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hm{VmV. gm_moOH$ gwIg_mYmZmMr g_o hm{V{. hUyZ _Zw_Vrgma`m cm{H$`dhmamM{ gdmoJU
kmZ X{Um`m _oVJWmVoh odm{[mr`m BoVhmgmcm WmZ cm^c{c{ Amh{.
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[5]
15
qhXy Y_mMr Xm{Z AJ{ Amh{V. 1) dmr[a Y_ 2) oZdmr[a Y_. dmr[a Y_ hm

m_w`mZ{ A`wX`mMm odMma gmJVm{. A`wX` eXmZ{ Bhcm{H$s`m, ` OJVm`m j{mVrc gwI
g_o, g_mYmZ `mM{ odd{MZ Ao^{V Amh{. oZdmr[a eXmMm AW _w`V: oZ:l{`gmgmR>r C[`m{Jr
[S>Umam Agm Amh{. oZ:l{`g hUO{ ` OJVm`m [ocH$S>{ Agc{`m [acm{H$mVrc AmZX dm
_m{jgwI. `m oZ:l{`gmgmR>r OS> earamhZ o^ Agc{cm Ord AmoU `mM{ AoY>mZ Agc{cm
oZ[moYH$ Am_m, `mhr [ocH$S>Mm [a_m_m `mM{ kmZ AgU{ d VXZw$[ gmYZmH$aU{ C[`w$ R>aV{.
hr Xm{hr AJ{ d{Jd{Jir Agcr Var EH$_{H$m[mgyZ VwQ>c{cr Aer ZgVmV. Vr H$mhr [_mUmV Var
[a[amZm ghm`H$ hm{VmV. AmoU `m`m_`{ AoYH$ma^{XmZ{ gmYZ{Mm AdWmH$_oh AgVm{.OmJVr
AmoU oZm `m_mU{ h{ OmUmd{.
_Zw_oV hm JW m_w`mZ{ dmr[a hUO{ A`wX`mgmR>r Agcm Var `mV oZdmr[a
Aem oZ:l{`gmMmoh odMma Wm{S>`mV [U _mo_H$[U{ gmoJVcm Amh{. `m_wiM
{ A`wXòZ:l{`gmMr
gmYOm{S> H$aUmam g>w[mrMm H$_ [wTr>c `dhmam{[`m{Jr odd{MZm`m Ama^r H{$cm J{cm Amh{.
d{XmMm AoV_ od^mJ Agc{cr C[oZfX{ AmoU `m C[oZfXmVrc odIwac{`m dMZmV dada ^mgUmam
odam{Y Xya H$$Z C[oZfXmVrc VdkmZmM{ g_d`mZ{ EH$$[ hm{Uma{ ogmV oV[moXUmam ]gymgmaIm
JW h{ mYm`mZ{ oZ:l{`gmMm ]m{Y H$$Z X{Uma{ Amh{V. [U `mVoh g>w[mrMm odMma goj[U{ H$m
hm{BZ m, [U _mS>cm J{cmM Amh{. oZ:l{`gmM{ AoY>mZ Agc{`m ]mMr `m`mM _wir ""O{ gr>`m
C[mrpWoVc`mM{ EH$_m H$maU Amh{ V{ ]'', Aer Amh{. Ordg>rVrc _Zw`mM{ WmZ
BVamoU_mm[{jm CV hUyZM l{> Amh{. H$maU; `mcm BVa m`m_mU{M gm_m`V: Amhma
oZm^`_WwZ `mMmM Adc] OJ`mgmR>r H$amdm cmJV Agcm Var, H{$di V{dT>mZ{ `m`m
OrdZmcm H$VmWVm cm^V Zmhr. Bo`mam o_iUm`m C[^m{JgwIm[{jm H$mhrVar d{Ji{ AoYH$ `m[H$,
AoYH$ CV j{mVrc H$mhrVar H$amd{, o_idmd{ Aer {aUm `m`m oR>H$mUr Bar H$[{Z{M R>{dc{cr
AgV{. `m {aU{Mr AoV_ dom, Am`modf`rMr oOkmgm, ]kmZ hr Amh{. h{M ] gr>M{ _yi
Amh{. hUyZoh _Zw`m`m AmhmaoZ^`_WZw moX ZgoJH$ {aUmZm ohVH$a diU cmdUma{ ode{f oZ`_
]mYZy X{Um`m _oVJW mMm O_ Pmcm Amh{. `m ohVmgmR>r C[`w$ Agc{`m oZ`_m`m drH$mamVyZM
C`mAoYH$ d{imZ{ [U H$_mH$_mZ{ oZ:l{`gmMm _mJ CcJS>V OmVm{. E{ohH$ YS> Agc{ H$s [amMr
mo AdKS> ahmV Zmhr Ag{ _mD$crM{ dgcX` Agc{`m gVl{>mZr AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
Agm{. g>w[om gmJVmZm _hmamO _Zy [wT>{ hUVmV,
16
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VV: d`^^
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_hm^yVmoXdmmOm: mXwamgrm_m{ZXw :$&&6&&
ZVa AY:H$mamMm Zme H$aUmam Bo`mZm Jm{Ma Zgc{cm Agm ^JdmZ (Ba) d`^[y U{
JQ> Pmcm. `mZ{ h{ od `$ H$a`mMm Ama^ H{$cm. A`V gy_ Aem _hm^yVmoX ^mdmZm JQ>
H$a`mM{ BamM{ gm_` AoVhV, A_m{K Ag{ hm{V{.
[mM`m cm{H$mV H$emM{M kmZ hm{V ZhV{, Agm JmT> AYma gd ^$Z amohc{cm
hm{Vm Ag{ dUZ Amc{c{ Amh{. hr pWVr odm`m [yU c`mMr Amh{. hr OUy JmT>, XrK Aer am
Amh{. AmVm odmMm Cf:H$mc hm{D$ cmJcm Amh{. `mgmR>r gdH$maM{ H$Vw_H$VwA`WmH$Vw_ Ag{
AX^Vw gm_` Agc{cm [a_m_m, Ba Am[UM Am[`m oR>H$mUr gH$[ H$$Z JQ> Pmcm. `m`m
JQ>rH$aUmg BVa gm_m` Ordm_mU{ mH$ H$_, maY B`moX H$m{UV{oh ]m H$maU ZhV{. hUyZ
`mcm d`^y Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. [U h{ BamM{ JQ> hm{U{ cmoH$H$Q>m ` hm{Uma{ ZhV{. V{ Vg{
A`$M ahmUma{ hm{V{. Bo`m`m Amdm`mV `{Umar hr pWVr ZhVr. Var h{ BarVd H$mhrM `$
ZhV{, Aem pWVrV g>r `$ H$a`mg H$maUr^yV Pmc{. `mVyZM _hV B`moX [wT>{ gy_ _hm^yVmV
[naUV hm{Umar AoVgy_Vd{ AmH$mamg `{D$ cmJcr. [wT>rc cm{H$ hm Ame` AoYH$ [> H$aUmam
Amh{.
`m{@gmdVrp`Jm: gy_m{@`$: gZmVZ:$&

gd^Vy _`m{@oM`: g Ed d`_w^m$&&7&&
Vm{ hm [a_m_m Bo`mZm JhU hm{`m[ocH$S>Mm Amh{. A`V gy_ Amh{, A`$
Amh{. Vm{ AqM` hUO{ VH$m`moh Amdm`mV `{Umam Zmhr. AVVm{Jdm Vm{M gd g>rM{ H$maU
Agc{`m ^yVmXtM{ _ycH$maU Amh{. hm [a_m_m gZmVZ hUO{ oZ` Amh{. `mcm H$m{U`moh r>Z{
^yVôd`dV_mZH$mimMm [e hm{V Zmhr. Agm hm oZ` Agc{cm [a_m_m dV:M dgm_`mZ{
JQ> Pmcm.
[a_m_m JQ> Pmcm, ] JQ> Pmc{ `m eXmZ{ V{ g>rM{ C[mXmZH$maUoh Amh{.
H{$di oZo_mH$maU Zmhr h{ [> hm{V{. AVrp`Jm, gy_, A`$, AoM` `m Odi[mg EH$mM
AWm`m eXmZr kmZ|o`{, _Z, ]wo, `mM{oh gm_` I`m AWmZ{ Bam[`V [m{MV Zmhr Ag{ [>
H{$c{ OmV Amh{. AWmV hm gm_m` oZ`_ Amh{. `mMr ]wo Hw$emJ Amh{, gy_mM{ d$[ OmU`mM{
gm_` `m`m oR>H$mUr Amh{, amJ{fmoX Xm{fmZr, odH$mamZr `mM{ _Z Wm{S>{oh H$cwofV Pmc{c{ Zmhr,
AWmVM O{ g Amh{ Aem oZ_c _Z, VrU ]wo Agc{`m `$scm V[`}`m ]imda `m
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[7]
1 11
[a_m`mM{ kmZ$[mV dm AZw^d$[mV JhU H$aVm `{V.{ (`V{ d``m ]wX `m gy_`m gy_Xoeo^:)
gm{@o^`m` earamdmpggjow dodYm: Om:$&

A[ Ed ggOmXm Vmgw dr`_dmgOV$&&8&&
`m [a_m`mZ{ `mZ H{$c{ . dV:`m earamVyZ ododY [H$ma`m OmMr oZo_Vr
H$$ BpN>Um`m `m BamZ{ W_ ""A['' (CXH$) oZ_mU H{$c{ AmoU `mV ]rOmMr [{aUr H{$cr.
`{W{ "eara' Agm Amc{cm eX odoe> AmH$mamMm dmMH$ Y$ Z`{. gd g> [XmWmM{
dVwV: [a_m_m hmM C[mXmZ H$maU Ag`m_wi{ C[mXmZH$maUdmMm C{I `{W{ eara eXmZ{ H{$cm
Amh{. g>r C[ H$aVmZm `mZ{ W_ CXH$mMr oZo_Vr H{$cr. Ag{ O{ hQ>c{ Amh{ V{ CXH$ _hm^yVm`m
$[mZ{ oXgyZ `{Uma{ Wyc CXH$ qH$dm Oc Zmhr. Am[U `mcm [mUr hUyZ Am{iIVm{ V{oh h{ Zh{. h{
"A[:' hUO{ CXH$, g>rMr Am]rO{ YmaU H$a`mM{ gm_` Agc{c{ `m[H$ Ag{ eo$$[ Vd
Amh{.
VXS>_^d_ ghmeg
w _^_$&
Vp_Ok{ d` ]m gdcm{H$o[Vm_h:$&&9&&
V{ ]rO (dr`)AHw$naV hm{D$Z EH$m (odemc) AS>m`m $[mZ{ JQ> Pmc{. V{ OUw
gm{`mM{ hm{V{, V{ gy`m_mU{ A`V V{Odr hm{V{. `m AS>m`m J^mV gd cm{H$mMm o[Vm_h Agc{cm
Om{{ ]m (]X{d) `m`m$[mZ{ [a_m_m dV:M O_mg Amcm.
Am[m{ Zmam BoV m{$m Am[m{ d ZagyZd:$&

Vm `X`m`Z [yd V{Z ZmamÙ: _V:$&&10&&
Am[ (A[ YmVyM{ ]hdMZ) hUO{ CXH{$, Zam[mgyZ ([a_m`m[mgyZ) C[ Pmc{
hUyZ `mZm Zmam Ag{ hUVmV.
hr CXH{$ (Zmam) [ydu g>r`m Ama^r ZamM{, [a_m`mM{, odlm_WmZ hm{V{. hUyZ
[a_m`mcm ZmamÙ Ag{ hUVmV.
`mH$maU_`$ oZ` gXgXm_H$_$&

Vog>: g [wfm{ cm{H${ ]o{ V H$s`V${ &&11&&
g>r`m oZo_Vrg H$maU^yV Agc{cm Vm{ [a_m_m A`$, oZ`, gV+AgV Aem
^mdmZr `w$ Amh{. `mZ{ oZ_mU H{$c{cm Om{ [wf `mcm cm{H$mV ]m Ag{ hUVmV.
`{W{ gdmM{ AmoXH$maU O{ g>w_wI Pmc{c{ ] `mMm C{I H{$c{cm Amh{. gd
H$ma`m ododYV{Z{ `w$ Agc{cr g>r hr H$m` Amh{. AmoU [a_{a oVM{ H$maU Amh{. hm
1 11
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H$m`H$maUg]Y KQ> AmoU _omH$m `m`m gmaIm Amh{. H$maU h{ gX$[ hUO{ gmm$[ Amh{. [U
`mda ^mgUma{ O{ H$m` V{ dV ApVdmZ{ `w$ Zmhr. hUyZ `mcm AgV Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. [U
[a_{a hm oXgUm`m AmoU AgUm`m gdM H$m`H$maUmM{ AoY>mZ Ag`mZ{ `mcm gXgXm_H$,
gVAgV$[ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. Aem `m A`$, oZ`, gXgXm_H$ [a_{amZ{ [wT>{ g>rM{ gd
`m[ma H$m`dmhrV AmU`mgmR>r `mMr oZo_Vr H{$cr `mcm cm{H$m_`{ ]m]X{d Ag{ hUVmV.
Vp_S>{ g ^JdmZwofdm [nadga_$&

d`_{dm_Zm{ `mZmmXS>_H$am{Xo Ym$&&12&&
`m AS>m_`{ Vm{ ^JdmZ ]m EH$ dfâ amohcm. _J `mZ{ dV:M Am`mM{
`mZ H{$c{ AmoU `mmV amohcm hm{Vm `m AS>mMr Xm{Z eH$c{ H{$cr.
AS>m_`{ amohcm Vm{ H$m{U? `mg]Y r _Zw_Vr`m Q>rH$mH$mamV H$mhrg{ _V^{X Amh{V.
d{X gdWm _mU Ag`mZ{ `mVrc dMZmMm odMma H{$cm Var V{W{oh "`m{ ]mU odXYmoV [yd'
`mZ{ ]X{dmcm W_ ApVdmV AmUc{, "oha`J^:g_dVVmJ{' oha`J^ hm (g>r`m) Ama^r
ApVdmV hm{Vm. Aer Xm{Z lwoVdm`{ Amh{V. [a[a{_`{ ]X{d, oha`J^, Om[oV, odamQ> Ag{
eX g>r C[ H$aUm`m`m gX^mV `{VmV.
JQ> hm{`m`m H$_mZ{ [a_{{a, ]X{d, oha`J^, Om[oV AmoU odamQ> Agm H$_
cmdVm `{Bc
. darc ghm AmoU Xhm `m cm{H$mV BamM{ dUZ Amh{, Ag{ g_Omd{. Xhm`m cm{H$mVrc
dUZoh BamM{M Amh{ Ag{ g_O`mg [y`[mX Am eH$amMm`m`m JrVm^m`m`m Ama^rMm
_Jcm_H$ cm{H$ _mU Amh{. V{W{ lr_X AmMm` "ZmamÙ: [am{ `$mV AS>_`$ g^d_$&
AS>`mVpd_{ cm{H$m: gr[m M _{oXZr$&&' Ag{ hUVmV. AmMm`mZr gmoJVc{cm hm go>H$ _
ZmamÙA`$AS> Agm Amh{. gmV,AmR> AH$am `m cm{H$mVrc dUZ ]X{dmg AZwcjyZ Amh{.
ZD$ AmoU ]mam `{Wrc dUZ oha`J^mg cmJy hm{V{, Ag{ _mZVm `{V{. H$maU V{ AS>{ gm{`mgmaI{ hm{V{
Ag{ Zd`mV dUZ Amh{. AmoU AS>mV dfâ amohcm h{ dUZ oha`J^mg OwiUma{ Amh{. Vm{ AS>{
\$m{Sy>Z O{hm JQ> Pmcm, V{hm `mcm Om[oV dm odamQ> Aer gkm mdr. lreH$amMm`mZr
Vomar`^m`mV AmZXmMr MT>Vr l{Ur gmJVmZm Om[Vr eXmMm AW odamQ> AgmM H{$cm Amh{.>
]X{dmoX Mmar eX H$Vdm`m >rZ{ EH$$[ _mZyZ `m gdmZmM ]m qH$dm ]X{d `moh eXmZ{
g]m{oYc{ OmU{ e` Amh{ AmoU V{ Vg{ JWmVar AmT>iV{oh.
`{W{ ]m AS>m_`{ EH$ dfâ amohcm Ag{ O{ dUZ Amh{ V{ df _mZdr H$mcJUZ{M{
X{dmM{ H$s ]X{dmM{ h{ [> Zmhr. `mVrc H$mhroh Agy eH{$c. _mZdmM{ EH$ df hUO{ X{dmMm EH$
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[9]
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oXdg _mZcm OmVm{. hUO{ _mZdr VrZe{ [mg> dfmM{ X{dmM{ EH$ df hm{V.{ EH$ hOma _mZdr _hm`wJmMm
hUO{ Mma AO ]mrgH$m{Q>r dfmMm ]X{dmMm EH$ oXdg hm{Vm{. hr H$mcJUZm AmYwoZH$ IJm{c
emkm`m oV[mXZmer [wH$ier o_iVr OwiVr Amh{. ]X{dmMm oXdg oOV`m _mZdr dfmMm
oVVH$sM `mMr am hUO{ ]X{dmMm EH$ oXdg (Ahm{am) AmR> AO Mmg> H$m{Q>r dfmMm hm{Vm{.
`mcm VrZe{ [mg>Z{ JwUc{ hUO{ ]X{dmM{ EH$ df hm{Bc. hUO{ ]X{dmM{ EH$ df EH$Vrg Id
{[ AO gmR>H$m{Q>r _mZdr dfmM{ hm{V{. ]X{dm`m EH$m oXdgmV MmXm _dVa{ hm{VmV. `{H$
_dVamMm EH$ dV _Zy AgVm{. ]X{dmM{ Am`w`> `m`m _m[mZ{ eâ dfmM{. g`m `mVrc
[ydmY [yU Pmcm AgyZ ]X{dm`m Am`w`mM{ g`m EH$mdmd{ df gw Amh{. `m EH$mdm`m dfm`m
[oh`m oXdgmVrc ghm _dVa{ [yU Pmcr AgyZ gmV`m dddV _dVamVrc gmmdrg _hm`wJ{
[yU Pmcr Amh{V AmoU A>modgm`m _hm`wJmVrc e{dQ>`m A>modgm`m H$oc`wJmMr Mma cj
]mrg hOmam[H$s [mMhOma EH$e{ VrZmd{ df Mmcy Amh{. ]X{d hmM gd odmMm `j H$VmYVm
Ag`mZ{ `m`m Am`w`mM{ h{ JoUV EH$ Hw$Vyhc hUyZ gmoJVc{. AmYwoZH$ IJm{cemk O{hm
odmMm odMma H$aVmV V{hm Aer MS> JoUV{ gmJV AgVmV. `m odf`mV gdmM{M E{`_`
AgV{ Ag{ Zmhr. H{$di Hw$Vyhc hUyZ Am[U E{H$Vm{dmMVm{ AmoU Am`MoH$V hm{Vm{. Ia{ Va
Am[`m dmVodH$ OrdZmer cj H$m{Q>rZ{ _m{Om`m cmJUm`m dfJUZ{Mm H$mhrM g]Y ZgVm{ Var
`m odf`mM{ dadaM{ kmZ AgU{oh gw]w[UmM{ AmoU ]hlwV[UmM{ cjU _mZc{ OmV{. V{ `m{òh
Amh{. Agm{.
]X{dmZ{, oha`J^mZ{ `m gm{`mgma`m AoVAoVAoVMS> AS>mV EH$ dfâ
dmg H{$cm. J^mV ]mcH$ qH$dm AS>mV [jmM{ o[cy H$mhr H$mi ahmV{ AmoU [yU dmT> Pm`mZVa
AS>{ \$m{Sy>Z ]mh{a `{V{ Vg{M `{W{oh Pmc{c{ Amh{.
]X{dmZ{ `mZ H{$c{ hUO{ ododYV{Z{ `w$ g>r oZ_mU H$a`mMm gH$[ H{$cm.
AmoU V{ AS> \w$Qy>Z `mMr Xm{Z eH$c{ Pmcr.
Vm`m g eH$cm`m M oXd ^yq_ M oZ__${ &

_`{ `m{_ oXem>md[m WmZ M emV_$&&13&&
`m Xm{Z eH$cmVyZ daMm mcm{H$ AmoU ImcMm ^ycm{H$ oZ_mU Pmcm. `m
Xm{hr`m_`{ AmH$me (AdH$me) AmR> oXem AmoU CXH$mM{ emV AoY>mZ Agc{cm _hmgmJa
`mMr oZo_Vr Pmcr.
`{W{ oXd eXmZ{ Jh, gy`, Vma, VmaH$m_S>c,{ AmH$meJJm, Ao^H$m, V{Om{_K{ , B`moX
1 13
10 ]
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mMrZ AdmMrZ eXmZ{ C{oIc{ OmUma{ odmVrc gd [XmW d aMZmode{f Ao^{V Amh{V. Am[`m
mMrZ [a[a{_mU{ ^y: hUO{ Am[U amhVm{ Vr [dr gm{Sy>Z oV`mda ^wd:, d:(gwd:), _h:, OZ:,
V[:, g`_ Ag{ ghm EH$m[{jm EH$ daM{ cm{H$ _mZc{c{ Amh{V. Vg{M [dr`m Imcr [mVmc,
_hmVc, agmVc, VcmVc, gwVc, odVc AmoU AVc Ag{ gmV AYm{cm{H$oh _mZc{c{ Amh{V.
AmYwoZH$ IJm{cemmV _mZ`m OmUm`m AmH$meJJm B`moX aMZmode{fmer Am[`mH$S>rc
cm{H$H$[Z{M{ CU{AoYH$ gm` AgU{ g^dy eH$V{. ^y: eXmZ{ [dr Agm AW Z K{Vm ApVdmV
`{Uma{ dVwVd Agm AW K{Vm `{Bb. [U `mM{ odd{MZ `{W{ Ao^{V Zmhr.
CX]hm_Zd _Z: gXgXm_H$_$&

_Zgm`hH$ma_o^_Vma_ra_$&&14&&
ZVa Am`m[mgyZ gVAgV d$[mM{ _Z oZ_mU H{$c{. _Zm[mgyZ AhH$mamMr C[om
H{$cr. hm AhH$maM Ao^_Vm hUO{ _r. _r `m OmoUd{Mm dmVodH$ AmYma Amh{. AmoU Vm{M Ba
hUO{ gJir H$m`} [ma [mS>`mg g_W Agm Ord Amh{.
_ZmgmR>r gV AmoU AgV Ag{ odam{Yr dmQ>Uma{ Xm{hr eX dm[ac{ Amh{V. _Z h{
A`j Amh{, oXgV Zmhr, hUyZ AgV. Va `m`m gH$[odH$[moX H$m`m`m $[mZ{ `m`m
ApVdmMm AZw^d `{Vm{, hUyZ V{ gV. `{W{ Var AgV eXmMm AW A^md Zmhr. JrV{Z{ ]mcm
gV AmoU AgV Xm{hr hQ>c{ Amh{. V{W{oh AgV hUO{ A`M.
d{XmVr H$VrM{ dV ApVd _mZrV ZmhrV. V{ gd g>rMr C[mr Am`m[mgyZM
_mZVmV. _wS>H$m{[oZfXmV [>[U{ C{oIc{ Amh{ H$s Om{ [wf A_yV, oX`, AO, gdm`m AmV
AmoU ]mh{a Agc{cm Agm Amh{, Om{ [a_mW>rZ{ H$m{UVroh oH$`m H$arV Zmhr (AmU) `mcm
H$m{UVmoh gH$[ ZgVm{ (A_Z:) Aem `m Am`m[mgyZ, " EV_mV Om`V{ mU: _Z:
gd}p`moU M$& I dm`w`m}oVam[: [oWdr od` YmnaUr$&&' mU_Zgd Bo`{ AmoU
AmH$me, dm`w, V{O, Oc AmoU gd ggmamM{ YmaU H$aUmar [dr C[ Pmcr. V{hm `{W{ Am`m[mgyZ
_Z Pmc{ hU`mV odgJoV Zmhr. AWmV `{Wrc h{ _Z AhH$mamM{ OZH$ Ag`mZ{ V{ Ia{ Va _hV
Amh{, ]wo$[ Amh{. _Zw_oV hr gm`m`m \$ma AmYr Ag`mZ{ gm`m_wi{ odMmamM{ O{ AZwemgZ
[wT>{ oZ_mU Pmc{ `mM{ ]YZ _Zw_Vrcm AgU{ e` Zmhr.
AhH$mamcm `{W{ Ba hUyZ g]m{oYc{ Amh{. `md$Z AhH$mamam OrdmM{ H$_dmV`
Ao^{V Ag`mM{ [>[U{ oXgV{. _Zy`m amKdmZX Zmdm`m Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ ""dmV`mV gd dm{:
AhH$mamYrZdmV Ba:'' Agm C{I H{$cm Amh{, Vm{ _mo_H$ Amh{.
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[ 11 ]
1 15
_hmV_{d Mm_mZ gdmoU oJwUmoZ M$&

odf`mUm JohVoU eZ: [m{p`moU M $&&15&&
_J _hmZ Am_m, gd VrZ JwU, odf`mM{ JhU H$aUmar [mM Bo`{ H$_mH$_mZ{ C[
H{$cr.
`{W{ AhH$mamZVa _hVMm C{I Agcm Var ]hV{H$ gd Q>rH$mH$mamZr _hV h{
AhH$mam`m AmYr _mZc{c{ Amh{. ]woAhH$ma_ZoMm `m gdmcmM AV:H$aUMVw>` hUVmV.
`m MmamM{ `{H$s EH$ doeQ> Amh{. odd{H$ AmoU oZ` H$aV{ Vr ]wo, _r_r M{ AoY>mZ Agc{cm,
gd H$_mZm {aUm X{Umam, Ordm`m`m AJXr Odi Ag`mZ{ Ord$[ ^mgUmam Om{, Vm{ AhH$ma.
gH$[ odH$[ H$aUma{, "hd{ZH$m{' hUUma{ V{ _Z AmoU [yd^m{JmM{ _aU R>{dUma{, qMVZ H$aUma{ V{
oMm. MV`mcm `m Mmam`m C[mYr_wiM
{ Ord^md m hm{V AgVm{. _Z AmoU oMm EH$$[ _mZ`mMr
[oV Amh{. h{ gdM AV:H$aUmM{ ^mJ Ag`mZ{ `dhmamV `mMm C[`m{J gao_girZ{ H{$cm OmVm{.
g>rMm AmVm H$m{R>{ Ama^ hm{Vm{ Amh{. `m_wi{ hr mao^H$ doeQ>{ oZ_mU hm{`mMm H$mi,od[im`moh
H$mhr AOmemBVH$m gy_ Amh{. `m_wi{ odd{MZm`m Am{KmV _mJ{[Tw >{ hm{Uo{ h g^dZr` Amh{. MmXm`m
cm{H$mV _Zmcm gXgXm_H$ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ ode{fU `m gdmZmM `WmW[U{ cmdVm `{V{. H$maU h{
Mmar hUO{M AV:H$aU AZw_mZmZ{ OmUVm `{V{ hUyZ gV AmoU `j oXgV Zmhr hUyZ AgV
Ag{ [>rH$aU H$mhr Q>rH$mH$ma X{VmV. O{ H$maU H$m`$[ AgV{ dm H$oVodH$oV$[ AgV{ `mcmoh
[mna^mofH$ >rZ{ gXgXm_H$ hQ>c{ OmV{. gV hUO{ H$oV AmoU AgV hUO{ odH$oV. oO`mVyZ
H$mhr oZ_mU hm{V{ Vr H$oV. AmoU Or H$emVyZ Var oZ_mU Pmcr Amh{ Vr odH$oV. `m odH$VrcmM
odH$ma Ag{oh hUVmV.
gdaOV_ h{ VrZ JwU, eX[e$[agJY h{ [mM odf`, `mZm JhU
H$aUmar H$mZ,dMm,Z{,oOm,ZmogH$ hr [mM kmZ|o`{ oZ_mU H{$cr. `{W{M H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr hmV
[m`dmUr[m`wC[W Aem [mM kmZJhUmcm ghm`H$ Agc{`m H$_~o`mMmoh C{I H{$cm
Amh{.
gm` VdkmZmV gdaOV_ `m oJwUm`mM gm`mdW{cm H$oV Ag{ hQ>c{
Amh{, AmoU VrM gdg>rM{ _ycH$maU Amh{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. gm` Ba _mZrV ZmhrV V{ H$Vrcm
dV _mZVmV, oJwUm_`{ jm{^ hm{D$Z odf_Vm oZ_mU hm{V{ `m_wi{ g>rMm Ama^ hm{Vm{ Ag{ `mM{
_V Amh{. g>raMZ{`m oH$`{V d{X_VmZw`m`mZr AS>mMm ^{X hm{D$Z Ama^ hm{Vm{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
gm`mZr gm`mdW{Vrc JwUmMm jm{^ hm{D$Z g>roZo_VrVrc oH$`{Mm Ama^ hm{Vm{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{
1 15
12 ]
_Zw_oV
Va AmYwoZH$, odm{[mrMm Ama^ EH$m AoV AoV AoV KZmdW{`m _hm\$m{Q>mVyZ hm{Vm{ Ag{ hUVmV.
^{Xjm{^\$m{Q> `m eXmV H$mhr gmaI{[Um Amh{ h{ cjmV K{Vm `{V{.
V{fm dd`dmgy_mZ fUm_ò_VmOgm_$&

god{`m__mmgw gd^Vy moZ oZ__${ &&16&&
[a_{amZ{ Ag` H$m`} C[ H$a`mM{ gm_` `m`m oR>H$mUr Amh{, `m`m
[mgyZ AhH$ma AmoU gy_ Ad`d `m Am_odH$mamVyZ ZVa X{d, _Zw`, [ey, [jr, _omH$m, [mfmUmoX
Wmda [XmW, dZ[oV, OcMa Aer gd H$maMr ^yV{ oZ_mU H{$cr.
`{W{ Am`m`m _mm hUO{ Am`mM{ odH$ma `m eXmZ{ oha`J^ dm ]m qH$dm
odamQ> `m _yi oZ_m`m`m Ad`dmMm odMma H{$cm [mohO{. h{ Am_odH$ma, Am__mm _w`V: ghm
Amh{V. EH$ AhH$ma AmoU [mM, eX[e$[agJY `m V_mm. [wT>Mr gd g>r Or A`V
odemc AmoU Ag` H$ma`m ododYV{Z{ âc{cr Amh{, oVcm oZ_mU H$a`mM{ gm_` Ag`mZ{
`mZm odcjU eo$emcr, Ao_VmOg hQ>c{c{ Amh{. JrV{_`{ "_Z:f>moZ Bo`moU' Agm C{I
[Yam`m A`m`mV `{Vm{, `mcmoh _yc AmYma darc ghmMmM Amh{. JrV{Vrc C{I _w`V: Ordmcm
C{eyZ Ag`mZ{ _Z eXmZ{ AhH$mamoX MVw>`, [mM Bo`m`m d$[mV gy_ V_mm AmoU VXwzV
kmZ|o`{, H$_~o`{ `mMm gJh JhrV Yac{cm Amh{.
Co> AmoU H$aU `m`m AZwam{YmZ{ JW mMr aMZm H{$cr OmV Ag`mZ{ `mV dJdmar
H$aVmZm gm{`rMr Aer dJdmar H{$cr OmV{. V{hm oV`m [H$mamV O{ gmJmd`mM{ Amh{ `mcm C[`m{Jr
AemM odf`mMm gJh hm{Vm{. `m_wi{ BVa ^mJ Q>mic{ Var V{ A_m` hm{V{, o^_VmM{ hUyZ `m`
dmQ>V hm{V{. Ag{ g_O`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
_{YmoVWr `m _Zy`m Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ "gd^yVmoZ' `m eXmZ{ X{dmoX gdM g> [XmWmMm
C{I H{$cm Amh{, `md$Z oha`J^, Om[oV hmM gdmMm _yc o[Vm dm o[Vm_h Amh{ h{ oZoV
hm{V{.
`_y`d`dm: gy_mVmZr_m`ml`pV fQ>$&

V_mN>arao_`mhV` _yVv _ZrofU:$&&17&&
h{ _yV Pmc{c{ gy_ Ad`d `m Bo`mMm Aml` H$aVmV V{hm OmUV{ cm{H$ `mZmM
oha`J^mM{ AmH$mamcm Amc{c{ eara Ag{ hUVmV.
_yV eara `mM{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr oha`J^, ]m, H$oV, A`$ Ag{ H$mhrg{ d{Jd{Ji{
AW H{$c{c{ Amh{V. hm d{Ji{[Um $oMV $oMV `mZm _m` Agc{`m Vdmda AmYmnaV AgVm{ Va
_Zw_oV
[ 13 ]
1 19
]hwYm `dhmam`m gm{`rgmR>r drH$mac{cm AgVm{. Vm{ MM}Mm qH$dm dmXoddmXmMm odf` H$a`mM{
`{W{ Var `m{OZ Zmhr.
H{$di gQ>w[om AmoU oVMm H$_ gmJU{ EdT>{M Co> R>{dyZ H{$c{cr dV JWaMZm
H{$hmVar mMrZH$mir C[cY Ag{c, [U Vr g`m _m`mVar [hm`mV Amc{cr Zmhr. ZrM dmr`m
[aH$s` AmH$_H$mZr Jmd{`m Jmd{ Omicr. Vjercm,ZmcXm Aem OJog odm[rR>mVrc JWgJh
OmiyZ ^_gmV H{$cm. Vm{ ghm ghm _ohZ{ OiV hm{Vm Ag{ hUVmV, Aem pWVrV Ag{ JW AZw[cY
hm{U{ AJXr dm^modH$ Amh{.
g>r`m C[mrMm m{Q>H$ odMma oZaoZam`m d$[mV Ogm `{W{ doUcm Amh{ VgmM
Vm{ C[oZfX{, am_mÙ, _hm^maV h{ BoVhmgJW AmoU ^mJdVmoX AR>am _hm[wamU{ VerM C[[wamU{,
BVaoh H$mhr gXmòde{fmM{ JW gm`Z`mo`H$ B`moX XeZH$ma `m gdm_`{ g>r`m
C[omH$_mg]Yr H$mhr dUZ{ Ad` Amcr Amh{V. `m gdmMm gIm{c A`mg H$$Z EH$ dV
JW XrKH$mcrZ _ZZqMVZg_d` `m`m ]imda H$aVm `{U{ e` Amh{. Hw$Ur VU \$maVa mT>
Aem ]wo_mZ odmZmZ{ Agm `Z Ad` H$amdm. `mgmR>r AmYwoZH$ H{$di emH$oZ> Aem
m_moUH$ kmdV gem{YH$m`m odmg]Yr`m dm _yc`mg]Yr`m emr` gem{YZmM{ ghmòh
`md{. Vg{ Pmc{ Va kmZj{mV \$ma _m{cmMr â [S>{c `mV eH$m Zmhr.
VXmodepV ^yVmoZ _hmpV gh H$_o^:$&

_Zmd`d: gy_: gd^Vy H$X``_$&&18&&
_J `m AmH$mamcm Amc{`m earamV _hm^yV{ H$_mgh od> Pmcr. AodZmer Ag{
_Z V{oh gy_ Ad`dmgh oeac{. h{ _Z gd ^yVmM{ d$[ JQ> H$aUma{ hm{V{.
`{W{ ^yVmZm _hmZ h{ ode{fU cmdc{ Agc{ Var Vr ^yV{ [MrH$V _hm^yV{ ZgyZ A[MrH$V
_hm^yV{ Amh{V. AV:H$aUm`m oVoZoYdmZ{ `{W{ _ZmMm C{I H{$cm Amh{.
V{fmo_X Vw gmZm [wfmUm _hmOgm_$&

gy_m`m{ _yoV_mm`: g^d```mX``_$&&19&&
A`V gm_èrc Aem `m gmH$mac{`m [U gy_ Agc{`m gmV Vdm[mgyZM
[wT>{ Vr VdV: AodZmer Agcr Var odZmer Aer ^yV{ oZ_mU Pmcr.
`{Wo{ h gmV Vd{, `mMm C{I [wf eXmZ{ H{$cm Amh{, `m`modf`r H$mhrgm _V^{X
Amh{M. _hV , AhH$ma AmoU A[MrH$V Aer [dr,Am[,V{O,dm`y AmoU AmH$me Aer ^yV{ h{
JhrV YaU{ gmV Vd{ hU`m`m >rZ{ MmJc{. _{YmoVWrgma`m H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr ]wo AmoU
AhH$ma `mMm drH$ma H$$ZM gmV Vd{ _mZcr Amh{V.
1 19
14 ]
_Zw_oV
[wf eXmMr `m`m [wnaearamV, e{V{amhVm{ hUyZ [wf Aer Amh{. h{ dUZ Og{
_yc^yV MV`mcm cmJy [S>V{ Vg{M V{ earaoZo_VrM{ H$maU AgUm`m _Z]wo AmoU [mM _hm^yV{
`mZmoh cmdVm `{V{.
eXmMm AW `mZm gX^mZ{ ghO cjmV `{D$ eH$Vm{ `m`mgmR>r H$mQ>H{ $m{a [na^mf{Mr
ode{f Amd`H$Vm ZgV{. Z{h_r`m `dhmamV Va Am[U Vm{ [wf eX _Zw`mVrc H{$di ZamMm
dmMH$ hUyZM dm[aVm{. emm_`{ Vm{ Am_m, Ordm_m, qcJX{h AmoU _Zw` `mZmoh cmdcm OmVm{.
`{W{ Vm{ qcJX{hmMm dmMH$ Agmdm. H$maU ]mer EH$$[ hm{Um`m H$d` Aem _m{jmòVna$
qcJX{h, qcJX{h hUyZ VgmM ahmVm{. `mgmR>rM `{W{ `mcm A``, AodZmer Ag{ ode{fU oXc{
Amh{. BVa gd g>r AmoU oV`mVrc gd ododY [XmW C`m AoYH$ H$mcmVamZ{ odZme [mdUma{M
Amh{V. hUyZ `{W{ A``m[mgyZ ``mMr, AodZmer [mgyZ odZmemMr oZo_Vr hm{V{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
AodZmer [mgyZ odZmerMr C[mr hm{VmZm _mJrc cm{H$mV O{ "H$_o^: gh' Ag{
[M^yVmM{ dUZ H{$c{c{ Amh{ V{ cjmV K{Vc{ hUO{ g>rcm `{Um`m ododYV{Mr ZrQ> H$[Zm `{D$
eH$V{.
H$emVyZ H$mhr oZ_mU hmd`mM{ hUO{ H$mhr oH$`m hm`m cmJVmV AmoU `m
oZaoZam`m [H$ma`m AgVmV. `m gd oH$`mM{ dJuH$aU `{H$^yVm`m odoe> H$_m`m AmYma{
H$aVm `{V.{ _{YmoVWrZ{ "YoVgdhZZ[o$`yhmdH$mem: [oW`mXrZm `WmH$_ H$_moU' Ag{
hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ \$ma _hdmM{ Amh{. `m dUZmMm Ame` Agm H$s [dr_wi{ YmaU hm{V{. Ocm_wi{
`{H$ `m_Yrc, [XmWm_Yrc, Wycgy_H$U EH$_{H$mer Om{S>c{c{ amhVmV. Ao `m`m [MZmM{
hUO{ [nadVZmM{ H$m_ H$aVm{. Og{ IVm_wi{ dZ[Vr [w> hm{VmV, AmVyZ m`m`m X{hmVrc a$_mgmoX
YmVy KS>VmV; IV dV: H$mhr dZ[Vr$[ Zmhr. A H$mhr _Zw`m`m earamVrc a$ _mgmgmaI{
ZgV{. `mgmR>r Am`m KQ>H$mZm a$_mgmXtM{ $[mV [naUV H$amd{ cmJV{. h{M [nadVZmM{ hUO{
[MZmM{ H$m` Ar_wi{ hm{V{. `mgmR>rM Am[U OR>amo AmM{ [MZ H$aVm{ Ag{ hUVm{. g>rVrc
`{H$ chmZ_m{R>m [XmWmcm odoe> AmH$ma Amh{. hm aMZmode{f X{`mM{ H$m` dm`y H$aVm{. H$m{UVmoh
AmH$ma `{`mgmR>r AmH$Vrcm Or d{Jd{Jir diU{ dm CMgIc[Um Agmdm cmJVm{ `mgmR>r V{W{
AdH$me cmJVm{. V{ H$m` AmH$memM{ Amh{.
H$m`H$maU`m{OZ `mMr EH$ _mocH$m AgV{. AmYrM{ H$m` [wT>{ C[ hm{Um`m
H$m`mM{ H$maU hm{V AgV{. AmoU hr gd H$maUH$m`mMr _mocH$m ]m[mgyZ Ama^yZ AVr ]mVM
crZ hm{V{.
_Zw_oV
[ 15 ]
1 21
Aem arVrZ{ gd odZmer Agc{c{ g> [XmW AodZmer Aem gy_VdmVyZ, qcJX{hmVyZ
oZ_mU hm{VmV.
Amm` JwU d{fm_dmZm{oV [a: [a:$&

