Form 2

Chapter 1
The world through
our senses
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1.1 Sensory Organs and Their Functions
A sensory organ is an organ that enables the body to respond to
stimuli.
A stimulus is a change in the surroundings that can be detected by
the sensory organs.
The five sensory organs are eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin.
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The ability of the sensory organs to detect stimuli is
called senses.
Sensory organ Sense Stimuli
Eye Sight Light
Ear Hearing Sound
Nose Smell Chemical in air
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Nose Smell Chemical in air
Tongue Taste Chemical in foods
Skin Touch Pressure, heat, cold,
touch
Pathway from stimulus to response.
Stimulus
Receptor in
sensory organ Effectors
(muscle)
Response
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Sensory
nerves
Brain
Motor
nerves
(muscle)
1.2 Sense of Touch
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1.2 Sense of Touch
The skin is a sensory organ which responds to the
sense of touch.
There are five types of receptors in the skin.
Receptor Stimuli (sensitive to)
Cold receptors Cold substances
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Cold receptors Cold substances
Heat receptors Heat
Pain receptors Pain
Pressure receptors Large pressure
Touch receptors Small pressure (touch )
The sensitivity of the skin depends on
(a) the thickness of epidermis
(b) the number of receptors present
Fingertip and neck are more sensitive .
Elbow , knee and back side are not so Elbow , knee and back side are not so
sensitive to touch.
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Braille letters are specifically designed symbols for
stimulating the fingertips, which allows blind people to
read
1.3 Sense of Smell
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1.3 Sense of Smell
Mucus is produced to help keep the
receptors moist.
When you inhale, the chemicals
from the food enter the nasal cavity
and dissolve in the mucus.
The smell receptors are stimulated.
The impulses from the smell
receptors are sent to the brain by
the olfactory nerves for
interpretation.
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When we catch a cold, too much mucus is
produced and this makes the receptors less
sensitive.
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Cold = flu (selsema )
1.4 1.4
Sense of
Taste
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1.4 Sense of Taste
The tongue contains many taste
buds. The taste buds are the taste
receptors.
There are four types of taste There are four types of taste
receptors.
These receptors are sensitive to
sweet sweet, salty salty, sour sour and bitter bitter tastes.
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How do you taste?
The taste buds are able to detect
the taste of the food when the
food is dissolved in saliva.
The taste receptors will be
stimulated and impulses are stimulated and impulses are
produced.
The impulses are sent to the brain
for interpretation.
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1.5 Sense of Hearing
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1.5 Sense of Hearing
The ear is a sensory organ for hearing and
balancing.
The car can be
divided into divided into
three sections:
i) outer ear,
ii) middle ear and
iii) inner ear.
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How do we hear ?
1. The pinna collects sound
waves and directs them
into the auditory canal
and to the eardrum.
2. The eardrumbegins to
vibrate and the
vibrations are
transferred to the
ossicles
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3. The ossicles magnify the vibrations and pass them
to the oval window.
4. The oval window transmits the vibrations to the
cochlea.
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5. The cochlea converts the vibrations into impulses.
6. The impulses are sent by the auditory nerves to the
brain for interpretation.
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1.6 Sense of Sight
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How do we see ?
When you look at an object, the light rays from the object enter the
eye.
The light rays are refracted by cornea, aqueous humour, lens and
vitreous humour.
An image is formed on the retina. Impulses are produced and are
sent to the brain by the optic nerves.. sent to the brain by the optic nerves..
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1.7 Light and Sight
Light is a form of energy and light
travels in straight lines. This causes
the formation of eclipses.
Light cannot travel through opaque
objects. Thus, shadows are formed.
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Light can be reflected
When light hits a surface, some of it bounces off or is
reflected.
Mirrors are very shiny surfaces designed to reflect nearly
all the light that hits them.
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When you look in a flat
mirror, you see a reflection
of yourself which is the
same size as you but back
to front.
Light can be refracted
When light travels from one medium to another of
different density, its speed changes.
This causes the light ray to bend.
This is known as refraction.
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Effect of light refraction
a) The swimming pool appears to be shallower
than its actual depth.
b) A straw in a glass of water appears to be b) A straw in a glass of water appears to be
bent.
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Vision defects
There are three defects of vision:
(a) Short-sightedness ( Rabun jauh )
can see near objects clearly but not distant objects.
(b) Long-sightedness ( Rabun dekat ) (b) Long-sightedness ( Rabun dekat )
can see far objects clearly but not near objects.
(c) Astigmatism (Rabun silau )
both far and near objects are blur.
