Unit 3

Biochemistry
Macromolecules
Large compounds
formed by joining smaller
compounds.
Monomer single unit
Polymer - multiple units
joined together
Carbohydrates
C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Main source of energy
Ex: glucose(sugar) and starches
C
6
H
12
O
6
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharaides single sugar
molecule

Polysaccharides many sugar molecules
joined together
Lipids
C,H
Fats, oils, waxes
Not soluble in liquids(generally) because
they are non-polar
Used to store energy
Monomer- fatty acids, polymer-
triglycerides
Great at waterproofing
Used by cells to create a membrane
Lipids
Saturated
Carbons are joined
by single bond.

Unsaturated At
least one C - C
bond is a double
bond.
Nucleic Acids
C,H,N,O,P
Made out of individual monomers called
nucleotides.
Consists of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base.
Store and transmit genetic
information.
Ribonucelic Acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Proteins
C,H,N,O
Polymers of amino acids
Controls the rate of reactions and
regulates cell processes.
Form bones and muscles
Transport substances in/out cell
Fight disease
Proteins
Amino group (-NH
2
) and a carboxyl group
(-COOH).

Proteins

Amino
Acids
Protein
Molecule
Chemical Reactions and
Enzymes
Process that changes,
or transforms one set of
chemicals into
another.
Reaction Basics
Reactant elements or compounds that
enter in to the reaction
Products the elements or compounds
that are produced by a reaction.
making more products
making more reactants
(reverse reaction)
Sometimes energy can be released from
the reaction in the form of heat, light, or
even sound
Endothermic vs Exothermic
Endothermic energy
absorbing
Feels cold


Exothermic energy
releasing
Feels warm
Looks bright
You can hear it
Energy
Activation Energy energy needed to get
the reaction started.
Enzymes
Proteins that act as biological catalyst
Catalyst substance that speeds up the
rate of reaction.
So an enzymes speed up chemical
reactions that take place in the cell.
How?
By lowering the required activation energy.

Regulating Enzymes
pH
Temperature
Proteins can turn some enzymes on/off.