`m{ `m{ `mdoVWfm g g VmdxU: _V:$&&20&&
AmYr`m AmYr`m VdmMm JwU `mVyZ oZ_mU hm{Um`m [wT>`m [wT>`m `mV,
[XmWmV `{Vm{{. hr oZ_mU Pmc{cr `{ `mV oZ_mU hm{Um`m ^yVm`m _mUmV C`m AoYH$ odoe>
JwUY_mMr hm{VmV.
_mJrc _mJrc ^yV go>oZo_Vr`m oH$`{V [wT>rc [wT>rc ^yVmV g_mod> hm{V.{ `m_wi{
gy_ Aem [M^yVmVyZ `mhZ Wyc Agc{`m [mM _hm^yVmMr C[mr hm{V{. AmoU hrM _hm^yV{ gd
Wmda OJ_ g> [XmWmM{ H$maU AgVmV.
AmH$me H{$di eXJwUmZ{ `w$ AgV{.> dm`yV eX AmoU [e h{ JwU `{VmV. ArV
eX, [e,$[ Ag{ VrZ JwU `{VmV. Am[mVOcmV eX,[e,$[,ag Ag{ Mma AmoU [drV
eX,[e,$[ ag JY Ag{ [mMoh JwU AgVmV. hrM _hm^yV{ Wyc Aem [M_hm^yVmV g_mod>
hm{VmV. _J `mZm `m`m JwUmoY`mZ{ `m `m ^yVmM{ Zmd o_iV{. [wT>Mr gd g>r `m`mM o_lUmVyZ
dm g`m{JmVyZ C[ hm{V{. [wT>{ `m `m [XmWmMroh g`m{J o_lU{ hm{VmV. _mZdr `ZmZ{ _J `mg Ka,
`{, A, H$m[S> Aem C[^m{JgmYZmM{ d$[ m hm{V{. `m`mVoh ^yV ode{fm_mU{ JwUode{f
amhVmVM. `m_wi{ H$mhr K>, H$mhr Q>UH$, H$mhr _D$, H$mhr H$R>rU Va H$mhr oR>gyi Aem JwUmMr
AgVmV.
gd}fm Vw g Zm_moZ H$_moU M [WH$ [WH$$&

d{XeX{` EdmXm [WH$ gWm oZ__${ &&21&&
g>rMm Ama^ hm{VmM ]X{dmZ{ oZ_mU Pmc{`m gd ododY H$ma`m `mMr,
[XmWmMr Zm_{ AmoU JwUH$_} d{Jir d{Jir oZ_mU H{$cr. AmoU `dhmam`m gm{`r_mU{ `m`m
`dWmoh cmdyZ oX`m. `m gdmcm d{XmVrc dMZmMmM AmYma hm{Vm.
`m cm{H$mMm AmO`m oejUgH$mamZ{ oZ_mU Pmc{`m ]wrcm, Zmd{ AmoU H$_}
Or ododY [XmWmMr Am{iI hm{`mgmR>r AmoU C[`m{J cjmV `{`mgmR>r Amd`H$ AgVmV, V{oh
gma{ BaoZo_V Amh{ h{ [Q>U{ XwKQ> Amh{. Am[`m ^maVr` YmaU{_mU{ d{X d`^y Amh{V. V{ H$Yr
oZ_mU hm{V ZmhrV. ]X{d AmoU d{X g>r`m [ydu EH$XmM JQ> Pmc{, Aer Am[cr YmaUm Amh{.
hUyZ Am[U d{Xmcm A[mf{` _mZVm{. \$ma Va [a_{am`m oZ:mgmVyZ d{X JQ> Pmc{ Ag{ gmoJVc{
1 21
16 ]
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J{c{ Amh{. AmXaUr` lr.A]wmZr d{XmM{ A[mf{`d hUO{ H$m`? V{ MmJc{ `$ H{$c{ Amh{.
_._.]miemr hnaXmg `mZr Am[`m "d{XmVrc am>XeZ' `m JWmV `m odf`mMr MmJcr MMm H{$cr
Amh{. `m `m{JmZ{ `{H$mM{ g_mYmZ hm{Bc Ag{ Zmhr. [U [wH$imZm `mVrc ^md C_J{c `mVoh
ge` Zmhr.
JwU h{ oZgJV:M `m `m dVy`m oR>H$mUr AgVmV. _Zw` Am[`m `dhmam_`{
gm{`r`m >rZ{ dVyM{ JwU AZw^dmg Am`mZVa `m `m dVyZm gm{` hUyZ Zmd X{Vm{ AmoU JwUmYma{
`m `m dVyMr H$m_{ oZoV H$$Z `m `m oH$`mZmoh Zmd{ X{Vm{. h{ Ag{ H$m? Ag{ H$m Agmd{? Ag{
H$m Zgmd{? `{H$ dVyM{ dm oH$`mM{ [naUm_ H$m` hm{VmV? dVyM{ ApVd AmoU oH$`m h{oh H$m`
Amh{, `m_mJrc H$maU H$m` Agmd{? V{ e`Vm{ OmUyZ `md{, em{YyZ H$mT>md{, `moh _mUgm`m
ZgoJH$ {aUmM Amh{V. "PmS>mM{oh [mZ hmc{ `mMr gmm' `m `m`mZ{ O{ H$mhr hm{V{ V{ Bam`m gm{Z{M
hm{V{, hUyZ Zmd, H$_ AmoU `dWm h{oh BamZ{M oZ_mU H{$c{c{ g>rVrc [XmW Amh{V Ag{ _ZyZ{
hQ>c{ Amh{. h{ H$VkV{M{ cjU Amh{.
EImX{ _m{R>{ H$m` C^{ H$aVmZm [{T>rH$Sy>Z (]H{$H$Sy>Z) dm emgZmH$Sy>Z AZwXmZ o_iV{.
[U h{ H$m` emgZm`m AZwXmZmVyZ, emgZmZ{ oXc{`m gm{`gdS>rVyZ dm [{T>rZ{ oXc{`m F$UmVyZ C^{
amohc{c{ Amh{ Agm C{I AmdOyZ H$amdm cmJVm{. gmY{ [wVH$ H$moeV Pmc{ Var V{W{oh `m oZ`_mMm
Adc] hm{Vm{. _J gd H$mhr Bargm{Z{ hm{V AgVmZm Zmd{ AmoU H$_} BamZ{ oZ_mU H{$cr Ag{ hQ>c{
Va `mV A_m` hm{`mgmaI{ H$mhr Zgmd{. Ba CXma AmoU j_merc Ag`m_wi{ Hw$Ur H$VkVm
`$ H$amdr Aer A[{jmoh `mcm Zmhr. [U Am[cr [a[am H$VkV{cm _hd X{Umar Amh{. `mVyZM
Am[`mH$S>{ oodY qH$dm MVwodY F$UmMr _hVr oV[moXcr J{cr Amh{. Hw$Ur H$VZ[U{ dmJ{c,
H{$c{c{ C[H$ma, o_imc{c{ ghm`, oXc{c{ gH$ma odg$Z OmBc Va `m`m `m [m[mcm mòm
Zmhr. BVH{$ V{ Km{a Amh{ Ag{ Am[c{ em gmJV{. Zm_$[{ ]mZ{ H{$cr Ag{ ]gymVoh gmoJVc{
Amh{.
dVycm JwUY_mZw$[ Zmd X{U{ dm JwU AmoU C[`w$Vm cjmV K{D$Z AmH$ma X{U{ hr
Or dmr Amh{ oVM{ _yi d{XmVM Amh{. _mUyg `mM{M AZwH$aU H$aVm{ `m_wi{ ^mf{Mr g_o dmT>V{
dVy`m ododYV{bm AoY>mZ bm^V{, `m`m{J{ H$mhr g_o hm{V{, E{` JQ> hm{V{ dm Vg{ dmQ>V{, `mZ{
_mUgmMm AhH$ma gwImdVm{ [U `m gdmM{ AoY>mZ BegmmM AgV{.
_mUgm`m AhH$mamcm H$Yroh C_m[Um `{D$ Z`{, `mgmR>r gdm`m ohVmMm Y_
gmJ`mg dm Pmc{`m _ZyZ{ Zm_H$_m`m oZo_VrMr dVwpWVr JQ> H{$cr Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 17 ]
1 24
H$_m_Zm M X{dmZm gm{@gOmoUZm ^w:$&

gm`mZm M JU gy_ `k Md gZmVZ_$&&22&&
H$_m_H$ Ag{ X{d, mUr, gm`X{d `mM{ g_wXm`, `mM{ d$[ gy_ Amh{. Vg{M
oZ`, Aj` Agm `k `m gdmZm [a_{amZ{ oZ_mU H{$c{.
X{d`m{Zr_`{oh `j, oH$a, JYd, gm`, o[Va, AmOmZOX{d, H$_X{d, X{d Ag{
X{dmM{oh H$ma Amh{V. d$[ode{fm_mU{ `m gdmMm `kmoX odYt`m_Y{ C[`m{J hmd`mMm AgVm{.
`kmcm `{W{ "gZmVZ' h{ ode{fU oXc{ Amh{. V{ _hdmM{ Amh{. gZmVZ eXmMm AW
Aj`, AodZmer, oZ`ZyVZ Agm Amh{. hUO{ `k H$Yr Zmhrgm hm{V Zmhr, Vm{ H$Yr oeim hm{V
Zmhr, Vm{ AgVm{M. JrV{Z{ gd g>rMH$M `kmda AoYo>V AgV{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. `kmM{ `d$[
dm AmMma[oV _Zw`m`m H$oV[napWVr_mU{ d{Jd{Jir Agy eH$V{. Vroh JrV{Z{
"``kmV[m{`km:' B`moX eXmZ{ gmoJVcr Amh{. hUyZ `kmcm H$Yroh, Hw$Uroh `m` _mZy Z`{
Agmoh AmX{e ^JdXJrV{Z{ oXcm Amh{. `m_wi{ `kmcm gZmVZ hUU{ oH$Vr _hdmM{ Amh{ V{ cjmV
`{Bc.`kmMr ododYVm hr Amhma [XmWm`m H$mam_mU{ g_Omdr.
Aodm`waod`Vw ` ] gZmVZ_$&
XwXm{h `kogW_ Òw: gm_cjU_$&&23&&
]X{dmZ{ `k MmJ`m H$ma{ ogrg Omdm hUyZ Ao, dm`w, gy` `m`m[mgyZ H$_mZ{
F$d{X, Òwd}X,gm_d{X Aem oZ`d$[ Agc{`m VrZ d{XmM{ Xm{hZ H$$Z `mZm JQ> H{$c{.
A[mVaV_m `m `mgmZr _yi EH$$[ Agc{`m d{XmMr F$H$Òwgm_AWd Aem
Mma gohVmV od^mJUr H{$cr Ag{ dUZ Am[`m [a[a{V Amh{. `{W{ ]X{dmZ{ Aodm`ygy` Aem
VrZ X{dVm[mgyZ H$_mZ{ F$d{XmXtM{ JQ>Z H{$c{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. `mMm AW Agm H$s EH$ Agc{`m
d{Xm`m _mMm `kodYrgmR>r hm{Um`m odoe> odoe> C[`m{JmM{ kmZ `mgmZm [na[yUV{Z{ hm{V{. AmoU
hUyZM H$_odYr`m C[`w$V{`m d$[mZw$[ _mM{ d{Jd{Ji{ gH$cZ H$$Z `m`m gohVm ]ZodU{
`mgmZm gm{[{ J{c{. `m _mZr mWZm H$a, `m _mZr d{XmVrc chmZ_m{R>r H$`{ H$m`dmhrV AmU,
odoe>gJr h{ _ MmJ`m [VrZ{ Jm. `mZmM F$JÒwgm_ Aer Zmd{ hm{Vr. Vr [a[am ]X{dmZ{
Aodm`wgy` `m X{dVm`m _m`_mZ{ Amao^cr. `m H$òde{fmgmR>r C[`m{Jr [S>Um`m _mM{
[wT>{ `mgmZr (A[mVaV_m F$ftZr) oZoV d$[mV gohVrH$aU H{$c{.
H$mc H$mcod^$s ZjmoU JhmVWm$&

gnaV: gmJamN>c
mZ g_moZ odf_moU M $&&24&&
1 24
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]X{dmZ{ H$mcH$mcmM{ od^mJ, Zj{JhZmg_w[dV, g[mQ> AmoU

CMgIc Ag{ ^y^mJ oZ_mU H{$c{.
H$mc hr gH$[Zm _wimV H$mhrVar KS>U{ `m`mer g] Amh{. _J `m KS>`m`m,
KQ>Z{`m g]YmZ{ AmYrg`m AmoU ZVa Aer ^yVdV_mZôd` H$mimMr H$[Zm H$aVm `{V{.
hmM mWo_H$ d$[mMm H$mcod^mJ. _J `mMr dfA`Z_mg[joXdgamhaKQ>H$m
[iod[i Aer od^mJUr odoe> oZ`_mZ{ hm{V{.
Zj{ AmoU Jh `mV AVa Amh{. Zj h{ Vmam qH$dm VmaH$mM{ odoe> g_yh AgVmV.
`mVrc `{H$ VmaH$m dV Agcr Var ZjmVrc `m `m g_yhmMm AmH$ma _m odoe> H$maMm
AgVm{ AmoU Vm{ `wJmZw`wJ{ gm_m`V: oQ>Hy$Z amhVm{. `md$ZM `m{oVfmV _{fdf^ Aem ]mam amer
AmoU AoZrâUr B`moX gmmdrg qH$dm A>mdrg Zj{ `mMr JUZm H{$cr OmV{. EH{$H$m amer_Y{
Xm{Z qH$dm AoYH$ ZjmMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. Ag{ Ag`mZ{ _yi cm{H$mV ametMm dV C{I H{$cm
Zmhr. amer hr H$[Zm _wimV ]mh{$Z Amcr Ag{ EH$ _V Amh{. hUyZ oVMm C{I Am[`m mMrZ
dmS>_`mV AmT>iV Zmhr Ag{ EH$ _V Amh{. dmam`m gX^mVoh Vg{M hQ>c{ OmV{ [U V{ `m{` Zmhr.
amerdmaZj{ `mda â X{Um`m [a[am oZaoZam`m hm{`m. `m_wi{ `mM{ C{I C`mAoYH$
_mUmV gm[S>VmV BVH{$M. AoYH$_mg hr H$[Zm amerda AmYmac{cr Amh{ AmoU Vr d{XmBVH$s
mMrZ Amh{. Jw[w`m_V`m{J hm dmam`m AmYma{M JhrV Yacm OmVm{. gwXdmZ{ odVaZ Xatgma`m
odmZmZ{ dma hr H$[Zm ]mh{$Z Amc{cr Zmhr Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.dmam`m ZmdmV gd X{emV gmaI{[Um
Amh{. V{hm amer AmoU dma `m Xm{hr gH$[Zm, YmaUm mMrZ ^maVmVrcM Amh{V.
gm_m` ode{f h{ eX ^mf{V T> Pmc{ `mcmM [`m`mZ{ g_ odf_ Ag{ hUVmVm.
AmoU h{ Xm{hr JwU `j dVw_mZmV g^dVmV . Zm_$[{ `mZm JQ> H$a`mMr gmYZ{ hm{VmV.
V[m{ dmM aqV Md H$m_ M H$m{Y_{d M$&

gq> ggO Md_{ m w>o_N>o_m: Om:$&&25&&
V[dmUraoVH$m_H$m{Y h{ ]X{dmZ{ oZ_mU H{$c{ H$maU `mcm AmVm Om oZ_mU
H$a`mMr BN>m hm{Vr.
gm_m`V: OS> g>r oZ_mU H$$Z Pm`mZVa [drda mUrg>r oZ_mU H$amd`mMr
hm{Vr. mUrg>rcm OrdZYmaU{gmR>r H$mhr ^md^mdZmMr Amd`H$Vm AgV{. `dhmamgmR>r dVy dm
oH$`mM{ gH{$V [> hmd{ hUyZ odoe> eXmMm Cma H$amdm cmJVm{ VrM dmUr.
dVy o_iodU{, gmR>odU{, Q>mHy$Z X{U,{ (^mdZm_H$ Q>m) H$mhr gm` H$aU{$ `mgmR>r
_Zw_oV
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H$mhr H$> H$amd{ cmJVmV. V[ eXmZ{ `{W{ `mMm C{I Amh{ Ag{ g_OVm `{V{.
aoV eXmZ{ `{W{ gVm{f Ao^{V Amh{. ]hV{H$ Q>rH$mH$mamZr VgmM AW H{$cm Amh{.
H$m_ eX `{W{ `m[H$ AWmZ{ Amc{cm Amh{. H$m{UVroh BN>m hm{U{ hUO{ H$m_. `mV
[mohO{ dmQ>U{ AmoU ZH$m{ dmQ>U{ `m Xm{KmMmoh g_md{e hm{Vm{. Ag{ _ZmgmaI{ KS>c{ Zmhr Va Or
oVoH$`m gm_m`V: C[ hm{V{, oVM{ Zmd H$m{Y.
`m gd V[moX Jm{>tMr [wT>{ moU_mm_Y{ OrdZ`m[mam_`{ C`mAoYH$ _mUmV
Amd`H$Vm AgV{. hUyZ ]X{dmZ{ m`m`m oZo_Vr[yduM `m`m OrdZmMr H$mhr _hdmMr gmYZ{
AmYr oZ_mU H{$cr. V{hm `{W{ H$m_H$m{YmMm odZme Ao^{V Zmhr Va V{ gò_V Agmd{V. `m`mda
odd{H$mM{ oZÙ Agmd{, EdT>{M [wT>{ O{W{ H$m{R>{ H$m_H$m{YmMr qZXm Amcr Ag{c `md{ir OmUyZ
`md{.
H$_Um M odd{H$m` Y_mY_m `d{M`V$&

a`m{O`{_m: gwIXw:ImoXo^: Om:$&&26&&
H$_mMm odd{H$ H$a`mgmR>r, oZdS> H$a`mgmR>r Y_ AmoU AY_ `mZm d{Ji{ d{Ji{
`dWmo[V H{$c{. (`m`m AmYmamda [wT>{ oZ_mU H$amd`m`m) OmZm gwIXw:I B`moX mer
Om{S>c.{
H$m{UVroh hmcMmc hUO{ H$_. `m_wi{M gwI qH$dm Xw:I OrdmZm ^m{Jmd{ cmJV
AgV{. H$_mMr Aer hr oZdS> H$aVm `mdr hUyZ Y_ AmoU AY_, odoY AmoU oZf{Y, h{ H$amd{,
Ag{ dmJmd{, h{ H$$ Z`{, Ag{ dmJy Z`{ Aer ]wrcm {aUm X{Umar `dWm ]X{dmZ{ H{$cr.
gwI AmoU Xw:I h{ gm_m`V: _yc^yV Amh{. gm_m`V: [a[a odam{Yr ^md `$
H$aUm`m [XmWmZm Ag{ hUVmV. H{$di d{Ji{[Um Ag{c Va `mgmR>r V eX dm[acm OmVm{.
AWmV hm AJXr H$mQ>{H$m{a oZ`_ Zmhr.
ohVAohV, erVCU, _mZA[_mZ, gwXaHw$$[, CMZrM, l{>H$oZ>, B>
AoZ>, _XwH$R>m{a, H$Sy>Jm{S>, gwJYXwJY, _OwcH$H$e, Aer BVaoh AZ{H$ { Amh{V AmoU
`mMm C`mAoYH$ _mUmV gdM Ordmer, ode{fV: _mZdmer daM{da g]Y `{Vm{. `mV ohVH$a
AohVH$a `mMr oZdS> H$$Z O{ ohVH$a V{M drH$mamd{. Vm{M Y_. AmoU AohVH$a V{M Q>mH$md{,
`mMm drH$ma H$$ Z`{. `mMm drH$ma H$aU{ hm AY_. _m Y_ AmoU AY_mM{ d$[ gXm gdXm
gai EH$_mJu AgV{M Ag{ Zmhr. `mM{ `WmW d$[ OmU`mMr j_Vm gdm`mM oR>H$mUr ZgV{.
H$YrH$Yr dmVodH$ Y_ AgVmZm dada [mhVm AY_ dmQ>Vm{. Va CcQ> oXe{Zr IamIwam AY_oh Y_
1 26
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_mZcm OmVm{. `mgmR>r Y_mY_ Am{iIUmamMr ]wo hr emmMm gIm{c A`mg H{$c{cr, aOm{JwU
V_m{JwUm`m odaohV AmoU AZw^dr Agmdr cmJV{.
A`m{ _mm odZmoe`m{ XemYmZm Vw `m: _Vm:$&

Vmo^: gmYo_X gd g^d`Zw[dy e
:$&&27&&
[mM ^yVmM{ AUwd$[, gy_ Ag{ O{ Ae Amh{V, `m`mM Aml`mZ{ h{ gd OJV
oZ_mU hm{V AgV{.
`{W{ [M^yVmZm odZmer hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ emV ZgU{ AmoU [naUm_ [mdU{ `m Xm{hr
AWmM{ Amh{V. EH$ ]M H$m` V{ emV. BVa gd AemV, odZmer Zmhrg{ hm{Uma{ Ag{ AgV{.
`m_wi{ [MV_mm H$m`, qH$dm [M^yV{ H$m`, odZmerM Amh{V. Vg{M OJVm_`{ gm_m`V: EH$
dVy, EH$m d$[mVyZ Xwg`m d$[mV [naUV hm{V AgV{, `md{ir [ohcr dVy AeV: qH$dm [yU[U{
[naUm_ [mdV{. dVyM{ _yi d$[ Og{`m Vg{ oQ>Hy$Z Z amoh`mZ{ oVcm odZmer hUU{ dm^modH$
Amh{. [MV_mmMr [M^yV{, [M^yVmMr [M_hm^yV{, `m H$_mZ{ g>r C[ hm{V OmV{. [M^yVmMr
[M_hm^yV{ hm{VmV `m AdWmVamcm [MrH$aU Aer gkm Amh{. `mMm AW Agm H$s `{H$ _hm^yVmV
AmH$me, dm`w B`moX [mMoh _hm^yVmMm g_md{e AgVm{. `m ^yVmM{ _mU AoYH$ Ag{c `md$Z
V{ _hm^yV Am{iIc{ OmV{. [U C`mAoYH$ _mUmV BVa Mmaoh `mV AgVmVM. [ydu`m H$mir
H$mhr d{im gm{im Am`mMm [`m h{ _mU JhrV Y$Z _w` _hm^yV AmR> AmU{, AmoU BVa Mma Xm{Z
Xm{Z AmU{ Aer gagH$Q> od^mJUr H{$c{cr Ag{. [U h{ dUZ \$maM ]mi]m{Y AmoU T>m{]i Amh{.
ghO cjmV `{U{ dm AmUyZ X{U{ `m >rZ{ V{ gm{`rM{oh Amh{. [U hr od^mJUr H$mQ>{H$m{a[U{ Aer H$Yr
ZgV{ ghmMr od^mJUr H$$Z `m AemVoh `m ^yVmM{ ApVd [XmWode{fm_mU{ JhrV Yamd{
cmJ{c. "`[X{eVw ^y`gm' `mM{ _mU AoYH$ `mcm AZwg$Z Zmd hm `m` _m `dhmamM{ >rZ{
`m{` Amh{.
` Vw H$_moU `p_g ``wL>$ W_ ^w:$&

g VX{d d` ^{O{ g`_mZ: [wZ: [wZ:$&&28&&
]X{dmZ{ O{ H$_ H$a`mgmR>r `mMr `m{OZm W_V: H{$cr Amh{, Vm{ Vm{ (dm dVw
[XmW) mUr VrM Vr [a[am degmV`mZ{ OmVr JwUmZ{ [wZ:[whm H$arV amhVm{.
qhgmqh{ _XHw $y a{ Y_mY_mdV mZV${ &

`` gm{@XYmgJ} Vm` d`_modeV$ &&29&&
m`m`m oR>H$mUr oZ_mU H{$c{cr hr H$_} ohgH$AqhgH$, gm`Hy$a, Ymo_H$
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AYmo_H$, IarIm{Q>r Aem cjUmZr `w$ hm{V{. oZo_Vr`m Ama^r `mVrc Or, `m `m m`mcm
(dVybm)oXcr `m `m m`m_`{ Vr de[a[am dV:M JQ> hm{D$ cmJcr.
da C{oIc{`m Mma Om{S>m[H$s [oh`m Xm{Z Om{S>m`m gX^mV gd Q>rH$mH$mamZr
H{$di _Zw`{Va m`mMm C{I H{$c{cm Amh{. dmK qh AgVm{. hnaUmgma`m m`mZm _m$Z ImU{
hrM `mMr OrodH$m AgV{. Va hnaUggm h{ mUr emH$mhmar AgVmV, H{$di dZ[Vr ImD$Z
ahmVmV. qh, _mgmhmar mUr ]hYm Hy$aoh hm{Vm{. oMm{cmS>J{ `mMm d^md `m>rZ{ cjmV
K{`mgmaIm Amh{. gemgmaI{ mUr qhgH$ ZgVmVM [U d^mdmZ{oh ]hYm gm` AgVmV.
[wT>`m Xm{Z Om{S>m _m H{$di _mUgmH$naVmM C{{oIc{`m Amh{V. Q>rH$mH$mamZroh
`m gX^mV _ZwÒmVrMmM C{I H{$c{cm Amh{. EH$m Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ Va X{d Ia{ ]m{cVmV AmoU _mUg{
Ag`^mfr AgVmV Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. [U `mMm AW X{dcm{H$mVrc V{dT>{ X{d AmoU _Zw` cm{H$mVrc
gd _Zw` Agm H$aU{ CoMV Zmhr. BW{ X{d eXmZ{ Xdr g[mrM{ cm{H$ AmoU Im{Q>{ ]m{cUma{ V{ Amgwar
g[mrM{ cm{H$ Aer od^mJUr H$aU{ MmJc{. H$maU JrV{ZM
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JQ> AgVmV Ag{ gmJyZ Amgwar g[mrM{ cm{H$ Im{{Q>{ ]m{cUma{ AgVmV, "Z g` V{fw odV{' Aem
eXmV [>[U{ C{oIc{ Amh{.
_Zw`{Va m`m_`{ _m qhgH$AqhgH$, gm`Hy$a Ag{ JwUY_ d^mdV:M
AgVmV. AmoU `m`m `m H$VrMr Y_ dm AY_, [w` dm [m[ Aer H$m{UVroh \$i{ ZgVmV. dmKmZ{
Mma Jm`r _ma`m Var Jm{h`{M{ [m[ `mcm cmJV Zmhr dm `mZ{ JJ{V ZmZ H{$c{ dm JJ{M{ [mUrM
meZ H{$c{ Var `mcm `m [odV_ JJmOcmZ{ [wòh cmJV Zmhr. H$maU qhgm H$aU{, Hy$a AgU{ hm
`mMm d^md Amh{. `mM{ OJU{M `mda Adc]yZ Amh{. h{ Hy$a mUroh [m{Q> âc{c{ AgVmZm ]hYm
oZ[dr amhVmV.
_mUgm`m gX^mV _m V{ Vg{M JhrV YaU{ MwH$sM{ Amh{. _mUgmVoh ^yH$VhmZ
Pm{[ B`moX ZgoJH$ {aUm AgVmV AmoU `m [yU H$a`mgmR>r `mcm H$mhr hmcmMmcroh H$am`m
cmJVmV. [U V{dT>mZ{ H$mhr _mUyg [na[yU _mUyg R>aV Zmhr. `m`m `{H$ ZgoJH$ {aU{Zwgma
hm{Um`m oH$`mZm Hw$R>{, H{$hm, oH$Vr, H$m`, H$g{? `mg]YrM{ oZ`_ AgVmVM AgVmV. V{ gZmVZ
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[wam{Jm_r Aem d$[mM{oh AgVmV. _Zw` _m oH$Vroh gZmVZr Ymo_H$ dm ZmpVH$ gwYmaH$ Agm{,
`mMr ^yH$VhmZ `m dVyMm drH$ma H$aV{ `m_mJ{ H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m d$[mM{ oZ`_ AgVmVM
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1 29
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H$_od[mH$m`m ogmVm_mU{ `mM{ [naUm_ _mUgmcm ^m{Jmd{M cmJVmV. H$maU BargmXmZ{
_mUgmcm H$mhr _mUmV Var H$_dmV` o_imc{ Amh{. H$m`m`m _mJrc H$maU em{Y`mMr ]wroh
`mcm BargmXmZ{ o_imc{cr Amh{. oV`m ]imda Vm{ `m{`m`m{`mMm oZU` H$$ eH$Vm{.`m>rZ{
^mJdVmVrc "gQ>m [wamoU ododYmÒ`m_e`m djmZ garg[ [eyZ IJ Xe _`mZ $&&
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AmYwoZH$mZm Am`H$maH$ dmQ>U{ e` Amh{.)
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dmoZ dmò^[V{{ VWm H$_moU X{ohZ:$&&30&&
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dm H$_ [JQ> H$aVmV. m`mMr H$_} Oer dm^modH$ AgVmV, Vg{M F$VyM{oh AgV{.
m`mgmaIr H{$di M{VZg>rM Zh{ Va OS>g>roh Bam`m gm{_wi{ dV:`m
d^mdH$_mZ{M oZòV AgV{. `mgmR>rM `{W{ F$VyMmoh oZgJ gmoJVcm Amh{.
Am[U `m [drda amhVm{ V{W{ gm_m`V: Chmim, [mdgmim, ohdmim Ag{ F$Vy
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AJXr H$mQ>{H$m{a ahmV Zmhr. `mV Wm{S>{ _mJ{ [wT>{ hm{V{.
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H{$c{`m gwIgm{`tMm [naUm_ hUyZ ZmZm H$maMr XyfU{ oZ_mU Pmcr Amh{V AmoU `m_wi{
oZgJH$_oh ]moYV hm{V Amh{.
cm{H$mZm Vw oddW _wI]mh[mXV:$&

]mU jo` d` ey M oZadV`V$&&31&&
cm{H$mMr oddo hmdr, g_o hmdr hUyZ BamZ{ Am[`m _wI, ]mh, D$ AmoU
[m` `m`m [mgyZ AZwH$_mZ{ ]mU, jo`, d`, ey `mZm oZ_mU H{$c{.
]mUmoX Mma dUmMr C[mr H$a`m_Y{ cm{H$m_`{ hUO{ _mZdr g_mOm_`{ gd
[H$maMr g_o ZmXmdr, `m_wi{ emV d$[mM{ gwIg_mYmZ gKfmdmMyZ gdmZm cm^md{ hmM
EH$_m h{Vy hm{Vm. H$m{UmM{ em{fU H$amd{ AmoU dV:Mm dmW gd H$ma{ gmYmdm Aer ^mdZm Mma
dUm`m oZo_Vr _mJ{ Zmhr. Vg{ Hw$Ur hUV Ag{c Va V{ AkmZmM{ dm dmWu Xw>V{M{ cjU Amh{ Ag{
oZoV[U{ g_Omd{. ]hXma`H$m{[oZfXmVoh BamZ{ W_ ]mU oZ_mU H{$c{, [U d^d m hm{BZm.
hUyZ jo` oZ_mU H{$c{ Var d^dmV `yZVm amohcrM. _J d` oZ_mU H{$c{ Var d^dmMr [yVVm
hm{BZm, _J ey oZ_mU H{$c{ V{hm _m d^d gd r>Z{ [na[yU Pmc{. Ag{ dUZ Amc{ Amh{.
Am[`m BoVhmg [wamUmVyZ H$YrH$mir hg ZmdmMm EH$M dU hm{Vm Ag{ dUZ Amh{.
[U Vm{ gX^ [oh`m H$[m`m Ama^r`m g``wJmg]Yr Agcm [mohO{. H$maU BoVhmg [wamUm`m
AmYma{M g``wJmVrc hUyZ `m H$mhr KQ>Zm dUZ H{$`m OmVmV `mV H$Yr H$Yr dUml_`dWm
Ag`mMm C{I `{Vm{. doXH$ dmL>_`mVoh Mmar dUmMm C{Ioh `{Vm{M `{Vm{. Vm{ Wm{S>m_mUmV
Amcm H$m` qH$dm [wH$i_mUmV Amcm H$m`, h{ H$mhr "dU hm{V{ H$s ZhV{' `mM{ _mU R>$ eH$V
Zmhr. d{XmVrc _S>cmMr H$mc>m od^mJUr H$$Z `mZm mMrZ dm AdmMrZ R>aodU{ hr [mm`mMr,
qhXyMr lm Z> H$a`mH$aVm C[`m{oOc{cr H$[Q>r cwo Amh{. `m_wi{ d{XmV MmVwd` Zmhr h{ odYmZ
oQ>H$Uma{ Zmhr.
g_mO `dWm odH|$oV Agcr VaM Vr I`m AWmZ{ em{fU_w$ amh eH$V{.
H|$rH$aUm_wi{ em{fU dmT>V{ hm m_moUH$ AWemmMm ogmV Amh{. AmoU h{ AWem H$m{`moh
dmXm`m ("BP_'`m) gm{`rgmR>r oZ_mU H{$c{c{ ZgyZ V{ A`V `m[H$ cm{H$g_mOm`m ohVmMm
odMma gdmoJUar`m H$$Z oZoV H{$c{ Amh{. dU`dWm h{ `mM{ AoY>mZ Amh{. `m_`{ odm,
gmm, g[mr AmoU l_ H$me` `m d^doZo_Vrg H$maUr^yV hm{Um`m MmamM{ g_wXmè: odH|$oH$aU
H{$c{ Amh{. H$maU `m Mmar Jm{>r gm_`mZ{ `w$ Amh{V hUyZ `mVrc H$m{U`moh Xm{Z dm AoYH$ Jm{>r
EH$ Pm`m Va g[om H|$oV hm{Bc AmoU BVamM{ em{fU hm{Bc. _Z{ _m{H$ir R>{dcr Va h{ odmZmZm,
]wo_mZmZm [Qy> eH{$c.
1 32
24 ]
_Zw_oV
oYm H$dm@@_Zm{ X{h_Y}Z [wfm{@^dV$&

AY}Z Zmar V`m g odamO_gO^w:$&&32&&
BamZ{ dV:`m earamM{ Xm{Z ^mJ H{$c{. A`m^mJmMm [wf Pmcm. Xwg`m
A`m^mJmMr r Pmcr AmoU oV`m oR>H$mUr `m [wfmZ{ odamQ>mMr oZo_Vr H{$cr.
`{W{ earamM{ gai AY}AY} Xm{Z ^mJ Pmc{ Amh{V. Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. EH$ ^mJ
r$[ Pmcm AmoU Xwgam ^mJ [wf$[ Pmcm. r[wf VdV: g_mZ AmoU g_mZ `m{`V{M{ Amh{V
h{M `md$Z og hm{V{. BVa H$mhr Y_mV [wfmMr EH$ ]aJS>r H$mTy>Z oV`mda _mg Wm[yZ r oZ_mU
H{$cr Aer dUZ{ `{VmV. `mVyZ rM{ JmUdM oZXeZmg `{V{. Am[cr YmaUm Ver Zmhr.
r AmoU [wf (VdV: Za _mXr) Aem od^mJUr_wi{M [wT>rc Om hr _WwZmVyZ dm
r[wfm`m Za_mXr`m `j A`j g`m{JmVyZ oZ_mU hm{D$ cmJcr.
V[Vdm@gO Vw g d` [wfm{ odamQ>$&

V _m odmm` gd` >ma oOgm_m:$&&33&&
h{ ]mU l{>mZm{ ! `m odamQ>mZ{oh dV: V[`m H{$cr. AmoU `mcm C[ H{$c{ Vm{M
_r `m gdmMm oZ_mVm Amh{.
Ah Om: oggjw Vw V[Vdm gwX

w a_$&
[VrOmZm_gO _hfuZmoXVm{ Xe$&&34&&
_roh Om oZ_mU H$a`mMr BN>m Y$Z CJ Aer V[`m H{$cr. AmoU Ama^r
[wT>rc OmM{ oZ_mV{ Ag{ Xhm _hfu C[ H{$c{.
Om C[ H$a`m[ydu `{W{ Xm{hroh oR>H$mUr V[ H{$`mMm C{I Amh{. `mdZ _WZw
Y_mZ{ Om C[ hm{V Agcr Var dmgZm[yoV AmoU `mVyZ o_iUma{ gwI hm coJH$ g]YmMm C{e
Zmhr, ZgVm{, Zgmdm h{ cjmV `{D$ eH$V{. demM{ gmV` amIU{ h{M coJH$ ^mdZmM{ _w` Co>
Amh{. `mVyZ o_iUma{ Bo`gwI h{ AmZwfoJH$ Amh{. [wT>{ [wT>{ \$ma Va V{ {aH$ R>aV{ BVH{$M.l{> {_
^mdZ{Mmoh V{ EH$ ^mJ Agy eH$V{.
_aroM_òagm [wc` [wch H$Vw_$ &

M{Vg dog> M ^Jw ZmaX_{d M $&&35&&
_aroM,Ao,AoJag, [wc`, [wch, H$Vw, M{Vg, dog>>, ^Jw, AmoU ZmaX Ag{
Xhm _hfu oZ_mU H{$c{.
dmrZ{ Yra pWa ]wrM{ ]moH$ odf`mVM a_Uma{ , gdJwUmZr g[Z AmoU ]wr`m
_Zw_oV
[ 25 ]
1 37
[ocH$S>{ Agc{`m Am`mM{oh XeZ `mZm Pmc{c{ Amh{ . `mZm _hof Ag{ hUVmV. ^JdXJrVm
A`m` 106 `{W{ gmV _hfvMm C{I Amh{. V{W{ `mMr C[om _mZg hUyZ gmoJVcr Amh{.
(_mZg hUO{ _Zm[mgyZ)
EV{ _Zy Vw gm`mZgOZ ^ynaV{Og:$&

