellow-student reading the first sentence of the Verbal Context above. Reply in
your own way, using Intonation Pattern XI. The drill will continue until every student has
participated. Keep the exercise moving rapidly. Be careful about the intonation line and try to
convey the proper attitude.
1d&
7. Read the foIIowing diaIogue with a feIIow-student using Intonation Pattern XI. SpeciaI
questions shouId sound interested, IiveIy, brisk. The repIies sound IiveIy, friendIy and
warm:
A: x]aP faN P]aP cST Nair{
6: x]OrO rir cST hS tSr cSTr NTXXOr ]SQirac{
A: qirNP PS jSnrSn anr P]On PS RSrnfaQQ.
6: |Sf QSnh rir cST QiyO in jSnrSn{
A: nTNP a fOOk.
6: x]iV] \arP St cSTr ]SQirac rir cST \rOtOr{
A: p]( STr tSrPnih]P in RSrnfaQQ.
6: x]OrO rir cST NPac f]iQO cST fOrO rSfn P]OrO{
A: 4n a QiPPQO yiQQahO nOar ^OnanVO.
6: x]aP NSrP St fOaP]Or rir cST ]ayO in jSnrSn{
A: v]O bONP fO VSTQr \SNNibQc ]ayO ]S\Or tSr.
6: x]aP rir cST rS P]OrO{
A 5ih]PNOOinh XSNPQc.
8. A student wiII read the VerbaI Context beIow. Other students wiII read the repIies in turn,
using the High FaII and the IogicaI stress on the same word to make the utterance
emphatic. Define the attitude you are trying to express:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
|OmN rTinOr Xc N]SON. wakO ]iX bTc cST a nOf \air.
7SnO St TN fanPN PS hS. 5SXOSnO fiQQ ]ayO PS hS( fSnmP P]Oc{
ArOnmP cST QTVkc{ v]aPmN f]aP OyOrcbSrc NacN.
|Sf rSON cSTr fitO tinr iP{ 5]O QikON iP aN XTV] aN 4 rS.
x]aPmN @OrnSnmN S\iniSn{ |O VanmP XakO T\ ]iN Xinr f]iV] ]O \rOtOrN.
x]aP an aXainh PriVke . RanmP iXahinO ]Sf iPmN rSnO.
4 VanmP XakO ]Oar Sr PaiQ St iP. jOP nS]nNSn ]ayO a QSSk aP iP.
oSnmP bSP]Or PS tOPV] XO. 4PmN nSP in P]O QOaNP PrSTbQO. 4 rS P]O NaXO tSr aQQ Xc hTONPN.
9. Listen to your teacher read the context sentences beIow. Pronounce each of the foIIowing
repIies in two ways: first with Intonation Pattern II, then with Intonation Pattern XI.
Observe the intonation Iine. Convey the suggested attitudes:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
x]OnmN P]O VSnVOrP{ 7OUP 5Tnrac.
a" 5ategori5, di&4a&&ionate
b" war+, airy, 9ive9y
4 tOOQ NS NQOO\c. 5S rS 4.
a" 5ategori5, di&4a&&ionate
b" 9ive9y
x]aP faN iP QikO in 7ihOria{ p]( P]O ]OaP faN POrribQO.
a" 5ategori5, di&4a&&ionate
b" 9ive9y
4 N]anmP bO NOOinh cST( x]cOyOr nSP{
4mX atrair. a" &eriou&
b" intere&ted, 2ri&'
4 VanmP TnrS P]O rSSr. vrc P]O SP]Or kOc.
a" 4re&&ing, weighty
b" &ugge&ting a 5our&e of a5tion
4 ]S\O 4mX nSP riNPTrbinh RSXO in. 5iP rSfn.
cST. a" 4re&&ing, weighty
b" &ugge&ting a 5our&e of a5tion
|TQQS( qrOre xOQQ it iP iNnmP Xc SQr triOnr vSXe
a" weighty
b" +i9d9y &ur4ri&ed
1dd
|OmN NOnrinh cST a VS\c. |Sf yOrc niVO St ]iXe
a" weighty
b" +i9d9y &ur4ri&ed
10. Listen to a feIIow-student say the context sentences beIow. Pronounce each of the
foIIowing repIies, trying to convey the suggested attitudes. Be carefuI with the
intonation Iine. Define the Intonation Pattern of your repIy:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
Ran cST VSXO PSXSrrSf{ zON.
a" 4h9eg+ati5, re&erved
b" 9ive9y, intere&ted
x]S Sn OarP] fSTQr PakO 4 fSTQr.
NTV] a riNk{ a" 5a9+, re&erved
b" 9ive9y, 5on5erned
zST XTNPnmP N\Oak PS ]iX. x]c nSP{
a" 4h9eg+ati5, re&erved
b" un49ea&ant9y &ur4i&ed
x]aPmN P]aP cST Nac{ x]c rSnmP cST QiNPOn{
a" un&y+4atheti5
b" un49ea&ant9y &ur4ri&ed
4mX atrair 4myO QSNP cSTr \On. x]aP arO cST hSinh PS rS abSTP iP{
a" ho&ti9e
b" intere&ted
1 VanmP XOOP cST P]iN vTONrac. 5]aQQ fO QOayO iP PiQQ nOUP fOOk{
a" 4h9eg+ati5, re&erved"
b" wi99ing to di&5u&& the Cue&tion, i+4atient
v]TrNracmN a ]S\OQONN rac tSr XO. RanmP fO XakO iP a qrirac( P]On{
a" 4h9eg+ati5, re&erved
b" wi99ing to di&5u&& the Cue&tion
6iQQmN rOtTNOr Xc rOgTONP. xOQQ( aNk NSXOSnO OQNO.
a" 5a9+, 5o9d
b" war+, with a note of 5riti5a9 &ur4ri&e
4 ]ayOnmP hSP a N\SSn. WS anr hOP SnO( P]On.
a" 5a9+, une+otiona9
2A &ugge&ting a 5our&e of a5tion
|OmN aVPTaQQc OnhahOr. xSTQr cST bOQiOyO iPe
a" 5a9+, un&ur4ri&ed, re&erved
b" +i9d9y &ur4ri&ed
vSXmN VSXinh Sn wSnrac. 7Sf tanVc P]aP.
a" 5a9+( re&erved
b" affronted &ur4ri&e
11. listen to the Verbal Context and reply expressing critical surprise or suggesting a
course of action to the listener. Use the proper intonation pattern:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
4mQQ N]Sf cST ]Sf PS rS iP. oSnmPe oSe oSnmP cST fSrrce vrce
xOmrO XSyinh Sn vTONrac. oSnmP bO NiQQce 4PmN T\ PS cSTe oSnmP XakO NS XTV] tTNN
abSTP iP.
4 VanmP TnrS P]O rSSre vOQQ XO f]aP 1 Van rS( P]One oSnmP cST fSrrce
4PmN Xc PTrn PS \ace oSe |ayO a hSe oSnmP bO ririVTQSTNe oSnmP bO NiQQce oSnmP
cST fSrrce 4PmN T\ PS PS cSTe
4 VanmP tinr Xc \TrNO ancf]OrO. oSnmP cST fSrrce oSnmP XakO NS XTV] tTNN abSTP iP.
1d8
12. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear and reproduce intonation in
conversation.
a) Listen to the dialogue "Dinner-table Talk" carefully, sentence by sentence. Write it down.
Mark the stresses and tunes. The teacher will help you to correct your variant. Practise reading
each sentence of your corrected variant
b) Record your reading. Play the recording back immediately for your teacher and fellow-
students to detect your errors. Practise the dialogue for test reading. Memorize and play it with a
fellow-student.
c) Pick out of the dialogue sentences pronounced with Intonation Patterns IX, X, XI. Define
the attitudes conveyed in them. Make up conversational situations with these phrases.
d) Make up conversational situations, using the following phrases:
WSSr OyOninh(... . 4 faN aNkinh ... .
4mX NS hQar .... p]( 4 P]ink iPmN a ... .
p]( SnQc.... Anr ]Sf rS cST QikO ... {
.... PS bO OUaVP. 4N P]iN cSTr tirNP... {
jOPmN hS inPS ... . 4 tOOQ gTiPO aP ]SXO ....
xiQQ cST NiP... { xOQQ( iPmN raP]Or ....
|Sf QSnh ... { pn P]O f]SQO( ....
x]aP rS cST P]ink St ... { 4PmN nSP NS bar( SnVO ....
4 bOh cSTr \arrSn( 4 rirnmP gTiPO VaPV] f]aP cST Nair. xiQQ cST ]ayO NSXO XSrO ... {
x]aP abSTP... {
13. TransIate into EngIish. Use the corresponding phrases from item(d) above. Do not Iet your
Russian pronunciation habits interfere:
1. ( > +A! + $!<. 2. . ( +A A
$!A!<. :. ( > +A! < K +. 9. u; A. 3D! A.
/< A. 0. /< +! > ?!< ){ 2. > D! <{
&. i $ $!{ d. i J $ !{ 8. i $
!!{ 10. = =A +. 11. = G>?
+. 12. = GA +. 1:. G!( $D;( < +
{ 19. >J( > !. 10. $J!( A > !!<. 12.
$J!( $;! A!!, F)!H. 1&. .( L % $? +.
1d. .( +=( GA % $?>;( A. 18. .( +=( K $?>;
. 20. L + ! J { 21. L + ! J ?{ 22. L +
! K { 2:. .( K < ( !{ 29. .( < $!(
!{ 20. C' D $?( ! ; $!><. 22. B ?!
! C >>{ 2&. B ?! ! C C;{ 2d. /$ $?. . > .
[ !$. 28. ( + !. :0. ( K <.
:1. > J< < {
14. Head the foIIowing diaIogue:
Ordering a Meal
% 4N P]iN PabQO trOO( faiPOr{
% 4mX NSrrc( Nir( P]SNO PfS PabQON ]ayO TNP bOOn rONOryOr bc POQO\]SnO( bTP P]aP SnO SyOr
P]OrOmN trOO.
% x]aP a \iPce xO fanPOr PS bO nOar P]O ranVO tQSSr. 5PiQQ( iP rSONnmP XaPPOr( fOmQQ PakO iP...
v]O XOnT( \QOaNO.
% |OrO cST arO( Nir. xiQQ cST rinO a 9a 5arte Sr PakO P]O ta29e d?hotec
% xOQQ( QOPmN NOO. x]aP rS cST P]ink( rarQinh{
% p]( 4 rSnmP fanP XTV] PS OaP. 4mX nSP yOrc ]Tnhrc. 4 P]ink 4mQQ ]ayO % Or % NSXO SUPaiQ
NST\ anr triOr \QaiVO fiP] V]i\N.
% |X. 4mX raP]Or ]Tnhrc. 4mQQ NParP fiP] NSXO hor& d?xuvre"
o Anr PS tSQQSf{
% A hriQQOr NPOak fiP] bakOr \SPaPSON anr \OaN(
180
% xiQQ cST ]ayO ancP]inh PS rrink( Nir{
% xOQQ( 4mX raP]Or P]irNPc. 6rinh XO ]aQt a \inP St biPPOr. x]aP abSTP cST( rarQinh{
% xOQQ( 4 rSnmP VarO tSr bOOr( bTP 4 fiQQ ]ayO a hQaNN St V]Orrc.
% @Orc hSSr... x]aP NfOOP fSTQr cST QikO{
% 4mQQ ]ayO trTiP NaQar.
% 5S fiQQ 4. Anr fOmQQ ]ayO PfS VSttOON( \QOaNO.
% 6QaVk Sr f]iPO{
% x]iPO( \QOaNO. p]( anr PfS QigTOTr branriON.
% x]aP a QSyOQc faQP P]Oc arO \Qacinh. 5]aQQ fO ranVO{
% zON( 4mr QSyO PS...
% xaiPOre v]O biQQ( \QOaNO.
% @Orc hSSr( Nir.
% |OrO cST arO.
% v]ank cST yOrc XTV]( Nir.
15. Make up a diaIogue of your own, using some of the phrases of the diaIogue above.
16. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to read and reteII a story with correct
intonation.
a) Listen to the story "Insufficient Local Knowledge" carefully, sentence by sentence. Mark
the stresses and tunes. The teacher will help you to correct your variant. Practise reading your
corrected variant.
b) listen carefully to the narration of the story. Observe the peculiarities in intonation-group
division, pitch, stress and tempo. Note the use of temporizers. Reproduce the model narration
you have listened to.
17. This exercise is meant to test your abiIity to anaIyze and reproduce materiaI for reading
and reteIIing.
a) Read the joke silently to make sure you understand each sentence. Underline the sentence
expressing the essence of the joke. Split up each phrase into intonation groups if necessary.
Locate the communicative centre of each sentence. Mark the stresses ana tunes, concentrate your
attention on the attitude expressed. It is not expected that each student will mark the story in
exactly the same way. Discuss your variants in class. The teacher will help you to choose the best
variant. Practise your corrected variant for test reading,
b) Retell the joke in your own words:
v]O taP]Or St a taXiQc( f]S faN anhrc fiP] ]iN V]iQrrOn bOVaTNO P]Oc fOrO riN\QOaNOr fiP]
P]Oir tSSr( OUVQaiXOr anhriQc SnO rac aP rinnOr: szST V]iQrrOn arO inPSQOrabQO# cST PTrn T\ cSTr
nSNON St OyOrcP]inh. x]On 4 faN a bSc( 4 faN StPOn hQar PS hOP rrc brOar OnSTh] PS OaP.s s^SSr
\a\a(s Nair SNO( s4mX NS hQar cST arO ]ayinh NTV] a niVO PiXO nSf Qiyinh fiP] XaXa anr TN.s
SECTION FIVE )#mp#"nd *"nes FALL + RISE
181
AQQ P]O PTnON VSnPaininh XSrO P]an SnO nTVQOar PSnO arO VaQQOr VSX\STnr.
v]O qaQQ iNO iN a VSXbinaPiSn St P]O |ih] qaQQ anr P]O jSf iNO.
v]O taQQ anr P]O riNO aQfacN SVVTr Sn NO\araPO NcQQabQON. v]O taQQ NParPN trSX a yOrc ]ih]
QOyOQ anr OnrN yOrc QSf. Anc NcQQabQON SVVTrrinh bOPfOOn P]O |ih] qaQQ anr P]O jSf iNO arO
Nair Sn a yOrc QSf \iPV]. 7SPiSnaQ fSrrN arO NPrONNOr. v]O taQQinh \arP XarkN P]O irOa f]iV] P]O
N\OakOr fanPN PS OX\]aNiO anr P]O riNinh \arP XarkN an arriPiSn PS P]iN Xain irOa.
v]O VSXbinaPiSn St P]O |ih] qaQQ fiP] P]O jSf iNO iN TNOr in NOnPOnVON OU\rONNinh ]ih]Qc
OXSPiSnaQ rOaVPiSn PS P]O NiPTaPiSn. 4P iN StPOn ]Oarr:
1 . 4 n N P a P O X O n P N ( NSTnrinh a\SQShOPiV( a\\rOViaPiyO( hraPOtTQ( rOhrOPtTQ(
NcX\aP]OPiV( \OrNTaNiyOQc rOaNNTrinh( \QOarinh( \QainPiyO.
."g" x]SNO PTrn iN iP P]On{ % 4PmN XinO (aVPTaQQc.
|Sf rir P]iN hOP brSkOn{ % 4mX XSNP POrribQc (NSrrc.
2 . 4 n g T O N P i S n N :
a" 4 n N \ O V i a Q gTONPiSnN( NSTnrinh \QainPiyO( \QOarinh( fOarc( rON\airinh#
NSXOPiXON farX( NcX\aP]OPiV.
."g" 5Srrc 4mX QaPO. % p] f]c VanmP cST VSXO Sn
/
PiXO tSr SnVO{
b " 4 n h O n O r a Q gTONPiSnN( VSnyOcinh a \QainPiyO( \QOarinh( NSXOPiXON iX\aPiOnP
PSnO.
."g" |O \QacOr yOrc barQc PSrac. % xiQQ ]O OyOr bO anc (bOPPOr rmcST P]ink{
: . 4 n i X \ O r a P i y O N ( NSTnrinh \QainPiyO( \QOarinh( rO\rSaV]tTQ.
."g" 4PmN aQQ NS rO\rONNinh. % R]OOr (T\. (4P VanmP QaNP tSr (OyOr."
4myO nSP]inh PS rS fiP] iP. % 7Sf rS bO (rOaNSn'abQO( R]arQON.
9 . 4 n O U V Q a X a P i S n N ( farX( NcX\aP]OPiV( OnVSTrahinh( NSXOPiXON
\QainPiyO( \TQOr( NTr\riNOr.
WrOOPinhN anr QOayO'PakinhN NSTnr \QOaNanP anr triOnrQc bOinh \rSnSTnVOr P]iN fac.
."g" WSSr nih]P( ^Ohhc. % WSSr nih]P( wrN. (5XiP]. 5OO cST Sn qrirac. % ih]P cST
(arOe
EXERCISES
1. Listen carefully to the following conversational situations. Concentrate your
attention on the intonation of the replies:
182
Verbal Context Drill
Statements
(s#"ndin( apologetic, appreciative, grateful,
regretful, sympathetic, persuasively reassuring,
pleading, plaintive)
oSnmP cST QikO iP{ 4 rSnmP( trankQc.
Anc nOfN St viX{ |OmN VSXinh ]SXO NSSn.
|ayOnmP cST tiniN]Or iP cOP{ 4myO SnQc TNP bOhTn iP( aN a XaPPOr St taVP.
4P QSSkN QikO rain( 4mX atrair. ^Or]a\N iP fSTQr bO bOPPOr PS NPac aP ]SXO in P]aP VaNO.
4myO ]ar iP NiU cOarN nSf. zSTmQQ bO bTcinh a nOf SnO NSSn( 4 iXahinO.
x]cOyOr brinh a XaV{ 4P faN raininh f]On 4 QOtP P]iN XSrninh.
4 P]STh]P St hSinh tSr a NPrSQQ. 4mQQ VSXO PSS( it 4 Xac.
4P faN gTiPO an aVVirOnP 6TP 4 PSQr cST nSP PS PSTV] iP.
5S iP faN cST f]S bSrrSfOr Xc N\arO. 4 rS ]S\O cST rirnmP Xinr.
|OmN aVVO\POr cSTr SttOr. 4 rirnmP rrOaX ]Omr PakO XO NOriSTNQc.
4PmN a fSnrOrtTQ \]SPS. 4 knOf cSTmr QikO iP.
|OQ\{ ROrPainQc. 4 faN NTrO 4 VSTQr VSTnP Sn cST.
6TP f]c rirnmP cST POQQ XO{ 5S NSrrc.
4 P]STh]P cST STh]P PS knSf. v]ank cST tSr POQQinh XO( 4 rS a\\rOViaPO iP.
4 rOaQQc XTNP hS nSf. 4 rS ]S\O cST ]ayO a VSXtSrPabQO STrnOc.
4PmN aQQ NS riNVSTrahinh. 4 knSf OUaVPQc ]Sf cST tOOQ.
5Srrc 4 ]ayOnmP rOPTrnOr iP cOP. v]aPmN gTiPO aQQ rih]P. 4mX in nS \arPiVTQar ]Trrc tSr iP.
4myO aQrOarc bOOn faiPinh a cOar. v]On NTrOQc a tOf XSrO racN fSnmP XakO XTV]
rittOrOnVO.
4PmN an abNSQTPO NVanraQ. v]OrOmN nS nOOr PS hOP NS fSrkOr T\ abSTP iP.
4 rS fiN] ]Omr Xinr ]iN Sfn bTNinONN. 6TP ]O faN SnQc Prcinh PS bO ]OQ\tTQ.
x]aPmN ]a\\OnOr PS naVk{ 4PmN aQfacN P]O NaXO. |OmN ]arrQc OyOr Sn PiXO.
4mX atrair ]O taiQOr ]iN OUaX. 4mX nSP aP aQQ NTr\riNOr. |O rir abNSQTPOQc nS fSrk tSr iP.
Specia !"esti#ns
(sounding plaintive, pleading, weary, despairing,
arm,sympathetic)
4P faN Xc PrOaP. |Sf XTV] faN iP{
|Sf bih rir cST Nac iP faN{ p]( f]c rSnmP cST QiNPOn( R]arQOc{
v]rOO P]STNanr ]O \air tSr iP. x]On fiQQ P]O \SSr tSSQ QOarn fiP{
oir cST VaQQ( qrank{ zON( f]aPmN P]O PiXO \QOaNO{
4 ]ayO PS hS STP nSf. x]On fiQQ cST bO baVk( rmcST P]ink{
Genera !"esti#ns
(s#"ndin( plaintive, pleading, sometimes
impatient)
^Or]a\N 4 VSTQr ]OQ\. oS cST P]ink cST TQr{
RSXO anr ]ayO a haXO( ^]iQ. xiQQ cST NPS\ bSP]Orinh XO{ RanmP cST NOO 4mX bTNc{
wac 4 ]ayO anSP]Or bTn{ omcST rOaQQc P]ink cST Van OaP iP{
$mperati%es
(s#"ndin( plaintive, pleading, reproachful)
4mX atrair 4myO QSNP iP. 7OyOr Xinr.
TiVkQc. xaiP a XinTPO.
x]aPmN aQQ P]O knSVkinh mabSTP{ p]( rSnmP TNP NiP P]OrO. p\On P]O rSSr.
x]aPmN T\NOPPinh cST{ oS N]TP P]O rSSr. v]OrOmN NTV] a rraTh]P.
4 rOaQQc XTNP hS. ^QOaNO NPac a QiPPQO QSnhOr.
4mr fiQQinhQc tOPV] NSXO XSrO. ^QOaNO rSnmP bSP]Or Sn Xc aVVSTnP.
x]aPOyOr N]aQQ 4 rS{ Rarrc Sn aN TNTaQ( it cST Van.
x]On N]aQQ 4 NParP{ 5ParP rih]P afac( it P]aPmN VSnyOniOnP tSr cST.
&'camati#ns
(warm, sympathetic, encouraging, plaintive,
pu""led, surprised)
18:
4myO inyiPOr ]iX tSr POa. nSQQc hSSre WSSr N]Sfe
v]aPmN P]O NOVSnr PiXO ]OmN taiQOr. ^SSr SQr ^OPOre
4 P]STh]P 4 aNkOr cST PS XakO T\ P]O tirO. AQQ rih]Pe
Anr fOmQQ ]ayO a nOf Var\OP. nTNP a NOVSnre (x]OrOmN P]O XSnOc VSXinh trSX{"
|OrO 4 aX aP QaNP. |TQQS( 5PO\]One (4P iN hSSr PS NOO cST."
2. listen to the replies and repeat them in the intervals. Start the fall high enough.
3. Listen to the Verbal Context and reply to it in the intervals.
4. In order to fix the intonation pattern in your mind, ear and speech habits, pronounce each
reply several times until it sounds perfectly natural to you.
5. Listen to a fellow-student reading the replies, point out his errors in pronunciation.
6. Use the Fall + Rise in the replies. Say what attitude you mean to render
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
|SfmN cSTr XSP]Or hOPPinh Sn{ 5]OmN Stt PS P]O RriXOa in a fOOk.
Anr f]On rS fO NParP{ AP ninO in P]O XSrninh( iXahinO.
x]SNO \Qan iN iP P]On{ 4PmN qrOrmN( 1 NT\\SNO.
6TP cST Nair ]O QiyOr in 5P. ^OPOrNbTrh. 5S ]O rir( P]O QaNP PiXO 4 ]Oarr trSX ]iX.
pTh]PnmP N]O PS POQQ taP]Or{ 5]O rir( a\\arOnPQc.
zSTmrO hSinh STP in P]O rain{ zON. 4 QikO faQkinh in NTV] fOaP]Or.
x]aPmN P]O tiQX QikO{ 4PmN nSP bar( aVPTaQQc.
4 fSnrOr f]OrO P]O V]iQrrOn arO. p]( P]OrO P]Oc arO.
4 P]STh]P cST tiniN]Or cSTr.'fSrk aP tiyO. 5S 4 rS( TNTaQQc.
4mX a NPTrOnP St P]O }niyOrNiPc nSf. 4mr QSyO PS NPTrc aP P]O }niyOrNiPc.
p]( f]c arO cST QaPO{ 4mX aftTQQc NSrrc. 4P faN nSP Xc taTQP.
(Ran 4 bSrrSf cSTr TXbrOQQa{" 4 NOOX PS ]ayO QSNP XinO.
5]O hSP P]O QOarinh \arP in P]O nOf \Qac. 4 rirnmP knSf N]O faN NTV] a hSSr
aVPrONN.
4PmN a fSnrOrtTQ \iVPTrOe 4 knOf cSTmr QikO iP.
4 XiNNOr cST NS XTV]. zST VanmP iXahinO ]Sf hQar 4mX PS NOO
cST.
wc XSP]Or iN ranhOrSTNQc iQQ( nanO. zST ]ayO aQQ Xc NcX\aP]c. 5Srrc( 4 VanmP
VSXO anr ]OQ\ cST( rOar.
4 tOOQ NS XiNOrabQO( XSP]Or. x]aPmN P]O XaPPOr( rOarONP{
7S( cST XTNPnmP hS PS P]O VinOXa PSrac. 6TP 4myO SnQc bOOn P]OrO SnVO P]iN fOOk.
4 P]ink( 4mQQ nOyOr bO ]a\\c ahain. p]( cSTmQQ NSSn hOP SyOr iP.
4 POQQ cST( 4 fSnmP rS iP. x]c arO cST aQfacN NS SbNPinaPO{
zST XTNP tSQQSf ]Or aryiVO. wTNP 4 aQfacN rS aN N]O NacN{
4mX hSinh PS hOP T\. 7Sf( rSnmP bO NS NiQQc. (zSTmQQ VaPV]
anSP]Or VSQr."
wTXXc( 4mX bSrOr( VSXO anr \Qac fiP] XO. x]On arO cST hSinh PS NPS\ bSP]Orinh
XO{
zST XTNP brinh P]O bSSk aP SnVO. xSTQr cST Xinr faiPinh TnPiQ OyOninh{
4 XTNP hS nSf. WSSr nih]P( nanOe
p] rOar( S] rOare x]aP N]aQQ 1 rS{ oS NPS\ Vrcinhe x]aPmN P]O XaPPOr{
wac 4 VSXO anr NOO cST Sn wSnrac{ oS cST rOaQQc P]ink cST Van VSXO{
(RSXO( warharOP. 4P iN PSS QaPO." 4 inNiNP Sn hSinh ]SXO iXXOriaPOQc.
(|OrO cST arO aP QaNP." 4 aX ]a\\c PS NOO cST.
4 P]ink 4mQQ nOyOr rS iP. p]( rSnmP Nac P]aPe
wSP]Or( 4myO QSNP cSTr hQSyON. 4 PSQr cST nSP PS PakO P]OX.
6TP 4 VanmP N\Oak MnhQiN]. zON( cST Van.
oS cST rOaQQc fanP ]iX PS VSXO{ 4 fiN] ]O fSTQr.
189
ArO cST rOarc( 6iQQ{ 7S( 4 VanmP fSrk iP STP tSr XcNOQt.
7S( nS( 4 N]aQQ nOyOr rS iP 7Sf( rS bO rOaNSnabQO.
oS cST friPO \SOPrc{ 4 rS( SVVaNiSnaQQc.
xSTQr cST QikO PS ]Oar SnO St Xc rOVSrrN{ (p]( 4mr QSyO PS." 4 arSrO XTNiV.
|Sf arO cST( wrN. 7OQNSn{ @Orc fOQQ inrOOr( P]ank cST.
oS cSTm ]ayO XiQk in cSTr POa( vSnc{ zON( \QOaNO.
|Sf iN cSTr raTh]POr( wrN. 5XiP]{ 5]O iN NPacinh fiP] Xc XSP]Or tSr a tOf
racN.
x]aPmN ]Or naXO{ v]aPmN P]O P]irr PiXO cSTmyO aNkOr XO
P]aP.
5]OmN taiQOr P]O NOVSnr PiXO PSrac. x]aP a riNa\\SinPXOnP tSr ]Ore
7. Say the foIIowing sentences with a) the High FaII + the Low Rise; b) the Descending Head +
the Low Rise. Observe the difference in attitudes:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
4 QSyO XarXaQarOe oSnmP OaP iP aQQ aP SnVO.
4 XTNP bO Stt nSf. WSSr'bcOe jOP XO NOO cST ahain PSXSrrSf.
xSTQr cST QikO a VT\ St POa{ zON( \QOaNO.
|OrO 4 aX( wSP]Or. x]OrO ]ayO cST bOOn aQQ P]iN PiXO{
x]c rSnmP cST Sin STr hSQt VQTb{ 4 P]ink 4 N]aQQ SnO St P]ONO racN.
|O ]aN bOOn afac tSr PfS ]STrN. oSnmP fSrrc. 4PmN nSP PSS QaPO.
(jSSke MyOrcP]inh iN f]iPOe" 4 P]STh]P iP faN hSinh PS NnSf.
(R]OOr T\e" 4 rS ]S\O cSTmQQ \aNN cSTr OUaX.
|O Nair ]O tSrhSP PS rinh cST T\. xaN P]aP P]O rOaQ rOaNSn{
zSTr NSn faN QaPO tSr P]O tirNP QONNSn PSrac. 4 faN atrair ]O Xih]P bO QaPO.
(p]( NPS\ bSP]Orinh XO( V]iQr." RanmP cST NOO 4mX PirOr{
xiQQ cST \SNP P]iN QOPPOr tSr XO{ AQQ rih]P.
WSSr XSrninh( oayir. |TQQS P]OrO.
4 P]STh]P 1 aNkOr cST PS hS PS P]O rOanmN SttiVO. AQQ rih]P. nTNP a XinTPO.
8. Give your own repIies to the VerbaI Context of Ex. 1 and 6.
9. Read the foIIowing situations. Convey the attitudes suggested in brackets:
oSnmP Vrc. 4 fiN] 4 ]arnmP bOOn NS rTrO. zST ]ayO aQQ XO NcX\aP]c. (regret, &y+4athyA
p]( POQQ XO iP iN nSP PrTOe jiO PS XOe jiO PS XOe vOQQ XO iP iN nSP PrTOe (49eadingA
p]( f]aP a rOar QiPPQO \T\\ce (&in5ere a44re5iationA
v]ank cST NS XTV]. (&in5ere gratitudeA
4 rSnmP P]ink iP fiQQ QaNP QSnh. (rea&&uringA
4 P]ink 4mQQ hS PS bOr. 4mX NS PirOr. (49aintiveA
10. Listen to the diaIogue on the tape ("Dinner-tabIe TaIk"). Pick out sentences containing the
High FaiI + the Low Rise. Say what attitude is conveyed in them. Use these sentences in
conversationaI situations of your own.
11. Listen to the VerbaI Context and express sympathy in the repIies. Use the proper intonation
pattern:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
p] 4mX VSQr. ^SSr P]inhe 4 rS P]ink( iPmN a \iPc. 4mX NS NSrrce 7OyOr Xinr.
|O NacN ]OmN iQQ. x]aP a riNa\\SinPXOnPe Ran cST iXahinO iPe vSS bare 6ar
QTVke nTNP tanVce v]inhN rS ]a\\One
4 VanmP VSXO P]iN OyOninh. pTh]PnmP cST PS bO aN]aXOr St iPe x]aP a riNa\\SinPXOnPe
|Sf OUPraSrrinarce
4 ]ayOnmP NOOn nOnnc tSr ahONe vOrribQO( iNnmP iPe vSS bar tSr fSrrNe WSSr |OayOnNe |Sf
yOrc \OVTQiare x]aP a \iPce
nanOP NOOXN PS bO aySirinh XO. 4NnmP N]O a tSSQe x]aP a PrahOrce 4 NiX\Qc VanmP P]inke 4 rS
P]ink iPmN a \iPce
180
zSTmyO XarO P]O NaXO XiNPakO
ahain.
ArOnmP 4 a tSSQe WSSr |OayOnNe qanVc P]aPe 4 NiX\Qc VanmP
P]inke x]aP a N]aXOe
v]O aVkOPmN fSrn STP aQrOarc. x]aP a riNa\\SinPXOnPe ^SSr XOe x]aP a \iPce
wiV]aOQ ]aN TNP riOr. ^OrtOVPQc ]Srrire vSS bar tSr fSrrNe x]aP a PrahOrce
xaNnmP iP abNSQTPOQc PrahiVe
v]Oc fSnmP ]OQ\ TN. xSTQrnmP iP bO NiX\Qc a\\aQQinh. pTh]PnmP P]Oc PS bO
aN]aXOr St iPe 6OaNPQc( iNnmP iPe
12. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear and reproduce intonation in
conversation.
a) Listen to the dialogue "About the 1ob" carefully, sentence by sentence. Write it down.
Mark the stresses and tunes. The teacher will help you to correct your variant. Practise reading
each sentence of your corrected variant after the cassette-recorder.
b) Record your reading. Play the recording back immediately for your teacher and your
fellow-students to detect your errors. Practise the dialogue for test reading.
13. Make up conversationaI situations, using the foIIowing phrases:
|O ]aNnmP OyOn hSP PS ... cOP.
v]aPmN Xc irOa St ... .
ArO cST NTrO cST rSnmP fanP PS bO ...{
4N iP Xc ... fOmrO \Qanninh( Sr cSTrN{
7S( 4mX NSrrc( ... bTP 4... .
jSSk ]OrO.
AQQ rih]P( aQQ rih]P( P]OrO iN nS nOOr PS ... .
4 rOaQQc fanPOr PS bO ... .
4 ]ayOnmP XarO T\ Xc Xinr cOP.
wacbO nSP.
xOQQ( P]aPmN nSP P]O fac 4 QSSk aP iP.
zST ]ayOnmP anNfOrOr Xc gTONPiSn cOP.
4 rSnmP fanP PS aP aQQ.
14. Make up a diaIogue about your future profession.
15. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear intonation and reproduce it in
reading and narration.
a) listen to the joke "Nothing to Complain About", sentence by sentence. Write it down. Mark
stresses and tunes. Practise the joke for test reading.
b) Listen to the narration of the joke. Observe the peculiarities in intonation-group division,
pitch, stress and tempo. Note the use of temporizers. Reproduce the model narration of the joke.
16. This exercise is meant to test your abiIity to anaIyze and reproduce materiaI for reading
and reteIIing.
a) Read the jokes silently to make sure you understand each sentence. Underline the sentence
expressing the essence of the joke. Split up each sentence into intonation groups if necessary.
Locate the communicative centre of each sentence. Mark the stresses and tunes, concentrating
your attention on the attitude expressed. It is not expected that each student will mark the story
in exactly the same way. Discuss your variants in class. The teacher will help you to choose the
best variant. Practise your corrected variant for test reading.
b) Retell the jokes in your own words:
No Music Lessons
pnVO P]O POaV]Or aNkOr ]iN \T\iQ: s6Sbbc( ]Sf Xanc tinhOrN ]ayO cST{s v]O \T\iQ
anNfOrOr aP SnVO: s4 ]ayO POn tinhOrN.s
v]O POaV]Or aNkOr ]iX anSP]Or gTONPiSn: sxOQQ( it tSTr fOrO XiNNinh f]aP fSTQr cST ]ayO
P]On{s s7S XTNiV QONNSnN(s faN P]O anNfOr.
At the Lessen
182
sxOQQ( AQOU( ]Sf XTV] iN PfS \QTN SnO{s aNkOr P]O POaV]Or( s4 rSnmP knSf( Nir(s anNfOrOr P]O
bSc. sxOQQ( AQOUe qanVc 4 hiyO cST PfS rShN anr P]On SnO rSh XSrO. wSf Xanc rShN ]ayO
cST nSf{s sqSTr rShN(s P]O bSc anNfOrOr PiXirQc. sx]c( AQOU{s s6OVaTNO 4 ]ayO SnO rSh
aQrOarc( Nir.s
''''''''''''''''
pnO XSrninh a bSc faN hSinh bc a jSnrSn bTN PS NV]SSQ. |O ]ar a VSQr anr faN Nnittinh aQQ
P]O PiXO anr NS QSTrQc P]aP P]O \OS\QO bOhan PS QSSk aP ]iX anr N]akO P]Oir ]OarN. An SQr
hOnPQOXan faN NiPPinh nOUP PS P]O bSc. |O NTttOrOr P]O bScmN Nnittinh tSr NSXO PiXO bTP aP QaNP
QSNP ]iN \aPiOnVO anr Nair: s|ayOnmP cST hSP a ]anrkOrV]iOt( Xc bSc{s
szON( 4myO hSP a VQOan ]anrkOrV]iOt in Xc \SVkOP(s Nair P]O bSc( sbTP 4 VanmP QOP cST ]ayO iP.
wSP]Or NacN iP iN nSP \SQiPO PS aNk ancbSrc tSr a ]anrkOrV]iOt. zST XTNP TNO cSTr Sfn.s
SECTION SIX Compound Tunes
TWO OR MORE FALLS WITHIN ONE SENSE-GROUP
4n NOnNO'hrST\N fiP] P]O |ih] qaQQinh Sr qaQQinh'iNinh nTVQOar PSnO P]OrO Xac bO SnO Sr
XSrO SP]Or fSrrN XarkOr bc a rOQaPiyOQc ]ih] taQQinh PSnO. v]O tTnVPiSn St NTV] qaQQN iN PS
\rSyirO a hrOaPOr rOhrOO St \rSXinOnVO tSr P]O fSrrN Sn f]iV] P]Oc SVVTr. AQQ SP]Or fSrrN St
P]O ]Oar arO nSP NPrONNOr. v]O aPPiPTrO OU\rONNOr bc P]O NOnPOnVO iN nSP V]anhOr bTP P]O
TPPOranVO NSTnrN OX\]aPiV. 4n P]iN VaNO P]O ]Oar iN VaQQOr /9iding"
RSX\arO:
1. Listen carefuIIy to the foIIowing conversationaI situations. Concentrate your attention on the
intonation of the repIies:
2er"$l !on%e3% 4r#ll
x]aP faN P]O \arPc QikO{ v]O tSSr faN POrribQO( 4mX NSrrc PS Nac.
vSXmN ]ayinh POa. x]aP tSr cST( ArP]Tr{ 4mr \rOtOr a VT\ St VSttOO.
4PmN NTV] a Pirinh STrnOc bc Prain. xOQQ f]c nSP tQc{
18&
x]iV] SnO Van 4 ]ayO{ x]iV] fSTQr cST \rOtOr{
p] 4 knSf ]O VSTQrnmP ]OQ\ iP v]On f]c arO cST NS anhrc fiP] ]iX{
4mX hSinh PS jSnrSn PSXSrrSf. |Sf QSnh rmcST inPOnr bOinh afac{
v]O rSSr fSnmP S\On. x]c nSP Prc PTrninh P]O kOc{
AiQ rih]P. jOPN hS PS P]O \iVPTrON. oS cST rOaQQc fanP PS{
v]aPmN nSP yOrc VSnyinVinh. xOQQ( Van cST P]ink St a bOPPOr arhTXOnP{
5]OmN SnQc fSrkinh ]aQt PiXO nSf. zON( bTP nOOr N]O hS PS fSrk aP aQQ{
|ayO cST ]Oarr abSTP AQOU{ 4NnmP iP inVrOribQO{
pt VSTrNO ]OmQQ ahrOO. oSnmP bO PSS NTrO.
v]ONO NPOfOr a\\QON arOnmP yOrc NfOOP. |ayO NSXO XSrO NThar fiP] P]OX.
x]aP PiXOmN VSnyOniOnP tSr cST{ RSXO f]OnOyOr cSTmrO trOO.
4 VanmP XanahO aQQ P]aP. xOQQ( OaP aN XTV] aN cST Van( P]On.
|O rirnmP Nac a fSrr. |Sf yOrc TnTNTaQe
|Sf abSTP a N]Sf PSnih]P{ 4t SnQc cST aNkOr XO OarQiOre
4PmN Xc birP]rac PSrac. @Orc Xanc ]a\\c rOPTrnNe
2. Listen carefully to the replies and repeat them in the intervals. Make your voice fall on
every stressed syllable.
3. listen to the Verbal Context and reply in the interval.
4. In order to fix the intonation in your mind, ear and speech habits repeat the replies yourself
until they sound perfectly natural to you.
5. Listen to a fellow-student reading the replies. Tell him (her) what his (her) errors in
intonation are.
6. Listen to your teacher reading the Verbal Context below. Reply by using Sliding Head +
High Fall in the drill sentences. Say what attitude you mean to render:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
Anr nSf f]aP NfOOP fiQQ cST ]ayO( warc{ 4mr \rOtOr a \iOVO St a\\QO
ParP.
|Sf Xanc NSnN ]aN N]O hSP{ 4 ]ayOnmP P]O NQih]PONP irOa.
|O iN nSP VSXinh. |OmN an a\\SinPXOnP. zST STh]P PS ]ayO intSrXOr XO bOtSrO.
zST knSf ^OPOr yOrc fOQQ( 4 OU\OVP. 7S( 4myO nOyOr XOP ]iX in Xc QitO.
|Sf XTV] iN P]O tarO{ 4myO nS irOa.
Anr f]aP rS cST P]ink St jSnrSn( wrN.
v]SX\NSn{
4myO nOyOr bOOn ]OrO bOtSrO. 4 QikO iP NS XTV].
7Sf f]aP fSTQr cST V]SSNO{ 4 rSnmP fanP ancP]inh.
x]aP fiQQ cST rS P]iN atPOrnSSn{ 4 aX \Qanninh PS NOO P]O ^iVPTrO WaQQOrc.
4 ]ayO a trOO atPOrnSSn PSrac. xOQQ f]c nSP hS Nih]PNOOinh{
4 NThhONP fO N]STQr hS PS P]O VinOXa. x]iV] tiQX fSTQr cST \rOtOr PS NOO{ |ayO
cST anc \arPiVTQar tiQX in Xinr{
v]aP faN ^OPOr Sn P]O \]SnO. x]c rirnmP cST aNk ]iX abSTP P]O bSSkN ]O
]ar bSrrSfOr{
4 VanmP tinr Xc \On ancf]OrO. ArO cST NTrO cST rirnmP QOayO iP aP P]O
4nNPiPTPO{
x]aP arO cST QSSkinh tSr( Ann{ |ayO cST NOOn Xc TXbrOQQa ancf]OrO{
4 ]ar a bar taQQ trSX P]O NPairN anr brSkO Xc arX. |ayO cST anc \ain nSf{
RSXO aP NiU Sn 5Tnrac. oS cST rOaQQc fanP XO PS{
naVk rSONnmP fanP iP. WiyO iP PS XO( P]On.
4 VanmP S\On P]iN % VanmP NSXOSnO OQNO Prc{ WiyO iP PS XO( 4mQQ rS iP.
4 VanmP VSXO aP NiU. RSXO f]OnOyOr iPmN VSnyOniOnP tSr cST.
x]aP N]aQQ 4 rS fiP] Xc QThhahO{ jOayO iP in P]O VQSakrSSX aP P]O NPaPiSn.
4 XanahOr PS hOP a PiVkOP. x]aP a \iOVO St QTVke
wanc ]a\\c rOPTrnN St P]O rac. |Sf niVO St cST PS rOXOXbOre
jOP XO rS iP tSr cST. v]ank cST yOrc XTV]e
5OO cST PSXSrrSf. wc QSyO PS aQQ aP ]SXO.
7. The teacher wiII suggest the VerbaI Context of Ex. 1 and 6. The students wiII repIy to it,
18d
using SIiding Head + High FaII. The driII continues untiI every student has participated.
Keep the exercise moving on rapidIy.
II. (LOW PRE-HEAD +) HIGH FALLS + FALL-RISE
8. Listen carefuIIy to the foIIowing conversationaI situations. Concentrate your attention on the
intonation of the repIies. Note aII the prominent words of the bead:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
omcST NXSkO{ 4 rS NSXOPiXON.
x]aP a naNPc VSQr race 4PmN biPPOrQc VSQr. 6TP iPmN nSP naNPc.
xSTQr ]O QOnr XO ]iN \QacOr{ |O Xih]P it cST PaQkOr niVOQc PS ]iX.
zST brSkO P]O finrSf( rirnmP cST{ zON( bTP nSP Sn \Tr\SNO.
4 rSnmP NT\\SNO iP PrSTbQOr cST XTV]. 4P faNnmP a hrOaP rOaQ St PrSTbQO. 6TP iP faNnmP
aQPShOP]Or OaNc.
RanmP 4 PakO P]iN SnO{ zST Van it cST inNiNP. 6TP P]O SP]Or SnOmN bOPPOr.
zST fiQQ \Qac( fSnmP cST{ 4mr raP]Or nSP.
Ran 4 bSrrSf cSTr \OnknitO{ 4PmN nSP yOrc N]ar\.
xOQQ f]aP abSTP P]iN VSQSTr{ 4P iNnmP OUaVPQc P]O N]arO 4 fanP
4 fanP P]SNO N]SON XOnrOr gTiVkQc. 4 VanmP hOP P]OX rSnO PSrac.
jOP XO knSf PSXSrrSf. 4 rSTbP f]OP]Or 4 Van hiyO cST an anNfOr bc P]On.
zST arO nSP Prcinh. 4 XSNP VOrPainQc aX.
xO hSP ]OrO abSTP Xirnih]P. 4P fOPN OarQiOr P]an P]aP.
AQanmN tSrhSPPOn ]iN TXbrOQQa. |O aQfacN QOayON NSXOP]inh bO]inr.
jOP XO ]ayO P]OX bc PSnih]P. 4 bOh cSTr \arrSn( bTP iPmN STP St P]O gTONPiSn.
x]OrO ]aN ]O bOOn aQQ P]iN PiXO{ |OmN NSrrc PS bO NS QaPO( bTP ]O faN rOQacOr aP P]O
SttiVO.
zSTr VSnrTVP faN inOUVTNabQO. 6OtSrO cST TX\ PS VSnVQTNiSnN( cST Xih]P aP QOaNP
]Oar XO STP.
x]aP rir cST P]ink St P]O QOVPTrO{ 4P faNnmP OUaVPQc NOnNaPiSnaQ( faN iP{
5]OmN an abNSQTPO taiQTrO. 7Sf bO tair.
xOmQQ QOayO bOtSrO rafn. |ayO a ]OarP. |ayO a biP St NOnNO.
4 P]ink iPmN hSinh PS rain. p] rSnmP Nac P]aP.
4mQQ ]ayO P]iN SnO. 7S( P]iN. 4mX NSrrc. xOQQ( XakO T\ cSTr Xinr. xOQQ( Nac iP aN it cST XOanP
iP.
Ran 4 VSXO ]SXO bc XcNOQt( wTXXc{ xOQQ( bO VarOtTQ f]On cST VrSNN P]O Xain rSar.
9. Listen carefully to the replies and repeat them in the intervals. Make your voice fall on the
stressed syllables. Start the rise from the lowest pitch and do not go up %oo high,
10. Listen to the Verbal Context and reply in the intervals.
11. In order to fix the intonation in your mind, ear and speech habits repeat the replies until
they sound perfectly natural to you.
12. Listen to a fellow-student reading the replies. Tell him (her) what his (her) errors in
intonation are.
13. Your teacher will suggest the Verbal Context of Ex. 8. You in turn reply to it, using High
Falls. The drill will continue until every student has participated. Keep the exercise moving on
rapidly.