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Short-sightedness Long-sightedness Astigmatism
can see near objects
clearly
can see far objects clearly both far and near objects
are blur
The images of distant
objects are formed
in front of the retina.
The images of nearby
objects are formed
at the back of retina.
Caused by irregular
surface of the cornea.
Using diverging
(concave) lens.
using converging (convex)
lens.
Using cylindrical lenses.
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Testing astigmatism ( text pg 23)
Normal eye
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Close your right eye and hold this page about one arms length
from your left eye.
Look at the figure .
Have an astigmatism
Optical illusion
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Optical illusion
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Sometimes our brains do not accurately
interpret what we see.
This phenomenon is known as optical illusion. This phenomenon is known as optical illusion.
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It's amazing how our brain works.
This should be proof enough, we don't always see what we think we see.
Blind spot
Text book pg 24
This boy is chasing a butterfly - time to end this madness.
Close your left eye and look at the boy with your right eye. Then move your
head closer to or further from the screen until ... the butterfly disappears !
You can't see the butterfly because it's exactly in front of your blind spot, the
place where the optical nerves enter the eye.
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When images fall on the blind spot, they cannot be seen.
Stereoscopic (binocular) vision
Stereoscopic vision is a vision
involving both eyes both eyes.
Humans Humans and most predators predators have
stereoscopic vision. stereoscopic vision.
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Advantages of stereoscopic vision
(a) Able to see objects in three
dimensions.
(b) Able to estimate the (b) Able to estimate the
distance accurately.
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Monocular vision
Monocular vision is a vision
involving only one eye one eye. .
Animals of prey Animals of prey normally have
monocular vision.
Monocular vision has a wider wider
scope of vision scope of vision.
This enables the prey to detect to detect
the presence of predators easily predators easily
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The various devices used to overcome the
limitations of sight include
microscope,
magnifying glass,
telescope,
binoculars,
ultrasound scanning device,
X-ray and
periscope.
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1.8 Sound and Hearing
Sound is produced when objects vibrate. vibrate.
A medium mediumis needed for the sound to travel.
Hence, sound cannot travel through vacuum vacuum. Hence, sound cannot travel through vacuum vacuum.
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Sound can be reflected
Sound can be reflected by smooth and hard surfaces reflected by smooth and hard surfaces
and it is absorbed by soft and rough surfaces.
Echo Echo is the reflected sound. Echo can be used to: Echo Echo is the reflected sound. Echo can be used to:
(a) estimate the depth of sea
(b) identify a school of fish
(c) detect the presence of submarines
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Hearing defects
There are two major types of
(a) The first type involves the outer and middle ear.
For example, the earwax can block sound waves and cause
temporary loss of hearing.
(b) The second type involves damage to the inner ear.
For example, toxins are produced as a result of diphtheria or
scarlet fever. These toxins damage the cochlea and cause
permanent loss of hearing.
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Protect our ears
Dont do this !! Dont do this !!
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Use earplug or earmuffs
Loud music
cause hearing loss
How to overcome hearing loss ?
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Hearing aid
Artificial cochlea
Surgery
Human hearing limit
Our ears can only detect sound of frequencies
between 20 Hz and 20000 Hz 20 Hz and 20000 Hz.
Sounds with frequencies 20 000 Hz and
above are ultrasonic sounds. These sounds can above are ultrasonic sounds. These sounds can
be detected by animals such as bats, cats and
dolphins.
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Stereophonic hearing
Stereophonic hearing is hearing with both ears. hearing with both ears.
Stereophonic hearing helps us to determine the determine the
direction of sound. direction of sound.
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1.9 Stimuli and Responses in Plants
Plants respond to
stimuli like light,
water , touch and
gravity.
Different parts of the
plant respond to
different stimuli.
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There are two types of responses:
(a) Tropism
Tropism is the directional growth of the part of a plant directional growth of the part of a plant in
response to an external stimulus.
(b) Nastic movements
The direction of the response is not dependent on the not dependent on the The direction of the response is not dependent on the not dependent on the
direction of the stimulus direction of the stimulus
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Venus fly trap Pitcher Plants
Mimosa pudica
Types of tropisms
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(a) Phototropism :
Response
to light
(c) Hydrotropism :
Response
to water
(b) Geotropism :
Response
to gravity
(d) Thigmotropism:
Response
to touch
When the part of the
plant grows towards
the stimulus, it is
called positive
tropism.
Shoot is Shoot is
negative negative
geotropism geotropism
When the part of the
plant grows away
from the stimulus, it is
called negative negative
tropism. tropism.
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Roots are Roots are
positive positive
geotropism . geotropism .