X{dmZ X{doZH$m`m _hfumo_VmOg:$&&36&&
`m AoVe` V{Odr Aem _aroM B`mXtZr Xwga{ gmV _Zy X{d, X{dmM{ cm{H$(dgoVWmZ{)
AmoU BVa _hmZ F$fr Aer A[ma V{OmZ{ `w$ Om oZ_mU H{$cr.
dm`^wd, dmam{oMf, Cm_, Vm_g, adV, Mmjwf,dddV Ag{ [ohc{ gmV AmoU
gmdoU ,XjgmdoU, ]gmdoU ,Y_gmdoU , gmdoU, X{dgmdoU, BgmdoU Ag{ [wT>{ hm{Uma{ gmV
o_iyZ MmXm _Zy mMrZ JWmVyZ doUc{c{ Amh{V. ]X{dm`m EH$m oXdgmV MmXm H$[ hm{VmV `m
`{H$ H$[mMm EH$ _Zy AgVm{ AmoU EH$ Boh AgVm{. g`m dddV _dVa Mmcy Amh{. Aer
Am[cr YmaUm Amh{.
oZo_Vr`m `m H$_mV H$m{U`m H$m{U`m dJode{fmMr oZo_Vr Pmcr `mMm C{I
[wT>rc cm{H$mVyZ Amh{.
`jaj:o[emMmM JYdmgagm{@gwamZ$&
ZmJmZ g[mZ gw[UmM o[VUm M [WJUmZ$&&37&&
`j, amjg, o[em, JYd, Agam, Agwa, ZmJ, g[, gw[U, o[VamM{ JU(Ag{
gd oZ_mU H{$c{)
`mVrc `jajmoX AZ{H$ JU X{d`m{ZtM{ ode{f AgyZ `mMr Am[m[cr WmZ{ Amh{V.
h{ gd X{dVmode{f Ag`mZ{ V{ gm_m` _mZdmZm `j oXgUma{ ZmhrV [U V_mJmVrc H$mhr
C[mgH$mZm Am[m[`m gmYZ{_mU{ `mVrc `j o[emMmXtM{ XeZ hm{V{ Ag{ V{ V{ gmYH$ _mZVmV.
H$mhrZr dV:M{ Vg{ AZw^d og H{$c{c{ Amh{V. H$m_ZmM{ d$[ Ag{c `m_mU{ gmpdH$
amOgVm_g gmYH$ , X{d `jaj ^yV{V `mMr Am[m[`m dmr_mU{ C[mgZm H$aVmV. Ag{
dUZ JrV{Z{oh H{$c{ Amh{. C[mgZ{Z{ `m `m X{d`m{oZode{fmMr mroh hm{V{. `{W{ amjg AmoU Agwa h{
Xm{Z d{Jd{Ji{ gmoJVc{ Amh{V. Vg{M BVa X` AmoU XmZd Aemoh dJode{fmMm C{I `{Vm{. h{ gd
Agwam`mM [m{Q> OmVrVrc Agmd{V. Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ amdU hm amjg AmoU oha`H$`[y, odam{MZ `mZm
Agwa dJmV C{oIc{ Amh{. `mdZ `m H$mhr [m{Q>OmVr Agm`mV Ag{ dmQ>V{. `mZm \$Um AgVm{ Vm{
ZmJ d `mZm \$Um ZgVm{ Vm{ g[ Agm ^{X H{$cm OmVm{. gw[U hUO{ JS> Agm AW Agcm Var gdM
[jr `m dJmV g_mod> H$amd{V.
1 38
26 ]
_Zw_oV
odwVm{@eoZ_{Ym am{ohV{YZyo f M $&

CH$m oZKmVH{$Vy
`m{Vt`wmdMmoZ M $&&38&&
(odwV, AeoZ, _{K, am{ohV, BYZw`, CH$m,oZKmV, Yy_H{$Vy, chmZ _m{R>m VmaH$m)
odwV hUO{ Z H$S>H$S>Umar H{$di _{Km`m Aml`mZ{ H$me X{Umar drO. AeoZ
hUO{ H$S>mS>V [drH$S>{ P{[mdUmar Ia H$mea{I{_mU{ oXgUmar drO. H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr
AmH$memVyZ [S>Um`m JmamZmoh AeoZ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. am{ohV hUO{ Vm]S>m ,oZ`m aJmMm
oXgUmam gai [>m. BYZw` Vg{M [U dVwimH$ma AgV{. oZKmV hUO{ JS>JS>mQ>. [dr AmoU
AmH$memV Xw_Xw_Umam eX. H{$Vy hUO{ Yy_H{$Vy .
oH$amdmZam_`mZ pdodYmM odh_mZ $&

[eyZ _Jm_Zw`m `mcmm{^`Vm{XV:$&&39&&
oH$a ,dmZa, _mg{, ZmZm H$maM{ [jr, [ey, _J, _Zw`, dmKmgmaI{ qh [ey `m`m
Vm|S>mV Imcr da gwi{ oXgVmV.
H$o_H$sQ>[Vm `yH$m_ojH$_Hw$U_$&
gd M Xe_eH$ Wmda M [WpdY_$&&40&&
H$o_,oH$S>{, [VJ dm _mem T>{Hy$U, S>mg, oMcQ>{, XJS>, S>m|Ja Aem Z hmcUm`m OS>
dVy oZ_mU H{$`m.
H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr Wmda eXmZr dj K{Vc{ Amh{V.
Ed_{Vn aX gd _o`m{Jm_hm_o^: $&

`WmH$_ V[m{`m{JmV g> WmdaO__$&&41&&
Aem arVrZ{ _ar`moX _hm`mZr _m`m AmX{em_mU{ V[m`m ]imda g>rVrc
gd pWaMa Ag{ ^yVOmV `m`m `m`m H$_m_mU{ C[ H{$c{.
g>r hr _wimV AZmoX Ag`mZ{ oVcm [ohcm, Ama^ Agm H$mhr ZgVm{.
C[ompWoVc` `mM{ MH$ ahmQ>JmS>`m_mU{ AIS> o\$aV AgV{. `mVrc ododYV{cm H$maU hm{Uma{
H$_nh Vg{M AZmoX AgV{. ]rOdj`m`m_mU{ h{ g_Omd{. H$_ AmoU `mVyZ C[ hm{Uma{ `m{oZode{f
h{ ]rOmVyZ dj AmoU djmVyZ ]rO `m _mU{ [a[amdc]r AgVmV. BamZ{ _Zw`mcm H$m`m_mJrc
H$maU Am{iI`mMr ]wo AmoU H$mhr _mUmV H$_dmV` oXc{ Ag`m_wi{ `Wmeo$ `m{` `m
H$_mMr oZdS> Vm{ H$$ eH$Vm{ h{ _m dmVd Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 27 ]
1 45
`{fm Vw `me H$_ ^yVmZmo_h H$soVV_$&

VmWm dm{@o^Ym`mo_ H$_`m{J M O_oZ$&&42&&
^yVOmVmM{ `mM{ Og{ H$_ (AmoU `m _mU{ cmÛma{ `m{oZode{f) h{ Vwhmcm
gmoJVc{.AmVm `m`m C[mrMm H$_ Vwhmcm gmJVm{.
g>rVrc oZo_VrMr ododYVm gmJVmZm `j, oH$a, [ey, g[, H$sQ>H$ Aer `m `m
dJmMr Zmd{ gmoJVcr Amh{V. [U h{ dJode{f [ydH$_m_mU{ m hm{V Ag`mZ{ `{W{ H{$di H$_
eXmZ{ `mMm C{I H{$cm Amh{. Ag{ _{YmoVWr hm Q>rH$mH$ma hUVm{. V{ cjUr` Amh{.
[ed _Jmd `mcmm{^`Vm{XV: $&

ajmog M o[emMm _Zw`m Oam`wOm: $&&43&&
[ey, _J, gwi{ Agc{c{ dmKmgmaI{ qh mUr, amjg, o[emM, _Zw` h{ gd Ord
Oam`wO.
Oam`wO hUO{ J^mV dmT>VmZm Im{irgmaI{ [mVi dM{Z{ d{o>c{c{ AgUma{
mUr.O_mM{ d{ir V{ dma AmoU Zmi{Z{ `w$ AgVmV. gVZ mUr Ag{hr `mM{ dJuH$aU H$aVm
`{Bc. `{W{ AmoU [ydu 39 `m cm{H$mVoh [ey AmoU _J Ag{ Xm{Z eX Amc{ Ag`mZ{ [ey eXmZ{
Km{S>m ,JmT>d, ]c, Jm`, hg ,e{ir_|T>r Ag{ [mird _mUgmiUma{ mUr `md{V. _J eXmZ{
m_w`mZ{ amZmVM amhUma{ hnaU, gm]a, J|S>m, ggm, _wJwg Ag{ mUr A[{ojV Agmd{V. qghmcm
_J{ hUVmV. `md$Z Agm VH$ H$aU{ g`wo$H$ Amh{.
AS>Om: [ojU: g[m ZH$m _`m H$N>[m:$&

`moZ MdH$mamoU WcOm`mXH$moZ M $&&44&&
[jr, gm[, _Ja, _mgm, H$mgd, h{ AmoU `m H$maM{ AZ{H$ ^y_rda qH$dm [m`mV
C[ hm{Uma{ mUr h{ AS>O JUmVrc Amh{V.
AS>O hUO{ W_ AS>m`m$[mZ{ C[mr hm{V{ AmoU _J H$mhr H$mimZVa AS>{ \w$Qy>Z
[jr B`moX mUr O_ K{VmV.
d{XO Xe_eH$ `yH$m_ojH$_Hw$U_$&

D$_Um{[Om`V{ `m`pH$oMXre_$&&45&&
d{XO moUdJmV S>mg, oMcQ>{, Cdm, _mem,T>{Hy$U `m gma`m BVaoh H$o_H$sQ>H$mMm
g_md{e hm{Vm{.`m`m C[mrcm C]{Mr,CUV{Mr Amd`H$Vm AgV{.
KmUrV ode{fV: Hw$OUm`m KmUrV Or CUVm oZ_mU hm{V{ `mVyZM h{ H$o_H$sQ>H$
1 45
28 ]
_Zw_oV
O_mcm `{VmV. dVwV: h{oh AS>OM Amh{V. [U Vr AS>r \$maM ]marH$,gy_ S>m{`mZm ghgm Z
oXgUmar AgVmV. `mgmR>r N>mXm{`mgma`m mMrZ C[oZfXmV mUrg>rMm AS>O, OrdO,(Oam`wO)
CoO Aem VrZM H$m{Q>tMm C{I Amh{. (N>mXm{` 6/3/1) AWmV d{XOmMm g_md{e AS>OmVM
Amh{ h{ CKS> Amh{.
CoOm: Wmdam: gd} ]rOH$mS>am{ohU: $&

Am{f`: \$c[mH$mVm ]h[w [\$cm{[Jm:$&&46&&
]rOmVyZ qH$dm H$mS>mVyZ C[ hm{Uma{, CJdc{cr OmJm Z gm{S>Uma{ Ag{ O{ ^yVOmV
`mcm CXo^m hUVmV. ^y_rMm ^{X H$Z CJdUma{ V{ CXo^m. \$i{ o[H$`mZVa `m gwHy$Z OmVmV
`m Am{fYr. ([U Ag{ Agc{ Var ) `mZm \w$c{ \$i{ od[wc _mUmV `{VmV.
gd dZ[oVg>r `m CXo^m dJmV _m{S>V{. [wT>rc cm{H$mVyZ `mM{ C[H$ma doUc{c{
Amh{V. Am{fYr eX BW{ odoe> gH{$VmZ{ `md`mMm Amh{. `dhmamV Am[U AmfoY hUVm{ Vgm
AW `{W{ Ao^{V Zmhr. dmar Jh VmXyi Aer o[H{$ `{W{ Ao^{V Amh{V. XmU{ [na[$ Pmc{ H$s _J
gwHy$Z OmU{ h{ `mM{ doe>.
A[w[m: \$cdVm{ `{ V{ dZ[V`: _Vm:$&

[wp[U: \$ocZd djmVy^`V: _Vm:$&&47&&
`mZm \w$c{ Z `{Vm \$i{ `{VmV `mZm dZ[Vr hUVmV. AmoU O{ \w$c{\$i{ `m
Xm{htZr `w$ AgVmV `mZm dj hUVmV.
gm_m`V: dZ[oV eX hm gJ`mM CoOmMm dmMH$ Amh{. [U `{W{ Vm{ odoe>
AWmZ{ dm[acm Amh{. dS>, C]a, q[[i h{ `m OmVrM{. AmYwoZH$ dZ[oVemmV _m [mna^mofH$
>rZ{ dS>C]am`m \$imZm \$i Z hUVm [w[dV hUVmV. _m dZ[VtM{ odoe> >rZ{ dJuH$aU
H$a`mMr [Vr _Zy`m H$mcmBVH$s mMrZ Amh{ h{ AmdOyZ cjmV K{Vc{ [mohO{. AJXr d{XH$mcmVgwm
dVy_mmM{ odoe> [VrZ{ dJuH$aU H{$c{c{ AmT>iV{. dJuH$aUmMr dmr AgU{ h{ gwgH$V[UmM{
EH$ _hdmM{ cjU Amh{.
JwN>Jw _ Vw ododY VWd VUOmV`:$&

]rOH$mS>hm`{d VmZm d Ed M$&&48&&
JwN>Jw_, ododY OmVrMr JdV{, VmZ `mM_mU{ d{cr h{ dZ[VtM{ H$ma ]rOmVyZ
dm H$mS>mVyZ CJdVmV, dmT>VmV.
JwN>Jw_ h{ eX H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr EH$mWu Va H$mhtZr o^mWu _mZc{ Amh{V.
gm_m`V: JwN> hUO{ EH$m _wimVyZ ^y_r`m da `{VmM `mZm AZ{H$ \$mm \w$Q>VmV, Aem dZ[VtMm
_Zw_oV
[ 29 ]
1 50
dJ. haâm hm `m JQ>mV g_mod> H$aVm `{Bc. H$mQ>{naJU{, Jm{I h{oh `m dJmVrcM. [U V{ ^y_rda
[gaVmV. Jw_ hUO{ Vwig, P|Sy> `m OmVr`m dZ[Vr. ]m]ygmaIr EH$_{H$mZm o]cJyZ dmT>Umar
dZ[Vr H$mhtZr Jw_mV JUc{cr Amh{. VmZ `m dZ[VrM{ VUmd{ [> oXgVmV AmoU `m`m
AmYma{ Or [gaV{ Vr. dr hUO{ d{c. djmgma`m Odi`m AmYmamZ{ Or dada MT>V OmV{ Vr.
VUmM{ hUO{ JdVmM{ Va AZ{H$ H$ma Amh{V. JwN>, Jw_, VU, VmZ, dr h{ eX dZ[Vrem>m
AoYH$ [mna^mofH$ oZoV AWmM{ `m{` `m`m Agc{c{ Ag{ ]ZodU{ e` Amh{.
V_gm ]h$[{U d{o>Vm: H$_hV{ Zw m$&

AV:gkm ^d`{V{ gwIXw:Ig_pdVm:$&&49&&
[ydH $_mZgw ma V_m{JUw m_wi{ d{T>`m J{`m_wi{ (dZ[Vrg>rVrc h{ gd H$ma) AmV`m
AmV OmUrd Agc{c{ AgVmV. [U `mZmoh ZmZm H$ma`m gwIXw:ImMm AZw^d AgVm{M.
H$_od[mH$mMm ogmV hm A`V `m[H$ Amh{. Vm{ H$m{Umcm [Q>m{ dm Z [Q>m{, OmUdm{
dm Z OmUdm{ [U JwdmH$fUm`m ogmVm_mU{ Vr EH$ dVwpWVr Amh{. Jm`rcm AmoU rcmoh
Am_m ZgVm{, Ag{ hUUmam`m gH$mamVyZ dmT>c{`mZm h{ _mZdUma{ Zgc{ Var _mJ`m o[T>rVrc
lr. OJXreM ]m{g `mgma`m emkmZr dZ[VrZmoh ^md^mdZm AWmV gwIXw:I{ AgVmV, h{
`m{Jmam hUO{M dkmoZH$ar`m og H{$c{{c{ Amh{. dZ[Vt`m g]YmV gwIrXw:Ir hm{`mMr dUZ{
AJXr AocH$S>`moh lr.]mi gm_V `m`mgma`m c{IH$mZr ocohc{cr Amh{V. `m_wi{ dZ[VtZm
"AV:gk' hUU{ h{ oH$Vr `WmW Amh{ V{ cjmV `{Bc.V{ oH$Vr mMrZ H$mcr hQ>c{ Amh{ h{ [mhZ
Am` dmQ>{c.
EVXVmVw JV`m{ ]mm: g_wXmVm:$&

Km{a@{ p_Z ^yVggma{ oZ` gVV`moòZ$&&50&&
`{W[`V ]X{dm[mgyZ g>rV AgUm`m ^yV_mm`m dom (JoVC[om)
gmoJV`m. gVV [nadVZerc Agc{`m dmhm_mU{ dhmV AgUm`m d^mdV: Km{a AmoU oZ`,
AZmoX, Z g[Um`m ggmamM{, g>rM{ h{ Ag{ d$[ Amh{.
EH$m [a]mdmMyZ gd dVwOmV, ^yV_m C[ompWoVc`m`m MH$mH$ma JVrZ{
]mYc{c{ Amh{. _J `m MH$JVrMm H$mc jUm`m H$mhr Aem[mgyZ H$[m`m ghmdoY [Q>r[`V
_m{R>m Agy eH$Vm{. [U h{ MH$ gVV o\$aV{ Ag`mZ{ `mcm `{W{ oZ` hQ>c{ Amh{. JrV{Z{ AWm`m
$[H$mV g>rcm A`` hQ>c{ Amh{. Va C[oZfXmZ{ gZmVZ hQ>c{ Amh{. ^md Vm{M Amh{. C[mr[mgyZ
c`m[`V`m _Y`m H$mimV `{H$ dVw_mmcm C`mAoYH$ _mUmV ]a{dmBQ> ^m{J oZa[dmX[U{
^m{Jmd{ cmJV Ag`mZ{ `{W{ ggmamcm Km{a h{ ode{fU oXc{ Amh{.
1 51
30 ]
_Zw_oV
Ed gd g gQ>X{ _m MmoM`[amH$_:$&
Am_`VXY{ ^y`: H$mc H$mc{Z [rS>`Z$&&51&&
Aem arVrZ{ `mMm [amH$_ AdUZr` Amh{, `mZ{ _m`mgH$Q> h{ gd OJV oZ_mU
H{$c{. H$mcmZ{M H$mcmM{ [rS>Z H$arV Vm{ (]X{d) [wZ: [whm dV: Am[Um_Y{M AVYmZ [mdVm{.
H$mcmZ{ H$mcmM{ [rS>Z H$aU{ hUO{ c`mMr AdWm C[mr_wi{ Zme [mdV{ pWVrH$mcr
C[om ZgV{ AmoU ZVa `{Um`m c`mZ{ pWoV Zmoher hm{V{, c`mZVa [whm C[om `m H$mamZ{
C[ompWoVc`mVrc EH$m`m H$mcmZ{ Xwg`m`m H$mcmMm ]mY hm{V AgVm{.
`Xm g X{dm{ OmJoV VX{X M{Q>V{ OJV$&

`Xm do[oV emVm_m VXm gd oZ_rcoV$&&52&&
O{hm Vm{ X{d (]X{d) OmJm hm{Vm{{ V{hm OJVmMm H$ma^ma Ama^Vm{ AmoU O{hm Vm{
emV[U{{ Pm{[r OmVm{ V{hm gdH$mhr odc` [mdV{.
Vp_Z d[oV Vw dW{ H$_m_mZ: earnaU:&

dH$_`m{ oZdVV{ _Z cmoZ_N>oV$&&53&&
Vm{ (go>H$Vm ) dW[U{ Pm{[cm AgVmZm H$_mZw $[ eara{ YmaU H$aUma{ Ord oZpH$`
hm{VmV. _Zmcmoh cmoZ `{V{.
c`H$mcr H$_mZw $[ m Pmc{c{ OrdmM{ Ord[U Z>> Pmc{c{ ZgV{. Ord^md oQ>H$y ZM
AgVm{. [U earam`m A^mdr Ord H$m{U`moh oH$`m H$arV Zmhr. oH$`mZm {aUm X{Uma{
gH$[odH$[m_H$ _Zoh cmoZ `{D$Z [S>`m_mU{ BN>mey` Pmc{c{ AgV{.
`wJ[mw cr`V{ `Xm Vp__hm_oZ &

VXm@` gd^Vy m_m gwI do[oV oZdV :$&&54&&
c`H$mcr gddVwOmV `m [a_m`m`m R>m`r crZ hm{D$Z OmV{. V{hm gd^yVmMm
Am_m Agc{cm hm Ba (]X{d)[yU[U{ oZdm hm{D$Z gwImZ{ Pm{[Vm{.
V_m{@` Vw g_mol` oMa oV>oV g{p`: $&

Z M d Hw$V{ H$_ VXm{H$m_oV _yoVV:$&&55&&
([a_m_m, ]X{d O{hm Pm{[c{cm AgVm{ V{hm) Ord gd Bo`mgH$Q> V_m{JwUmV
hUO{ AkmZmV d{e H$$Z XrKH$mc[`V oZpH$`[U{ [Sy>Z amhVm{. Ordm`m mgm{N>dmg B`moX
H$m{U`moh oH$`m `md{ir hm{V ZmhrV. hr AdWm c`m`m AmYrM{ eara gm{S>`m[mgyZM AgV{.
_Zw_oV
[ 31 ]
1 56
h{ gd dUZ _hmc`mM{ Amh{. Om{ hOma MVw`Jw mZVa ]X{dm`m amr[mgyZ Ama^Vm{.
AmoU hOma _mZdr MVw`wJm`mZVa ]X{dm`m amrgd{ g[Vm{. JrV{`m AmR>`m A`m`mV `mM{
dUZ [>[U{ Amc{ Amh{. `m c`H$mcmV `mZm `m{` gmYZ{`m ]imda _m{jmMr mo Pmc{cr Zmhr
Aem Ord_w$mòVna$ gd`m gd OrdmMm g_md{e Pmc{cm AgVm{. `m OrdmMr _Z]wo Aer
AVnap`{ AmoU kmZH$_}p`{oh [yU[U{ gwmdW{V AgVmV. Vr H$m{UVroh H$m_{ H$arV ZmhrV. AmoU
`m H$m{Um`moh oR>H$mUr H$m{UVroh OmoUd dm gd{XZm ZgV{. c`mMm jU `{`m`m[ydu `m `m
OrdmMr Or H$mhr Wmda OJ_ eara{ AgVmV; Vr gm{Sy>Z Ord d{Jim hm{Vm{. Vr Vr eara{oh c`mV
odcrZ hm{D$Z J{c{cr AgVmV. AmoU Ord H$_m_mU{ c`mZVa `{Um`m OmoVode{fmMr OUw dmQ>
[hmV crZ hm{D$Z amhVm{.
c`m`m d$[mM{ h{ dUZ [> Amh{ V{ _m{R>{ cjUròh Amh{.
`Xm@Uw_moH$m{ ^ydm ]rO WmZw MnaUw M $&

g_modeoV gg >VXm _yVv od_wmoV$&&56&&
]X{dmMr am g[yZ O{hm Ordmcm AmVm `m{oZode{fm_mU{ O_ `md`mMm Amh{
Aer AdWm `{V{ V{hm `mMm Wmda djmoX qH$dm OJ_ [ew[jr _Zw`moX `m{oZode{fmV d{e
H$a`mMm g_` `{Vm{. `md{ir c`H$mcmV gwmdW{V Agc{cm Ord AUw$[ Aem _mmZr `w$
hm{Vm{. AmoU ]rOm_`{ d{e H$aVm{. _J earaode{fmcm m hm{Vm{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr AUw_moH$mM{ [>rH$aU H$aVmZm [w`>H$ hUyZ EH$m AdW{Mm C{I
H{$cm Amh{. [wna+ A>H$ = AmH$maode{fmM{ AmR> H$ma Agm `mMm AW. hm eX [mna^mofH$ Amh{.
`m AmR>mV ^yVBo`, _Z, ]wo, dmgZm H$_ AmoU Aodm `mMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. `m`m ode{fmZ{
_`moXV Agc{cm Ord _J [ydH$_m_mU{ Wmda AmoU OJ_ Aem `m{oZode{fmMm Aml` H$aVm{.
_{YmoVoW `m Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ "_yVv od_wmoV' `mMm AW "eara JmoV' Agm H{$cm Amh{. H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr
`mMmM AW "[ydX{h ÒoV' Agm hUO{ "_`yZVa ' Agm H{$cm Amh{. Vm{ oVVH$mgm `m{` Zmhr.
H$maU Vgm AW H$a`mV Mmcy H$aUm`m Ame`mer \$maM Am{T>mVmU H$amdr cmJV{. Hw$zH$mgma`m
_{YmoVWr_mU{M _hdm`m Agc{`m Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ " [w`>H$`w$m{ _yoV WycX{hmVa H$_mZw$[
od_wmoV JmoV ' Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. od_wmoV Mm AW dada [mhVm gm{S>U{ Agm hm{V Ag`mZ{ H$mhr
Q>rH$mH$mamZr Vg{ oV[mXZ H{$c{ Agmd{. _J hm [ydX h{ c`m[ydu`m AdW{Vrc JhrV Yamdm cmJVm{.
[U Vg{ H{$c{ Var cm{H$mVrc gg> eXmer g_d` H$aU{ Xyamd`mM{ hm{V{. hUyZ X{h JhU H$aVm{
hUU{M `m{` .
1 57
32 ]
_Zw_oV
Ed g OmJdZm`mo_X gd MamMa_$&
gOrdòV MmO _m[òV Mm``:$&&57&&
Aem arVrZ{ Vm{ A`` Agm [a_m_m OmJoV AmoU dZ (oZm) `m d$[mV gd
Ma AmoU AMa gQ>rcm oOdV H$aVm{. AmoU g[odVm{. hr oH$`m gmV`mZ{ hm{V AgV{.
`{W{ OmJoV hUO{ C[om h{ gOrdòV eXmZ{ C{oIc{ Amh{. AmoU _m[òV `m
eXmZ{ dZ AmoU oZm gyoMV H{$cr Amh{. _m[òV eXmdZ g[odU{, Zmhrg{ H$aU{, _`yV
Z{U{ hm AW OmUmdm cmJVm{.
H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr Am`mMr (]X{dmMr) dV:MrM OmJoV AmoU dV:MrM oZm
Agm AW H{{$cm Amh{. `m AWm_mU{ gdg>rMrM C[om AmoU c` gwModcm OmVm{. [U _J _mJrc
cm{H$mVrc _yoVode{fmMm hUO{ earaode{fmMm g]Y gm{S>yZ W{Q> _hmc`m[`VMm H$mi JhrV Yamdm
cmJVm{.
BX em Vw H$dmgm _m_{d d`_moXV:$&

odoYdXJm h`m_mg _ar`mXtdh _wZrZ$&&58&&
ZVa ]X{dmZ{ _cm dV:M h{ em _wim[mgyZ odoY[ydH$ oeH$odc{ AmoU _J _r V{
_aroM B`moX _wZrZm gmoJVc{.
h{ em hU`mV _Zw_oV `m eXmZ{ [wT>{ og Pmc{c{ emM Ao^{V Amh{,
]X{dm[mgyZ V{ JhU H{$`mZVa _ZyZ{ V{ m_w`mZ{ [drVcmda A`m[Zm`m $[mZ{ _aroMgma`m
H$mhr oZdS>H$ oe`mZm oeH$odc{ AmoU _J `m emmMm A``ZA`m[Zm`m $[mZ{ gd gma
H{$cm. hUyZ ]X{dmZ{ oeH$odc{ V{hm Oar _Zw_oV h{ Zmd e` ZhV{. Var [wT{ g[mXZ, H$meZ,
Mma Aem oejU [a[a{VyZ `m emmcm _Zw_oV h{ Zmd o_iU{ dm^modH$ Amh{. eX H$XmoMV
d{Ji{ AgVrc [U Co> AmoU Ame` Vm{M Amh{.
`{W{oh _ZyZ{ H$Vd dV:H$S>{ K{Vc{c{ Zmhr. hm Y`mMm _mc Amh{. _r H{$di V{ em
Vw_`m[`V [m{Mod`mM{ H$m` H{$c{ Amh{. Ag{M [> H{$c{ Amh{. hr oZahH$mamMr, odZ`mMr ^mdZm
lrVwH$mam_moX gVm[`V AmoU `mZVaoh gV[a[a{V VerM AjwU amohcr Amh{. amKdmZX Zmdm`m
Q>rH$mH$mamZ{{ "Jw[a[amJVo_X em Z d_Zrfm H$p[V' Ag{M `m cm{H$mdarc Am[`m ^m`mV
hQ>c{ Amh{. Xwg`m EH$m _oUam_ Zmdm`m Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ ]X{dmZ{ gmoJVc{ V{ \$ma odemc, odVV
hm{V{. _ZyZ{ V{ Vm[`$[mV chmZ H$$Z MmamV AmUc{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
EVm{@` ^J:w em lmdo``è{fV: $&

EVo _mm{@oYOJ{ gd_f{ m{@oIc _woZ:$&&59&&
_Zw_oV
[ 33 ]
1 64
V{ h{ em hm ^Jw Vwhmcm gd E{H$odc. `m (^Jw) _wZrZ{M h{ gd _m`mH$Sy>Z JhU

H{$c{ Amh{. $
_Zy[mgyZ `m `m F$ftZr emmM{ A``Z H{$c{ `m gdmV ^JyMr `m{`Vm
ode{fH$maMr hm{Vr. d$d, _mS>Ur, odf`, g_OmdyZ gmJ`mM{ H$mec, [a[a{darc oZ>m h{ gd
JwU ^Jw_`{ ode{fdmZ{ hm{V{ Ag{ _{YmoVWrZ{ Am[`m Q>rH{$V hQ>c{ Amh{.
VVVWm g V{Zm{$m{ _hof_Z Zw m ^J:w $&

VmZ]drfrgdmZ rVm_m ly`Vmo_oV$&&60&&
_ZyH$Sy>Z ^Jycm Aem H$maMm AmX{e o_im`mZVa ^Jycm gVm dmQ>cr AmoU
Vm{ gd F$ftZm (Vwhr AmVm) E{H$m. Ag{ hUmcm .
^Jy AmVm `m _Zw_VrMm dVH$, g[mXH$, H$meH$ Amh{. Vm{ AmVm BVamZm h{
oeH$odUma Amh{. AWmV AmVm `{WyZ[wT>{ _Zw_oV `m JWmV Amd`H$V{_mU{ g[mXH$s` oQ>[Ur _YyZ
_YyZ `{U{ dm^modH$ Amh{. hUyZ [wT>{ _Zw_VrV d$m hUyZ H$Yr ^JyMm `j C{I `{Vm{ Va H$Yr
_ZyZ{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{, Ag{oh gmoJVc{ OmV{. [U `m_wi{ _Zw_Vr`m AoYH$V[Umcm H$mhr ]mY
`{Vm{, `mV j{[ Amh{.Ag{ g_O`mM{ H$mhr H$maU Zmhr.
dm`^dw `m` _Zm{: fS >d `m _Zdm{@[a{$&

gQ>dV: Om: dm: dm _hm_Zm{ _hmOg:$&&61&&
`m dm`^wd _Zy`mM Hw$cmV BVaoh ghm _Zy C[ Pmc{. `m A`V V{Odr Aem
_hm`mZroh Am[m[`m Om oZ_mU H{$`m.
dmam{oMfm{m_ Vm_gm{ adVVWm$&

Mmjwf _hmV{Om odddgwV Ed M$&&62&&
dmam{oMf, Cm_, Vm_g, adV,Mmjwf,A`V V{Odr Agm odddmZmMm [w dddV
Aer `m BVa ghmMr Zmd{ Amh{V.
dm`^dw mm: gV{ _Zdm{ ^ynaV{Og:$&

d{ d{@>Va{ gdo_X_w[mm[wamMa_$&&63&&
dm`^wd AmoXH$$Z A`V V{Odr Ag{ O{ h{ gmV _Zy Am[m[`m H$mcmV `mZr h{
gd Wmda OJ_ OJV oZ_mU H{$c{ AmoU `mM{ [mcZoh H{$c{.
oZ_{fm Xe Mm>m M H$m>>m oemw Vm: H$cm $&

oeH$cm _whVy : `mXhm{am Vw VmdV:$&&64&&
1 64
34 ]
_Zw_oV
AmR> AoYH$ Xhm oZ_{fmMr (AR>am) EH$ H$m>m, Vrg H$m>mM

r EH$ H$cm, Vrg H$cmMm
EH$ _whV AmoU Vrg _whVmMm EH$ Ahm{am$[ oXdg.
g>rMr C[om Pmcr hUc{ H$s `mV oV`mgH$Q> ododY l{UrVrc, H$mamVrc gd
dVyOmVmcm C[ompWoVc` Aem oVhr AdWm AgVmV.AZwH$_ AgVm{. `mMm H$mc _m{OU{
e` hmd{ hUyZ `{W{ H$mcmM{ EH$ JoUV gmoJVc{ Amh{. oZo_f hUO{ S>m{`mMr [m[Ur ghO[U{
o_Qy>Z CKS>`mg cmJUmam H$mi, hr H$mcJUZm BVaoh AZ{H$ H$mamZr H{$cr OmV{. CXm. gmR>
od[imMm EH$ [i, gmR> [imMr KQ>H$m, AmoU gmR> KQ>H$mMm EH$ Ahm{am$[ oXdg. AWmV hr
JUZm [drdaMr odfwddmm[mgyZ H$mhr Ajmem[`VMr Amh{.darc JUZ{er Om{S> Kmcmd`mMr hUO{
Xm{Z KQ>H$mMm EH$ _whV Ag{ _mZyZ Vr KmcVm `{V{.
Ahm{am{ odÔV{ gy`m} _mZwfXodH{$$&

amo: dZm` ^yVmZm M{>m` H$_Um_h:$&&65&&
_Zw` AmoU X{d `m`m Ahm{ammMr od^mJUr gy` H$aVm{. amhr m`m`m oZ{gmR>r
AgV{. AmoU H$m_{ H$a`mH$naVm oXdg AgVm{.
o[`{ am`hZr _mg: od^mJVw [j`m{: $&

H$_M{ >mdh: H$U: ewc: dZm` edar$&&66&&
_Zw`mMm EH$ _mg hUO{ o[VamMr EH$ Ahm{am.`mVrc H$U[j hm o[VamMm oXdg
AmoU ewc[j hr am Pm{[{gmR>r.
Xd{ am`hZr df od^mJV`m{: [wZ: $&

AhVm{XJ`Z amo: `mojUm`Z_$&&67&&
_Zw`m`m EH$m dfmZ{ X{dmMr EH$ Ahm{am hm{V{. CmamÙ hUO{ X{dmMm oXdg AmoU
XojUm`Z hUO{ X{dmMr am.
]m` Vw j[mh` `_mU g_mgV:$&

EH$H$em{ `wJmZm Vw H$_eVo]m{YV$&&68&&
]X{dm`m EH$m Ahm{amrM{ hUO{ oXdgmM{ _mU Wm{S>`mV OmUmd`mM{ Va H$_mZ{
Mmar `wJmMr H$mcJUZm cjmV `mdr cmJV{ Vr gmJVm{.
Mdm`mh: ghmoU dfmUm VV H$V `wJ_$&

V` VmdN>Vr g`m g`me VWmodY:$&&69&&
_Zw_oV
[ 35 ]
1 72
X{dm`m Mma gh dfmM{ EH$ H$V`wJ hm{V{. `mM _m[mZ{ Mmae{ dfmMm [ydgYrH$mc
AmoU Mmae{ dfmMm CmagYrH$mc AgVm{.
X{dm`m df_mZmZ{ Mma gh+Mmae{+Mmae{ o_iyZ H$V`wJmMm H$mc Mma hOma AmR>e{
dfmMm hm{Vm{. _Zw`m`m _m[mZ{ H$V`wJmMm H$mc gVamcj A>mdrg hOma dfmMm hm{Vm{.
BVa{fw gg`{fw gg`me{fw M ofw$&

EH$m[m`{Z dVV{ ghmoU eVmoZ M$&&70&&
BVa Or VrZ `wJ{ `m`m JUZ{{V H$_mZ{ EH{$H$ gh AmoU EH{$H$ eVH$ CUmdrV J{c{
hUO{ BVa VrZ `wJmMr H$mcJUZm hm{V{.
1) H$Vg` 2) {Vm 3) m[a 4)H$cr Aer `wJmMr JUZm Amh{. X{dm`m _m[mZ{
H$V`wJ Mma hOma dfmM{ AmoU `mM{ Xm{Z gYrH$mc `{H$s Mmae{ dfmM{ h{ da gmoJVc{M Amh{.
`mVyZ ghmV EH$ AmoU eVH$mV EH$ CUm H{$cm hUO{ {Vmm[a H$crMr X{ddf} hm{VmV. hUO{
VrZ gh dfmM{ {Vm`wJ ghme{ df} `mMm goYH$mc. Xm{Z gh dfmM{ m[a `wJ AmoU Mmae{ df}
`mMm gYrH$mc. H$oc`wJ EH$ gh dfmM{ AmoU `mMm gYrH$mc Xm{Ze{ dfmMm.
`X{V[nag`mV_mXmd{d MVw`Jw _$&

EVXmXegmh X{dmZm `wJ_w`V{$&&71&&
h{ O{ ]mam gh dfmM{ `wJ_mZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. V{{ X{dm`m Mma `wJmM{ _mU Amh{.
_Zw`mM{ `wJ_mU `m[{jm [wH$iM AoYH$ Amh{. V{ [wT>rc_mU{
gVam cj A>mdrg hOma H$V`wJ, ]mamcj ehmUd hOma {Vm`wJ, AmR> cj
Mmg> hOma m[a, Mma cj ]mrg hOma H$cr. EHy$U {Mmirg cj drg hOma dfmM{ MVw`wJ
AWdm _hm`wJ, _mUgm`m H$mcJUZ{ _mU{ hm{V{.
XodH$mZm `wJmZm Vw gh [nag``m$&

]m_{H _hk}` VmdVr amoa{d M $&&72&&
X{dm`m hOma _hm`wJmBVH$m ]X{dmMm EH$ oXdg AgVm{. AmoU V{dT>rM `mMr
amoh AgV{. _Zw`_mZmZ{ ]X{dmMm EH$ oXdg Mma AO ]mrg H$m{Q>r dfmMm AmoU V{dT>rM `mMr
am. hUO{ ]X{dmMr EH$ Ahm{am AmR> AO Mmg> H$m{Q>r dfmMr.
qhXwWmZmVrc od`mV IJm{cemk lr O`Vamd ZmairH$a `mZr Am[`m
"AmH$memer OS>c{ ZmV{' `m AoVe` _hdm`m AmoU X{IU{ _wU Agc{`m JWmV [. 271 da hm
H$mcIS> AmYwoZH$ h]c pWamH$md$Z R>aodc{`m H$mcIS>mer ]amM OwiVm{. Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{
\$ma cjUr` Amh{.
1 73
36 ]
_Zw_oV
V `wJghmV ]m [w`_hodX:w $&

amq M VmdVr_{d V{@hm{amodXm{ OZm: $&&73&&
X{dm`m hOma `wJmZr hm{Umam ]X{dmMm EH$ oXdg [w`H$maH$ Amh{. Vm{ [w`X
Amh{. ]X{dmMr amoh V{dT>rM. Ag{ ]X{dm`m H$mcJUZ{M{ kmZ Agc{c{ OmUVmV.
V` gm{@hoZe`mV{ gw: oV]w`V{$&

oV]w gOoV _Z: gXgXm_H$_$&&74&&
Vm{ ]X{d Am[`m amrZVa Pm{[V{ Zy OmJm hm{Vm{. AmoU OmJm hm{D$Z gV AgXm_H$
_ZmMr oZo_Vr H$aVm{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ _Z:gOoV `mMm AW Am[`m dV:`m _Zmcm {aUm X{Vm{ Agm
H{$cm Amh{. Vm{ oM` Amh{.
_Z: gq> odHw$V{ Mm{_mZ oggj`m$&