14. Read the sentences taking into consideration the suggestions in brackets. Observe the
changes in sentence stress:
|SVkOc iN SnO St P]O XSNP \S\TQar haXON in finPOr. (Not foot2a99"A QNot in &u++er"A
qSSPbaQQ iN P]O XSNP \S\TQar haXO in MnhQanr. (Not tenni&"A (Not in India"A
188
RarN arO rriyOn Sn P]O QOtP NirO St P]O rSar in jSnrSn. (Not on the right &ide"A (Not in
Jo&5ow"A
4n P]O XirrQO St vrataQhar 5gTarO NPanrN 7OQNSnmN XSnTXOnP. (Not in the +idd9e of
Bi55adi99y Cir5u&"A (Not a &tatue of Cro+we99"A
6rOaktaNP iN hOnOraQQc a bih XOaQ in MnhQanr. (Not &u44er"A (Not on the Continent"A
RSQQOhON St MrTVaPiSn in WrOaP 6riPain rSnmP VSntOr ri\QSXaN Sn P]Oir hrarTaPON. (3ut award
5ertifi5ate&"A (Not te5hni5a9 5o99ege&"A
pTr POrXinaQ OUaXinaPiSnN arO ]OQr aP P]O Onr St OaV] POrX. (Not fina9 eZa+&"A (Not every
other ter+"A
15. Read the foIIowing sentences expressing the attitudes suggested in brackets. Use them In
conversationaI situations of your own;
(deta5hed, 4h9eg+ati5, re&ervedA
5]aQQ 4 aNk ]iX abSTP iP ahain{
Ran cST PranNQaPO a tOf NOnPOnVON{
xOQQ( fiQQ cST VSXO anr NOO ]Or PSXSrrSf{
RSTQr fO XOOP Sn xOrnONrac( P]On{
wac fO aQQ knSf f]aPmN aXTNinh cST{
oS cST P]ink NS{
xiQQ cST POQQ ]Or abSTP iP trankQc{
(9ive9y, intere&ted, &o+ewhat un49ea&ant9y &ur4ri&edA
xOQQ f]On Van cST N\arO P]O PiXO{
x]aPmN P]aP hSP PS rS fiP] cST{
x]aP XakON cST NS NTrO{
x]c nSP aNk ]iX abSTP iP{
|Sf rir cST XakO P]aP{
(wondering, +i9d9y 4u::9edA
|Sf SQr iN N]O{ x]SmN ]O hSnO PS NOO{ |Sf XTV] rS cST XakO iP{ |Sf StPOn XTNP ]O PakO
iP{ |Sf QSnh rS cST fanP PS kOO\ iP{ x]iV] iN Xc Var{ x]OrO rir 4 tinr P]OX{
(5ontradi5tingA
zST rSnmP QikO iP. zST fanP iP baVk. |OmN rOtiniPOQc hSinh. |O fSnmP bO abQO PS ]OQ\. zSTmyO
hSP OnSTh] XSnOc.
(di&a44rovingA
x]On fiQQ P]aP bO{ x]aP rS cST fanP iP tSr{ |Sf SQr rir cST Nac{ x]aP iN P]O VrSfr
QSSkinh aP{ x]On rir 4 NOO ]iX{ |Sf XTV] rir 4 hiyO tSr iP{ |Sf Xanc rir cST Nac{ 6OtSrO
f]On{
16. The teacher wiII suggest a VerbaI Context You in turn repIy to it in the form of statements
and questions, expressing personaI concern or interest:
x]aP rS cST P]ink St P]O ]STNON in wiV]TrinNki AyOnTO{
x]aP arO cSTr hOnOraQ iX\rONNiSnN St wSNVSf{
x]aP OQNO faN iP P]aP cST ON\OViaQQc QikOr in wSNVSf{
7Sf f]aP rS cST fanP{
x]c rirnmP cST XOOP XO aP P]O NPaPiSn{
x]aP faN ]Or NiNPOr QikO{
|Sf rir nTrc hOP Sn fiP] P]O hirQN{
4mr QSyO hSinh PS P]O VinOXa.
zST ]ayOnmP QOtP cSTr bSSk ]OrO.
warc Nair N]O inPOnrOr PS VSXO baVk.
|Sf Xanc bSSkN rS cST fanP{
oS QOPmN bTc P]iN rrONN( wTXe
v]O QaNP bTN ]aN hSnO.
|ayO cST ]Oarr abSTP warc{
17. Read the story "A Friend in Need" by S. Maugham (see p. 104). The sentences from the text
200
given beIow are not true to fact. One of the students wiII read a sentence, another win
correct him, using Intonation Patterns VI or VII.
wr. 6TrPSnmN naXONakO faN an Tn\QOaNanP'QSSkinh Xan.
|O faN SQr# ]iN taVO faN fSrn anr frinkQOr anr ]O faN aQfacN \SSrQc rrONNOr.
|O fSrkOr ]arr PS Oarn ]iN Qiyinh.
pnVO ]O VaXO PS wr. 6TrPSnmN SttiVO PS ]OQ\ ]iX fiP] ]iN fSrk.
|O PSQr wr. 6TrPSn ]O faN hOPPinh Sn in QitO.
|O SttOrOr wr. 6TrPSn a hSSr Sb.
wr. 6TrPSnmN naXONakO rirnmP aVVO\P P]O VrTOQ POrXN ]O faN SttOrOr.
|O faN a \SSr NfiXXOr anr ]O VSTQrnmP XanahO P]O VTrrOnPN rSTnr P]O bOaVSn.
wr. 6TrPSn faN NTrO P]aP ]iN naXONakO fSTQr NTVVOOr in VSyOrinh P]O riNPanVO.
wr. 6TrPSnmN naXONakO rOharrOr wr. 6TrPSnmN SttOr aN an OaNc anr fSrP]c Sb.
v]O cSTnh Xan VaXO PS P]O VrOOk St varTXi Sn PiXO.
5S wr. 6TrPSn \rSyOr ]iXNOQt a rOaQ triOnr.
4PmN raP]Or a tTnnc NPSrc Sn P]O f]SQO.
18. Make statements to be corrected according to the modeI above. The driII wiII continue untiI
every student has participated. Keep the exercise moving on rapidIy.
19. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to bear the intonation and reproduce it in
proper speech situations.
a) listen to the dialogue "Sports and Games Popular in England", sentence by sentence. Write
it down. Mark the stresses and tunes. Practise the dialogue.
b) Record your reading of the dialogue. Play the recording back immediately for the teacher
and your fellow-students to detect your possible errors in pronunciation. Practise the dialogue
for test reading and memorize it.
c) Pick out of the dialogue sentences containing compound tunes and the logical stress.
d) Make up conversational situations about sport, using the following phrases:
x]aP fSTQr cST Nac fOrO p]( cON( anc aXSTnP.
P]O XSNP \S\TQar...{ zST N]STQr Sin it cSTmrO
xOQQ( 4 NT\\SNO.... kOOn Sn....
x]aP abSTP...{ 4 P]ink 4 N]aQQ it 4 hOP P]O
4 N]STQr Nac P]aP.... V]anVO....
v]On P]OrO arO( St VSTrNO.... 6c P]O fac....
4myO bOOn PSQr P]aP.... xOQQ( 4 rS( bTP...
4N P]OrO anc... PS bO ]ar nOar...{
20. Make up a diaIogue of your own, using phrases from the diaIogue above.
21. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear the intonation and reproduce it in
proper speech situations.
a" QiNPOn PS P]O nSkO sxOaP]Or qSrOVaNPN( NOnPOnVO bc NOnPOnVO. xriPO iP rSfn. wark P]O
NPrONNON anr PTnON. ^raVPiNO P]O POUP
b" QiNPOn VarOtTQQc PS P]O narraPiSn St P]O SkO. pbNOryO P]O \OVTQiariPiON in inPSnaPiSn'hrST\
riyiNiSn( \iPV]( NPrONN anr POX\S. 7SPO P]O TNO St POX\SriOrN. O\rSrTVO P]O XSrOQ narraPiSn
cST ]ayO QiNPOnOr PS.
22. Read the jokes siIentIy to make sure you understand each sentence. Find the sentence
expressing the essence of each joke. SpIit up each sentence into intonation groups if
necessary. Mark the stresses and tunes. UnderIine the communicative centre and the
nucIear word of each intonation group. It is not expected that each student win intone
the text in the same way. The teacher win heIp you to correct your variant. Practise
reading the jokes severaI times:
201
v]O VT\ faN ]anrOr SyOr inPS P]O cSTP]mN ]anrN anr P]OrO fOnP VriON St s5\OOV]e 5\OOV]es
wOanf]iQO P]O Qar faN abQO PS VSQQOVP ]iN P]STh]PN anr( St VSTrNO( PS VaPV] ]iN brOaP]. v]On
]O NPO\\Or T\ Sn a bOnV]. v]OrO VaXO an abrT\P anr OahOr ]TN]e sWOnPQOXOn(s ]O Nair( s4 ]ayO
fSn P]O VT\ bc P]O TNO St Xc QOhN. 4 PrTNP 4 Xac nOyOr QSNO P]O TNO St Xc QOhN bc P]O TNO St P]iN
VT\.s
'''''''''''''''''
% zSTmyO bOOn faPV]inh XO tSr P]rOO ]STrN. x]c rSnmP cST Prc tiN]inh cSTrNOQt{
% 4 ainmP hSP P]O \aPiOnVO.
'''''''''''''''''''
s6Sb(s Nair 6iQQ( aN ]O VaTh]P T\ fiP] 6Sb Sn P]O fac baVk PS VaX\( sarO aQQ P]O rONP St P]O
bScN STP St P]O fSSrN cOP{s
szON(s Nair 6Sb.
sAQQ NiU St P]OX{s
szON( aQQ NiU St P]OX.s
sAnr P]OcmrO aQQ NatO{s
szON(s Nair 6Sb( sP]OcmrO aQQ NatO.s
sv]On(s Nair 6iQQ( ]iN V]ONP NfOQQinh( s4myO N]SP a rOOr.s
''''''''''''
v]O Xan Sn P]O brirhO arrrONNOr P]O tiN]OrXan. sAnc QTVk{s ]O aNkOr.
sAnc QTVkes faN P]O anNfOr. sx]c( 4 hSP tSrPc \ikO STP St ]OrO cONPOrrac.s
soS cST knSf f]S 4 aX{s s7S(s Nair P]O tiN]OrXan.
s4mX P]O V]iOt XahiNPraPO ]OrO anr aQQ P]iN ONPaPO iN XinO.s
sAnr rS cST knSf f]S 4 aX{s aNkOr P]O tiN]OrXan gTiVkQc.
s7S.s
s4mX P]O bihhONP Qiar in @irhinia.s
SECTION SEVEN Intonation pattern XII
I. (LOW PRE-HEAD + ) HIGH RISE (+TAIL) II. (LOW PRE-HEAD + ) (HIGH HEAD+)
HIGH RISE ( + TAIL)
83
5PrONN'anr'PSnO XarkN in P]O POUP: |ih] iNO m
4t P]OrO iN nS PaiQ P]O ySiVO in P]O nTVQOTN riNON trSX a XOriTX PS a ]ih] \iPV].
4t P]OrO arO TnNPrONNOr NcQQabQON tSQQSfinh P]O nTVQOTN P]O QaPPOr iN \rSnSTnVOr Sn a tairQc
]ih] QOyOQ \iPV] anr P]O NcQQabQON St P]O PaiQ riNO hrarTaQQc. v]O NcQQabQON St P]O \rO']Oar riNO
trSX a QSf \iPV] T\ PS P]O NParP St P]O |ih] iNO.
v]iN inPSnaPiSn \aPPOrn iN TNOr in gTONPiSnN( OV]Sinh( VaQQinh tSr rO\OPiPiSn Sr arriPiSnaQ
intSrXaPiSn( NSXOPiXON N]arinh inPS riNa\\rSyaQ Sr \TQOXOnP( NSXOPiXON XOanP PS kOO\ P]O
VSnyOrNaPiSn hSinh.
."g" xO N]aQQ ]ayO PS rOPTrn. % 4XmXOriaPOQc{
4PmN POn tOOP QSnh. % m|Sf QSnh{
x]aPmN P]aP bSfQ tSr{ % mx]aPmN iP tSr{
d:
v]O |ih] iNO anr P]O |ih] |Oar P]O |ih] iNO bOQSnh PS P]O NaXO \aPPOrn NinVO P]Oc ]ayO nS rittOrOnVO in aPPiPTrON.
202
4N iP raininh{ % 4N iP mraininh{
RarOtTQ. % mRarOtTQ{
^iPc. % m^iPc{
EXERCISES
1. Listen carefuIIy to the foIIowing conversationaI situations. Concentrate your attention on the
intonation of the repIies:
2er"$l !on%e3% 4r#ll
lue&tion& e5hoing, 5a99ing for re4etition or additiona9
infor+ation, &o+eti+e& &hading into
di&a44rova9 or 4u::9e+ent
4 fanP cST P]iN XinTPO. zON{
4 N]STQr \]SnO ]iX abSTP iP. 7Sf{
4PmN NnSfinh. ( ( wTV]{
x]aP rS cST P]ink St Xc rrONN{ 7Of{
RSTQr 4 ]ayO anSP]Or VT\ St POa{ 5Thar{
4myO TNP rOar P]aP nOf PrayOQ bSSk. 4nPOrONPinh{
4 QiNPOnOr PS OyOrc fSrr ]O Nair. MyOrc fSrr{
MyOrcbSrc P]inkN iPmN XahnitiVOnP. MyOrcbSrc{
|OmN hSinh Sn ]SQirac. AQSnO{
4myO hiyOn T\ NXSkinh. qSr hSSr{
x]aP rS cST P]ink St P]O Var{ zSTr Sfn{
4myO TNP XOP ]Or ]TNbanr. zST QikO ]iX{
|ayO cST NOOn Xc \On ancf]OrO{ zSTmyO QSNP iP{
x]aP rS cST P]ink St Xc VSaP{ 4PmN a nOf SnO{
4myO TNP ]ar a nOf NTiP XarO. WSSr tiP{
AQanmN nSP ]OrO( 4mX atrair. |OmN hSnO ]SXO{
xOmrO hSinh N]S\\inh. ih]P afac{
jOPmN hS PS P]O \iVPTrON. zSTmyO hSP OnSTh] XSnOc{
4 P]ink P]iN iN nSanmN TXbrOQQa. x]SNO{
v]aP bih SnOmN XinO. x]iV] SnO{
4 N]aQQ nOOr a rSOn( aP QOaNP. |Sf Xanc{
v]ONO tQSfOrN arO tSr cST. x]S arO P]Oc tSr{
|O XTNP bO XarO PS SbOc. |O XTNP bO f]aP{
|OmQQ XOOP TN aP P]rOO titPOOn. AP f]aP PiXO{
x]aP iN iP{ x]aP iN iP{
x]aP rOaNSn rir ]O hiyO tSr ]iN bO]ayiSTr{ x]aP rOaNSn{
oSON iP XaPPOr{ waPPOr{
oS cST XOan iP{ wOan iP{
4N P]aP cSTr QiPPQO bSc{ wc QiPPQO bSc{
xaNnmP iP NPT\ire xaN iP NPT\ir( 4 fSnrOr{
x]aP QSyOQc V]OrriONe xanP NSXO{
4 QikO 6arbara. oS cST{
|Sf rS cST QikO Xc NSnh{ oS cST aQfacN Ninh aN tQaP aN P]aP{
xSTQr cST QikO SnO{ xSTQr 4 QikO SnO{
xO ]ar a XOOPinh QaNP nih]P. 5]STQr 4 ]ayO bOOn P]OrO{
4N iP raininh{ 4N iP raininh{
|ayO cST anNfOrOr ]iN QOPPOr{ |ayO P anNfOrOr iP{
|ayO cST tiniN]Or iP{ |ayO 4 tiniN]Or iP( rir cST Nac{
oir cST OnSc P]O VSnVOrP{ oir 4 OnSc iP{
x]aP a rOQih]PtTQ XOaQe xiQQ cST ]ayO NSXO XSrO VSttOO{
5PS\ iP. 5PS\ iP{
vOQO\]SnO XO( P]On. vOQO\]SnO cST{
20:
kOO\ P]OX tSr XO. kOO\ P]OX tSr cST{
6O niVO PS P]OX. 6O niVO PS P]OX{
WOP rir St iP. WOP rir St iP{
^QOaNO rSnmP fSrrc. oSnmP fSrrc( rir cST Nac{
vakO iP ]SXO. vakO iP ]SXO{
vOQQ XO P]O PiXO( \QOaNO. vOQQ cST P]O PiXO{
waryOQQSTNe waryOQQSTN{
xSnrOrtTQ nOfNe xSnrOrtTQ nOfN{
qanPaNPiVe qanPaNPiV{
xOQQ rSnOe xOQQ rSnO{
2. listen to the replies and repeat them in the intervals. Make your voice rise from a medium
level to a high pitch.
3. listen to the Verbal Context and reply to it in the intervals.
4. In order to fix High Rise in your mind, ear and speech habits, pronounce each reply several
times until it sounds perfectly natural to you.
5. Listen to a fellow-student reading the replies. Tell him (her) what his (her) errors in
pronunciation are.
6. listen to your teacher reading the Verbal Context below. Reply by using one of the drill
sentences. Pronounce it with Intonation Pattern XII. Say what attitude you mean to render:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
4mX PfOnPc'PfS PSrac. OaQQc{
4 QikO P]O fac ]O N\OakN. zST rS{
4 bOQiOyO ]O iN in 5P. ^OPOrNbTrh nSf. 4n 5P. ^OPOrNbTrh{
v]Oc N\OnP P]O f]SQO rac Sn P]O bOaV]. v]O f]SQO rac{
xiQQ cST \aNN XO P]O \OnViQ( \QOaNO. v]O rOr SnO( cST XOan{
4PmN hOPPinh farXOr. zST P]ink NS{
x]OrO arO cST hSinh{ x]OrO{
|Sf XTV] rS 4 SfO cST{ |Sf XTV]{
x]c VSTQrnmP cST farn XO{ x]c VSTQrnmP 4{
|Sf rS cST QikO ]iN nOf ONNac{ |iN nOf f]aP{
4mX OU]aTNPOr. zSTmrO f]aP{
x]aP rir ]O \rSXiNO P]aP rac{ x]aP rir ]O \rSXiNO{
|O iN a PaQOnPOr cSTnh Xan. 4N ]O{
4mX atrair 4 VanmP bOQiOyO iP. RanmP cST bOQiOyO iP{
xO rSnmP bQaXO ]iX tSr aQQ P]aP. zST rSnmP{
4 VanmP tSrVO ]iX PS hS P]OrO. RanmP cST tSrVO ]iX{
v]Oc ]ayOnmP V]anhOr ancP]inh ]OrO. |ayOnmP P]Oc{
4 OnScOr OyOrc XinTPO St iP oir cST{
5\QOnrir" 5\QOnrir{
5]Sf ]iX STPe 5]Sf ]iX STP{
WiyO iP T\e WiyO iP T\{
oiNhTNPinhe oiNhTNPinh{
|Trrc T\e |Trrc T\{
jOayO iP aN iP iNe jOayO iP{
7. Respond to the foIIowing sentences. Use Intonation Pattern X casing for a repetition of the
information aIready given.
wSrOQ: v]iN Nar NPSrc XarO P]O QiNPOnOrN Vrc.
% warO P]O mQiNPOnOrN mrS mf]aP{
4 fanP cST PS rinh XO T\ ahain.
zST fanP XO PS mrS mf]aP{
209
v]O bScmN bO]ayiSTr XarO XO P]ink ]O faN iQQ.
|iN NParO XarO XO tOOQ iQQ aP OaNO.
v]O rain XarO TN rOPTrn ]SXO.
v]O VSQr XarO TN \TP Sn STr VSaPN.
v]O \Qac XarO TN QaTh] a QSP.
|iN QOPPOr XarO XO V]anhO Xc \QanN.
v]O tSrOihnOr fanPN XO PS POQQ ]iX NSXOP]inh abSTP Xc VSTnPrc.
5]O fanPN cST PS QOayO ]Or aQSnO.
|O fanPN cST PS NParP iXXOriaPOQc.
5]O fanPN ]Or NSn PS OnPOr P]O }niyOrNiPc.
|O fanPN TN PS hS P]OrO aP SnVO.
|O fanPN XO PS PranNQaPO P]iN arPiVQO.
8. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to near and reproduce intonation in different
speech situations.
a) listen to the dialogue "At the Station" carefully, sentence by sentence. Write it down. Mark
the stresses and tunes. Your teacher will help you to correct your variants. Make a careful note of
your errors in each tune and work to avoid them. Practise reading each sentence of your
corrected variant after the cassette-recorder.
b) Record your reading. Play the recording back immediately for the teacher and your fellow-
students to detect your errors. Practise the dialogue for test reading. Memorize it. Play it with a
fellow-student.
9. Make up conversationaI situations, using the foIIowing phrases:
vrc anr tinr XO ... it cST Van. zSTmrO rTO PS arriyO aP... .
|ayO cST hSP cSTr ... cOP( Nir{ xOQQ( 4myO NPiQQ hSP a tOf
7SP cOP. XinTPON PS N\arO.
RSXO aQSnh fiP] XO anr 4mQQ.. . winr cST rSnmP XiNN P]O ....
|OrO iP iN. v]aPmN aQQ rih]P.
oS 4 ]ayO PS ...{ 4P fSnmP PakO XO XSrO P]an
|OrO cST arO. tiyO XinTPON PS ... .
x]aP PiXO rS fO hOP PS ...{
10. Read the foIIowing diaIogues. Define the communicative type of the sentences and say
what attitudes you mean to convey:
% v]OrO cST arO( P]On( 4 P]STh]P cST Xih]P bO ]OrO OarQiOr. xaN cSTr Prain QaPO{
% 7S( 4 rSnmP P]ink NS# TNP abSTP Sn PiXO. x]iV] SnO rir cST P]ink 4 faN VaPV]inh P]On{
% xaNnmP iP P]O SnO P]aP hOPN in aP tiyO POn{
% 7S( P]aPmN 5aPTrracN SnQc. oirnmP cST knSf{
% pt VSTrNO( ]Sf NiQQc St XO( ancfac( iP rSONnmP XaPPOr.
''''''''''''''''''
% MUVTNO XO( fiQQ P]iN rSar PakO XO PS P]O NPaPiSn{
% zON( NPraih]P Sn. vTrn PS P]O QOtP f]On cST hOP PS P]O Onr. zSTmQQ NOO a nSPiVO P]OrO. zST
VanmP hS frSnh.
% 4N iP tar{
% AbSTP P]rOO Sr tSTr XinTPON.
% v]ank cST yOrc XTV].
11. Make up a diaIogue of your own, using some of the phrases from the diaIogues above.
12. Read the foIIowing sentences. The prompts in brackets wiII heIp you to determine the
position of the IogicaI stress. Make up a situation to prove the position of the IogicaI
200
stress:
xO arO hSinh NOVSnr VQaNN. (Not fir&tA
4 fanP a rOPTrn PiVkOP PS pUtSrr. (Not &ing9e"A
x]aP PiXO rS cST hOP T\ in NTXXOr{ (I u&ua99y get u4 at &even"A
x]aP N]aQQ 4 rS fiP] ]iN QThhahO{ (I 'now what to do with your&A
Ran 4 ]ayO a Prc{ (No2ody &ee+& anZiou& to do it"A
|O ran aQQ P]O fac PS P]O NPaPiSn. (_e wa& afraid to 2e 9ate"A
4 Naf warc aP P]O P]OaPrO cONPOrrac. (7Sr Nohn"A
4mr QikO PS ]ayO NSXO POa. (Not ;o+"A
4 aNkOr P]O \SrPOr PS NOO PS Xc QThhahO. (7Sr you"A
13. Listen to the text on the tape ("Commerce and Industry"). Write it down. Mark the stresses
and tunes. Practise the text.
14. Read the foIIowing sentences. Use Intonation Patters VI to singIe out the subject:
Model:
\
Bri
/
tain [ is one of the most important commercial and trading centres in the
world.
ATNPraQia iN P]O NXaQQONP VSnPinOnP in P]O fSrQr.
wanV]ONPOr iN SnO St P]O XSNP iX\SrPanP inrTNPriaQ ViPiON in WrOaP 6riPain.
pUtSrr iN SnO St P]O SQrONP VOnPrON St OrTVaPiSn.
xaN]inhPSn iN P]O Va\iPaQ St P]O }niPOr 5PaPON.
warc iN Xc bONP triOnr.
v]O \ianS iN PS P]O rih]P St P]O finrSf.
MnhQanr iN a ]ih]Qc rOyOQS\Or inrTNPriaQ VSTnPrc.
15. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear the intonation and reproduce it in
proper speech situations.
a) Listen to the text "Mother's Day" sentence by sentence. Write it down. Mark the stresses
and tunes. Practise the text.
b) listen carefully to the narration of the text Observe the peculiarities in Intonation-group
division, pitch, stress and tempo. Note the use of temporizers. Reproduce the model narration of
the text.
16. Read the text "May Day" siIentIy to make sure you understand each sentence. SpIit up
each sentence into intonation groups if necessary. Mark the stresses and tones.
UnderIine the communicative centre and the nucIear word of each intonation group. It
is not expected that each student wiII intone the text in the same way. The teacher wiII
heIp you to correct your variant
Practise reading the text several times.
Retell the text in your own words:
May Day
qSr SyOr 100 cOarN nSf wac oac ]aN bOOn rOVShniOr in NSXO VSTnPriON St P]O fSrQr aN P]O
fSrkOrNm rac. 4P iN P]O rac Sn f]iV] fSrkOrN in P]ONO VSTnPriON XaNPOr P]Oir NPrOnhP]( anr
rOXSnNPraPO P]Oir rOPOrXinaPiSn PS NPrThhQO PS aV]iOyO P]O rOXanrN f]iV] ]a\\On PS bO
\arPiVTQarQc \rONNinh anr TrhOnP.
jaNP cOarmN wac oac in 6riPain brSkO nOf hrSTnr in PfS facN.
4P faN P]O QarhONP'OyOr rOXSnNPraPiSn PS bO ]OQr Sn wac 1 iPNOQt in arriPiSn PS P]O PrariPiSnaQ
rOXSnNPraPiSnN Sn wac 5Tnrac.
6TP iP faN XSrO P]an a rOXSnNPraPiSn. 4P aNNTXOr P]O V]araVPOr St a naPiSnaQ NPrikO(
inySQyinh ]TnrrOrN St P]STNanrN St fSrkOrN f]S rSfnOr PSSQN in jSnrSn anr a nTXbOr St
SP]Or XaSr ViPiON.
4P faN P]O VTQXinaPiSn St an Tn\rOVOrOnPOr VaX\aihn rirOVPOr ahainNP P]O WSyOrnXOnPmN
inPOnPiSnN PS \TP P]O VQSVk baVk a VOnPTrc anr XSrO Sn PrarO'TniSn rih]PN.
4P faN a ]ih] \SinP in P]O VSnPinTSTN NPrThhQO St P]O PrarO TniSnN tSr P]O TntOPPOrOr rih]P PS
202
TNO P]O NPrikO fOa\Sn in tTrP]Orinh P]O inPOrONPN St P]Oir XOXbOrN]i\.
4P faN a ]iNPSriV wac oac nSP SnQc in P]O rSQO iP \QacOr in aV]iOyinh P]O iXXOriaPO rOXanr
St rOPaininh P]O NSyOrOihnPc anr inrO\OnrOnVO St P]O TniSnN.
AbSyO aQQ( P]O tQOUinh St P]Oir XTNVQON anr P]O yiVPSrc aV]iOyOr P]O tSQQSfinh nTQc( hayO P]O
fSrkOrN St 6riPain a nOf NOnNO St VSntirOnVO anr a rOO\Or TnrOrNPanrinh P]aP SnO ]STr St
aVPiSn iN fSrP] XSrO P]an a P]STNanr ]STrN St arhTXOnP anr \QOaN tSr TNPiVO.
SECTION EIGHT. HIGH PRE-HEAD
5PrONN'anr'PSnO XarkN in P]O POUP: P]O |ih] ^rO'|Oar .
v]O |ih] ^rO'|Oar nOyOr VSnPainN anc NPrONNOr NcQQabQON. 6OtSrO P]O |ih] qaQQ iP iN Nair Sn
P]O NaXO \iPV] aN P]O bOhinninh St P]O taQQ. 6OtSrO anc SP]Or nTVQOar PSnO Sr anc ]Oar P]O \iPV]
St P]O |ih] ^rO'|Oar iN ]ih]Or P]an P]O bOhinninh St P]O tSQQSfinh NPrONNOr NcQQabQO.
AN VSX\arOr PS P]O jSf ^rO'|Oar P]O |ih] ^rO'|Oar iN TNOr PS arr yiyaViPc( QiyOQinONN Sr
OUViPOXOnP PS P]O aPPiPTrON OU\rONNOr in P]O NOnPOnVO.
EXERCISES I.
HIGH PRE-HEAD + LOW FALL (+ TAIL)
Model:
-
I
\
do
/
think it's a
I
pity.
1. Listen carefuIIy to the foIIowing conversationaI situations. Concentrate your attention on the
intonation of the repIies:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
zST fSnmP tSrhOP( fiQQ cST{ 4nrOOr 4 fSnmP.
4mr QSyO PS ]OQ\. 4 knSf cST fSTQr.
4 rSnmP bOQiOyO cST \SNPOr iP. 4 rir \SNP iP.
nS]nmN P]O finnOr. |O fiQQ bO NTr\riNOr.
omcST P]ink ]OmN tSrhSPPOn{ 4mX NTrO ]O ]aNnmP.
4PmN nS hSSr aP aQQ. zSTmrO aQfacN riNNaPiNtiOr.
4PmN gTiPO PrTO( cST knSf. xOQQ cST rS aXaO XO.
4 POQQ cST 4 fSnmP aVVO\P. |Sf Van cST bO NS SbNPinaPO{
4 ]ayOnmP PiXO nSf. x]On fiQQ cST ]ayO PiXO( Xac 4 aNk{
v]aPmN nSP XTV] hSSr. xOQQ Van cST rS anc bOPPOr{
x]aPmN T\{ 6O gTiOP tSr a XinTPO(
5]aQQ 4 Sr N]anmP 4 aNk P]OX{ p] rS XakO T\ cSTr Xinr.
|TQQS( naVk. WSSr OyOninh( wr. oOan.
xOmyO hSP PS fSrk Sn 5aPTrrac. p] nSe
20&
4 ]ayO PS hS nSf. x]aP a \iPc cST VanmP NPac QSnhOr.
2. Listen to the repIies and repeat them in the intervaIs. Make your voice rise high when
pronouncing the initiaI unstressed syIIabIes.
3. Listen to the VerbaI Context and repIy to it in the intervaIs.
4. In order to fix the High Pre-Head in your mind, ear and speech habits pronounce each repIy
severaI times untiI it sounds perfectIy naturaI to you.
5. Listen to a feIIow-student reading the repIies. TeII him (her) what his (her) errors in
pronunciation are.
6. Read the driII sentences according to the given modeI. Concentrate your attention on the
High Pre-Head:
mer2a9 ConteZt \J
|O XiNNOr wN QONNSn cONPOrrac. |O aQfacN XiNNON ]iN QONNSnN.
4t cST arO in a ]Trrc( f]c nSP PakO a PaUi{ 4 P]ink 4 fiQQ.
|O fSnmP VSXO PSrac. x]On iN ]O hSinh PS VSXO{
|O iN nSP in. x]OrO iN ]O( P]On{
4 aX QOayinh. p]( VanmP cST NPac a biP QSnhOr{
5]O iN Vrcinh. p]( ]aNnmP N]O \aNNOr ]Or OUaX{
v]O \iVPTrOmN fSnrOrtTQ. jOP XO ]ayO a QSSk aP iP.
wSP]Or iN aNQOO\. oSnmP riNPTrb ]Or( vSX.
jSSk aP ]iN VQSP]ON. WSSr |OayOnNe
WSSr atPOrnSSn( wrN. x]iPO. |aQQS( 6OPPc rOare
II. HIGH PRE-HEAD + HIGH FALL (+TAIL)
Model:
-
I'd simply
\
love to.
7. Listen carefuIIy to the foIIowing conversationaI situations. Concentrate your attention on the
intonation of the repIies:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
oir ]O Nac ancP]inh{ 7S( nSP]inh( cSTmQQ bO \QOaNOr PS ]Oar.
xOmrO hSinh a]Oar fiP]STP ^aTQ. v]aPmN SbyiSTNQc P]O bONP NSQTPiSn.
|ayO NSXO XSrO \Trrinh( Ann. 4 VSTQrnmP \SNNibQc.
zSTmQQ ]OQ\( fSnmP cST( waU. x]c XO{
4 faN ahainNP P]O \rS\SNaQ. x]aP rir naVk ]ayO PS Nac abSTP iP{
zST Van bSrrSf XinO. omcST XOan P]aP{
|O NacN ]OmQQ rS bOPPOr in tTPTrO. oSON ]O rOaQQc inPOnr PS fSrk ]arrOr{
5]aQQ 4 aNk ]iX PS POa{ 6c aQQ XOanN aNk ]iX.
4mX hSinh PS \Qac POnniN. jOPmN aQQ ]ayO a haXO.
7S QTVk( 4mX atrair. vrc SnVO XSrO( P]On.
4mX nSP NTrO 4 fanP PS hS. 5Pac aP ]SXO( P]On.
|OmN brSkOn a QOh. |Sf aftTQe
jSSkinh tSr XO( vOrrc{ p]( P]OrO cST arO( ^OPOr.
8. Listen to the repIies, and repeat them in the intervaIs. Make your voice rise high when
pronouncing the High Pre-Head.
9. Listen to the VerbaI Context and repIy in the intervaIs.
10. In order to fix the High Pre-Head in your mind, ear and speech habits pronounce each repIy
severaI times untiI it sounds perfectIy naturaI to you.
20d
11. Listen to a feIIow-student reading the repIies. TeII him (her) what his (her) errors in
pronunciation are.
12. Read the driII sentences according to the given modeI. Concentrate your attention on the
High Pre-Head:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
xaN iP rittiVTQP{ 5Tr\riNinhQc NS.
4 P]STh]P cSTmyO bOOn P]OrO. 5S 4 ]ayO.
4PmN nSP warc f]S \]SnOr cST cONPOrrac. xOQQ f]S( P]On{
|OmN QOayinh PSnih]P. |Sf rmcST knSf{
|O NacN ]O iN hSinh PS QOayO. oSON ]O rOaQQc inPOnr PS QOayO{
v]iN bSSk iNnmP inPOrONPinh. xiQQ P]aP SnO bO XSrO inPOrONPinh{
5]aQQ 4 POQQ ]iX abSTP iP{ 6c aQQ XOanN POQQ ]iX.
4myO taiQOr. vrc SnVO XSrO( P]On.
4mX nSP fOQQ. WS ]SXO( P]On.
v]ank cST NS XTV]. 7SP aP aQQe
jSSk aP P]iN \iVPTrO. |Sf fSnrOrtTQe
|OrO iN a bSSk tSr cST. |Sf hSSr St cSTe
III. HIGH PRE-HEAD + LOW RISE (+ TAIL)
Model:
-
He
/
won't
13. Listen carefuIIy to the foIIowing conversationaI situations. Concentrate your attention on
the intonation of the repIies:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
viXO PS hS. 4 knSf.
4N P]aP rih]P{ 4 P]ink NS.
oir ]O V]OVk P]O rONTQP{ |O rir.
|ayO cST anc ViharOPPON QOtP{ A tOf.
4 fSTQrnmP rrOaX St hSinh in tSr iP. x]c nSP{
zST fSnmP VaPV] XO hSinh bc air. x]c rSnmP cST QikO tQcinh{
7Sf friPO rSfn cSTr anNfOr. xiQQ \OnViQ rS{
AncbSrc tSr XSrO POa{ wac 4 ]ayO anSP]Or VT\{
x]aP a XiNOrabQO race R]OOr T\.
jOP XO Varrc iP tSr cST. jSSk STP.
xSTQr cST QikO an SranhO{ zON( \QOaNO. 7S( P]ank cSTe
4mX Stt PS bOr. WSSr nih]P( rOare
14. Listen to the repIies and repeat them in the intervaIs. Make your voice rise high when
pronouncing the High Pie-Head.
15. Listen to the VerbaI Context and repIy in the intervaIs.
16. In order to fix the High Pre-Head in your mind, ear and speech habits pronounce each repIy
severaI times untiI it sounds perfectIy naturaI to you.
17. Listen to a feIIow-student reading the repIies. TeII him (her) what his (her) errors in
pronunciation are.
18. Read the driII sentences according to the given modeI. Concentrate your attention on the
High Pie-Head:
mer2a9 ConteZt \ri99
oS cST nOOr anc XSrO XahainON{ v]aPmQQ rS.
4mX atrair 4 VanmP rS iP. AN TNTaQ.
|O iN a hSSr friPOr. |O iN.
|O ]aN QOtP |O ]aN f]aP{
208
4mX hSinh PS 5P. ^OPOrNTrh PSXSrrSf. vS f]OrO{
4mX hSinh PS P]O P]OaPrO PSnih]P. wac 4 hS fiP] cST {
xiQQ cST bO \rONOnP aP P]O \arPc{ oS cST fanP XO PS{
x]aP N]aQQ 4 rS nOUP{ WS ]SXO.
naVk iN NPiQQ STP. oSnmP fSrrc.
WSSr XSrninh( wrN. 6rSfn( |aQQS( warce
5OO cST \rONOnPQc. 5S QSnh( SQr V]a\.
19. Give your own repIies to the VerbaI Context of Ex. 1, 6, 7, 12, 13, 18.
20. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to hear and reproduce intonation in different
speech situations.
a) Listen to the dialogue "Broadcast Programme" carefully, sentence by sentence. Write it
down. Mark the stresses and tunes. The teacher will help you and all the members of the class to
correct your variant. Practise reading every sentence of your corrected variant after the cassette-
recorder.
b) Record your reaing. Play the recording back immediately for the teacher and your fellow-
students to detect your errors. Practise the dialogue for test readiag. Memorize the dialogue and
play it with a fellow-student.
c) Make up conversational situations, using the following phrases:
p]( nSP PSS barQc.
^OrNSnaQQc( 4mX nSP yOrc kOOn Sn ... .
qSrPTnaPOQc tSr XO( iP faN a ....
x]aP kinr St ... rS cST QikO bONP( P]On{
xiP] aQQ P]O \raVPiVO in Oar'Praininh 4myO ]ar ....
4 fiN] 4 ]ar cSTr hitP tSr ... .
x]OrO P]OrOmN a fiQQ P]OrOmN a fac( cST knSf.
d) Make up a talk with a fellow-student, using phrases from the dialogue above.
21. Read the foIIowing sentences, using intonation patterns you find suitabIe. Use them in
conversationaI situations of your own:
winOmN raP]Or an SQr'taN]iSnOr XSrOQ VSX\arOr PS cSTrN.
4PmN XTV] PSS bih PS bO NOOn in an ]STr Sr NS.
v]OrO rSONnmP NOOX PS bO ancP]inh rariVaQQc frSnh fiP] cST.
xO ]ayO iVO'VrOaX PfiVO a fOOk anr fO nOyOr ]ayO VSrnXOaQ XTN].
4 VanmP faiP ]OrO aQQ rac.
4 fiN] cSTmr PSQr XO OarQiOr.
4PmN aQQ yOrc fOQQ PS XakO \rSXiNON.
4 VanmP \SNNibQc tiniN] iP.
RSXO Sn( 7Sra. xO arO hSinh PS XiNN P]aP Prain.
^OPOrmN nSP SQr OnSTh] PS XakO T\ ]iN Xinr abSTP NTV] P]inhN.
ArO cST NTrO cST rSnmP fanP PS bO a tarXOr( SbOrP{
4mr nOyOr ]ayO hSnO it 4 ]ar knSfn iP faN hSinh PS bO NS NiQQc.
oSnmP cST NOO f]aP a hSSr P]inh iP faN P]aP cST XOP XO{
4 N]aQQ N\Oak PS Mrfarr P]O XSXOnP ]O VSXON in.
4 faN ]S\inh 4 Xih]P bO St TNO PS cST.
4 tinr NSXO St P]O PaQkN yOrc inPOrONPinh( PSS.
|O iN hOPPinh Sn gTiPO fOQQ( P]ank cST.
winr cST rSnmP XiNN P]O Prain( ^OPOr.
4 \rOtOr rOr it cSTmyO hSP iP.
4 N]STQr QikO PS rOar iP( f]On cSTmyO tiniN]Or fiP] iP.
xO Van faQk P]OrO it P]OrOmN PiXO.
zSTmQQ bO QaPO it cST rSnmP ]Trrc T\.
4 rSnmP TnrOrNPanr cST f]On cST N\Oak NS taNP.
v]aPmN gTiPO rih]P aN tar aN 4 knSf.
210
zST XTNP bTc P]O PiVkOPN bOtSrO]anr it cST fanP PS NOO P]O \Qac.
4mQQ XOOP cST PSXSrrSf it nSP]inh \rOyOnPN.
xOmQQ ]Oar sRarXOns PSXSrrSf it 4 XanahO PS hOP PiVkOPN.
4 XTNP \TP T\ fiP] iP NinVO iP VanmP bO ]OQ\Or.
MyOrcbSrc bOVaXO NiQOnP f]On ]O bOhan \Qacinh P]O \ianS.
22. This exercise is meant to deveIop your abiIity to introduce teaching materiaI in cIass with
correct intonation.
a) Listen to an extract from the lecture on intonation very carefully. Write it down. Intone it
Single out the communicative centres and observe the intonation means they are made
prominent with.
b) Read and act the extract according to the model.
23. This exercise is meant to test your abiIity to introduce some teaching materiaI in cIass with
correct intonation.
Read the extract from the lecture silently. Intone it Single out the communicative
centres. Make them prominent as in the model above. Read and act the extract according
to the model:
A: 4n STr tirNP PaQk fO rONVribOr f]aP 4 VaQQ mP]O hQirO rSfnm( a PTnO in f]iV] P]O tirNP
NPrONNOr NcQQabQO St P]O NOnPOnVO iN Nair Sn a tairQc ]ih] nSPO. v]O tSQQSfinh NPrONNOr NcQQabQON
arO Nair hrarTaQQc QSfOr anr QSfOr TnPiQ cST VSXO PS P]O QaNP NPrONNOr NcQQabQO. v]iN NcQQabQO
NParPN Sn a tairQc QSf nSPO anr P]On taQQN rSfn PS P]O QSfONP nSPO \SNNibQO. v]O f]SQO NOnPOnVO
hQirON hrarTaQQc rSfn.
.: v]O f]SQO NOnPOnVO hQirON hrarTaQQc rSfn. v]O f]SQO NOnPOnVO hQirON hrarTaQQc rSfn.
A.: zON( TNP QikO P]aP. 6TP 4 fanP PS \SinP STP PS cST P]aP in a NOnPOnVO QikO P]iN f]iV] ]aN
tiyO NPrONNOr NcQQabQON( iPmN nSP yOrc OaNc PS XakO P]O ySiVO hS hrarTaQQc QSfOr aP OaV] NPrONNOr
NcQQabQO.
.: 7S. 4t cSTmrO nSP VarOtTQ cST tinr P]aP cSTr ySiVO ]aN taQQOn XTV] PSS QSf in P]O XirrQO
St P]O NOnPOnVO( f]On cST fanP PS hS NPiQQ QSfOr.
A.: MUaVPQc. 6TP P]OrOmN rOXOrc tSr P]aP. jiNPOn ahain PS P]O NaXO NOnPOnVO Nair in a NQih]PQc
rittOrOnP fac.
.: v]O f]SQO NOnPOnVO hQirON hrarTaQQc rSfn. v]O f]SQO NOnPOnVO hQirON hrarTaQQc rSfn.
A.: oir cST nSPiVO P]O rittOrOnVO{ AtPOr P]O fSrr mNOnPOnVOm( P]O ySiVO hSON T\ a QiPPQO
inNPOar St rSfn( aN iP nSrXaQQc fSTQr in a hQirO rSfn( NS P]aP P]O fSrr mhQirONm iN Sn a NQih]PQc
]ih]Or nSPO. jiNPOn ahain.
.: v]O f]SQO NOnPOnVO hQirON % NOnPOnVO hQirON hrarTaQQc rSfn.
A: v]OrO. oir cST ]Oar P]aP{ 4PmN TNP a QiPPQO PriVk fO ]ayO tSr XSritcinh P]O hQirO rSfn in a
QSnhOr NOyOn NPrONNOr NcQQabQON. xO NParP Stt gTiPO nSrXaQQc Sn a ]ih] nSPO( anr P]O NOVSnr
NPrONNOr NcQQabQO % mNOnPOnVOm iN Sn a QSfOr nSPO( TNP aN iP iN in P]O Srrinarc hQirO rSfn# P]On
P]O QiPPQO riNO SVVTrN# anr atPOr P]aP P]O PTnO VSnPinTON ahain OUaVPQc aN bOtSrO.
.: v]OrOmN SnO \SinP 4 P]ink fO STh]P PS XOnPiSn( anr P]aP iN P]aP f]On P]O ySiVO riNON in P]O
XirrQO St P]O NOnPOnVO( iP rSONnmP hS T\ aN ]ih] aN P]O tirNP NPrONNOr NcQQabQO.
A.: p] nS( iPmN SnQc gTiPO a NXaQQ riNO( anr cST XTNPnmP XakO iP PSS bih( Sr iP fiQQ NSTnr
frSnh. jiNPOn PS iP TNP SnVO XSrO.
.: v]O f]SQO NOnPOnVO hQirON hrarTaQQc rSfn.
A.: xOmQQ VaQQ P]aP PTnO mP]O inPOrrT\POr hQirO rSfnm NinVO iP iN NiX\Qc a NQih]P yariaPiSn Sn STr
nSrXaQ hQirO rSfn# anr( bc P]O fac( iP iN TNOr tSr OUaVPQc P]O NaXO kinrN St NOnPOnVON.
(*ro+ n0 RSTrNO St MnhQiN] 4nPSnaPiSns bc n. o. pmRSnnSr"
24. Act as a teacher in cIass, using the materiaI from the Iectures above.
SUPPLEMENT
SECTION ONE
211
Ex. 4. |OQOnmN OcON fOrO nSP yOrc hSSr. 5S N]O TNTaQQc fSrO hQaNNON. 6TP f]On N]O faN
NOyOnPOOn anr bOhan PS hS STP fiP] a cSTnh Xan( N]O nOyOr fSrO ]Or hQaNNON f]On N]O faN
fiP] ]iX. x]On ]O VaXO PS P]O rSSr PS PakO ]Or STP( N]O PSSk ]Or hQaNNON Stt bTP f]On N]O
VaXO ]SXO ahain N]O \TP P]OX Sn.
pnO rac ]Or XSP]Or Nair PS ]Or: s|OQOn( f]c rS cST nOyOr fOar cSTr hQaNNON f]On cSTmrO
fiP] niX{ |O PakON cST PS bOaTPitTQ \QaVON in ]iN Var bTP cST rSnmP NOO ancP]inh.s sxOQQ(
wSP]Or(s Nair |OQOn( s4 QSSk \rOPPiOr PS niX f]On 4mX nSP fOarinh Xc hQaNNON anr ]O QSSkN
bOPPOr PS XO( PSS.s
SECTION TWO
Ex. 16. pnO rac wrN. nS]nON fOnP N]S\\inh. x]On ]Or ]TNbanr VaXO ]SXO in P]O OyOninh(
N]O bOhan PS POQQ ]iX abSTP a bOaTPitTQ VSPPSn rrONN. 5]O Naf iP in P]O N]S\ P]aP XSrninh N]O
Nair anr... sAnr cST fanP PS bTc iP(s Nair ]Or ]TNbanr. s|Sf XTV] rSON iP VSNP{s sqitPOOn
\STnrN.s sqitPOOn \STnrN tSr a VSPPSn rrONN{ v]aP i& PSS XTV].s 6TP OyOrc OyOninh f]On wr.
nS]nON VaXO baVk trSX fSrk ]iN fitO VSnPinTOr PS N\Oak SnQc abSTP P]O rrONN anr aP QaNP atPOr
a fOOk ]O Nair: sp]( bTc P]O rrONN. |OrO iN P]O XSnOcs 5]O faN yOrc ]a\\c. 6TP P]O nOUP
OyOninh f]On wr. nS]nON VaXO ]SXO anr aNkOr: s|ayO cST hSP P]iN taXSTN rrONN{s N]O Nair:
s7S.s sx]c nSP{s ]O aNkOr. sxOQQ( iP faN NPiQQ in P]O finrSf St P]O N]S\ atPOr a fOOk( NS 4
P]STh]P nSbSrc OQNO fanPOr P]iN rrONN( NS 4 rSnmP fanP iP OiP]Or.s
SECTION/THREE
Ex. 12. 5OO \. 109.