AmH$me Om`V{ V_mm` eX JwU odXw:$&&75&&
g>r C[ H$a`m`m BN>{Z{ {naV H{$c{c{ h{ ]X{dmM{ _Z g>rMr aMZm H$$ cmJV{.
V{hm `m`m[mgyZ AmH$memMm O_ hm{Vm{. eX hm `m AmH$me _hm^yVmMm JwU Amh{.C[oZfXmZr
Am`m[mgyZ AmH$me hm{V{ hQ>c{ Amh{. Am_eX gJmZ{ eara _Z ]wo V{ ] gdmgmR>r dm[acm
OmVm{.
AmH$memmw odHw$dmUmgdJY
dh: ewoM:$&
]cdmOm`V{ dm`w: g d [eJU
w m{ _V:$&&76&&
odH$ma C[ H$aUm`m AmH$mem[mgyZ gd H$ma`m JYmM{ dhZ H$aUmam [od,
eo$g[ Agm dm`y O_Vm{. dm`y `m _hm^yVmMm [e hm JwU Amh{.
dm`m{ao[ odHw$dmUmoam{oMUw V_m{ZXw _$&

`m{oV[V{ ^mdmz[JwU_w`V{$&&77&&
odH$ma C[ H$aUm`m dm`y[mgyZ AYmamMm Zme H$aUma{ BVa dVwOmVmcm H$moeV
H$aUma{ dV: H$me$[ Agc{c{ Ag{ V{O C[ hm{V{. `m V{O qH$dm Ao `m _hm^yVmMm JwU $[ hm
Amh{.
`m{oVf odHw$dmUmXm[m{ agJwUm: _Vm:$&

AX`m{ JYJwUm ^yo_na`{fm go>amoXV:$&&78&&
odH$ma C[ H$aUm`m V{Om[mgyZ agJwUmZ{ `w$ Aem Am[mMr oZo_Vr hm{V{. Am[ `m
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[ 37 ]
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Ama^V{.
`m g>r oZo_Vr`m H$_mV C{oIc{c{ dm`y, V{O, Am[, [dr h{ eX Am[U _mZVm{,
`m gm_m` AWmM{ ZmhrV. hr _yc^yV AmoXVdmZm oXc{cr [mna^mofH$ Zmd{ Amh{V. dm`ycm ehmmam`m
cm{H$mV ]cdmZ hQ>c{ Amh{. `mda ^m` H$aVmZm _{YmoVWrZ{ hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s "`mdVr H$moMV odH$oV:
M{>m$[m gm dm`wH$_' H$m{UVrhr chmZ _m{R>r, Wycgy_, H$[[Xm_H$ hmcMmc hr dm`y$[ AgV{.
qH$dm dm`wVdmM{ V{ H$m_ AgV{. $[ hm V{OmMm JwU gmoJVcm Amh{. $[ hUO{ S>m{`mZm oXgUmam
JwU. _wimV gy_ A`$ Agc{c{ Vd oXgy cmJV{. hUO{ Wyc `$ hm{V{. A`$ Agc{c{ `$
hm{U{ hr gr oZo_VrVrc oH$`m Amh{. Vr V{Om`m AoY>mZmZ{ hm{V{. H$me dVwV: A`$ Agcm
Var Vm{ BVamZm H$moeV H$aVm{ `mM{ oH$aU AgVmV `mZmoh> d{J AgVm{.
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gKQ>Z H$aU{, [a[amZm Om{Sy>Z R>{dU{ h{{ `mM{ H$m` dm d$[ .
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AgVmV. H$m{UVmoh [XmW hm VdV: H$U$[M AgVm{. Ag{ AmYwoZH$ odkmZd{m{ _mZVmV. h{ [dr
VdmM{ H$m` Amh{.
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odH$oV hUVmV. KQ> hm _mVrMm odH$ma Amh{. AcH$ma hm gm{`mMm odH$ma Amh{ Aer ^mfm gdm`m
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1 78
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oH$`{V H$er _hdmMr Amh{V V{ cjmV `{V{.
`mmXegmh_woXV XodH$ `wJ_$&

VX{H$goVJwU _dVao_hm{`V{$&&79&&
[ydu h{ O{ ]mam hOma dfmM{ X{dmM{ _hm`wJ hm{V{ Ag{ doUc{ Amh{, Ver EH$mhma
_hm`wJ{ hm EH$m _dVamMm hUO{ EH$m _Zy`m AoYH$mamMm H$mc Amh{.
_dVam`g`moZ gJ: ghma Ed M $&

H$sS>odVHw$V{ [a_{>r [wZ: [wZ:$&&80&&
_dVa{ Ag` Amh{V. `mM_mU{ C[omc`m`m MH$mM{ \{$a{oh Ag` Amh{V.
]X{d h{ gd H$aVm{, Vr `mMr ghOH$sS>m Amh{.
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[U [>[U{ gmoJVcm Amh{. g>roZo_VrMm `m[ _Zw`m`m _m[mZ{ \$ma \$ma MS> Amh{. MS>
eXoh A`V oWQ>m R>amdm EdT>r Vr odemcVm AoVodemc Amh{. odkmZmZ{ H$memMm d{J EH$m
g{H$Xmcm VrZ cj oH$._r. oZoV H{$`mM{ AmVm gdodoXV Amh{. `m _m[mZ{ H$m{Q>r H$m{Q>r df}oh
Vmam_S>c{ AmoU AmH$meJJm `mMr AVa{ gmJ`mg [war [S>V ZmhrV. [a_{a `m gdmMm oZ_mVm
Amh{. hUyZ Am[cr [a[am `mcm AZVH$m{Q>r]mS> Zm`H$ hUV{. V{hm _Zw`m`m _m[mZ{ Agc{cr
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MVw[mgH$cm{ Y_: g` Md H$V{ `wJ${ &

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`md{ir Vg{M AgV{.`md{ir _Zw` H$m{UVmoh cm^ AY_mZ{ H$$Z K{`mg dm hm{V Zg{.
BVa{dmJ_m_: [mXeddam{o[V:$&
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BVa `wJmVyZ Y_mM{ EH{$H$ AJ H$_mZ{ CUmdV OmV{. Mm{ar, Im{Q>{[Um, H$[Q> `m`m_wi{
Y_ H$_mZ{ XwamdV OmVm{. (CUmdV OmVm{)
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Aam{Jm: gdogmWmVwdf e
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Am`w` Agc{cr hm{Vr. [wT>{ {VmoX`wJmV gdM >rZ{ Am`w`mMm hmg MVwWmemZ{ hm{D$ cmJcm.
{Vm`wJmV VrZe{ df}, m[amV Xm{Ze{ df}, AmoU H$oc`wJmV eâ df} Ag{ _mUgm`m
Am`w`mM{ _mU AgV{.
d{Xm{$_m`w_ `mZm_moefd H$_Um_$&

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AmerdmXmMm [naUm_ AgVm{. [U `mMr [naUoV _m _Zw`mcm, `wJmcm AZw$[ Aem d$[mVM
^m{Jmdr cmJV{.
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hm{V Ag`m_wi{ H$VmoX `{H$ `wJmMm Y_ hUO{ AmMma[oV d{Jir d{Jir AgV{.
H$mcmZw$[ [napWoV_mU{ oZ]Y (H$m`X{) [mcQ>VmV. Vg{M H$mhrg{ h{ Amh{. [aVw
oZ]Y [mcQ>`mMm AoYH$ma EH{$H$m `$scm oV`m BN>{_mU{ ZgVm{. am`m`m AmoU am>m`m
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]h_V _hdmZw$[ Agmd{ cmJV{.
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H$oc`wJmV XmZmcm _hd AgV{.
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1 86
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gd`m` Vw gJ` Jw`W g _hmwoV:$&

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D$$ AmoU [mX (]mUjo` dèy )Aem dUmMr C[om H{$cr. AmoU `mZm d{Jd{Jir
H$m_{ Z{_yZ oXcr.
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H$aU{ Ad` Pmc{, Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ [ydu (EH$oVgm`m cm{H$mdarc Q>r[{V) [> H{$c{ Amh{M.
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l_od^mJUr H$amdrM cmJV{. Z{_yZ oXc{cr Vr Vr H$m_{ H$arV amohc{ hUO{ `m `m H$m_mcm
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AmYma{ `m `m H$m_mVrc H$meòh dmT>V OmV{. dUode{fm_mU{ dmQ>mg Amc{cr H$_} d$Z d{Jd{Jir
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odohV Amh{. `{Wrc h{ A``Z A`m[Z d{Xm`m [waV{ _`moXV Amh{. BVa odm qH$dm kmZ `m`m
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1 92
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cmdrV Ag`m_wi{, ]mU hm Mmar dUmV _wI Amh{.
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h{ AohVH$a Amh{ Agm ]m{Y g_mOmcm H$$Z mdm cmJVm{. d{XmM{ A``Z AmoU `mda AmYmnaV
Aem BVa AZ{H$ emmM{ A``Z h{M ]mUmM{ _w`, EdT>{M Zh{ Va EH$_m H$V` Amh{ Ag{
hUVm `{V{. hUyZ "dUmZm ]mUm{ Jw: ' `m `m`mZ{ ]mUmcm dU`dW{V mYm` m hm{V{.
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]mUmH$S>{M AgV{.
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`mcm H$` hUVmV. `m h`H$`m`m Ymo_H$ H$`m_wi{ X{d AmoU o[Va g hm{VmV. AmoU
`m`m gmXmZ{ KamVrc gwIdm` oQ>H$V{. Am[roh Hw$iY_Hw$imMma AmoU lm[jm`m
oZo_mmZ{ h{ `dhma Mmar dUm`m KamVyZ hm{V Ag`mM{ C`mAoYH$ _mUmV AmT>iyZ `{V{.
``m`{Z gXm@pV h`moZ ooXdmH$g:$&

H$`moZ Md o[Va: qH$ ^yV_oYH$ VV:$&&95&&
]mUm`m mamM X{d h`mMm AmoU o[Va H$`mMm drH$ma H$arV Ag`m_wi{ `mZm
^yV_mmV _hd o_imd{ `mV Zdc H$m`?
^yVmZm moUZ: l{>m: moUZm ]woOrodZ:$&

]wo_gw Zam: l{>m Za{fw ]mUm: _Vm:$&&96&&
^yV_mm_`{ XJS>_mVr B`moX Wmdam[{jm mUr mgm{N>dmg H$aUma{ [ew [`moX
l{>. m`m_`{ ]wrMm dm[a H$aUma{ l{>. ]wrMm dm[a H$aUm`m_`{ _mUg{ l{>, AmoU _mUgmV
]mU l{> Ag{ _mZc{ J{c{ Amh{.
Om{ O_V: ]mU Amh{ `mZ{ V[dr g`_r AmoU odmZ Pmc{M [mohO{ h{ cjmV
AmUyZ X{`mgmR>r `{Wrc C{I Amh{. Om{ Agm Zg{c `mcmoh l{> hUmd{ Ag{ Co> `{W{ Zmhr.
]mU{fw M odmgm{ odgw H$V]w`:$&

H$V]wofw H$Vma: H$Vf w ]d{oXZ:$&&97&&
OmVrZ{ ]mU Agc{`m_`{ odmZ l{>, odmZm`mV `mMr ]wo emoZ> Amh{
Vm{ l{>. `mVoh emm_mU{ `m{` Aer H$Vr H$aUma{ l{> AmoU Aem H$m`H$`mhZ ]mcm OmUUma{
l{>.
l{>V{Mm hm AZwH$_ `mZmV K{Vcm [mohO{. Vg{M ]mU eX H$mhr cm{H$ _mZVmV
1 97
44 ]
_Zw_oV
`m[_mU{ H{$di JwUH$_dmMH$ ZgyZ MmVwd`m`m gX^mV `{Umar ]mU jo` B`moX Zmd{
OmoVodoe>M Amh{V h{oh darc cm{H$md$Z [> hm{V{. odmmoX JwUH$_md$Z ]mU _mZmd`mMm
Va ]mU{fw M odmg: ]mUm_`{ l{> Ag{ hUmd`mM{ H$maUM ZhV{. hUyZ Om{ JwUH$_mZ{
]mU Zmhr, [U e_X_moX ]mUm{oMV JwUmZr g[ Amh{ `mcm Am[`m [a[a{V gV g[wf hUyZ
_mZ X{`mMr [Vr Amh{. lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm[mgyZ lrMm{Im{]mam`m[`V`m gd AoYH$mar `$sMm
g_md{e Am[U EH$m gVH$m{Q>rVM H$aVm{.
C[oma{d od` _yoVY_` emVr$&

g oh Y_mW_ w [m{ ]^y`m` H$[V{$&&98&&
odmZ ]mUmMm X{h hrM Y_mMr emV _yoV Amh{. `mMr C[mrM _wimV Y_mH$naVm
Pmc{cr Amh{. ]odX hm{U{ h{M `mM{ `{` oZoV H{$c{ Amh{.
]mUm{ Om`_mZm{ oh [oW`m_oYOm`V{$&

Ba: gd^Vy mZm Y_H$m{f` Jw`{$&&99&&
]mU O_mcm Amcm Vm{M [drda gdm[{jm AoYH$ hUyZ. gd ^yVmda oZÙ
R>{dU{ AmoU Y_$[r H$m{fmM{ gajU H$aU{ h{ `mM{ H$V` Amh{.
gd d ]mU`{X `pH$oMmJoVJV_$&
l>Z{ moÔZ{ZX{ gd d ]mUm{@hoV$&&100&&
`m OJm_`{ O{ H$mhr hUyZ Amh{ V{ gd ]mUmM{ dV:M{M Amh{. H$maU O_mZ{ Vm{
l{> Amh{. hUyZ h{ gd `mM{ hm{U{ CoMV Amh{.
d_{d ]mUm{ ^wL>${ d dV{ d XXmoV M$&

AmZe `mX]m U` ^wOV{ hrVa{ OZm:$&&101&&
]mU O{ ImVm{, X{Vm{, Z{gVm{ V{ gd `mM{ dV:M{M AgV{. ]mUm`m
H$Zdmiy[Um_wi{ BVa{OZ (dVyMm) C[^m{J K{VmV.
_Zw_Vrda ]mU [j[mVmMm Om{ Amam{[ H{$cm OmVm{ `mcm darc VrZ cm{{H$mVrc
dMZmMm AmYma gm[S>Vm{. [U hrM l{>d AmoU AoYH$ma gmJUmar dMZ{ VdV: VwVr$[ Amh{V.
]mU EH$mH$s, Y_m_mU{ H$m{UVmoh C[mXH$ `dgm` H$a`mMm AoYH$ma Zgc{cm, gmmhrZ,
YZhrZ Agm [wf Amh{. odm o_iodU{ AmoU oOkmgycm `m`m `m{`V{_mU{ oZa[{j[U{ odm
oeH$odU{ hmM `mMm dY_ Amh{. Aem pWVrV _mUgmMr _Zm{dmr cjmV K{Vm ]mU `$sMr
dV:Mr C^mar oQ>H$cr [mohO{ AmoU BVamZm `mM{odf`r VwN>Vm dmQy> Z`{ Ag{ gH$ma g_mOmV
_Zw_oV
[ 45 ]
1 103
Oc{c{ Agc{ [mohO{V. `m_wi{ oVHy$c [napWVrVoh Y`wgmh ghO[U{ oQ>Hy$ eH$Vm{. ]mUmMr
gdmda gmm Amh{ Ag{ ghO[U{ hU`mM{ H$maU `m`m oZ[hV{V Amh{. `m_wi{M Vm{ Ao^_mZmZ{
lrkmZ{a _hmamOmZr hQ>`m _mU{ "h{ odoM _mP{ Ka' hUy eH$Vm{. qH$dm dm_r am_VrWm _mU{
"[drda`m gJ`m [mQ>cdmoQ>H$m (Jwcm]m`m ]mJm) _m`mM Amh{V' Agm Jmad ]miJy eH$Vm{
V{hm ]mUmMr hr egm `mMr EH$H$ma{ gajH$ `m{OZm Amh{ hUyZ `woYo>am[mgyZ oedmOramOm[`V
gd ^y[oV "Jm{]mUoV[mcH$' hUdyZ K{`mV ^yfU _mZrV AgV. `jmV ]mU hm gdXm
AmolV AmoU `mMH$ AemM ^yo_H{$V dmdac{cm Amh{. `mVoh amZmdZmV Pm{[S>mVyZ amhUmam
]mUdJ ode{f AmXaUr` _mZcm OmV Ag{. `md$Z ]mUmH$S>{ gdH$maM{ dmo_d Amh{ `m
dm`mVrc Ame` [> hm{D$ eH$Vm{.
[wT>rc cm{H$mdarc Q>r[{V _{YmoVWrZ{ darc cm{H$mVrc dMZmZm [>[U{ ]mUmMr
VwVr hQ>c{c{ Amh{.
V` H$_odd{H$mW e{fmUm MmZw[dy e

:$&
dm`^wdm{ _ZwYu_moZX em_H$[`V$&&102&&
]mUmZm AmoU AZwfJmZ{ BVa dUmZmoh `mM{ `mM{ H$V`H$_ odd{H$[ydH$ H$aVm
`md{, `mgmR>r ]wo_mZ Aem dm`^wd _ZyZ{ `m emmMr (_Zw_VrMr) aMZm H{$c{cr Amh{.
gd moU_mmM{ H$V` H{$di OrdZYmaU{[waV{ _`moXV AgV{. BVamhZ _Zw`mcm
ode{farVrZ{ m Pmc{cr H$m`m_mJrc H$maU Am{iI`mMr ]wo_m{Mr X{UJr, h{ ohVmM{, h{ ohVmM{
Zmhr, h{ H$amd{ h{ H$$ Z`{ h{ OmU`mgmR>rM Amh{. AmoU h{ `m{` arVrZ{ KS>md`mM{ Va `mgmR>r
`m{`m`m{` gmJUm`m, odoYoZf{Y [> H$aUm`m emmMr oZVmV Amd`H$Vm AgV{ h{ CKS> Amh{.
_Zw_oV B`moX em{ V{M H$m_ H$aVmV.
odXwfm ]mU{ZX{ _`{V` `ZV:$&

oe`{` d$` g`L Zm`{Z H{$ZoMV$&&103&&
BVa H$m{Ur Zmhr Var oZXmZ odmZ ]mUmZ{ `m emmM{ `Z[ydH$ A``Z H$amd{
AmoU oe`mZm V{ MmJ`mH$ma{ odd$Z gmJmd{.
_{YmoVWrZ{ " Z A`{Z H{$ZoMV BoV A` Z oZf{Y:' Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ _hdmM{
Amh{. Am[`m ohVmMr qMVm AgUmam Hw$Uroh `m emmM{ A``Z H$$ eH$Vm{. [U gm_m`mH$Sy>Z
gmYmaUV: Vg{ hm{V Zmhr. hUyZ darc cm{H$mV "odXwfm ]mU{Z `ZV:' Aer [X{ Amc{cr Amh{V.
1 104
46 ]
_Zw_oV
BX em_Yr`mZm{ ]mU: eogVdV:$&

_Zm{dmX{hOoZ` H$_Xm{fZ oc`V{$&&104&&
`m emmM{, _Zw_VrM{ A``Z H$aUmam oZ>mdV ]mU _ZdmUreara `mM{ H$Sy>Z
daM{da oZ_mU hm{Um`m H$_mVrc Xm{fmZr oc hm{V Zmhr.
H$_m_wi{ oZ_mU hm{Uma{ Xm{f d `m_wi{ KS>Umar [mVH{$ `m `m H$`mcm ]mYV ZmhrV.
`mM{ H$maU H{$di emm`mg ZgyZ emm``Zm_wi{ oZ_mU hm{Umar AZmgo$$, oZH$m_Vm,
dmWey`Vm, cm{cw[V{Mm A^md h{ Amh{.AV:H$aU `m JwUmZr `w$ Ag`m_wi{ H$_mM{ Xm{f `mcm
]mYV ZmhrV. h{M JrV{Z{hr "gdWm dV_mZm{@o[ g `m{Jr _o` dVV{' hUyZM "H$_o^Z g ]`V{'
Aem d$[m`m dm`mVyZ daM{da gmoJVc{ Amh{. `dhmam_`{ H$V` [mcZ, cm{H$gJh AmoU
maY `m H$maUmZ{ ZmZm H$maMr H$_} AoYH$mar `$scmoh H$amdr cmJVmV. dada [mhVm Vr gXm{f,
odgJV, AZwoMV Aeroh AgVmV [U `mM{ Xm{f km`m`m AV:H$aU pWVr_wi{ `mcm ]mYV
ZmhrV Agm ^md `{W{ Amh{.
[wZmoV [pL$ d`m gg [amdamZ$&

[oWdr_o[ Md_{ m H$Zm_{H$m{@o[ gm{@hoV$&&105&&
(`m emmM{ A``Z H$aUmam kmVm [wf) [$scm [mdZ H$aUmam hm{Vm{. Vg{M _mJ`m
gmV o[T>m AmoU [wT>`m gmV o[T>m m `m`m_wi{ [mdZ hm{VmV. `m g[yU [drMm YZr hm{`mMroh
`m{`Vm `m`m oRH$mUr `{V{.
[o$[mdZ hm Am[`m [a[a{Vrc EH$ ode{f AWmMm eX Amh{. gm_m`V: EH$mdUmM{
dm EH$mOmVrM{ cm{H$ EH$m [$scm O{d`mMm AoYH$ma amIrV. EImm gXm{f AmMaUm_wi{ `m `$sg
[JVrV Z ]gy X{`mMr oejm OmV[Mm`VrH$Sy>Z gmoJVcr OmV Ag{. Agm `dhma gd dUmV d gd
OmVrV $T> hm{Vm. lr. Zaqgh qMVm_U H{$iH$amZr Am[`m [Zr`m MVwa[UmMm C{I H$aVmZm
`mM{H$S>{ `{Um`m ododY [mh`mMr ^m{OZmMr `dWm H$aVmZm Vr `mM{ [mQ> oZaoZam`m Am{irV
_mSr>V Ag{, `m_wi{ [$sMr em_`mXm amIcr OmV Ag{. Aem AWmM{ hQ>c{ Amh{. `mcm H$mhr
Xm{fm_wi{ [$sV ]gy X{V ZgV, `mcm H$mhr mòm H$$Z [wZ: [$sV ]g`mMm AoYH$ma cm^V
Ag{. `m_`{ Aem l{> odmZm`m [$sV ]gU{ hmnh EH$ H$ma Ag{. ogw[Ugy $mVoh `m d$[mMm
C{I Amc{cm Amh{.
BX d``Z l{>o_X ]wooddYZ_$&

BX è` gVVo_X oZ:l{`g [a_$&&106&&
_Zw_oV
[ 47 ]
1 109
(_Zw_oV) h{ em g_o AmUUma{ Amh{. dm g_o o_idyZ X{Um`m_`{ l{> Amh{.

]wrMr dmT> H$aUma{ Amh{. gXd è m H$$Z X{Uma{ Amh{. AmoU A`V l{> Amh{, l{`H$a Amh{.
dpV eXmMm AW g_o, _mJ`, H$`mU, O{ B>, Ao^{V V{ m hm{U{ hm Amh{.
èmcm H$maU hm{Uma{ V{ è`. odmm, AmXm` B`moX gXJwUm_wi{ Or ogr hm{V{, oVcm è Ag{
hUVmV. H{$c{c{ `Z g\$c hm{U{ `mcmoh è hUVmV. oZ:l{`g eX, dJ, _m{j, H$`mU, ohV
`mMm dmMH$ Amh{. _Zw_Vr_`{ _mZdr OrdZmg Amd`H$ V{ gd `m{àrVrZ{ dUZ H{$c{c{ Amh{.
`m_wi{ OrdZ g[, CV, emV, g, g_mYmZr hm{D$ eH$V{. AmoU h{ gd CoMV Aer Xya>r R>{dyZ
`m[H$ ^yo_H{$VyZ gmoJVc{c{ Amh{.
Ap_Z Y_m}@oIc{Zm{$m{{ JwUXm{fm M H$_Um_$&

MVwUm_o[ dUmZm_mMmad emV:$&&107&&
`{W{ Y_ g[yUV{Z{ gmoJVcm Amh{. H$_mM{ , H$`mM{ JwU AmoU Xm{f H$m{UV{ V{ [> H{$c{
Amh{. `mM_mU{ Mmaoh dUmcm XrKH$mcrZ [a[a{Z{ MmcV Amc{cm hUyZ [wT>{oh gVV C[`m{Jr
[S>Umam AmMmaY_ H$m{UVm? `mM{oh dUZ Amc{c{ Amh{.
AmMma: [a_m{ Y_: lw`w$: _mV Ed M$&

V_mXp_gXm `w$m{ oZ` `mXm_dmZ nO:$&&108&&
d{X AmoU _oV `mVyZ oV[moX`mV Amc{cm Om{ l{> Agm AmMmaY_ Vm{ `{W{ odd$Z
gmoJVcm Amh{. hUyZ dV:M{ ohV hmd{ Ag{ BpN>Um`m oOmZ{, OmU`mZ{ `m Y_mM{ [mcZ
H$a`mgmR>r `Zerc Agmd{.
AmMaU hUO{ `j H$oV, dVZ. V{ OmU`mZ{ Var emewarVrZ{ R>{dc{ [mohO{
Agm AmJh Amh{.
[wT>`m cm{H$mV Vm{ AoYH$ [> Pmcm Amh{.
AmMmamo`wVm{ odm{ Z d{X\$c_ZwV${ &

AmMma{U Vw g`w $: g[U
y \ $c^m_V:$&&109&&
Om{ AmMmam[mgyZ ^> Pmcm, Vm{ oH$Vroh ehmUm [oR>H$ Agcm Var `mcm d{XmoX
emmVyZ gmoJVc{cr \$i{ o_iV ZmhrV. Om{ `m{` `m AmMaUmZ{ `w$ Amh{ `mcmM gmoJVcr Vr
gJir \$i{ o_iVmV, Aer _m`Vm Amh{.
]mUmM{ l{>d oOW{ oOW{ gmoJVc{ Ag{c V{W{ V{W{ ]mUm`m [od dVZmMm
oZ[hVm, g`_, B`moX JwUmMm `j AmMma JhrV Amh{. H{$di odm{cm, d{XkmZmcm gwm _Zw
_hd X{V Zmhr. h{ cjmV R>{dc{M [mohO{.
1 110
48 ]
_Zw_oV
Ed_mMmaVm{ Q>m Y_` _wZ`m{ JoV_$&

gd` V[gm{ _yc_mMma OJh: [a_$&&110&&
Y_mMr [naUVr `j AmMaUmVM hmd`mMr AgV{ Ag{ oZoV Ag`mZ{
F$of_wZtZr AmMma h{M gdH$ma`m V[mM{ hUO{ Y_gmYZ{M{ _yi AgV{ Ag{ drH$mac{ Amh{.
ZwgV{ empXH$ kmZ H$mhr C[`m{JmM{ Zmhr. H$m{U`moh odoYoZf{Ym_H$ kmZmMr [naUoV
`m{` Vr dmJUyH$ R>{d`mVM Pmcr [mohO{ hm ogmV \$ma _hdmMm Amh{.
[wT>rc AmR> cm{H$mV _Zw_VrV Amc{`m odf`mM{ C{I Wm{S>`mV Amc{c{ Amh{V.
OJV g_w[qm gH$maodoY_{d M$&

dVM`m}[Mma M ZmZ` M [a odoY_$&&111&&
OJVmMr C[om, oZaoZam`m gH$mamMr [oV, dV{ d Vr drH$ma`mZVaM{ dVZ,
oejU [wa{ Pm`m ZVaM{ gH$ma h{ odf` gm_m`V: [oh`m Xwg`m A`m`mV Amc{ Amh{V.
XmamoYJ_Z Md oddmhmZm M cjU_$&

_hm`kodYmZ M lmH$[ M emV_$&&112&&
r[wfmMm oddmh, oddmhmM{ H$ma d `mMr cjU{, _hm`kmM{ odYmZ, [a[a{Z{ m
(emV) Ag{ lmH$_ h{ odf` oVg`m A`m`mV Amc{ Amh{V.
_{YmoVWrZ{ _mJ`m cm{H$mVrc "[a' AmoU `m cm{H$mVrc "emV' h{ eX dmmM{
oZ`_ [mi`m`m >rZ{ Amc{c{ Amh{V Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
dmrZm cjU Md ZmVH$` dVmoZ M$&

^`m^` M emM M `mUm ewo_{d M $&&113&&
`dgm` dm C[OrodH$mM{ d$[, oejUmZVa JhWml_ drH$ma`mM{ oZ`_, ^`
AmoU A^` `m g]YrM{ odoYoZf{Y, ewVm, Oc B`mXr dVy g]YrMr [odVm hm odf` Mm`m
A`m`mV Amcm Amh{.
rY_`m{J Vm[` _m{j g`mg_{d M$&

amk Y__oIc H$m`mUm M odoZU`_$&&114&&
rY_ [mM`m A`m`mV gmoJVc{ Amh{V. ghm`m A`mV dmZW, _m{j, g`mg
`m g]YrM{ dUZ Amc{ Amh{. gmV`m A`m`mV amOmM{ Y_ AmoU `dhmamVrc F$U, X{U{K{U{ `m
g]YrMm odMma Amc{cm Amh{.
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[ 49 ]
1 118
gmojodYmZ M Y_ r[wg
`m{ao[$&
od^mJY_ yV M H$Q>H$mZm M em{YZ_$&&115&&
`m`mc`mVrc gmjr[wamdm `mg]Y rMm odMma. r[wfm`m dmJUwH$sg]Y sM{ oZ`_,
dmagm, dmQ>`m, yV Mm{ar B`mXr A[amY H$aUma{ `mg]YrM{ odMma AmR>`m A`m`mV Amc{c{
Amh{V.
dèym{[Mma M gH$sUmZm M g^d_$&

Am[_ M dUmZm mòmodqY VWm$&&116&&
d` d ey `m dUmg]YrM{ Y_mY_ h{ Zd`m A`m`mV Amc{c{ Amh{V. Am[mr
Amcr AgVm dmJ`mM{ oZ`_ `mMm odMma gd dUmZm cjmV K{D$Z H{$cm Amh{. gH$a OmVr`m
C[mr g]YrM{ dUZ h{ Xm{Z odf` Xhm`m A`m`mV Amc{c{ Amh{V. AH$am`m A`m`mV KS>c{`m
Xm{fmZm C{eyZ mòmmMm odMma H{$c{cm Amh{.
ggmaJ_Z Md oodY H$_g^d_$&

oZ:l{`g H$_Um M JwUXm{f[arjU_$&&117&&
MmJ`m qH$dm dmBQ> H$_mda Adc]yZ Agc{c{ ggmamVrc Cm__`_H$oZ>
H$maM{ O_ K{U{ OJU{ AmoU _aU{ `m g]YrMm odMma, _m{jmcm H$maU Agc{c{ Am_kmZ, odohV
d oZof H$_m`m JwUXm{fmM{ [arjU h{ odf` ]mam`m A`m`mV Amc{c{ Amh{V.
X{eY_mOmoVY_mHw$cY_m emdVmZ$&
[mfS>JUY_m em{@p_w$dm_Zw:$&&118&&
EHy$U `m _oVJWmV X{eY_, OmoVY_, Hw$cY_, [mIS>r, ZmpVH$, `dgm`mZw$[
hm{Uma{ g_wXm` `m`m g]YrM{ `m{` A`m{` dVZmM{ oddaU _ZyZ{ H{$c{c{ Amh{.
_Zw_Vr_`{ H$mhr d{im odoYoZf{YmMr odgJoV oXgV{ `mM{ H$maU V{ V{ oZ`_ `m
`m X{eOmoVHw$cm_`{ MocV AgVmV, H$mhr JQ> Va gH$maey` AmoU E{ohH$m[waVmM odMma H$aUma{
AgVmV. `mZmoh g_mOmV H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m d$[mV WmZ Agmd{ cmJV{. "Om{ _m`m odMmamMm
Zmhr Vm{ OJ`m`moh `m{`V{Mm Zmhr' hr odMmagaUr qhXyM
r Zmhr. hUyZ `{H$mMr [a[amJV [napWoV
cjmV K{D$Z AmXe H$m` V{ [> gmJyZ, $T> Agc{`m dVZmcm _m`Vm oXcr Amh{. hr odgJoV
Zmhr. h{ gdmZm gm_miyZ K{`mM{ qhXy_ZmM{ AmXm` Amh{.
1 119
50 ]
_Zw_oV
`W{X_w$dmN>m [wam [>m{ _Zw_` m$&

VW{X `y`_` _gH$memo]m{YV$&&119&&
\$ma [ydu ^JdmZ _ZyZm _r odMmac{ hm{V{ d `mZr _cm h{ gd em C[X{oec{ hm{V{.
`mZrM AmX{e oX`m_mU{ Vwhr h{ em _m`mH$Sy>Z AmVm gmdYmZ[U{ E{H$md{.
_ZyZ{ _mJ{ (59`m cm{H$mV) ""h{ em ^JwH$Sy>Z E{H$m'' Ag{ F$ftZm gmoJVc{ hm{V{.
Vm{ gX^ `m cm{H$mV Amh{. hUyZ hr _Zw_VrM Amh{. ^Jwm{$ Agcr Var oVcm ^JwgohVm _mZU{
`m{` Zmhr.
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[ 51 ]
22
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A`m` Xwgam
odo: g{odV: gooZ`_{famoJo^:$&
X`{Zm`ZwkmVm{ `m{ Y_V oZ]m{YV$&&1&&
odmZmZr `mMm drH$ma H{$cm Amh{, O{ gmZ Amh{V, `m`m AV:H$aUmV Amgo$
qH$dm {f `mZm H$Yroh WmZ ZgV{ Aem ^`m _mUgmZr AV:H$aU[ydH$ `mcm AZw_oV oXcr Amh{
Vm{M Y_. `modf`r gmJVm{, E{H$m.
Y_ hUO{ g_mOmV H$mhr Var `dWm Agcr [mohO{ Aer BN>m AgUm`m
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gmJVmV, `md{ir `mZm gmdoH$ ohVM Ao^{V AgV{. dV:cm ]a{ dmQ>V,{ `m{` dmQ>V{ Ag{ H$m{U`moh
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ghm`^yV AgV{.
Y_mM{ d$[ h{ Ag{ Ag`mZ{ Y_mVrc odoYoZf{YmMm odMma VemM ew oZa[{j,
ohVH$a Aem ^mdZ{Z{ H{$cm [mohO{. [wH$id{im gmJUmamE{H$UmamMr ]wo hr ew gmpdH$ ahmV
Zmhr. oV`mda aOm{JwUV_m{JwUmMr [wQ>{ MT>c{cr AgVmV. odd{H$eo$ aOV_mZ{M ^mdr Pmc{cr
AgV{ AmoU _J drH$mamd{g{ dmQ>Uma{ AmMma odMma VmH$mocH$ar`m C[`m{Jr AmoU gwIXm`H$
dmQ>c{ Var `mZm Y_ hUyZ _m`Vm X{U{ l{`H$a ZgV{.
H$m_m_Vm Z eVm Z Mdh{ m`H$m_Vm $&

H$m`m{ oh d{XmoYJ_: H$_`m{J doXH$:$&&2&&
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Aer H$m_Zm Agmdr.
23
52 ]
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g>[_yc: H$m_m{ d `km: g>[g^dm:$&

dVmoZ `_Y_m gd} gH$[Om: _Vm:$&&3&&
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AH$m_` oH$`m H$moMX `V{ Z{h H$ohoMV$&

ò Hw$V{ oH$ommmH$m_` M{o>V_$&&4&&
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`WmW Amh{ Ag{ hUVm `{V{.
V{fw g`J dV_mZm{ JN>`_acm{H$Vm_$ &

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BN>m[ydH$ KS>Um`m `m H$Vr`m gX^mV _mUyg `m{` VgmM dmJ{c Va `mcm
dJcm{H$mMr mo hm{Bc
. AmoU Bhcm{H$mVoh `mcm hd{ dmQ>cc
{ r, BN>m Agc{cr gd \$i{ (gwImZ{)
C[^m{JVm `{Vrc.
emmZ{ H$amd{ AmoU H$$ Z`{ Aem Xm{hr Vh{`m H$_mMm C{I H{$cm Amh{, O{ H$$
Z`{ Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{ V{, Vg{ H$aU{ ohVmM{ Zg`mZ{ gmoJVc{$Amh{. AmoU O{ H$amd{ hUyZ gmoJVc{
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[ 53 ]
28
Amh{ V{ Vg{ H$aU{ ohVmM{ AgV{ hUyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. hUyZ Om{, AohVH$amMm `mJ H$$Z ohV
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Bhcm{H$s AmoU [acm{H$s H$`mU hm{Bc h{ [>M Amh{.
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AmXamZ{ [mhVmV, Agmoh AW H{$cm Amh{.
d{Xm{@>oIcm{ Y__c
y _oVerc{ M VoXm_$&
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gd d{X hm Y_mM{ _yc Amh{. d{XmM{ `WmWkmZ AgUm`m F$frZr d{XmYma{ _VrMr
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R>d{ md{.
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Agmd{M cmJV{. Amam{`modf`r Og{ Amam{èm oZUm`H$[U{ _hdmM{ Vg{M _Zw`m`m dVZmgmR>r
lwoV_oV AmoU gmZmM{ AmMaU `mM{ _hd Amh{.
`: H$oH$òM_m} _ZwZm [naH$soVV:$&

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gmoJVcm Amh{. _Zy hm gdk Ag`m_wi{ Y_modf`rM{ `mM{ H$WZ `WmW Amh{.
gd Vw g_d{`{X oZoIc kmZMjwfm$&

lwoVm_m`Vm{ odmZ dY_} oZode{V d$&&8&&
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AoJH$m$Z Am[`m Y_mM{$oR>H$mUr pWa ahmd{.
lwoVemmMm A`mg H$aUmam _wimV MmJcm [oT>H$ AmoU ]hlwV Agcm [mohO{.
`mZ{ VH$, `mH$aU, oZ$, _r_mgmoX emmM{ MmJc{ A``Z H{$c{c{ Agmd{. `m`m ]imda
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28
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Q>mimd{ h{ oZoV hm{D$Z, OrdZ [yU[U{ ohVH$aV{`m _`mX{V pWamdV{.
lwoV_`woXV Y__ZwoV>Z nh _mZd:$&

Bh H$soV_dmZm{oV {` MmZwm_ gwI_$&&9&&
lwoV AmoU _oV `mVyZ gmoJVc{`m Y_mM{ `Wm`m{` [mcZ H$aUmam _Zw` Bhcm{H$soh
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Y_em h{ gm_m`V: `m `m [napWVrV H$m` H$amd{, H$m` H$$ Z`{, `mM{ _mJXeZ
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oV>m [mdVm{. AmoU emmdarc l{Z{, ew AmMaUmZ{, m Pmc{`m [w`m`m ]imda [acm{H$soh
`m `m _mUmV Cm_ H$ma`m gwImMm C[^m{J K{Vm{.
lwoVVw d{Xm{ odk{`m{ Y_em Vw d _oV:$&

V{ gdmW} d_r_m`{ Vm`m Y_m} oh oZ]^m$&&10&&
lwoV hUO{ d{X AmoU _oV hUO{ Y_em. `m Xm{hr_`{ O{ H$mhr gmoJVc{c{
Amh{. `mMr VH$Q>r[UmZ{ AoV oMoH$gm H$$ Z`{. Y_ `m lwoV_Vr[mgyZM JQ> hm{Vm{.
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`m{@>d_`{V V{ _yc{ h{Ve