Ex. 14. A \rOPPc fOQQ'rrONNOr cSTnh Qarc NPS\\Or a PaUi in a bih NgTarO anr Nair PS P]O
rriyOr: soS cST NOO P]aP cSTnh Xan Sn P]O SP]Or NirO St P]O NgTarO{s szON(s Nair P]O PaUi'
rriyOr. v]O cSTnh Xan faN NPanrinh STPNirO P]O rONPaTranP anr QSSkinh iX\aPiOnPQc aP ]iN
faPV] OyOrc tOf NOVSnrN. svakO XO SyOr P]OrO(s Nair P]O cSTnh Qarc. v]OrO fOrO a QSP St VarN
anr bTNON anr PrTVkN in P]O NgTarO( NS P]O PaUi'rriyOr aNkOr: sArO cST atrair PS VrSNN P]O
NPrOOP{s sp]( nS(s Nair P]O cSTnh Qarc( sbTP 4mX P]rOO gTarPOrN St an ]STr QaPO. 4 Nair P]aP 4mr
XOOP P]aP cSTnh Xan tSr QTnV] aP SnO SmVQSVk( anr iP iN nSf a gTarPOr PS PfS( bTP it 4 arriyO in a
PaUi( iP fiQQ aP QOaNP NOOX aN it 4 PriOr nSP PS bO QaPO.s
SECTION FOUR
Ex. 12. Dinner-table Talk
% WSSr OyOninh. 4mX NS hQar cST fOrO abQO PS VSXO ... . oinnOrmN rOarc. jOPmN hS inPS P]O
rininh'rSSX. wrN. v]SX\NSn( fiQQ cST NiP ]OrO Sn Xc QOtP( anr cST( wr. v]SX\NSn( P]OrO ....
|Sf QSnh ]ayO cST bOOn in jSnrSn{
% p]( SnQc a tOf racN( NinVO QaNP wSnrac( PS bO OUaVP( anr 4mX NSrrc PS Nac fO ]ayO PS
rOPTrn PSXSrrSf fOOk.
% 4N P]iN cSTr tirNP yiNiP{
% 4PmN Xc fitOmN tirNP yiNiP( bTP 4myO bOOn ]OrO NOyOraQ PiXON bOtSrO. 4 ]ayO PS VSXO SyOr aP
QOaNP SnVO a cOar Sn bTNinONN( anr 4 tOOQ gTiPO aP ]SXO in jSnrSn.
% Anr f]aP rS cST P]ink St jSnrSn( wrN. v]SX\NSn{
% Mr % 4 bOh cSTr \arrSn( 4 rirnmP gTiPO VaPV] f]aP cST Nair.
% 4 faN aNkinh f]aP cST P]STh]P St jSnrSn.
% p]( 4 P]ink iPmN a fSnrOrtTQ \QaVO. v]OrO aQfacN NOOXN PS bO NSXOP]inh inPOrONPinh PS rS.
% Anr ]Sf rS cST QikO STr fOaP]Or{
% xOQQ( iPmN raP]Or V]anhOabQO( iNnmP iP{
% zON( iP iN( bTP Sn P]O f]SQO iPmN nSP NS bar( SnVO cST hOP TNOr PS iP. xiQQ cST ]ayO NSXO
XSrO V]iVkOn{
% 7S( P]ank cST.
% x]aP abSTP cST( wr. v]SX\NSn{
% zON( \QOaNO( TNP a QiPPQO. 4PmN rOQiViSTN.
% 4mX NS hQar cST QikO iP... anr nSf f]aP NfOOP fiQQ cST ]ayO( wrN. v]SX\NSn{ v]OrOmN
a\\QO ParP anr VrOaX( Sr V]SVSQaPO PritQO.
% Mr % PritQO tSr XO( \QOaNO.
% Anr cST wr. v]SX\NSn{
212
% vritQO tSr XO( PSS( \QOaNO.
Insufficient Local Knowledge
Ex. 16.
A jSnrSnOr f]S faN hSinh PS P]O xONP St MnhQanr tSr a ]SQirac( arriyOr bc Prain aP a PSfn(
anr tSTnr P]aP iP faN \STrinh. |O VaQQOr a \SrPOr PS Varrc ]iN bahN PS a PaUi. pn P]O fac STP St
P]O N aPiSn( \arPQc PS XakO VSnyOrNaPiSn anr \arPQc PS hOP a QSVaQ S\iniSn Sn \rSN\OVPN St
fOaP]Or tSr ]iN ]SQirac( ]O aNkOr P]O \SrPOr:
s|Sf QSnh ]aN iP bOOn raininh QikO P]iN{s
s4 rSnmP knSf Nir( 4myO SnQc bOOn ]OrO tSr titPOOn cOarN(s faN P]O rO\Qc.
SECTION FIVE
Ex. 12. About the 1ob
| a r r c : xOQQ( SbOrP( ]ayO cST XarO T\ cSTr Xinr cOP f]aP cST fanP PS rS f]On cST
QOayO VSQQOhO{
7 S r a : p]( |arrc( NTrOQc ]OmN a biP cSTnh PS rOVirO Sn ]iN VarOOr{ bO ]aNnmP OyOn hSP PS
VSQQOhO cOP.
| a r r c : 7SP aP aQQ( 7Sra. 4PmN fiNONP PS rOVirO in hSSr PiXO. jSSk aP XO( tSr OUaX\QO. 4
rOaQQc fanPOr PS bO a NaiQSr( bTP nSf 4 N\Onr Xc racN NiPPinh aP a rONk in an SttiVO. zON( iPmN NiQQc
PS Prain tSr P]O frSnh Sb. Anr atPOr aQQ( SbOrP fiQQ bO hSinh PS VSQQOhO NSSn.
7 S r a : (+u&ingA 7Sf it 4 fOrO a Xan 4mr bO a tarXOr. vS NOO P]O VrS\N hrSfinh % P]aPmN
Xc irOa St a hSSr QitO.
| a r r c : xOQQ( cST ]ayOnmP anNfOrOr Xc gTONPiSn aP( SbOrP. x]aP fSTQr cST QikO PS
rS{
7 S r a : (wi&tfu99yA ArO cST NTrO cST rSnmP fanP PS bO a tarXOr( SbOrP{ pr a XarkOP
harrOnOr{
b O r P : 7S 4mX NSrrc( wTX( bTP 4 rSnmP fanP PS aP aQQ. 4mr raP]Or bO a ViyiQ OnhinOOr. 4
fanP PS bTiQr rSarN anr brirhON.
| a r r c : 7SP N]i\N{ 4NnmP iP bOPPOr PS bO a N]i\bTiQrinh OnhinOOr{
S b O r P : (5ro&&9yA jSSk ]OrO( iN iP Xc VarOOr fOmrO \Qanninh Sr cSTrN{
| a r r c (huffedA AQQ rih]P( aQQ rih]P( P]OrOmN nS nOOr PS QSNO cSTr POX\Or. 6TP cSTmr bOPPOr
fin P]aP NV]SQarN]i\ tirNP.
Ex. 15. Nothing to Complain About
An inPOQQihOnP NXaQQ bSc faN NiPPinh in a bTN. A \aNNOnhOr NiPPinh nOUP PS ]iX aNkOr ]iX a
gTONPiSn:
s|Sf SQr arO cST{s
s4mX tSTr(s anNfOrOr P]O V]iQr.
s4 fiN] 4 fOrO tSTr(s Nair P]O \aNNOnhOr. |O faN VSnNirOrabQc PakOn abaVk( ]SfOyOr( f]On
P]O V]iQr( PTrninh raP]Or a NTr\riNOr haO T\Sn ]iX( rO\QiOr:
s6TP cST fOrO tSTr SnVO.s
SECTION SIX
Ex. 18. 5OO \. 211.
Ex. 21. Weather Forecasts
vfS XOn fOrO PrayOQQinh in a yOrc fiQr \arP St AXOriVa. v]Oc Naf nS XSrOrn ]STNON anr
nS PraVON St ViyiQiaPiSn tSr Xanc racN. x]aP P]Oc Naf fOrO SnQc a tOf ]TPN XarO St fSSr Sr
POnPN f]OrO 4nrianN QiyOr. pnO rac P]Oc XOP an SQr 4nrian f]S faN a ]TnPOr. |O faN yOrc
VQOyOr anr knOf OyOrcP]inh abSTP P]O tSrONP anr P]O aniXaQN Qiyinh in iP anr Xanc SP]Or P]inhN.
|O VSTQr aQNS N\Oak MnhQiN] gTiPO fOQQ.
sRan cST POQQ TN f]aP P]O fOaP]Or fiQQ bO QikO rTrinh P]O nOUP tOf racN{s SnO St P]O PfS
PrayOQQOrN aNkOr ]iX.
sp]( cON(s ]O anNfOrOr. sain iN VSXinh( anr finr. v]On P]OrO fiQQ bO NnSf tSr a rac Sr
21:
PfS bTP P]On P]O NTnN]inO fiQQ VSXO ahain anr P]O fOaP]Or fiQQ bO tinO.s
sv]ONO SQr 4nrianN &ee+ PS knSf XSrO abSTP 7aPTrO P]an fO fiP] aQQ STr NViOnVO(s Nair P]O
Xan PS ]iN triOnr. v]On ]O PTrnOr PS P]O SQr 4nrian.
svOQQ XO(s ]O aNkOr( s]Sf rS cST knSf aQQ P]aP{s
v]O 4nrian anNfOrOr: s4 ]Oarr iP SyOr P]O rariS.s
SECTION SEVEN
Ex. 8. 5OO \. 2d8.
Ex. 13. Commerce and Industry
WrOaP 6riPain iN SnO St P]O XSNP iX\SrPanP VSXXOrViaQ anr Prarinh VOnPrON in P]O fSrQr.
6riPain bTcN XSrO hSSrN P]an N]O NOQQN# ]Or iX\SrPN OUVOOr ]Or OU\SrP. 7SP bOinh a hrOaP arhi'
VTQPTraQ VSTnPrc( MnhQanr ]aN PS SbPain ]Or tSSr NT\\QiON QarhOQc trSX abrSar. 5]O aQNS ]aN PS
iX\SrP Xanc raf XaPOriaQN( NTV] aN fSSQ trSX ATNPraQia# PiXbOr trSX 5fOrOn anr qinQanr#
VSPPSn( \OPrSQOTX anr PSbaVVS trSX P]O }niPOr 5PaPON. xinO anr trTiP arO iX\SrPOr trSX
qranVO( 4PaQc( 5\ain( anr P]O oSXiniSnN# rairc \rSrTVO trSX oOnXark anr |SQQanr( anr NS Sn.
pnO St P]O XSNP OUPOnNiyO inrTNPriON in MnhQanr iN P]O POUPiQO inrTNPrc(' iXXOnNO gTanPiPiON
St VSPPSn anr fSSQQOn hSSrN anr arPitiViaQ NiQk arO \rSrTVOr anr OU\SrPOr. MnhQiN] QOaP]Or
hSSrN arO aQNS in hrOaP rOXanr in SP]Or VSTnPriON. WrOaP 6riPain iN nSPOr tSr iPN VSaQ XinON anr
tSr irSn anr NPOOQ hSSrN( anr iP NT\\QiON Xanc VSTnPriON fiP] VOrPain VQaNNON St XaV]inOrc.
AnSP]Or QOarinh inrTNPrc in P]iN VSTnPrc iN N]i\bTiQrinh. v]O XSPSr inrTNPrc iN aQNS yOrc
tQSTriN]inh.
x. 15. Mothering Sunday (Mother's Day)
wSP]OrmN oac iN PrariPiSnaQQc SbNOryOr Sn P]O tSTrP] 5Tnrac in jOnP (P]O R]TrV] NOaNSn St
\OniPOnVO bOhinninh Sn AN] xOrnONrac( P]O rac St f]iV] yariON trSX cOar PS cOar". v]iN iN
TNTaQQc in warV]. v]O rac TNOr PS bO knSfn aN wSP]Orinh 5Tnrac anr raPON trSX P]O PiXO
f]On Xanc hirQN fSrkOr afac trSX ]SXO aN rSXONPiV NOryanPN in bih ]STNO]SQrN( f]OrO P]Oir
]STrN St fSrk fOrO StPOn yOrc QSnh. wSP]Orinh 5Tnrac faN ONPabQiN]Or aN a ]SQirac tSr P]ONO
hirQN anr hayO P]OX an S\\SrPTniPc St hSinh ]SXO PS NOO P]Oir \arOnPN( ON\OViaQQc P]Oir XSP]Or.
v]Oc TNOr PS PakO \rONOnPN fiP] P]OX( StPOn hiyOn PS P]OX bc P]O Qarc St P]O ]STNO.
x]On P]O QabSTr NiPTaPiSn V]anhOr anr OyOrcSnO faN OnPiPQOr PS rOhTQar PiXO Stt( P]iN
VTNPSX rOXainOr( aQP]STh] P]O rac iN nSf StPOn VaQQOr swSP]OrmN oacs. ^OS\QO yiNiP P]Oir
XSP]OrN it \SNNibQO anr hiyO P]OX tQSfOrN anr NXaQQ \rONOnPN. 4t P]Oc VannSP hS( P]Oc NOnr a
swSP]OrmN oac Varr(s Sr P]Oc Xac NOnr SnO in anc VaNO. v]O taXiQc Prc PS NOO P]aP P]O XSP]Or
]aN aN QiPPQO fSrk PS rS aN \SNNibQO( NSXOPiXON P]O ]TNbanr Sr V]iQrrOn PakO ]Or brOaktaNP in
bOr anr P]Oc StPOn ]OQ\ fiP] P]O XOaQN anr P]O faN]inh T\. 4P iN VSnNirOrOr PS bO XSP]OrmN rac
Stt.
SECTION EIGHT
Ex. 20. Broadcast Programme
% xOQQ( ]SfmN cSTr NOP hSinh{
% p]( nSP PSS barQc( P]STh] 4myO ]ar NSXO rittiVTQPc QaPOQc in hOPPinh hSSr rOVO\PiSn trSX
P]O XSrO riNPanP NPaPiSnN.
% zON( 4myO nSPiVOr gTiPO a QSP St inPOrtOrOnVO Sn Xc Sfn NOP PSS. 4 NT\\SNO iPmN P]O fOaP]Or.
pt VSTrNO( XinOmN raP]Or an SQr'taN]iSnOr XSrOQ VSX\arOr PS cSTrN. 6c P]O fac( rir cST ]Oar
sRarXOns P]O SP]Or nih]P{
% zON( 4 rir. ^OrNSnaQQc( 4mX nSP yOrc kOOn Sn S\Ora( bTP Xc fitO iN( anr sRarXOns ]a\\OnN
PS bO SnO St ]Or taySTriPON( NS 4 rirnmP QikO PS NThhONP NfiPV]inh PS anSP]Or NPaPiSn. qSrPTnaPOQc
tSr XO( iP faN a PranNQaPOr yOrNiSn. 4mX nSP hSSr aP QanhTahON( cST knSf.
% x]aP kinr St \rShraXXO rS cST QikO bONP P]On{
% p]( 4 QikO a NPraih]P \Qac... 4 tinr NSXO St P]O PaQkN yOrc inPOrONPinh PSS( anr 4 nOyOr XiNN
P]O N\SrPinh OyOnPN. 4 hSP XSNP OUViPOr SyOr P]O inPOrnaPiSnaQ rThhOr XaPV] QaNP 5aPTrrac... zST
QiNPOn PS P]O MnhQiN] NPaPiSnN a hSSr rOaQ( rSnmP cST{
219
% zON( 4 QikO P]Oir \rShraXXON yOrc XTV] anr 4 TnrOrNPanr nOarQc OyOrcP]inh. xiP] aQQ P]O
\raVPiVO in Oar'Praininh 4myO ]ar( MnhQiN] \rSnTnViaPiSn anr inPSnaPiSn ]SQr nS POrrSrN tSr XO
nSf( anr it a N\OakOr TNON a fSrr 4mX nSP taXiQiar fiP]( P]O VSnPOUP TNTaQQc hiyONm P]O VQTO PS
P]O XOaninh.
% zSTmrO QTVkc( cST knSf MnhQiN]. 4 fiN] 4 ]ar cSTr hitP tSr QanhTahON.
% xOQQ( 4 rSnmP P]ink 4 N]STQr VaQQ iP a hitP. AncSnO f]SmN \rO\arOr PS PakO a QiPPQO PrSTbQO
Van rS P]O NaXO. x]OrO P]OrOmN a fiQQ P]OrOmN a fac( cST knSfe
Ex.22.
A.: |Sf rS cST P]ink fO STh]P PS NParP{
.: wc irOa iN P]iN. 5T\\SNO fO TNP Nac a tOf Srrinarc NOnPOnVON. AtPOr P]aP fOmQQ hS baVk
ahain anr nSPiVO ]Sf fOmyO Nair P]OX( anr f]aP NSrP St PTnON fOmyO TNOr( anr P]On fOmQQ Prc PS
XakO NSXO VQOar anr hOnOraQ rTQO abSTP P]OX.
A.: zON( P]aPmN a hSSr irOa. 7Sf P]O tirNP P]inh 4 Nair faN P]iN: |Sf rS cST P]ink fO STh]P
PS NParP{ 4 fSnrOr it P]O QiNPOnOrN Van ]Oar P]O PTnO{ |Sf rS cST P]ink fO STh]P PS NParP{
.: zST NOO( QiNPOnOrN( P]aP NOnPOnVO NParPN Sn a tairQc ]ih] nSPO anr iP VSnPinTON Sn P]aP NaXO
nSPO TnPiQ iP rOaV]ON P]O fSrr mSTh]Pm. nTNP QiNPOn.
|Sf % |Sf rS cST P]ink fO % |Sf rS cST P]ink fO STh]P PS NParP{ jikO P]aP( cST NOO.
v]O fSrr mSTh]P iN Nair Sn a NQih]PQc QSfOr nSPO( anr P]O NOnPOnVO VSnPinTON Sn P]aP QSfOr nSPO
TnPiQ iP hOPN PS P]O yOrc QaNP NcQQabQO.
A.: m|Sf rS cST P]ink fO STh]P PS NParP{m m|Sf rS cST P]ink fO STh]P PS NParP{m
.: Ahain( cST NOO( P]O fSrr mNParPm iN Sn a NQih]PQc QSfOr nSPO anr nSP SnQc P]aP( iP taQQN aN
cST Nac iP: mNParP % NParPm.
A.: zON( iP rSON. 4P taQQN rih]P rSfn PS P]O bSPPSX St Xc ySiVO( QiNPOn: m|Sf rS cST P]ink fO
STh]P PS NParP{ |Sf rS cST P]ink fO STh]P PS NParP{m
.: 5S P]O NOnPOnVO iN rOaQQc in P]rOO \arPN( VSrrON\Snrinh PS P]O nTXbOr St NPrONNOr
NcQQabQON: m]Sfm tSQQSfOr bc tSTr fOak NcQQabQON# P]On mSTh]Pm tSQQSfOr bc SnO fOak NcQQabQO(
anr QaNPQc mNParPm( tSQQSfOr bc nSP]inh aP aQQ.
A: |Sf rS cST P]ink fO % STh]P PS % NParP{
.: xO Van XakO a hSSr rTQO STP St P]aP. 4n NOnPOnVON QikO P]iN( P]O tirNP NPrONNOr NcQQabQO anr
anc fOak( Sr TnNPrONNOr NcQQabQON tSQQSfinh iP( arO Nair Sn a tairQc ]ih] nSPO# P]O NOVSnr
NPrONNOr NcQQabQO( anr anc XSrO fOak NcQQabQON atPOr P]aP( arO Nair Sn a NQih]PQc QSfOr nSPO( anr
P]O NaXO fiP] P]O P]irr( anr P]O tSTrP]( anr NS Sn( TnPiQ cST VSXO PS P]O QaNP NPrONNOr NcQQabQO St
aQQ( f]iV] nSP SnQc bOhinN Sn a QSfOr nSPO P]an P]O \rOyiSTN SnO( bTP aQNS taQQN rih]P rSfn TnPiQ
iP Van NVarVOQc bO ]Oarr aP aQQ. xOQQ( nSf fO XTNP hS baVk PS P]O bOhinninh( anr NOO it STr rTQO
fSrkN tSr NSXO St STr SP]Or NOnPOnVON.
(*ro+ sA RSTrNO St MnhQiN] 4nPSnaPiSn 2y n. o. pmRSnnSr"
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
THE INDICATIVE MOOD
REVISION EXERCISES ON TENSE AND VOICE
(To Units One-Three)
1. a) Comment at the use of the Present Indefinite and the Present Continuous:
i. 4mX hQar PS knSf P]aP cST arO VSXinh PS MnhQanr P]iN NTXXOr. 2. zSTr POOP] arO V]aPPOrinh.
x]aPmN P]O XaPPOr fiP] cST{ :.1 aX aQfacN POQQinh nOrrc P]aP ]iN TnVQO XOanN XSrO PS ]iX P]an
]iN \arOnPN. 9. AnnO iN fSrkinh ]arr tSr ]Or OUaXN nSf( N]O VSTQrnmP PakO P]OX in N\rinh. 0.
|SPOQN Sn P]O NSTP] VSaNP arO OU\OnNiyO. 2. oS cST ]Oar ancP]inh{ % zON( 4 ]Oar XTNiV. &. xO
Xac yiNiP cST anr NPac fiP] cST nOUP cOar it iP iN VSnyOniOnP PS cST P]On. d.1 bOQiOyO ]OmQQ bO
XTV] NPrSnhOr atPOr ]O N\OnrN ]iN ]SQiracN in P]O XSTnPainN.
210
b) Use the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets:
1. x]aP cST (PS P]ink" St P]iN rrafinh{ % 4 (PS P]ink" iP (PS bO" OUVOQQOnP. 2. A ]SQirac VaX\
TNTaQQc (PS ]ayO" iPN Sfn NfiXXinh'\SSQ anr POnniN VSTrPN. :. 5]O (PS \Qac" aP P]O VSnVOrP
PSnih]P. 9. zST (PS QikO" PS N\Onr cSTr ]SQiracN fiP] ]TnrrOrN St SP]Or \OS\QO{ 0. x]aP cST (PS
QiNPOn" PS{ % 4P (PS NOOX" PS XO 4 (PS ]Oar" a NPranhO nSiNO STPNirO. 2. zST (PS rOar" ancP]inh in
MnhQiN] nSf{ % zON( 4 (PS rOar" a \Qac bc pNVar xiQrO. &. 4mQQ Sin P]OX in P]Oir Pri\ fiP]
\QOaNTrO it P]Oc (PS inyiPO" XO. d.1 (nSP PS NOO" f]aP cST (PS rriyO" aP. 8( zST (PS OnSc" P]O Pri\{
10( Ran 4 NOO oSVPSr vrOnV]{ % 4mX NSrrc cST VanmP# ]O (PS ]ayO" ]iN brOaktaNP Qi. 4 (nSP PS QikO"
P]O hirQ# N]O VSnPinTaQQc (PS bSP]Or" XO fiP] NiQQc gTONPiSnN. 12. ^QOaNO faiP PiQQ ]O (PS tiniN]".
1:. 7OQQ (PS ]ayO" a rONP in P]O NSTP]( PSS( 4 (PS hTONN". % zON( cST (PS hTONN" rih]P. 19.
zST StPOn (PS hOP" QOPPOrN trSX ]Or{ % 7SP NS yOrc StPOn.
2. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using hear and am told where possibIe:
Notes:
1. 4n N\SkOn MnhQiN] I hear iN StPOn TNOr inNPOar St 4 ]ayO ]Oarr.
MUaX\QON: I hear cST fanPOr PS NOO XO.
|O iN hSinh PS friPO a nOf \Qac( I hear.
4 ]Oar cST ]ayO bOOn aNkinh tSr XO{
2. I am told anr I was told bSP] VSrrON\Snr PS P]O TNNian F+ !H( 4 aX PSQr iN
TNOr fiP] rOtOrOnVO PS P]O \rONOnP.
MUaX\QO: I am told N]O iN NOriSTNQc iQQ. ( 4 ]Oar N]O iN NOriSTNQc iQQ."
1. >J( $!J = !A. 2. ) !( !+ $+!
+,A. :. >J( $$. 9. >J( > !<
$!<. 0. >J( ! !< ! A!!.m2. ) !( > !
!>; . &. . D ? GA( >J. d. >J(
?J $. 8. >J( $ ; +. 10. B+ !( !
$!D= $. 11. >J( > $!! $!<+ A A )!. 12.
D; $ $! + $D<( >J.
3. a) Comment on the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous:
1. 4mX NSrrc 4 VanmP aVVO\P cSTr inyiPaPiSn# fO ]ayO aQrOarc XarO STr \QanN tSr P]O ]SQirac. 2.
|OQQS( AnnO. |ayOnmP NOOn cST NinVO P]O Onr St P]O POrX. :.1 P]ink P]OrO iN NSXOP]inh in P]O
NPSriON P]aP ]ayO bOOn hSinh arSTnr. 9. zST ]ayOnmP cOP Nair a fSrr abSTP cSTr ]SQirac( wikO.
% 4myO bOOn faiPinh tSr Xc V]anVO PS \TP a fSrr in.
b) Use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous instead of, the infinitives in
brackets:
1. s|Sf QSnh cST (PS bO" ]OrO{s N]O rOXanrOr anhriQc. 2. v]iN \air St N]SON iN TNP f]aP 4
(PS QSSk tSr" PS XaPV] Xc nOf trSVk. :.1 fanP cST PS rOXOXbOr P]aP 4 nOyOr (PS aNk" cST tSr
ancP]inh bOtSrO. 9. x]aPmN P]aP nSiNO{ % warc (PS brOak" a POa'VT\. 0.1 (PS P]ink" abSTP iP P]O
QaNP P]rOO racN( iPmN NTV] a bSP]Or PS XO. 5S iP rOaQQc iN a rOQiOt PS PaQk iP SyOr fiP] cST. 2. jiNPOn
PS XO( aQQ St cSTe 4 (PS VSXO" fiP] P]O XSNP PrOXOnrSTN nOfN. &.1 NOO cST (nSP PS rS" XTV].
x]aP cST (PS rS aQQ P]O XSrninh{ d. 4PmN ]arr PS bOQiOyO P]aP iP (PS bO" SnQc PfS cOarN anr a
]aQt NinVO 4 XOP ]iX. 8. xO (nSP PS NOO" Mrfarr tSr a QSnh PiXO. |O (PS V]anhO" yOrc XTV]{ %
7S( ]O iN TNP P]O NaXO. 10. pt VSTrNO( fO PrTNP ]Or. AtPOr aQQ( warharOP anr 4 (PS knSf" jTVc aQQ
STr QiyON. 11.1 (nSP PS fOar" P]iN rrONN tSr PfS cOarN. 12. wc faPV] (PS hS" tSr P]rOO racN anr iP
(nSP PS NPS\" cOP 1:. naVk (PS hS" PS 6TQharia tSr a ]SQirac( 4 ]Oar. 4 XcNOQt nOyOr (PS bO" P]OrO.
c) TransIate these sentences into Russian:
1. 4myO bOOn fanPinh a fSrr fiP] cST( jOfiN. 2. 5]O ]aNnmP bSTh]P anc nOf VQSP]ON NinVO P]O
bOhinninh St P]O cOar. :. |O ]aN friPPOn XO SnQc SnVO NinVO ]O fOnP afac# 4myO NOnP ]iX tSTr
QOPPOrN. 9. 4mX hSinh PS NThhONP NSXOP]inh PS cST. 4myO bOOn PaQkinh iP SyOr fiP] cSTr XSP]Or. 0.
6OrcQ ]aN bOOn POQQinh XO P]O XSNP aXainh P]inhN. 5TrOQc( N]O XTNP bO OUahhOraPinh. 2. 4myO
aNkOr ]iX PS QTnV] Sn 5Tnrac. &. v]aPmN f]aP 4myO bOOn Prcinh PS rOXOXbOr NinVO 4 XOP ]iX. d.
s4P VanmP bO PrTO. 4PmN a rrOaX 4myO bOOn ]ayinh(s N]O P]STh]P. 8. zST knSf( 4myO XiNNOr cST yOrc
212
XTV] P]ONO QaNP tOf fOOkN. 10. 4mX atrair 4 rSnmP TnrOrNPanr cST( WOraQr. 4 ]ayOnmP V]anhOr Xc
Xinr. |ayO cST V]anhOr cSTrN{
4. Use the Past Indefinite or the Present Perfect instead of the infinitives in brackets:
N o t e : Remember that the Present Perfect is always associated with the present, and
the Past Indefinite refers the action to some past moment.
1. 4P iN ]aQt \aNP Oih]P anr cST (nSP PS rS" cSTr XSrninh OUOrViNON cOP. 2.1 (PS hOP T\" fiP] a
]OaraV]O PSrac anr (PS rOVirO" PS faQk PS Xc SttiVO inNPOar St Pakinh a bTN. 7Sf 4 aX tOOQinh
XTV] bOPPOr. :. zST (PS XOOP" anc inPOrONPinh \OS\QO aP P]O ]SQirac VaX\{ 9. 5]O (nSP PS ]ayO" a
]SQirac tSr PfS cOarN. 0. zST (PS OnSc" warcmN Ninhinh{ 2. x]OrO cST (PS bTc" P]ONO QSyOQc
hQSyON{ &. x]OrO N]O (PS hS"{ wacbO N]O iN in P]O Qab{ % 7S( 4 TNP (PS bO" P]OrO. 4PmN QSVkOr. d.
x]c cST (PS N]TP" cSTr bSSk{ ^QOaNO S\On iP ahain Sn \ahO POn. 8.1 aX NSrrc. x]aP cST (PS
Nac"( wr. |arPQOc{ 10. |iN taVO NOOXN taXiQiar PS XO. x]On anr f]OrO 4 (PS NOO" ]iX{ 11.1
]Oar cST TNP (PS hOP" XarriOr. x]On P]O VOrOXSnc (PS PakO \QaVO"{ 12. pQr WOSrhO (nSP PS bO"
]OrO tSr cOarNe 1:. zST (PS rOar" sv]O wan St ^rS\OrPcs{ % 4 (PS bOhin" P]O bSSk QaNP fOOk
anr TNP (PS tiniN]" iP. 19. A tOf XSnP]N ahS P]Oc (PS \TQQ" rSfn NSXO SQr ]STNON in STr NPrOOP
anr (PS bOhin" PS bTiQr a nOf bQSVk St tQaPN. 10. oS cST rOXOXbOr Xc naXO( Sr cST (PS tSrhOP"
iP{ 12. x]On 4 (PS VaQQ" Sn ]iX 4 (PS tinr" P]aP ]O (PS bO" STP. 1&. |iN tirNP gTONPiSn PS P]O hirQ (PS
bO": sx]OrO cST (PS NOO" P]O Xan{s 1d. x]aP (PS bO" ]Or anNfOr PS cSTr gTONPiSn{ 18. x]OrO
cST (PS \TP" Xc TXbrOQQa{ 4 nOOr iP. 20. |O (PS NiP" P]OrO gTiOPQc tSr a f]iQO anr P]On (PS QOayO"
TnnSPiVOr.
5. a) Comment on the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous, the Past Perfect and the Past
Perfect Continuous:
1. |O faN PirOr % ]O faN NS yOrc PirOr. 4P NOOXOr PS ]iX P]aP ]O ]ar bOOn PirOr tSr a yOrc
QSnh PiXO. 2. WranP fOnP PS P]O rrafinh'rSSX( f]OrO AQiNSn faN NiPPinh fiP] a bSSk. :. 5]O
QiNPOnOr( bTP VSTQr nSP tSQQSf f]aP faN bOinh Nair. 9. x]On iP faN PiXO PS hS 4 aNkOr it 4 VSTQr
NOO P]O rSSXN 4 ]ar QiyOr in tSr tiyO cOarN. 0. 7SbSrc knOf ]O faN hSinh PS jSnrSn Sn
5Tnrac. 2. AQQ P]O NPSriON in P]iN bSSk fOrO friPPOn bOtSrO P]O tirNP xSrQr xar.
b) Use the required past tense instead of the infinitives in brackets:
1. 4P (PS bO" P]O \SSrONP rSSX |iQarc OyOr (PS NOO". 2. 7S NSSnOr N]O (PS arriyO" aP P]O NPaPiSn
P]an a taNP jSnrSn Prain (PS VSXO in". :. 4P (PS bO rOVirOr" PS Nac nSP]inh PS 5irnOc TnPiQ P]O
anNfOr (PS bO rOVOiyOr". 9. ArP]Tr (PS hS" T\ PS ]iN rSSX. 7SP]inh in iP (PS bO V]anhOr" NinVO
]iN arrONP. 0. 7S fSnrOr ]O (PS bO" yOrc PirOr. |O (PS fSrk" PSS ]arr tSr P]O QaNP P]rOO XSnP]N(
2. 4 (PS PrOXbQO" PikO a QOat. &. wr. oOnnanP( aVVTNPSXOr PS QaTh] aP SP]Or \OS\QO( (PS NTN\OVP"
P]aP ]O (PS bO QaTh]Or" aP. d. 5]O (PS Nac" iP in a ySiVO ]O nOyOr (PS ]Oar" bOtSrO. 8.1 (PS QSSk"
inPS P]O kiPV]On. warc'Ann (PS \TP" P]O NT\\Or Sn a Prac PS PakO iP inPS P]O rininh'rSSX. 10.1
(PS bO" titPOOn anr TNP (PS VSXO" baVk trSX NV]SSQ tSr P]O NTXXOr ]SQirac. 11. 4P (PS rain"
]OayiQc NinVO P]O XSrninh anr N]O (nSP PS aQQSf" P]O V]iQrrOn PS hS STP. 12. 5SSn 4 (PS hOP" a
QOPPOr trSX ]Or PS P]O OttOVP P]aP N]O (PS rOPTrn" trSX P]O 5STP] St qranVO# N]O (PS fanP" XO PS
XOOP ]Or. 1:. vrataQhar 5gTarO (PS bO Qair" abSTP a ]TnrrOr cOarN ahS. 19.1 (PS tiniN]" Xc fSrk
tSr P]O rac anr (PS rONP" gTiOPQc in Xc arX'V]air( tQTnkinh St P]O racN P]aP (PS hS" bc. 10.
WOSrhO( f]S (PS QaTh]" QSTrQc( NTrrOnQc (PS brOak Stt". 12. x]On 6aXbcN XSP]Or (PS NPanr" T\
]Or ]Oar (PS bO ]irrOn" aXSnh P]O branV]ON. 1&. 5]O (PS rOar" P]O bSSk OyOr NinVO N]O (PS
VSXO" trSX NV]SSQ anr VSTQrnmP POar ]OrNOQt afac trSX iP. 1d. 5]O (PS knSf" niX tSr XSrO P]an
POn cOarN( OyOr NinVO ]Or ]TNbanr( f]S (PS POaV]" aP P]aP PiXO in a WraXXar NV]SSQ in jSnrSn(
tirNP ]ar XarO ]iN aVgTainPanVO P]rSTh] P]O jabSTr ^arPc. 18. |O (PS Nac" ]O (PS faiP" tSr XSrO
P]an an ]STr. 20. 4 (PS bO" NTrO P]Oc (PS PaQk" abSTP XO( bOVaTNO P]Oc (PS brOak Stt" aN NSSn aN 4
(PS OnPOr". 21. |O (PS Nac" ]O (PS hOP" PfS QOPPOrN trSX AQiVO. 22. v]O rain P]aP (PS taQQ" NinVO P]O
XSrninh (PS VOaNO" bc P]O atPOrnSSn( bTP a NPrSnh finr NPiQQ (PS bQSf" anr P]O Nkc (PS bO
VSyOrOr" fiP] rark VQSTrN.
6. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, paying attention to the use of tenses:
1. >J( <A . 2. GJ;( [+(
? $A!< ;. :. )> D!!( $!( $!J. 9. . >
21&
D ( A $! +. 0. Z <( + K+
+. 2. 3 $! A. [> ${ &. Z!( = + ;
>( % !;J >+. d. . D >J ! +A >+!< ! .
8. !A A ! =( >A!. 10. . D!
!A( = !( ! $J . 11. $< + ><( +>
D+ +. 12. a+ > > { B !, < J+. 1:. > J!
D( >; $! { % . % A > A J!{ % B $!<++
,. . A $!< $ +. 19. / +! + ,( +
$< ! >J ! +>. 10. . A $>. 12. 3 ;
>; !. . + ! ; A!!{
7. a) Comment on the use of the future tenses (the Future Indefinite, the Future Continuous
and the Future Perfect):
1. oSnmP VSXO NS OarQc. niX fiQQ NPiQQ bO NQOO\inh( 4mX NTrO. 2. 6c P]O 1NP St nanTarc ]O fiQQ
]ayO fSrkOr aP P]O QabSraPSrc tSr NiU cOarN. :. oSnmP POQQ cSTr aTnP abSTP iP. 5]O fiQQ bO POQQinh
iP PS SP]Or aTnPN. 9. 4mQQ Prc PS hOP P]OrO aN NSSn aN 4 Van. 0. AnSP]Or POn cOarN anr cSTmQQ ]ayO
tSrhSPPOn aQQ abSTP iP. 2. s4 XTNP bO Stt(s ]O Nair. s4QQ bO baVk tSr QTnV].s
b) Use the required future or present tense instead of tee infinitives in brackets where
necessary:
1. |Sf cSTmyO hrSfne WSSr hraViSTN XO( cST (PS hOP" a XSTNPaV]O NSSne 2.1 ]S\O cST (nSP
PS tSrhOP" aQQ P]iN bc PSXSrrSfe :. 6c nOUP 5Tnrac cST (PS NPac" fiP] TN tSr tiyO fOOkN. 9. 4t fO
(nSP PS hOP" P]OrO bOtSrO NOyOn( P]Oc (PS rS" OyOrcP]inh. 0.1 \rSbabQc (PS fanP" PS NOO P]O bSSk
bOtSrO ]O (PS tiniN]" iP. 2. zST XTNP nSP OaP anc NSQir tSSr TnPiQ cSTr POX\OraPTrO (PS hS rSfn".
&.1 knSf cST (PS f]iN\Or" f]On ^Oh (PS hS". zST aQfacN rS. d. x]On fO (PS hOP" baVk P]Oc (PS
]ayO" NT\\Or. 8. jSSke v]O QOayON arO cOQQSf( P]Oc (PS taQQ" NSSn. 10. x]iQO 4 (PS QiyO"( 4 aQfacN
(PS rOXOXbOr" ]iN taVO. 11.1 rSnmP P]ink ]O (PS firO" bOtSrO ]O (PS arriyO". 12. 7SbSrc knSfN
f]On iP aQQ (PS bO NOPPQOr". 1:. 4mX nSP NTrO it ]O (PS bO" hQar PS NOO XO. 19. 5]O (PS rS" ]Or
]SXO'fSrk atPOr NT\\Or. 10.1 NT\\SNO cST (PS fSrk" yOrc ]arr in P]O aTPTXn.
8. Use the reguired tense instead of the infinitives in brackets:
s5]aQQ 4 VaQQ ahain PSXSrrSf{s (PS aNk" P]O rSVPSr( bOtSrO Pakinh QOayO St P]O SQr Xan.
sp]( nS( fO (PS NOnr" tSr cST it N]O (nSP PS bO" NS fOQQ(s ]O (PS rO\Qc". s5]O (PS ]ayO" ]arrQc
anc POX\OraPTrO PSrac# ]Or VSTh] iN OaNiOr# anr P]O \ain gTiPO (PS riNa\\Oar". 4 VanmP P]ink(
P]STh]( ]Sf N]O (PS VaPV]" P]iN hOrX. 5]O ]arrQc (PS bO" STP St P]O ]STNO tSr P]O QaNP P]rOO
fOOkN( Sfinh PS P]O inPOnNO'nONN St P]O VSQr( anr nSbSrc OQNO (PS ]ayO" intQTOna( Sr OyOn a
VSQr.s
s5]O (PS bO" VOrPainQc yOrc NTbOVP PS intOVPiSn. 5]O OyOr (PS Prc" a VSTrNO St inOVPiSnN PS
NPrOnhP]On ]Or NcNPOX ahainNP P]ONO hOrXN{ v]rOO inOVPiSnN aP inPOryaQN St a fOOk( aP P]O
bOhinninh St P]O finPOr( fiQQ StPOn fSrk XaryOQN.s
s4P (PS bO" rittiVTQP PS \OrNTarO ]Or PS PakO VarO St ]OrNOQt( rSVPSr(s (PS Nih]" P]O taP]Or( sbTP
f]On N]O (PS bO" bOPPOr 4 VOrPainQc (PS NThhONP" iP PS ]Or.s
9. RepIace the Infinitives in brackets by the required tense, paying attention to the sequence of
tenses:
wanc cOarN ahS 4 (PS bO P]rSfn" bc aVVirOnP aXSnh a VOrPain NSViOPc St MnhQiN]XOn( f]S(
f]On P]Oc (PS bO" aQQ PShOP]Or( nOyOr (PS PaQk" abSTP ancP]inh fSrP] PaQkinh abSTP. v]Oir hOnOraQ
VSnyOrNaPiSnN (PS bO" abNSQTPOQc OX\Pc anr rTQQ( anr 4 (PS VSnVQTrO"( aN cSTnh XOn NS OaNiQc
(PS VSnVQTrO"( P]aP P]SNO PfOnPc Sr P]irPc hOnPQOXOn (PS ]ayO" nSP ]aQt a rSOn irOaN aXSnh
P]OX. A QiPPQO rOtQOVPiSn (PS rOXinr" XO( ]SfOyOr( P]aP Xc Sfn PaQk (PS bO" nS bOPPOr P]an P]OirN(
anr VSnNOgTOnPQc P]aP P]OrO (Xac" bO SP]OrN in P]O VSX\anc f]S aQNS (PS knSf" XSrO anr (PS
P]ink" XSrO P]an P]Oc (PS OU\rONN". 4 (PS tinr" STP bc aVVirOnP( atPOr a f]iQO( P]aP NSXO pt P]ONO
XOn (PS ]ayO" XSrO P]an VSXXSn VTQPTrO in yariSTN rirOVPiSnN: SnO Sr PfS (PS PrayOQ" tar( anr
(PS brinh" ]SXO P]O rONTQPN St XTV] SbNOryaPiSn# SnO Sr PfS (PS rOar" QarhOQc( anr fiP] \rStiP#
XSrO P]an SnO (PS NPTrc" a NViOnVO# tiyO Sr NiU (PS NOO" a hrOaP rOaQ St P]O fSrQr. 4P (PS bO" a
cSTP]tTQ XiNPakO PS VSnVQTrO P]O XOn (PS bO" rTQQ bOVaTNO P]Oir hOnOraQ VSnyOrNaPiSn (PS bO"
21d
yOrc rTQQ. v]O hOnOraQ VSnyOrNaPiSnN St MnhQiN] NSViOPc (PS bO" rTQQ# iP (PS bO" a naPiSnaQ
V]araVPOriNPiV.
10. Change the foIIowing from direct into indirect speech:
5TrrOnQc P]OrO VaXO a knSVk PS P]O rSSr anr oSrian ]Oarr jSrr |OnrcmN ySiVO STPNirO: swc
rOar bSc( 4 XTNP NOO cST. jOP XO in aP SnVO. 4 VannSP bOar cSTr N]TPPinh cSTrNOQt T\ QikO P]iN.s
oSrian XarO nS anNfOr aP tirNP( bTP P]On TX\Or T\ anr TnQSVkOr P]O rSSr.
s4 aX NSrrc tSr iP aQQ( oSrian(s Nair jSrr |Onrc( aN ]O OnPOrOr. s6TP cST XTNP nSP P]ink PSS
XTV] St iP. vOQQ XO( rir cST NOO 5ibcQ @anO atPOr P]O \Qac faN SyOr{s
szON( anr 4 faN brTPaQ PS ]Or( |arrc % \OrtOVPQc brTPaQ. 6TP iP iN aQQ rih]P nSf(s
sA]( oSrian( 4 aX NS hQar. 4 faN atrair St tinrinh cST POarinh P]aP niVO VTrQc ]air St cSTrN.s
s4 ]ayO hSP P]rSTh] aQQ P]aP(s Nair oSrian( N]akinh ]iN ]anr anr NXiQinh. s4 aX \OrtOVPQc
]a\\c nSf. 4 fanP PS bO hSSr# 4 VanmP bOar P]O irOa St Xc NSTQ bOinh NS bar anr ThQc. 4 N]aQQ
bOhin bc Xarrcinh 5ibcQ @anO.s (0fter pNVar
xiQrO"
11. Use the required teases instead of the infinitives in brackets:
4 (PS nSPiVO" P]aP f]On NSXOSnO (PS aNk" tSr cST Sn P]O POQO\]SnO anr( tinrinh cST STP( (PS
QOayO" a XONNahO bOhhinh cST PS VaQQ ]iX T\ P]O XSXOnP cST VSXO in( P]O XaPPOr (PS bO" XSrO
iX\SrPanP PS ]iX P]an PS cST. x]On iP (PS VSXO" PS Xakinh cST a \rONOnP Sr rSinh cST a taySTr
XSNP \OS\QO (PS bO" abQO PS ]SQr P]Oir iX\aPiOnVO. 5S f]On 4 (PS bO" PSQr bc wiNN qOQQSfN( Xc
QanrQarc( P]aP wr. AQrSc kOar (PS fiN]" XO PS rinh ]iX T\ aP SnVO( 4 (PS tOOQ" P]aP 4 (Van" NatOQc
ihnSrO ]iN rOgTONP.
4 (nSP PS NOO" Sc tSr P]rOO XSnP]N anr P]On SnQc tSr a tOf XinTPON aP a \arPc. sjSnrSn (PS
bO" aftTQ(s ]O (PS Nac". spnO nOyOr (PS ]ayO" PiXO PS NOO anc St P]O \OS\QO SnO (PS fanP" PS.
jOPmN QTnV] PShOP]Or SnO rac( N]aQQ fO{s
AN 4 (PS NXSkO" a \i\O bOtSrO hSinh PS bOr 4 (PS PTrn" SyOr in Xc Xinr P]O \SNNibQO rOaNSnN
tSr f]iV] Sc (Xac" fanP XO PS QTnV] fiP] ]iX. (0fter 5. waTh]aX"
12. Think of a suitabIe context to use the foIIowing sentences:
1. 4PmN bOOn a fSnrOrtTQ OyOninh tSr XO.
2. xO arO NParPinh aP rafn.
:. 4myO bOOn QSSkinh tSr cST OyOrcf]OrO. x]c arO cST aQfacN ]irinh trSX XO{
9. wc rOar nSnnce |Sf QSnh cSTmyO bOOn VSXinh ]SXOe
0. 5\QOnrir PS P]ink fOmQQ bO hOPPinh inPS P]O VSTnPrc P]iN fOOkOnre
2. 4 faN NTrO 4 ]ar NOOn ]Or. 6TP f]OrO{ x]OrO ]ar 4 NOOn P]O hirQ{
13. TransIate these sentences Into EngIish:
1. .( D( A A { % B( . . ?! S +. 2.
.! _?! ! !,! !+( $A !+!<. :. . $$<
A!;A >. . $$ ? $( ! !!. 9. * > >!
K +{ % Z!!( ( > + D. 0. . A ! !
( $!?! +. 2. L= !! +A ( !A +A! ;!. &.
> ? <( ! $D!! +! !A!. d. > A A{ 8.
/; D! !. 10. B< ; ! > +!( ! + > (
+> ;' $. G. C+ A !$! 10 ( D!
E!!. 12. . ( $J A++( ! $! !!? !!; !
+. 1:. >J( ! ?! <!,. = <!,
!{ 19. i $D! DC! >+ !,+ ! >+! +! % A>;
<!,>. +A ; >J( ; ?J >=. 10. L D<(
J $! A( A $!!+< $!=!. 12. !!( +!
>< + !? ?( $C!? ! .
218
14. Use the required tenses instead of the infinitives in brackets:
v]O QanrQarc (PS brinh" P]O POa. 4 (nSP PS fanP" ancP]inh( bTP vOr (PS XakO" XO OaP NSXO
]aX. v]On 4 (PS NiP" aP P]O finrSf. 4 (nSP PS QSSk" rSTnr f]On P]O QanrQarc (PS VSXO T\" PS
VQOar afac( 4 (nSP PS fanP" ancSnO PS N\Oak PS XO. vOr (PS rOar" a bSSk# aP QOaNP ]O (PS \rOPOnr"
PS( bTP ]O (nSP PS PTrn" P]O \ahO( anr 4 (PS NOO" P]O POarN rrS\\inh Sn iP. 4 (PS kOO\ Sn" QSSkinh
STP St P]O finrSf. 4P (PS bO" P]O Onr St nTnO( anr P]O racN (PS bO" QSnh. 4 (PS QSSk" aP P]O \OS\QO
hSinh in anr STP St P]O \TbQiV']STNO anr P]O PraXN hSinh T\ anr rSfn. 4 (PS P]ink" P]O rac
nOyOr (PS VSXO" PS an Onr# P]On aQQ St a NTrrOn 4 (PS nSPiVO" P]aP iP (PS bO" nih]P. AQQ P]O QaX\N
(PS bO QiP".
sx]c cST (nSP PS Qih]P" P]O haN{s 4 (PS Nac" PS vOr. s4PmN nS hSSr NiPPinh in P]O rark.s
|O (PS Qih]P" P]O haN. 4 rSnmP knSf f]aP (PS VSXO" SyOr XO. 4 (PS tOOQ" P]aP it 4 (PS hS Sn"
NiPPinh in P]aP rSSX 4 (PS hS" Xar. 4 (PS fanP" PS hS NSXOf]OrO f]OrO P]OrO (PS bO" Qih]PN anr
\OS\QO.
15. Comment on the use of tenses in the foIIowing sentences and transIate them into Russian:
1. 5]O QSSkOr aP XO fSnrOrinhQc aN it aNkinh( sx]aP ]aN bOOn ]a\\Oninh PS XO{s 2. |Or
NStP ySiVO XarO ]iX PrOXbQO. s4 tOOQ cSTmyO bOOn ]OrO tSr cOarN(s N]O Nairm. :. Anr nSf( oarrc(
4 P]ink 4mr bOPPOr hS baVk( in VaNO wTXXcmN fSnrOrinh f]OrO 4 aX. 9. v]On N]O fSkO T\ anr
Nair( s|ayO 4 bOOn aNQOO\{s 0.1 ]S\O 4 ]ayOnmP riNPTrbOr cST. zST fOrOnmP aNQOO\( fOrO cST{ 2.
szSTmyO hrSfnes Nair anraQQ. 4P faN PrTO. 5]O ]ar V]anhOr. &. WSSrnONN hraViSTNe x]aPmN
P]aP{ 4PmN P]O VQSVk NPrikinhe 5S QaPO( anr 4 ]ayO bOOn kOO\inh cST afakO. WSSr nih]P( MQQOn. d.
s5POyO QSyOr birrN(s Nair wiranra. s|O aQfacN TNOr PS tOOr P]OX. |O fSTQr rinh a bOQQ OyOrc
XSrninh anr P]O birrN fSTQr VSXO.s 8. v]O finr ]ar rrS\\Or a QiPPQO anr trSX NSXOf]OrO
bO]inr P]O ]STNO a VTVkSS faN VaQQinh. 10. zST N\Oak PS XO( aN cST aQfacN rS( fiP] P]O ySiVO
St rOaQiPc. Anr f]aP cSTmyO bOOn Nacinh iN gTiPO rih]P. 11. MXXa rOXSyOr ]Or hQaNNON anr NOP
]Or kniPPinh aNirO. 5]O VarONNOr ]Or VQSNOr OcON tSr a XSXOnP fiP] QSnh tinhOrN. 12. 5]O Nair(
rSTNinh ]OrNOQt( s5Srrc( jTVc( f]aP rir cST Nac{s 1:. x]On qranViN anr qSc QOtP( kaP]OrinO
aNkOr jOfiN f]aP P]Oc ]ar bOOn POQQinh ]iX abSTP cSTnh jTkO. 19. oS cST knSf f]On P]O
rONTQPN fiQQ bO STP{ 10. |O QSSkOr aP ]iN faPV]. 4P faN PiXO PS hS in nSf. wiQrrOr fSTQr bO
faiPinh tSr ]iX(
16. Use the required tenses instead of the infinitives in brackets and transIate the sentences
into Russian:
4. jOPmN ]ayO rinnOr T\ ]OrO. 4t fO (PS hS" rSfn PS P]O rONPaTranP fO (PS bO inPOrrT\POr"( anr
P]O XTNiV (PS bO" NS QSTr P]OrO. xO (nSP PS bO" abQO PS ]Oar OaV] SP]Or N\Oak. 2. zST rOaQQc
nOyOr (PS bO" PS a baQQ bOtSrO( jOiQa{ :. wc fitO (PS bO" in MTrS\O tSr P]O QaNP POn XSnP]N Sn a
yiNiP PS STr OQrONP hirQ( f]S (PS bO XarriOr" QaNP cOar. 9. |OQQS( nS]ne zST (PS faiP" QSnh{ 0. 5]O
(PS POQQ" ]iX P]aP N]O (PS rinh" ]iX( bTP N]O (nSP PS rS" NS. 2. |O (PS QSSk" T\ fiP] NTr\riNO(
s4nria{ zST (PS hS" PS 4nria{s &.1 nOyOr (PS knSf" ancSnO 4 (PS QikO" aN XTV] aN 4 (PS QikO" cST.
4 nOyOr (PS tOOQ" NS ]a\\c fiP] ancSnO. 6TP 4 (PS bO" NTrO iP (nSP PS bO" f]aP \OS\QO anr f]aP
bSSkN (PS XOan" f]On P]Oc (PS PaQk" abSTP QSyO. d. 4P faN nSf SyOr a cOar. |O (nSP PS ]Oar"
trSX ]Or NinVO N]O (PS QOayO"( OUVO\P tSr a \SNPVarr. 8. v]O hrOOn rSSr (PS S\On" anr (PS N]TP"
ahain anr aQQ (PS bO" NiQOnVO. |O (PS faiP" a XinTPO Sr PfS. x]aP P]Oc (PS Nac" PS OaV] SP]Or
nSf{ 10. 5]O (PS bO" riNa\\SinPOr it cST (nSP PS VSXO". anraQQ (PS ]ONiPaPO". s7S(s ]O (PS Nac".
s4 (nSP PS VSXO" in. zST Van hS aQSnO.s 11. WSSr ]OayOnN( Xc SQr rSQQe zST (PS tinr" iP in AnnmN
rSSX{ 4 (PS tSrhOP" aQQ abSTP iP bc nSf. 12. wc XSP]Or (PS VSXO" PS NPac fiP] TN nOUP fOOkOnr.
1:. v]O harrOn (PS QSSk" gTiPO rittOrOnP nSf f]On P]O QOayON (PS taQQ". 19.1 (PS bO" NTrO cST (PS
tiniN]" cSTr fSrk bc NiU SmVQSVk. 10. 5]O (PS Nac" N]O (PS rS" P]O faN]inh PSXSrrSf. 12. nahS
PSQr MQiSP P]aP 7ih]PinhaQO anr ]O TNP (PS riNVTNN" P]O tTPTrO St P]O VSQQOhO.
17. Use the required tenses instead of the infinitives in brackets and comment on their use:
1.1 SnQc fanP PS aNk f]On P]O rOViNiSn (PS PakO"# fOmr QikO PS knSf P]O raPO( P]aPmN aQQ 2.
s|aQQS( cST PfS(s ]O (PS Vrc" haiQc. sx]OrO cST (PS ]irO"{s :. 4mX atrair 4 XTNP bO Stt nSf. wc
220
\arOnPN (PS VSXO" PS NOO XO TnOU\OVPOrQc. v]ank cST( wrN( xOQV]. 4 (PS OnSc" XcNOQt yOrc
XTV]. WSSr'bcO. 9. warharOP ^OOQ (PS POQQ" XO P]aP 6OrPranr (PS VSXO" rSfn aP P]O fOOkOnr. 0.
|O faN aQarXOr bc P]O P]STh]P P]aP ]O (PS ]ayO" PS PaQk PS P]O hirQ aQQ P]O fac baVk. 2. 4n P]O
rininh'NaQSSn ]O (PS nSPiVO" P]aP P]O rark Xan f]S (PS NiP" aQSnO (PS bO" nSf aP a PabQO fiP]
wrN. RSVkNSn anr wrN. 6OnNSn. &. wr. ^intSQr (nSP PS NQOO\" tSr yOrc QSnh. |O (PS afakO" aN
TNTaQ yOrc OarQc. d.1 rSnmP NOO f]aP cST (PS rriyO" aP. 8. 4 knSf yOrc QiPPQO St ]iX( P]STh] fO (PS
QiyO" NS nOar aQQ P]ONO cOarN. 10.1 (PS fanP" TN PS ]ayO a QiPPQO PaQk tSr gTiPO NSXO PiXO( SQr bSc.
MyOr NinVO P]aP NTXXOr 6aQQ( in taVP. 11. AN P]Oc (PS NPrSQQ" T\ RSQQOhO Sar( 6OONQOc bOhan
PaQkinh abSTP P]O OUaXinaPiSn rONTQPN in ]iN oO\arPXOnP 12.1 fanP PS NOnr a POQOhraX. 4 (nSP PS
tOOQ" yOrc fOQQ. 4 (PS fSnrOr" it cST (Van" friPO iP tSr XO{ 1:. oiUSn faN a biP riNa\\SinPOr( ]O
(PS tOOQ" nSnO St P]O \QOaNTrabQO OUViPOXOnP ]O (PS OU\OVP". 19. xO (PS VSXO" tSr cST f]On fO
(PS fanP" cST. 6OPPOr QSVk P]O rSSr. 10.1 (PS ]ayO" Xc OcO Sn ]iX OyOr NinVO fO (PS NParP". zST
(PS nSPiVO" ancP]inh Srr abSTP ]iX{ 12. |O faN nSP a VrTOQ Xan bc naPTrO( anr (PS bO" NOVrOPQc
a QiPPQO aN]aXOr St P]O \arP ]O (PS \Qac" rTrinh P]O QaNP XSnP].
I8. Pay attention to the use of the Continuous tenses. TransIate the sentences into Russian:
1. s|Sf arO cST{s N]O aNkOr. sAQQ rih]P( P]ankN# 4 have 2een wor'ing"n 2. I?ve 2een ta9'ing
PS P]O ^rinVi\aQ abSTP P]O RSQQOhO p\On xOOk aP P]O Onr St P]O POrX. :. sxO are aQQ waiting,
7Or(s wrN. xOQV] Nair trSX P]O \ianS. 9. 4myO friPPOn PS }nVQO aNkinh ]iX PS QOP XO knSf
f]On ]OmN 5o+ing baVk. 0. xOQQ( 4mX NTrO cST a\\rOViaPO( ^rStONNSr( P]aP 4myO 2een worrying
abSTP Xc \SNiPiSn ]OrO in P]O QaNP tOf XSnP]N. 2. 4 ]S\O yOrc XTV] cST?99 2e 5o+ing Sn
5aPTrrac. % 4 ]S\O NS PSS. WSSr'bcO. &. |O wa& 9oo'ing for hi& ViharOPPON f]On nS]n VaXO in
aP P]O rSSr. _ad ]O 2een 9i&teningO d. p]( bc P]O fac( RarSQ( 4myO 2een +eaning PS POQQ cST P]aP
R]riNPinOmN 5o+ing PS P]O ranVO atPOr aQQ( anr N]OmN 2ringing ]Or TnVQO fiP] ]Or. 8. 4myO 2een
fee9ing yOrc rO\rONNOr rOVOnPQc. 10. s|Sf are cST fee9ing, 5POyO{s ]iN fitO aNkOr ]iX( snSP NS
PirOr( 4 ]S\O{s 11. AP P]O Onr St rinnOr wrN. 5VartiOQr aNkOr: sArO cST 1oining TN tSr a rTbbOr{s
anr ]O rO\QiOr: s7SP P]iN OyOninh( 4mX atrair.s 12. s4mX aftTQQc NSrrc(s Nair WQSyOr. s4 NiX\Qc
rSnmP knSf f]aP cSTmrO ta9'ing a2out" 1:. x]c( P]aPmN OUaVPQc f]aP 4myO 2een &aying, in
rittOrOnP fSrrN. 19. oiUSn( f]S had 2een &howing a riN\SNiPiSn PS PrOXbQO( tSTnr ]iN N\iriPN
kiVkinh T\farrN aP P]O Nih]P St a Prac fiP] VT\N( a tQaNk( anr biNVTiPN. 10. p]( wr. oiUSn( 4myO
2een wondering f]On 4 N]aQQ NOO cST ahain. 4 ]ayO SnO Sr PfS \SinPN 4 fanP PS PakO T\ fiP]
cST. 12. v]aP OyOninh bOtSrO rinnOr ]O SinOr P]O 5VartiOQrN. s4n a VST\QO St racN it wi99 2e
getting ]SP(s Nair wrN. 5VartiOQr. 1&. 7Sf P]On( oSriN( fOmyO SnQc 2een &4ea'ing PS cST tSr
cSTr Sfn hSSr.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD AND THE CONDITIONAL MOOD
(To Units One-Three)
19. Name the obIique moods used in the foIIowing sentences and transIate the sentences into
Russian:
1. 4t 4 fOrO cSTnh 4 N]STQr ]ayO a faQkinh ]SQirac. 2. 4t 4 fOrO cST 4 N]STQr \ac nS aPPOnPiSn
PS f]aP N]O NacN. :. v]O yaNO iN bOaTPitTQ. zST fSTQrnmP tinr anSP]Or PS XaPV] iP it cST PriOr. 9.
4t cST ]aPOr NiVk \OS\QO cST fSTQrnmP bO a rSVPSr( rOar. 0. v]Oc Nac qrank ]aN V]anhOr hrOaPQc.
% p]( cON. zST fSTQr ]arrQc knSf ]iX it cST XOP ]iX. 2. 4t 4 ]ar knSfn P]aP( 4 N]STQrnmP
]ayO VSXO. &. xO N]STQr nOyOr ]ayO tSTnr P]O ]STNO it a \aNNOr'bc ]arnmP ]OQ\Or TN. d. 4t cST
]ar QOtP OarQiOr cST fSTQr ]ayO VaTh]P P]O PraX. 8. 4t cST ]ar PakOn P]O XOriVinO P]O rSVPSr
\rONVribOr cST( cST fSTQr tOOQ bOPPOr nSf. 10. 4t cST ]ar rOar P]O arPiVQO 4 rOVSXXOnrOr(
cSTmr knSf ]Sf PS anNfOr NTV] gTONPiSnN.
20. Comment on the mood of the verb in the foIIowing sentences:
1. 4mQQ ]OQ\ cST it 4 Van. 2. 5]TP P]O rSSr atPOr cSTe :. 5]O rir nSP knSf f]OrO N]O faN anr
f]aP ]ar ]a\\OnOr. 9.1 rOXOXbOr iP NS VQOarQc aN it iP ]ar ]a\\OnOr SnQc cONPOrrac. 0. 5]O
221
\rSXiNOr N]O fSTQr bO VaQX. 2. 5]O fSTQrnmP bO VaQX it N]O knOf f]aP ]aN ]a\\OnOr. &. 5]O
Nair N]O rirnmP knSf XO. d. oSnmP QSSk aP XO aN it cST rirnmP knSf XO. 8. v]O arPiVQO faN nSP
rittiVTQP anr 4 VSTQr PranNQaPO iP. 10. 4t 4 ]ar a riVPiSnarc 4 VSTQr PranNQaPO P]O arPiVQO. 11. 4t 4 ]ar
nSP PSQr ]iX( ]O fSTQr nOyOr ]ayO knSfn. 12. 5]O faN NTrO 4 ]ar nSP PSQr ]iX P]O bar nOfN.
21. CompIete the foIIowing sentences a) using the ConditionaI Mood;
1. 4t iP fOrO nSP NS QaPO ... . 2. 4t iP fOrO 5Tnrac PSrac ... . :. 4t cST inyiPOr ]iX ... . 9. 4t 4
fOrO cST ... . 0. 4t N]O QiyOr in wSNVSf ... . 2. 4t cST ]ar faiPOr 'a QiPPQO ... . &. 4t 4 VSTQr \Qac
P]O \ianS.... d. 4t cST ]ar rSnO aN 4 PSQr cST .... 8. 4t N]O fOrO Xc NiNPOr.... 10. 4t P]O fOaP]Or
fOrO tinO ... .
b) using the Subjunctive Mood:
1. xO N]STQr hS PS P]O VSTnPrc it .... 2.1 N]STQr ]OQ\ ]Or it.... :. |O fSTQr ]ayO rSnO iP tSr
cST( nS rSTbP( it.... 9. v]Oc fSTQr \Qac POnniN nSf it .... 0.1 N]STQr ]ayO VSXO cONPOrrac it....
2. x]aP fSTQr cST rS it... { &. 4P fSTQr bO yOrc niVO it.... d. 4mr ]ayO a faQkinh ]SQirac it.... 8.
v]Ocmr bO SnQc yOrc hQar it.... 10. MyOrcP]inh fSTQr ]ayO bOOn aQQ rih]P it....
22. SuppIy the correct mood of the verbs in brackets:
1. 4t P]Oc (nSP PS ]OQ\" TN fO (nSP PS tinr" P]O fac. 2. 4t 4 (PS ]ayO" OnSTh] XSnOc 4 (PS bTc"
P]iN VaNNOPPO'rOVSrrOr. :. zST (PS bO" abQO PS N\Oak MnhQiN] bOPPOr it cST (PS NPTrc" ]arrOr. 9. 4t
N]O (PS bO" SQrOr N]O (PS TnrOrNPanr" cST bOPPOr. 0. 4t ]O (PS bO" in PSfn cONPOrrac ]O (PS VaQQ" Sn
TN. 2. xO (PS OnSc" P]O \Qac bOPPOr it iP (nSP PS bO" NS QSnh. &. wc TnVQO (PS bO" abQO PS ]OQ\ TN
it ]O (PS bO" ]OrO. d.1 (PS rS" P]O NaXO it 4 (PS bO" P]OrO. 8. 4t 4 (PS knSf" St cSTr arriyaQ 4 (PS
XOOP" cST. 10. 4t cST (PS knSf" f]aP iP iN aQQ abSTP( cST (nSP PS kOO\ Sn" NXiQinh. 11. 4t cST (PS
hS" PS P]O P]OaPrO QaNP nih]P( 4mX NTrO( cST (PS OnSc" P]O \Qac. 12. |O (PS aVP" rittOrOnPQc it ]O (PS
rOaQiO" P]O NiPTaPiSn. 1:. 4t N]O (PS VSXO" OarQiOr N]O (PS bO" abQO PS NOO P]OX bOtSrO P]Oc fOnP
STP. 19. 7SbSrc PSQr XO abSTP cSTr PrSTbQO. 4 (PS ]OQ\" cST it 4 (PS ]Oar" abSTP iP. 10.1 (PS
VSXO" NSSnOr it 4 (PS knSf" cST fOrO ]OrO. 12. xO (nSP PS knSf" ancP]inh abSTP P]Oir \QanN tSr
P]O NTXXOr ]SQiracN it wariS (nSP PS NOnr" TN a QOPPOr. 1&. 4t cST (PS VSXO" bOPfOOn PfS anr
P]rOO cONPOrrac cST (PS tinr" ]iX in. 1d. 4t 4 (PS bO" cST 4 (PS ]ayO" a QSnh faQQm sN P]O \ark. 18.
4t 1 (Van" ]OQ\ cST 4 rOariQc (PS rS" NS( bTP cST knSf 4 VanmP. 20.1 XTNP bO Stt nSf. 4t iP (nSP PS
bO" NS QaPO 4 (PS NPac" a QiPPQO QSnhOr.
23. Change into sentences of unreaI condition:
M U a X \ Q O N: 5]O fSnmP ]OQ\ TN aN N]O iN nSP ]OrO. % 5]O wou9d he94 TN it N]O were ]OrO.
xO rir nSP XOOP NS StPOn bOVaTNO N]O QiyOr tar trSX Xc \QaVO. % xO
&hou9d have +et XSrO StPOn it N]O had not 9ived NS tar trSX Xc \QaVO.
1. v]Oc fiQQ rS iP it P]Oc Van. 2. 4P iNnmP NTXXOr nSf( anr fO rSnmP hS PS P]O VSTnPrc. s:. |O
rSONnmP friPO PS XO( anr 4 rSnmP friPO PS ]iX. 9. 5]O rirnmP tinr P]O bSSk bOVaTNO N]O rirnmP
S\On P]O bah( 0. 4P fiQQ bO bOPPOr it P]Oc rSnmP VSXO. 2.1 rirnmP hiyO iP PS cST bOVaTNO cST fOrO
STP. &.1 VanmP kniP anSP]Or NfOaPOr aN 4 ]ayO nS XSrO fSSQ. d.1 rSnmP NPTrc 4PaQian aN 4 ]ayOnmP
XTV] N\arO PiXO. 8. 5]O rirnmP tSQQSf P]O rSVPSrmN aryiVO anr tOQQ NOriSTNQc iQQ. 10. v]O bSc iN
N]iyOrinh. |O iNnmP gTiPO fOQQ. 11. |O rOtTNON Xc ]OQ\( anr P]O fSrk fSnmP bO tiniN]Or PSrac.
12.1 ]ayO a ]OaraV]O bOVaTNO 4 ]ar a NQOO\QONN nih]P. 1:. AnnO VanmP PranNQaPO P]iN NSnh: N]O
rSONnmP knSf qrOnV] fOQQ OnSTh]. 19. zST arO nSP gTiPO aQQ rih]P nSf bOVaTNO cST rirnmP PakO
P]O XOriVinO rOhTQarQc. 10. v]Oc PSSk a PaUi anr rirnmP XiNN P]O Prain. 12. |O rSONnmP knSf ]Or
arrrONN( Sr ]O fiQQ friPO PS ]Or( 4mX NTrO. 1&. v]O harrOn rSONnmP QSSk bOaTPitTQ bOVaTNO P]O
PrOON arO barO. 1d. |O XakON NS Xanc XiNPakON bOVaTNO ]O rSONnmP knSf hraXXar fOQQ OnSTh].
18. xiQQ cST rS iP tSr XO it 4 aNk cST{
24. TransIate these sentences into EngIish:
1. u > > !( ! > $!A! A $! +! !
222
?<{ 2. L > > +!( ! +<! ! A{
:. ~! > + ?J !A< ( > >A . 9. )<! D
>( ! > + > ?. ; + J AA . 0. )> >
<!+ $!! C ( ! > > $. 2. ~! > (
> $ +( > $<( > $!J. &. ~! > > A $!!+!
( > $$! ( > > ! $< A J. d.
~! > +> ! < +( +> > D !!. 8. B J+ +
> !+! $!. [( ! A( $. 10. a; +> K A( +> > $!!
+>. Z. ~! > > $( >A > !+ >+. 12. >
K ( ! > ( K D. 1:. ~! > > $ ++
( > > $< $. 19. ~! > > !< A $D!(
+> > ?! +( !! > < !. 10. ( > +A! >
< K +; $+C!( ! > $!<. i > . 12. >(
$D;( <( ! > + J!!. 1&. > > K+!! +( ! >
$?! $+( $?+. 1d. ~! > > ! A D ?J( ( > >
+ D !. 18. > ! ; $( ! > +A. 20. ~! >
> + $!!( > J . 21. B J+ + > $J
$!AJ!.
25. Comment on the use of the Subjunctive Mood and transIate the sentences into Russian:
a" 1. zST fOrO yOrc kinr PS P]aP tSrOihnOr( oiVk. 4 fiN] P]aP fO VSTQr NOO ]iX. 2. oSra
fiN]Or N]O ]ar hSP ]Or bSSk STP St P]O NTiPVaNO bOtSrO P]O Prain NParPOr. :.1 fiN] 4 ]ar P]STh]P
St iP bOtSrO. 4PmN a hSSr irOa. 9. |O nSrrOr ]iN ]Oar PS ]Or anr PTrnOr ]aNPiQc in P]O rirOVPiSn St
]iN Sfn rSSX. |O fiN]Or N]O ]ar nSP NOOn ]iX. |O fiN]Or N]O ]ar nSP bOOn P]OrO. 0. |O
fiN]Or ]OarPiQc P]aP wiQrrOr ]ar nSP VSnNTQPOr ]iX. 2. 4P faN a bOaTPitTQ irOa. 4 fiN]Or 4 ]ar
P]STh]P St iP XcNOQt. &.1 fiN] 4 VSTQr tOOQ NTrO abSTP it d. oSnmP cST fiN] cST ]ar VSXO
OarQiOr{
b" 1. 4P NOOXOr aN P]STh] ]O fiN]Or PS N\Oak( bTP tOarOr PS hiyO SttOnVO. 2.1 rOXOXbOr nSf
P]aP ]iN VSQSTr ]ar hSnO in a XSXOnP anr ]O NOOXOr PS brOaP]O aN it ]O ]ar bOOn rTnninh. :.
|Or OcON ]ar N]arSfN aN P]STh] N]O ]ar nSP NQO\P. 9. 5TrrOnQc ]O NXiQOr anr N\SkO in a
V]anhOr ySiVO( aN it ]O fOrO VSntirinh a NOVrOP. 0. 5]O QSSkOr VSnPOnP( aN P]STh] N]O ]ar bOOn
faiPinh tSr P]iN XSXOnP aQQ rac. 2. |Th] faN NTr\riNOr anr annScOr anr V]iQQOr aN it P]O
POX\OraPTrO St P]O rSSX fOrO Ninkinh NPOariQc. &. Anr cST bO]ayO aN it fO fOrO PfS \OS\QO
f]S fOrO aVgTainPOr. d. zSTmrO aQXSNP hrSfn'T\ nSf( anr 4mX hSinh PS PaQk PS cST aN it cST
fOrO hrSfn'T\. Anr cST XTNP ]OQ\ XO. 8. v]Oc NParOr aP OaV] SP]Or in P]O NiQOnVO St P]O ]STNO(
anr iP faN aN it P]Oc fOrO QiNPOninh tSr riNPanP tSSPNPO\N. 10. v]OrO faN a VTriSTN VarOtTQnONN
abSTP ]iN XannOr( aN P]STh] ]O fOrO VSnVOaQinh NSXO \ain.
V" 1. MyOn it cST SnQc P]STh]P P]aP 4 VSTQr bO St anc ]OQ\ PS cST( 4mr bO yOrc hQar( 4mr bO yOrc
]a\\c PS bO aQQSfOr PS NPac arSTnr. 2. x]c Nac iP OyOn it iP fOrO PrTO{ :.1 N]STQr hOP P]OrO
OyOn it 4 ]ar PS faQk aQQ P]O fac. 9. MyOn P]STh] cST aNkOr ]iX PfiVO ]O fSTQr rS iP ahain#
]OmN a NPTbbSrn bSc. 0. zST VSTQrnmP ]ayO hSP in PSTV] fiP] ]iX OyOn it cST ]ar PriOr# ]O faNnmP
in PSfn. 2. |ar fO knSfn in PiXO fO VSTQr ]ayO \rOyOnPOr P]O VaPaNPrS\]O. &. szST NOO(s Nair
anraQQ( s4 fSTQrnmP hS it cST rirnmP fanP XO PS.s d.1 P]ink iP fSTQr bO naPTraQ it cST SinOr
P]OX. 8. sxSTQr OyOrcP]inh ]ayO bOOn rittOrOnP it XSP]Or ]arnmP riOr{s N]O P]STh]P 10. 7S
rSTbP NSXObSrc fSTQr ]ayO nSPiVOr it N]O ]arnmP bOOn P]OrO.
r" 1. 4t SnQc taP]Or fOrO aQiyOe 2. 4t SnQc iP fOrO PrTOe :. 4t SnQc 4 VSTQr bOQiOyO P]aPe 9. 4t
SnQc ]O ]ar PSQr cST P]O f]SQO NPSrce 0. 4t SnQc N]O fOrO fiP] TNe 2. 4t SnQc 4 ]arnmP XOnPiSnOr
]iN naXOe |Sf tSSQiN] St XOe
26. SuppIy the correct mood of the verbs in brackets:
1. 4 rSnmP knSf ]Sf PS arrrONN ]iX. 4 fiN] 4 (PS knSf" ]iN naXO. 2. 4 tOOQ aN it Xc ]Oar (PS
bO" Sn tirO. :. 4t SnQc 4 (PS knSf" OarQiOr( 4 (PS NOnr" cST a POQOhraX. 9. wc fitO NacN N]O fiN]ON
4 (PS bO" a P]STNanr XiQON afac. 0. |O tOQP aN it ]O (PS tQSaP" in P]O air. 2. |O NParOr aP XO aN it 4
22:
(PS aNk" ]iX NSXOP]inh yOrc Srr. &. AP P]aP XSXOnP N]O fiN]Or N]O (nSP PS NOnr" tSr ]iX. d. 4t
4 (PS POQQ" cST cST Xih]P ]ayO P]STh]P iP faN Xc V]SiVO. 8. MyOn it iP (PS bO" PfiVO aN ranhOrSTN
4 (PS Varrc STP" Xc \Qan. 10.1 fiN] 4 nOyOr (PS NOO" cST. 11. oSnmP QSSk aP XO aN it cST nOyOr (PS
NOO" XO bOtSrO. 12.1 P]ink iP (PS bO" naPTraQ it cST (PS Sin" P]OX. 1:. OXOXbOr ]Ore AN it 4
(Van" tSrhOP ]Ore 19. v]On ]O NTrrOnQc Nair( szST (PS PakO" XO PS Wrac]aQQSVk it 4 (PS aNk"{s 10.
oSnmP cST P]ink iP (PS bO" raP]Or niVO it fO (PS aNk" ]Or PS NPac Sn tSr a fOOk aN STr hTONP{ 12.
s|Sf 4 fiN] 4 (PS bO" P]OrO fiP] cST(s 4 Nair fiP] rOO\ rOhrOP. 1&. soSnmP bO NSrrc(s N]O Nair. s4
(PS bO" rOQiOyOr it cST (PS hS"( it iP (PS bO" NOPPQOr NSXO]Sf.s 1d. xOQQ( aP anc raPO( P]O fOaP]Or
iNnmP hSinh PS \rONOnP rittiVTQPiON. 4P QSSkN aN P]STh] iP (PS NOP in" tinO. 18.1 (PS bO" NTrO St iP it 4
(PS bO" cST.
27. Comment on the use of the ConditionaI Mood and transIate the sentences into Russian:
1. 4 N]STQrnmP fSrrc nSf in cSTr \QaVO. MyOrcP]inh fiQQ VQOar T\ yOrc NSSn( 4mX NTrO. 2. 4P
fSTQrnmP ]ayO aNPSniN]Or XO it ]O ]ar tSTnr NSXO rOaNSnabQO OUVTNO anr NPacOr afac. :. 6TP
OyOn it cST fOrO rih]P 4 N]STQr \rOtOr PS aVP in Xc Sfn fac. 9. 6TP tSr Xc ]OQ\ ]O fSTQr ]ayO
taiQOr aP P]O tinaQ OUaX. 0. 4P NOOXN PS XO P]aP f]aP N]O rOtTNOr P]On N]O fSTQr bO hQar PS hOP
nSf. 2. 5ir |SraVO aNkOr XO SnO Sr PfS gTONPiSnN anr iP fSTQrnmP ]ayO bOOn rOVOnP XannOrN
nSP PS rO\Qc. &. A tOf cOarN bOtSrO ]O fSTQr nSP ]ayO Nair NS St nahS. d. RSXO aQSnh( naNNiOe 4P
fSTQr rS cST XSrO ]arX PS NPac bc cSTrNOQt. 8. 4mX P]inkinh St hSSr rONTQPN fOmyO aV]iOyOr
PShOP]Or. xO N]STQrnmP ]ayO XanahOr P]OX aQSnO. 4PmN a \iPc PS tinr TN riyirOr nSf. 10. 4t cST
brOak cSTr \rSXiNO( \OS\QO fiQQ Nac P]aP RraftSrr fSTQr nOyOr ]ayO rSnO NS in NiXiQar
VirVTXNPanVON 11. 6TP tSr P]O bOON fO N]STQr ]ayO nS ]SnOc. 12. 5]O OyOn rirnmP fanP PS QSSk
in Xc rirOVPiSn# Sr OQNO 4mr ]ayO VSXO T\ anr a\SQShiOr. 1:. |O faN in a hrOaP ]Trrc anr ]ar
nS PiXO PS P]ink iP SyOr. pP]OrfiNO ]O fSTQr ]ayO tSTnr a bOPPOr fac STP. 19. 6TP wrN. nahSmN
iXiPaPiSn St jarc wTriOQ faN nSP OUaVP. jarc wTriOQ fSTQr nOyOr ]ayO VaQQOr XOn bc P]Oir
VSQQOhO PiPQON. 10.1 XcNOQt N]STQrnmP ahrOO PS P]aP. 12. v]Oc fSTQr aQQ bO SnQc hQar PS NOO cST.
1&.1 N]STQr ]ayO NOnP ]Or afac( SnQc 4 P]STh]P cST fanPOr ]Or PS PaQk inPS cSTr XaV]inON. 1d.
zST nOyOr rir ancP]inh hSSr PS ancSnO. 4t cST ]ar rSnO cST fSTQr ]ayO XSrO NT\\SrP nSf.
28. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, paying attention to the use of the ConditionaI Mood:
1. > > $ $< +. 2. > > ! >!<( !
$: > !! . :. > > $! !$< = D= $A. 9. > >
?J >$!< J I. 0. > > D < A +! $ K+ $. 2.
+ > > < $ < $+. &. . > ?J !<(
! $$ !. d. )> > ? + $+A!( +> < > A.
8. +=( !< >(m D < > J+!. 10. $? > =A(
+; + +. 11. > $J +! =( $$! +
!. 12. J( > $J!< ( ! + > > !D<
$! A!?. 1:. $J < D< ! ,>; <( ! +> $?!
> A 19. . A!( A ' $ ,+( $! >
! $!>? !?. 10. ~! > A <( > $!!!<
J; +$!!. 12. . > $$! > $ !( ! >
?J!; ? <!,. 1&. ~! > A ?J <( +A >
>D< ? ; K; K$!,!!. 1d. ~! > J! $!=!( ( +
> $D!! <!,. .! !! . 18. ~! > > < $$(
> > A J ! !?. 20. ~! > > ! !+$+> !( > >
D $!( K > !. 21. . $? > +!( ! > A
$ <. 22. / DC!e . > < +( D
! > $ $?. 2:. D ! > + ! $,!=( K
$+A >. ~+ D !+ < > $+<. 29. > $( ! > >
( ! > <; ( $ ! $!< +
$! !. 20. L > > !! K ${ 22. u > > ! ++
+{ 2&. > $ + !< + . 2d. > KA !A
J; $+C!.
229
29. SuppIy the correct mood of the verbs in brackets:
1. 4 knOf ]O (PS bO" NiQQc( bTP 4 (nSP PS bOQiOyO" P]aP ]O (PS bO" aN NiQQc aN P]aP. 2.1 fiN] ]O (PS
bO" a biP NPrSnhOr ahainNP RraftSrr. :. AtPOr a XSXOnPmN NiQOnVO ]O (PS brOak STP": s4P (PS bO" a
nTiNanVO it 4 (PS bOh" a VT\ St POa in cSTr rSSXN{s 9. zST XTNP P]ank ]iX( nSP fO. xiP]STP ]iX
fO (nSP PS aV]iOyO" anc NTVVONN. 0. 4 fiN] N]O (nSP PS QSSk" NS \aQO. 2. s4t 4 (PS bO" RraftSrr( 4
(PS P]ank" xinNQSf XTV](s Nair R]rcNPaQ. &.1 (PS hiyO" a hSSr rOaQ tSr P]aP aNNTranVOe d. ArO
cST hQar PS NOO XO{ % zSTmrO tTnnc( oiVke AN it cST (nSP PS knSf". 8. 4t 4 (PS P]ink" aN cST rS
4 (PS tOOQ" XiNOrabQO. 10. wr. oOrXanPmN hQanVO rONPOr Sn 5]OQPSn anr gTiVkQc tOQQ rSfn PS P]O
hrSTnr aN P]STh] ]O (PS NOO" NSXOP]inh P]aP aQarXOr ]iX. 11.1 fiN] cST (PS N]Sf" XSrO Nihn
St nSP Qikinh iP in \raVPiVO. 12.1 VanmP tSr P]O QitO St XO TnrOrNPanr f]c cST rirnmP faiP bOtSrO
P]Oc rOVirOr. 4 (PS OU\OVP" cST PS riNVTNN iP fiP] XO. 1:. x]On |iQarc S\OnOr P]O rSSr P]O
NPranhOr XarO a gTiVk XSyOXOnP tSrfarr( aQXSNP aN it ]O (PS bO" hSinh PS NPiVk ]iN tSSP
]TrriOrQc PS P]O S\Oninh. 19. |Or ySiVO NSTnrOr aN P]STh] NSXOP]inh (PS SttOnr" ]Or. 10.1 fiN]
4 (Van" \Qac POnniN aN fOQQ aN cST rS. 12. |O QSSkOr T\ N]ar\Qc aN it ]O (PS XakO" a ranhOrSTN
rOXark 1&.1 Xac PrayOQ STP fiP] }nVQO( bTP iP (PS bO" NTV] tTn it cST (PS VSXO". 1d. |O Naf iP
aN VQOarQc aN P]STh] iP (PS bO" bOtSrO ]iN OcON. 18. 6TP tSr cSTr triOnrN]i\ 4 (PS tOOQ" QSnOQc ]OrO.
30. TransIate the sentences into EngIish paying attention to the use of the Subjunctive and the
ConditionaI:
4. L D<( ?. 2. . D( > > < + ( > !
!( . :. L D<( +( > < =!. 9.
L D<( A <( > ! ; $. 0. )> $D!(
!! A + A. 2. .!( > + !. !A +>
. {. . $D( J . d. EK ! ( >! !>
A > <A!. 8. B +! + ( !A ! +
<J. 10. 3 ; !( ( <. 11. D ! > +>
$!! A++ ( > > !J+ $. 12. D ! >
> < ( > J + !< <!,. 1:. ~! >
< > !+ !>+e 19. .( ! > +A >< ;( K e
10. ~! > !$( > A. 12. ~! > J $<(
A $!J >. 1&. ~! > A !<<( +>
! > $ > ! >! > ; >. 1d. ~! > (
> $J<( > +. 18. > $J +!( + !J( ! +
!! $. 20. i > > D A( $<. 21. + > > $
$< >>+ + A>; A
31. Comment on the use of the OId Present Subjunctive and transIate the sentences into
Russian:
1. s5S 2e iP(s rOPTrnOr 5POOrtSrr. 2. 5TVVONN attend cSTe :. 7Sf iP faN xOrnONrac( anr ]O
faN rOPOrXinOr PS hS( 5o+e f]aP Xih]P( in P]O QaPO atPOrnSSn. 9. wc NOnPOnVO iN P]aP P]O
\riNSnOr 2e hanged" F" x]SOyOr ]O 2e, ]O XTNP bO \TniN]Or. 2. 5OO P]aP aQQ 2e \rONOnP( f]On ]O
VSXON. &. |O inNiNPOr P]aP P]O bSc re+ain in bOr. d. v]O fSrkOrN rOXanrOr P]aP P]Oir fahON 2e
in5rea&ed"
MODAL VERBS
84
(vS }niPN qSTr%5iU"
5an, +ay
:2. 5ac f]OP]Or 5ou9d iN P]O tSrX St P]O 4nriVaPiyO Sr St P]O 5TbTnVPiyO. vranNQaPO P]O
NOnPOnVON inPS TNNian:
d9
6OtSrO NPTrcinh XSraQ yOrbN P]O NPTrOnPN XTNP QOarn aQQ P]O tSrXN St P]O intiniPiyO.
220
1. |O PSSk T\ a \SNiPiSn trSX f]iV] ]O VSTQr NOO f]aP faN hSinh arSTnr. 2. p]e 4t 4 SnQc
VSTQr hS baVk PS Xc tQSfOr baNkOPe :. 4t 4 P]STh]P QikO cST 4 VSTQrnmP NPac anSP]Or rac in 4nria.
9. 4 rSnmP bOQiOyO 4 VSTQr TPPOr SnO St P]O SQr NSTnrN it 4 PriOr. 0. p]( WTNPayO( fOmrO NS P]irNPc.
RSTQr cST brinh TN NSXO hinhOr'aQO{ 2.1 VanmP POQQ NPSriON( nOyOr VSTQr. &. 5]OQPSn VSTQr nSP
]OQ\ a NXiQO# jarc 6SninhPSn in P]O \QaVO St P]O \SSre d. 6TP ]O VSTQr nSP( rir nSP knSf ]Sf
PS PTrn anr hS afac. 8. |Sf VSTQr cST bO NS NiQQc( |Onrc{ 10. oS cST P]ink cST VSTQr
VSX\QOPO iP bc P]O OyOninh{ 11. 4t N]O ]ar Nair s|OmN hSnO PS warNs N]O VSTQr nSP ]ayO rOaQP
naXON a XSrO NPTnninh bQSf. 12. x]aP VSTQr ]O rS PS ]OQ\ ]Or{ 4t SnQc ]iN taP]Or fOrO aQiyOe
|O VSTQr ]ayO rSnO NS XTV]e 1:. |O VSTQr nOiP]Or XSyO nSr N\Oak. 19. x]aP VSTQr cST knSf
St NTV] P]inhN{ 10. RSTQr cST bOQiOyO P]aP{ 12. RSTQr iP bO P]aP ]O iN Qcinh{ 1&. 4 fSnrOr f]aP
P]aP VSTQr ]ayO XOanP{ 1d. |O VSTQrnmP bO NS NTrO it ]O rirnmP knSf iP tSr VOrPain. 18( oS cST
P]ink cST VSTQr VSXXanr an arXc{ 20. v]O XSTnPainN fOrO a QSnh fac afac anr cST VSTQr
NOO NnSf Sn P]Oir PS\N.
33. Comment on the form and meaning of the verb can. TransIate the sentences into Russian:
1. 4 VanmP OUaVPQc OU\rONN Xc XOaninh. 2. |O VSTQr nSP PakO ]iN OcON Stt ]Or. :. 5]O Van \Qac
P]O \ianS gTiPO bOaTPitTQQc. 9. xOmQQ hS afac PSrac( it cST QikO. xO Van OaNiQc VaPV] P]O :.90. 0.
4P iN gTiPO tinO( RQara( P]O rain ]aN NPS\\Or. xO Van faQk PS a XSPSr bTN. 2. zST VanmP PakO P]O
knSfQOrhO cST hayO XO. &.1 fiQQ QOP cST knSf( NS cST Van bO P]OrO. d. |O faN NS fOak P]aP ]O
VSTQr nSP QitP ]iN ]Oar. 8. |O iN XTV] bOPPOr anr Van faQk fiP]STP Xc ]OQ\ nSf. 10. p]e 4P VanmP
bO PrTOe 11. p]{ qrOrrc( P]OrO XTNP bO SnO (a Vab". zST VanmP ]ayO PriOr. 12. |O VanmP ]ayO
PakOn iP (P]O bSU" T\NPairN P]iN XSrninh. 1:. AnnO VanmP XOan P]aP( iPmN nSP QikO ]Or. 19. |O
VSTQrnmP ]ayO rSnO iP aQQ bc ]iXNOQt. 5SXObSrc ]OQ\Or ]iX( 4mX NTrO. 10. Ran cST bOQiOyO P]O
hirQ{ Ran iP bO PrTO{ 12. sRan ]O bO Xc NSn{s N]O P]STh]P. 1&. RSTQr N]O ]ayO rSnO iP fiP]STP
VSnNTQPinh XO{ 1d. Ran iP rOaQQc bO aN bar aN P]aP{ 18. v]OrOmN NTV] a NXOQQ St bTrninh. oarrc.
Ran 4 hS rSfn anr NOO{ 20. naXON( cST Van PakO AhaP]a rSfn. 21. zST Van faiP in P]O kiPV]On.
22. zST Van kOO\ P]O V]anhO. 2:. zST Van PakO Xc SP]Or TXbrOQQa. 29. x]aP iN rSnO VannSP bO
TnrSnO. 20. 7SP]inh Van bO rSnO( iPmN PSS QaPO. 22.1 rSnmP bOQiOyO a NinhQO fSrr St ]iN# ]O VanmP
]ayO taiQOr to QOaX P]O nOfN bOtSrO TN.
34. Use the verb can in the correct form foIIowed by the appropriate infinitive:
1. |ayO cST a triOnr f]SX cST ... (PS PrTNP"{ 2. x]aP ... qrOrrc (PS rS" aQQ P]iN PiXO{ |O ]aN
bOOn hSnO tSr PfOnPc XinTPON. :. |O ... nSP (PS NOO" XO. 4 VaXO f]On ]O ]ar hSnO. 9. 4 aX nSP a
\OrNSn f]S ... (PS POQQ" a QiO. 0. |Sf ... cST (PS XakO" NTV] a XiNPakO aN PS NT\\SNO P]aP 4 faN
cSTnhOr P]an cST{ 2( 5TrOQc cST ... (PS rS" iP bOtSrO. x]aP ]ayO cST bOOn rSinh aQQ P]O
XSrninh{ &. 5ac f]aP cST QikO( bTP P]O fSrk ... nSP (PS rS" in PfS racN. d. wr. qOnfiQQmN ]STNO
faN bTiQP Sn P]O PS\ St P]O ]iQQ anr ... (PS NOO" trSX atar. 8.1... nSP (PS NQOO\" PfS ]STrN( 4 NPiQQ
tOOQ PirOr. 10. |O ... nSP (PS bO" ]Or taP]Or: ]O iN PSS cSTnh. 11. v]Oc .nSP (PS ]Oar" TN. knSVk
ahain. 12. 4t cST ]ar aNkOr XO tSr XSnOc 4... (PS QOnr" cST NSXO. 1:. |O ... (PS POQQ" XO P]O
anNfOr bTP ]O rOtTNOr PS. 19. ... ]O NPiQQ (PS NQOO\"{ 4P NOOXN PS XO P]Oc NiX\Qc rSnmP fanP TN PS
NOO ]iX. 10.1... nSP (PS NfiX" % 4 fiN] 4... . 12. 5]O ]aN a TniyOrNiPc OrTVaPiSn anr ... (PS
XakO" a VarOOr tSr ]OrNOQt it N]O ]arnmP XarriOr. 1&. zST ... nSP (PS tSrhOP". 4 rSnmP bOQiOyO cST.
35. TransIate Into EngIish, using; the verb can;
1. |O +D ><( > A. i A $?D. 2. BD! K $(
!>+ +{ :. B +D ><( > ! >! ! . .!
+ $?D! A A. 9. ! K . + +> +D+ K
<. 0. Z( > +A! > $D!< $! $>? <?{ 2.
! +A $!< = J!. . $>>; !D. &. BD! K
!J< A I!{ d. ~! > ( +> +A! > !<. 3D +. 8. B
J+ + > + ( +D +< . 10. ! +.
+! A > > !?. 11. > A A +D < $ A+
!+ $I!=. 12. B +D ><( > ! +!!. )> >! <
!?. 1:. B +D ><( > ! +!!. )> >! + !.
222
19. B< !< $ J!. BD< +!. 10. BD! K
+< -!!{ L >e 12. )A !< $=CA{ % L D!=(
. . A 12. 1&. B +A > > < + $> $! !!(
!? ${ 1d. . ( +D !D< $,!!. 18. )D >
!<( > ( ? ! >A< >+. 20. )D
< { % B( + { 21. i < < >. + $!
$D<. 22. . + !< $'>! ! +A $<( + $$! . 2:.
BD! > +DJ< _!< !+( > !! $?< { 29.
G +A C$< $< ! J!( A , $ !<. 20. B
+A KA <. . A$( > +J<. 22. > +A K <(
! > ( K . 2&. [ =( < !( > <
!!<. )> $ +( !? !<. 2d. B +D ><( > K > $.