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_Zw_oV
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2 13
H$arc, `mcm ^`m cm{H$mZr ]ohH$m` _mZmd{. d{XmMr qZXm H$aUmam Vm{ ZmpVH$ Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
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ZmpVH$ hQ>c{ Amh{. AmoU `jmV `woYo>amZ{ ZmpVH$mMr _yI hUyZ g^mdZm H{$cr Amh{.
d{X: _oV: gXmMma: d` M o`_m_Z:$&

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d{X_oVgmZmM{ AmMaU AmoU dV: Am[Umcm O{ AmdS>V{ V{, `m Mma Jm{>rZm
Y_mM{ gmjmV cjU hUyZ C{oIc{c{ Amh{.
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Pmc{c{ AgVmV. AmoU gmZm`m AmMmamVrc ododYV{VyZ _J Am[`mcm O{ AmdS>V{ V{
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Amam{`memmZ{ _Zw`mcm ohVH$a Aer AmhmaX`{ gmoJVcr Amh{V. Jh, VmXyi,
S>mir, \$i^m`m, [mc{^m`m B`moX. mV^{XmZ{ `mVrc H$mamMr oZdS> hm{V{. AWmV V{W{oh mYm`
_hdmM{. _J `mM{ oeOdyZ [XmW H{$c{ OmVmV AmoU Amhma hUyZ `jmV `mMm dm[a hm{Vm{.
`mVrc H$mhr dV[U{ Va H$mhr o_giyZ AmhmamM{ [XmW hm{VmV. V{ oH$VrVar Amh{V. Vm{ AmdS>rMm
AmoU [mH$H$me`mMm ^mJ Amh{. `mVrc H$m{UVm [XmW Am[`mcm ^mdVm{ AmoU AmdS>Vm{ V{ [mhZ
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AWH$m_{dg$mZm Y_kmZ odYr`V{$&

Y_ oOkmg_mZmZm _mU [a_ lwoV:$&&13&&
AW AmoU H$m_ `m`modf`r `m`m _ZmV Amgo$ Zmhr, `mZmM Y_mM{ kmZ
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2 13
56 ]
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]wrV ahmV Zmhr. odf`mgo$ hr aOm{JwUV_m{JwUm_wi{ MT>`m dmT>`m pWVrV JQ> hm{V AgV{.
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lwoVY Vw ` `mm Y_md^

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C^mdo[ oh Vm Y_m g`Jw$m _Zrofo^:$&&14&&
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Xm{hroh Y_ hUyZM AmMaUmV AmU`mg `m{` Amh{V Ag{ g_Omd{. odMmadV F$ftZr V{ Xm{hroh
`m{` Ag{ AmMmaY_ Amh{V Ag{ hQ>c{c{ Amh{.
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`mVrc H$m{UVroh EH$ BN>{Zw$[ drH$mamdr. `{W{ odH$[ Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{. gXm`, Hw$c[a[am,
[napWoV, dom B`moXcm AZwg$Z `m odH$[mMm C[`m{J H$amd`mMm AgVm{. EH$ og CXmhaU
`m cm{H$mdarc Q>rH{$VM Amc{ Amh{. V{ _m{R>{ cjmV K{`mgmaI{ Amh{.
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CoXV{ Owhm{oV gy`m}X`mZVa hdZ H$amd{. AZwoXV{ Owhm{oV gy`m}X`m[ydu hdZ

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OmV{.
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[wamU{, kmZ{amoX gV_hm`mZr H{$c{cr odYmZ{, gmoJVc{c{ odoYoZf{Y dm C[X{e `m [`V`m gd
oR>H$mUr `mMm C[`m{J MmJ`m arVrZ{ H$aVm `{Vm{. `m_wi{ AoYH$ma^{XmZ{ gmoJVc{`m dMZmMr ZrQ>
gJoV cmJV{. eH$m ge` B`moX ]wrcm ô_V H$aUm`m Jm{>tM{ oZdmaU hm{D$ eH$V{.
CoXV{@ZwoXV{ Md g_`m`wofV{ VWm$&

gdWm dVV{ `k BVr` doXH$s lwoV: $&&15&&
CX`mZVa, CX`m[ydu AmoU Zj{ oXg{Zmer Pmcr Amh{V [U Amo[ gy`m}X` Pmc{cm
Zmhr. Agm EH$ oVgam H$mi gmoJVcm Amh{. `m oVg`m H$mimcm A`wofV qH$dm g_`m`wofV Ag{
hUVmV.`mMr `m`m [wT>rc_mU{ oXcr Amh{.
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hm{_mH$naVm gmoJVc{c{ h{ oVhr H$mi d{X _moUV Ag`mZ{ `k`mJmoXH$mH$naVm dm
Aohm{mVrc hdZmgmR>r `m{` Ag{M Amh{V. `m`m drH$mamgmR>r [a[a{Mmoh AmYma AgVm{.
_Zw_Vrdarc am_M Zmdm`m Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ ]mYm`Z, Am[V], Amcm`Z B`mXtZr CX`mZVa
hm{_ H$amdm AmoU _m`moXZ, dmOgZ{`r `mZr CX`m[ydu hm{_ H$amdm Aer H$mimMr od^mJUr H{$c{cr
Amh{. Vr [a[a{daM AmYmac{cr Amh{.
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2 15
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AmJh Amh{. Am[cr [a[am AmoU gm{` [mhZ H$mc R>admdm.
oZf{H$moX:_emZmVm{ _``m{o XVm{ odoY:$&

V` em{@oYH$mam{@p_Z k{`m{ Zm`` H$òMV$&&16&&
J^mYmZm[mgyZ _emZmVrc {VgH$mam[`VM{ gH$ma `m`mda H{$c{ OmVmV `mM
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eymda H{$c{ OmUma{ oddmhmoX gH$ma doXH$ _mZr `w$ ZgVmV. hUyZ `mMr eara{
odoYoZf{Ym_H$ gy_ MM}M{ gJ oOW{ C[pWV hm{VmV `mM{ YmaU H$a`mg `m{` ahmV ZmhrV.`mVyZ
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dm ]m{YZ H$a`mg mdm cmJUmam d{ioh V{ X{D$ eH$V ZmhrV.Vr Vr H$_H$mS>{oh V{ AmM$ eH$V
ZmhrV. V{hm hm AZoYH$ma `m`m `dgm`m`m r>Z{ gm{`rMmM Amh{.
O{ doUH$ Amh{V V{oh gJi{ AocH$S>{ Var [yU gm{im gH$mamZr `w$ AgVmV Ag{
Zmhr. V{oh Iam{IarM gd gH$mamMm A^md Ag`mZ{ AZoYH$marM Amh{V. hUyZ jo`d`mV
Va amhm{M [U ]mUmVoh lwoV_VrM{ `WmW kmZ Agc{c{ AmoU `mM{ `m{àrVrZ{ A`m[Z H$aVm
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AgV{ V{hm gm_moOH$ [mVirda gKfoh hm{V Zmhr. BJOmZr OmoUd[ydH$ ]wo^{X H$$Z oX`m_wi{
_wimV `m g_`m oZ_mU Pm`m.
gadVrf`m{X}dZm{`XVa_$&
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Am{iIcm OmVm{. hm X{e X{dmZrM oZ_mU H{$c{cm hUyZ A`V [od Amh{.
X{emM{ AmoU ZmM{ _hd cjmV `{`mgmR>r Xm{hrH$S>{oh X{d `m eXmMm C[`m{J
H{$cm Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 59 ]
2 20
gadVr hr AoVMrZ, d{XmVyZ doUc{cr _hmZXr Amh{. AmO Vr cw Amh{.

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mMrZ _mZcm OmVm{. AmO `mda Z`mZ{ gem{YZ Mmcy Pmc{ Amh{. AVamimVyZ K{Vc{`m oMUmV
gadVrM{ ^yJ^mV Adoe> Agc{`m Ocme`mMr WmZ{ AZw_moZVm `{VmV Ag{ E{H$c{ Amh{.
Vp_X{e{ ` AmMma: [ma[`H$ _mJV: $&

dUmZm gmVamcmZm g gXmMma C`V{$&&18&&
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C{oIcm OmVm{. `m_`{ Mmar dU AmoU `m`m_Yrc AZwcm{_oVcm{_H$_mZ{ hm{Um`m AmVaOmVroh
g_mod> hm{VmV.
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emmYma Zgc{c{ dm emodam{Yr Agc{c{ AmMaU, V{oh j` dm C[{jUr` _mZmd{ Agm ^md `mVyZ
`$ hm{Vm{. _Zwodf`r V{T> YaUmamZr h{ cjmV K{Vc{ AgV{ Va ]a{ Pmc{ AgV{.
Hw$j{ M _`m [mmcm: eyag{ZH$m: $&

Ef ]ofXe
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AmO `m X{em`m ^mJm{ocH$ gr_m oZoV H$aVm `{V ZmhrV. [moZ[V hUyZ AmO Om{
^mJ Am{iIcm OmVm{ Vm{ Hw$j{mMmM. EH$ od^mJ Amh{. [Mmc hUO{ [Om]. _` X{e hm `mMmM
EH$ od^mJ Agmdm. AmO hna`mUm hUyZ Om{ mV Am{iIcm OmVm{ `mcmM [ydu _`X{e hUV
Agmd{V Ag{ dmQ>V{. eyag{Z hUO{ _Wwa{`m Amg[mgMm mV.
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EV{e gyV` gH$memXJO_Z: $&

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`m ]mdVmoX X{emV [wT>{ O_mcm `{Uma{ O{ Mmna` g[ AmoU odmZ cm{H$ AgVrc
2 20
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`m cm{H$mMm ^mdmW cjmV K{Vm `m ]dVmoX gwgH$V X{emV O_mcm Amc{`m
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Am H$V` Amh{. _ZyZ{ Mna Agm eX dm[acm Amh{. `md$Z AmO `m AWmZ{ Ymo_H$ H$_H$mS>
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cmJV{. H$maU [wT>{ AZ{H$ joÒmVr dfc Pm`m, c|N> Pm`m. AWmV gH$oVg`V{[mgyZ
Xwamd`m. `mcm H$maU `m OmVtZm ]mU ^{Q>cm Zmhr Ag{M dUZ dV: _ZyZ{ H{$c{ Amh{.
oh_do``m{_ ` `mpdZeZmXo[$&
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_`X{e Ag{ hUVmV.
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JwOamW, _`X{e, CmaX{e Ag{ mV `{VmV. gm_m`V: ^maV dfmMm hm _`^mJ hm{`. `mcm
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cm{H$mV Vm{M XojU{Mm ^mJ dUZ H{$c{cm Amh{.
Amg_wmmw d [ydmXmg_wm [o_mV$&

V`m{ad{ mVa oJ`m}am`mdV odXw]Y
w m:$&&22&&
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[ 61 ]
2 24
[yd}H$S>rc AmoU [o_{H$S>rc g_wm[`V [gac{cm AmoU Xm{Z [dVamOtZr _`moXV

Pmc{cm Om{ ^yX{e `mcm OmUV{ cm{H$ Am`mdV Ag{ hUVmV.
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^mJm{ocH$ WmZ d{Ji{ _mZU{ Amd`H$ Amh{. H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>`m_mU{ `{Wrc "oJar' eXmZ{
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H{$cm Amh{. V{hm `m cm{H$md$Z od`mr`m XojU{g [gac{cm qgYwgmJa AmoU [o_ KmQ> (gmo)
AmoU JJmgmJa d [ydKmQ> `mZr _`moXV Pmc{cm Om{ X{e Vm{M JhrV Yacm [mohO{. A`Wm [ydg_w
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X{D$Z `m{`V{`m r>Z{ ]mdV, ]ofX{e `mgmaImM hmoh X{e [od Amh{. Ag{ gwMdc{ Amh{.
H$UgmaVw MaoV _Jm{ ` d^mdV:$&

g k{`m{ òk`m{ X{em{ c{N>Xe
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AWmV `k`mJmoX H$`mg V{ ^y^mJ `m{` ZmhrV Ag{ g_Omd{.
H$miodQ> oZ^`[U{ gMma H$aVm{ `md$Z V{W{ `mMr [maY hm{V Zmhr, h`m hm{V Zmhr.
AWmVM `m X{emVrc cm{H$ dmrZ{ qhgH$ ZmhrV, _ZmZ{ CXma Amh{V, X`miy Amh{V. `m`m
AV:H$aUmcm H$m{doiH$ Amh{ AWmVM Agm X{e Y_H$`mZm AoYH$ MmJcm AgU{ dm^modH$
Amh{.
EVmZ oOmV`m{ X{emgl`{a`ZV:$&

eyVw `p_Vp_dm oZdg{X domH$oeV:$&&24&&
oOmZr hUO{ ]mUjo`d` `m VrZ dUmVrc cm{H$mZr ode{f{H$$Z [ydu
gmoJVc{`m X{emVM `Z[ydH$ dgVr H$amdr. eymZr `m`m C[OrodH{$`m >r>Z{ O{W{ H$m{R>{ amhU{
gm{`rM{ hm{Bc V{W{ amhmd{.
X{eoZdmgmM{ h{ O{ _hd dUZ H{$c{ Amh{, Vm{ H$Q>mjmZ{ gmoJVc{cm oZ`_ Zmhr.
]mdVmoX >X{emMm, V{ AoYH$ [od Amh{V Agm Jmad H$aU{ EdT>mM ^md `moR>H$mUr Amh{.
Y_mMaUmM{ gXmMaUm`m [mcZmM{ _w` Xmo`d doUH$mda Ag`mZ{ `mZr O{Wrc cm{H$mMma
2 24
62 ]
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Amd`H$ hm{V{. H$maU _mZdr OrdZmV gH$mamcm AoYH$ _hd Amh{, V{ MmJ`m dmVmdaUmV
ghOmghOr hm{V amhVmV, AmoU `m`m{JmZ{ o[T>m_mJyZ o[T>m MmJc{ diU Agc{`m oZ[OVmV.
eym`m `dgm`mM{ d$[, `mcm hmVmdaM{ [m{Q> hUVmV, `mgmaI{ AgV{ hUyZ
`mZr AoYH$ MmJcm `dgm` o_i{c V{W{ Ad` WcmVa H$amd{. BVa X{emVrc doUH$mZr Am[m[cr
WmZ{ gm{Sy>Z `m ]mdVmoX X{emV XmQr>dmQr>Z{ `{D$Z amhmd{ Agm C{e `m dUZm`m _mJ{ Zmhr. `m
X{emVrc dmVmdaU g_oeVm{U Ag`mZ{ H$m{U`moh F$VyV Y_H$m`} gwImZ{ [ma [mS>Vm `{VmV.hUyZ
hm ode{f gmoJVcm Amh{.doUH$mMr g{dm BVH{$M ey H$V` Zmhr h{hr `md$Z cjmV `{V{.
Efm Y_` dm{ `m{oZ: g_mg{Z H$soVVm$&

g^dm` gd` dUY_mo]m{YV &&25$&&
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doXH$: H$_o^: [wòZfH{ $moXoO_Zm_ $&

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AmoU [acm{H$soh [od H$aUma{ Amh{V.
Jm^hm}_OmVH$_MmS>_mOroZ]YZ:$&
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dm`m`{Z dVh m}_

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dm`m`, dV{, hm{_, odm, B`m, [wm{om, _hm`k, `k B`mqX`m `m{JmZ{ eara
]mo H$$Z K{`m`m `m{`V{M{ hm{V{.
dm`m` hUO{ d{Xm``Z d BVa emmMm A`mg.
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[ 63 ]
2 29
dV eXmZ{ `{W{ AmO_ [mimd`mM{, __mg d` H$a`mgmR>rM{ oZ`_ Ao^{V

Amh{V.
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gH$mamZ{M m hm{Vm{. Cac{c{ O{ BVa VrZ `m`m A``Zm[ydu EH$ chmZgm gH$ma H$amd`mMm
AgVm{. Vm{ `{W{ od eXmZ{ Ao^{V Amh{.
B`m hUO{ dUml_m_mU{ H$amd`mg gmoJVc{cr hm{_moX H$`{ .
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_hm`k hUO{ ]`kmoX [M_hm`k. `mV dX{d hm _wI Amh{. [ydu ]mU
JhWm`m KamV `mM{ [wH$i _mUmV oZ`_mZ{ [mcZ hm{V Ag{.
`k hUO{ `m{oV>m{_moXH$ chmZ _m{R>{ `k.
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H$$Z K{`m`m AoYH$mamMm hm{D$ eH$Vm{. AWmV `mZVa dam`, kmZ `mMm Adc] H$amdm cmJ{cM.
[U `mgmR>r Amd`H$ Agc{cr [ydogVm dm`m`mXrZr hm{D$ eH$V{.
lrVwH$mam_ _hmamO "]$[ H$m`m hm{Vg{ H$sVZr '' Ag{ O{ hUVmV `m_mJ{ hrM
^mdZm Amh{.
mL>Zmo^dYZm[wg
m{ OmVH$_ odYr`V{$&
_dmeZ Mm` oha`_Ywgo[fm_$&&29&&
_yc O_mcm `{VmM Zmi H$m[`m[ydr `m`mda OmVH$_ ZmdmMm gH$ma H$amdm.
`m ]mimcm _ hUyZ gm{Z{, _Y, Vy[ MmQ>dmd{.
AocH$S>{ hm gH$ma OdiOdi cw Pmcm Amh{. O_c{`m c{H$am`m Vm|S>mVrc
H$\$ dJa{ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdm cmJVm{. `m>rZ{ V[ydu Xm{Z Mma W|] _Y Vy[ MmQ>dU{ gm{`rH$a hm{V
Agmd{. `{W{ gm{`mMm Om{ C{I Amh{, Vm{ H$mhrVar gm{`m`m dVyZ{ _YVy[ MmQ>dmd{ Aem AWmMm
Agmdm. qH$dm MmJ`m dN> H{$c{`m ghmU{da Wm{S>{ _YVy[ KmcyZ ew gm{`mMr dVy Xm{Z Mma
dig{ hc`m hmVmZ{ CJmimdr. AmoU V{ _YVy[_wcmcm MmQ>dmd{.Ag{ Ao^{V Agmd{.
2 30
64 ]
_Zw_oV
Zm_Y{` Xe`m Vw mX`m dm@` H$ma`{V$ &

[w`{ oVWm _whV } dm Zj{ dm JwUmpdV{ $&&30&&
O_m`m Xhm`m qH$dm ]mam`m oXder _wcmM{ Zm_H$aU H$amd{. oVWr, d{i, Zj
`mMr AZwHy$cVm [hmdr.
H$mhtZr `{W{ AH$amdm oZ ]mamdm oXdg Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. OZT>r_mU{ V{ `m{` oXgV{.
_amR>rV ]mag{ hm eX Zm_H$aUodYtgmR>r $T> Amh{. `m oXder oVWr, _whV Zj [mh`mMr H$mhr
Amd`H$Vm Zmhr. hm oXdg Z gmY`mg [wT>{ O{hm Zm_H$aU H$amd`mM{ Ag{c V{hm _m oVWr, d{i,
ZjmMr AZwHy$cVm [hmdr.
]mam`m oXdergwm A_md`m, JhU dm òV[mVmoX Hw$`m{J Ag`mg ]mag{ H$$
Z`{ Ag{ _mZc{ OmV{.
_` ]mU` `mjo`` ]cmpdV_$&

d`` YZg`w $ ey` Vw OwJpw gV_$&&31&&
_wcmM{ Zmd R>{dVmZm ]mUmgmR>r _JcdmMH$ AW gwModUmar Zmd{ AgmdrV.
jo`m`m ZmdmV gm_`gyMH$ d`m`m ZmdmV g[omgyMH$ AmoU eym`m ZmdmV g{dH$[UmMm
^md Agmdm.
Mma dUmZr `w$ Aer g_mOaMZm EH$Xm Amd`H$ R>acr H$s _J ò$ode{fmZ{
`mM{ doeQ> XmIodUmar Zm_{, d{e AmoX oMh{ AgU{ h{M gd>rZ{ gm{`rM{ AgV{. AmoU VrM
[oV Agcr H$s _J `mVyZ hrZJS> dm AhJS> [m{gcm OmV Zmhr. Cma{H$S>{ Amo[ ]mUmgmR>r
e_m, jo`mgmR>r d_m, d`mgmR>r cmc, AmoU eymgmR>r Xmg eXmMm C[`m{J H$a`mMr [oV
$T> Amh{. jo`mgmR>r qgh, qH$dm `mMm A[ê qgJ Aem eXmMm C[`m{Joh T> Amh{ `m>rZ{
`woYo>a, ]cX{d, Vm[qgJ, eyag{Z Aer CXmhaU{ X{Vm `{Vrc. Am[`mH$S>{ I{S>{JmdmVyZ AOwZoh
H{$, XJSy>, Ym|Sy>, `_mOr, _gUmOr Aer Zmd{ Agc{`m `$s AmT>iVmV. [U `mg]Yr ode{f
H$Q>mjmZ{ [mcZ Pmc{c{ AmT>iV Zmhr. am_Xmg, X{drXmg, VwcgrXmg, Ym|S>m{[V hr Zmd{ Agc{`m
ò$ ]mU dUmVoh [wH$i Amh{V. oH$`{H$d{im ZdgmZ{ Pmc{`m _wcmMroh, > cmJy Z`{ hUyZ
H{$, Ym|Sy>, Aer hrZVmXeH$ Zmd{ R>{dc{cr CdoU`mVoh AmT>iVmV. [wT>rc cm{H$mV hm odMma
[> PmcmM Amh{. OwJwpgV eXmMm W_XeZr ^mgVm{ Vgm oH$igdmUm AW `{W{ Ao^{V Zmhr.
e_dX]m U` `mmkm{ ajmg_pdV_$&

d`` [wo>g` w $ ey` {`g`Vw _$&&32&&
_Zw_oV
[ 65 ]
2 37
]mUmM{ Zmd e_ eXmZ{ `w$ Agmd{. jo`m`m ZmdmV ajUdmMH$ eXmMm

C[`m{J H$amdm. d`m`m ZmdmV g_odmMH$ eX Agmd{. AmoU eym`m ZmdmV AmolVVmgyMH$
eXmMm C[`m{J H$amdm.
rUm gwIm{_H$y a od[>mW _Zm{ha_$&

_` XrKdUmV_merdmXmo^YmZdV$&&33&&
o`mM{ Zmd, Cma`mg gwImdh, Hy$aVmXeH$ AWmMm A^md AgUma{, ghO
g_O{c Ag{, _Zm{ha, _Jc, e{dQ>M{ Aja XrKda Agc{c{ AmoU AmerdmX eXmZ{ `w$ Ag{
R>d{ md{.
Zmd R>{d`m`m `m H$mamV ]Jmc mV AJUr Amh{ Ag{ hUmd{ cmJV{. `mMr Zmd{
_m{R>r H$m`_` oZ _Zm{d{YH$ AgVmV. o`m`m ZmdmV ZocZr, èm{Xm, H$_cm, gw^m, amOc_r
Aer Zmd{ `m cm{H$mVrc dUZmcm Y$Z hm{Vrc.
MVwW} _mog H$V` oeem{oZH$_U JhmV$&

f>@{ meZ _mog `{> _Jc Hw$c{$&&34&&
Mm`m _oh`mV _wcmcm KamVyZ ]mh{a Z{D$Z AmUmd{. ghm`m _oh`mV A Imd`mg
X{`mg Ama^ H$amdm. Zmd R>{dU{, KamVyZ ]mh{a Z{U{, H$mhr _JcH$` H$aU{ `m Jm{>r Am[`m
Hw$c[a[a{_mU{oh H$aU{ CoMV Amh{.
MyS>mH$_ oOmVrZm gd}fm_{d Y_V:$&

W_{@X{ VVr`{ dm H$V` lwoVMm{XZmV$&&35&&
MyS>mH$_ hUO{ Omdi H$aU{. gJ`mMm ode{fV: doUH$mMm hm gH$ma [oh`m
qH$dm oVg`mdfu H$amdm. doUH$mMm hm gH$maoh d{X_`w$ Agmdm.
J^m>_@{ X{ Hw$duV ]mU`m{[Zm`Z_$&

J^mXH{ $mXe{ amkm{ J^mmw mXe{ ode:$&&36&&
C[Z`Z hm gH$ma, J^YmaU{[mgyZ AmR>d{ dfu ]mUmMm AH$am`mdfu jo`mMm
AmoU ]mam`m dfu d`mMm H$amdm.
hr df} O_mZVaoh _m{O`mMr [Vr Amh{.
]dMgH$m_` H$m` od` [m_{$&

amkm{ ]cmoWZ: f>{ d``{hmoWZm{@>_${ &&37&&
Am[cm _wcJm odmZ hmdm Ag{ dmQ>V Ag{c Va `m ]mUmZ{ `mM{ C[Z`Z d`m`m
2 37
66 ]
_Zw_oV
[mM`m dfuoh H$amd{. _wcJm gm_`g[ hmdm Ag{ dmQ>Um`m jo`mZ{ ghm`mdfu, AmoU _wcJm
d^demcr hmdm Ag{ dmQ>Um`m d`mZ{ AmR>`mdfuoh _wcmMm C[Z`Z gH$ma H$amdm.
Am fm{S>emX ]mU` gmodr ZmoVdVV${ &

Am mqdemj]Ym{am MVwodeV{ode:$&&38&&
_wcmMm C[Z`ZgH$ma H$a`mMr `m{`Vm ]mUmV gm{im dfm[`V, jo`mV ]mdrg
dfm[`V AmoU d`mV Mm{drg dfm[`Voh amh eH$V{.[U hr [oV JmU Amh{ h{ j]Yw `m eXmZ{
gyoMV hm{V{.
AV D$d `m{@`{V{ `WmH$mc_gH$Vm:$&

gmodr[oVVm dm`m ^d`mòdJohVm:$&&39&&
darc cm{H$mV gmoJVc{`m H$mimZVaoh `mMm C[Z`ZgH$ma Pmcm Zg{c Vr oVhr
dUmMr _wc{ Jm`r_mMr AoYH$mar ahmV ZmhrV. `mZm ]ohH$V g_Omd{. `m{` H$mcmV C[Z`Z Z
hm{U{ g^modV cm{H$ qZ g_OVmV.
ZVa [yVo doYdXm[o[ oh H$ohoMV$&

]mmZ `mZm g]YmmMa{X ]mU: gh$&&40&&
`m{` d{ir C[Z`Z hm{`mM{ amhZ J{`m_wi{ ]ohH$V Pmc{`m `m ò$ Om{da Pmc{`m
Xm{fm`m oZamH$aUmgmR>r emmZ{ gmoJVc{`m [VrZ{ mòm K{D$Z [mdZ Pm`m ZmhrV, Vm{da
`m`mer BVamZr ÒZ`mOZ, A``ZA`m[Z, Amhmaodhma AmoU oddmh `mMm g]Y R>{dy
Z`{.
H$mUamad]mVmoZ M_moU ]MmnaU:$&

dgramZw[y `}U emUjm_modH$moZ M$&&41&&
]mU dUmVrc ]Mm`mZr (C[Z`Z Pmc{`m [wfmZr) H$miodQ>m`m H$mVS>mM{
C[aU{ dm[amd{. jo`mZ{ OmVr`m hnaUmM{ AmoU d`mZ{ _|T>m`m H$mVS>mM{ Cmar` YmaU
H$amd{. AmoU ]mU, jo`, d` `mZr H$_mZ{ VmJ, A]mS>r AmoU _|T>rMr cm{H$a `m`m[mgyZ
H{$c{cr d{ Z{gmdrV.
_mOr odg_m cUm H$m`m od` _{Icm$&

jo`` Vw _mdu `m d`` eUVmVdr$&&42&&
C[Z`ZmZVa YmaU H$a`mMm H$S>Xm{am VrZ[{S>mMm gJirH$S>{ gma`m odUrMm AmoU
Z ]m{MUmam Agm Agmdm. ]mUmgmR>r hr _{Icm _wO JdVmMr, jo`mgmR>r _ydm JdVmMr AmoU
d`mgmR>r VmJm`m gwVmMr Agmdr.
_Zw_oV
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2 48
_wOmcm^{ Vw H$V`m: Hw$em_VH$]dO:$&

odmm JpWZH${ Z oo^: [moâ{d dm$&&43&&
darc dVy Z o_im`m Va X^, Am[Q>m, chmim `m`m Ym`m`m oV[{S>r _{Icm
H$am`mV. `mZm EH$, VrZ dm [mM JmR>r m`mV.
X^, Am[Q>m AmoU chmim `m`m _{Icm H$_mZ{ ]mUjo`d` `m`mgmR>r
Amh{V.
H$m[mg_w[drV `mXod`m{ddV odV$ &

eUgy_` amkm{ de`modH$gmoH$_$&&44&&
C[Z`ZmZVa J`mV YmaU H$amd`mM{ `km{[drV (OmZd{) ImcyZ da COdrH$S>{ [ri
Agc{c{ Agmd{. V{oh oV[{S>r Agmd{.
`mgmR>r dm[amd`mMr gwV{ ]mUmgmR>r H$m[gmMr, jo`mgmR>r VmJmMr AmoU
d`mgmR>r _|T>m`m cm{H$arMr Agmdr.
]mUm{ ]d[mcmem jo`m{ dmQ>ImoXam$&

[cdmXw]am d`m{ XS>mZhpV Y_V:$&&45&&
C[Z`ZmZVa hmVmV Yamd`mMm XS> ]mUmgmR>r ]{cmMm dm [igmMm, jo`mgmR>r
dS>mMm dm IamMm, AmoU d`mgmR>r AH$m{S> qH$dm C]a `m djmMm Agmdm Ag{ Y_em Amh{.
H{$empVH$m{ ]mU` XS>: H$m`: _mUV:$&

ccmQ>go_Vm{ amk: `mmVw ZmgmpVH$m{ ode:$&&46&&
XS>mMr CMr (cm]r) ]mUmH$naVm H{$gm[`V, jo`mH$naVm H$[mim[`V AmoU
d`mH$naVm ZmH$m[`V Agmdr.
F$OdV{ Vw gd} `wadUm: gm`XeZm:$&

AZwJ{ H$am ZUm gdMm{@ZoXyofVm:$&&47&&
`mVrc H$m{UVmoh XS> AJXr gai, ImMm Z [S>c{cm, daMr gmc Z H$mT>c{cm,
H$m{R>{oh Z Oic{cm, oXgm`cm MmJcm AmoU Hw$Umcm ^` dmQ>Uma Zmhr Agm Agmdm.
"AZw{JH$am ZUm' `mVrc ^md `m XS>mZ{ H$m{Umcm _m$ Z`{ dm hm H$m{Umda CJm$ Z`{
Agm Amh{. AZw{JH$a `m eXmMm AW H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr \$ma OmS> Zgc{cm Agm H{$cm Amh{.
oVJp{ gV XS>_[w Wm` M ^mH$a_$&

XojU [ar`mq Ma{ ` `WmodoY$&&48&&
2 48
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_Zw_oV
`m{` Vm{ XS> YmaU H$$Z gy`mM{ C[WmZ H$amd{. Arcm XojUm Kmcmdr AmoU
emm_mU{ o^jm _mJ`mg oZKmd{.
gy`m[wT>{ C^{ amhZ odoe> _ hUV gy`mcm Z_H$ma H$aU{ hUO{ C[WmZ H$aU{.
^d[yd Ma{j
_w[ZrVm{ oOm{m_:$&
^d_` Vw amO`m{ d`Vw ^dXwma_$&&49&&
C[Z`Z Pmc{`m ]mUmZ{ o^jm X{oh Ag{ hUVmZm ^doV eXmMm C[`m{J Ama^r
H$amdm. jo`mZ{ `m Xm{Z eXm`m _Y{ H$amdm AmoU d`mZ{ e{dQ>r H$amdm.
dUmZwH$_{ hr dm`{ < ^doV o^jm X{oh, < o^jm ^doV X{oh, AmoU < o^jm X{oh
^doV Aer hm{Vrc.
_mVa dm dgma dm _mVwdm ôJZt oZOm_$&

o^j{V o^jm W_ `m MZ Zmd_mZ`{V$ &&50&&
_wOrZVaMr [ohcr o^jm AmB_mderdm ]hrU `m`mH$S>{ _mJmdr. o^jm
_mJUmamMm A[_mZ hm{Uma Zmhr AemM Kar o^jm _mJmdr.
g_m` Vw Vj `mdXW__m``m$&
oZd{ Jwad{@Zr`mXmM` mxI: ewoM:$&&51&&
_mJyZ AmUc{cr gJir o^jm [aV `{D$Z Jw$cm A[U H$amdr. `mVrc H$m{UVmoh
[XmW c[dy Z`{ AmoU Jw$Mr AZwkm K{D$Z, ew hm{D$Z, (hmV[m` YwdyZ) AmM_Z H$$Z, [yd}H$S>{
Vm|S> H$$Z o^j{M{ A ^jU H$amd{.
Am`w` mL>_I
w m{ ^wL>${ è` XojUm_wI:$&
ol` `L>_I
w m{ ^wL>${ F$V ^wL>${ xXL>_I
w :$&&52&&
Am`w`mMr do BpN>UmamZ{ [yd}H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z, èmMr BN>m H$aUmamZ{ XojU{H$S>{
Vm|S> H$$Z, lr_VrMr BN>m H$aUmamZ{ [o_mo^_wI hm{D$Z ^m{OZ H$amd{. Cmamo^_wI ]gyZ ^m{OZ
H{$c{ AgVm gXdVZmM{ \$i o_iV{. gdJwU dmT>Vm{. dVZ ZroV_` hm{`mg ghm` hm{V{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr ^m{OZmMr hr [Vr ]Mm`mH$naVmM ZgyZ JhWmoXH$naVmoh Amh{
Ag{ g_Omd{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
C[[` oOm{ oZ`__mV g_mohV:$&

^wdm Mm{[[e{ g`Jo: ImoZ M g[eV{ $ &&53&&
_Zw_oV
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2 55
A Imd`mM{, ^m{OZ H$amd`mM{ V{ gdXm emV _ZmZ{, dW oMmmZ{ H$amd{. doUH$mZr

^m{OZm[ydu AmoU ZVa hmV[m` YwdyZ ew ahmd{. O{dUmZVa AmM_Z H$$Z Am{`mhmVmZ{ ZmH$, H$mZ,
d S>m{i{ `m Ad`dmZm [e H$amdm.
[yO`{XeZ oZ`_mV XHw$g`Z$&

Q>m `{grX{ oVZX{ gde:$&&54&&
AmH$S>{ gXd V{ [yOZr` Amh{ `m ^mdmZ{ [hmd{. A qZXm Z H$aVm, VwN>Vm Z
XeodVm Imd{. A [wT>{ `{VmM AmZoXV hmd{, g hmd{. dm â[ya Amh{, N>mZ Amh{, dmoX> Amh{
Aer `mMr VwVr H$amdr.
AmH$S>{ [mhZ oH$Vr AmZX hmdm V{ gmJVmZm Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ \$ma oXdgm`m dmgmVyZ
[aV Amc{cm _mUyg Am[`m ]m`H$m{_wcmH$S>{ [mhZ Ogm AmZoXV hm{Vm{ Vg{ dmQ>md{ Ag{ AmdOyZ
hQ>c{ Amh{.
[yoOV eZ oZ` ]c_yO M `N>oV$&

A[yoOV Vw Vx _w^` Zme`{oXX_$&&55&&
A gXd {_mXamZ{ g{dZ H$aU{ h{ ]c AmoU Am{O (V{OpdVm, Cgmh) dmT>odUma{
hm{V{. AZmXamMr dm oVaH$mamMr ^mdZm R>{dyZ A Im{ AgVm V{ ]c AmoU Am{O `mMm ZmeM
H$aV{.
Am`m gy_ AemVyZ _Z]wrM{ [m{fU hmd`mM{ AgV{. oZaoZam`m (]`m
dmBQ>) ^mdZmM{ d$[ _Z]wr`m AoY>mZmdaM JQ> hm{V AgV{. V{hm Im[XmWmH$S>{ [yOZr`
]wrZ{ [mhU{, V{ dW oMmmZ{ g{dZ H$aU{ h{ AV:H$aU ew, gmpdH$, odd{H$s, Cgmhr, YramM{
hm{`m`m >rZ{ A`V Amd`H$ Amh{. Ag{dZm`m `m{` dm A`m{` [VrM{ gw[naUm_ dm Xw[naUm_
[wH$iXrKH$mimZ{ ``mg `{Uma{ Ag`mZ{ oVH$S>{ _Zw`mM{ gm_m`V: cj ZgV{. gd cj ]hYm
H{$di Mdrda dmXmda AgV{. BVa AmZwfoJH$ Jm{>tMm odMma $oMVM H{$cm OmVm{. Am`wd}XmZ{
Amhmamg]Yr ode{f odoYodYmZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. MaH$m`m od_mZWmZm`m [oh`m A`m`mVrc
Mm{drgm`m gymV hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s "A CU, pZY _mmdV OrU} dr`mod B>{ X{e{
B>gdm}[H$aU ZmoVV, ZmoVodco]V AO[Z AhgZ V_Zm ^wOrV Am_mZ Ao^g_r`
g`H$' `mVrc B> X{emV, B> `m gd gmYZmZr `w$ hm{D$Z ,dV:g]YrMm gdX>rZ{ MmJcm odMma
H$$Z, O{dUmH$S>{ cj R>{dyZ O{dmd{ Ag{ O{ gmoJVc{ Amh{ `mMr [m^yo_ _w`V: _Zy`m darc
oZ`_mVM Amh{. AmM{ [`d qH$dm A[`d Am`m d$[mdaM _w`V: Adc]yZ Agc{ Var
2 55
70 ]
_Zw_oV
Im`mMr [oV, WmZ, ImUmamMr _Z:pWVr `mMmoh [naUm_ ^m{OZ Amam{`mda AmoU AZmam{`H$a
hm{`mV AgVm{ h{ cjmV K{U{ _hdmM{ Amh{.
A MmJc{ [Mmd{, AJr cmJmd{ `mX>rZ{ AmM{ d$[ AmoU _mU `mM{ Og{ _hd
Amh{, Vg{M ImUmam`m _Z:pWVrM{oh oVVH{$M _hd Amh{. AV:H$aU qMVm, H$m{Y, ^`, em{H$
B`moX odH$mamZr XyofV Pmc{ AgVm Im{c{ A ZrQ> [MV Zmhr. V{ AJr cmJV Zmhr. `m_wi{oh
AOrU C[ hm{V{ `mVyZ oZaoZami{ emarnaH$, _mZogH$ odH$ma C[ hm{VmV dm Pmc{c{ ]imdVmV
Ag{oh Am`wd}XmZ{ AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
Zm{pN>> H$òMmZmmX{VmWmVam$&
Z MdmèZ Hw$`m Mm{pN>> $oMX dOV{ $ &&56&&
C>{ A H$m{Umg X{D$ Z`{. Vg{M gH$mi g`mH$mi `m ^m{OZm`m dm^modH$ d{im
gm{Sy>Z BVa d{ir H$mhr ImD$ Z`{. AoYH$ _mUmV ImD$ Z`{. Vg{M CQ>m hmVmVm|S>mZ{ BH$S>{ oVH$S>{
o\$$ Z`{.
\$ma AmJh H$$Z dmT>md{ AmoU _J [mZmV Cac{c{ C>{ A XrZXnar OZmZm V{
AJoVH$ AgVmV hUyZ md{ hr dmJUyH$ A`m{` Amh{, Y_mcm gm{Sy>Z Amh{. [U Ag{ H$a`mV
Am[U ^wH{$c{`m cm{H$mgmR>r H$mhr H{$c{ Agm AhH$ma ]miJ`mMr dmr Va \$maM AoZ> Amh{. [U
hr Jm{> $oMVM cjmV K{Vcr OmV{. Hw$`m_mOamZmgwm Am[c{ C>{ A Kmcy Z`{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
_J _mUgmcm Va Vg{ X{`mMr Jm{> XyaM amohcr. `{W{ C>{ A `mMm AW [mZmV dmT>c{c{, Q>mH$c{c{
EdT>mM Amh{. O{dU{ Pm`mda d`[mH$ KamV O{ CaV{ `mcm AWmVM hm oZ`_ cmJy Zmhr. V{ XrZmZm,
^wH{$c{`mZm Am[wcH$sZ{ Ad` md{. g`mH$miH$naVm hUyZ amIyZ R>{dy Z`{. H$maU oeOdc{c{ A
EH$m hamZVa gmpdH$ amhmV Zmhr. Agm oZ`_ JrV{Z{M gmoJVcm Amh{. [U V{Wrc `mV`m_ `m
eXmMm AW EH$ ha CcQ>c{c{ Agm JhrV Z YaVm gm{`rH$a[U{ Vm{ "EH$ am CcQ>c{c{' Agm
H$aVmV. H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr Vgm H{$cmoh Amh{. Vm{ `dhmamcm Y$Z Amh{. [U Am`wd}XmZ{ gmoJVc{cm
CU eX odMmamV K{Vm ha AW H$aU{M B>.
hr gd dMZ{ _wimV o^j{`m gX^mV Amcr Ag`mZ{ `{W{ CU eXmMm AW H$T>V
H$T>V Agm g^dVM Zmhr. V{hm A oei{ Zgmd{, ha Z CcQ>c{c{ Agmd{ AgmM H$aU{ B>.
AZmam{`_Zm`w`_d` MmoV^m{OZ_$&
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AoYH$ ^m{OZ H$aU{ h{ Amam{` Zmhrg{ H$aUma{, Am`w` CUmdUma{, [m[H$a hUyZ
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[ 71 ]
2 61
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ohamdyZ K{V AgVm{. hUO{ H$m{Umcm Var A`j[U{ [rS>m X{V AgVm{. "[m[m` [a[rS>Z_' `m `m`mZ{
AoV^m{OZ H$aUmam [m[r R>aVm{ h{ CKS> Amh{. [m[ h{ `mjUr `m `$scm ]mYV Zmhr Ag{ ]`mMd{im
oXgV Agc{ Var V{ [acm{H$mV Xw:IXm`H$ hm{Uma V{ hm{UmaM. hr qhXy gH$VrMr T> YmaUm Amh{.
g_mOmVrc dm` oQ>H$od`m`m>rZ{ `m Aem YmaUm cjmV K{D$Z dmJU{ h{ _hdmM{ Amh{,
C[`m{JmM{ Amh{.
]m{U odVrW}Z oZ`H$mc_w[[eV{ $ &

H$m`XoeH$m`m dm Z o[`{U H$XmMZ$&&58&&
]mUmZ{ oVoXZr AmM_Z H$amd`mM{ V{ ]mVrWmZ{ dm H$m`VrWmZ{ dm X{dVrWmZ{
H$amd{. o[VVrWmZ{ H$Yroh AmM_Z H$$ Z`{.
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y ` Vc{ ]m VrW MjV{$&
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CO`m hmVm`m AJR>m`m _wim`m Imcr ]mVrW AgV{, H$aJir`m _wimer
H$m`VrW hUO{ Om[oVVrW AgV{. ]m{Q>m`m [wT>`m Q>m{H$mer X{dVrW AgV{ AmoU AJR>m d
AJR>mOdiM{ [ohc{ ]m{Q> (VOZr) `m`m_Y{ o[VVrW AgV{.
AmM_Z H$aVmZm VihmVmda `md`mM{ [mUr H$g{ `md{ `mMr [Vr `{W{ [> H{$cr
Amh{. AmM_Z H$amd`mM{ V{ ]hYm gdOU ]mVrWmZ{M H$aVmV. [U V[UmM{ d{ir _m X{dF$fr
o[Va `mZm C{eyZ V[U H$aVmZm VihmVmdarc [mUr Imcr gm{S>`mM{ d{ir `m [Vr AmdOyZ cjmV
R>{d`m OmVmV. oZ`H$_mV ]`k H$aUmamZm `m Jm{>r R>mD$H$ Amh{V.
oamMm_{X[: [yd o: _`mmVm{ _wI_$&

ImoZ Md [eX{ oam_mZ oea Ed M$&&60&&
W_ VrZ d{im AmM_Z H$amd{. ZVa Xm{Z d{im Vm|S> (Am{R>) [mUr K{D$Z [wgmd{ AmoU
Am{`m hmVmZ{ ZmH$, H$mZ, S>m{i{, Am`mM{ WmZ Agc{c{ X` AmoU S>m{H{$ `mZm [e H$amdm.
AZwUmoâ\{$ZmoâoVrW}Z Y_odV$&
emM{ gw: gdXm@@Mm_{XH{ $mV{ mJwXL>_I
w :$&&61&&
2 61
72 ]
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Y_ OmUUm`m d ewV{Mr BN>m H$aUm`m [wfmZ{ EH$sH$S>{ ]gyZ (e`Vm{ EH$mVmV)

[yd}H$S>{ dm Cma{H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z AmM_Z H$amd{. AmM_ZmH$naVm `md`mM{ [mUr \{$g Agc{c{ dm
H$T>V, H$m{_Q> Zgmd{.
XJmo^: [y`V{ od: H$R>Jmo^Vw ^yo_[:$&

d`m{@o: moeVmo^Vw ey: [>moâVV:$&&62&&
AmM_ZmH$naVm `md`mM{ [mUr ]mUmZ{ X`m[`V [m{Mc
{ BVH{$, jo`mZ{ J`m[`V
[m{M{c BVH{$, d`mZ{ Vm|S>mV `{Bc BVH{$ `md{. eymZr Am{R>mZm [e hm{Bc BVH{$M `md{. Aem
AmM_ZmZr Vr Vr `$s [od hm{V{.
AmM_Z `md`mM{ V{ Am[Umg ew hmd`mM{ Amh{, [od hmd`mM{ Amh{ `m l{Z{
`md`mM{ AgV{. VhmZ ^mJod`mH$naVm `m`c{c{ [mUr Ag{ d$[ AmM_Zmcm `{D$ Z`{. h{ ZrQ>
cjmV amh`m`m >rZ{ darc oZ`_mM{ [mcZ C[`w$ R>aV{. `{H$ Jm{>rH$S>{ H{$di C[^m{J>rZ{ [mh
Z`{. hm ^md OmJV R>{d`mgmR>r Ag{ oZ`_ C[`w$ R>aVmV.Vg{M `m dm Aem o^Vm XmIodUm`m
oZ`_mZr dV:`m dUmM{ _aU d^mdV:M amhV{. H$V` [mcZmgmR>r `mMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{. eymcmoh
AmM_Z odohV hUyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. V{hm EHy$U Ymo_H$H$`m[mgyZM eymcm d{Ji{ R>{dc{ Ag{
_mZ`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
CXYV { XojU{ [mUmdw[dr`w`V{ oO:$&

g`{ mMrZAmdrVr oZdrVr H$R>gmZ{$&&63&&
J`mVrc OmZd{ S>m`m Immd$Z COdrH$S>{ OmUma{ Ag{ YmaU H{$c{ Agc{ hUO{
`m `$scm C[droV hUVmV. OmZd{ CO`m Immd$Z S>mdrH$S>{ J{c{c{ AgV{ hUO{ Vm{ mMrZ
AmdrVr AmoU Xm{hr Immd$Z N>mVrda cm|]Uma{ OmZd{ Agc{ hUO{ Vm{ oZdrVr.
C[droV Aem pWVrVM OmZd{ Z{h_r YmaU H{$c{ OmV{, lmV[UmoX ode{fgJr
mMrZmdroV, oZdrVr hm{`mMm gJ `{Vm{.
_{Icm_oOZ XS>_[w drV H$_S>c_w $ &

Agw m` odZ>moZ JrVm`moZ _dV$&&64&&
H$oQ>gy , [mKamd`mM{ H$mVS>,{ XS>, OmZd{, H$_S>cy `m dVy VwQ>`m, \$mQ>`m, _m{S>`m
Ag`m Va `mM{ OcdmhmV odgOZ H$amd{ AmoU `m dVy [whm _[ydH$ ZdrZ drH$mam`mV.
H{$emV: fm{S>e{ df} ]mU` odYr`V{$&

amO`]Ym{mqde{ d`` oYH{$ VV:$&&65&&
_Zw_oV
[ 73 ]
2 67
H{$emV ZmdmMm gH$ma ]mUmMm `m`m d`m`m gm{im`m dfu, jo`mMm

]mdrgm`m dfu AmoU d`mMm Mm{drgm`mdfu H$amdm.
JgymV gmoJVc{cm H{$emV ZmdmMm gH$ma Amh{. `mV S>m{`mdaM{ gJi{ H{$g
H$mTy> Z Q>mH$md`mM{ AgVmV. EH$m Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ _lyH$_$[ `m eXmZ{ S>m{`mdarc H{$gmghM
XmT>ro_emoh H$mTy>Z Q>mH$`mMm C{I H{$cm Amh{.
`{Wrc amO`]Yy hm eX Adh{cZ{Mm dmMH$ ZgyZ H{$di jo`d gwModUmam
Amh{. Ogm _mJrc g{h{Mmoigm`m dm ]mg>m`m cm{H$mV amk: AmoU ^yo_[: Ag{ Amc{c{ eX
dmVdmV amOm Agc{`mM{ dmMH$ ZgyZ H{$di jo`dmM{ XeH$ Amh{V Ag{ g_Omd{. Vg{M `{W{
Amh{. Og{ _wimV MmJ`m AWmMm Agc{cm ehmUm eX _amR>rV odoe> [VrZ{ Cmacm H$s
`mMm AW C[hmgm_H$ hm{Vm{ Vg{M amO`]Yy eXmM{oh g_Omd{.
dUOmVr`m _mJ{ ]Yy eX cmdU{ h{ gm_m`V: `yZVm, CU{[Um XmIodUma{ AgV{.
Var Vg{ `{W{ g_O`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
A_oH$m Vw H$m`}` rUm_mdXe{fV:$&

gH$mamW eara` `WmH$mc `WmH$__$ &&66&&
rda H$amd`mM{ h{ gma{ gH$ma _ Z hUVm H$amd{V. earam`m ewrgmR>r (gH$mamW)
hr H$_}, gmoJVc{cm H$mc AmoU H$_ `mZm Y$Z H$amdrV.
ddmohH$m{ odoY:rUm gH$mam{ doXH$: _V:$&

[oVg{dm Jwam dmgm{ JhmWm}@o[naoH$`m$&&67&&
oddmhgH$ma hmM rda hm{Umam EH$ doXH$ gH$ma Amh{. [oVg{dm h{M JwKar amhU{
Amh{. KamVrc H$m_{ H$aU{ h{M oVM{ Aohm{ Amh{.
Hw$Qw>]gWm hmM g_mOYmaU{Mm [m`m Amh{. Vr oOVH$s gwpWVrV, MmJcr oVVH$s
g_mOmMr AdWm emV AmoU gwIr amhV{. hm gd ^ma rZ{ CMcU{ h{M ZgoJH$ar`m, r`m
eara_Z]wrg gdmWmZ{ _mZdUma{ AgV{. AmoU V{M gJ`m`m ohVmM{oh R>aV{. H$m{U`m Zm
H$m{U`m oZo_mmZ{ rM{ Kam]mh{a [S>U{ H$mVwH$mM{ _mZc{ OmD$ cmJc{ AmoU r[wT>{ Vm{M AmXe amh
cmJcm H$s _J `mMr [naUoV ò$ d`H|$oV hm{`mV hm{V{. Hw$Qw>]dm`mcm MyS> cmJV{. ZoVH$V{M{
^mZ ahmV Zmhr. oVM{ _hdoh [Q>V Zmhr. [U AmO h{ Hw$Ur E{Hy$Z K{`m`m _Z:pWVrVoh Zmhr. [aVw
emmM{ odMma h{ Hw$Um`m AmdS>roZdS>rda Adc]yZ ZgVmV. `mMm g]Y g_mOm`m XrKH$mcrZ
ohVmer AgVm{. emV g`mer AgVm{. gmpdH$ gwImer AgVm{. AmoU gmpdH$ gwI h{ JrV{Z{
2 67
74 ]
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hQ>`m_mU{ Z{h_rM Ama^r ZH$m{ ZH$m{ dmQ>Uma{ AgV{. AmoU [naUm_mMm odMma _mUyg ghgm
cjmV K{V Zmhr.
doXH$ gH$ma `mMm AW rMm oddmh gH$ma V{dT>m doXH$ _mZr `w$ AgVm{.
EadrM{ oVM{ gd gH$ma A_H$ AgVmV. oddmhgH$mamMm _w` ^mJ [oVg_d{V H$amd`mMm Ag`mZ{
rMm `mV hm{Umam g_md{f AZwfJmZ{ AgVm{. hUyZ Vm{ g_H$ H$amd`mMm Aer YmaUm Amh{.
Ef m{$m{ oOmVrZm_m[ZmòZH$m{ odoY:$&

C[omÒH$: [w`: H$_`m{J oZ]m{YV$&&68&&
doUH$mgmR>r AemarVrZ{ C[Z`ZmMm odYr gmoJVcm Amh{. hm [w`H$maH$ AgyZ
O_mM{ gmWH$ H$aUmam Amh{. `{WyZ [wT>{ AmVm ]M`ml_mVrc AmMaUmodf`rM{ oZ`_ gmoJVc{
OmV Amh{V V{ ZrQ> E{H$md{V.
C[omÒH$ `m eXmMm AW H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr O_mcm gJwUVm X{Umam Agm H{$cm
Amh{. Va H$mhtZr [wT>Mm O_oh AgmM MmJ`m Hw$imV o_i{c `m AWmZ{ K{Vcm Amh{. C[Z`Zm_wi{
AmVm `mMm hm ZdrZ (Xwgam) O_ Amh{ Agmoh `m eXmMm AW H$aVm `{Bc oO eXmZ{ V{M
Ao^{V Amh{.
C[Zr` Jw: oe` oej`{N>mM

_moXV:$&
AmMma_oH$m` M g`m{[mgZ_{d M $&&69&&
C[Z`Z Pmc{`m oe`mcm Jw$Z{ W_ dN>Vm ewVm H$er H$amdramImdr
`mg]YrM{ oZ`_ gmJmd{V. _J `m ]M`ml_mV H$g{ dmJmd{, oZ`H$_mVrc AoH$m`, g`m,
`mMr C[mgZm H$er H$amdr V{oh oeH$dmd{.
dN>V{M{ h{ kmZ `m[H$ Amh{ `mV X{h, Ka, Jmd `mMm g_md{e Amh{ h{ odg$ Z`{.
A`{`_mUdmMmVm{ `Wmem_wXL>_I
w :$&
]mOocH$Vm{@`m`m{ cKwdmgm oOV{p`:$&&70&&
oVoXZr A``Zmg Ama^ H$a`m[ydu ]Mm`mZ{ emmZ{ gmoJVc{`m oZ`_m_mU{
AmM_ZmoX H$$Z Cma{H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z,hmV Om{Sy>Z, oOV|o` hm{D$Z dN> hcH$s d{ Z{gyZ Jwg_wI
]gmd{.
`{Wrc ]mOcr eXmMm hmV Om{S>U{ hm AW [wT>rc cm{H$mV [> Pmcm Amh{.
]ma^{@dgmZ{ M [mXm Jmm Jwam{: gXm$&

gh` hVmd`{` g oh ]mOoc: _V:$&&71&&
_Zw_oV
[ 75 ]
2 74
d{Xm``Zm`m Ama^r AmoU ZVa oVoXZr Jw`m [m`mZm [e H$$Z hmV Om{Sy>Z
Z_H$ma H$amdm. `m H$VrcmM ]mOoc Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
`{W{ d{Xm``Z Agm eX`m{J Agcm Var gdM H$ma`m odm`m A`mgmcm
Ama^ H$aVmZm A`m[H$mcm AmXamZ{ Z_H$ma H$a`mMr [V Adco]U{ ohVmdh Amh{. `m_wi{
g_mOmV Amd`H$ oVW{ Z_[UmZ{ dmJ`mMr dom _Zw`m`m _ZmV ghO[U{ oZ_mU hm{V{. [`m`mZ{
g_mOmV gwIemVr ZmX`m`m X>rZ{ dmVmdaU AZwH$y c amhV{. _Zw`m`m _ZmV dm^modH$[U{ AgUmam
dmW EH$sH$Sy>Z C_Q> AhH$mamM{ $[ K{Vm{ Va XwgarH$S>{ dmW gmYZmgmR>r gd H$maM{ gd, dd
JwS>miyZ cmMmamhZ cmMma hm{Vm{. hr pWVr ò>g_r>`m >rZ{ C^`[jr KmVH$ Amh{. _Zw`mM{
_Zw`[U h{ gH$mamVyZ KS>V AgV{. dada odMma H$aVm AZ{H$ Jm{>r oH$aH$m{i, ode{f _hd Zgc{`m
chmZghmZ Aem dmQ>`m Var `mVyZ hm{Um`m Wm{S>mWm{S>m [naUm_mZ{oh _Zw`m`m AV:H$aUmg
`m{` V{ diU cmJ`mg ghm` hm{V AgV{. `mgmR>r ]ma^ hUO{ d{XmMm Ama^ d{Xm``ZmMm
Ama^ h{ C[cjU _mZmd{.
``V[moUZm H$__[w gJh U Jwam{:$&

g`{Z g`: >`m{ XojU{Z M XojU:$&&72&&
Jw$`m [m`mZm [e H$amd`mMm Vm{ hmV CcQ>gwcQ> H$$Z H$amdm hUO{ S>m`m
hmVmZ{ S>m`m [m`mg AmoU CO`m hmVmZ{ CO`m [m`mg [e H$amdm.
Ag{ H$aVmZm AWmVM S>mdm hmV dV:`m COdrH$S>{ AmoU COdm hmV dV:`m
S>mdrH$S>{ `mdm cmJ{c. AWmV H$m{[am[mgyZ [wT>`m hmVmMr EH$ H$ma{ \w$cr hm{Bc. COd{ AJ S>m`m
AJm[{jm AoYH$ [od Ag`mZ{ CO`m AJmg S>m`m AJmMm [e `m{` Zmhr hUyZ hm oZ`_
gmoJVcm J{cm Amh{. `m Jm{>r ]mi[Um[mgyZM AJdiUr [S>`m hUO{ `mV ghOVm `{V{. H$o_Vm
ahmV Zmhr d `m_wi{ AmdOyZ H$am`m cmJ`m_wi{ dmQ>Umam AdKS>[Umoh CaV Zmhr.
A`{`_mU Vw JwoZ`H$mc_VpV:$&
AYrd ^m{ BoV ]`y moam_m{@pdoV Mma_{V$ &&73&&
A``Z H$a`mg Ama^ H$a`m[ydu oejU K{Um`m odm`mcm Jw$Z{ XjV{Z{
oVoXZr ""Aa{ ! AmVm A``Zmg Ama^ H$am'' Ag{ gmJmd{. AmoU e{dQ>r ""AmVm Wm]y `m'' Ag{
hUmd{.
]U: Ud Hw$`mXmXmdV{ M gdXm$&

d`Zm{L>H$ V [yd [aVm oderòV$&&74&&
2 74
76 ]
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d{Xm``Zm`m Ama^r d e{dQ>r gdXm < Mm Cma H$amdm. Ama^r < Z hQ>`m_wi{
cmH$a cjmV ahmV Zmhr AmoU e{dQ>r < Z hQ>`m_wi{ cjmV Amc{c{ cmH$a odg$Z OmV{.
my$cm[`w[ mgrZ: [odd [modV:$&

mUm`m_oo^: [yVVV <H$ma_hoV$&&75&&
Hy$c hUO{ X^mMr Q>mH{ ${ hr [ydH} $S>{ H$$Z `m X^mda ]gmd{. ]m{Q>m_`{ X^mMr [odH{$
KmcyZ [od hmd{. _J VrZ d{im mUm`m_ H$amdm. Aem arVrZ{ [mdZ Pm`mZVaM <H$mamMm Cma
H$a`mMr `m{`Vm `{V{.
[mUm`m_ H$aVmZmoh <H$mamMm Cma H$amd`mMm AgVm{. [U h{ CmaU _ZmV`m
_ZmV H$amd`mM{ AgV{. d{Xma^r Cmamd`mMm < hm [>[U{ Cmamd`mMm AgVm{.
AH$ma Mm`wH$ma M _H$ma M Om[oV:$&

d{X`moaXwhz^dw : dnaVroV M $&&76&&
]X{dmZ{ VrZ d{XmM{ Xm{hZ H$$Z `mVyZ H$_mZ{ AH$ma CH$ma _H$ma hr VrZ dUmja{
H$mT>cr. `mM_mU{ ^y: ^wd: d: `m VrZ `moV C[ H{$`m.
o` Ed Vw d{X{ `: [mX [mX_XyXhw V$&

VoX`Mm{@`m: gmod`m: [a_{>r Om[oV:$&&77&&
[a_l{> Aem ]X{dmZ{ VrZ d{Xm[mgyZ EH{$H$m MaUmM{ Xm{hZ H$$Z "VV' `m eXmZ{
Ama^ hm{Um`m Jm`rMr F$Mm oZ_mU H{$cr.
`{W{ F$H$, Òw, gm_ Ag{ VrZ d{X H$_mZ{ Ao^{V Amh{V. `m[mgyZ <H$mamMr VrZ
Aja{, oVhr `moV d Jm`r_mM{ AmR> AmR> AjamM{ VrZ MaU ]X{dmZ{ gma$[mZ{ H$mT>c{.
EVXja_{Vm M O[Z `moV[yodH$m_$&

g``m{dX} odom{ d{X[w`{Z `w`V{$&&78&&
OmU`m ]mUmZ{ <H$ma, ^y B`moX VrZ `moV `mZr `w$ Aem Jm`r_mMm
gH$mir AmoU g`mH$mir (oZò_V[U{) O[ H{$`mg Vm{ d{Xm``Zm`m [w`mZ{ `w$ hm{Vm{.
ghH$dd`` ]oha{VoH$ oO:$&

_hVm{@`{Zgm{ _mgmV dM{dm@ohod_w `V{$&&79&&
<H$ma AmoU `mVtgh Jm`r_mMm O[ (KaJmdm`m) ]mh{a OmD$Z ghd{im
EH$ _mg[`V H{$`mg gm[ Ogm H$mV Q>mHy$Z _m{H$im hm{Vm{, `m_mU{ O[H$Vm _hm[mVH$mVyZ _w$
hm{Vm{.
_Zw_oV
[ 77 ]
2 85
EV`Mm odg`w $: H$mc{ M oH$``m d`m$&

]joòdS>m{oZJhU
m `moV gmYwf$w &&80&&
`m F$M{Mm hUO{ Jm`r_mMm `m{`d{ir O[ H{$cm Zmhr AmoU Am[m[`m
dUml_mZw$[ H$V`{ [ma [mS>cr ZmhrV Va ]mUjo`d` `m dUmM{ cm{H$ gmZm`m g_mOm_`{
qZX{g [m hm{VmV.
Am{>ma[yodH$mpVm{ _hm`mV`m{@``m:$&
o[Xm Md gmodr odk{` ]Um{ _wI_$&&81&&
<H$ma[ydH$ da doUc{`m VrZ l{> Aem `moV AmoU VrZ MaUmMm Jm`r _ h{
d{Xm`m mrM{ d{ema Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
`m{@YrV{@h`h`{Vm roU dfm`VpV: $&

g ] [a_`{oV dm`w^Vy : I_yoV_mZ$&&82&&
Om{ `m Jm`r_mM{ oVoXZr oZacg[U{ VrZdf} A``Z H$aVm{ Vm{ [a]mcm m
hm{Vm{. dm`y_mU{ `mcm gm_` m hm{V{. AmoU AmH$mem_mU{ Vm{ gd oZc}[ amhVm{.
EH$mja [a ] mUm`m_m: [a V[:$&

gmod`mVw [a ZmpV _mZmg` odoe`V{$&&83&&
< h{ EH$ AjaM [a] Amh{. mUm`m_ h{ l{> V[ Amh{. Jm`r_m[{jm l{> _
Zmhr. _mZ YmaU H$a`m[{jm g` ^mfU H$aU{ AoYH$ _hdmM{ Amh{.
japV gdm doX`m{ Owhm{oV ÒoV oH$`m:$&

Aja dja k{` ] Md Om[oV:$&&84&&
d{XmZr gmoJVc{`m hm{_hdZmoX gd oH$`m `m gJ`m odZmer Amh{V. < h{ Aja
_m I`m AWmZ{ Aja hUO{ AodZmer, emdV Amh{. V{M ] Amh{. V{M OmM{ [mcZ H$aUma{
Amh{.
<H$mamM{ _hd BW`m_mU{M _mSw>`moX C[oZfXmV AmoU ^JdXJrV{Voh
OdiOdi `mM d$[mV Jmo`c{ Amh{. < h{ `mZ AmoU O[mH$naVm l{> gmYZ Amh{ `mV eH$m
Zmhr. _m hr C[mgZm H$aUm`m ò$ AJXr odaim AgVmV.h{ cjmV R>{dc{M [mohO{. `mgmR>rM
"hr <H$mamMr VwoV Amh{' Aer oQ>[Ur Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ oXcr Amh{.
odoY`kmm[`km{ odoe>m{ Xeo^JwU

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2 85
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AZ{H$ H$ma`m odYtZr oH$`mH$cm[mZr `w$ AgUm`m `km[{jm O[`k hm Xg[Q>

l{> Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{. hm O[oh C[mew [VrZ{ H{$cm hUO{ `mM{ _hd eV[Q> AgV{._mZg
O[mM{, _ZmV`m _ZmV H{$c{`m O[mM{ _hd gh[Q> AgV{. Ag{ OmUmd{.
C[mew hUO{ AJXr Odi ]gc{`m `$scmoh E{H$y `{Uma Zmhr. Aem arVrZ{ oO^{Mr
`m{` hmcMmc H$arV H{$c{cm O[. oO^{Mr H$m{UVroh hmcMmc Z H$aVm _ZmV`m _ZmV _mMm Cma
H$arV amhU{ `mM{ _hd gh[Q> gmoJVc{ Amh{. [U Aem O[m`m d{ir _Z h{ oZodH$[ AmoU
EH$mJ Agc{ [mohO{. VaM `mcm _mZgO[ hUU{ `m{` Amh{. ZmZm H$ma`m odMmamM{ VaJ C_Q>V
Amh{V AmoU `mMd{ir O[oh Mmcy Amh{ hm H$mhr I`m AWmZ{ _mZg O[ Zmhr. _Z odMmaaohV
Pmc{, oZodH$[ Pmc{ [U V{ Oa O[mda EH$mJ Pmc{c{ Zg{c Va ]g`m]g`m Pm{[ `{V{. _mZg O[
hr pWoV `Zgm` Amh{. hUyZ gVmZr Ama^r Var dmUrZ{ Cma[ydH$ Zm_O[ H$aU{M AoYH$
C[`w$ _mZc{ Amh{.
`km_`{ "_r O[`k Amh{' Ag{ dUZ JrV{Voh Amc{ Amh{.
`{ [mH$`kmdmam{ odoY`kg_pdVm:$&
gd} V{ O[`k` H$cm ZmhpV fm{S>er_$&&86&&
Mma [mH$`k AmoU BVa Xe[yU_mgmoX odoY`k h{ gJi{ o_iyZ O[$[ `km`m
gm{im`m Aem`moh `m{`V{M{ ZmhrV.
Mma [mH$`k hUO{ X{dm^yV _Zw` AmoU o[Va `mZm C{eyZ H{$c{ OmUma{ dX{doX
`k.
dX{d H$aU{ hm X{d`k. H$mH$]cr Q>mH$U{ hm ^yV`k. AoVWrcm ^m{OZ X{U{ hm _Zw`
`k AmoU V[UmoXoZ`lm H$aU{ hm o[V`k. [ydu`m H$mir gd ]mUm`m KamVyZ h{ Mmar `k
oZ`_mZ{ hm{V AgV. AmO hm H$ma cwm` Amh{. _r o_iodVm{ [U V{ _m`m EH$Q>mH$naVm Zmhr V{
gdmgmR>r Amh{. hr g_mOohVmMr `m[H$ OmoUd AmoU H$VkVm `mVyZ amIcr OmV Ag{.
O`{Zd Vw gog`{X ]mUm{ Zm ge`: $&

Hw$`mX` dm Hw$`m_m{ ]mU C`V{$&&87&&
BVa H$mhr H$am{ Z H$am{ H{$di O[m_wi{M ]mUmM{ ]mU[U og hm{V{. gdmer
o_V{Mm ^md AgU{ h{M ]mUmM{ ]mU[U Amh{.
JrV{Z{ ]mam`m A`m`mV " A{>m gd^Vy mZm _: H$U Ed M$' h{ O{ ^$mM{
cjU gmoJVc{ Amh{ V{ OUw `{Wrc _ eXmdaM{ [>rH$aU Amh{.
_Zw_oV
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Bp`mUm odMaVm odf`{d[hmnafw$&

g`_{ `Z_moV>o{ mZ `V{d dmoOZm_$&&88&&
Amam{hr Ogm Amcm dmYrZ R>{dVm{ `m_mU{.d^mdV:M AmH$fH$ Agc{`m
odf`mM{ g{dZ H$aVmZm OmU`m _mUgmZ{ Bo`mZm `Z[ydH$ g`_mV amIc{ [mohO{.
odf`g{dZmVrc h{ g`_mM{ _hdAmam{`m`m >rZ{ `$s[waV{, gKf Q>mi`m`m
>rZ{ g_mOmV AmoU oMmewr`m >rZ{ [a_mWmV cjmV R>{d`mgmaI{ Amh{.
EH$mXe{p`m`mh`moZ [yd} _ZrofU:$&

VmoZ g`d`mo_ `WmdXZw[dy e
:$&&89&&
odMmadVmZr [yduM Bp`{ AH$am Ag`mM{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.`mM{ d$[ AmVm
AZwH$_mZ{ [> H$$Z gmJVm{.
lm{ dH$Mjwfr oOm ZmogH$m Md [m_r$&

[m`y[W hV[mX dmMd Xe_r _Vm$&&90&&
H$mZ, dMm, S>m{i{, Or^, ZmH$ hr [mM AmoU _cma, OZZ{o`, hmV, [m`, dmUr hr
[mM o_iyZ Xhm Bo`{ doUcr OmVmV.
]wrp`moU [Mfm lm{mXr`Zw[dy e

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H$_{p `moU [Mfm [mdmXroZ MjV{$&&91&&
H$mZ[mgyZ Ama^ hm{Umar [ohcr [mM hr kmZ|o`{ Amh{V. AmoU [m`y_cma `m[mgyZ
[wT>Mr [mM hr H$_}p`{ hm{V.
kmZ{o`m`m mam _mUyg eX, [e, $[, ag, JY `m [mM odf`mM{ JhU H$aVm{.
H$_}p`{ Bo`m`m odf`JhUmcm dm earaYmaU{gmR>r H$am`m cmJUm`m BVa H$_mZm ghm`^yV
hm{VmV.Am`wd}XmZ{ H$_ dm H$m{UVroh oH$`m `mMr EH$ cjUr` `m`m H{$cr Amh{. " g`m{J{ M od^mJ{
M H$maU `_molV_$& H$V`` oH$`m H$_ H$_ Zm`X[{jV{&&' H$m{UV{oh H$_ dm oH$`m hr
`m`m Aml`mZ{ amhV{. oVM{ d$[ g`m{J AmoU od`m{J, Om{S>U{ AmoU Vm{S>U{ Aem d$[mM{
AgV{. AmoU Aer hr hmcMmc H$mhrVar H$a`m`m C{emZ{ h{Vy[dH$ hm{V AgV{. gd H$maMr H$_}
`m `m`{VM `{VmV. H$_mMr hr `m`m [>, gm{[r AmoU `m[H$ Aer Amh{. hr H$_} Bo`m`m mam
hm{V AgVmV. earamVrc _pVH$, X`, \w$\w$g{, [MZ_mJ, `H$V, o[mme`, cm{_, crhm, d$,
]oV Ag{ gmV AVJV Ad`d mUm`m {aU{Z{ OrdZ A]moYV amI`mM{ H$m` H$arV AgVmV.
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2 91
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AgV{. `m`mda `$sM{ `j oZÙ Zg`mZ{ `mMm g_md{e Bo`mV H{$c{cm Zmhr. H$maU
[MmVrc `dhmamgmR>r dm [ma_moWH$ C[mgZ{gmR>r `mMr H$m`} AS>Wim AmUUmar ZgVmV.
`m`m_wi{ AS>Wim oZ_mU hm{Vm{ Ag{ dmQ>c{ Var `mcm `jmV Bo`mMm Xw[`m{J h{M H$maU
AgV{. `m Ad`dmMr gwpWoV hm dH$mMm odf` Ag`mZ{ BVa `mM{odf`rM{ dUZ \$mag{ `{V
Zmhr.
EH$mXe _Zm{ k{` dJwUZ{ m{^`m_H$_$&

`p_Z oOV{ oOVmd{Vm ^dV: [mH$m JUm $&&92&&
AH$amd{ Bo` O{ _Z V{ Am[`m JwUmZ{ d^mdmZ{M C^`m_H$ Amh{. `m _Zmcm
qOH$c{ AgVm [mMhr kmZ|o`{ AmoU H$_}p`{ `m XhmZmoh qOH$Vm `{V{.
Bp`mUm g{Z Xm{f_N>`ge`_$&

go`` Vw Vm`{d VV: ogq oZ`N>oV$&&93&&
Bo`{ Amg$sZ{ dmadma odf`mM{ g{dZ H$$ cmJcr H$s `m_wi{ ZmZm H$maM{ Xm{f
oZ:ge`[U{ C[ hm{VmV. `mM Bo`mZm `m{` arVrZ{ oZÙmV R>{dc{ H$s VrM Bo`{ ogroh o_idyZ
X{VmV.
ogr eXmZ{ `{W{ Y_AWH$m__m{j `m Mmaoh [wfmWmMr mo Ao^{V Amh{.
eara h{ gdM [wfmWm`m mrM{ gmYZ Ag`mZ{ `mM{ dm` oQ>H$`mgmR>r, V{ Amam{`g[
amh`mgmR>r Bo`mdarc oZÙ, odf`g{dZmVrc g`_ A`V Amd`H$ Amh{.
Z OmVw H$m_: H$m_mZm_w[^m{JZ{ emòV &

hodfm H$Ud_}d ^y` Edmo^dYV${ &&94&&
H$m{UVmoh H$m_(BN>m) `m H$m_mMr mo AmoU C[^m{J Pm`mZVaoh emV hm{V
Zmhr. CcQ> Vw[m`m AmhVtZr Ao Ogm AoYH$M ^S>H$V OmVm{ Vgm H$m_oh C[^m{JmZ{ V Z hm{Vm
daM{da dmT>VM OmVm{.
earaYmaU{H$naVm Amd`H$ hUyZ odf`mM{ g{dZ H$aU{ oZami{ AmoU odf`g{dZm_wi{
dmQ>Um`m gwIm`m Amg$sZ{ [whm [whm AoYH$moYH$ _mUmV odf`mM{ g{dZ H$aU{ oZami{. [U
_mUyg hm Agm odoM mUr Amh{ H$s `mM{ odf`g{dZ Amd`H$V{`m _`mX{V ahmVM Zmhr hQ>c{
Var Mmc{c. odf`g{dZm_wi{ dmQ>Umar VVm joUH$ amhV{ AmoU `mgwImM{ AmH$fU h`mgmV [naUV
hm{V{ hUyZ _Zw`mcm g`_mM{ _hd ZmZm H$mamZr [Q>dyZ md{ cmJV{. [wT>`m cm{H$mV V{M [> H{$c{
Amh{.
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2 97
`VmmZw`mgdmZ `VmH{$dcmÒ{V$ &

[m[UmgdH$m_mZm [na`mJm{ odoe`V{$&&95&&
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`mJ H$aVm{ VwcZ{Z{ `m Xm{KmMm odMma H$aVm{ hm{Um`m gd BN>m [yU hm{`m[{jm `mMm `mJ H$aUmam
l{> R>aVm{.
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Amh{ Ag{ dmQ>{c [U Vg{ Zmhr. lr_Vr Amh{, ghO C[cY Amh{, hUyZ ZmZmH$maM{ dmoX> [XmW
oVoXZr `W{N> g{dZ H{$c{ Var V{ ]mY`moedm` ahmV ZmhrV. hUyZ g`_ eXm`m YmdWm_mU{
`{W{ "`mJ' `m eXmMm [> C[`m{J H{$cm Amh{.
Z VWVmoZ e`V{ go`Vw_g{d`m$&

odf`{fw Ow>moZ `Wm kmZ{Z oZè:$&&96&&
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H$aU{ h{M AoYH$ cm^Xm`H$ R>aV{.
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AmoU eara YmaUm `m >rZ{ odf`mM{ JhU H$aU{ h{ Amd`H$oh Amh{. _Zw`m`m g]YmV Var h{
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R>aVm{. g`_m`m H$R>m{a XS>[UmImcr Bo`{ H$mhr H$mi odfòd_wI Pm`mgmaIr dmQ>cr Var V{ Ia{
ZgV{. _Z ]S> H$$Z CR>V{, Bo`{ AZmda hm{VmV. Vr pWoV \$maM KmVH$ AgV{. hUyZ odf`mM{
g{dZ H$a`mMr _yi {aUm Bo`m`m oR>H$mUr H$m AgV{?V{ `mZr K{D$Z `mVrc AoV`m{J, A`m{J,
o_`m`m{J `mM{ d$[ ZrQ> OmUyZ `md{ cmJV{. odf`g{dZ ohVH$aV{`m _`mX{VM amohc{ [mohO{.
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AmoU [napWoV h{ gd _Zw`mZ{ ZrQ> OmUyZ K{Vc{ [mohO{. `m_wi{M odf`g{dZmMm g`H$ `m{J gmYy
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AgU{ Amd`H$ Amh{.
d{Xm`mJ `km oZ`_m V[mog M$&

Z odXw>^md` ogq JN>pV H$ohoMV$&&97&&
ehm`m _mUgmM{oh oMm odf`mg$sZ{ Xw> Pmc{c{ Ag{c Va `mM{ d{Xm``Z, `mZ{
2 97
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hUO{ `m gH$`mM{ H$m{UV{oh \$c `mcm o_iV Zmhr.
lwdm [Q>m M Q>m M ^wdm Kmdm M `m{ Za:$&

Z òV cmòV dm g odk{`m{ oOV{p`:$&&98&&
E{H$U{, [oeU{, [mhU{, ^m{JU{ dm hJU{ h{ gd H$$Zoh Om{ _Zw`(gwImZ{) CM]iyZ
`{V Zmhr, dm odfU hm{V Zmhr `mZ{M Bo`{ qOH$cr Amh{V Ag{ g_Omd{.
JrV{Vrc "ZdqH$oMV H$am{_roV `w$m{ _`{V VdodV$& [`Z edZ [eZ
oOKZ AZZ JN>Z d[Z gZ$&&' `m cm{H$mV _Zw_VrVrc darc dMZmMm Ame`M JQ>
Pmcm Amh{.
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pWa]wo ahmd{. h{ O{ JrV{`m VdkmZmM{ gma `m_mJ{oh _Zw_VrVrc darc odMmaM AmYma^yV
Amh{.
Bp`mUm Vw gd}fm `{H$ jaVrp`_$&