36. Comment on the form and meaning of the verb may. TransIate the sentences into
Russsian:
1. 4P Xac bO NS Sr iP Xac bO nSP... 4 rSnmP knSf( anr f]aPmN XSrO( 4 rSnmP VarO. 2. sv]O SQr
aVPSr faN rrTnk(s P]STh]P ]O. s5PiQQ P]OrO Xac bO PrTP] in f]aP ]O Nair.s :. v]iN Xac bO P]O
rOaNSn St P]Oir rOtTNaQ PS Sin TN. 9. zST Xac fanP a triOnr NSXO rac. 0. 4 P]ink fO Xih]P bO
hrOaP triOnrN. 2. 5]O Xih]P bO a NiNPOi St wOrVc( 4 N]STQr P]ink( Nir. &. nanO Xac ]ayO XOP ]iX aP
]Or TnVQOmN. d. v]Oc Xac nSP ]ayO VSXO baVk cOP. jOPmN rinh P]OX T\ anr tinr STP. 8. 4 NT\\SNO
N]O Xih]P bO hQar PS NOO ]iX( P]STh] 4 aX nSP NTrO. 10. 5PiQQ P]OrO iN P]O riNk P]aP ]O Xih]P
VSXO. 11. 4t ]O ]ar brSTh]P a fOa\Sn 5SaXON Xih]P ]ayO TNOr iP aP P]aP XSXOnP. 12. 4t ]O
fOrOnmP iQQ ]O Xih]P bO in XTV] hrOaPOr ranhOr. 1:. |O ]ar knSfn bOtSrO ]O QSSkOr( bTP a
yahTO ]S\O P]aP ]O Xih]P ]ayO bOOn XiNPakOn ]ar OnVSTrahOr ]iX. 19. wac 4 VSXO( wr.
oSSQiPPQO{ 4 N]STQr bO yOrc NSrrc PS XiNN cSTr fOrrinh. 10. wac 4 aNk f]OP]Or cST VSX\Qain
St cSTr PrOaPXOnP ]OrO{ 12. wr. |ihhinN PSQr XO 4 Xih]P VSXO. 1&. 4 P]ink cST Xih]P fSrk
]arrOre 1d. 5TrOQc |SQQc Xih]P ]ayO PSQr ]iX aQQ P]iN bOtSrO. 18. OaQQc( XaXXa( cST Xih]P
]ayO N\arOr qrOrrc P]aPe 20. |O Xih]P bO NOOn in P]O VQTb anc nih]P St P]O cOar. 21. 4 NTttOrOr
XSNP trSX P]O P]STh]P P]aP \OS\QO Xih]P hTONN Xc NPaPO. 22. jOPmN hS a QiPPQO tarP]Or( 4mX atrair
P]Oc Xac ]Oar TN trSX P]O ]STNO. 2:. 4P iN \SNNibQO P]aP ]O Xac QOayO iP aN iP iN. 29. 4 ]S\O cSTr
rrOaX Xac VSXO PrTO. 20. |SfOyOr ]arr ]O Xac fSrk ]O fSnmP VaPV] T\ fiP] P]O hrST\ atPOr
bOinh NS NOriSTNQc iQQ tSr a QSnh PiXO. 22. wac 4 PaQk PS cST NSXOPiXON{ 4 knSf 4mX nSP a biP
VQOyOr bTP 4mQQ Prc nSP PS bO a bSrO.
37. TransIate these sentences into EngIish, using the verb may.
1. ; $D+ +A. .( +D( C $!. 2. .( +D ><( !A
K+ . :. )A +D $< + >>+ D; . 9. );
$( +D( ! ( D ? < A. )D{ 0. F[J( +D
+ < C ?{H % $! [+. 2. )D( K ? !!(
$! $!AJ! !+ . &. )D < +( +D ! ?!<
!( d. G! B!( ( +D( D ! >; I!<+. /$!( ! ! A
+<. 8. ++ ( D( > +A > _!< + +A ( <
K > D. P0. ~! > >! -( >( +D( +!!( K A
. 11. =( A ( +D ><( ( ( +D ><( J
!!. 12. B! . )D ><( C >. 1:(
+=( ( +D( ? ;( ! + . 19. )D ><(
K D!( D +( > <J $!?!. 10. ~! >
+! ; +( +> >( +D( !A A <J
!!. 12. ) D +D $!;!( $ !{ 1&. $ +D( !
D !. 1d. =<( +> +D+ $<. 18. B=<( +> !+ + J
. 20. .! !<( !?( +D( $( $+ [+ $!J !+!. 21.
L > $ > ! !<( D< . 22. $! + <J; C!(
> > +A! $< J! !A!.
22&
38. FiII in the bIanks with the verbs "an or may in the correct form:
1. x]On cST hOP P]OrO POQQ P]OX PS faiP. 4... bO a QiPPQO QaPO. 2.1 ... VSXO aP NiU. 4mQQ bO trOO bc
P]aP PiXO. :. ... P]iN SQr Xan bO vSX 6rSfn{ |O ... nSP ]ayO V]anhOr NS XTV]e 9. 7SnO St TN
knSf f]aP... ]a\\On bOtSrO iP iN tiniN]Or. 0. v]iN ... bO a hrOaP irOa. 4P ... aQNS bO a Pra\ in f]iV]
MnhQanr fiQQ \OriN]. 2. 4mX nSP NTrO( bTP N]O ... ]ayO hSnO PS P]O yiQQahO N]S\. &. 4 PSQr P]OX
]O ... bO in P]O harrOn. d. 5]e 5]O ... ]Oar cST. 8. |Sf NPranhOe... cST bOQiOyO P]aP{ 10.1 ]ayOnmP
NOOn ]Or tSr ahON. 5]O ... bO gTiPO XirrQO'ahOr bc nSf. 11. oSnmP NOnr ]iX afac. xO ... nOOr
]iN aryiVO. 12. 4 tOar P]Oc ... XiNN P]O Prain. v]Oc QOtP raP]Or QaPO. 1:. 4P ... bO NOOn P]aP ]O faN
\TQOr. 19. x]c rS f]aP... nOyOr bO nOOrOr{ 10. ^OS\QO ... V]aPPOr abSTP ]Or( bTP P]Oc rSnmP
knSf ancP]inh rOtiniPO ahainNP ]Or. 12. |O ... nSP ]ayO P]STh]P St P]iN ]iXNOQt. x]S NThhONPOr
iP PS ]iX{ 1&. |O... bO a XOriVaQ NPTrOnP P]STh] 4mX nSP NTrO. 1d. 6TP f]aP XSrO ]O ... ]ayO Nair
4 rSnmP knSf tSr 4 QOtP. 18s. zST ... POQQ XO f]aP ]O Naire 4 ]ayO a rih]P PS knSf. 20. wiNN
RarPOr ... ]ayO hSnO PS P]O NV]SSQ PS VaQQ Sn wr. MyOr'arr. 21. v]On ]O tSTnr P]aP ]O ... nSP NPac
in bOr. 22.1... nSP NfiX. 4 OU\OVP cST .... MyOrcSnO ... OUVO\P XO. 2:. zST ... ]ayO farnOr XO
bOtSrO]anre 29. |O ... nSP ]ayO Nair P]aP. 4 rSnmP bOQiOyO cST. 20. 4P faN a cOar Sr PfS ahS( Sr
iP... bO P]rOO cOarN ahS. 22. 5]O VaXO PS aNk ]Or XSP]Or it N]O ... NPac anr ranVO a QiPPQO QSnhOr.
39. Point out the obIique moods and modaI phrases with can and may. TransIate the sentences
into Russian:
1. % xiQQ cST bO VSXinh ahain P]iN cOar( wr. xOQV]{
% 4 Xih]P XanahO iP( 4 NT\\SNO.
2. 4P Xih]P nOyOr ]ayO ]a\\OnOr it cSTmr NOnP ]iX PS a rOaQ rSVPSr f]On ]O tirNP hSP NiVk.
:. sv]aP fSTQrnmP NTr\riNO XO in P]O QOaNP(s 6OrPranr Nair( NPanrinh aNirO NS P]aP warharOP
VSTQr \aNN ]iX.
9. 5]O hQanVOr T\ gTiVkQc aN it N]O ]ar bOOn OU\OVPinh PS bO aNkOr P]iN( bTP ]O VSTQrnmP POQQ
f]OP]Or N]O faN hQar Sr NSrrc f]On iP VaXO.
0. % Ran cST NPS\ PaQkinh abSTP iP{
% 4 fiN] 4 ]arnmP Nair f]aP 4 rir Nac. 4 faN a tSSQ. 4 aVPOr QikO a \OrtOVP tSSQ.
2. 4 P]ink P]Oc hSP baVk bOtSrO TN. v]Oc Xih]P ]ayO hSP a PaUi.
&. % x]c rirnmP cST POQQ XO{
% 4 VSTQrnmP. 4P fSTQrnmP ]ayO rSnO XO anc hSSr.
d. 6TP tSr cSTr kinrnONN anr TnrOrNPanrinh 4 VSTQrnmP ]ayO rSnO iP aQQ in NS N]SrP a PiXO.
8. 4 fiN] 4 ]ar Xc Var ]OrO NS P]aP 4 Xih]P rriyO cST ]SXO.
10. |ar N]O bOOn a Xan N]O Xih]P ]ayO bOOn rONVribOr aN a brih]P cSTnh Xan St bTNinONN.
40. TransIate these sentences into EngIish, using can or may.
1. BD! K D!+ /!I{ . + !( ; ! >;e 2. +=(
H ? +; A!<. % > +. )D ><(
+! :. B +D ><( > + !?( >; . 9. Z > +A
A<( $D! <A!{ 0. )D( ! K+( ? <
+. 2. B +D ><( > J JA +. + ; J . &.
BD! C $!{ + $ A !<( d. > +A! > <
+ K+ e 8. > <!+ $!J( ( +D( . 10.
)D ><( K $( +D( . G. B +A! > > D!< + :
{ 12. $= +( +D( ( !<. 1:. + $!
$$!<( !! > +D $<. 19. = ( +A( > $+< +.
10. L > K +A ;!{ 12. > +A! > < K +!( > $
$$>!<. 1&( G;! $!D( > +A J +<. 1d( > +D
A < $ IAI!!{ 18. B +? $!<( ! KA +D $!<.
20. +D( < D + !. 21. B +D ><( > K+. .
> !. 22. L > K +A < = C<{ 2:. .( +D( !+ D
. 29. GD!( $ $!. )D ><( _! +( + .
22d
m0&%
41. Comment on the meaning of the verb must. TransIate the sentences into Russian;
1. pQr ahO XTNP QOan Sn NSXOP]inh( 2. A Xan XTNP NPanr T\ tSr ]iN rih]PN. :. zST XTNPnmP
P]ink iPmN NS yOrc OaNc. 9. wTNP iP bO rSnO bOtSrO PSXSrrSf{ 0. 5]O XTNP fSrk trSX XSrninh
PiQQ nih]P PS Oarn ]Or Qiyinh( 2. pnO XTNP ]ayO a rONP atPOr a rac St ]arr fSrk. &. v]O SnQc P]inh
]O knOf tSr VOrPain faN P]aP ]O XTNP nSP XOOP AnPSnia. d. zST arO rih]P( 4 XTNPnmP NPac ]OrO. 8.
zST XTNP bO rOaNSnabQO( wr. |ihhinN# rOaQQc cST XTNP. 10. WiyO ]iX NSXOP]inh PS OaP. |O XTNP
bO ]Tnhrc. 11. v]aP tOQQSf XTNP bO XarO St NPOOQ. |OmN nOyOr PirOr. 12. 4PmN gTiPO a V]arXinh
QOPPOr. wTNP ]ayO PakOn P]O \SSr cSTnh Xan an ]STr PS friPO iP. 1:. |O XTNP bO gTiPO SQr bc
nSf. 19. zST XTNP ]ayO trih]POnOr ]Or. 10. v]aP tOQQSf ]aN NOOn anr tOQP POn PiXON aN XTV] aN
4( aQP]STh] ]O XTNP bO POn cOarN cSTnhOr. 12.1 tOQP P]aP bOtSrO QSnh Xc NOVrOP XTNP bO knSfn.
1&.1 ]Oar NSXObSrcmN NPO\N Sn P]O NPairN. 5]O XTNP bO VSXinhe 1d. nTrhinh trSX P]O bSSkN anr
\a\OrN Sn ]iN friPinh'PabQO ]O XTNP ]ayO bOOn fSrkinh tSr NOyOraQ ]STrN.
42. TransIate the foIIowing sentences Into EngIish:
Note: OXOXbOr P]aP must in P]O XOaninh St NT\\SNiPiSn iN nSP TNOr in P]O nOhaPiyO.
1. [+( D ><( !A . 2. .( D ><( !A $ ! !. :.
.( ( $+!( C $!! + )>( 9. >( $ ;
!( !( ! $?! ! ! $!A -. 0. .(
( ! < $;. 2. >( ( ! A A
+<!J!( J [!+. &. +( D ><( A K+ $!<. d. !( D
><( +!!( D +. 8. .( ( !A K+ . 10. .(
( + $> $ +!,!!? ; A!;A !;. 11.
i( D ><( D + >+( K I. 12. .( D ><(
$.
43. Change the foIIowing sentences from Active into Passive:
1. zST XTNP PakO P]iN XOriVinO rOhTQarQc. 2. 5PTrOnPN XTNP rS ]SXOfSrk in PiXO. :. xO Van
fin \OaVO. xar iN nSP inOyiPabQO. 9. zST Xac \TP P]O bSSk Sn P]O T\\Or N]OQt. 0. zST Xac aQQSf
P]O V]iQrrOn PS hS tSr a faQk. 2. xO XTNP riNVTNN P]O XaPPOr nSP QaPOr P]an PSXSrrSf. &. 7SbSrc
Van rS iP fiP]STP cSTr ]OQ\. d. xO XTNP QSSk inPS P]O XaPPOr. 8. zST XTNPnmP PakO P]O XahainO
afac. 10. zST XTNP \SNP P]O QOPPOr aN NSSn aN cST ]ayO friPPOn iP. 11. wac 4 PakO P]O bSSkN anr
\a\OrN afac{ 12. 4 XTNP \ac tSr P]O rinnOr. 1:. zST XTNP fSrk tSr NTVVONN( 19. zST VanmP
rONVribO iP. pnO XTNP TNP NOO iP.
44. FiII in the bIanks with the verbs "an, may or must:
1. 4 ]ayO tSrhSPPOn Xc Sfn QanhTahO anr ... N\Oak nSP]inh bTP cSTrN. 2( xO ... hS
NSXOf]OrO. xO ... nSP fanrOr abSTP tSr OyOr. :. 6TP 4 P]ink cST ... ]ayO PSQr TN P]iN ]aQt an
]STr ahSe 9. zST ... NOO XTV] St inPOrONP P]OrO. 0. 4 rir nSP ]Oar ]iX rOPTrn PS P]O rSSX. 4... ]ayO
bOOn aNQOO\. 2. zST ... ]ayO XiNPakOn ]iX( Xc rOar. |O ... nSP ]ayO inPOnrOr PS Nac P]aP. &. 4P
NOOXOr \SNNibQO P]Oc ... rOPTrn. d. 4P.. nSP ]ayO ]a\\OnOr aP AinNfiVk. 8. 7S hSSr QSSkinh
baVk# P]inhN ]a\\On aN P]Oc .... 10. vS bO aN]aXOr St ]iN Sfn taP]Or iN \Or]a\N P]O biPPOrONP
OU\OriOnVO a cSTnh Xan ... hS P]rSTh]. 11. |Sf ... cST QOP P]inhN NQirO QikO P]aP( oiVk{ 12.1
P]ink cST ... bO hQar St NSXO VSttOO bOtSrO cST NParP baVk PS cSTr ]SPOQ. 4PmN NTV] a VSQr nih]P.
1:. 4P faN knSfn % f]iN\OrOr aXSnh P]O SQr( riNVTNNOr aXSnh P]O cSTnh % P]aP P]O taXiQc
\rirO ... NSSn rOVOiyO a bQSf. 19. Anr P]STh] ]O TnrrONNOr anr hSP inPS bOr ]O ... nSP NQOO\. 10.
zST ... nSP hS STP NS QaPO aP nih]P. 12.1 P]ink iP... ]a\\On NSSnOr Sr QaPOr. 1&.1... VSXO PSnih]P( ...
4 nSP{ 1d. 5SXObSrc iN knSVkinh aP P]O rSSr. 4P... bO nS]n. % 4P ... nSP bO nS]n. 4PmN PSS OarQc tSr
]iX PS bO baVk. 18.1 rSnmP knSf tSr VOrPain( bTP ]O ... ]ayO bOOn a NaiQSr in ]iN cSTP]. 20.
v]Oc... aNk XO abSTP ]iX. x]aP N]STQr 4 Nac{
:=, TransIate these sentences into EngIish, using the verbs "an, may, mash
228
1. ~! > +( > $>. > D> +<. 2. +D(
! JA A <J( K >{ :. [$< > !
+DJ< <( !. 9. ~ K+( D ><( ' <. 0( .( +D
><( !A +( +> !+ +< $!+<!
A $ ( 2. ! ! !< ! $. .! + $> !
+A A $><. &( ~! > J< $!< +A +! $
!+( +D < A. d. )<!( +D( > !
! !A!( = > !! . 8. ~! K ( A D <. 10 >
+D ;! A ( $A=. .( D ><( !A ! D!++. 44. .(
+D ><( !A K+. > D D> ; !A A!< $. 12.
. A!( $ - $! >+ $!. .
!A +( K +D >< !: < +( >?
! !A. 1:. )> +A! > ;! A < +!( ! > '( !
$ -. 19. G! C !! !,>( ! > !!J<
IAI!=. /D! +( ! +DJ<( K. 10. Z( +D <
< ${ % +D( D )K!. 12. u K J+{ % i( D ><(
; . L' +. 1&. ~! > K $ +D > < (
> > >+'. 1d. L > K +A >< = + $!<++
{ BD! D!+{ 18. B +D ><( > D!+ > =. !(
A +. 20. B +A! > > $!;! +A <J{ i > >
+. 21. . $( +>( +D ! + + ;!( ! !
)!!( A . 22. += A!< $'I,!( !A +. 2:.
D ><( < !>+ >+( $ !{
46. Comment on the meaning of ha3e to. TransIate the sentences into Russian:
1. 4mX atrair( 4 N]aQQ ]ayO PS NOnr ]iX afac. 2. xaN P]O tirO aQrOarc Qair Sr rir cST ]ayO PS
Qac iP{ :. v]O rS\O faN NS NPrSnh P]aP ]O ]ar PS PakO a knitO PS VTP iP. 9. 6TP faN iP fSrP] f]iQO
hSinh PS bOr f]On ]O ]ar PS bO T\ ahain aP tiyO{ 0. 4 NT\\SNO 4 N]aQQ ]ayO PS hS baVk PS
jSnrSn( N]anmP 4{ 2. oS cST ]ayO PS hOP T\ OarQc OyOrc XSrninh{ &. |O fiQQ ]ayO PS \ac XO
baVk bOtSrO 5Tnrac. d. |Sf QSnh rir cST ]ayO PS NPac P]OrO{ 8. sxO N]aQQ ]ayO PS faiP a QSnh
PiXO tSr STr ]SQiracN(s N]O Nair fiP] a Nih]. 10. Anr cST ]ayO PS hS P]OrO PfiVO a fOOk( rSnmP
cST{
47. FiII in the bIanks with must or ha3e to:
1. oSnmP fSrrc abSTP P]aP. zST ... rS aN cST P]ink bONP. 2. wc XSP]Or faN TnfOQQ( anr 4... hS
PS P]O V]OXiNPmN. :.1... hS anr QSSk aP P]O rinnOr. 9. zONPOrracmN rain N\SiQP Xc ]aP VSX\QOPOQc#
4 ... bTc a nOf SnO. 0. v]OrO faN nS SnO PS ]OQ\ ]iX NS ]O ... XSyO P]O tTrniPTrO ]iXNOQt. 2.
sp]( ]aQQS(s N]O Nair# s4 P]STh]P cST ... ]ayO hSnO ]SXO.s &. v]Oc rirnmP anNfOr Xc tirNP knSVk
NS 4 ... knSVk PfiVO. d. zST ... aQfacN VSXO PS XO it ancP]inh hSON frSnh. 8. |O faN yOrc NSrrc
PS P]ink P]aP ]O fSTQr ... \arP fiP] iP. 10. 4 ]ar a NQOO\QONN nih]P. 4 ... hS anr NOO P]O rSV anr hOP
]iX PS hiyO XO NSXOP]inh( 4 VanmP hS Sn QikO P]aP.
48. Make the foIIowing sentences negative and interrogative:
1. |O fiQQ ]ayO PS VSXO ahain. 2. wc NiNPOr ]aN PS hS PS fSrk. :. v]Oc ]ar PS hS baVk aQSnO.
9. zST ]ayO PS anNfOr aQQ P]ONO gTONPiSnN. 0. 4 N]aQQ ]ayO PS hS STP atPOr aQQ. 2. |O fiQQ ]ayO PS
VSXO Sn tSSP. &. v]O NPTrOnPN ]ar PS rOar P]O f]SQO bSSk. d. 5]O ]aN PS VSXO OyOrc fOOk. 8.
|O ]aN PS NPac P]O nih]P. 10. v]Oc ]ar PS bOhin yOrc OarQc.
49. Change the foIIowing statements into disjunctive questions:
1. 4 haP]Or cST ]ayO PS rOar a QSP in MnhQiN]. 2. |O ]ar PS faiP aP P]O NPaPiSn PiQQ iP NPS\\Or
raininh. :. v]O fSrk fiQQ ]ayO PS bO rSnO bOtSrO nih]PtaQQ. 9. v]Oc TNTaQQc ]ayO rinnOr aP
]SXO. 0. 5]O StPOn ]aN PS hS PS P]O rOnPiNPmN. 2. zST ]ayO PS hS PS NV]SSQ Sn 5aPTrrac. &. v]Oc
fiQQ ]ayO PS rS f]aP P]Oc arO PSQr. d. xO ]ayO PS bOhin bOtSrO tiyO SmVQSVk. 8. AN tar aN 4
2:0
TnrOrNPanr cST ]ar PS NPac P]OrO a tSrPnih]P. 10. zST QSSk a biP PirOr( cSTmyO ]ar a QSnh faQk.
11. 5]O ]aN PS VQOan P]O ]STNO ]OrNOQt. 12. v]Oc ]ar PS tiniN] P]aP QaNP nih]P
50. Group the exampIes according to the meaning of the >be + infinitive" construction: (i)
expressing a previousIy arranged pIan (2) expressing instructions or commands:
1. 4 aX PS NOO ]iX PSXSrrSf. 2. x]aP aX 4 PS rS nSf{ :. zST arO nSP PS VSXXTniVaPO fiP]
ancbSrc. 9. 5]O Nair P]aP 4 faN nSP PS QOayO P]O ]STNO. 0. 5]O iN PS rOPTrn PSXSrrSf. 2. |O Nair
P]aP vSX faN PS a\SQShiO. &. |O ingTirOr f]On P]O NOVrOParc faN PS VSXO. d. 5]O NacN 4 aX
nSP PS Qac P]O PabQO bOtSrO PfOQyO SmVQSVk. 8. AP f]aP PiXO aX 4 PS VSXO{ 10. 5SXOP]inh XTNP
]ayO ]a\\OnOr. |O faN PS ]ayO VSXO aP Oih]P. 11. niX rOXinrOr XO P]aP fO fOrO PS bO aP P]O
NPaPiSn nSP QaPOr P]an NOyOn. 12. x]iV] St cST iN PS brinh P]O XahainON anr nOfN\a\OrN{
51. Comment on the use of must, ha3e to, be to and transIate the sentences into Russian:
1. 4 fanP cST PS SbOc ]Or. zST XTNP rS OUaVPQc aN N]O NacN anr XakO nS nSiNO. 2. sxOQQ(
f]aP aX 4 PS rS abSTP rinnOr{s Nair wiNN |anrtSrP]. s5\SiQ iP bc SyOr'VSSkinh Sr QOP iP hOP
VSQr{s :. anraQQ faN OUViPOr. |O P]STh]P ]O XTNP POQO\]SnO ]Or aP SnVO( ]O XTNP NOO ]Or(
NSXO]Sf( P]aP yOrc rac. 9. MXXa XTNP ]ayO bOOn yOrc bOaTPitTQ f]On N]O faN cSTnh. 5]O ]aN
a tinO taVO. 0. sxO arO nSP PS bO PritQOr fiP](s rOPTrnOr P]O \SQiVOXan in a P]rOaPOninh ySiVO. 2.
zST XTNP VSXO anr ]ayO rinnOr fiP] XO NSXO PiXO. &. |O QSNP aQQ ]iN XSnOc aP P]O raVON anr 4
]ar PS QOnr ]iX tiyO \STnrN. d.1 ]S\O 4 fSnmP T\NOP Sr annSc cST bc N\Oakinh trankQc. 4 XTNP
]ayO cSTr aryiVO. 8. xakO T\( rS cST ]Oare zST arO PS fakO T\ aP SnVO. 10. 5S qrank ]aN
VSXO{ % p]( cON# gTiPO TnOU\OVPOrQc. |O faN PS ]ayO NPacOr a fOOk QSnhOr. 11. zST arO nSP PS
NPac NS QaPO. zST Xac QOayO atPOr rinnOr. 12. v]O NPSrc faN NPiQQ VQOar in ]iN Xinr. |O knOf
f]aP ]ar PS bO rSnO. |O PSSk ]iN \On anr frSPO in ]iN nOaP( NPOarc ]anr P]O PiPQO St ]iN nOf
nSyOQ.
nee
52. Comment on the meaning of the verb need:
1. |O nOOrN NOa air. 2. xO rSnmP nOOr ancP]inh OQNO. :.1 nOOr nSP tiniN] Xc NOnPOnVO( tSr cST
aQrOarc knSf f]aP 4 faN hSinh PS Nac. 9. 7OOr iP bO tiniN]Or bc 5aPTrrac{ 0. x]aP XSrO rS
cST nOOr{ 2. |O nOOr Nac nS XSrO PS ]Or P]iN OyOninh( anr riNk hiyinh ]iXNOQt afac. &. zST
nOOrnmP ]ayO VarriOr aQQ P]ONO \arVOQN cSTrNOQt. v]O N]S\ fSTQr ]ayO rOQiyOrOr P]OX it cST ]ar
aNkOr P]OX. d. zST nOOrnmP PakO anc XSrO \iQQN atPOr nOUP wSnrac. 8.1 XTNP hS aP SnVO( bTP cST
nOOrnmP. 10. zST nOOrnmP ]ayO faiPOr tSr XO( 4 VSTQr ]ayO tSTnr P]O fac. aQQ rih]P. 11. jSSkinh
baVk 4 Van NOO OUaVPQc ]Sf iP ]a\\OnOr. 4P nOOr nOyOr ]ayO ]a\\OnOr. 12. Anr ]O faN aQfacN
VarOtTQ PS ]ayO XSnOc in ]iN \SVkOP( anr PS bO XSriN] in ]iN rrONN( NS P]aP ]iN NSn nOOr nSP
bQTN] tSr ]iX.
53. FiII in the bIanks with didn?t ha3e to or needn?t ha3e:
1. zST ... (PS brinh" cSTr TXbrOQQa( aN fO arO hSinh bc Var. 2. zST ... (PS faPOr" P]O tQSfOrN(
aN iP iN hSinh PS rain. :. 4 ... (PS PranNQaPO" iP tSr ]iX( ]O rir iP ]iXNOQt( ]O TnrOrNPanrN jaPin. 9.
4... (PS anNfOr" P]O gTONPiSnN( f]iV] NayOr XO a QSP St PrSTbQO. 0. 4 knOf 4 ... (PS QSVk" P]O rSSr
atPOr XO( bTP ]Sf faN 4 PS knSf cST fanPOr PS VSXO STP( PSS{ 2.1... (PS rinh" P]O bOQQ bOVaTNO
P]O rSSr S\OnOr bOtSrO 4 hSP PS iP. &. 4... (PS ]OQ\" P]OX aP aQQ( P]Oc P]OXNOQyON knOf f]aP PS rS.
d. 4 ... (PS friPO" ]iX bOVaTNO P]O nOfN faN aQrOarc knSfn PS ]iX. |O \]SnOr XO N]SrPQc
atPOrfarrN. 8. zST ... (PS QiNPOn" PS ]iX. |iN intSrXaPiSn faN XiNQOarinh. 10. zST ... (PS bTc"
NTV] a QSP St tQSfOrN. xOmyO aQrOarc hSP XSrO P]an nOVONNarc. 11. |O... (PS hOP T\" NS OarQc
OyOrc rac. 4P faN SnQc Sn P]aP \arPiVTQar SVVaNiSn P]aP ]O rir. 12. zST ... (PS Nac" it cST rirnmP
fanP PS. xO VSTQr ]ayO rSnO fiP]STP cST TNP aN fOQQ.
54. FiII in the bIanks with mast, ha3e to, be to or need:
1. zST ... nSP (PS brinh" cSTr bSSkN PS VQaNN PSXSrrSf( fO arO hSinh PS QiNPOn PS a firOQONN
2:1
\rShraXXO. 2. 4mX hQar P]O QONNSnN fiQQ bOhin QaPOr nSf. v]O V]iQrrOn fSnmP... (PS hOP T\" NS
OarQc. :. zST ... nSP (PS QOarn" P]O \SOX. zST ... SnQc (PS rOar" iP. 9. R]iQrrOn ... nSP (PS \Qac"
fiP] XaPV]ON. 0. 4P faN QaPO( anr P]Oc ...(PS Qih]P" a tirO PS VSSk P]Oir NT\\Or. 2. zST ... (PS hiyO"
iP baVk PS XO bOtSrO cST hS. &. zST ... nSP (PS bO" QaPO tSr P]O VSnVOrP. d.1 XarO a tOf XiNPakON(
NS 4... (PS rS" P]O f]SQO OUOrViNO ahain. 8.1... ]arrQc (PS Nac" ]Sf iX\SrPanP iP iN. 10. 5]O ... (PS
bO XarriOr" nOUP XSnP]. 11. zST... nSP (PS XiNN" P]aP tiQX( iP iN OUPraSrrinarc hSSr. 12. zST ...
nSP (PS NPrikO" a XaPV]# 4 Van NOO fOQQ OnSTh]. 1:. niX ... (PS XakO" a N\OOV] aP P]O XOOPinh( bTP
]O ]ar taQQOn iQQ( NS vSX ... (PS N\Oak" inNPOar( 19. zST ... nSP (PS brinh" anc tSSr fiP] cST
PSXSrrSf. 4mQQ ]ayO OnSTh] tSr bSP] St TN. 10. xO ... (PS bO" P]OrO aP 12 N]ar\. 12( xO ... nSP (PS
faiP" QSnh. A bTN VaXO aQXSNP aP SnVO. 1&. zST ... (PS QOarn" P]O f]SQO \SOX.
55. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using must, ham to, be to or need:
1. a +> >J! ! + ( $ ! . 2. )> +D+
$J!<. B+ D >< + <J d.:0. :. > D> < !? $!+.
i > > A$ J; >. 9. Z( ! $!!< ;
!!{ 0. ) $!J< $!< <( ' D $ . 2. F~!
!<>; +( % +<( % +D ?!< JH. &. +
+ $!<( ! . B( D!< D; [+>
! G+: !? < !. d. B D ><( Z'i
D! ( !+ + $!= D!< KA A+A A. 8. +
< $D<( =( > D( ! ?!>? $+!
- !+! $! +! ( $ `444
. 10. .! D> >! !< + 2 $$!. 11. u +
< J!+ A+ $ -{ % .$!J! !+ ,+!=
A [K. 12. . ( + +> D> >! $!;!( !
$$! $><. 1:. )> J!!( ! D> !! !. 19. B
D> $+!<( L+< % >=C!; +; ! $+! !>. i +
!. 10. ) $!J< $!< K $!AJ!( ? < D
. ? !< !? >? ;. 12. . ( +( +D(
$! $D!< + <J +,. 1&. /$! ( A D
$!! J!! I!!. 1d. +> D> >! !< =
<!, ! $K+ +A! ;! .
ought
56. Comment on the meaning of the verb ought. TransIate the sentences into Russian:
1. 4 P]ink tSr cSTr fitO anr V]iQrrOnmN NakO cST STh]P PS ]ayO a Prc. 2. v]OrO arO \OS\QO f]S
P]ink P]Oc STh]P PS bO rOtSrXOr. :. xO aQQ knSf P]aP P]inhN arO nSP aQfacN f]aP P]Oc STh]P PS
bO. 9. zST STh]P PS rS NSXOP]inh( cST knSf# iPmQQ bO taPaQ tSr cST PS ]ayO nSP]inh PS rS. 0.
|ayO 4 Nair ancP]inh 4 STh]PnmP{ 2. s4 STh]P PS ]ayO PSQr 5SaXON(s ]O P]STh]P( sP]aP 4 P]ink ]iX
VSXiV.s &. 4 NT\\SNO N]O iN rih]P. 4 STh]PnmP PS ]ayO PriOr PS N\Oak PS ]Ore d. 6c P]O Onr St P]O
OyOninh 4 aQXSNP tOQP P]aP 4 STh]P PS VaQQ ]iX s}nVQO naVk.s 8. 4PmQQ bO QSyOQc rSTnr P]OrO PSrac.
% zON( iP STh]P PS bO gTiPO niVO. 10. 4P iN P]O QaNP St P]O warOira 4 ]ar trSX wr. nSQcSn f]On
fO VaXO in ]OrO# iP STh]P PS bO in \riXO VSnriPiSn NPiQQ.
57. Paraphrase the foIIowing sentences so as to use ought &oughtn?t' foIIowed by a correct
form of the infinitive:
M U a X \ Q O: 4 tOQP iP fSTQr bO SnQc \rS\Or PS tSQQSf ]iN aryiVO.
4 tOQP 4 ought PS tSQQSf ]iN aryiVO.
1. 4 knOf iP fSTQr bO iX\rS\Or it 4 S\OnOr P]O QOPPOr. 2. 4 rOVSXXOnrOr cST PS tiniN] cSTr
fSrk bOtSrO hSinh STP. :. 4 aryiNO cST nSP PS OaP bOPfOOn XOaQN# iP fiQQ XakO cST taP. 9. 4
riNa\\rSyO St cSTr NXSkinh NS XTV]# cST arO faNPinh cSTr XSnOc anr rSinh ]arX PS cSTr
]OaQP]. 0. 4PmN a \iPc 4 rirnmP PakO P]SNO bSSkN baVk PS P]O Qibrarc QaNP fOOk. 2. 4P faN frSnh St
cST nSP PS POQQ STr hTirO P]aP cST fanPOr PS hS Nih]PNOOinh aQQ bc cSTrNOQt. &. zST rirnmP faiP
PiQQ P]O Qih]PN fOrO hrOOn bOtSrO VrSNNinh P]O rSar( anr iP faN frSnh( cST knSf. d. 4P faN
TnrOaNSnabQO St cST PS ]ayO VrSNNOr P]O rSar f]On P]O Qih]PN fOrO rOr. 8. 4 fiN] cST ]ar bOOn
P]OrO. v]O \OrtSrXanVO faN fSnrOrtTQ. 10. 4t ]O NParPN aP Oih]P ]O fiQQ \rSbabQc bO P]OrO bc SnO
SmVQSVk.
2:2
58. FiII in the bIanks with ought, ha3e to, be to or need foIIowed by the appropriate infinitive:
1. wSP]Or aQfacN POQQN XO P]aP 4 ... (PS bO" XSrO VarOtTQ. 2. zST ... nSP (PS POQQ" ]iX Xc
POQO\]SnO nTXbOr( ]O knSfN iP. :. zST ... nSP (PS Nac" P]aPe 5OO ]Sf riNPrONNOr N]O iN. 9.1 rSnmP
fanP PS rS iP( bTP 4.... 0. AQQ P]O NaXO( 4 P]ink cST ... (PS NOO" a rSVPSr. v]OrO XTNP bO NSXOP]inh
P]O XaPPOr fiP] cST. 2. oSnmP tSrhOP P]aP cST ... (PS hOP T\" aP NOyOne &. 6TP P]OrO faN nS SP]Or
fac STP. 1... (PS VSXXTniVaPO" fiP] ]iX. 7S SnO OQNO knOf ]Or arrrONN. d. 5TV] P]inhN ... nSP
(PS bO aQQSfOr". 8( zST ... nSP (PS friPO" NTV] a QSnh VSX\SNiPiSn. v]O POaV]Or SnQc aNkOr tSr
200 fSrrN( anr cST ]ayO friPPOn 900. 10. s^Or]a\N 4... nSP (PS PrSTbQO" cST.s |O VQSNOr ]iN Qi\N
Pih]P. |O faN SttOnrOr.
should
59. Comment on the meaning of the verb should. TransIate the sentences into Russian:
1. Ran cST N]Sf XO anc MnhQiN] fSXan f]S N\OakN MnhQiN] aN iP N]STQr bO N\SkOn{ 2. A
fitO N]STQr SbOc ]Or ]TNbanr. :. 6ONirON cST N]STQrnmP VTP cSTr SQr triOnrN nSf P]aP cST ]ayO
riNOn in P]O fSrQr. 9. v]Oc N]STQr bO PaTh]P a QONNSn. 0. 4 VSntONN 4 rir nSP tSrONOO P]iN PTrn St
OyOnPN. 6TP 4 N]STQr ]ayO tSrONOOn iP. 2. zST ]ayO riNVSyOrOr f]aP 4 inPOnrOr cST N]STQr nOyOr
]ayO knSfn. &. |O N]STQr nSP ]ayO Nair iP. v]O XSXOnP P]O fSrrN VrSNNOr ]iN Qi\N ]O knOf iP
faN nSP P]O rih]P P]inh PS Nac. d. RSnNirOrabQO rObaPO PSSk \QaVO bOPfOOn P]O PfS NiNPOrN
f]OP]Or viXSP]c N]STQr Sr N]STQrnmP bO NTXXSnOr PS NOO AnnOPPO. 8. szST N]STQr VSXO ]OrO
StPOn(s ]O Nair PS 5]OQPSn... szST STh]P PS VSXO ]OrO StPOn(s ]O rO\OaPOr PS 5]OQPSn. 10. zST
STh]P PS tiniN] cSTr fSrk bOtSrO hSinh STP. % 4 knSf 4 N]STQr.
60. State whether should is auxiIiary or modaI:
1. s5S cST P]ink 4 N]STQr hS( P]On{s Nair anraQQ bO]inr ]iX. 2. AP brOaktaNP 4 PSQr warc
P]aP 4 N]STQr bO abNOnP aP QOaNP tSTr racN. :. 4 N]STQrnmP ]ayO bOQiOyOr iP it 4 ]arnmP NOOn iP fiP]
Xc Sfn OcON. 9. zST rOaQQc N]STQrnmP ]ayO Nair P]aP( qOQiU. 4mQQ PaQk PS ]iX XcNOQt. 0. |Sf abSTP
^intSQr{ 5]STQrnmP ]O bO ]OrO{ 2. v]ank WSr tSr STr WiQbOrP. x]aP N]STQr fO rS fiP]STP ]iX{
&. 7S SnO knOf f]On 4 faN PS bO baVk Sr it 4 N]STQr bO baVk aP aQQ. d. qOQiU Nair ]aNPiQc(
sqSrhiyO XO. 4 N]STQrnmP ]ayO PrSTbQOr cSTs. 8. 7OQQ ]aN TNP PSQr XO cST fanPOr PS NOO XO Sr 4
N]STQrnmP ]ayO PrSTbQOr cST. 10. v]Oc ]ar nSP NOOn % nS SnO N]STQr NOO ]Or riNPrONN( nSP OyOn
]Or hranrtaP]Or.
61. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using must, ought, should, need, ha3e to or be to:
1. Z!!( D ( + > $!< +; ! $$!<(
> + D! . 2. , , +> J!!( + +
<J < ! D $< A>. :. [> D < +
J( ?( > > $! ? !J $!. 9. > D> >!
$!A!< +J ! . [A > + $!J< <
$>? $. 0. B$ > D < +!. [ > J >
!< + $!. > ( > ?( 2. .!( D ><( =
!!. B !+ +J<. &. G+ > $!J { % D >
< == . % [A > D > > $!<( +> >
D!. d. G$;( J<( !=< +J< ( + A( +
$! ?<. 8. ( ( !>+. /> A
A!! A. 10. B !A +JA +( . BD >< <. Z.
~+ $! < <( $ ! +!. 12. [> ( K J!
!( !<. BD >< !+<>+ =+. 1:. GA !?
$! ,>; <. LD+ $!J< ' <( 19. [! =!
;> ?!C!. 10. ) $!J A $A!< !+( >.
12. B J; + !A< +; +. .! $ + ? +(
$+ $! $!!< $. 1&. + D > $!<
$I. +A > < + = ?!+= !I+,!=. 1d. Z+ >
D< A A +A JA. .! C $D= K+. 18.
= !+( > $!. ?J =( A+ !<.
62. Comment on the use of should for the sake of emotionaI coIouring. Pay attention to the
2::
structure of the sentences and the word combination it is found in:
1. ghy &hou9d cST bO rittOrOnP trSX SP]Or XOn{ 2. 6TP why &hou9d ]O PakO P]O NVanrae Sn
]iXNOQt{ 4P faN nSP taire :. v]Oc SnQc fanP P]Oir inrO\OnrOnVO( anr why &hou9dn?t P]Oc ]ayO iP{
9. soS cST NOO XTV] St anraQQ{s s|O \raVPiVaQQc QiyON ]OrO. 6TP cST knOf{(s s7S(s Nair
|Th]( |O faN NTr\riNOr anr annScOr. s ghy OyOr NnSTir 4 knSf{s 0. x]aP rS cST P]ink STh]P
PS bO rSnO{ % oSnO{ _ow &hou9d 4 knSf{ 2( sqrON] aires OUVQaiXOr naXON( nghat &hou9d 4 rS
fiP] trON] air{s &. w r N. | i h h i n N: 6TP f]OrO rSON P]O hirQ QiyO{ | i h h i n N: xiP] TN( St
VSTrNO. ghere &hou9d N]O QiyO{ d. /trange that P]O rSh &hou9d die TNP nSfe 8. Ironi5a9 that
5SaXON &hou9d 5o+e rSfn ]OrO % PS P]iN ]STNO( bTiQP tSr ]iXNOQte 10. |O ]Oarr P]O nTrNO
Vrcinh SyOr P]OrO bc P]O tirO# 5uriou& that N]O( a NPranhOr( &hou9d 2e P]O SnQc SnO St P]OX f]S
VriOre 11. 4PmN yOrc intere&ting that cST &hou9d &ay P]aP( Mrfarr % yOrc inPOrONPinh. 12. It
&tru5' her 2itter9y that N]O( f]S ]ar bOOn ]iN tirNP arSrOr( &hou9d have PS NV]OXO PS NOO ]iX.
1:. ... it annoyed hi+ very +u5h that ]iN VSX\aniSn( f]S faN aQNS PirOr( &hou9d grow XSrO
V]OOrtTQ. 19. It?& very &trange that ]O &hou9d have to9d cST P]O PrTP]e 10. ... NTrrOnQc ]O ]Oarr
]iN naXO VaQQOr trSX bO]inr( anr who &hou9d rirO T\ PS ]iX Sn OiP]Or NirO 2ut 6iQQ oOn'nanP
anr AnPSnia ]OrNOQte
63. Pay attention to the use of should in subordinate cIauses after some verbs and
expressions.
85
TransIate the sentences into Russian:
(. I" It i& ne5e&&ary P]aP 4 N]STQr NOO ]Or bOtSrO cST rS. 2. It i& nor+a9 P]aP P]OrO N]STQr bO a
\OriSr St rObTiQrinh atPOr far. :. s5]O ]aN NiU V]iQrrOn(s Nair ATnP nTQc( nif& very 4ro4er P]aP
N]O N]STQr bO VarOtTQ.s 9. It i& e&&entia9 P]aP cST N]STQr tinr STP PS f]SX P]SNO SrrOrN arO
hSinh. 0. 4 XOan it fO arO PS rOyOQS\ oiONOQ \QanON if& vita9 P]aP fO N]STQr ]ayO STr Sfn
XahnONiTX NT\\QiON.
B. 2. |O de+anded P]aP fSrk N]STQr NParP aP SnVO. &. xO re5o++end P]aP ]O N]STQr bO
V]SNOn STr rOQOhaPO. d. |O ordered P]aP P]Oc N]STQr aQQ QOayO P]O ]STNO. 8. |O &ugge&ted P]aP
P]O fSrkinh ]STrN N]STQr bO rOrTVOr. 10. v]O rSVPSr in&i&t& P]aP P]O V]iQrrOn N]STQr bO NOnP PS
P]O VSTnPrc.
C. 11. 4t N]O N]STQr \]SnO 4 fiQQ POQQ ]Or f]OrO cST arO. 12. 5]STQr cST rOgTirO ancP]inh
XSrO( \QOaNO rinh P]O bOQQ tSr P]O aPPOnranP.
64. FiII in the bIanks with mast, should or need:
1. 4mX NThhONPinh P]aP( cST ... Xarrc AA( wirhO. 2. 5]O ... bO \iVkinh V]OrriON in P]O SrV]arr(
POQQ ]Or PS VSXO inPS P]O ]STNO. :. sxOQQ.s Nair MXiQc fiP] VaQX( scST ... nSP hOP inPS NTV]
tTNNON f]On fO POQQ cST P]inhN.s 9. 4N iP nOVONNarc( rS cST P]ink( P]aP P]O \SQiVO ... knSf abSTP
iP{ 0. zST ... nSP bO atrair St ]iX. |OmN a kinr SQr Xan. 2. 4P i& ONNOnPiaQ P]aP ]O ... bO \rO\arOr
tSr iP. &. 5StP XTNiV tiQQOr P]O rSSX. sv]aP ... bO a hraXS\]SnO rOVSrr(s P]STh]P ]O. d. 4 \rS\SNO
P]aP P]O \riO ... bO riyirOr. 8. p]( 4 rSnmP knSf. 4PmN rOaQQc raP]Or Srr P]aP ]O ... OyOr ]ayO bOOn
Pakinh ]Or PS P]O 6aQQ. 10. zST ... ]ayO NOOn P]aP tiQX f]On iP faN ]OrO QaNP fOOk. 11. 4P iN
NPranhO P]aP cST ... rOXOXbOr P]O \QaVO. 12. x]c ... nSP 4 PaQk PS RaP]OrinO{ oS cST P]ink 4mX
nSP fSrP]c PS( Sr NSXOP]inh{ 1:. ^SSr bSce |O ... ]ayO NTttOrOr NS. 19. zST ... nSP anNfOr'aQQ
Xc gTONPiSnN it cST rSnmP fanP PS. 10. x]c ... cST Nac NTV] riNahrOOabQO P]inhN{ 12. WS
T\NPairN aP SnVO. zST ... V]anhO cSTr fOP VQSP]ON. 1&. 4P faN SnQc \rS\Or P]aP oSra( f]S faN
cSTnh anr ]OaQP]c( ... hiyO ]Or NOaP PS P]aP SQr Qarc. 1d. 4 P]ink 4mQQ VSXO Sn PiXO( bTP it 4 ... bO
QaPO( \QOaNO kOO\ a NOaP tSr XO. 18. |O SrrOrOr P]aP P]O haPO ... bO QSVkOr. 20. 5]O VSntiNVaPOr
P]O XSrninh \a\OrN NS P]aP P]O V]iQrrOn ... nSP NOO P]OX. 21. zST ... nSP fakO T\ bOtSrO NOyOn
SmVQSVk. xOmQQ NParP aP ]aQt \aNP Oih]P. 22. 4 faN TNP fSnrOrinh it Xc fitO faN ]OrO.m % 7S( N]O
iNnmP ]OrO. x]c ... N]O bO{ 2:. zST ... nSP fSrk NS ]arr atPOr cSTr iQQnONN. 29. |OnriOPPa
NThhONPOr PS WOrra P]aP P]Oc ... hS anr QSSk aP P]O kiPV]On harrOn.
shall, will
65. Comment on the modaI coIouring of the foIIowing sentences with shall:
1. zST N]aQQ nSP NOarV] Xc rSSXN. zST ]ayO nS rih]P PS rS iP. 4 tSrbir cSTe 2. |O ]aNnmP NOOn
cST anr ]O N]anmP. :. v]O \SQiVO N]aQQ PakO cST T\. 9. AQQ rih]P# it N]O fanPN PS bO S\OnOr T\(
d0
5TbSrrinaPO VQaTNON fiP] P]aP . N]STQr Van bO TNOr aN an aQPOrnaPiyO PS P]O XSrO TNTaQ intiniPiyO VSnNPrTVPiSnN: ;hey de5ided that the
&tri'e &hou9d 5ontinue, inNPOar St ;hey de5ided to 5ontinue the &tri'e" 5OO: sA ^raVPiVaQ MnhQiN] WraXXar tSr qSrOihn 5PTrOnPNs bc A. n.
v]SXNSn anr A. @. warPinOP( jnr.( 1829( \. 1&9'1&0.