V{Zm` jaoV km V{: [mXmoXdm{XH$_$&&99&&
Xhm Bo`m[H$s EImX{ Oar Kgac{(odf`mg$ Pmc{) Var `mMm [naUm_(odd{H$)
]wrMm ê hm{`mV hm{Vm{. `m_mU{ [Imcr`m H{$di Vm|S>mVyZ [mUr [mPac{ Var `m_wi{ âc{cr
gJir [Imc naH$m_r hm{V{.
[ImcrM{ Vm|S> EH$oh W|] JiUma Zmhr BVH{$ K> H$Yr ]mYVm `{V Zmhr. `mVyZ [mUr
oQ>[oQ>[VM amhV{. V{ Vg{M Mmcy amohc{ Va [Imc naH$m_r hm{U{ dm^modH$ Amh{.
de{ H$d{p`Jm_ g`` M _ZVWm$&

gdmggmY`{XWmZojdZ `m{JVVZw_$ &&100&&
Bo`mMm g_yh dmYrZ R>d{ mdm. _ZmMmoh g`_ amImdm AmoU _J H$m{U`moh gmYZ{Z{
earamcm [rS>m hm{Uma Zmhr earamM{ dm` Z> hm{Uma Zmhr Aer XjVm K{D$Z `Wm`m{` arVrZ{ Mmaoh
[wfmW gmYVrc Ag{ [hmd{.
[ydm g`m O[pV>{ gmodr_m@H$XeZmV$&

[o_m Vw gXm@@grV g`Jjod^mdZmV$&&101&&
gH$mi`m g`{Vrc Jm`rMm O[ gy` MmJcm oXgy cmJ{[`V H$amdm. g`mH$miM{
g`mdXZ AmH$memV Zj{ M_Hy$ cmJ{[`V H$amd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 83 ]
2 102
Jm`rO[ gy`m}X`m[mgyZ gy`mVm[`V H$amdm Agm gm_m` oZ`_ gmoJVcm OmVm{,

Vm{ Jm`r_m`m [waaUm[waVm g_Omdm.
[ydm g`m O[pV>e

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[o_m Vw g_mgrZm{ _c hpV oXdm H$V_$&&102&&
mV:g`{`md{ir C^{ amhZ O[ H{$cm AgVm amr H{$c{`m [mVH$mMm Zme hm{Vm{.
gm`g`{`m d{ir O[ ]gyZ H$amdm `m_wi{ oXdgm H{$c{`m [mVH$mMm Zme hm{Vm{.
gH$mi g`mH$mi H$amd`m`m g`{`m oZ` AZw>mZmVoh oXdgm H{$c{`m AmoU
amr H{$c{`m [mVH$mMm Zme hm{Vm{ Agm C{I Agc{`m _mMm g_md{e Amh{. Am[`m [a[a{_`{
X{dVmXeZ, VrW`mm, JJmoX [od ZmMr ZmZ{, Zm__aU, odoe> AZw>mZ{, dV{, gVmMr XeZ{
B`mXtM{ _hm` gmJVmZm ZmZm H$ma`m dm gd H$ma`m [m[mMm Zme hm{`mgmR>r `m `m odYtMm
C[`m{J hm{Vm{ Ag{ gmJ`mMr Wm $T> Amh{. odf`mV Amg$ amhZ Bo`gwImgmR>r dm cm{H{$fU{gmR>r
gd H$maM{ odoYoZf{Y JwS>miyZ AZrVrZ{ âc{c{ H$m{UV{oh damMaU dm dmWmYV{Z{ KS>Uma{ H$m{UV{oh
XwH$` `mVyZ oZ_mU hm{Um`m [mVH$mMm odZme BV`m ghOgm` C[m`mZ{ hm{Vm{ Ag{ JhrV Ya`mM{
[mVH$ Hw$Ur H$$ Z`{ Vg{ AgV{ Va odoe> [mVH$mH$naVm odoe> mòV emmZ{ gmoJVc{ Ag{c Va
V{ AWhrZ hUmd{ cmJ{c. [mVH{$ H$iyZ dm Z H$iyZ hm{VmV AmoU Vr eara Bo`{ AmoU _Z `m`m
[mVirda KS>VmV. `m OmoUd[ydH$ H{$c{`m AmoU earaBo`{ `mH$Sy>Z KS>c{`m [mVH$mMm Zme
[mmm[[ydH $ H{$c{`m mòmmZrM H$m` Vm{ hm{D$ eH$Vm{. [U [mVH{$ H$mhr d{ic
{ m Z H$iVoh KS>VmV.
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CR>{c V{ gmJVm `{V Zmhr. g_mOmV Eadr g`, gmZ hUyZ dmdaUm`m `$s`m _ZmVoh ZH$m{ V{
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KSy> Z`{ Aer XjVm oZ`mZ{ K{Vm{. [U [m[r odMma _ZmV `{U{ hmoh A[amYM Amh{. emQ>m Vm{oh
EH$ Xm{fM Amh{. `m`m oZagZmgmR>r oZ`Zo_omH$ odoYodYmZmMm C[`m{J hm{V AgVm{. dmadma
R>d{ `m OmUm`m `m _aUm_wi{ _ZmMr gXm{f MMcVm CUmd`mgoh [wH$i ghm` hm{V.{ _Z gmpdH$
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[mVH$ oZamgmMm C{I O{W{ O{W{ `{Bc V{W{oh hmM ^md AgVm{. Am[`mH$S>{ "A`j{{ H$V [m[
[w` j{{ odZòV$& [w` j{{ H$V [m[ dOc{[m{ ôdòV$&&' Ag{ [> eXmV C{oIc{ Amh{.
BW{ [w`j{m`m C[cjUmZ{ `m `m Jm{r>Mm [mVH$ZmeZ hUyZ C{I H{$cm Amh{ `m gdM Jm{>r
JhrV Yam`m. " am{MZmWm \$clwoV:' Ag{oh \$clwVt`m Jm{>rgX^mV EH$ dMZ Amh{. m_moUH$mZr
V{oh cjmV `md{.
2 103
84 ]
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Z oV>oV Vw `: [ydm Zm{[mV{ ` [o_m_ $&

g eydX ]ohH$m`: gd_mXoOH$_U:$&&103&&
Om{ gH$miM{ AmoU g`mH$miM{ g`mdXZ H$arV Zmhr. `mcm oOmZ{ H$amd`m`m
gd H$`mVyZ ]ohH$V H$amd{. `mcm eym_mU{ g_Omd{.
d{XmM{ A``Z H$aU{ AmoU A`m[Z H$aU{, `k`mJmoX doXH$ H$_} H$aU{ AmoU
[wam{ohV$[mZ{ H$aodU{, XmZ K{U{ AmoU XmZ X{U{ hr ghm oOH$_{ hUyZ og Amh{V. Om{ g`moh
H$arV Zmhr `mMm hm AoYH$ma Z> hm{Vm{. `mcm eym_mU{ g_Omd{. eymMm OrdZ`dgm` hm
l_mMm AmoU d{i ImUmam Ag`mZ{ Y_emmZ{ `m`m_mJ{ Ymo_H$ d$[m`m oZ`Zo_omH$ H$_mMm
`m[ \$magm cmJUma Zmhr Aer XjVm K{Vcr Amh{. `mcm Am[cm `dgm` H$a`m`m r>Z{
OmVrV OmV d{i o_imdm Ag{ Ym{aU `m _mJ{ Amh{. BJOmZr Oodc{`m ]moH$ odH$Vr_wi{ h{ ZrQ>
g_OyZ K{`mgmR>r \$maM Wm{S>mMr AV:H$aU{ _m{H$ir Amh{V. lrkmZ{a_hmamOmZr, `mM{ AV:H$aU
_mD$crM{ Amh{ `mZr, "oO fQ>H$_} H$ar$& ey V`mV{ Z_H$mar$& Xm{Kmgoh gam{âr$& oZ[O{ `mJw$&&'
Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{hm A[g_O Xya hm{`mg `m_wi{ ghm` hm{D$ eH$V{. [U Om{ g`m H$arV Zmhr
[U ]mU hUyZ E{Q> o_aodVm{ `mM{gmR>r _m h{ dMZ _hdmM{ Amh{. V{ cjmV K{Vc{M [moh{O{ Ag{
Amh{.
A[m g_r[{ oZ`Vm{ Z`H$ odoY_moWV:$&

gmodr_`Yr`rV Jdm@a` g_mohV:$&&104&&
g`moX oZ`H$_}, `m{àrVrZ{, Aa`mV OmD$Z AmoU OcmgoY ]gyZ EH$mJoMmmZ{
H$amdrV. Jm`rMm O[oh AgmM H$amdm.
BVa _hdmMr ]`kmoX oZ`H$_} hr gwm Aa`mV, EH$mVmV ZXr, Am{T>m, Vi{,
`m`m Vramda ]gyZ H$amdrV [U H{$di Jm`rMm O[ oZ`Z{_ hUyZ H$aU{ Ag{c Va Vm{oh VgmM
H$amdm.
[ydu dgoVWmZ{ chmZ, odai AmoU ]er Ocm`m Aml`mZ{ Ag`mZ{ Jmdm`m
]mh{aoh PmS>r [wH$i Ag`mZ{ oZ`Z{_mgmR>r eV hUyZ h{ odYmZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. AmO _hmZJa{
[gac{cr AgVmV. ZgoJH$ Ocmeòh Amg[mg $oMVM AmT>iVmV. Aa`{oh Z>m` Pmc{cr
Amh{V. V{hm darc cm{H$ cjmV K{D$Z oZ`H$_M Z H$aU{ h{ CoMV Zmhr ]gymZ{ "`H$mJVm
Vmode{fmV' ( lwVr_`{ ode{f H$maM{ oZ`_ gmoJVc{ Zg`m_wi{ O{W{ EH$mJVm H$aVm `{Bc V{W{
C[mgZm H$amdr.) `m gymV hm odf` [> H{$cm Amh{. ]gymW XoeZrVrc 4$&1&11 `mdarc
odd{MZ [r>H$aUmgmR>r C[`m{JmM{ hm{Bc.
_Zw_oV
[ 85 ]
2 107
d{Xm{[H$aU{ Md dm`m`{ Md Z`H{$$&

ZmZwam{Ym{@`Z`m`{ hm{__{fw Md oh$&&105&&
d{XmMr AJ{ AmoU oZ`mMm dm`m` Vg{M hm{_odf`H$ _ `mM{g]YmV AZ`m`
cjmV K{`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
d{XmMr AJ{ hUO{ oejm, H$[ ( gy ) `mH$aU, oZ$, `m{oVf AmoU N>X `mM{
A``Z, AZ`m`m`moXder d` g_Oy Z`{.
Am[`m [a[a{_`{ oV[Xm, A>_r, A_md`m Aem oVWtZm AmoU H$mhr ode{fgJr
A``Z H$$ Z`{ Agm oZ`_ Amh{ Vm{ da C{oIc{`m Jm{tZm cmJy Zmhr
Z`H{$ Zm`Z`m`m{ ]g oh V_V_$&

]mhoVhwV [w`_Z`m`dfQ>H $ V_$&&106&&>
O{ H$V` oZ` H$amd`mM{ AgV{ `m`mg]YmV AZ`m` ZgVm{ Ogm Vm{ ]gmcm
dfQ>H$mam_wi{ ZgVm{. dfQ> hUO{ AmhoV X{VmZm Cmacm OmUmam EH$ eX.
`: dm`m`_YrV{@X odoYZm oZ`V: ewoM:$&

V` oZ` ja`{f [`m{ XoY KV _Yw$&&107&&
Om{ Bo`{ oZòV H$$Z ZmZmXtZr [od hm{D$Z odoY[ydH$ EH$df[`V dm`m`
H$aVm{, d{XmM{ A`Z H$aVm{ `mcm XyYXhrVy[_Y `mMm od[wc _mUmV oZ` cm^ hm{Vm{.
dm`m` eXmZ{ m_w`mZ{ d{Xm``Z Ao^{V Agc{ Var BVaoh _hm^maV, am_mÙ,
C[oZfX{, Xmg]m{YJmWmkmZ{ar `mgmaI{ JW `mM{ A``Zoh oM^{XmZ{, AoYH$ma^{XmZ{ JhrV
Yamd{. _m `mgmR>r A``ZH$`mZ{ "odoYZm'`m{àrVrZ{, oZ`Vg`V AmoU ewoM[od h{ eX
cjmV R>{dyZ `m _mU{ dVZ R>{dyZ A`mg H{$cm [mohO{. d{XC[oZfX{kmZ{ar `mgma`m [od
AmoU ]m{YV JW mMm A`mg hm AmMaU_Z]wo `m`m ewV{gmR>r AmoU odH$mgmgmR>r H$amd`mMm
AgVm{. odm{Mr mo hm A``ZmMm AZwfoJH$ ^mJ Amh{. Agm Om{,MmJc{ A``Z H$aVm{, `mcm
V{ A`mg$[r V[ gwIr, AmZXr OrdZ o_idyZ X{`mg H$maUr^yV hm{V{. XyYXhrVy[_Y h{
AmhmamVrc MH$a AmoU Vwo>[wo> X{Uma{ [XmW. `m`m C[cjUmZ{ OrdZ E{ohH$Q>moh gwImV
g_mYmZmV OmV{ Ag{ g_Omd{. XwYmZ{ ohVH$mnaVm, XmZ{ dmoX>Vm, KVmZ{ oZYVm, {_i[Um,
gmO`, _YmZ{ dmUr, dVZ `mMm Jm{S>dm, Ag{ JhrV Yac{ Va `m>rZ{ gmYH$mMr AV]m JoV
hm{V{.h{ hUU{ AoYH$ C[`w$ R>aV{.
`m A``Zmcm Agc{cr _`mXm hr dVmgmaIr dm AZw>mZmgmaIr g_Omdr. AWmV
h{ A``Z mWo_H$ d$[mM{ Zmhr. V{ ZwgV{ [m$(eXmeXmMm dm Am{irAm{irMm AW g_OyZ
2 107
86 ]
_Zw_oV
K{`m[waV{ _`moXV )Zmhr, eara _Z]wr`m odH$mgmgmR>r, JoVCoVgmR>r AmdOyZ H{$c{c{ h{ EH$
H$maM{ AZw>mZ Amh{, V[mMaU Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
ArYZ ^jM`m_Y:e`m Jwam{ohV_$&

Am g_mdVZmHw$`mH$Vm{[Z`Zm{ oO:$&&108&&
_wO hm{D$Z A``Zmg Ama^ H{$`mZVa `m oOmZ{ oVoXZr gH$mig`mH$mi
emdMZmZwgma hm{_ H$amdm. o^jm _mJyZ amhmd{. Imcr Pm{[md{. `mM{ dVZ Jw `m gmJ`mdmJ`m
]m{c`mcm AZwg$Z Agmd{. h{ gd oZ`_ g_mdVZ(gm{S>_wO) hm{B[`V hUO{ odm``Z g[{[`V
[mimd{V.
AmMm`[w : ewlfy k
w mZXm{ Ymo_H$: ewoM:$&
Am: e$m{@WX: gmYw: dm{@`m`m Xe Y_V:$&&109&&
AmMm`mMm [w, g{dm H$aUmam, Xwga{ H$mhr kmZ AgyZ V{ oeH$dy eH$Umam, Ymo_H$,
ewoM^yV, Am, oeH$odc{c{ JhU H$a`modf`r AmoU V{ _aUmV oQ>H$dyZ R>{d`modf`r Om{ g_W
Amh{, Om{ OrdZYmaU{gmR>r Amd`H$ V{ ghm` H$aVm{, d^mdmZ{ gmZ Amh{, `m`modf`r Am[wcH$s
dmQ>V{ Agm h{ Xhm oeH$od`mg `m{` g_Omd{V Ag{ Y_em Amh{.
`mcm oeH$dm`M{ Vm{ H$m{U Agmdm, H$gm Agmdm V{ `m Xhm cjUmZr gmoJVc{
Amh{.
Zm[>: H$òMX ]`y m Mm`m`{Z [N>V:$&

OmZo[ oh _{Ymdr OS>dm{H$ AmMa{V$ &&110&&
odMma`mdmMyZ H$m{Umer ]m{cy Z`{. Om{ A`m`mZ{ odMmaVm{ `mcmoh H$mhr gmJy Z`{
`m Xm{hr d{ir ehm`m _mUgmZ{ kmZ Agc{ Var cm{H$m_`{ OUw AS>mUr Amh{ Ag{ dmJmd{.
C[X{eH$m`m >rZ{ hm cm{H$ _hdmMm Amh{. `mcm gmJmd`mM{, oeH$dmd`mM{
`mM{ R>m`r MmJcr oOkmgm Agcr [mnhO{. `mZ{ OmU`mcm Am[U hm{D$Z Z_V{Z{ odMmac{ [mohO{
Ag{ oOkmg{Z{ odMmaUmamoh darc 109 cm{H$m_`{ gmoJVc{`m Xhm cjUmVrc JwUmZr `w$ Zg{c
Va Vm{ kmZ X{`mcm AoYH$mar Zmhr Ag{ g_Omd{ H$maU Vgm H$mhr AoYH$ma ZgVmZm odMmaU{ h{M
_wir A`m`mM{ Amh{. AWmV `mcmoh H$mhr gmJ`moeH$od`mg OmD$ Z`{.`mMm hmdm Vgm
C[`m{Joh hm{V Zmhr.
AY_}U M `: mh `mY_}U [N>oV$&

V`m{a`Va: oV od{f dm@oYJN>oV$&&111&&
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[ 87 ]
2 116
Om{ AY_mZ{ oeH$odVm{ dm AY_mZ{ odMmaVm{ `m Xm{KmMmoh Zme hm{Vm{. dm (gmZm`m)

g_mOm_`{ V{ qZX{g [m hm{VmV.
Y_mWm} `Z Z `mVm ewlfy m dm@o[ VoYm$&

V odm Z d`m ew^ ]rOo_dm{fa{$&&112&&
O{W{ Y_ Zmhr, AW (cm^C[H$maodoZ_`) Zmhr, g{dm H$a`mMr dom Zmhr, dm
A``Zmg `m{` Agm AoYH$ma Zmhr, V{W{ H$m{UVroh odm oeH$dU{ h{ Zmo[H$ ^y_rV, dmiyV ]r
[{a`m_mU{ oZ\$c hm{V{.
od`d g_ H$m_ _V` ]dmoXZm$&

Am[o[ oh Km{a`m Z d{Zmo_naU{ d[{V$ &&113&&
d{XmM{ A`m[Z H$aUmamZ{ Am[`m od{gh gJr _$Z Omd{, Km{a Am[mrMmoh
drH$ma H$amdm. [U A`m{` `$sg odmXmZ H$$ Z`{.
odm ]mU_{`mh e{doYV>@{ p_ aj _m_$&

Agy`H$m` _m _m@XmVWm `m dr`dm_m$&&114&&
odm A`m[H$mOdi `{D$Z hUmcr H$s EH$ _cm _y`dmZ R>{d g_OyZ Vy _mP{
ajU H$a _ga B`moX Xm{fmZr `w$ Agc{`m `$scm _mP{ kmZ X{D$ ZH$m{. ( AemarVrZ{ _mP{ ajU
H{$c{ VaM) `m_wi{ _r Am{OpdZr, V{OpdZr ]cdVr hm{BZ, amhrZ.
`_{d Vw ewqM odm oZ`V ]MmnaU_$&

V_ _m ]oy h odm` oZoY[m`m_moXZ{$&&115&&
Om{ OmUVm ]mU [od, oOV|o`, ]Mmar ( gXmMaUr ) kmZodm$[ H$m{emM{
(R>{drM{ ) ajU H$a`mg g_W, _mX Z H$aUmam, MwH$m Z H$aUmam, Xm{faohV Agm Ag{c `mcmM
_cm (od{cm) X{. Ag{ hUmd{. d{Xm``Zmg]YrMm hm H$Q>mj _hdmMm Amh{.
$] `dZZwkmV_Yr`mZmXdmZw`mV$&
g ]V{`g`w $m{ ZaH$ oV[V{$&&116&&
Om{ H$m{Ur oeH$odUmamMr g_oV ZgVmZm ( Vm{ Xwg`m Hw$Umg oeH$odV AgVmZm
`m`m Z H$iV Mm{$Z) d{X E{H$Vm{, oeH$Vm{, d{XmM{ kmZ o_idVm{ `mcm d{XmMr Mm{ar H$aUmam
g_Omd{. Vm{ ZaH$mV OmVm{.
Jw$ g_oV X{V Zg{c Va Vr d{Xodm K{`modf`r Am[U `m{` Zmhr Ag{ g_OyZ
oe`mZ{ emV ahmd{ Am[cr `m{`Vm dmT>od`mMm `Z H$amdm. JwOdiM{ kmZ `m`m g_oVdmMyZ
o_iod`mMm `Z H$aU{ hr AZoYH$maM{>m Amh{. Vg{ kmZ K{U{ hr EH$ H$maMr Mm{ar Amh{. H$UmZ{,
2 116
88 ]
_Zw_oV
m{UmMm`mZr, `mMr A`m{`Vm Xw>Vm OmUyZ `mg ]m oeH$d`mM{ ZmH$mac{ V{hm [aewam_mg
\$gdyZ `mZ{ ]m o_iodc{ V{ Og{ `mcmM KmVH$ R>ac{ Vg{ hm{V{.
da gmoJVc{c{ gd oZ`_ AmO`mXr>Z{ \$ma CJ d$[mM{ dmQ>c{ Var m_w`mZ{ V{
d{Xm``Zm[waV{ _hdmM{ Amh{V. Ag{ g_Omd{. d{X h{ __` e$sZ{ `w$ Ag`mZ{ h{ H$R>m{a dmQ>Uma{
oZ`_ d{Xm``ZmgmR>r gmoJVc{ Amh{V. _gm_W hr EH$ d{Jir AcmoH$H$ eo$ Amh{, hUyZ d{X
ZwgV{ eXkmZ hm{D$Z C[`m{Jr [S>Uma{ ZmhrV. _e$sVrc H$m`H$maU _r_mgm AmO`m kmZ odkmZmZ{
g`mVar og H$aVm `{`mgmaIr Zmhr. odkmZmZ{ \$ma Va H$m{U`m eXghVrZ{ H$g{, oH$Vr, H$m{UV{
[X dm char oZ_mU hm{VmV V{ H$XmoMV XmIodVm `{Bc [U _gm_`mVyZ ogr o_iod`mg V{ [wa{g{
Zmhr. _eo$ oQ>H$dU{ h{ `mcm _hdmM{ dmQ>V{ Vm{ Ag{ oZ`_ KmcU{ Amd`H$ Amh{ Ag{ g_OUmaM.
AVami`mZmVyZ dmg H$ BpN>UmamM{ oejU hmd{ cmJV{. V{ Vg{ XrKH$mimM{ AmoU A`V
H$R>rU Amh{ H$s `mVyZ CmrU hm{Umam Xhm[H$r EImXmM Agy eH$Vm{. V{hm _e$s`m gajUmgmR>r
Agc{c{ oZ`_ CoMVM Amh{V Ag{ hQ>c{ [mohO{.
$cmoH$H$ doXH$ dm@o[ VWm@@`mp_H _{d dm &

AmXXrV `Vm{ kmZ V [yd_ o^dmX`{V$ &&117&&
cmoH$H$, doXH$ AWdm A`mp_H$ kmZ, `m`mH$Sy>Z K{Vm{ `mcm W_ dXZ H$amd{.
cmoH$H$ hUO{ E{ohH$ `dhmamg]YrM{ kmZ. doXH$ hUO{ d{Xmg]YrM{ eXkmZ dm
AWkmZ. A`mp_H$ hUO{ Am`mg]YrM{[a_mWmg]YrM{ kmZ]kmZ. `m oVKmVoh
cmoH$H$m[{jm doXH$ d doXH$m[{jm A`mp_H$ kmZ X{Umam Cmam{ma l{> g_Omdm. oVK{ EH$ Am`mg
l{>V{`m _mZmZ{ Z_H$ma H$amdm. Ag{ Qr>H$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{ V{ g_mOmVrc oV>{Mm oZ`_ hUyZ
cjmV R>{d`mgmaI{ Amh{. amOH$s` j{mV AmoU g`mV l{>V{Mm H$_ cjmV K{D$ZM `dhma hm{Vm{.
`m Jm{>r Vem ]marH$gmarH$ I`m [U OrdZmcm ZrQ> diU cmJyZ V{ gXd AZwemogV amhmd{ `mgmR>r
`mM{ _hd _mZc{M [mohO{.OrdZmVrc g`V{cm AW X{Um`m `m ]marH$gmarH$ Jm{>rH$S>{ Xwcj
Pmc{, `mM{ _hd [Q>{Zmg{ Pmc{, `mV H$m` o]KS>V{? Hw$R>{ o]KS>V{? Ag{ dmQy> cmJc{ H$s OrdZmcm
ghO[U{ cmJUma{ AZwemgZ CUmdV OmV{. daVm dmTy> cmJV{. AmoU oVMr [naUoV _J Ag`Vm,
AcrcVm, AZroV `m`m ZJmZmMmV hm{V{.`mgmR>r g`Vm AmoU odZ` AJr ]mUodUma{ mMrZ
emmVyZ C{oIc{c{ oZ`_ chmZghmZ Amh{V. `mZm ode{f _hd Zmhr Vm{ EH$ H$maMm OmM Amh{,
`mZ{ _Zmda gVV XS>[U amhV{,_ZmVrc _m{H$i{[Um Z> hm{Vm{, Ag{ odH$V _mZgemm`m AmYma{
_mZc{ OmV{ [U Aem oZ`_mMr C[{jm H$aU{ AoZ> Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 89 ]
2 122
gmodr_mgmam{@o[ da od: gwòV: $&

Zm`pVod{Xm{@o[ gdmer gdodH$`r$&&118&&
H{$di Jm`r_ V{dT>m [mR> Amh{ Agm ]mU Oa emm{$ arVrZ{ oZ`_] AmMaU
H$arV Ag{c, g`_r gXmMaUr Ag{c Va Vm{, gd H$mhr ImUm`m, H$m{UVmhr Cm{JYXm H$aUm`m
[U oVhr d{XmM{ A``Z Pmc{`m odmZ ]mUmhZoh l{> Amh{.
]mUmcm l{R> _mZmd{ Ag{ gmoJV`mZVa _ZmV AZ{H$ odH$[ `{VmV dm AmdOyZ
oZ_mU H{$c{ OmVmV. `m gdmM{ oZagZ `m cm{H$mVrc AW ZrQ> cjmV K{Vcm hUO{ ghO[U{ hm{D$
eH{$c.
e`mgZ{@`mMnaV{ l{`gm Z g_mode{V$ &

e`mgZWdZ `wWm`mo^dmX`{V$ &&119&&
doS>cYmar _mUg{ `m e`{da d AmgZmda ]gc{ AgVrc `md{ir `mda Am[U
]gy Z`{. Am[U dV: e`{da dm AmgZmda ]gc{c{ AgVmZm Hw$Ur doS>cYmar ò$ V{W{ Amcr Va
Am[U CRy>Z C^{ amhZ Ao^dmXZ H$amd{.
D$d mUm xH$m_pV `yZ: Woda AmòV$&

`wWmZmo^dmXm`m [wZVmoV[V{$&&120&&
doS>cYmar _mUg{ g_m{a Amcr H$s VUm`m earamVrc mU da `{D$Z OUy ]mh{a oZKy
[mhVmV. VU D$Ry>Z dXZ H$aVm{ V{hm V{ mU [aVyZ `dpWV hm{VmV.
chmZ ghmZ dmQ>Um`m Xm{fmM{oh Xw[naUm_ cjmV `md{V hUyZ hr Aer dUZ{
emmVar `{VmV.Vr AWdmXm_H$ Agcr Var oZ`_mMr C[{jm H$aU{ AoZ> Amh{ h{ cjmV AmUyZ
X{`m`m >rZ{ C[`w$ Amh{V. AZwemgZ AJmV _wZ amhmd{ `mgmR>roh Aem dMZmMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
Ao^dmXZerc` oZ` dm{[g{odZ:$&

Mdmna V` dYV{ Am`wY_ m} èm{ ]c_$&&121&&
doS>cYm`mZm CRy>Z dXZ H$aUmam d dmMr g{dm H$aUmam, `mMm _mZ R>{dUmam Agm
Om{ AgVm{ `mM{ Am`w`, odm, è, AmoU ]c hr Mmaoh dqJV hm{VmV.
Ao^dmXm[a odm{ `m`mg_o^dmX`Z$&

Agm Zm_mh__roV d Zm_ [naH$sV`V{ $ &&122&&
Z_H$ma H$a`m[ydu _r A_wH$ A_wH$ ZmdmMm Z_H$ma H$naV Amh{ Ag{ hUyZ Z_H$ma
H$amdm.
2 122
90 ]
_Zw_oV
Am{iI [Q>U{ AmoU Z_Vm `$ hm{U{ `m >rZ{ hm oZ`_ C[`w$ Amh{. `mcm Z_H$ma
H$aVm{ `mcmM _cm Am{iIc{ H$m ? Ag{ odMm$ Z`{. "Z[Om`m`' `{W{oh `mZr `mdm.
Zm_Y{`` `{ H{$oMXo^dmX Z OmZV{$&

Vmmkm{@ho_oV ]`y mV o`: gdmVWd M $&&123&&
`mZm gH$VM{ kmZ Zmhr `mZm dm o`mZm Z_H$ma H$naVmZm dV:M{ Zm_ Z
CmaVm H{$di "Z_H$ma H$aVm{ ' EdT>{ hUU{oh [wa{g{ Amh{.
JwHw$cmV oejU K{V AgVmZm od`m`mZ{ Zm_, Hw$c, Jm{, emIm B`moX gdmMm
Cma H$$Z Z_H$ma H$amdm cmJV Ag{. hUyZ AZo^kmH$naVm AmoU o`mgmR>r `mMm d{i
dmMod`mH$naVm `{W{ gwQ>gwQ>rV[UmMm Adc] H{$cm Amh{.
^m{: eX H$sV`X{ V{ d` ZmZm{@o^dmXZ{ $&

ZmZm d$[^mdm{ oh ^m{^md F$ofo^: _V:$&&124&&
Z_H$ma H$aVmZm dV:M{ Zmd Cm$Z Pm`mZVa ^m{: eXmMm Cma H$amdm. V{
`mcm Z_H$ma H$aVm{ `mcm Cm$Z H{$c{c{ g]m{YZ Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{, h{ F$ftZr gmoJVc{ Amh{.
Am`w_mZ ^d gm`{oV dm`m{ odm{@o^dmXZ{ $&

AH$mam` ZmZm{@V{ dm`: [ydmja: cwV:$&&125&&
Z_H$ma H$aUmamcm (Om{ Z_H$ma K{Vm{ `mZ{ ) h{ gm` !Vy Am`w_mZ hm{ Agm AmerdmX
mdm. Z_H$ma H$aUmam`m ZmdmVc{ e{dQ>M{ Aja cwV Cmamd{.
hd da EH$ _m{Mm, XrKda Xm{Z _m{Mm AmoU cwV da VrZ _m{Mm AgVm{. `m
VrZ _mm, e{dQ>`m AjamMm Cma (eXm{ma) H$mhrgm cm]dyZ `$ H$amd`mMm AgVm{.
`m{ Z d{ò^dmX` od: ò^dmXZ_$&

Zmo^dm: g odXwfm `Wm eyVWd g:$&&126&&
Ao^dmXZmcm ò^dmXZ H$g{ H$amd{ h{ Om{ OmUV Zmhr, Vm{ Z_H$mamg `m{` Zmhr.
`mcm ey g_Omd{.
]mU Hw$ec [N>{ j]Yw_Zm_`_$&

d` j{_ g_mJ` ey_mam{`_{d M $&&127&&
]mU ^{Q>cm AgVm Hw$ec Amh{ Zm Ag{ odMmamd{. jo`mcm AZm_` Amh{ Zm Ag{
odMmamd{. d` ^{Q>cm AgVm j{_ odMmamd{. eymcm Amam{` odMmamd{.
EH$e{ gpdgm`m cm{H$mV Amc{cm ey eX H{$di oZf{Ym_H$ Amh{. _{YmoVWrZ{
_Zw_oV
[ 91 ]
2 132
oVW{M doS>cYm`m AgUm`m eymZmoh Ao^dmd AmoU [ydmo^^m`d Amh{ Ag{ ^m` AmdOyZ
H{$c{ Amh{. `md$Z doS>cYm`m eymcmoh Z_H$ma H$amdm AmoU `m`mer Am[Uhm{D$Z AmYr
]m{cmd{ hm oe>mMma `$ hm{Vm{. [a[a ^{Q>rM{ d{ir Am[U hm{D$Z AmYr ]m{cVmZm dUmMm odMma
H$$Z eX H$m{UV{ dm[amd{V V{ `m EH$e{gmmodgm`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{ Amh{. dVwV Hw$ec AmoU
j{_ AZm_` AmoU Amam{` h{ eX g_mZmWH$M Amh{V. [U dUode{f `$ hm{`mgmR>r V{ Vg{M
dm[amd{. Am[m[c{ dUode{f gdXm cjmV `md{ AmoU `m>rZ{ AgUm`m dY_mMaUmV H$Yroh
MyH$ hm{D$ X{D$ Z`{. hUyZ Ag{ oZ`_ KmVc{c{ Amh{V.
Adm`m{ XrojVm{ ZmZm `dr`mZo[ `m{ ^d{V$ &

^m{^d[ydH $ d{Z_o^^mf{V Y_odV$&&128&&
`mZ{ `kXrjm K{Vcr Amh{ `mcm, Vm{ d`mZ{ chmZ Agcm Var, `mM{ Zmd K{D$Z
g]m{Yy Z`{. ^m{:, ^dmZ Ag{ hUyZ `m`mer Y_ OmUUm`m [wfmZr ]m{cmd{.
[a[Zr Vw `m r `mXg]m M `m{oZV:$&

Vm ]`y mV ^dVr`{d gw^J{ ôJZroV M $&&129&&
Or Am[`m Zm`mMr Zmhr Aem Xwg`m rer ]m{cVmZm ^dVr, gw^J{, ôJZr(VmB
A$m) Ag{ g]m{YyZ ]m{cmd{.
o`mer ]m{cVmZm gmO`mZ{ g`V{Z{ dmJdmd{ Ag{ _ZyZ{ AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
rH$S>{ VwN>V{`m >rZ{ [mohc{ OmV{ hm Amam{[ `m{` Zmhr.
_mVwcm o[V`m ewamZpdOm{ Jw$Z$&

Agmdho_oV ]`y m`wWm` `dr`g:$&&130&&
_m_m H$mH$m gmgam F$pdO AmoU doS>cYmar _mUg{ (kmZd V[m{d) hr gdd`mZ{
chmZ Agcr Var `mZm ""_r A_wH$ Z_H$ma H$aVm{ Amh{.'' Ag{ hUyZ CRy>Z Ao^dmXZ H$amd{.
_mVdgm _mVwcmZr lyaW o[Vdgm $&

g[y `m Jw[Zrdg_mVm Jw^m``m$&&131&&
_mder, _m_r, gmgy, Am`m, `m gd Jw$`m [Zr_mU{ [yOZr` Amh{V `mZm VgmM
_mZ mdm.
^mV^m`m}[gL>Jm m gdUm@h`hò[$&
odm{` Vy[gL>Jm m kmoVg]pY`m{ofV:$&&132$&&
doS>c ^mdmMr [Zr Am[`m dUmVrc Ag{c Va oVcm oVoXZr Z_H$ma H$amdm.
dOmVrVrc BVa doS>c o`mZm `m JmdmhZ ([mh`m hUyZ) Am`m hUO{ Z_H$ma H$amdm.
2 133
92 ]
_Zw_oV
o[Vwô J`m _mVw `m``m M dgò[$&

_mVdXdo m_moV>{ _mVm Vm`m{ Jar`gr$&&133&&
Am`m, _mder, doS>c ]ohU `mZm AmB_mU{ _mZ mdm. `m gdmhZ AmB hr
AWmVM l{> Amh{.
XemXm` [mag` [mmXm` H$cm^Vm_$&

`X[yd lm{o`mUm d[{Zmo[ d`m{oZfw$&&134&&
EH$mM JmdmV amhUm`m Xm{Km_`{ Xhm dfmM{ AVa Agc{ Var `mZr [a[amZm
g_mZ ^yo_H{$Z{ g`^mdmZ{ _mZmd{. (o_ g_Omd{ ode{f _mZ X{`mMr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr.)H$cmdVmZr
d`mVrc [mM dfm`m AVamMm odMma H$$Z g` g_Omd{. doXH$mZr d`mM{ [a[a AVa VrZ dfmM{
AgVmZm g` g_Omd{. AmoU Odi`m Zm`mVrc `$sZr EH$ dfmhZ H$_r AVa Ag{c Va
[a[a g` g_Omd{.
gmoJVc{`m d`mVrc AVam[{jm AoYH$ AVa Ag{c Va O{> AmoU H$oZ> Agm
`dhma H$aU{ `m{` Amh{.
]mU Xedf Vw eVdf Vw ^yo_[_$&

o[Vm[wm odOmZr`mX ]mUVw V`m{: o[Vm$&&135&&
Xhm dfmMm ]mU AmoU e>â dfmMm jo` Agcm Var `mZm o[Vm[w OmUmd{
(AWmV) `m`mVrc ]mU hm o[Vm hm{`.
dUmMm _mZ amI`mgmR>r h{ Ag{ H$aU{ C[`m{Jr Amh{ _mJ`m o[T>r[`V hr Wm $T>
hm{Vr. hm oZ`_ H{$di OmoVode{fmH$naVm Amh{. [wT>`m Xm{Z cm{H$md$Z h{ cjmV `{D$ eH$V{.
odm ]Ywd` : H$_ odm ^doV [m_r$&

EVmoZ _mZWmZmoZ Jar`m{ `Xwma_$&&136&&
g[om, ZmV{g]Y, d`, AmMaU AmoU kmZ (odm) `m [mM Jm{r> _mZ X{`mg `m{`
Amh{V. `m`mVrc l{>Vm Cmam{ma dmT>V OmV{.
g[om[{jm ZmV{g] Y , ZmV{g] Y m[{jm d`, d`m[{jm H$_, H$_m[j
{ m odm, AoYH$moYH$
l{> AmoU hUyZM g_mZ H$a`m`m>rZ{ AoYH$moYH$ `m{` Amh{V. _ZyM{ h{ gmJU{ \$ma _hdmM{
Amh{ V{ ZrQ> cjmV R>{dc{ Va C{oIc{`m dUOmoVodf`H$ oZ`_m_wi{ oZ_mU H{$cm J{c{cm odIma
Zmhrgm hm{D$ eH$Vm{.
_Zw_oV
[ 93 ]
2 139
[mmZm ofw dU}fw ^y`mog JwUdpV M$&

` `w: gm{@ _mZmh: eym{@o[ Xe_t JV:$&&137&&
doUH$m[H$s `m [mM JwUmVrc AoYH$ JwU `mM{ Odi AgVrc Vm{ BVamH$Sy>Z _mZ
X{`mg `m{` g_Omdm. ZdXdfmhZ AoYH$ d`mMm eyoh g_mZZr` g_Omdm.
odm AmoU ZmV{g]Y `mZr Om{ `w$ Ag{c Vm{ d` AoYH$ Agc{`mcmoh _mZZr`
Agmdm. Ag{M BVaoh JwUm`m gX^mV g_Omd{ hUO{M Xm{Z JwU Agc{cm EH$ JwUAgc{`mcm
dna>, VrZ JwU Agc{cm Xm{Z$ JwUAgc{`m[{jm dna>, Mma JwU Agc{cm VrZ$ JwU Agc{`m[{jm
dna>, [mMoh JwU Agc{cm Mma$ JwUAgc{`m[{jm dna> ,ZdXr`m [wT>Mm ey Ag{c Va Vm{ `mM{
g]YmV `m JwUmMm odMma Z H$aVmoh _mZ X{`mg `m{` g_Omdm.
`m cm{H$mVrc AWm_wi{ 135 `m cm{H$mVrc AWmcm ]mY `{`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
H$maU V{W{ d`moY`mMm odMma ZgyZ 118 `m cm{H$mV gmoJV`m_mU{ odMma H$amdm.
MoH$Um{ Xe_rW` am{oJUm{ ^mnaU: o`m:$&