2:9
N]O N]aQQ bO. 0. zST N]aQQ hS T\ anr rSfn anr rSTnr P]O PSfn in a PaUi OyOrc rac. 2. zST N]aQQ
]ayO aQQ P]O nOfN 4 Van NOnr cST. &. s5]aQQ 4 SrrOr a PaUi{s ]O aNkOr. d. v]aP N]aQQ bO \TP an Onr
PS nSf anr tSr OyOre
66. Comment on the meaning of will and would. TransIate the sentences into Russian:
1. 4 fiQQ QOP cST knSf( NS cST Van bO P]OrO. 2.1 fiQQ POQQ cST f]aP iP iN. :. 4 fiQQ XakO cSTr
OUVTNON PS warharOP. 9. 4t iP ]ar bOOn a hirQ 4 fSTQr ]ayO VaQQOr ]Or atPOr Xc XSP]Or. 0. xiQQ
cST hS STP Sn P]O POrraVO anr QSSk aP P]O NTnNOP{ 2. 4 aX atrair % it cST fiQQ OUVTNO XO % 4
XTNP Sin Xc fitO. &. ArP]Tr( fSTQr cST Xinr NOOinh it wrN. MrQcnnO ]aN VSXO baVk{ d. 4 fanP
a \]SPShra\] St cST( % fSTQr cST hiyO XO SnO{ 8. xiQQ cST aNk P]OX PS VaQQ Xc VarriahO(
\QOaNO{ 10. xiQQ cST hS anr QSSk SyOr P]O \]SPShra\] aQbTX P]aP 4 NOO P]OrO{ 11. 4 fiQQ nOyOr
N\Oak PS cST ahain. 12. 7S( nSe 4 fiQQ hS baVk( QOP ArP]Tr rS fiP] XO f]aP ]O \QOaNON. 1:. 6TP 4
PSQr ]iX 4 fSTQrnmP hiyO ]iX an anNfOr PiQQ PSXSrrSf. 19. zST rir fanP PS VSXO( aQP]STh] cST
fSTQrnmP Nac NS. 10. 5]Omr QikO cST PS rinh ]Or T\ P]iN atPOrnSSn( bOtSrO tiyO'P]irPc( it cST
fSTQr. 12. 4 N]STQr bO NS hQar it cST fSTQr POQQ ]iX PS VSXO T\( nanO. 1&. 4 knSVkOr XSrO P]an
SnVO bTP N]O fSTQrnmP QOP XO in. 1d. s4 fiN]m cST fSTQr QOayO XO aQSnO NSXOPiXON(s Nair oSra.
18.1 NT\\SNO P]iN fiQQ bO P]O QaNP baQQ St P]O NOaNSn{ 20. |O fSTQr NiP Sn P]O bOr bONirO ]iX
anr faPV] ]iX tSr ]STrN. 21. 4 NXSkO QikO a V]iXnOce Anr Xc Qih]POr fSnmP fSrk.
67. Comment on the meaning of shall and will. TransIate the sentences into Russian:
1. x]OrO N]aQQ fO \TP P]iN yaNO{ 2. 4 fanP PS bO ]OQ\tTQ PS cST bSP]# it cST 'fiQQ QOP XO. :.
oSnmP cST fSrrc abSTP ancP]inh. 4 fiQQ bO aQQ rih]P. 9. szST XTNP aQfacN VSXO PS XO it
ancP]inh hSON frSnh.s spt VSTrNO( 4 fiQQ(s N]O Nair aN it N]O fOrO NSSP]inh ]iX. 0. xiQQ P]OrO
bO PiXO PS bTc P]O PiVkOPN{ 2. 4mQQ bOhin ahain anr cST N]anmP NPS\ XO P]iN PiXOe &( soS hiyO Xc
QSyO PS R]riNPinO(s Nair oSra. s5TrOQc 4 fiQQ(s Nair wiV]aOQ. d. R]iQrrOn( ]ayO cST bOOn \Qacinh
fiP] Xc TXbrOQQa{ 4P fSnmP S\One 8. v]Oc N]aQQ nSP \aNNe 10. xiQQ cST ]ayO NSXOP]inh PS
rrink{ 11. |Sf QSnh fiQQ cSTr triOnrN bO ]OrO{ 12. zST N]aQQ ]ayO iP baVk PSXSrrSf. 1:. AN ]O
VanmP VrOaPO ancP]inh ]iXNOQt( ]O iN rOPOrXinOr cST fSnmP( 19. xiQQ cST VSXO PS POa PSXSrrSf{
10. |O N]aQQ nOyOr VSXO ]OrO ahaine 4mQQ PakO VarO St iP. 12. 4t cST fiQQ faiP ]OrO a XSXOnP( 4mQQ
tOPV] cST a V]air.
68. RepIace shall and will with the suggested aIternative verb, making any necessary changes:
1. 4P fiQQ NSSn rain. jSSk aP P]O VQSTrN( (PS bO hSinh" 2. zST N]aQQ NPac ]OrO PiQQ 4 VSXO baVk(
(PS bO PS" :. 4 fSnmP rS f]aP cST POQQ XO. (PS rOtTNO" 9. zST N]aQQ ]ayO an a\\QO atPOr rinnOr( (PS
\rSXiNO" 0. x]aP fiQQ cST rS nSf{ (PS bO hSinh" 2. xO N]aQQ yiNiP aQQ P]O Nih]PN St jSnrSn( (PS
]S\O" &. x]On fiQQ cST QOarn MnhQiN] \rS\OrQc{ (PS inPOnr" d. v]iN PiXO nOUP fOOk 4 N]aQQ bO in
5P. ^OPOrNbTrh( (PS ]S\O" 8. xiQQ ]O QiNPOn PS Xc Ninhinh( rS cST P]ink{ (PS QikO" 10. oS cST
P]ink P]OcmQQ tSQQSf TN aQQ P]O fac ]SXO{ (PS XOan"
69. FiII in the bIanks with should or would:
1. s4t 4 NOO ]iX(s 4 Nair( s4mQQ QOP cST knSf.s s4 ... bO yOrc XTV] SbQihOr it cST ... (s Nair
6rSfn. 2. 6TP 4 ...nmP QiO abSTP a P]inh QikO P]aP(... 4{ :. ... cST rriyO TN baVk PS RaX\rOn |iQQ{ 9.
5]O ...nmP hS in PS NT\\Or fiP] ancSnO bTP xinPSn. 0. 4t 4 fOrO cST 4... bTc P]aP ]aP( 4 QikO P]O
VSQSTr yOrc XTV]. 2( 4PmN ririVTQSTN P]aP cST ... VSnVOaQ iP trSX cSTr XSP]Or. &. 4t SnQc |OnriOPPa
... XakO T\ ]Or Xinr PS Xarrc ]iX. d. x]c ... 4 NTttOr XSrO P]an 4myO NTttOrOr aQrOarc{ x]c ...
4{ 8. ... cST VarO PS VSXO PS POa fiP] TN{ 10. |O ...nmP QSSk aP ]Or. |O N]SSk ]Or Stt hOnPQc anr
hOnPQc Nair( sxOmQQ NOO abSTP P]aP.s 11. |O \rONNOr NSXOP]inh inPS ]Or \aQX. s|OrOmN a N]iQQinh
in VaNO cST ... nOOr iP.s 12. 4 fSnrOr it cST ... Xinr XO Qacinh rSfn Xc TXbrOQQa. 1:. x]c( S]e
x]c ... 4 ]ayO PS OU\SNO Xc XiNtSrPTnO PS P]O \TbQiV QikO P]iN{ 19. |O ... raP]Or QiNPOn PS P]O
SP]OrN P]an PaQk ]iXNOQt. 10. |O SrrOrOr P]aP P]O ]SrNON ... bO NarrQOr. 12. 5]O ... NiP tSr ]STrN
faPV]inh P]O N]i\N. 1&. 4 fiN] cST ...nmP gTarrOQ fiP] nONNiO. 1d. |O tTQQc bOQiOyOr( ]ar iP bOOn
nOVONNarc( N]O... ]ayO bOOn a hOniTN aP ancP]inh. 18. 4n SrrOr PS XakO P]ONO rOXanrN OttOVPiyO
fO NThhONPOr P]aP P]OrO ... bO nS rOPTrn PS fSrk PSrac. 20. x]c rSnmP cST fanP PS NPac anSP]Or
fOOk in P]O VSTnPrc{ 4P... rS cST SnQc hSSr.
70. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using should or would:
2:0
1. . $D!( > ! > $!,. 2. )> $!! ++(
D ! $! $! A +J!. :. ) > ?<( > >
,+ $!. 9. / ; ! $+A< +{ . $ ! !
+D < +. 0. 3!!<( > ! !+<> !+
!+e 2. $ ( > ? < +D <J (
> A ! !=. &. B ! > => +A $D<{ J!
+> C A>. d. B+ ?< < > !(
!A D< +!. )> >! >. 8. ! +( >
A = !. 10. G!! + >{ % ( ! >
=>. Z. B?!+( > D>; $!!+ ! A
,!;. 12. ~! A $! K+( D!( ; + $!J +.
1:. B ?J< ! +A ${ . < >;. 19. a +( >; ! $!!
!++( /+ ( ;. 10. a+ + < ( +
!{ % BD( ! K !! !. i <( ! > K
J<. 12. ( $D;( $!= $! $ +. 3 + ! !A. 1&.
> > + $+A ( ! > > $!J! J< . 1d. G+ + <(
! != <{ .! !A !A + A. 18. L ! (
C! >!A. 20. + > < + = = $A.
REVISION EXERCISES ON MOOD AND MODAL VERBS
71. RepIace the infinitives in brackets by the appropriate obIique mood:
1. 4t 4 (PS bO" aN cSTnh aN cST arO( 4 (PS ]ayO" a faQkinh ]SQirac. 2. ^Or]a\N( N]O (nSP PS QSSk"
NS bar( it N]O (nSP PS \TP Sn" NS XTV] fOih]P. :. |O faQkOr NQSfQc aN P]STh] iP (PS aV]O" PS
XSyO. 9. 4P (PS bO" naPTraQ tSr ]iX PS hS PS NQOO\( 0. 4P NOOXOr aN it aQQ P]O barO PrOON( PSO bTN]ON(
P]O VTP brTN] anr aQQ P]O hraNN anr P]O barO hrSTnr (PS bO yarniN]Or" fiP] iVO. 2. oarrc( it cST
(PS bO rrONNOr" in V]OVkOr hinh]aXN aQQ cSTr QitO( cST (PS TnrOrNPanr" ]Sf 4 tOOQ. &.1 (PS QikO"
PS hS ]TnPinh P]OrO( bTP 4mX atrair 4 nOyOr (PS bO abQO" PS bOar P]O VSQr. d. |O QSSkOr QikO an
SttiVOr. Anc SnO (PS bO \rSTr" PS bO NOOn Stt bc ]iX. 8. |O rO\air XO P]O ]aQt'VrSfn aN P]STh]
iP (PS bO bSrrSfOr" cONPOrrac. 10. v]O hirQN (nSP PS P]ink" NS XTV] St ]iX it P]Oc (PS NOO" ]iX
P]On. 11. v]O cSTnh Qarc faN OyirOnPQc AXOriVan anr ]O faN OyirOnPQc MnhQiN]: SP]OrfiNO 4
(PS hTONN" trSX ]iN iX\rONNiyO air P]aP ]O faN ]Or taP]Or. 12. 4t MnhQanr (PS NfOO\ afac" ]Or
]OrhON anr (PS \TP" in P]Oir \QaVO tOnVON( P]O Nayinh St Qanr (PS bO" OnSrXSTN. 1:. xOQV] Nair iP
VSQrQc aN it ]O (PS bO aNkOr" PS XakO NSXO VSnVONNiSn. 19. s4 (PS bO aN]aXOr" St XcNOQt(
RQara(s rOPTrnOr wiNN wTrrNPSnO( sit 4 (VannSP" TnrOrNPanr P]O bSc Sr anc bSc.s 10. 4t 4 (Xac"
NThhONP 4 (PS Nac" P]aP iP (PS bO" bOPPOr PS \TP Stt P]O Pri\. 12. x]aP (Xac" ]ayO ]a\\OnOr Sr (PS
]a\\On" it oSra anr 4 nOyOr (PS knSf" OaV] SP]Or{ 1&. wc VSX\aniSn NPTXbQOr( P]O branV] ]O
]ar bOOn ]SQrinh Nna\\Or anr ]O (PS taQQ" it ]iN ]anr (nSP PS VaPV]" anSP]Or branV].
72. Answer the foIIowing questions:
1. x]aP fSTQr cST Nac it cST fOrO aNkOr PS PakO \arP in a VSnVOrP PSnih]P{ 2. x]OrO fSTQr
cST hS it cST fOrO Sn QOayO{ :. x]aP fSTQr cST bO rSinh nSf it iP fOrO P]O :1NP St
oOVOXbOr{ 9. x]OrO fSTQr cST QikO PS fSrk atPOr hrarTaPinh trSX P]O }niyOrNiPc{ 0. x]aP
fSTQr cST Nac tt cST fOrO SttOrOr PS hS PS P]O wSSn{ 2. x]aP fSTQr cST rS it cSTr triOnr tOQQ
iQQ aQQ St a NTrrOn{ &. x]aP fSTQr cST bO rSinh nSf it cST fOrO nSP ]ayinh a QONNSn{ d. x]aP
fSTQr cST rS it NSXObSrc aNkOr cST PS VaQQ a rSVPSr{ 8. x]aP fSTQr cST rOVSXXOnr PS a
\OrNSn f]S ]aN a yiSQOnP ]OaraV]O{ 10. 4t cSTr triOnr ]ar bOOn iQQ ]Sf fSTQr cST ]OQ\ ]iX PS
VaPV] T\ fiP] P]O hrST\{ 11. x]OrO fSTQr cST hS PS bTc NSXO XOaP (brOar( yOhOPabQON"{ 12(
x]aP fSTQr cST fOar PS a 7Of zOar \arPc{ 1:. x]aP fSTQr cST \rOtOr PS ]ayO tSr rONNOrP{ 19.
x]aP fSTQr cST QikO PS rS it iP fOrO S\\rONNiyOQc ]SP{ 10. x]aP fSTQr cST rS it cST ]ar a
]ih] POX\OraPTrO{ 12. x]aP NOaPN fSTQr cST \rOtOr it cST fanPOr PS hS PS P]O P]OaPrO{
73. RepIace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of the obIique moods:
1. MyOn it P]O rSVPSr (PS bO" ]OrO ]O (VannSP" ]OQ\ cST. 2. 4t iP (PS bO" NTXXOr fO (PS ]ayO" a
faQkinh ]SQirac. :. 4t SnQc ]O (PS aySir" VSX\QiVaPiSnNe 9. 4t SnQc 4 (Van" kOO\ trSX P]inkinh
abSTP Xc PrSTbQONe 0. 4t cST (nSP PS faQk" barO]OarOr cST (nSP PS VaPV]" VSQr. 2. 6TP tSr cST 4
2:2
nOyOr (PS tinr" a fac STP P]On. &. 4t 4 (Van" tSrhOP OyOrcP]inhe d. 4t cST (nSP PS bO" VSQr cST (nSP
PS N]iyOr" trSX ]Oar PS tSSP. 8. 4t P]iN XOriVinO (nSP PS brinh rSfn" P]O tOyOr fO (PS ]ayO PS"
NOnr tSr a rSVPSr( 10. 4t AnnO (PS \aNN" ]Or OUaXN in N\rinh N]O (PS tOOQ" a NOVSnr'cOar NPTrOnP.
11. 4t ]O (PS tSQQSf" aQQ P]O rSVPSrmN inNPrTVPiSnN ]O (PS aySir" \nOTXSnia. 12. 4t P]O bSc (PS
knSf" abSTP P]O ROnPihrarO P]OrXSXOPOr ]O (nSP PS P]ink" St rOaP]. 1:. 4t iP (PS aV]O" ]iX PS
XSyO ]O (nSP PS faQk" ]iXNOQt. 19. 4t ]O (PS ]Oar" cSTr fSrrN ]O (PS hOP" SttOnrOr.
74. TransIate these sentences into EngIish:
4. L D<( > !A +. > $ + K >. 2. D=(
K !<. ~! > > + >!( > +A! > K $!<. :. < >
+ D ?J $<( ( ! >. 9. F<( ? ! L;$H( % $+
-K!. 0. )> $D!( $J! + +! . 2. L D<( +
!( < !? ?. &. J > '!< $!J + A
+. d. <( > ? ! +> +A! $<J $A<. 8. . A
$ ; !;( $D +( $!J . 10.
<( > $J! . + > > ; A J. 4P. L
D<( > !J< !+. )> +A! > $;! > +. 12.
<( > =!! ! +. > > <!+ $J! K
$.
75. TransIate the foIIowing sentences Sato EngIish. Pay attention to the use of the obIique
moods;
1. L D<( > >! D>. iA > !<( ! > >
$J! J!? ;( 2. ~! > ( ; > > + +. :.
. >A !+ >+( >?. 9. <( > A
( +> +A! > ?!< + A. 0. 3 + ( >
!A ! D!. 2. ~! > > J+ +( >
J!< ; !,!!. &( K +D > > <( A K
!+ !A +>. d. <( + > +!( A K !<. 8.
F > ( > +; $ ( A > +>+ ! !>+H( %
!. 10. -=; + + > D +. 11. B +; $ !(
A !C !( +A >( ! > $!J <J. 12.
~! > ? > !( +> > +A! >J<. 1:. ~! > >(
+; ( > +A <. > $! + D!<. 19. < J+ +(
> $! K! !?!. 10. ( D< (
!; !.
76. CompIete the foIIowing sentences:
1. 4t cST ]ar PakOn Xc aryiVO .... 2. v]O faPV] fSTQrnmP bO NQSf it .... :. |Or QitO Xih]P ]ayO
bOOn NayOr it .... 9. 4t cSTr XSP]Or Naf iP... . 0. 4mr ]ayO brSTh]P tQSfOrN it... . 2. 4t cST ]ar
aNkOr ]Or \OrXiNNiSn ... . &. zST fSTQr ]ayO bOOn anhrc it... . d. 4t 4 ]ar a Var... . 8. x]c rir
cST bO]ayO aN it... { 1.0. x]On 4 XOP ]iX ]O QSSkOr aN it ... . 11. MyOn it 4 ]ar a PSSP]aV]O....
12. xO N]STQr ]ayO tSTnr P]O \QaVO .... 1:. |O iN N\Oakinh yOrc NQSfQc aN it .... 19. ^TP Sn cSTr
f]iPO rrONN anr cSTmQQ QSSk aN P]STh] ... . 10. MyOn it P]Oc ]ar hSP P]iN POQOhraX ... . 12. 4P
fSTQr bO yOrc hSSr it.... 1&. 4t 4 fOrO hSinh PS PrayOQ ... . 1d. 4t P]O bSSk fOrO nSP NS bSrinh ... .
18. v]O hirQ bOhan Vrcinh aN it....
77. RepIace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of the obIique mood:
1. vOQQ XO( f]aP cST (PS rS" it cST (PS bO" in Xc \QaVO{ 2. 6TP tSr cST 4 (PS QOayO" QSnh ahS.
:. 5]O N\OakN NS NQSfQc aN it N]O (PS PranNQaPO" trSX a tSrOihn QanhTahO. 9. 4 fiN] 4 nOyOr (PS
XOOP" ]iX. 0. ^OS\QO fOrO NPanrinh arSTnr aN it P]Oc (PS OU\OVP" NSXOP]inh PS ]a\\On. 2. 4
fiN] cST (PS bO" QikO XO tSr PfS XinTPON. &. 4t 6Sb (PS hS" STP bOtSrO( fO (PS nSPiVO" ]iX. d.
6TP tSr P]O TnrOrhrSTnr P]O PrattiV in wSNVSf (PS bO" yOrc ]Oayc. 8. 5]O iN QSSkinh aP XO aN it
N]O (PS knSf" XO. 10. v]aP (PS inPOrONP" XO NSXO tSTr cOarN ahS. 11. 4t 4 (PS knSf" f]aP iP aQQ
XOanP 4 (nSP PS VSXO". 12. 4P NOOXN PS XO P]aP f]aP N]O rOtTNOr P]On N]O (PS bO" hQar PS hOP
nSf. 1:. wc rOar AQhc( cST PaQk OUaVPQc aN it cST (PS bO" a rOnPiNP. 19. 6TP tSr ]Or fSrrN Xc
QitO (PS PakO" a rittOrOnP VSTrNO. 10. AP P]aP XSXOnP N]O aQXSNP fiN]Or N]O (nSP PS NOnr" tSr
2:&
]iX. 12. 5]O frSPO fiP] ]Or Sfn ]anr P]O QOPPOrN f]iV] TnrOr nSrXaQ VirVTXNPanVON N]O (PS
riVPaPO" PS ]Or NOVrOParc.
78. TransIate these sentences into EngIish. Pay attention to the use of the obIique moods:
4. G+ > $! { ~! > > $! (
$$!( > > ! A A J. 2. L D<( $!
( A $!!+< $!=!. :. ~! > K ( + >! > D>
A> !( 9. D ! > > +$>( + > > J
$D< A. 0. 3 A ; !( $!. 2. > > + <
( ! > > $!! + $ $! + ! '!< J. &.
L D<( $!>; $D J+ !!. B+ $!?! !<
+A +! A. d. ~! > > !$<! A> $! (
> > !< ! ! D<. 8. . $D ><
; $ !+ !+( K + +! . 10. <(
$,!! K+ ! !+ +A $+< +( 11. D ! >
$ $+( > ! ! $. G!< +!e 12. ~! >
I( > ! > + $+<. 1:. B ?!
$!< $ A;{ % > <!+ >$! I ;. 19. .
$;( ! A$ ! !A !<. 10.
/! A! +( + $! . 12. > $$ !+<
$ !+;. (c" L D<( K $!J J !. < > <( >
+A! > K $!<. 1d. ~! > + > <J +!( > A
?! >! ! +!. 18. < D=( > $! +< >
;> JA A(
79. Comment on the meaning of the modaI verbs and transIate the sentences into Russian;
1. 4t cST fanP PS XOOP QSPN St MnhQiN] \OS\QO( cST Xih]P QikO PS hS PS a ]SQirac VaX\. 2. v]O
SnQc PrSTbQO iN 1 VSTQrnmP PakO Xc OUaXN in N\rinh anr XTNP ]ayO P]OX nSf. :. wc \arOnPN ]ar
PS hS Sn an OU\OriPiSn( P]Oc arO hOSQShiNPN( aN cST knSf( anr 4 faN QOtP PS kOO\ ]STNO. 9. zST
arO PS PakO a PabQO'N\SSntTQ St P]iN XiUPTrO P]rOO PiXON a rac. 5. 4n P]iN ]Trrc'NVTrrc 4 XTNP
]ayO QOtP P]O NThar'baNin in P]O rrONNOr. 2. |O VSTQrnmP \ac ]iN ]SPOQ biQQ anr P]Oc fSTQrnmP hiyO
]iX anc XSrO VrOriP. &. v]O NfiX N]STQrnmP PakO cST XTV] SyOr an ]STr anr a gTarPOr. d.1
nOOrnmP ]ayO ]TrriOr# ]O faNnmP rOarc cOP. 8( xO arO PS ]ayO a QOVPTrO nSf( 10. wac 4 ]ayO a
QSSk aP P]O \]SPSN{ 11. v]OrO XTNP bO NSXO XiNPakO ]OrO. 12. |O Nair cST fOrO P]O \rOPPiONP
hirQ \rONOnP. % |O VanmP ]ayO \SNNibQc XOanP iP. 1:. 4t cST arO inPOrONPOr in V]TrV]ON anr
]iNPSriV \QaVON cST N]STQr hS PS xONPXinNPOr AbbOc( P]O |STNON St ^arQiaXOnP( 5P. ^aTQmN anr
P]O vSfOr. 19. 4mX PSQr SnO STh]P PS NOO P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX( 10. 4 VSTQrnmP iXahinO P]aP in an
MnhQiN] \a\Or 4 N]STQr ]ayO PS QSSk tSr P]O V]iOt arPiVQON in P]O XirrQO St P]O \a\Or. 12. 4t cST
rSnmP PakO VarO St cSTrNOQt( cST Xac ]ayO a nOrySTN brOak'rSfn anr ]ayO PS hS PS ]SN\iPaQ. 1&.
zST VanmP VSXO in. zST XTNPnmP ]ayO P]O riNOaNO 4 ]ayO. 1d. v]O hOrXN St intQTOna Van SnQc
OUiNP in an aVir VSnriPiSn. 18.1 ]Oar P]Oc arO PS V]SSNO P]O \QacOrN PSXSrrSf tSr P]O AQQ'}niSn
XaPV].
80. Use the verbs can oi may.
1. pnO ... nOyOr knSf f]aP... ]a\\On. 2. zST ... ]ayO NOnP TN a nSPO aP QOaNPe xO faiPOr tSr
cST P]O f]SQO rac. :. oS cST P]ink cST ... VSXXanr an arXc{ 9. xOQQ( cSTr fiyON ... nSP QikO
P]O Qarc 4mX hrinh PS Xarrc. 0. jaNP finPOr ]O ... bO NOOn in P]O VQTb anc nih]P. 2. x]aP... AnnO
bO rSinh aQQ P]iN PiXO in P]O kiPV]On{ &. x]aPOyOr P]O rOaNSn ... bO( P]O taVP rOXainN. d. 5]O ...
]ayO QSNP ]Or rinh ]OrNOQt( iP ... nSP ]ayO bOOn NPSQOn. 8. x]S ... ]ayO Nair NTV] a P]inh{ 10.
5SXObSrc... ]ayO hiyOn ]Or Xc arrrONN. 11. 5TV] rittiVTQPiON ... bO OaNiQc \TP T\ fiP]. 12. 4t
SnQc 4... XakO ]iX TnrOrNPanr XO \rS\OrQc. 1:. 4 ... ]ayO ]OQ\Or ]iX bTP 4 rirnmP rOVOiyO ]iN
QOPPOr.
81. FiII in the bIanks with should, need, hare to with the appropriate form of the Infinitive:
1.1... (PS \rO\arO" tSr Xc VSXinh OUaX cONPOrrac( bTP 4... (PS QSSk atPOr" Xc NiVk NiNPOr. 2. |O
... nSP (PS hOP T\" OarQc. |O bOhinN fSrkinh aP 8.:0. :. s4 ... (PS Nac" P]SNO fSTnrinh fSrrN(s ]O
rO\rSaV]Or ]iXNOQt. 9. 4P iNnmP P]O NSrP St P]inh SnO ... (PS riNVTNN" fiP] TnknSfn \OS\QO. 0.
2:d
zST ... nSP (PS fSrrc" abSTP XSnOc. 4myO hSP OnSTh] tSr bSP] St TN. 2. zST ... nSP (PS faQk" aQQ
P]O fac PS P]O NPaPiSn. zST ... (PS PakO" a bTN rSTnr P]O VSrnOr. &. 5SSnOr Sr QaPOr SnO ... (PS
V]SSNO". d. wSP]Or ... (PS hOP T\ anr rSfn" a hSSr biP rTrinh P]O XOaQ( tOPV]inh P]inhN baVk
anr tSrfarr. 8. 4 XanahOr PS hOP P]OrO aP ]aQt \aNP PfOQyO. 6TP 4 ... nSP (PS ]Trrc". v]Oc ]ar
aQrOarc QOtP. 10. 6rOaktaNP iN StPOn a gTiVk XOaQ( bOVaTNO P]O taP]Or St P]O taXiQc ... (PS hOP"
afac PS ]iN fSrk( V]iQrrOn ... (PS hS" PS NV]SSQ( anr P]O XSP]Or ]aN ]Or ]STNOfSrk PS rS. 11. 4t
cST arO inPOrONPOr in ]iNPSriV \QaVON cST ... (PS hS" PS xONPXinNPOr AbbOc. 12. 5]O rrOf a V]air
nOar ]iN % ]O fSnrOrOr it ]O ... (PS ]OQ\" ]Or fiP] P]O V]air % anr NaP rSfn bONirO ]iX. 1:.
v]Oc ... (PS knSVk" PfiVO bOtSrO P]O rSSr faN S\OnOr. 19. 5]O ... (nSP PS hiyO" XSnOc PS ]Or
bSc. v]On iP fSTQrnmP ]ayO ]a\\OnOr. 10. 5]O ... (PS VSnVOaQ" ]Or rOaQ tOOQinhN QONP ancSnO ... (PS
nSPiVO" ]Sf Tn]a\\c N]O faN. 12. zST ... (nSP PS VSXO" cSTrNOQt. zST Xac NOnr NSXObSrc OQNO.
82. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using modaI verbs:
1. 3 A $? !+( ! >D $ !< !. 2. B D
!<( + < =( :. B +D ><( > < > >. +
$!. 9. +D( D !>( ! +> +D+ $;! $+<
<. 0. BD! > > J; { 2. ~+ > ><
D $! $!! K$!+. &. u +D < + A{
B( $ . [> D J<( +D < A A ! = +.
d. B!A < !< $ $+ $!=. . +D < J!>+. 8.
+ $< K !A. . + D $!<. 10. + <
C( ! K+ ?!+<. 11. .( > $D !? ?e 12.
. >A! < >+: A ( !( !!. 1:. ++ ( >
+A > $$!< + e [A + $!J< > !< <
+! $$. 19. > D> >! < !( +!!(
?+. 10. D ><( < $! $J< =A. 12. > +A! >
!+ D $?+ < K +!. 1&( B +D ><( > $! A++.
. >?! ! +. .( ( >. 1d. + > > C< !+
K+ A. )D > $D< .
83. Insert tee appropriate modaI verb:
1. |O ]aN inNTQPOr STr taXiQc anr ]O ... NTttOr tSr iPe 2. zST ... nSP ]ayO hSnO STP fiP]STP an
TXbrOQQa in NTV] rainc fOaP]Or. :. 4mX atrair 4 ... ]ayO NSTnrOr a biP TntriOnrQc SyOr P]O \]SnO.
9. s4... PS ]ayO PSQr 5SaXON(s ]O P]STh]P( sP]aP 4 P]ink ]iX VSXiV.s 0. xO ... QiyO PS P]Oir ahO(
\Or]a\N. 2. |OrO N]O... NiP( NOfinh anr kniPPinh( f]iQO ]O fSrkOr aP P]O PabQO. &. x]c ... cST bO
rittOrOnP trSX SP]Or \OS\QO{ d. sWSSr XSrninh(s Nair P]O hirQ. s4 bOQiOyO cST ... bO vSbc. |ayO 4
hTONNOr rih]P{s 8. 4t cST ... rOar fiP]STP N\OVPaVQON( anr 4 bOQiOyO cST ... bO NS hSSr aN PS rOar
P]iN QOPPOr tSr XO. 10. Ra\Pain 5POOrtSrP] ... 4 N\Oak PS cST tSr a XSXOnP{ 11. AnnO tOQP N]O ...
nSP NPanr XTV] XSrO St P]iN riNVTNNiSn. 5]O Nair N]O ... hS Sn fiP] ]Or fSrk anr bOhan PS riNO.
12. x]c... SnO XakO PrSTbQO tSr SnONOQt f]On SnO iN SQr{ 1:. ... cST rS XO a taySTr anr XOOP
]Or .aP P]O NPaPiSn{ 19. |O faN nSP SQr( ]O ... nSP ]ayO bOOn XSrO P]an tSrPc. 10. v]O rac fO ...
PS NParP iP rainOr fSrNO P]an OyOr. 12. zST ... not ]Trrc. v]OrO iN \QOnPc St PiXO. 1&. wSP]Or ]aN
taQQOn iQQ( NS 4... PS V]anhO Xc \QanN. 1d. xO rirnmP knSf f]aP PS rS# P]O kOc... nSP PTrn anr
fO ... nSP hOP inPS P]O rSSX. 18.1 ... nSP PS ]ayO QOtP Ra\O vSfn QaNP nih]P. 4 fiN] 4 ]ar nSP.
20. ... 4 N\Oak PS wr. ^iPP( \QOaNO{ % 4mX atrair ]OmN STP aP P]O XSXOnP.... cST rinh baVk QaPOr{
84. TransIate the sentences into EngIish using modaI verbs:
1. ~A . +D( > >J! A !+. 2. C! !+ =+(
C ( D + +;. D ><( A' . :. B!A
+A ;! K $!. BD! !!{ 9. B$ + K. (
! +. 0. < $e J < $+
$$!e 2. > $ !<# + A $<J < $<. &.
[> D > A!< ;# KA D!. L+ A( J
. d. B?!+( > D>; $! ! K+ !!. 8.
B< D , A!< + ! + De 10. G< $D!( >
$!=C! >! +! $ K+ $. 11. + $!
!A >+><. + D( <. 12. > !A + >J!{ B(
> C >J!e 1:. D; +A >< <( >; D > >< +
<> ! >; A!! !. 19. ) $< D <:
2:8
< = +. 10. B +D ><( > $$! A. +
;. 12. B+ + > < $. u< > +D > D!<
A. 1&. )A $D!< + J =( { 1d. B< >< !+
$!>+. A !< $!>+! A!? =;. 18. > D>
! ( !A !< ! +A !<. 20. +
$!?! ?!< { 21. B ! > > $+< + $< +{
u' ++( ! ! >. 22. . D > $!;! $<
( +> D+ A $ ( A . * > +A ><{ 2:. a+ +
$+A< +{ . $ ? <. 29. . $!> ; $! $
? !? $!!+<.
NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB
(To Units Seven-Nine)
The Infinitive
85. Comment on the forms of the infinitives:
1. jarc qrankQin faN ]SrritiOr aP ]OrNOQt. vS ]ayO aNkOr ]iN naXO( PS ]ayO bOOn PSQr ]iN
naXO( anr PS ]ayO tSrhSPPOn iPe 2. 5]O NOOXOr PS bO \acinh nS aPPOnPiSn PS f]aP faN hSinh
rSTnr ]Or. :. |O NTrrOnQc afSkO trSX ]iN gTOOr PranVO( P]OrO faN a rOViNiSn PS bO XarO. 9.
WSSr'bcO( wr. naVkNSn. WQar PS ]ayO bOOn St NOryiVO PS cST. 0.1 Nac( rSnmP cST P]ink cST STh]P
PS bO hSinh{ 2. |O faN yOrc PirOr( anr PS ]ayO bOOn VaTh]P na\\inh ]ar irriPaPOr ]iX anr ]TrP
]iN \rirO. &. v]OrO arO a hrOaP Xanc P]inhN PS bO PakOn inPS VSnNirOraPiSn. d. nTrhinh trSX P]O
bSSkN anr \a\OrN Sn P]O friPinh'PabQO ]O XTNP ]ayO bOOn fSrkinh NinVO P]Oc QOtP ]iX in P]O
XSrninh. 8. 5]O PSQr P]OX PS PakO Stt P]Oir N]SON NS P]aP P]Oir tSSPNPO\N VSTQr nSP bO ]Oarr in
P]O tQaP bOQSf. 10. sxO arO yOrc NSrrc PS ]ayO riNPTrbOr cST(s bOhan ^OPOr. 11. 4 fanP cST PS
\rSXiNO XO cST fSnmP PaQk PS AnPSnia abSTP P]aP NSrP St P]inhN. 12. v]aP fSXan iN NPiQQ NiPPinh.
5]O NOOXN PS ]ayO bOOn faiPinh SyOr an ]STr. 1:. xOQQ( tTnnc P]inhN NOOX PS bO ]a\\Oninh. 19.
vS ]ayO bOOn NS ]a\\c anr nSP PS ]ayO knSfn iPe 10. v]OrO faN nSP]inh PS bO rSnO( bTP PS faiP
tSr P]O nOUP OU\rONN( f]iV] faN rTO aP tSTr.
86. SuppIy the missing forms of the foIIowing infinitives:
PS ]ayO bOOn rSnO( PS bO N\SkOn PS( PS VTrQ( PS bO brOakinh( PS ]ayO nSrrOr( PS rriyO( PS bO
rTinOr( PS bO rTbbinh( PS Qanr( PS bO N\SkOn PS( PS PTrn( PS ]ayO bOOn NQOO\inh( PS bO hSP( PS bO
rTnninh( PS ]ayO bOOn rOar( PS bO Nair( PS arriyO( PS bO POQQinh( PS \Qac
87. Use the appropriate foia of the infinitives in brackets:
1. 4mX NS rrOartTQQc NSrrc (PS bSP]Or" cST in P]iN NPT\ir fac. 2. |O kO\P QaPO ]STrN QaNP nih]P(
]O Xac NPiQQ (PS NQOO\". :. s5]O XTNP (PS bO" yOrc bOaTPitTQ cOarN ahS(s warOn P]STh]P. 9. 4PmN a
NOVrOP( anr nS SnO OQNO XTNP (PS POQQ". 0. WSSr'bcO. 5S \QOaNOr (PS XOOP" cST. 2. |OmN a PaQOnPOr
OnhinOOr. |OmN NT\\SNOr (PS fSrk" aP a nOf inyOnPiSn. K" p]( Xc warharOP( Xc raTh]POr. zST
N]STQr nOyOr (PS hS". 4P faN aQQ cSTr taP]OrmN taTQP. d. 5]O NOOXN (PS fSrk" aP ]Or VSTrNO \a\Or
NinVO N\rinh anr NacN N]O ]aN NPiQQ a QSP (PS rS". 8. 4myO TNP NOOn ]iX \aNNinh P]O OnPranVO rSSr(
NS ]O VanmP (PS fSrk" aP P]O QabSraPSrc aN cST Nac. 10. v]O nOUP XSrninh ]O NOOXOr (PS tSrhOP" iP
aQQ. 11. 4P STh]P (PS rS" QSnh ahS# aP QOaNP bOtSrO P]Oir QOayinh 6QaVkNPabQO. 12. 5]O NOOXOr aP
PiXON (PS NOiO" fiP] an TnVSnPrSQQOr irriPaPiSn anr fSTQr Nac N]ar\ anr fSTnrinh P]inhN. 1:.
zST \rSbabQc P]ink P]aP 4 XTNP (PS QiyO" a yOrc hac QitO in qranVO( bTP iP faNnmP NS. pq" 7S fSrrN
Van rONVribO iP: iP XTNP (PS NOO".
88. TransIate these sentences Into EngIish, paying attention to the form of the infinitive:
1. )KAA! $D( $$! !; +( D!. 2. >
<( $+ C $< .A. :. ! >! !>( A
!? ! ,!. 9. i < ! A $+!< +<. 0. ) >
?<( > K $!! $ C . 2. B +D ><( >
C ! !<+ . B( D J. &. .( D ><( C
A! !? ; . d. BD! !<{ 8. < (
290
$! !? ,!=. 10. L + $( $> K+ $. 11.
J =C = +( > $!< K K$!+ J;
!!. 12. G+! Ae . J =' D= . 1:.
! ! $+!! +; . .! ; ?!! + ' + +!+
+. 19. . K+ $<+ >!! $+!< $!!!. .
+D <( < ,. 10. LD( ! D( > !+ !
?!+> !( > >$!+ KA !.
89. Put to where necessary before the infinitives:
1. v]O POaV]Or XarO XO ... rO\OaP iP aQQ SyOr ahain. 2. zST nOOrnmP... aNk tSr \OrXiNNiSn( 4 QOP
cST ... PakO Xc bSSkN f]OnOyOr cST QikO. :. xiQQ cST ]OQ\ XO ... XSyO P]O PabQO{ 9. |O iN
OU\OVPOr ... arriyO in a tOf racN. 0. zST NOOX ... knSf P]ONO \QaVON yOrc fOQQ. 2. zST ]ar
bOPPOr ... XakO a nSPO St iP. &. 4 ]Oarr P]O rSSr ... S\On anr Naf a N]arSf ... XSyO aVrSNN P]O
tQSSr. d. |O PSQr XO ... Prc ... rS iP SnVO ahain. 8. 4mr raP]Or ... faQk a QiPPQO bOtSrO hSinh PS bOr.
10. v]OrO iN nSP]inh... rS bTP ... faiP PiQQ NSXObSrc VSXON ... QOP TN STP. 11. zST STh]P nSP...
N]Sf cSTr tOOQinhN. 12. x]c nSP ... faiP a QiPPQO QSnhOr{ 1:. 4 tOQP ]Or ... N]iyOr fiP] VSQr. 19.
xO N]STQr QSyO cST... NPac fiP] TN. 10. zST arO nSP ... XOnPiSn P]iN PS ancSnO. 12. xO hSP
wSP]Or ... VTP T\ NSXO NanrfiV]ON. 1&. SNO fanPOr P]OX ... NPS\ QaTh]inh( fanPOr P]O
VTrPain ... VSXO rSfn. 1d. 4mQQ ]ayO ... hS P]OrO. 18. v]OrO rSONnmP NOOX ... bO ancP]inh frSnh
fiP] cST. 20. 5]O ]OQ\Or XO ... hOP SyOr Xc tOar. 21. jSSk ]OrO( nanO( f]c (.. bO NS VrSNN{ 22.
|O faN NOOn ... XakO a nSPO St iP. 2:. x]aP XarO cST ... rOVOiyO XO{ 29. |O faN nSP abQO ...
OU\Qain ancP]inh.
90. TransIate the foIIowing sentences into Russian, paying attention to the use of the particIe
to, which impIies the verb aIready mentioned:
1. |O ]arnmP fanPOr PS QaTh] P]On( nSr rir ]O fanP to nSf. 2. zST nOOrnmP Nac ancP]inh it
cST rSnmP fanP to" :. wiV]aOQ knOf a QSP( Sr NOOXOr to" 9. xOQQ( QOPmN tSrhOP iP( N]aQQ fO{ % 4mX
hQar to, P]ankN yOrc XTV]. 0. 5]O aQfacN kO\P ]Or XSTP] N]TP f]On PSQr to" 2. 4P faN Xc taTQP.
4mX NSrrc. 4 rirnmP fanP to, 4 rirnmP XOan to" &.1 knSf 4 N]STQr ]ayO VSXO PS cST anr PSQr cST
abSTP iP( bTP 4 faN atrair to" d. 4mr bO hQar PS NOO cST. RSXO anc PiXO cST QikO. % oarQinh( cST
knSf 4 QSnh to" 6TP 4 VanmP. 8. zST VanmP NOnr P]aP QOPPOr. %'1 aX VOrPainQc hSinh to, bc air'XaiQ
trSX ^SrP 5air. 10. 4 VSTQrnmP rS f]aP 4 fanPOr PS.
91. Respond to the foIIowing questions or statements, using the phrases from the Iist in
brackets:
1. v]Oc Nac cST rOar a QSP. 2. x]c rirnmP cST inyiPO P]OX{ :. xiQQ cST friPO a QOPPOr PS ]Or{
9. x]c VanmP cST hS fiP] TN{ 0. 4mX atrair cST VanmP VSXO. 2. 4 NOO cST ]ayOnmP bSTh]P anc
SranhON. &( zST XTNP PakO XSrO VarO St iP. d. 5]O NacN cST arO hSinh PS ]OQ\ ]Or. 8. x]c rirnmP
cST ranVO fiP] ]iX{ 10. zST rirnmP Nihn cSTr PON \a\Or.
(7Sr &o +u5h a& I u&ed toD I &i+49y didn?t want toD Le&, if you wi&h +e toD 3ut kpp try toD k
not a99owed toD I +ount to, 2ut I forgotD Le&, I ought toD I &u44o&e I?99 have toD _e didn?t a&'
+e toD No, I forgot to"A
92. CompIete the foIIowing, using the infinitive
a) as subject:
1. ... fSTQr bO TnTNP. 2. ... faN yOrc \QOaNanP( :. ... iN P]O SnQc P]inh PS rS. 9. ... fSTQr bO
XTV] XSrO TNOtTQ. 0. ... iN nSP an OaNc XaPPOr.
b) as predicative:
1. wc ]Sbbc iN ... . 2. v]O bONP fac PS XaNPOr a tSrOihn QanhTahO iN y.. . :. v]O nOUP P]inh PS
bO rSnO iN ... . 9. pTr aiX faN ... . 0. vS Nac NS XOanN ... . 2. |iN SnQc fiN] iN ... .
c) as object:
1. |O aNkOr ... . 2. 4n P]O kinrOrharPOn V]iQrrOn arO PaTh]P ... . :. 4 aX NS hQar ... . 9. xO arO
aftTQQc NSrrc ... . 0. v]O rSVPSr aryiNOr ... . 2. v]O V]iQr iN atrair ... . &. 4myO VQOan tSrhSPPOn ... .
d. MyOrcbSrc \rSXiNOr ... . 8. xSTQr cST QikO ... { 10. x]S ]aN aQQSfOr cST ... { 11. ATnP ^SQQc
291
inNPrTVPOr niX ... .
d) as attribute;
1. |O faN aQfacN P]O tirNP ... . 2. xO ]ayO nSP]inh .... :. v]iN iN a V]anVO ... . 9. 6Onnc ]aN nS
triOnrN ... . 0. |O iN nSP a Xan ... . 2. 5]O XarO an aPPOX\P ... . &. 4N P]OrO ancbSrc ... { d. |O
aQfacN tinrN NSXOP]inh ... . 8. v]iN iN P]O intSrXaPiSn .... 10. |O N\SkO St ]iN fiN] ... .
e) as adverbiaI modifier of purpose:
1. |O VaXO iXXOriaPOQc ... . 2. xOmQQ NPac atPOr P]O QOVPTrO ... . :. v]Oc NPS\\Or ... . 9. xriPO
rSfn P]iN rTQO ... . 0. 4myO S\OnOr P]O rSSr ... . 2. |O NPO\\Or aNirO \SQiPOQc .... &. ... cST XTNP
fSrk ]arr. d. v]O bSc ran STP....
f) as adverbiaI modifier of resuIt:
1. 5]O faN PSS trih]POnOr .... 2. v]O arPiVQO iN PSS rittiVTQP ... . :. v]O tOnVO iN ]ih]
OnSTh] ... . 9. v]O babc iN PSS rONPQONN ... . 0. v]O fOaP]Or iN farX OnSTh] ... . 2. xO arO PSS
bTNc ... . &. 5]O faN hrSfn'T\ OnSTh] ... . d. v]O nih]P faN PSS rark... .
93. RepIace the subordinate cIauses by attributive infinitives:
1. v]OrO fOrOnmP Xanc V]iQrrOn in P]O nOih]bSTr]SSr f]S fO VSTQr \Qac fiP]. 2. |O tOQQ
aNQOO\ fiP] tTQQ rOPOrXinaPiSn P]aP ]O fSTQr hS anr NOO tSr ]iXNOQt. :. |O iN a Xan SnO Van
PrTNP. 9. xO rirnmP knSf P]O fac PS P]O NPaPiSn( anr P]OrO faNnmP ancSnO f]S fO VSTQr aNk. 0.
|O faN P]O tirNP \OrNSn f]S VaXO PS P]O bar anr P]O QaNP f]S QOtP iP. 2. 4P iNnmP a P]inh cST Van
SkO abSTP. 4PmN a NOriSTN XaPPOr. &. |O fiQQ aQfacN tinr NSXOP]inh P]aP XakON ]iX QaTh] aP. d.
v]Oc rOVirOr P]aP iP faN a niVO QiPPQO PSfn f]OrO P]Oc VSTQr QiyO gTiOPQc tSr a f]iQO. 8. |OmN nSP
a Xan f]S cST Van OaNiQc trih]POn. 10. v]OrOmN nSP]inh P]aP fO Xih]P riNVTNN nSf. MyOrcP]inh
iN NOPPQOr. 11. |O faN P]O tirNP Xan f]S hTONNOr f]aP WOSrhO faN rriyinh aP. 12. 7S rSTbP iP
faN P]O bONP PiXO f]On QiO VSTQr tinr P]OX aQQ aP ]SXO. 1:. A hSSr ]STNOfitO fiQQ aQfacN tinr
NSXOP]inh P]aP XTNP bO rSnO abSTP P]O ]STNO. 19. v]O SQr hOnOraQ fanPOr nSP]inh bTP a
hranrNSn f]S ]O VSTQr ranrQO Sn ]iN knOO.
94. Make up sentences, using the foIIowing phrases with attributive infinitives:
a QSP PS rS( nS PiXO PS QSNO( a \aNNahO PS PranNQaPO( a Xan PS PrTNP( a raQO PS rOXOXbOr( P]O
fSrk PS rS( P]O riNPanVO PS VSyOr( a V]anVO nSP PS bO XiNNOr( a niVO PSfn PS QiyO in( an OaNc
\OrNSn PS rOaQ fiP]( nSbSrc PS N\Oak PS( nSP]inh PS PrSTbQO abSTP( XiNPakON PS bO VSrrOVPOr(
nSbSrc PS rOQc Sn( nSP]inh PS bO atrair St( a \SOX PS QOarn( P]O tirNP PS brOak P]O NiQOnVO( P]O QaNP
PS ]anr in P]O PONP.
95. TransIate these sentences into EngIish, using attributive infinitives:
1. i ?J!; ; $+!!< !+!. 2. ) A $$!< .
:. D ( = > +DJ< $!< +. 9. i > $?C
+ $>. 0. /+=<( < ! < '!( + +D > >
$A!< K+ . 2. ) ! ( >; D > $!
. &. B + $!<. )> $!! A!+ + ! + D. d. .
$?C!; ( > $!< !=. 8. =( >+ >
C! !. 10. $( >; D< J+ !!( <
D( +; A. 11. !D $!( ; != !. 12 i
$?C !A ! $ +. 1:. )> D+ +( C
. 19. . $>+. 10. B< > < +( ! [A! >$>A
>J A +. 12. [ ! $!+< A( < $. 1&.
B+ D! <.'!< (V]OOrinh"( +A <
><. 1d. . D!+ $( !A < > <.
96. Point out Infinitives of resuIt and transIate the sentences into Russian:
1. 4 inPOnrOr PS TNO P]O S\\SrPTniPc( iP faN PSS hSSr PS bO XiNNOr. 2. x]On 4 QOtP P]O ^SNP
pttiVO 4 tSTnr P]aP 4 faN PSS QaPO PS VaPV] P]O jSnrSn Prain. :. 4P faN hOPPinh PSS ]SP PS fSrk
anr fO rOVirOr PS ]ayO a brOak. 9. oiUSn faN VQOyOr OnSTh] PS aySir PaQkinh Sn P]iN NTbOVP
fiP] xOQV]. 0. wiV]aOQ VSnNirOrOr nSnnc PS bO PSS cSTnh PS bO rrafn inPS P]Oir rOQihiSTN
292
VSXXTniPc. 2. 5]O faN fSXan OnSTh] nSP PS tSrhOP PS \SfrOr ]Or ]SNO OyOn aP P]aP VriPiVaQ
XSXOnP. &. |iN VaNO iN NTV] aN nSP PS bO ]OQ\Or. d. |O PTrnOr PS warharOP PS tinr ]Or in
VSnyOrNaPiSn fiP] RarSQ WSQrNXiP]. 8. |O ]Oarr a QSTr knSVk aP P]O trSnP rSSr anr S\OnOr iP PS
NOO a NPranhOr in a N]abbc rainVSaP. 10. 5]O QikOr PS bO kinr PS \OS\QO anr TNOr PS hiyO
\rSXiNON PS tSrhOP P]OX aP SnVO. 11. |O fOnP gTiVkQc PS P]O baP]rSSX( anr rOPTrnOr PS tinr
wTr\]c NiPPinh bONirO ]iN bOr. 12.1 fiN] 4 fOrO NPrSnh OnSTh] PS ]OQ\ cST( Xc bSc.
97. Paraphrase the foIIowing sentences so as to use infinitives of resuIt:
MUaX\QON: 1. v]O NPSrX faN NS NPrSnh P]aP 4 VSTQrnmP hS STP. v]O NPSrX faN too
&trong (tSr XO" to go out"
2. v]O POUP iN NS N]SrP P]aP iP Van bO PranNQaPOr in an ]STr.
v]O POUP iN &hort enough to 2e tran&9ated in an ]STr.
1. 4P faN NS rark P]aP ]O VSTQr NOO nSP]inh bOtSrO ]iX. 2. zST arO NS OU\OriOnVOr( cST STh]P
PS knSf bOPPOr. :. 5]O faN NS OUViPOr P]aP N]O VSTQrnmP TPPOr a fSrr. 9. |O faN NS anhrc( ]O
fSTQrnmP N\Oak PS XO. 0. |iN MnhQiN] ySVabTQarc iN yOrc \SSr# ]O VanmP XakO ]iXNOQt
TnrOrNPSSr. 2. 5]O knSfN MnhQiN] NS fOQQ P]aP N]O Van rOar 5SXOrNOP waTh]aX in P]O SrihinaQ.
&. wr. 6TrPSn faN NS VrTOQ P]aP ]O VSTQr NOnr a Xan PS rOaP]. d. v]O NPSrc sA qriOnr in 7OOrs
iN NS PrahiV( iP VanmP bO XOrOQc irSniVaQ. 8. v]O Xan faN NS rSfn anr STP P]aP ]O VSTQr nSP hOP a
rOVOnP Sb. 10. v]O Xan faN nSP yOrc NPrSnh anr NS faN TnabQO PS NfiX P]O riNPanVO. 4P faN
yOrc QaPO( nSbSrc VSTQr NayO ]iX.
98. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using infinitives of resuIt:
1. . +( > $< K. 2. [! > !+ !<>+(
+A $$>< A +. :. E > !J+ ?>=C!+( > !<
A ,. 9. ~ $!J! > !J+ $!<>+( > ><
>+. 0. . > J( A > > ( >
! A +. 2. $+ A> ! ( <" J < $<
$?C!? $!+. &. B =C $< ! D!(
+ +. d. G !<A $J! +; ! $(
A? ?J( + J. 8. . $J +> ! ( <" !
< J ?. L! > $. 10. . > < ! ! !(
, ?! ! $ !<+ A. 11. + +! $>$ !
D >$. 12. G AA ! < +; ! $(
!A !+!<: ! $!! . 1:. >; + !,!=(
$( >? . 19. . > < ! !( D !< ! D
.
99. State the functions of infinitives in the foIIowing sentences:
1. |O VaXO inPS P]O rSSX PS N]TP P]O finrSfN. 2. |O NOOXOr PS knSf aQQ abSTP intQTOna
anr Nair P]OrO faN nSP]inh PS fSrrc abSTP. :. oS cST fanP XO PS rOar PS cST{ 9. 4 XarO a nSPO
St P]O PiXO PS hiyO P]O yariSTN Va\NTQON. 0. v]Oc Nair P]O bSc ]ar rOtTNOr PS QOP ancSnO VSXO
inPS P]O rSSX. 2. zST VanmP VSXO in. zST XTNPnmP hOP f]aP 4 ]ayO. &. oSnmP XakO XO QaTh]. d. 4P
PSSk XO abSTP tiyO XinTPON PS fSrk STP ]Sf XTV] a NTiP aP ninO anr a ]aQt hTinOaN fSTQr VSNP.
8. v]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX iN XTV] PSS bih PS bO NOOn in an ]STr Sr NS. 10. qaP]Or rOVirOr PS PakO a
]SQirac trSX ]iN SttiVO NS aN PS ]OQ\ in VOQObraPinh P]O rac. 11. 4P faN nOVONNarc PS XakO iP in a
rac( TNP Sn wSnrac. 12. 5]O faN NiPPinh nOar OnSTh] PS NOO ]iN taVO. 1:. v]aPmN ]Sf 4 TNOr PS
bO XcNOQt. 19. A raiQfac NPaPiSn iN P]O XSNP rittiVTQP St aQQ \QaVON PS aVP in. 10. 4 P]ink P]O bONP
fac PS hOP a hOnOraQ irOa St a VSTnPrc'iN PS NPTrc P]O Xa\. 12. 4t ]O VSTQrnmP hOP NSXOP]inh PS
rS ]Omr ]ayO PS VSXXiP NTiVirO. 1&. zST Xac taiQ in cSTr MnhQiN] it cST hS Sn QikO P]aP. 1d. 4PmN
PrTO P]OrO faN nS NVOnOrc PS NParO aP( bTP P]O VSNPTXON anr XakO'T\( P]O Qih]P anr NSTnr OttOVPN
]OQ\Or P]O aTriOnVO PS VSnVOnPraPO Sn P]O riaQShTO anr P]O aVPinh. 18. 4P NOOXOr a \riyiQOhO PS
QOnr ancP]inh PS ]iX. 20. v]ank cST tSr cSTr yOrc kinr inyiPaPiSn PS yiNiP cST anr NPac fiP]
cST. 21. 4P XarO STr XSTP]N faPOr PS ]Oar ]iX PaQk abSTP NTV] PaNPc P]inhN.
100. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using infinitives:
4. / ; $! A!<. 2. $ > !J+ D>;( > !< A
. :. ( $. 9. [> > J + !+! A$>+!
29:
$+!. 0. i $ !J+ D( > +A J!< A . 2. .
; # A +D D!< $+C!. K" > > J !< A
<( + $!D< A. d. )> < <>( !! K $<. 8.
LD( ! D >! K+ $<+ >!!. 10. + >
$$!< + . 11( +( + A > <. 12. .!
C! + $+< $A!< $!+ A;. 1:. B+ A I A
$+!<. 19. i !! <( D ><( . LA > K +A
D<{ 10. > $+!( $>; J +{ 12. ! (
>; + !=C! !. 1&. )> ! !( +!! A
J!!( > +C< A. 1d. * +( !< $!< + !
$J< JA .
101. Paraphrase the foIIowing sentences, making the object of the infinitive the subject of the
sentence:
MUaX\QON: Q. 4P iN ]arr PS \QOaNO hi+" _e iN ]arr PS \QOaNO.
2. 4P iN \QOaNanP PS QSSk aP her" /he iN \QOaNanP PS QSSk aP.
1. 4P iN nSP rittiVTQP PS rOXOXbOr P]O rTQO. 4P iN NiX\QO. 2. 4PmN yOrc VSXtSrPabQO PS NiP in Xc
WranrtaP]OrmN arXV]air. :. 5]OmN a kinr \OrNSn. 4PmN OaNc PS rOaQ fiP] ]Or. 9. |OmN yOrc NPTbbSrn.
4PmN rittiVTQP PS \OrNTarO ]iX. 0. 4PmN nSP yOrc OaNc PS PranNQaPO P]iN \aNNahO. 4P VSnPainN NSXO
iriSXaPiV OU\rONNiSnN. 2. 4P iN \QOaNanP PS QSSk aP P]O hirQ( bTP nSP aP aQQ \QOaNanP PS PaQk PS ]Or.
5]OmN \rOPPc( bTP nSP yOrc VQOyOr. &. 4P faN Tn\QOaNanP PS faPV] P]Oir gTarrOQ. d. 4PmN aQfacN tTnnc
PS QiNPOn PS ]iN NPSriON. 8. 4P fSTQr bO TNOtTQ PS tSQQSf }nVQO naVkmN aryiVO. 10. 4PmN nSP NS yOrc
OaNc PS anNfOr P]iN gTONPiSn.
102. Make up sentences, using the foIIowing adjectives with infinitives (foIIow the exampIes of
the previous exercise):
OaNc PS rOaQ fiP]( rittiVTQP PS TnrOrNPanr( \QOaNanP PS QSSk aP( ]arr PS \QOaNO( TNOtTQ PS
rOXOXbOr( aXTNinh PS faPV]( OaNc PS anNfOr( TnVSXtSrPabQO PS NiP Sn( OaNc PS tSQQSf( rittiVTQP
PS aySir( \QOaNanP PS PaQk PS( nSP tar PS NOOk( nSP OaNc PS tinr.
103. Point out the CompIex Object and the CompIex Subject with the Infinitive. TransIate the
sentences into Russian:
1. v]O \iQQN Xc rSVPSr ]aN hiyOn XO XakO XO tOOQ raP]Or Srr. 2. 4 fanP cST PS Nac PS
cSTrNOQt P]aP ]O riOr a haQQanP rOaP] in P]O NOryiVO St ]iN VSTnPrc( anr fO XTNP bO \rSTr St ]iX.
:.1 ]ar NOOn Xc taP]Or QOayO P]O ]STNO P]aP yOrc XSrninh. 9. nTNP aN ]O faN taQQinh inPS
TnVSnNViSTNnONN ]O ]Oarr ]iN rSSr S\On anr gTiVkQc N]TP. 0. WOSrhO faN NTrO P]aP trON] air anr
OUOrViNO fSTQr XakO TN NQOO\ fOQQ. 2. 4myO nOyOr knSfn a V]a\ N\Onr NS XTV] PiXO Sn
rariShraXN. &. 4 P]STh]P iP PS bO P]O NihnaQ PS NParP. d. xO rirnmP OU\OVP ]iX PS VSXO baVk NS
NSSn anr fOrO fSnrOrinh f]aP ]ar ]a\\OnOr. 8. 5]O tOQP NSXObSrc PSTV] ]Or hOnPQc bc P]O
]anr. 10. 4mr QikO iP PS bO rSnO aN gTiOPQc aN \SNNibQO( fiP]STP aPPraVPinh ancbSrcmN aPPOnPiSn( 11.
5]O rirnmP NOOX PS nSPiVO ]iN TntriOnrQc PSnO. 12. v]O nTXbOr PS f]iV] 4 ]ar bOOn rirOVPOr
PTrnOr STP PS bO a ]STNO NPanrinh a QiPPQO bc iPNOQt( fiP] iPN baVk PS P]O riyOr. 1:. s|O a\\OarN PS
bO aNQOO\( Xc Qarc(s Nair P]O bTPQOr. 19. jarc qrankQin NOOXOr PS OU\OVP an anNfOr. 10. v]O
bSc faN XarO PS rO\OaP ]iN NPSrc PfiVO. 12. ^rStONNSr jOO faN OU\OVPOr PS Sin P]O OU\OriPiSn
in 7SrP] AtriVa( bTP ]O ]ar taQQOn iQQ. 1&. |O faN ]Oarr PS Nac P]aP iP fSTQr rain anr SrrOrOr P]O
rSSr PS P]O baQVSnc PS bO N]TP. 1d.1 QSSkOr aP P]O ]STNO fiP] NTN\iViSTN VTriSNiPc( anr iP
NOOXOr PS bO QSSkinh baVk aP XO. 18. |O iN Nair PS ]ayO bOOn a NaiQSr in ]iN cSTP]. 20. zSTmrO
nSP QikOQc PS kOO\ TN VSX\anc( niX( arO cST{
104. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using the CompIex Object or the CompIex Subject:
1. ~A !! !< . 2. .>( !A K+ >J. :.
LD( > >. u'!< !<{ 9. !A !( ,
D; . 0. $ ! >J( ! J!. 2. E!! A ?( > !?
! >! >+! =<+!. &. !=( K > $! J;
>. d. L $! + $D< +!+! C+!{ 8. . $(
!> C= +. 10. B! +A !< A !+!< $!
J!. 11. .D!( !+ K+ A . 12. ; >J
299
$== I( = +!. 1:. .! $D. 19 ?( > +>
!!< C . 10. . $( ' $. 12.
. !+< = +( $>A= A! A!+!. 1&. )(
> $<!. 1d. B $; + !A< $!+!. 18.
.<( +> D +>. 20. . $( ! $(
A.
105. RepIace the cIauses in the foIIowing sentences with infinitive phrases:
1. 4 N]STQr bO rOQih]POr if I 5ou9d get a5Cuainted fiP] P]O Va\Pain St cSTr POaX. 2. |O faN
annScOr fiiOn he 9earnt P]aP P]Oc ]arnmP V]SNOn ]iX aN a \QacOr tSr P]O AiQ'}niSn XaPV]. :.1
faN NSrrc that I had +i&&ed P]O bOhinninh St P]O XaPV]. 9. xO XTNP faiP ti99 we hear P]O
rOtOrOOmN f]iNPQO( P]On fOmQQ NOO P]O POaXN VSXinh STP. 0. v]Oc fSTQrnmP bO NTr\riNOr if they
were to re5eive an inyiPaPiSn PS \Qac in a POnniN XaPV] fiP] P]O tOQQSfN trSX STr VSQQOhO. 2. zST
fSTQr bO tSSQiN] if you +i&&ed P]O V]anVO. &. 4mX \QOaNOr that I?ve 2een of &o+e &ervi5e PS cST.
d. 5]O PTrnOr PS XO a& if &he wa& going to a&' XO NSXOP]inh. 8. xO arO ]a\\c that we have
won, iP faN a rittiVTQP XaPV]. 10. 4 faN NSrrc when I heard St P]Oir taiQTrO. 11. 4mX NSrrc that
I?ve 2een of &o 9itt9e a&&i&tan5e" 12. |O \rONNOr ]iN tinhOr PS ]iN Qi\N a& if he wanted to warn
her"
106. Comment on the infinitive phrases and transIate the sentences into Russian:
A. 1. |O ]OQr P]O rSSr S\On for her to get in" i" |Sf niVO of you to 'now Xc ySiVOe AX 4
riNPTrbinh cST{ :. 4P faN kinr of you to 5o+e, bTP cST XTNP hS nSf. 9. sv]rOO fOOkN anr PfS
racN( Xc Qarc(s jOarbiPPOr rO\QiOr. s|Sf niVO of you to have 5ounted P]O racNes Nair jarc
qrankQin. 0. s4PmN niVO of you to have 5o+e,n VaXO ]iN ySiVO trSX P]O bOr. 2. 4 P]ink P]O bONP
P]inh fSTQr bO for you to &ee ]iX tSr cSTrNOQt. &. 4PmN PSS QaPO for the 5hi9dren to go out"
B. 1. 4 ]ayO NSXOP]inh NS iX\SrPanP PS POQQ cST P]aP 4 ]arrQc knSf how to &ay it" 2. 4mX nSP
gTiPO NTrO whether to 1oin the+ or not" :. ghen to &tart iN PS bO rOVirOr cOP. 9. |O ]ONiPaPOr
what to &ay neZt" 0. 4 rirnmP knSf whi5h 2oo' to 5hoo&e" 2. vOQQ XO who to invite" &. v]O
gTONPiSn iN where to hide it"
C. 1. Anr to te99 you the truth 4mX hQar PS ]ayO a VSX\aniSn XcNOQt. 2. ;o 2e fran', nS SP]Or
]STNO in P]O PSfn faN aN \S\TQar aN P]OirN. :. |O fiQQ bO a QiPPQO QaPO( to 2e &ure, anr Ann fiQQ
bO hrTXbQinh. 9. ;o 5ut a 9ong &tory &hort, OyOrcP]inh OnrOr PS ]Or rOQih]P.
107. Paraphrase, using "for-phrases" with infinitives:
1. 5]O ]OQr STP P]O POQOhraX NS P]aP 4 Xih]P NOO iP. 2. 4PmN gTiPO naPTraQ P]aP cST N]STQr P]ink
NS. :. v]O tirNP P]inh ]O XTNP rS iN PS rinh P]OX T\. 9. jOP TN faiP PiQQ P]Oc NOPPQO P]iN XaPPOr. 0.
v]iN iN a \rSbQOX cST N]STQr NSQyO aQQ bc cSTrNOQt. 2.1 N]aQQ brinh cST P]O arPiVQO P]aP cST Xac
rOar. &. 4 hayO an TXbrOQQa PS P]O V]iQrrOn QONP P]Oc N]STQr hOP fOP P]rSTh]. d. 4myO \TP Sn
fOih]P. 4 VanmP fOar P]iN rrONN anc QSnhOr. 8. 4P iN TnbOQiOyabQO P]aP a Xan N]STQr hS NS tar
bOcSnr ]iN QiXiP. 10. |O N\SkO QSTrQc NS P]aP OyOrcSnO Xih]P ]Oar ]iX. 11. v]OrO iN nSP]inh
P]aP 4 Xac arr. 12. 4P iN yOrc TnTNTaQ P]aP ]O N]STQr ]ayO Nair NTV] a P]inh. 1:. 4PmN ]ih] PiXO
cST knOf WraXXar fOQQ. 19. v]iN iN a bSc cST Van \Qac fiP].
108. CompIete the foIIowing, using a suitabIe infinitive phrase:
1. Ran cST aryiNO XO...{ 2. 4 VanmP XakO T\ Xc Xinr ... . :. 5]O ]ONiPaPOr ... . 9. 4 aX aP a
QSNN ... .0. v]O PrSTbQO iN ... . 2. ... iN P]O tirNP P]inh PS rOVirO. &. |iN V]iOt rittiVTQPc faN ... . d. 4
rirnmP knSf.... 8. 5]Sf XO .... 10. 7SbSrc VSTQr POQQ... .
109. Make up sentences, using the foIIowing infinitive phrases parentheticaIIy:
1. PS VTP a QSnh NPSrc N]SrP# 2. PS \TP iP XiQrQc# :. PS VrSfn aQQ# 9. PS POQQ cST P]O PrTP]# 0. PS
Nac P]O QOaNP St iP# 2. PS Nac nSP]inh St ...# &. PS bOhin fiP]# d( PS TrhO bc ]Or a\\OaranVO.
110. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using infinitives:
1. + J A >?!<. > +D $!<. 2. >J( >
>$ !? !$?. :. > +! >J!( K . 9 +
> > $ <J !+< I!<;. 0. . ( A $!!
290
<( +A !< ;!. 2. />J!( ( !+ !
!? < <. &. .( D ><( ! K + + . . $+!
+D $;. d. ~ ! ( < K+. 8. [< +(
A < K = !A. 10. ?J A =( > A!<
!+ K+. 11. . =!( A < +> >. 12. E $+!<
+!. 1:. E( $+! +!. 19. BA > $!<( ! + $!J<
D<. 10. G+ $;! $A<{ GA . 12. *( !!(
J +( ! !( > >J. 1&. .( D( !
$D! $!! (PS \raVPiNO" . 1d. A! $>+. 18. .!( D(
C ?!. 20. ) +A+ +! $A!<. 21. )> D!!( +
K . 22. . !J+ A+>( > $!< K <. 2:. B +D
><( > K > < !; . 29. ~+ ' $ A!<.
The Gerund
111. Point out the Gerund and comment on its noun and verb characteristics. TransIate the
sentences into Russian:
1. vaQkinh abSTP STrNOQyON iN f]aP fO XSrOrn aTP]SrN ]ayO a NPrSnh SbOVPiSn PS rSinh. 2.
|O NPS\\Or friPinh anr ran STP inPS P]O baP]rSSX. |O NParPOr faN]inh fiP] hrOaP N\OOr. |O
faN PfS XinTPON QaPO aQrOarc. :. 4PmN NiQQc St XO( bTP 4 VanmP ]OQ\ tOOQinh anUiSTN. 9.1 rSnmP QikO
bOinh QiOr PS % anr P]aP( 4 P]ink( iN f]aP cST arO Prcinh PS rS. 0.1 tOOQ a hSSr rOaQ St ]ONiPaPiSn
abSTP POQQinh cST P]iN NPSrc St Xc Sfn. 2. pn ]Oarinh P]O NSTnr 7anVO ]TrriOr PS P]O rSSr( anr
Wranr PS P]O finrSf. &. |O QOtP fiP]STP ]ayinh \air P]O biQQ. d. xSTQr cST Xinr faiPinh a
XSXOnP in P]O ]aQQ{ 8. |O rOniOr ]ayinh S\OnOr P]O bSU. 10. xriPinh gTiVkQc PirON Xc ]anr.
11.1 rOXOXbOr NOOinh iP Sn P]O PabQO. 12. |O faN aVVTNOr St ]ayinh OnPOrOr P]O VSTnPrc
iQQOhaQQc. 1:.1 riNQikOr Xc XSP]OrmN inPOrtOrinh in P]O attair. 19. v]O bSc N\OnP ]aQt P]O nih]P in
friPinh PS ]iN \OS\QO.
112. Use the appropriate form of the Gerund of the verbs in brackets:
1. (PS N\Oak" fiP]STP (PS P]ink" iN (PS N]SSP" fiP]STP aiX. 2. oS cST knSf f]aP iN \OVTQiar
abSTP P]O MnhQiN] rTQO St (PS rriyO"{ :. 4mX hQar PS Nac P]aP P]O Qarc rirnmP kOO\ TN (PS faiP". 9. 4
rOXOXbOr (PS PakO" PS ^ariN f]On 4 faN a yOrc NXaQQ V]iQr. 0. 4 NPrSnhQc NTN\OVP WOraQr St (PS
knSf" aQQ abSTP iP bOtSrO]anr( P]STh] ]O NfOarN ]O rirnmP. 2. MUVTNO XO tSr nSP (PS friPO" XSrO
aP P]O XSXOnP. &. 5]O nOyOr QSNP P]O \SfOr St (PS tSrX" gTiVk rOViNiSnN. d. |O ]ar an air St (PS
bO" XaNPOr St ]iN taPO( f]iV] faN ]iN V]iOt aPPraVPiSn. 8. 5]O rOniOr (PS NOO" XO aP P]O VSnVOrP
P]STh] 4mX NTrO 4 Naf ]Or in P]O NPaQQN. 10. 4 fanP PS P]ank ]Or tSr (PS QSSk" atPOr P]O V]iQrrOn
f]iQO 4 faN STP. 11. |O \aNNOr PS P]O trSnP rSSr anr STP fiP]STP (PS NOO" TN. 12.1 OnSc (PS
rOar" \SOPrc. 1:.1 rSnmP Xinr (PS NPac" ]OrO tSr a QiPPQO f]iQO. 19. ArO cST hSinh PS kOO\ XO (PS
faiP" aQQ rac{ 10. v]Oc rO\rSaV]Or TN tSr (nSP PS VSXO" PS P]O \arPc# P]Oc fOrO faiPinh tSr TN
P]O f]SQO OyOninh. 12. |O NTN\OVPOr ]Or St (PS hiyO" P]O \SQiVO intSrXaPiSn abSTP ]iX f]iQO
P]O fSrkOrN fOrO Sn NPrikO. 1&.1 NaP Sn P]O rSSrNPO\ P]inkinh SyOr Xc V]anVON St (PS ONVa\O"
trSX ]SXO. 1d. v]OrO iN yOrc QiPPQO ]S\O St P]O fSrk (PS rS" in PiXO. 18. v]O VSaP N]SfOr
OyirOnP NihnN St (PS fOar" Sn P]O \rOVOrinh nih]P. 20. (PS aySir" P]O TNO St P]O \OrtOVP hOrTnr iN
gTiPO VSXXSn it P]OrO iN nS tOar St (PS XiNTnrOrNPanr".
113. Use the appropriate form of the Gerund and insert prepositions where necessary:
1. 7OfPSn( P]O taXSTN NViOnPiNP( faN NSXOPiXON OnhahOr (PS fSrk STP" rittiVTQP \rSbQOXN. 2.
sv]OrOmN nS gTONPiSn (PS tSrhiyO" cST(s ]O Nair gTiVkQc. :. pt VSTrNO( 4 N]STQr inNiNP (PS \ac" tSr
Xc fSrk. 9. 4 fSnrOr it P]OrOmN anc TNO (PS Prc" PS iX\rSyO ]iX. 0. xO bOhan PS N\Oak SnQc
f]On fO fOrO STP (PS ]Oar" St P]O SQr Xan. 2. 4 inNiNP (PS hS" P]OrO aP SnVO. &. xO aQQ NTN\OVPOr
]iX (PS QOarn" iP bOtSrO anr (PS Prc" PS VSnVOaQ iP trSX TN. d. v]Oc fOrO aQQ bTNc (PS Tn\aVk" P]O
bSSkN anr (PS \TP" P]OX Sn P]O N]OQyON. 8. (PS ]Oar" P]O nOfN N]O ran SyOr PS P]O POQO\]SnO PS
intSrX WOraQr aP SnVO. 10. 6TP (PS XakO" P]iN rOgTONP wr. oOnnanP aySirOr (PS QSSk" in ]iN
taVO. 11.1 N\OnPmP]O rONP St P]O PiXO in P]O ]aQQ St P]O 5PaPiSn |SPOQ (PS friPO" QOPPOrN. 12. zST
Van ]OQ\ XO (PS hiyO" a \iOVO Vt hSSr aryiVO( cSTmrO SQr OnSTh] PS knSf iP bOPPOr. 1:. (PS
riNVTNN" P]O \Qan STrNOQyON fO rOVirOr PS VSnNTQP wikOmN OQrONP brSP]Or f]S in STr OcON faN an
OU\OrP. 19. |O ]ONiPaPOr a QiPPQO (PS S\On" P]O rSSr. |O ]ar a tOOQinh P]aP P]OrO faN NSXObSrc
292
faiPinh tSr ]iX inNirO. 10. (PS ]Oar" P]O NSTnr St P]O rSSr S\OnOr rSfnNPairN ]O Pi\PSOr inPS
P]O VSrrirSr anr bOnP SyOr P]O baniNPOr. 12. (PS NOO" P]rOO QiPPQO V]iQrrOn ranVinh in P]O NPrOOP PS
P]Oir Sfn XTNiV ]O VaXO T\ nOarOr PS NOO P]OX bOPPOr. 1&. MUVTNO XO (PS VSXO" QaPO.
114. Comment on the functions of the Gerund in the foIIowing serIences:
1. jSSkinh atPOr V]iQrrOn rOgTirON \aPiOnVO. 2. 4P iN nS TNO riNVTNNinh iP nSf( fO XTNP aVP. :(
4P faN nS hSSr Pakinh P]O QiPPQO rarQinh T\ PS PSfn( N]O hSP SnQc PirOr. 9. 5OOinh iN bOQiOyinh. 0.
x]aP ]O QSyON bONP in P]O fSrQr iN \Qacinh tSSPbaQQ. 2. v]O Xain P]inh PS rS in P]iN NiPTaPiSn iN
hOPPinh afac aN NSSn aN \SNNibQO. &. v]O Var bOhan XSyinh afac 'mSfn P]O rSar. d. MyOrc
NOVSnr ]O kO\P hQanVinh aP P]O VQSVk. 8. v]O kinr fSXan NParPOr Vrcinh bOtSrO P]O bSc ]ar
tiniN]Or ]iN Nar NPSrc. 10. |SfOyOr ]arr ]O PriOr ]O VSTQr nSP NPS\ P]inkinh abSTP iP. 11. |O
OnScOr POaV]inh anr knOf P]aP ]O rir iP fOQQ. 12. oS cST Xinr NOOinh P]ONO \]SPSN ahain{
1:.1 riNQikO rOXinrinh cST VSnPinTaQQc St P]O P]inhN cST STh]P PS ]ayO rSnO. 19. 4 VanmP attSrr
bTcinh P]iN OU\OnNiyO ]aP. 10. p]( ]Sf 4 riNQikO bOinh inPOrrT\POre 12. |O faN bTNc hOPPinh
rOarc tSr ]iN STrnOc. 1&. 7SbSrc P]STh]P St ancP]inh bTP N\Onrinh XSnOc( anr ]ayinh f]aP
P]Oc VaQQOr sa hSSr PiXO.s 1d. 6TP inNPOar St NSSP]inh 5]OQPSn P]ONO fSrrN ]ar TNP P]O
S\\SNiPO OttOVP. 18. v]O irOa St NOPPQinh rSfn in P]aP QiPPQO PSfn tiQQOr ]Or fiP] nSP]inh bTP
rOhrOP. 20. |O faN in P]O ]abiP St rSinh atPOr rinnOr in ]iN taySTriPO arXV]air. 21. 5]O knOf
P]aP P]OrO faN a ranhOr St taQQinh iQQ. 22. 4 faQkOr PS Xc \QaVO aN taNP aN 4 VSTQr fiP]STP
brOakinh inPS a rTn. 2:. 6OtSrO N\Oakinh ]O VarOtTQQc P]STh]P STP f]aP ]O faN hSinh PS Nac. 29.
6c NPTrcinh OarQc in P]O XSrninh ]O NayOr a hSSr rOaQ St PiXO. 20. pn rOarinh ]Or QOPPOr ]O ]ar
SnVO XSrO a tOOQinh St riNa\\SinPXOnP.
115. Use the appropriate form of the Gerund. Insert prepositions where necessary:
1. 7Sf 4 Van bSaNP (PS NOO" SXO anr jSnrSn( ^ariN anr AP]OnN. 2. |Sf rir cST QikO P]O
MnhQiN] rTQO (PS rriyO" Sn P]O QOtP NirO St P]O rSar inNPOar St P]O rih]P{ :. 4 ]aPO (PS bO" iQQ anr
(PS NPac" in bOr. 9. xO aQQ kiNNOr wSP]Or (PS hS" PS bOr. 0. 4mX nSP TNOr (PS rOVOiyO" R]riNPXaN
\rONOnPN. 2. AP OyOrc NV]SSQ N]O fOnP PS N]O QOarnOr rrafinh( bONirON (PS POaV]" bc ]Or taP]Or aP
]SXO. &. wc fitO anr 4 QSSk tSrfarr (PS NOO" cST anr SNa. d. v]O V]iQrrOn ]ar PS ]OQ\ (PS
NfOO\" anr (PS VQOan" P]O rSSXN anr (PS faN] T\" atPOr XOaQN. 8. v]O rSVPSr QOtP P]rOO rittOrOnP
XOriVinON fiP] inNPrTVPiSnN (PS hiyO" P]OX. 10. zST Van iX\rSyO cSTr \rSnTnViaPiSn (PS rOar"
aQSTr. 11.1 fOnP STP tSr a f]iQO (PS hiyO" P]O bSc P]O \rONVribOr Va\NTQON. 12. zST VanmP aVP (PS
tOOQ". 1:. 4 riNQikO P]O irOa (PS N\Onr" a ]SQirac fiP] ]TnrrOrN St SP]Or \OS\QO. 19. (PS aNk"
abSTP iP ]O Nair ]O knOf nSP]inh. 10. v]O NiQOnVO faN brSkOn bc P]O NSTnr St a rSSr (PS QSVk".
12. 5]O faQkOr a QiPPQO (PS QOayO" ]Or SttiVO. 1&. 4 rOXOXbOr (PS hS" PS P]O 6riPiN] wTNOTX SnO
rac.
116. TransIate these sentences into EngIish, using the Gerund:
1. B! $D! $;! Z!!; +;. 2. i $+ ! !<. :.
$!$+!=( ! K D IAI!= !A + A+ D. 9.
+> >! - A ! ( $! <J <! +
$!+<; KA A+A A. 0. . ! <
<+!. . ( !+! <( !? <. 2. u! !A $ !!!
A!! !( !( - % $! ! $ ! CA !
A!;A >. &. . !A < +; $ J; >. d. .!
+A! $<. Z? $ D !' +. 8. ! +(
> + + >! > $!!!. 10. [ $< D $!!< C;. 11.
$+=( ! $!<+ . 12. Z!!( +J!=<( + <
D < . 1:. == !+< <A! i < $!. 19.
. $$! < + <;'! $+C!. 10. . K A+(
A ! A( ! > ( + C. 12. B !A AA $
$$< ? ,. 1&. )> $! +A +! $!!+
$!A!<>? ! J >$!+ I<. 1d. > +D
J!< $!J!( J +A!I> $!!( D !+ ?. 18.
G! ! D; !;! $ ( K !J AC!(
< +D $!<. 20. G A $+ IAI!!(
D A >. 21. D=( $!?! $!< .
29&
117. Point out compIexes with the Gerund and comment on their function? in the foIIowing
sentences;
1. oS cST ahrOO PS STr Pakinh ]Or T\ PS PSfn anr \TPPinh ]Or TnrOr P]O bONP VSnPrSQ{ 2( |iN
brOaP]inh ]OayiQc f]On ]O hrOOPOr ]Or faN P]O rONTQP St rTnninh T\ PfS tQih]PN St NPairN. :. pt
VSTrNO 4 N]STQr inNiNP Sn cSTr aVVO\Pinh P]O \rS\Or \rStONNiSnaQ tOO. 9. 5]O faN NParPQOr bc P]O
nSiNO St P]O STPOr rSSr bOinh S\OnOr( 0. szST knSf 5yOn ]aPON cSTr NPanrinh rSfn aP P]O rSSr
aQSnO(s Nair winniO. 2. 4 VanmP bOar P]O P]STh]P St P]O V]iQrrOn NPacinh P]OrO aQSnO. &. xO knOf
nSP]inh St ]iN bOinh a ]TXSrSTN friPOr. d. zSTr bOinh NS inrittOrOnP irriPaPON XO a hrOaP rOaQ. 8.
xOmyO hSP a QSP St gTONPiSnN PS NOPPQO bOtSrO cSTr QOayinh. 10. x]aP annScOr XO XSNP St aQQ faN
]iN aVVO\Pinh P]Oir \rS\SNaQ gTiPO rOariQc. 11. 7iVk faN yOrc XTV] OUViPOr abSTP ]iN taySTriPO
VakO hOPPinh N\SiQOr. 12. 4 rOXOXbOr in NV]SSQ racN ]O VSTQrnmP anNfOr P]O POaV]OrmN gTONPiSnN
fiP]STP Xc \rSX\Pinh ]iX. 1:. oSnmP P]ink N]OmQQ a\\rSyO St cSTr POQQinh XO P]iN. 19. |iN
]ayinh taiQOr aP P]O OnPranVO OUaXinaPiSn faN a hrOaP riNa\\SinPXOnP PS ]iN XSP]Or. 10. }nVQO
nTQiTN inNiNPN Sn Xc VSXinh PS kOO\ ]iX VSX\anc.
118. Make up sentences, using the Gerund after the foIIowing verbs:
NPS\( tiniN]( \rOyOnP( aySir( riNQikO( riNk( rOnc( rOXOXbOr( \SNP\SnO( OnSc( tanVc( iXahinO(
tSrhiyO( OUVTNO( NThhONP( kOO\( Xinr( rOQc( rOhrOP( iP fanPN (nOOrN".
119. Point out gerunds and verbaI nouns. TransIate the sentences into Russian:
1. p]( SbOrP( rOarONP( rSnmP QOayO TNe 4myO NS QSyOr bOinh fiP] cST. 2. |O Xac ]ayO nSPiVOr
Xc hSinhN STP anr VSXinhN in. :. v]OrOmN nS hSinh baVk nSf. 0" OXOXbOr aP NV]SSQ SnO faN
aQfacN kO\P faiPinh tSr a bOaPinh. 0. 7Sf anr ahain VaXO P]O VQOar ]aXXOrinh St P]O
fSSr\OVkOr Sr P]O ScQONN VaQQ St a VrSf. 2. 5]O PriOr PS N\Oak Qih]PQc( bTP P]OrO faN a QTX\ in
]Or P]rSaP anr a Pih]POninh aP ]Or ]OarP. &. }\Sn rOarinh P]iN QOPPOr 5]OQPSn ]ar SnVO XSrO a
NOnNO St bOinh OU\QSiPOr. d. sp](s N]O VriOr f]On P]Oc fOrO STP St ]Oarinh. s4 fiN] ]O fSTQr
hS.s 8. 5]O fOnP gTiVkQc \aNP ]iX anr STP St P]O rSSX fiP]STP QSSkinh baVk. 10. |O QSSkOr aP
TN fiP] a kinr St V]OOrtTQ VTnninh. 11. xOQQ( f]aP arO cSTr \QanN( oiUSn{ % 4 faN P]inkinh St
hSinh in tSr NV]SSQ POaV]inh. 12( 5]O arSNO( bTP bOtSrO N]O ]ar PiXO PS hOP STP St P]O rSSX a
QSTr ra\\inh bOhan T\Sn P]O trSnP rSSr. 1:. |O bOhan Pircinh P]O Vabin( \TPPinh afac ]iN
VQSP]ON anr NPraih]POninh P]O bOr. 19. 4 ]ayO SnQc a VanrQO PS NOO bc( NS 4 PrTNP cST fiQQ OUVTNO
Xc bar friPinh. 10. |O rOaV]Or ]iN rSSXN aP Xirnih]P NS OU]aTNPOr P]aP( fiP]STP faiPinh PS
Qih]P T\( ]O rrS\\Or inPS a V]air. 12. |O Nair ]O faN QSSkinh tSrfarr PS XOOPinh cST ahain. 1&..
Anr P]O fSrNP St iP iN P]aP 4 N]aQQ hS Sn rSinh OUaVPQc 4 faN hSinh PS rS in P]O tirNP \QaVO. 1d.
v]OrO faN P]O N\QaN]inh St bih rrS\N Sn QarhO QOayON anr a tainP NPirrinh anr N]akinh in P]O
bTN]. 18. 5]O bOhan PaQkinh PS P]O hirQ bO]inr P]O bar. 20. |Or taP]Or PSSk nS nSPiVO St ]Or
VSXinhN anr hSXhN.
120. TransIate into EngIish, using the Gerund:
1. == $D<. $$!=( > $D! +. 2. +
> !< +( > + ! $. :. [( $!J( +
. 9. $+=( $D! <A! +. 0. +A $!< $$<
! A! C!. 2. > !A !+ $! A( > J + A{
&. . $D A!<( C !+! J! . d. . > !
( +> A $$!!. 8. )>< +( > < ; >(
$A A. 10. )> ?! $!< ( +( $; . 11.
$+=( > A'! C + $; $<;. 12. + A(
> +< $ ( <. 1:. u $+J + $?<
+ +!{ 19. 3>J >; !( ! ! $!J. 10.
. = $J<( +<. 12. . !A A!<
!? ?. . A!< !+!e 1&. . + $<( +! +( A
! A;.
121. Use the Gerund instead of the subordinate cIauses. Insert prepositions if necessary:
1.1 rOXOXbOr wSP]Or rO\riXanrOr XO f]On 4 N\SiQOr ]Or taySTriPO tiN]'VakO. 2. xO
rOVSXXOnrOr P]aP fSrk N]STQr NParP aP SnVO. :. v]ank cST P]aP cST rOXinrOr XO. 9. 7iVk
NThhONPOr P]aP fO N]STQr rinO aP a rONPaTranP PS VOQObraPO P]iN QiPPQO OyOnP. 0. |O rSONnmP QikO
29d
f]On cST inPOrtOrO. 2. |O \rOyOnPN f]On 4 ]OQ\ ]iX. &. 7SbSrc knOf P]aP P]Oc ]ar ahrOOr PS
PakO \arP in P]O OU\OriPiSn. d.1 inNiNP P]aP OyOrcP]inh N]STQr bO Nair in \Qain fSrrN NS P]aP P]OrO
VanmP bO anc XiNTnrOrNPanrinh. 8. 5]O riNQikON f]On P]O V]iQrrOn \rSX\P SnO anSP]Or anr
aQfacN hOPN yOrc anhrc. 10. |O frSPO ]O fSTQr NPac in ^ariN anSP]Or fOOk anr rir nSP OU\Qain
f]c ]O faN SbQihOr PS rS NS. 11.1 VanmP rOVSQQOVP P]aP P]Oc OyOr inyiPOr XO PS NPac a fOOkOnr
fiP] P]OX. 12. |O faN atrair P]aP P]O nOfN Xih]P VaTNO OUViPOXOnP aXSnh P]O hirQN. 1:. 5]O
riNQikOr P]aP ]O faN NS NPTbbSrn anr fSTQr nOyOr QiNPOn PS ]Or rOaNSnN. 19. 7OQQ rOniON P]aP ]O
iN a bSrO. 10.1 \rOtOr P]aP fO N]STQr XakO TNO St Pa\O'rOVSrrinh bOtSrO fO rOar P]O POUP. 12.
7SbSrc SbOVPN P]aP ^OPOr QiyON fiP] TN. 1&. xO rOVirOr P]aP fO N]STQr Sin P]OX in WQaNhSf.
122. CompIete the foIIowing, using the Gerund:
1. xO VSTQrnmP OyOn rrOaX St ... . 2. MyOrcbSrc fiN]Or ]O NPS\\Or ... . :. |O iN NTrO PS bSaNP
St... . 9. zST VanmP aVP fiP]STP... . 0. ArO MnhQiN] \OS\QO tSnr St...{ 2. 4 ]arrQc rOXOXbOr ... . &.
xO rSnmP StPOn ]ayO P]O V]anVO St ... . d. wc V]iQrrOn arO nSP TNOr PS ... . 8. 4N P]OrO anc TNO
in ... { 10. |O rirnmP VarO tSr ... . 11. xO aQQ QSSk( tSrfarr PS ... . 12. MyOrcbSrc riNQikOr P]O irOa
St.... 1:. |O ]aN hiyOn T\ .... 19. x]aP kO\P cST trSX ... { 10. 4N iP fSrP] f]iQO ... { 12. v]O bSc
kO\P Sn ... 1&. x]aP \rOyOnPOr ]Or trSX ...{ 1d. v]O aTriOnVO OnScOr ... . 18. x]aP rS cST
XOan bc... {
123. TransIate the sentences Into EngIish, using the Gerund;
1. $+=( > < K +. 2. . $D +<( <
!< A( ! D = $. :. B< $!>< +(
=. 9. 3! +( >. 0. )< +A
<( + $ > <. 2. . $!<+
+! !( ! A. &. i $ ! !<. d. ~A JI! (
$J !, $D+ +. 8. G A( $!J(
!A < !+. 10. . $+> +( > !< ! $?<
=. 11. ) $!< +>< +( > $! , ! A+.
12. > D( ! ; + A +{ 1:. $!> <(
! !! != &.:0. 19. > D> + C<
!A! !! $+!!. 10. $ $>< < !> K
$<. 12. )> $! <!( J( > !?
$!=!?. 1&. !( $?D( ! $! A!<. 1d. . !,(
! +. 18. +A $!< $!< ! A! >. 20. .
< < !; +( ! + +.
The ParticipIes
124. Point out the First ParticipIe and state its functions in the sentence:
1. 5]O NaP yOrc NPiQQ( anr P]O Prain raPPQOr Sn in P]O rcinh PfiQih]P. 2.1 NaP gTiPO NiQOnP(
faPV]inh ]iN taVO( a NPrSnh anr nSbQO taVO. :. |O fiN]Or PS Nac NSXOP]inh NcX\aP]OPiV( bTP(
bOinh an MnhQiN]Xan( VSTQr SnQc PTrn afac ]iN OcON. 9. 5]O faN aQfacN PS ]iX a QaTh]inh hirQ(
fiP] ranVinh OcON tTQQ St OahOr OU\OVPaPiSn. 0. 4P faN a brih]P 5Tnrac XSrninh St OarQc
NTXXOr( \rSXiNinh ]OaP. 2. v]O rSSr S\OnOr anr ]O OnPOrOr( Varrcinh ]iN ]Oar aN P]STh] iP
]OQr NSXO taPaQ NOVrOP. &. 4mX atrair iPmN P]O XSSn QSSkinh NS XTV] QikO a NQiVO St XOQSn. d.
jcinh ]O N\SkO XSrO gTiVkQc P]an f]On ]O PSQr P]O PrTP]. 8. 4 ]arnmP NQO\P P]O nih]P bOtSrO( anr(
]ayinh OaPOn a ]Oayc QTnV]( faN ahrOOabQc rrSfNc. 10. x]On rriyinh in jSnrSn iPNOQt N]O ]ar
aN iXXOriaPO knSfQOrhO St iPN NPrOOPN
0
maN anc PaUi'rriyOr. 11. sx]aP a niVO QTnV](s Nair RQarO(
OaPinh P]O NThar aP P]O bSPPSX St ]Or VSttOO VT\. 12. x]iQO OaPinh anr rrinkinh P]Oc PaQkOr
QSTrQc in SrrOr P]aP aQQ \rONOnP Xih]P ]Oar f]aP P]Oc Nair. 1:. qSr P]O tirNP PiXO N]O NParOr abSTP
]Or( Prcinh PS NOO f]aP P]OrO faN. 19.1 rOVOiyOr trSX ]Or anSP]Or QOPPOr Nacinh P]aP N]O faN
\aNNinh .P]rSTh] ^ariN anr fSTQr QikO PS ]ayO a V]aP fiP] XO. 10.1 NaP Sn P]O rSSrNPO\ ]SQrinh
Xc QiPPQO NiNPOr in Xc arXN P]inkinh SyOr Xc V]anVON St ONVa\inh trSX ]SXO. 12.1 TNOr PS POQQ
aQQ Xc PrSTbQON PS wrN. xinkN]a\( STr nOih]bSTr Qiyinh nOUP rSSr. 1&. s4PmN a gTarPOr \aNP
NOyOn(s ]O Nair Prcinh aN ]arr aN ]O VSTQr PS kOO\ rOQiOt trSX ]iN ySiVO. 1d. AN ]O frSPO(
bOnrinh SyOr ]iN rONk( ]iN XSTP] fSrkOr.
125. Use the appropriate form of the First ParticipIe of the verbs brackets:
298
1. (PS QSSk" STP St P]O finrSf( N]O Naf P]OrO faN a Xan fSrkinh in P]O harrOn. 2. v]aP
nih]P( (PS hS" T\ PS ]iN rSSX 5]OQPSn P]STh]P St ]iN Tn\QOaNanP rTPc. :. (PS rONVOnr" PS P]O ]aQQ(
]O VaXO Sn wr. oOnnanP (PS VrSNN" PS ]iN NPTrc( fiP] a ]anrtTQ St SttiViaQ'QSSkinh \a\OrN. 9.
v]O VarriahO faN aQXSNP tTQQ( anr (PS \TP" ]iN bah T\ in P]O raVk( ]O PSSk ]iN NOaP. 0. (PS knSf"
P]aP N]O VSTQrnmP PrTNP niX( N]O NOnP ^OPOr inNPOar. 2. (PS rS" aQQ P]aP faN rOgTirOr( ]O faN P]O
QaNP PS QOayO P]O SttiVO. &. (PS rOPTrn" ]SXO in P]O atPOrnSSn( N]O bOVaXO VSnNViSTN St ]Or
XiNPakO. d. |O VSTQrnmP Sin ]iN triOnrN (PS bO" NPiQQ bTNc in P]O QabSraPSrc. 8. (PS tiniN]" ]iN
fSrk( ]O NOOXOr XSrO \QOaNOr P]an TNTaQ. 10. (PS NPO\" inNirO( ]O tSTnr ]iXNOQt in f]aP ]ar
SnVO bOOn a NSrP St SttiVO. 11. |O QOtP P]O rSSX ahain( (PS VQSNO" P]O rSSr bO]inr ]iX fiP] a
banh. 12.1 N\OnP abSTP POn XinTPON (PS PTrn" SyOr P]O NiUPOOn \ahON St sv]O viXONs bOtSrO 4
tSTnr P]O V]iOt nOfN anr arPiVQON. 1:. (PS PTrn" PS P]O Xain NPrOOP( ]O ran inPS oSnaQr anr warc
(PS rOPTrn" trSX NV]SSQ. 19. (PS rOPTrn" trSX P]O OU\OriPiSn ]O frSPO a bSSk abSTP ROnPraQ
AtriVa. 10. (PS hOP" STP St bOr N]O ran PS P]O finrSf anr rrOf P]O VTrPain aNirO. 12 (PS VSntTNO"
bc ]iN SkO( N]O bQTN]Or. 1&( (PS intSrX" St P]Oir arriyaQ P]O rac bOtSrO( ]O faN bOPPOr \rO\arOr
PS XOOP P]OX P]an ancSnO St TN. 1d. 5ir |Onrc \aTNOr anr P]On Nair( (PS hQanVO" rSfn aP ]iN
faPV]( sMrfarrmN arriyinh bc P]O 12.10.s
126. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using the First ParticipIe:
1. < D>( $ !,. 2. B$! !!( A!<
A !. :. />( =C! !+! A++!( !A
= A!;!+ >+. 9. )> !! ! A!! J; $
$ A. 0. /D !,>( !< +A!( > <(
+ $!! $;!. 2. ._! $( $; +. &.
.!J!< !,( $D +( !<. d. /?! >
!( i! !< D<. 8. ); ( J!; ( !+<
$+ +. 10. G! >( ! + C!< . 11.
[> Z'i $<>( A!=C! +A! +> $+>.
12. 3$=C!; +! ?. 1:. )+ $!?!< +A < !'
( + ! ! $! ( A =. 19. a+! +(
!<.
127. Point out the CompIex Object with the First ParticipIe. TransIate the sentences into
Russian:
1. 4 ]Oarr P]O yiNiPSr faQkinh rONPQONNQc baVkfarrN anr tSrfarrN. 4 aQNS ]Oarr ]iX PaQkinh PS
]iXNOQt. 2. 5]O PTrnOr anr Naf 5]OQPSn NPanrinh rSfn P]OrO. :. |O tOQP ]iN irriPaPiSn XSTnPinh.
9. |O tSTnr oSra rOarinh a nSyOQ in P]Oir bOrrSSX. 0. xiP] aXTNOXOnP P]Oc faPV]Or P]OX
hSinh. 2. xO ]Oarr ]Or faQkinh Sn P]O NPairN bc P]O VOQQar. &. AP P]aP XSXOnP 4 nSPiVOr R]arQON
NiPPinh a QiPPQO tarP]Or in P]O ]aQQ. d. qSr P]O tirNP PiXO N]O tSTnr ]OrNOQt fSnrOrinh abSTP ]iX. 8.
v]O XSSn VaXO tTQQc P]rSTh] a VQSTr( anr ]O faN NParPQOr aN ]O NTrrOnQc Naf ]Or taVO QSSkinh
aP ]iX. 10. zST Van aQfacN tinr ]iX ]anrinh rSTnr brOar anr bTPPOr aP a POa \arPc. 11. |O tOQP
P]O brirhO N]akinh TnrOr ]iN tOOP. 12. v]On in P]O VSX\QOPO NiQOnVO St P]O nih]P ]O ]Oarr
NSXObSrc S\Oninh P]O rSSr gTiOPQc. 1:. |O QSSkOr aP hrST\N St cSTnh hirQN faQkinh arX in
arX. 19. 5SaXON raiNOr ]iN ]anr PS ]iN tSrO]Oar( f]OrO NTrrOnQc N]O Naf XSiNPTrO N]ininh. 10.
AN 4 faN QSSkinh P]iN SyOr 4 ]Oarr P]O rSSrN f]iV] QOr Sn PS P]O Xain VSrrirSr bOinh S\OnOr.
128. Use the Infinitive or the First ParticipIe of the verbs in brackets to form a CompIex Object:
1. A XSXOnP QaPOr P]Oc ]Oarr ]Or bOrrSSX rSSr (PS N]TP" fiP] a banh. 2. 4myO nOyOr ]Oarr
cSTr Vanarc (PS Ninh". 4N P]OrO ancP]inh P]O XaPPOr fiP] P]O birr{ :. xSTQr cST QikO XO (PS
XakO" cST QTnV]( Sr ]ayO cST ]ar NSXO{ 9.1 fanP cST (PS OU\Qain" P]O riNa\\SinPXOnP fO ]ar
200
P]iN XSrninh. 0. 5]O faPV]Or ]iX (PS \aNN" P]O haPO anr (PS faQk" rSfn P]O NPrOOP. 2. v]rSTh]
P]O V]ink in P]O N]TPPOrN N]O faPV]Or MXXa (PS \iVk" V]OrriON in P]O SrV]arr. &. v]O Va\Pain
Nair NSXOP]inh f]iV] XarO P]OX (PS QaTh]"( ]O rir nSP ]Oar f]aP iP faN. d. v]Oc ]ar P]Oir Sfn
\aPPOrn St QitO anr OU\OVPOr XO (PS tiP" in. 8. zST Van NOO ]iX (PS fSrk" in ]iN QiPPQO harrOn
OyOrc rac. 10. 5]O ]ar nOyOr ]Oarr \]iQSNS\]c (PS \aNN" P]SNO Qi\N bOtSrO. 11. 4 Naf ]iX (PS
\TP" ]iN NTiPVaNO rih]P ]OrO. 12. oTrinh P]aP XSXOnP wiNN ^OXbrSkO PSQr a QiO( anr XarO iVkiO
(PS bOQiOyO" iP faN P]O PrTP]. 1:. vShOP]Or P]Oc faPV]Or P]O SQr Sak (PS rrS\" iPN QOayON. 19. |O
tSTnr P]OX (PS NiP" PShOP]Or anr (PS PaQk" \OaVOtTQQc. v]Oc rir nSP nSPiVO ]iX (PS a\\rSaV]". 10.
|O tOQP P]O faPOr (PS rOaV]" ]iN knOON. 12. 5]O tOQP ]Or ySiVO (PS PrOXbQO" anr PriOr PS VSnPrSQ
]OrNOQt. 1&. xO Naf ]iX (PS S\On" P]O OnyOQS\O anr (PS rOar" NSXOP]inh ]aNPiQc. 1d.1 Naf ]rX
(PS TntSQr" P]O POQOhraX NQSfQc anr ]ONiPaPinhQc aN P]STh] ]O OU\OVPOr iP (PS VSnPain" NSXO bar
nOfN. 18. |O ]Oarr P]O cSTnh \OS\QO (PS Ninh" anr (PS N]STP" trSX P]O S\\SNiPO bank. 20. 5]O
faPV]Or ]iX (PS fSrk" tSr a QSnh PiXO.
129. Point out the "Nominative AbsoIute" construction and transIate the sentences into
Russian:
1. 5]O ]ar NTnk inPS a V]air anr faN NiPPinh P]OrO( ]Or NXaQQ tinhOrN VTrQinh anr TnVTrQinh
P]OXNOQyON nOrySTNQc. 2. v]O rSSr bOinh S\OnOr( anr 6TnPOr ]ayinh \rSrTVOr an OQOVPriV PSrV](
P]O \arPc NPO\\Or inPS a firO NPSnO \aNNahO. :. ... wrN. 6arrQO XarO P]O rSTnr St P]O rSSX(
VanrQO in ]anr( PS \SinP STP aQQ iPN bOaTPiON. 9. szST rSnmP rON\OVP XO(s Nair oSra( ]Or ySiVO
PrOXbQinh. 0. vShOP]Or P]Oc ran baVk rSfn P]O rSar( )A NPiQQ hri\\inh ]Or arX in a Pih]P hri\.
2. wOn( P]Oir Va\N \TQQOr rSfn( P]Oir VSQQarN PTrnOr T\( \aNNOr bc. &. 6OtSrO ]O XSyOr ]iXNOQt
6OrPranr Nair( ]iN OcON Sn oiUSn: sv]aPmN gTiPO VQOar( iN iP{s d. RSnNPanPia Qac QikO a NPaPTO( ]Or
]anrN bc ]Or NirON( P]O N]OOP T\ PS ]Or V]in. 5]O NParOr aP P]O VOiQinh. 8. v]O NPrain St ]iN
inrOViNiSn SyOr( ]O tOQP QikO a Xan rOVSyOrinh( trSX an iQQnONN. 10. qSTr NOVSnrN QaPOr oiUSn
faN Sn P]O fac STP St P]O ]SPOQ inPS P]O NTnQih]P( ]iN N]iQQinh in ]iN \SVkOP. 11. AnSP]Or PiXO
f]On fO fOrO hSinh P]rSTh] qOXO 6ac Sn STr fac baVk trSX a QSnh OUVTrNiSn( iP bOinh a ]SP
rac anr aQQ St TN P]irNPc( N]O NThhONPOr P]aP fO N]STQr hS inPS P]O oSQ\]in anr ]ayO a hQaNN St
bOOr. 12. oinnOr SyOr( RarriO fOnP inPS P]O baP]rSSX f]OrO P]Oc VSTQr nSP riNPTrb ]Or( anr
frSPO a QiPPQO nSPO. 1:. v]O \aPiOnPmN QOh ]ayinh bOOn aX\TPaPOr( P]OrO faN nS rSTbP St ]iN
rOVSyOrinh NSSn. 19. v]O ySiVON ]ar rOVOrOr# anr naXON faN QOtP aQSnO# ]iN sOarN NPanrinh T\
QikO a ]arOmN# anr tOar VrOO\inh abSTP ]iN infarrN.
130. TransIate the sentences Into EngIish, using the First ParticipIe:
1. . >J( , ?! ! $ $ . 2. /A A( K
+ ( ? <. :. [+ !( ' > !D. 9.
G!? +;( !( A + D!. 0. > ! ?CA
, C! J!> <. 2. . +!( !+ ' ! !( $
K( J! !+!< ; $<. &. > >J( A' !A +>. d.
/ $ +( A +!( ; !. 8. !( !=
!( +> J!! D!< $A. 10. ; !>( $( +
D!. 11. > >J( <; !. 12. 3>J JA! $>;
!,( D!<. 1:. /< >< /+C!( '
$! ><( C< + $!. 19. >; ( !(
! +! !A=( !A !<. 10. = +(
!+< ! $!<+. 12. C A( + +!( >
>J!< $> !!!.
131. RepIace the attributive and adverbiaI cIauses in the foIIowing sentences by participIe
phrases:
201
1. xO fOrO PirOr anr P]irNPc( tSr fO ]ar bOOn Sn P]O rSar NinVO Oih]P SmVQSVk in P]O XSrninh(
anr iP faN a ]SP rac. 2. pnO rac PSfarrN OyOninh f]On bSP] P]O SQr \OS\QO fOrO NiPPinh in trSnP
St P]Oir VSPPahO( P]Oc VaTh]P Nih]P St a cSTnh hirQ fiP] a bTnrQO in ]Or ]anr. :. v]O Qarc faN
faiPinh tSr ]Or NiNPOr f]S faN arriyinh bc P]O &.:0 Prain. 9.1 ]aiQOr P]O tirNP PaUi P]aP \aNNOr bc
anr rOaV]Or P]O NPaPiSn aP POn XinTPON PS P]rOO. 0. pnO XSrninh( aN nS]nnc faN QSSkinh STP St
P]O finrSf( ]O Naf in ]iN nOih]bSTrmN SrV]arr a hrOaP nTXbOr St tinO rOr a\\QON f]iV] ]ar
taQQOn trSX P]O PrOON. 2. s@iQQaines VriOr ]O( aN ]O ran rSfn PS ]iX. &. sp]( Nir(s Nair P]O \SSr
bSc f]S faN PrOXbQinh fiP] tOar( siP iNnmP Xc taTQP.s d. swac 4 VSXO in{s N]O Nair aN N]O
\TN]Or P]O rSSr a QiPPQO firOr S\On. 8. s4mX QaPO(s N]O rOXarkOr( aN N]O NaP rSfn anr rrOf Stt
]Or hQSyON. 10. |OrO anr P]OrO fOrO NihnN P]aP P]O tQSfOr'bOrN ]ar bOOn PraX\QOr T\Sn bc
OUViPOr yiQQahOrN f]S PriOr PS rOaV] P]O finrSfN. 11. AN ]O rir nSP knSf P]O fac PS P]O NPaPiSn
yOrc fOQQ ]O StPOn NPS\\Or PS aNk \OS\QO f]S fOrO \aNNinh bc. 12. |O QSSkOr QikO an AtriVan
NayahO f]S faN bOinh N]Sfn a NiX\QO VSnTrinh PriVk. 1:. v]O SQr fSXan PSQr XO fiP] \rirO
P]aP P]O ]OaQP]c'QSSkinh V]iQr P]aP faN \Qacinh bONirO TN faN ]Or hranrNSn. 19. 5]O rOPTrnOr
\rONOnPQc anr brSTh]P a Prac fiP] a Th St XiQk. 10. v]O \aP] f]iV] faN QOarinh P]rSTh] P]O
VS\\iVO NSSn hSP QSNP in P]O ]ih] hraNN.
132. RepIace the participIe phrases in the foIIowing sentences by attributive or adverbiaI
cIauses:
1. A XirrQO'ahOr fSXan( fOarinh a \rinP a\rSn( NPSSr aP P]O rSSr St P]O VSPPahO. 2. 5]O
QSSkOr rSfn aP P]O tQSSr aN P]STh] NOOinh NSXOP]inh P]OrO. :. pn a NTnnc atPOrnSSn arriyinh aP
P]O ]STNO in waQPa 5PrOOP( naVSb tSTnr iP rONOrPOr. 9. A NnakO NQOO\inh in P]O hraNN fiQQ biPO it
ancSnO PrOarN T\Sn iP. 0. 6Oinh NOyOn( N]O StPOn fSrO ]Or taySTriPO brSfn yOQyOP trSVk barOQc
rOaV]inh P]O knOON St ]Or P]in QOhN. 2. 5TrrOnQc( f]iQO faPV]inh P]O tOar N]O faN Prcinh PS ]irO(
]O bOQiOyOr ]Or NPSrc. &. v]O hSQrOn Qih]P( NPiQQ Qcinh in N]OOPN T\Sn P]O faPOr( raQOr 7an tSr a
XSXOnP. d.1 tOQP a biPPOr Onyc PSfarrN P]O PfS NXaQQ bScN faQkinh aQSnh P]O \aP] fiP] P]Oir
XSP]Or aP P]aP XSXOnP. 8. 4PmN an SQr taVO tSr PfOnPc'tiyO( nan P]STh]P( faPV]inh P]O frinkQON
P]aP tannOr STP trSX OcON PS POX\QON. 10. niX( nSP bOinh NTrO St ]Or rOaQ inPOnPiSnN( XOrOQc
QSSkOr aP ]Or anr \aTNOr tSr a XSXOnP. 11. |ayinh NaPiNtiOr ]iXNOQt P]aP OaV] hTONP ]ar a \QaPO
St tSSr anr a hQaNN St faPOr( ]O faN anUiSTN PS XakO VSnyOrNaPiSn. 12. OPTrninh ]SXO QaPO aP
nih]P( ]O tSTnr OyOrcbSrc in bOr. 1:. OaV]inh P]O PS\ St P]O ]iQQ Xc VSX\aniSn NPS\\Or. 19.
|ayinh tiQQOr ]iN \SVkOPN fiP] a\\QON( P]O bSc faN abSTP PS rTn afac f]On ]O Naf P]O SfnOr
St P]O harrOn fiP] a NPiVk in ]iN ]anr. 10. v]O QOPPOr( bOhinninh fiP] soOar Nirs faN nSP NihnOr.
12. |ayinh arrrONNOr anr NOaQOr P]O \arVOQ( 4 fOnP STP aP SnVO PS P]O wain ^SNP pttiVO.
133. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using attributive participIe phrases, where possibIe:
1. /!( J!; ( +! +. 2. >!;
!D+( J!+ K+ < + . :. )<!(
$JA A>( D > !. 9. J( $J $ I!!(
<( +' $+! i! . .!( > !< A!!
( A' ! ;. 0. !! !( !J! ( A!!(
J <!; , !( A > . 2. ( !J! =+!!!
> KA $!( +A ?!C< !+!. &. />( !J! K
( A( $. d. ); A( $!J!; G+!; (
> +A !A + $J!!. 8. [!>( $!J! );
Z!<>? Z + +;( >D! ? ?!C!.
10. B, +; ( !J!; !=!>; D( $ A !
A +. 11. u( $J!J!; A + ( A '
!. 12. ); !;( $J!J!; +( $!?( $ +
+>+( $ A D !. B A{ 1:. . +!( $D!;
202
D<+( $!< +J!; A( + !> !. 19.
u( $!J!; $!<+ ( ? $A!< ; !. 10. .!
+! !? <?( J!? <+ . 12. BJ! <( J!
<+ ( !< ). 1&. )!!( $!J!; = <=(
D A +. 1d. )!!( $!J!; K <=( A!( +> D>
$+ $< !A!. 18. lI( + >J!; ! +J!>(
>A < >+.
134. Point out the Second ParticipIe and state its functions in the sentence:
1. |iN naXO faN fOQQ'knSfn aXSnh P]O cSTnhOr friPOrN St qranVO. 2. jSnrSn( QikO XSNP
ViPiON f]iV] ]ayO a QSnh ]iNPSrc bO]inr P]OX( iN nSP rOaQQc SnO NinhQO ViPc( bTP raP]Or a
VSQQOVPiSn St SnVO NO\araPOr PSfnN anr yiQQahON f]iV] in P]O VSTrNO St PiXO ]ayO hrSfn
PShOP]Or. :. v]O rSSr S\OnOr. A QiPPQO trih]POnOr hirQ NPSSr in P]O Qih]P P]aP tOQQ trSX P]O
\aNNahO. 9. v]O brSar P]SrSTh]tarO f]iV] rTnN bOPfOOn vrataQhar 5gTarO anr P]O |STNON St
^arQiaXOnP( iN knSfn aN x]iPO]aQQ. 0. v]O V]iQr kO\P NiQOnP anr QSSkOr trih]POnOr. 2. qinOQQa
hQanVOr T\ aP P]O PS\ St P]O ]iQQ. |ih] in P]O air( a QiPPQO tihTrO( ]iN ]anrN P]rTNP in ]iN N]SrP
aVkOP \SVkOPN( NPSSr NParinh STP PS NOa. &. |O QiyOr in a QiPPQO yiQQahO NiPTaPOr aP P]O tSSP St a
]iQQ. d. |O tOQQ aNQOO\ OU]aTNPOr bc ]iN STrnOc. 8. 4t cST ]arnmP VaTh]P Nih]P St ]iX aP P]O rSSr
]O Xih]P ]ayO NQi\\Or STP TnnSPiVOr. 10. 4n P]O VS\\iVO P]Oc NaP rSfn Sn a taQQOn trOO. 11.
5OOn trSX P]O @SrSbcOy |iQQN P]O ViPc QSSkN XahnitiVOnP( anr ON\OViaQQc aP nih]P in P]O OQOVPriV
Qih]P. 12. 5]O OnPOrOr P]O rrafinh'rSSX aVVSX\aniOr bc ]Or ]TNbanr anr ]Or taP]Or. 1:. pn
SnO NirO P]O krOXQin S\OnN T\Sn Or 5gTarO. v]OrO( nOar P]O krOXQin xaQQ( iN jOnin
waTNSQOTX( XarO St hraniPO. 19. ^rONOnPQc 4 hrOf PirOr anr fOnP PS bOr. 10. jSVkOr in ]Or
rSSX( N]O tQTnh ]OrNOQt Sn P]O bOr anr VriOr biPPOrQc. 12. 5]O NaP tSr a f]iQO fiP] ]Or OcON N]TP.
1&. v]O ]STNO in f]iV] oOnbc QiyON iN QiPPQO XSrO P]an a VSPPahO( QSSkOr aP trSX STPNirO( bTP
P]OrO arO XSrO rSSXN in iP P]an SnO fSTQr P]ink.
133. RepIace the attributive cIauses in the foIIowing sentences by phrases with the Second
ParticipIe, where possibIe:
4. 6c a rONirOnPiaQ VSQQOhO fO XOan a VSQQOhO fiP] a ]SNPOQ f]iV] iN TNTaQQc NiPTaPOr Sn P]O
NaXO hrSTnrN aN P]O \rinVi\aQ bTiQrinh. 2. v]O NQShan f]iV] faN XarO bc wikOmN brSP]Or
aPPraVPOr OyOrcbSrcmN aPPOnPiSn. :. v]O V]iQr P]aP faN QOtP aQSnO in P]O QarhO rSSX bOhan PS
NVrOaX. 9.1 ]ayO a QOPPOr tSr cST f]iV] faN rOVOiyOr PfS racN ahS. 0. v]Oc fOrO aQQ \QOaNOr
fiP] P]O rONTQPN f]iV] fOrO aV]iOyOr bc P]O Onr St P]O XSnP]. 2. |iN fSrrN( f]iV] ]O TPPOrOr
in an TnrOr'PSniO( rOaV]Or Xc OarN. &. v]O bSc f]S ]ar brSkOn P]O finrSf\anO ran afac anr
rir nSP a\\Oar PiQQ P]O OyOninh. d. v]O NPSrX P]aP VaTNOr a QSP St ]arX PS P]O VrS\N abaPOr QaPO aP
nih]P. 8. |O Nair P]aP P]O bSSk f]iV] 4 ]ar V]SNOn bOQSnhOr PS ]iN hranrtaP]Or. 10. 4 aNkOr P]O
Qibrarian PS N]Sf XO P]O XahainON f]iV] fOrO NOnP trSX P]O WOrXan oOXSVraPiV O\TbQiV.
11. MyOrcbSrc tOQP P]aP in P]O tarOfOQQ rinnOr P]OrO faN NarnONN f]iV] faN XinhQOr fiP]
tONPiyiPc. 12. xO fOrO aQQ QSSkinh aP ]iN NXiQinh taVO f]iV] faN traXOr in P]O finrSf St P]O
raiQfac'VarriahO. 1:. v]OrO faN anSP]Or \aTNO f]iV] faN brSkOn bc a tiP St QaTh]inh St SnO St
P]O SQr XOn NiPPinh in P]O tirNP rSf. 19. v]OrO Qac a QSat St brSfn brOar f]iV] faN riyirOr inPS
PfS ]aQyON. 10. v]O MnhQiN] \OS\QO QSyO P]Oir hrOOn ]OrhON f]iV] arO VSyOrOr fiP] QOat anr
tQSfOr in NTXXOr( anr a bQaO St hSQr anr rOr in aTPTXn. 12. qrSX ]iN ONNac fO QOarn abSTP
yariSTN hSSrN f]iV] arO \rSrTVOr in 6irXinh]aX anr P]O arSininh XanTtaVPTrinh PSfnN. 1&.
v]O POaV]Or PSQr TN P]aP P]O VOnPrO St P]O VSPPSn inrTNPrc iN wanV]ONPOr( f]iV] iN VSnnOVPOr
fiP] jiyOr\SSQ bc a VanaQ. 1d. 4n P]O 5STP] St MnhQanr fO tinr tOrPiQO yaQQOcN f]iV] arO
riyirOr bc nTXOrSTN ]OrhON. 18. vOnniN iN SnO St P]O XSNP \S\TQar haXON in MnhQanr f]iV] iN
\QacOr aQQ P]O cOar rSTnr. 20. v]Oc Nac P]aP in P]Oir VSQQOhO( aN fOQQ aN in STrN( P]O NPTrOnPN
]ayO QSPN St OUaXN f]iV] arO ]OQr aP P]O Onr St OaV] POrX.
20:
136. a) TransIate the foIIowing word-groups into EngIish. Pay attention to the pIace of the
Second ParticipIe:
!=!>; D# D( !=!>; !>+ ?D!+#
! # ( ! # +>; J# ( +
+# > A# !( > $!JJ!+# $>; =#
=( $>; # A>( $> ! -# $!<+( $!
+>+ $+# > <# <( $ !!# J( $!AJ
# $J # !A( $J # > +># +>(
> # !!# !!( $J#
+<!( !$A>; ;# >! !!< .
b) Make up sentences with the word-groups you have transIated.
137. Point out the CompIex Objects with the Second ParticipIe. TransIate the sentences into
Russian;
1. |O ]ar ]iN QThhahO NOnP PS P]O NPaPiSn. 2. |Sf StPOn rS cST ]ayO cSTr Var\OPN VQOanOr{ :.
|ayO cST hSP cSTr faPV] rO\airOr{ 9.1 fanP iP rSnO aN NSSn aN \SNNibQO. 0. xO rOVirOr PS ]ayO
STr \]SPSN PakOn atPOr P]O tinaQ OUaX. 2. WOP P]O rSSXN rTNPOr anr airOr bc P]O PiXO P]Oc
arriyO. &. 4 ]ayOnmP ]ar Xc naiQN \SQiN]Or cOP. d. 4mX ]ayinh a nOf rrONN XarO. 8. |O P]STh]P iP
nOVONNarc PS ]ayO P]O VOiQinh St P]O rSSX f]iPOfaN]Or. 10. v]Oc tSTnr P]O rSSr QSVkOr. 11.
wrN. wSSnOc faPV]Or P]O PabQO VQOarOr anr P]O brSkOn brOar VSQQOVPOr. 12. |O ]Oarr ]iN naXO
VaQQOr trSX bO]inr.
REVISION EXERCISES ON THE VERBAIS
138. State the function of the Infinitive in the foIIowing sentences and transIate them into
Russian:
1. vS QiyO a ]OaQP]c QitO in P]O VSTnPrc faN hSSr tSr P]OX. 2. 4P faN a hrOaP ]a\\inONN PS ]iX
PS riNVSyOr P]aP N]O faN in VSX\QOPO ahrOOXOnP fiP] ]iX in S\iniSnN. :. 4P faN a rOaQ \QOaNTrO
PS ]iX PS hiyO \QOaNTrO PS SP]OrN. 9. 5]O ]ar nOyOr QOarnOr P]O ]abiP St VSXXanr: ]Or ]abiP faN
PS aNk \OrXiNNiSn. 0. v]O rOarONP fiN] St ]iN ]OarP faN PS ]ayO a bSc. 2. |iN tirNP aVP faN PS
NOOk P]O PaiQSr P]aP WQSyOr ]ar rOVSXXOnrOr. &. warharOPmN yiNiP faN OUViPinh. |O NParPOr PS
\Qan ]Or rOVO\PiSn. d. v]O VSX\anc bOhan PS rritP in a \SQiPO hrST\ PSfarrN P]O rSSr. 8. v]O
Prain bOhan PS NQSf rSfn. sx]c( ]OrO fO arO in pUtSrres Nair P]O Xan. 10. xO TNOr PS \Qac in
P]O harrOn bO]inr P]O ]STNO. 11. 7Sf cST Van rS f]aPOyOr cST QikO. 12. 6TP N]O ]ar PS PTrn
rSTnr ahain# ]Or taP]Or faN VSXinh. 1:. sjiNPOn( WiQbOrP( 4myO hSP PS PaQk PS cST NOriSTNQc.s 6TP
wr. ^intSQr fSTQr nSP anNfOr. 19. oiUSn PriOr PS NT\\rONN ]iN irriPaPiSn. 10. |O aNkOr TN nSP PS
XSyO anr NPac f]OrO fO fOrO. 12. |O PaTh]P ]iN bSc PS NfiX. 1&. warc farnOr TN nSP PS bO
QaPO( 1d. wc rOar V]iQr( iPmN nSP a P]inh PS SkO abSTP. 18. s|Sf aX 4 PS tinr P]aP ]STNO(s ]O
P]STh]P( sv]OrO iNnmP ancSnO PS aNk.s 20. v]iN iN P]O rih]P P]inh PS rS. 21. 4 nOOr a \On PS friPO
fiP]. 22. s4 rSnmP fanP ancP]inh PS OaP(s Nair qOQiViPc. 2:. Anr xiQQiaX fOnP PS jSnrSn PS NParP
a nOf QitO. 29. |O S\OnOr ]iN OcON PSS QaPO PS NOO P]O XSXOnParc hQOaX St Qih]P trSX P]O
VSrrirSr. 20. 4 fiN] 4 fOrO cSTnh OnSTh] PS ]OQ\ cST.
139. CompIete the foIIowing sentences, using infinitives or infinitive constructions:
1. 4 rirnmP OU\OVP... . 2. p]( ]Sf niVO St cST ... . :. xO arO aQQ yOrc hQar ... . 9. 5]O rSONnmP
QikO ... . 0. x]aP fSTQr cST rS it cST Naf ... . 2. 4mX NS NSrrc ... .&. v]O bSSk NOOXN ... . d. 4P
fSTQr bO St hrOaP TNO ... . 8. x]aP iN rSnO ... . 10. v]OrOmN nSP]inh ... . 11. v]O rittiVTQPc iN ... .
209
12. 4mX nSP gTiPO NTrO... . 1:. 4P ]aNnmP cOP bOOn rOVirOr .... 19. |O iN TnQikOQc ... . 10. 7SbSrc
fiQQ OyOr XakO ... " 12. zST arO PSS inOU\OriOnVOr ... . 1&. 5]O a\\OarOr ... . 1d. 5]O iN SQr
OnSTh] ... . 18. 4PmN PSS QaPO( ]O VanmP ... . 20. nTrhinh trSX P]O N]arSfN TnrOr ]iN OcON( ]O
XTNP... .
140. Use the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in brackets. FiII in the bIanks with appropriate
prepositions:
1. |O faN NS cSTnh( NS hac( ]O QaTh]Or NS XOrriQc aP SP]Or \OS\QOmN SkON P]aP nS SnO VSTQr
]OQ\ (QikO" ]iX. 2. zaQPa iN a niVO PSfn (QiyO" ... ( :. |O faN Sn P]O \SinP... (gTarrOQ" fiP] ]Or. 9.
4 fanP cST (]OQ\" XO (\aVk" P]iN NTiPVaNO. 0. 4 N]STQr QSyO (hS" PS P]O \arPc fiP] cST# 4 ]aPO
(hS" STP aQSnO. 2. oSnmP tSrhOP (\TP" P]O bSSk in P]O rih]P \QaVO. &. 4 tSrhSP (\TP" P]O bSSk Sn P]O
PS\ N]OQt anr N\OnP ]aQt an ]STr Sr NS ... (QSSk" tSr iP. d. 5]O PSQr XO ]Sf (XakO" VQSP]ON (QaNP"
QSnhOr. 8. wSP]Or NacN N]O StPOn ]aN SVVaNiSn (VSX\Qain" ... (]O( VSXO" QaPO. 10. ... (rS" P]O
OUOrViNO cST N]STQr VarOtTQQc NPTrc P]O OUaX\QON. 11. zST XTNP OnVSTrahO ]iX (NParP" (PakO"
XSrO OUOrViNO. 12. 6Sb faN hrOaPQc aN]aXOr ... (bOaP" in VQaNN bc a NXaQQOr bSc. 1:.1 QSSkOr
arSTnr XO( bTP P]OrO faN nS V]air (NiP" ... . 19. xO ]Oarr ... (]O( VSXO" baVk PSrac. 10. 5]O
VSTQr nSP bOar P]O P]STh]P ... (]O( NPac" aQSnO. 12. ArO cST hSinh (kOO\" XO (faiP" aQQ rac{ 1&.
|O \TN]Or P]O rSSr fiP] ]iN PSO ... (\TP" ]iN NTiPVaNON rSfn. 1d. 4 N]STQr ]ayO hSnO (tOPV]" P]O
rSVPSr inNPOar ... (rOXain" f]OrO 4 faN. 18. p]( SbOrP( rOarONP( iPmN nSP a P]inh (SkO" abSTP.
4myO NS QSyOr (bO" fiP] cST. 4mQQ XiNN cST XSrO P]an ancSnO. 20. |iN tirNP iX\TQNO faN (PTrn"
baVk( bTP ]O NT\\rONNOr iP anr faQkOr in bSQrQc. 21. s4mX NSrrc( warharOP(s ]O Nair( s4mX PSS SQr
(NParP" (\Qac" ]irO'anr'NOOk fiP] NV]SSQ hirQN.s
141. TransIate the sentences into EngIish, using the Gerund:
1. [> $$!J< A!< + !! < !!; ;{ 2. B<
> ><( $!!+ A. :. = + $<
$!< . . D $!. 9. + $!< +><
$< < D!; D A+. 0. )> J!! $A< $ +(
< $<. 2. )<! $!< + + !. > (
D! !. &. . $!> $< $! ! > !( !
!$> >. d. + > !< +( > +
! K+. 8. Z' A KA ! < +;. 10. )> +A!
>< <! . 11. G+!+ A( $>; ( C !
$>>; D!. 12. $+=( > A'! $ + +
D!. 1:. G+ > $!! $,!( !+! + !{ 19.
+= $!< ! $ !! $ J?++. 10. ) $!,
$A! + ( $!+ AD+. 12. < == $< !
=< !A $!< +D! !$<. 1&. G K; $!;
,> !A( > !! C. 1d. > D( ! $D
+ C $,!= $!A{ 18. )> +A! D +< +( > $$<
$+< KA $. 20. . $D < A;( !A
!<.
142. State whether the -ing- form is a participIe, a gerund or a verbaI noun:
1. vS Xc Xinr P]O NOPPinh St P]O NVOnO faN bOaTPitTQ. 2. AN PS ]iN NPSS\inh( iP faN naPTraQ
f]On ranVinh fiP] a NXaQQ \OrNSn QikO XcNOQt( NS XTV] N]SrPOr P]an ]O. :. 4 tSTnr ]iX in
OUaVPQc P]O \SNiPiSn 4 ]ar QOtP ]iX( NParinh NPiQQ aP P]O tSSP St P]O bOr. 9. 4t \SNNibQO( hiyO T\
NXSkinh( aP QOaNP tSr a PiXO. 0. v]OrO cST Van NOO P]O qirO St jSnrSn fiP] P]O tQaXON VSXinh
STP St P]O finrSfN St P]O ]STNON. 2. |ayinh tiniN]Or P]O fSrk( ]O NOOXOr XSrO \QOaNOr fiP]
200
]iXNOQt P]an TNTaQ. &. ^aTNinh in ]iN NPSrc( 6TrPSn PTrnOr PS XO. d. 4 arXirOr P]O hrSTnrN anr
PrOON NTrrSTnrinh P]O ]STNO. 8: qaP]Or Nair P]aP fO fOrO nSP PS QOP P]O taVP St ]iN nSP ]ayinh ]ar
a rOaQ ]SQirac tSr P]rOO cOarN NPanr in STr fac. 10. 4 Naf P]OrO fSSrOn VabinN fiP] bOrN(
OQOVPriV Qih]P( rTnninh faPOr. 11. wSNP MnhQiN]XOn arO nSP SyOrtSnr St NST\( rOXarkinh P]aP iP
tiQQN P]OX fiP]STP QOayinh NTttiViOnP rSSX tSr P]O XSrO iX\SrPanP XOaP VSTrNO. 12. v]O OyOninh
XOaQ hSON TnrOr yariSTN naXON: POa( s]ih] POa(s rinnOr Sr NT\\Or rO\Onrinh T\Sn iPN NiO anr
aQNS NSViaQ NPanrinh St P]SNO OaPinh iP. 1:. RSQQOhON hiyO a N\OViaQiOr Praininh. 19.1 fanP cST
PS hiyO Xc ]air a hSSr brTN]inh. 10. v]O bScN VSTQr nSP hS fiP]STP aNkinh \OrXiNNiSn. 12.1
aX XTV] \QOaNOr fiP] Xc NTrrSTnrinhN.
143. Point out the verbaIs and comment on them:
1. 5]O StPOn PSSk VarO St Xc QiPPQO NiNPOr ^SQQc hiyinh XO a \SNNibiQiPc PS \Qac fiP] SP]Or bScN
in P]O nOih]bSTr]SSr. 2. |ayinh baP]Or ]Or taVO in VSQr faPOr( N]O VaXO T\ PS P]O finrSf anr
bTrNP iP S\On. :. OnPSn |OaP] iN a V]arXinh yiQQahO( NiPTaPOr in P]O QSyOQiONP \arP St P]O xONP St
MnhQanr{ 9. s4mX QOayinh tSr 5STP] AXOriVa anr ]ayO VSXO PS Nac hSSr'bcO(s niX Nair NParinh
inPS ]Or OcON. 0. 5]O NOOXOr PS bO aNkinh nSP ]iX bTP ]OrNOQt. 2.1 NOaPOr XcNOQt aP P]O PabQO anr
faN Sn P]O \SinP St tiQQinh Xc VT\ trSX P]O POa\SP f]On P]O NSTnr St P]O rSSr S\Oninh XarO
XO QSSk T\. &. AtPOr N\Onrinh P]O nih]P in P]O tarX( P]O fOaP]Or rOXaininh tinO( P]Oc NOP STP
ahain Sn P]Oir STrnOc in P]O NaXO fac. d. |O ]ar PS NPanr aNirO tSr P]O Xair PS Varrc in P]O
QTnV]OSn. 8. 4mX atrair 4 nOyOr NOOX PS hOP anc PiXO tSr rOarinh. 10. |O bOhan XSyinh afac
rSfn P]O rriyO( kOO\inh ]iN OcON Sn oiUSn. 11. 4PmN nS TNO Prcinh PS arhTO fiP] XO. 12. jSSkinh
in qOrranrmN taVO ]O Naf PS ]iN riNXac POarN rSQQinh rSfn ]iN V]OOkN. 1:. |O Nair iP bOnrinh
tSrfarr PS bO STP St ]Oarinh St P]O hirQ. 19. oSThQaN NaP rSfn ahain( ]ayinh OyirOnPQc V]anhOr
]iN Xinr abSTP hSinh. 10. x]On fO ]ar Qain Sn P]O bank tSr NSXO PiXO fiP]STP N\Oakinh 4 Naf
a Xan a\\rSaV]inh trSX P]O tar Onr St P]O tiOQr. 12. 4 knSf f]c 4 XakO cST QaTh]. 4PmN bOVaTNO
cSTmrO NS tar abSyO XO in OyOrc fac P]aP 4 aX NSXO]Sf ririVTQSTN. 1&. 4P faN \aNP PfS SmVQSVk
f]On N]O ]Oarr P]O Var rOPTrn. v]OrO fOrO NPO\N Sn P]O hrayOQ( P]O S\Oninh anr N]TPPinh St P]O
rSSr( a briOt XTrXTr St ySiVON % P]On NiQOnVO. 1d. qrSX rSSX PS rSSX ]O fOnP anr( P]STh]
OaV] hayO NihnN St ]ayinh rOVOnPQc bOOn SVVT\iOr( iP faN VQOar P]aP iPN in]abiPanPN ]ar rO\arPOr.
18. xOrO iP nSP tSr ]iN ]ayinh aNkOr XO PS N\Onr a fOOk fiP] ]iX in P]O VSTnPrc( 4 N]STQr
VOrPainQc bO yOrc hQar PS hS fiP] cST PS warrir. 20. WOP a bQankOP N\rOar anr XakO P]OX ]SQr
iP Pih]P. 21. v]O rarknONN tSTnr ]iX SVVT\iOr fiP] P]ONO P]STh]PN. 22. sv]rOO cOarN ahS iP
faN(s N]O brSkO Stt anr NPSSr NPiQQ( ]Or XSTP] NOP in a rihir hriXaVO St \ain. 2:. |O tOQP anhOr
ahainNP P]O hi\Nc tSr ]ayinh hiyOn P]OX NTV] a trih]P.
202
CONTENTS
PEHCAOBHE 1
ESSENTIAL COURSE 3
UNIT ONE 3
vM`v. A77M wMMv5 |M WjA55 9
vp^4R: R|pp547W RAMM5 11
UNIT TWO 18
vM`v. A oAzm5 xA4v bc MrnONP |OXinhfac 18
vp^4R: 4jj7M55M5 A7o v|M4 vMAvwM7v 2&
UNIT THREE 34
vM`v. 47vpo}R47W jp7op7 :0
;MBIC: R4vz 92
UNIT FOUR 48
vM`v. |px xM kM^v wpv|Mm5 oAz

2y 5PO\]On jOaVSVk 98
;MBIC: wMAj5 00
UNIT FIVE 63
vM`v. A qM5|wA7m5 M`^M4M7RM *ro+ soarrc jSnh'jOhNs 2y nOan
xObNPOr 20
vp^4R: Mo}RAv4p7 &0
UNIT SIX 77
vM`v. A q4M7o 47 7MMo 2y xiQQiaX 5SXOrNOP waTh]aX (a2ridgedA &d
;MBIC: 5^pv5 A7o WAwM5 d2
UNIT SEVEN 94
vM`v. v|M 64v45| 45jM5 89
;MBIC: WMpWA^|z 102
UNIT EIGHT 108
vM`v. 5MM47W ^Mp^jM pqq 3y waU 6OOrbS]X 110
;MBIC: vA@Mjj47W 11&
UNIT NINE 125
vM`v. p5M Av v|M w}54R'|Ajj *ro+ sv]Oc xaQk in P]O RiPcs 2y n. 6.
^riONPQOc 12&
;MBIC: v|MAvM 1::
SUPPLEMENT 140
A. RjA55ppw M7Wj45| 190
6. Rp7@M5Av4p7Aj ^|A5M5 19:
EXERCISES IN INTONATION 144
5MRv4p7 p7M. OyiOf St qTnraXOnPaQ 4nPSnaPiSn ^aPPOrnN anr v]Oir }NO
199
5MRv4p7 vxp. 4nPSnaPiSn ^aPPOrn 4`. _igh fa99 19&
20&
5MRv4p7 v|MM. 4nPSnaPiSn ^aPPOrn `
(jpx ^M'|MAo" 4547W |MAo |4W| qAjj ( vA4j" 101
5MRv4p7 qp}. 4nPSnaPiSn ^aPPOrn `4
(jpx ^M'|MAo " qAjj47W |MAo |4W| qAjj ( vA4j" 109
5MRv4p7 q4@M RSX\STnr vTnON qAjj 45M 108
5MRv4p7 54` RSX\STnr vTnON
vxp p wpM qAjj5 x4v|47 p7M 5M75M'Wp}^ 129
5MRv4p7 5M@M7 4nPSnaPiSn \aPPOrn `44
(jpx ^M'|MAo " |4W| 45M (vA4j" 12d
5MRv4p7 M4W|v. |4W| ^M'|MAo 1&2
5}^^jMwM7v 1&2
GRAMMAR EXERCISES 179
M@454p7 M`MR45M5 p7 vM75M A7o @p4RM 1&8
THE SUB1UNCTIVE MOOD AND THE CONDITIONAL MOOD 184
MODAL VERBS 187
M@454p7 M`MR45M5 p7 wppo A7o wpoAj @M65 180
NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB 199
v]O 4ntiniPiyO 188
v]O WOrTnr 20:
v]O ^arPiVi\ QON 202
REVISION EXERCISES ON THE VERBAIS 210
r=.dT. U6!TU.
! !+! +!!!( /! -!! Z( L,
!+!
GEL[Zu~/LZ L3E/ B*-Z/L.*. aL
2
r=.dTU> X!.T XfU =.dT 6.!.TUb
&' !!( $ ! !$
/ 10.01.00. G$! < 20.00.00.
20d
2 ! 0000 +
212(1(219(:(212(0(210(&(20d(8(202(11(209(1:(202(10(200(1&(18d(18(1
82(21(189(2:(182(20(180(2&(1dd(28(1d2(:1(1d9(::(1d2(:0(1d0(:&(1&d(:
8(1&2(91(1&9(9:(1&2(90(1&0(9&(12d(98(122(01(129(0:(122(00(120(0&(10
d(08(102(21(109(2:
102(20(100(2&(19d(28(192(&1(199(&:(192(&0(190(&&(1:d(&8(1:2(d1(1:
9(d:(1:2(d0(1:0(d&(12d(d8(122(81(129(8:(122(80(120(8&(11d(88(112(101
(119(10:(112(100(110(10&

10d(108(102(111(109(11:(102(110(100(11&(8d(118(82(121(89(12:(82(1
20(80(12&(dd(128(d2(1:1(d9(1::(d2(1:0(d0(1:&(&d(1:8(&2(191(&9(19:(&
2(190(&0(19&(2d(198(22(101(29(10:(22(100(20(10&(0d(108(02(121(09(12
:(02(120(00(12&(9d(128
92(1&1(99(1&:(92(1&0(90(1&&(:d(1&8(:2(1d1(:9(1d:(:2(1d0(:0(1d&(2d
(1d8(22(181(29(18:(22(180(20(18&(1d(188(12(201(19(20:(12(200(10(20&(
d(208(2(211(9(21:(2(210
!$,!>? !$< J!I ^]SnOPiVvw.
B $!,!$ !$,!! K+ + +.
208