ZmVH$` M amk [Wm X{`m{ da` M $&&138&&
MmH{$ Agc{`m dmhZmdZ OmUmam, hmVmar ò$, am{Jr, Am{P{ K{D$Z MmcUmam,
r, odm`mg [yU Pmc{cm amOm, AmoU l{> ò$, `mZm AmYr _mJ mdm.
a`mZ{ OmV AgVmZm dmQ> Oa AX Ag{c Va ode{f{H$Z hm oZ_mU hm{Vm{. BW{
EH$H$ma{ dmhVwH$sMm oZ`_M gmoJVcm Amh{. r`m gX^mV BVa H$m{UVmoh odMma Z H$aVm H{$di
r hUyZM oVcm dmQ> mdr Ag{ _{YmoVWrZ{ [Q> H{$c{ Amh{ V{ _hdmM{ Amh{. amOm eXmZ{oh `{W{
[wH$i d{im AgVm{ Vgm jo` dUmMm [wf Ao^{V Zmhr. Vm{ `m `m od^mJmMm H$m{Ur odoe>[Xmdarc
AoYH$mar Agcm [mohO{. MT> MT>Um`m dmhZmcm AmYr dmQ> mdr. hm oZ`_ oh_mc`mV Var $T>
Amh{.
g_m{amg_m{a Xm{K{ Amc{ H$s gm_m`V: Am[cr gm{` ]KyZ dmQ> X{VmVM. V{W{oh hm
odMma cjmV R>{dmdmM [U _mJyZ `{D$Z [wT>{ OmUm`m`m Xr>Z{ hr Jm{> dmQ>MmcrV ode{f{H$$Z
`mZmV R>{dmdr.
V{fm Vw g_d{VmZm _m`m ZmVH$[moWdm$&

amOZmVH$`m{d ZmVH$m{ Z[_mZ^mH$$&&139&&
h{ gd EH$ Amc{ Va `mV`m `mV odmZ AmoU amOm `mZm mWo_H$Vm mdr. amOm
AmoU ZmVH$ EH$ `{Vrc Va amOmZ{ ZmVH$mMm _mZ R>{dmdm.
2 139
94 ]
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gd _VrJWmV AmoU ode{f{H$Z `{W{ _Zw_VrV> g_mOdm`m`mr>Z{ A`V

ohVH$maH$ Agc{cr dU`dWm odMmamV K{D$Z AJXr ]marH$gmarH$ dmJUwH$sM{ oZ`_oh AmdOyZ
gmnJVc{c{ Amh{V. dUode{fm_mU{ Zmd{ H$er R>{dmdr? XS> H$m{UVm `mdm? H$m{Ur H$m{Umcm _mZ
mdm ? _mder H$mH$m B`moX ZmV{g]YmV H$g{ dmJmd{]m{cmd{ ? Z_H$ma H$a`mMr [oV H$er
Agmdr? `mg]Y r gmoJVc{c{ oZ`_ dV:cm [wam{Jm_r, odMmadV hUodUm`mZm hm`m[X dmQ>VmV.
`mZm `mM{ _hd dmQ>V Zmhr. CcQ> Ag{ oZ`_ AgU{ H$Q>H$Q>rM{ AmoU _mZogH$ Hw$M]Um H$aUma{
Amh{V Ag{ oV[mXZ V{ H$aVmV. odd{H$s `$sZ{ d{i{da KmVc{cm EH$ Q>mH$m [wT>{ hmVâ oed`mM{
H$> dmModVm{ qH$dm [ [ Mr XjVm K{Vcr VaM [`m gmWH$s cmJVm{. `m cm{H$m{$s_mJrc ^yo_H$m
cjmV R>{dcr [mohO{. KgaU Wm{S>r Oar dmT>cr Var Vr dmT>VM OmV{. BVH{$M Zh{ Va oVcm d{Joh
`{Vm{. h{ H$Yr odg Z`{. `m Jm{o> BV`m gm`m Amh{V H$s `mM{ oejU X{VmZm g_OmdyZ gmJ`mgmR>r
\$ma H$> `md{ cmJV ZmhrV. EH$Xm{ZXm gmoJVc{ Var [waV{. d`m_wi{ dm BVa H$maUmZr AkmZ Ag{c
Va Xm{Z oVZXm gyMZm X{D$Zoh ^mJV{. _Zw`mcm dV:cm odohV Agc{`m AmMmaodMmam`m emew
j{mV ghO[U{ oQ>H$dyZ R>d{ m`M{ Va EdT>m_wio{ h Am[`mcm _mZ o_iVm{ Ag{ dmQ>U{ gdgm_m`m`m
r>Z{ A`V _hdmM{ AgV{. `{H$ _Zw` H$mhr [yU[ U{ g[wf ZgVm{, gV ZgVm{. V{hm _mZm[_mZm`m
[crH$S>{ OmD$Z `m{` V{ dmJU{ gdmZmM e` ZgV{ hUyZ [a[ag]YmV Hw$Ur H$m{Umcm H$gm _mZ
mdm `mMm odMma `{H$mZ{ H{$cm [mohO{. g_mOdm`m`m, gmdoH$ XrKH$mcrZ dm`m`m
>rZ{ V{ C[`w$ AgV{. `m_wi{ dm^modH$[U{ AhH$mamM{ oZÙ dmJ`m]m{c`mVcm C_Q>[Um
CUmdVm{. odmWuXe{VM h{ diU cmJc{ H$s [wT>rc OrdZ _J ghO[U{ odZèrc hm{D$ eH$V{.
C[Zr` Vw `: oe` d{X_`m[`{Xo O:$&

gH$[ gah` M V_mMm` MjV{$&&140&&
oe`mM{ _mOr]YZ H$$Z Om{ ]mU `mcm H$[ AmoU ah`mgh d{X oeH$odc
`mcm AmMm` hUmd{.
gm_m` oejH$, A`m[H$ Aem AWmZ{ Z dm[aVm AmMm` eX `{W{ odoe> AWmZ{
dm[acm Amh{. gH$[ hU`mV d{XmMr gd ghmhr AJ{ `{W{ Ao^{V Amh{V. H$[ eXmZ{ d{XmMm
`kmoX H$_H$mS>m_H$ ^mJoh JhrV Yamdm. Vg{M gah` eXmZ{ A`m_ kmZ H$$Z X{Umam Om{
C[oZfX^mJ Vm{ `{W{ JhrV Yamdm. Vg{M gd _m`m AWmM{ kmZ H$$Z X{U{ h{oh `{W{ Ao^V Amh{.
EH$X{e Vw d{X` d{Xmmò[ dm [wZ:$&

`m{@`m[òV d`W_[w m`m`: g C`V{$&&141&&
_Zw_oV
[ 95 ]
2 145
Om{ d{XmMm H$m{UVm Var EH$ ^mJ dm d{Xmm[H$s EH$ dm AZ{H$ dm gd AJ{ `mM{
A`m[Z C[OrodH{$`mr>Z{ H$aVm{ `mcm C[m`m` hUmd{.
oejm, H$[, `mH$aU, oZ$, N>X, `m{oVf hr d{XmMr ghm AJ{ Amh{V.
d{XmMm ^mJ hUO{ EImXr emIm dm odoe> C{em[waVr `m{O`mMr H$mhr gy{$. h{
A`m[Z oejH$m`m C[OrodH{$M{ gmYZ AgV{. H$XmoMV `dhmam{[`m{Jr `mokH$ oZ_mU H$aU{ hmoh
`m A`m[ZmMm h{Vy Agy eH$Vm{ hUyZ d`W eX odmWu oZ oejH$ Xm{KmgmR>r dm[aVm `{Bc.
oZf{H$mXroZ H$_moU `: H$am{oV `WmodoY$&

g^mdòV Mm{Z g odm{ Jw`V{ $&142&&
J^mYmZmoX H _} Om{ emm_mU{ H$aVm{, A X{D$Z dmT>odVm{ `m ]mUmcm Jw
hUmd{.
`{W{ H{$di OZH$ o[VmM Ao^{V Amh{. A X{D$Z dmT>odVm{ h{ eX ZgV{ Va `dhmamV
`mcm C[m`m`, [wam{ohV hUVmV Om{ gd gH$mamM{ d{ir Vr Vr H$_} _`w$[U{ `Wmem MmcodVm{
Vm{ ( JwOro^jwH$) JhrV YaVm Amcm AgVm.
A`mY{` [mH$`kmZo>m_{ moXH$m_ImZ$&

`: H$am{oV dVm{ `` g V`pdoJhm{`V{$&&143&&
A`mY{` , [mH$`k, Ao>m{_ B`moX `mJ ( `WmgmJ) [ma [mS>`mgmR>r Ò_mZ
`mM{ daU H$aVm{ Vm{ `m Ò_mZmMm F$pdH$ hm{`.
A`mY{` = AmhdZr`moXH$ Ao oZ_mU H$a`mMr aroV. [mH$`k = Xe[U
y _ mgmoX,
Ao>m{_moX gm{_`mJmgmaI{ `k.daU H$aU{ drH$maU{,Z{_U{.
` AmdUm{òdVW ]Um ldUmdw^m$&

g _mVm g o[Vm k{`V Z w{ H$XmMZ$&&144&&
Om{ dUdamoX emewarVrZ{ d{X E{H$odVm{ Vm{ AmB]m[ Amh{.Ag{ OmUmd{. `mcm
XwIdy Z`{.
Am[`m g_mOmV doXH$mMm ode{f _mZ AgVm{ Vm{ `m_wi{M.
C[m`m`mXemMm` AmMm`mUm eV o[Vm$&

gh Vw o[V_mVm Jmad{UmoVna`V{$&&145&&
Xhm C[m`m`m[{jm AmMm`, eâ AmMm`mhZ o[Vm AmoU o[`m[{jm gh[Q> _mVm
Jmadmh Amh{.
2 146
96 ]
_Zw_oV
C[mXH$ ]Xmm{Ja r`mZ ]X: o[Vm$&

]O_ oh od` {` M{h M emV_$&&146&&
O_ X{Umam AmoU d{XmM{ kmZ X{Umam Xm{K{ o[VmM Var `m`mV d{XkmZ X{Umam l{>.
H$maU d{XkmZm_wi{ cmÛmam ( gH$ma$[) O_ hmM `m cm{H$s oZ [acm{H$s emV (cm^ X{Umam)
AgVm{.
H$m_m_mVm o[Vm MZ `Xw[mX`Vm{ o_W:$&

g^yoV V` Vm odmm{ZmdoÔm`V{$&&147&&
H$m_mZ{ {naV hm{D$Z AmB]m[ _yc oZ_mU H$aVmV. _wcmMm Vm{ X{h J^mV amhZ ]mh{a
`{Vm{ Vm{ `mMm cmoH$H$ O_ AgVm{.
H{$di O_mZ{ Ia{ _Zw`[U `{V Zmhr. _Zw`mgmR>r (_Zw`[UmgmR>r)gH$mamMr
Amd`H$Vm AgV{.
AmMm`d` `m OmqV odoYd{X[maJ:$&

C[mXòV gmod`m gm g`m gm@Oam@_am$&&148&&
d{X[maJV AmMm` Jm`rMm C[X{e H$$Z (oe`mcm) Om{ O_ X{Vm{ Vm{M `mMm Iam
O_. H$maU hm O_M AOa A_a AgVm{.
AmMm`mMr, Jw$Mr Wm{adr `m cm{H$mVyZ JQ> H{$cr Amh{. X{hmZ{ O_mcm `{U{ H$g{
gm_m` Amh{, `mcm Ia{ _hd Zmhr, h{ _mJ`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{ J{c{ Amh{. Vgm O_ Va [ew[`mMm,
H$o_H$sQ>H$mMmoh hm{V AgVm{. _mUgmM{M _mUyg[U Vm{ kmZodkmZmZ{ g[ hm{`mV AgV{. _mUyg[U
`mcm odm oeH$odUmamH$Sy>Z o_iV{. _mUyg[Um AgU{ h{M I`m AWmZ{ O_ K{U{ Amh{. `m_wi{M
`mcm AOad, X{dd m hm{V{. `m ]imda gmYZm H$arV J{cm Va A_a hm{Vm{ hUO{ _`y`m
[memVyZ gwQ>Vm{, _w$ hm{Vm{. AOa eXmZ{ JrV{Vrc Xdr g[mrMm [wf gmoJVcm Amh{ Va A_a
eXmZ{ ]kmZr gwModcm Amh{. h{ gd C[Z`ZmZVa Ama^V{ hUyZ C[Z`Z, Xrjm, AZwJh, _JhU
hm Xwgam O_. hm Jw$_wi{ cm^Vm{ hUyZ Jw$M{ _hd. `{W{ V{ d{Xm``Zm`m $[mZ{ C{oIc{ Amh{. V{
C[cjU g_Omd{ hUO{ gdmgmR>r `mVrc Ame` gd C[`m{Jr R>a{c.
A[ dm ]h dm `` lwV`m{[H$am{oV `:$&
V_[rh Jw odmN>Vm{[oH$``m V`m$&&149&&
Om{ H$m{Ur Wm{S>{ dm [wH$i kmZ X{Bc Vm{oh `m kmZ X{`m_wi{ C[H$ma H$aVm{ hUyZ Vm{
JwM OmUmdm. H$maU kmZ X{U{ hmM _wir C[H$ma Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 97 ]
2 153
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{Wrc lwV eXmMm AW d{Xod{[waVm _`moXV Z K{Vm d{XmJ{, BVa

VH$g`moXem{, AZ{H$ H$cmM{ oejU h{ gdM `{W{ JhrV Yac{ Amh{. V{ _hdmM{ Amh{. `m_wi{
oejU H{$di A`m_mM{ dm Ymo_H$ H$_H$mS>mM{ ZhV{ Va Bhcm{H$mV A`wX`mgmR>r C[`m{Jr [S>Um`m
odmH$cmMmoh `mV g_md{e hm{Vm h{ [> hm{V{.
]m` O_Z: H$Vm dY_` M emogVm$&

]mcm{@o[ odm{ d` o[Vm ^doV Y_V:$&&150&&
d{XmM{ kmZ X{Umam dm dY_mM{ d$[ oeH$odUmam kmVm hm d`mZ{ chmZ Agcm Var
d`mZ{ dS>rc AgUm`m odm`mcm o[`m_mU{ Amh{ Ag{ Y_em gmJV{.
d{XkmZmgd{M dY_mMm C{I Amcm Amh{, Vm{ \$ma _hdmMm Amh{. H$maU dY_ hm
dU Aml_ [wfmW AmoU gmYZm_mJ `m`m AmYma{ R>aVm{. `md$Z kmZodf`mMm odVma, `mMr
`m[H$Vm cjmV `{D$ eH$V{.
A`m[`m_mg o[VZ oeewamoag: H$od:$&

[wH$m BoV hm{dmM kmZ{Z [naJ VmZ$&&151&&
AoJagmMm [w _m{R>m OmUH$ma hm{Vm. odmZ (H$od) hm{Vm. Vm{ d`mZ{ `m`m[{jm
[wH$i dS>rc, o[`m`m g_mZ AgUm`m odm JhU H$aUm`mZm oeH$odVmZm "]mimZm{!' (ZrQ>
cj m) Ag{ g]m{YyZ oeH$dy cmJcm.
V{ V_W_[N>V X{dmZmJV_`d:$&
X{dmVmZ g_{`m{Mw `m` d: oeew$dmZ$&&152&&
"]mimZm{' h{ g]m{YZ E{Hy$Z Vr d`H$ _S>ir amJmdcr. h{ `m{` Amh{ H$m Ag{ `mZr
X{dmH$S>{ OmD$Z odMmac{ V{hm `m gdmZr "`m _wcmZ{ Vwhmg O{ g]m{oYc{ Vg{M `m{` Amh{, emm{oMV
Amh{', Ag{ Cma oXc{.
Akm{ ^doV d ]mc: o[Vm ^doV _X:$&

Ak oh ]mc B`mh: o[V{`{d Vw _X_$&&153&&
`mcm kmZ Zmhr Vm{M ]mc, Om{ odm X{Vm{ Vm{M o[Vm. AkmcmM "]mi' hQ>c{ OmV{.
Om{ kmZ X{Vm{, _ X{Vm{ Vm{M o[Vm (o[`m`m `m{`V{Mm).
Ag{ X{d `m amJmdyZ Amc{`mZm gmJV Amh{V. [wT>rc cm{H$mVyZ V{M AoYH$ [>
H{$c{ Amh{.
2 154
98 ]
_Zw_oV
Z hm`ZZ [ocVZ odm{Z Z ]Ywo^:$&

F$fòH$a{ Y_ `m{@ZyMmZ: g Zm{ _hmZ$&&154&&
F$ftZr Y_ hUyZ Ag{M gmoJVc{ Amh{, H$s Om{ oeH$odVm{ Vm{ _m{R>m. d`mda (oH$Vr
dfmMm `mda) H{$g o[H$`mda YZd^dmda dm Zm`mda _m{R>{[Um Adc]yZ ZgVm{.
_m{R>m H$m{U, _mZ X{`mg `m{` H$m{U V{ `{W{ _mo_H$[U{ [> Pmc{ Amh{. [y`, gH$ma`m{`
H$m{Umg _mZmd{ h{ gm_moOH$Q>m C[`w$ R>aodUmam oZ`_ `{W{ gmoJVcm Amh{. hm oZ`_ KmcyZ X{Uma{
F$of Amh{V. kmV{, gIm{c odMma H$aUma{, `m[H$[U{ [mh eH$Uma{, Ag{ Amh{V. hUyZ hm oZ`_
_hdmMm Amh{. H$`mUH$maH$ Amh{. `{W{ dU dm OmVrMm odMma H{$c{cm Zmhr.
odmUm kmZVm{ `R> jo`mUm Vw dr`V:$&

d`mZm Ym`YZV: eymUm_{d O_V:$&&155&&
]mUm_`{ `{>Vm kmZmZ{ R>aV{. jo`mV Vr [amH$_mZ{, d`dJmV YZg[mrZ{ AmoU
eydUmV d`mZ{ R>aV{.
Z V{Z dm{ ^doV `{Zm` [ocV oea:$&

`m{ d `wdm@`Yr`mZV X{dm Woda odXw:$&&156&&
S>m{`mdaM{ H{$g [mT>a{ Pmc{ hUO{ H$m{Ur d hm{V Zmhr. d`mZ{ AJXr VU Amh{ [U
kmZr Amh{. MmJcm A`m[H$ Amh{, `mcmM X{d d g_OVmV.
[ydu Am[`mH$S>{ EImmcm AS>mUr, _yI hUmd`mM{ Agc{ H$s "Z dm:
g{odVmd`m', Vy dmMr g{dm H{$cr Zmhrg Ag{ hU`mMr [oV hm{Vr. d`mZ{ hmVmam AgUmam
`{W{ Ao^{V Zmhr. AZw^dr, kmZd, V[m{d `{W{ Ao^{V Amh{.
`Wm H$m>_`m{ hVr `Wm M__`m{ _J:$&

` odm{@ZYr`mZ`V{ Zm_ o]ôV$&&157&&
Ogm cmH$S>mMm hmr dm H$mVS>mMm H{$c{cm [ey VgmM Om{ AoeojV Amh{.Vm{ H{$di
ZmdmMm ]mU .
I{i`mV dm Jmar[wT>{ _mS>`mV cmH$S>mM{, qM`mM{, H$mVS>mM{, H$mJXmM{ [ew[jr
AgVmV. `mZm Jm`, ]c, hmr, hnaU, [m{[Q>, _m{a hUmd`mM{ V{ H{$di Zmdm[waV{. I{imVcr Jm`
XyY X{V Zmhr. ]c e{V ZmJa`m`m H$m_r `{V Zmhr. hmr aUmJUmda C[`m{Jr [S>V Zmhr, dm [m{[Q>
]m{cV Zmhr. VrM VVm{VV Xem, H$mhr kmZ Zmhr, oejU Zmhr Aem ]mUmMr g_Omdr. ]mUmg
_mZ mdm, `mcm [wH$i AoYH$ma, gm{`r gdS>r AgVmV Aer dMZ{ _oVJWmVyZ AZ{H$d{im `{VmV
_Zw_oV
[ 99 ]
2 160
h{ Ia{, [U _mZhr H$m{Umg mdm V{oh AZ{H$Xm [> H{$c{ Amh{. V{W{ H{$di OmoV]mU oddojV ZgVm{
h{ cjmV R>{dc{ [mohO{. [wT>rc cm{H$mV V{ CKS> Xeodc{ Amh{.
`Wm fT>m@{ \$c: rfw `Wm JmJo d Mm\$cm$&

`Wm Mmk{@\$c XmZ VWm odm{@ZMm{@\$c:$&&158&&
`m_mU{ r`m g]YmV Z[wgH$ `W. Jm`rOdi Jm` Oer (Jm^m Om`m`m
>rZ{) dmPm{Q>r, Akm`mcm oXc{c{ XmZ Og{ oZ\$i, `mM_mU{ A``Z Z H{$c{cm ]mU oZ[`m{Jr
g_Omdm.
XmZ K{`mMm AoYH$ma ]mUmcm Amh{, h{ Ia{ [U V{W{oh [mA[m hm odMma
H{$cmM [mohO{. H{$di ]mUO_mM{ _hd Zmhr hr Jm{> _ZyZ{ dmadma gmoJVcr Amh{.
Aqhg`d ^yVmZm H$m` l{`m{@ZwemgZ_$&

dmH$ Md _Ywam cUm `m{`m Y_o_N>Vm$&&159&&
Y_mZ{ dmJy BpN>Um`m Jw$Z{ ^yVmcm, moU_mmcm (oe`[wmXtZm) `m`m
H$`mUmgmR>r O{ oeH$dmd`mM{ V{ VmS>Z Z H$aVm oeH$dmd{. oeH$odVmZm (oejH$mMr) dmUr _Ywa
Agmdr, IaIarV Zgmdr.
oejH$mM{ dVZ, ^mfU h{ H$m{U`moharVrZ{ H$R>m{a Agy Z`{, gm` H$m{_c Agmd{.
A[e dm[aU{ dm N>S>rMm C[`m{J H$aU{ h{ gd Q>miU{ Cm_. VmS>ZmMmoh C[`m{J H$amdm cmJVm{,
H$R>m{aoh ]m{cmd{ cmJV{. [U Agm gJ A[dmXm_H$M g_Ocm [mohO{.
"cmcZ{ ]hdm{ Xm{fm: VmS>Z{ ]hdm{ JwUm:$& V_mV [w M oe` M VmS>`{V Z Vw
cmc`{V$ &&' Ag{oh EH$ gw^mofV Amh{. V{ odmoW \$maM AS>_Rw >m, AhH$mar, h{H$Q> Ag{c V{dT>m[waV{M
_`moXV g_Omd{. Vm{ gm_m` oZ`_ Zmhr. Jw$ \$maM _dmi Ag{c Va odmWu `mMr a{dS>r CS>odVm{,
`m`m gmJ`mMr C[{jm H$aVm{ Ag{oh [wH$id{im AmT>iV{. [U da gmoJVc{cm oZ`_ gdgm_m`
Amh{. Vm{ VgmM AgU{ B>. A[dmXmZ{ oZ`_M og hm{Vm{ hUVmV V{ `{W{oh JhrV Yamd{.
`` dmL>_Zgr ew{ g`Jw{ M gdXm$&

g d gd_dmZm{oV d{XmVm{[JV \$c_$&&160&&
`mM{ dmUr AmoU _Z ew hUO{ jm{âohV AgVmV, Vr Xm{hr MmJ`marVrZ{ oZòV
AgVmV, `mcm d{XmZ{,d{XmVmZ{ gmoJVc{c{ \$i g[yU[U{ m hm{V{.
jm{^ C[M Z hm{U{ MmJc{. [U $oMV [napWVr \$maM oVHy$c Agcr Va jwY
hm{U{ dm^modH$ hm{V{. [U Aem d{iroh dmUr AmoU _Z `mda `m{` V{ oZÙ R>{dmd{M cmJV{. oZ_mU
2 160
100 ]
_Zw_oV
Pmc{cm jm{^ JQ> hm{D$ X{VmZm \$ma gmdY[Um ]miJmdm cmJVm{. `mgmR>r dmUr_ZmM{ oZÙ
A`V Amd`H$ AgV{. ]m{c`mcm H$Yroh \$Q>H$i[UmM{, cmJQ>[UmM{ d$[ `{D$ Z`{.
ZmVwX: `mXmVm}@o[ Z [am{hH$_Yr:$&

``m@`m{oOV{ dmMm Zmcm{`m Vm_wXra`{V$ &&161&&
XwImdcm J{cm Agcm Var __^{XH$ ^mfU H$$ Z`{. Xwg`modf`rMm {f H$VrV
CVaod`mMr ]wo ]miJy Z`{. oO`m_wi{ H$m{Ur XwImdcm OmVm{, Co hm{Vm{ Aer ^mfm Acm{`m
gXJVrg Z Z{Umar AgV{. hUyZ Ver dmUr Cm$ Z`{.
g_mZmX]m Um{ oZ`_woO{V odfmoXd$&

A_V`{d MmH$m{Xd_mZ` gdXm$&&162&&
]mUmZ{, OmU`mZ{, odmZmZ{ g_mZmcm Z{h_rM odfm_mU{ g_OyZ `mMm H$Q>mim
H$amdm. Adh{cZm gdXm A_Vm_mU{ _mZyZ Vr hmdr Ag{ A[{jmd{.
[ydu JwJhr amhUm`m odm`mcm Am[cr C[OrodH$m o^jm _mJyZ H$amdr cmJV
Ag{. "< ^doV o^jm X{oh' hUV Xmam{Xmar qhS>md{ cmJ{. Hw$R>{ $oMV oVaH$ma, Adh{cZm `m`m
dmQ>mg `{B. V{hm `mZ{ emV[Um gm{Sy> Z`{ `mgmR>r hm AmXe gmoJVcm Amh{. oZXmZ Aemd{ir `mZ{
amJamJ H$$Z o^j{MmM H$Q>mim H$$Z C[mer amh Z`{. EdT>{ Var gm^mimd{M AWmV hm oZ`_
o^j{[waVmM _`moXV Amh{, Ag{ g_Oy Z`{. ]mUmZ{ g_mZmMr A[{jm H$YrM R>{dy Z`{. _m A[_mZ
H$$Z XmZ Hw$Ur X{V Ag{c, `md{ir VwN>Vm XedrV Ag{c Va ]mUmZ{ dmo^_mZmZ{ V{ ZmH$mamd{.
[U Z gVm[Vm, mJm Z H$aVm emV[U{ V{WZy oZKyZ Omd{. A[eXmMm Cma _wirM H$$ Z`{. ]mUmcm
BVa gdmZr gdXm _mZ mdm Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. [U ]mUmZ{ Ad_mZ, qZXm Pmcr Var V{dT>mZ{
jwY hm{D$ Z`{ Agm AmX{e Amh{. qhXyY_emmZ{ g_Vm{c amI`mMm `Z gd H{$cm Amh{.
gwI d_V: e{V{ gwI M oV]wV{$&

gwI MaoV cm{H${ @p_d_Vm odZòV$&&163&&
A[_mZ Pmcm AgVmZmoh Om{ I{X _mZrV Zmhr, odfU hm{V Zmhr. Vm{ gwImZ{ Pm{[Vm{,
gwImZ{ g[U{ OmJm hm{Vm{. AmoU cm{H$m_`{oh gwImZ{, emV[U{, g_mYmZmZ{ dmJVm{. Om{ A[_mZ
H$aVm{ `mMm _m Zme hm{Vm{.
EImmMm A[_mZ H$aU{ h{ XwH$` Amh{ AWmV [mVH$ Amh{. `mM{ odZmemoX [naUm_
^m{Jmd{ cmJUmaM. H$_od[mH$mMm hm dm^modH$ [naUm_ Amh{. `mZ{ A[_mZ H{$cm Va _r J[ H$m
]gy Ag{ dmQ>U{ dm^modH$ Amh{.[U V{ gwgH$V[UmM{ cjU _m Zmhr. gohUwVm, gm{oeH$[Um, h{
_Zw_oV
[ 101 ]
2 166
MmJ`m gH$mamM{ g`V{M{ cjU Amh{. [U hm JwU H{$di `$s[waVm, dò$H$ [mVirda Ag{c
V{hm em{^Vm{. X{emMr, Y_mMr, Hw$cmMr, AmXaUr` `$sMr Hw$Ur Adh{cZm H$arc, qZXm H$arc Va
Vroh ghZ H$amdr Agm `mMm AW Zmhr. Vg{ H$aU{ h{ gXJwUodH$oV R>a{c. ò> AmoU g_o> `mV
Y_mMr AmoU AY_mMr, H$g{ dmJmd{ AmoU H$g{ dmJy Z`{ `mMr H$Yr H$Yr CcQ>m[mcQ> hm{V{, h{ cjmV
R>d{ U{M odd{H$mM{ Amh{. Am[U ]hYm `{WM
{ MwH$Vm{. dò$H$ [mVirda CJ AmoU gm_moOH$ [mVirda
gm{oeH$ Ag{ Am[U ]hYm dmJVm{. h{ AWmVM A`m{` Amh{. `m_wi{M Am[`m X{emMr XwXem Pmcr.
_Zw_VrM{ _yi cm{H$ 16263 AmoU lrkmZm{]mam`mM{ 13 `m A`m`mVrc "A_moZd' `mdarc
^m` h{ EH$ odMmamV K{U{ C[`w$ R>a`mgmaI{ Amh{.
AZ{Z H$_`m{JZ{ gH$Vm_m oO: eZ:$&

Jwam dgZ goMZw`mX]
moYJo_H$ V[:$&&164&&
odm``ZmgmR>r gmoJVc{`m `m oZ`_mMm H$_mZ{ Adc] H$$Z gwgH$V Pmc{`m
oOmZ{, odm`mZ{ JwJhr amhZ hiwhiw kmZ o_idyZ X{Umar odm g[mXZ H$amdr. V{M V[ Amh{.
EImX{ `{` m H$$Z K{`mgmR>r gdH$maM{ H$> ghZ H$arV `Z H$arV amhU{ h{M
V[. Jw$`m gmo`mV amhVmZm V{M JoV gmYyZ X{Uma{ R>aV{. `m_wi{M _mUyg I`m AWmZ{ gwgH$V
hm{Vm{. [U h{ gd H$_mH$_mZ{ gmdH$me[U{ gmYmd`mM{ AgV{. KmB JS>]S> H$$Z MmcV Zmhr.
V[m{ode{fo dodYdV
odoYMm{oXV:$&
d{X: H$Zm{@oYJV`: gah`m{ oO_Zm$&&165&&
oZaoZam`m H$ma`m V[mMm Adc] H$$Z AmoU emmZ{ gmoJVc{`m dVmM{ [mcZ
H$$Z oOmZ{, odm`mZ{ gd d{X ah`mgh Am_gmV H$amdm.
odmWuXe{V eara_Z]wo H$m`j_, Cgmhr AmoU C_r amhmd`mMr Va eara
_Z]wo `mM{ cmS> Z H$aU{, Vr oVhr Z gwImdU{ Amd`H$ AgV{. hUyZ H$mhr oZ`Zo_omH$ dV{,
V[mMaU{ Adc]mdr cmJVmV. Aml_`dW{V dm Aml_mV hm{Um`m `kmoX Cgd_hm{gdmV
oZacg[U{ gh^mJr hmd{ cmJV{. g{d{gmR>r eara am]dmd{ cmJV{. H$mhr oZ`_mM{ H$Q>mjmZ{ [mcZ
H$amd{ cmJV{. Ag{ dmJc{ Zmhr Va odmJhU ZrQ>[U{ hm{V Zmhr. _Z]wrcm Ad`H$ V{ diU
cmJV Zmhr. odmJhU (gmYZm) H{$di eX[moS>`mV X{Im`mV [naUV hm{V{. odmWu OrdZmVVar
`m Jm{>r _hdm`m g_Om`m.
d{X_{d gX@``{m[V`Z oOm{m_:$&

d{Xm`mgm{ oh od` V[: [ao_hm{`V{$&&166&&
2 166
102 ]
_Zw_oV
`mcm V[ hUyZ H$mhr H$amd{g{ dmQ>V{ `mZ{ gXd d{Xm``Z (odm``ZM) H$amd{.
d{Xm`mg h{M l{> Ag{ V[ Amh{.
Am hd g ZImJ{ `: [a_ V`V{ V[:$&

`: ò[ oOm{@YrV{ dm`m` eo$Vm{@dh_$&&167&&
Om{ odmWu oVoXZr Am[`m e$s_mU{ d{Xm``Z (odm``Z) H$aVm{, Vm{ \w$cmMr
_mi YmaU H$arV Agcm Var ZIoeImV V[ H$a`mVM _ AgVm{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
odm`mZ{ AJXr gmY{ ahmd{, ]M`ml_mVrc oZ`_ dVW amhZ H$mQ>{H$m{a[U{
[mimd{V Agm emmMm H$Q>mj Amh{. [U EImXm odmWu MmJ`m gwIdVy Hw$Qw>]mVyZ Amc{cm
Agcm, `mcm ZQ>`m_waS>`mMr H$mhrer AmdS> Agcr, Vm{ earamM{ H$mhr Mm{Mc{ [waodV Agcm,
Varoh Vm{ Oa odm``Z Am[cr Amh{ Vr gd eo$ dm[$Z, gXmgdXm oZ>{Z{ H$arV Agcm Var
`m`m \w$c{_mim YmaU H$a`m`m AmdS>rH$S>{ C[{jZ{ { [hmd{. Vm{ Am[c{ gd eara V[`}cm cmdVm{
Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
dmJ`mM{ oZ`_ AgVmV. H$mhr _hdmM{ AgVmV. H$mhr oH$aH$m{i AgVmV. `m
gdm`modf`r gmaIm AmJh YaU{ cm{H$gJhm`m >rZ{ AS>Wim AmUUma{ R>aV{. hUyZ oH$aH$m{i
oZ`_ _m{S>c{ Var `mcm \$ma _hd Z X{Vm EHy$U dmJUyH$ _yi Co>mcm AZwHy$c Ag{c Va V{M
_hdmM{ g_Omd{. AWmV ]marH$ oZ`_ _m{S>`mMr [a[am oZ_mU hmdr d `mM{ gmdoH$aU hmd{
Agm `mMm AW Zmhr.
hm cm{H$ odm`mgmR>r ZgyZ A`m[H$mgmR>r _mJXeZ[a Amh{ Ag{oh g_OVm `{Bc
.
_Zw_VrV gwm _mZdr_ZmMm ghmZw^yoV[ydH$ odMma H{$cm Amh{. h{ `md$Z cjmV `{Bc.
`m{@ZYr` oOm{ d{X_` Hw$V{ l__$&

g Ord{d eyd_mew JN>oV gmd`:$&&168&&
Om{ H$m{Ur d{XmM{ A``Z Z H$aVm BVa odf`mMm A`mg H$a`mgmR>r `Zerc
AgVm{ Vm{ `m O_mVM ey hm{Vm{. [wT>{ `mM{ [w[moh eyM hm{VmV.
oOmZr d{Xm``Zmodf`r oH$Vr H$Q>mj R>{dcm [mohO{ h{ cjmV AmUyZ X{Uma{ h{ dMZ
Amh{. `m``mH$aU_r_mgmd{XmVgmoh` `m`mM A``Zmda â X{D$Z d{X H$mhr gy$m[waVm,
F$Mm[aw Vm dm Jm`r_m[waVm _`moXV R>d{ Um`m odmZmMr g`moh kmV BoVhmgm[mgyZ od[wc _mUmV
Amh{. H$mhr _oVH$mamZr `m Jm{>rcm AZw_m{XZoh oXc{ Amh{. d{XmM{ g[yU A``Z H$$Z _J BVa
odf`mM{ MmJc{ A``Z H$a`mBVH{$ ]wogm_` \$maM Wm{S>mZm C[cY AgV{.hUyZ Vgm AmJh
YaU{ A`dhm` R>aV{.
_Zw_oV
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_mVwaJ@{ oYOZZ oVr` _moO]YZ{$&

VVr` `kXrjm`m oO` lwoVMm{XZ_$&&169&&
oVhr dUmVrc _Zw`mMm _mV{[mgyZ hm{Vm{ Vm{ [ohcm O_, _wOrZVa hm{Vm{ Vm{ Xwgam
AmoU `kXrj{ZVa hm{Vm{ Vm{ oVgam O_ Ag{ d{XmM{ gmJU{ Amh{.
V `X ]
O_m` _mOr]YZoMoV_$&
Vm` _mVm gmodr o[Vm dmMm` C`V{$&&170&&
_mOr]YZ$[ Om{ O_ d{Xm``ZmgmR>r hm{Vm{ (Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{) `m O_mV Jm`r
hr _mVm AmoU AmMm` hm o[Vm AgVm{.
d{XXmZmXmMm` o[Va [naMjV{$&

Z p_Z `w`V{ H$_ qH$oMXm_moO]YZmV$&&171&&
AmMm` d{XmM{ XmZ (A`m[Z) H$arV Ag`m_wi{ `mcm o[Vm hQ>c{ Amh{. _wO
hm{B[`V H$m{U`moh d{Xm{$ H$_mMm AoYH$ma m hm{V Zmhr.
Zmo^`mhma`{X ] dYmoZZ`ZmV{$&
eyU
{ oh g_Vmdmd{X{ Z Om`V{$&&172&&
Om{[`V d{XmH$naVm O_ hm{V Zmhr (_wO hm{V Zmhr) Vm{da Vr ò$ eymgmaIrM
AgV{. oVZ{ d{X_mMm Cma H$$ Z`{. A[dmX H{$di o[VH$_mMm.
_wO hm{`m[ydu o[`mM{ AmdX{ohH$, lm, [j B`moX o[`mcm C{eyZ AgUmar
H$_} H$aVmZm d{X_ Cmamd{ cmJVmV. V{dT>m[waV{ AZw_m{XZ _wOr[yduoh AgV{.
_wO hm{B[`V eymgmaI{M g_Omd{ Ag{ O{ cm{H$m`m Xwg`m Am{irV hQ>c{ Amh{
`md$Z "O_Zm Om`V{ ey: gH$mamX oO C`V{' h{ og Agc{c{ dMZ `jmV Og{`m
Vg{ `m _oVJWmV Zgc{ Var gmYma Amh{ h{ cjmV R>{dmd{.
H$Vm{[Z`Z`m` dVmX{eZo_`V{$&
]Um{ JhU Md H$_{U odoY[ydH $_$&&173&&
_wO Pmc{cm ]Mmar Aml_mV [mimd`mMr dV{ gmJmdrV AmoU H$_mZ{ `m{àrVrZ{
d{XmMm A`mg H$a`mg gmJmd{.
`X `` odohV M_ `gy `m M _{Icm$&

`m{ XS>m{ ` dgZ VmX` dV{ do[$&&174&&
2 174
104 ]
_Zw_oV
dUm_mU{ `mcm O{ M_(Cmar`) O{ gy, Or _{Icm, Om{ XS>, O{ d _wOr`m d{ir

YmaU H$amd`mg gmoJVc{ Amh{, V{M dVmM{d{ir Agmd{.
]M`ml_ [yU hm{B[`V M_moX dVy `mM OmVr`m, `mM H$mam`m Agm`m.
[oh`m Q>mHy$Z m`m cmJ`m Var [whm YmaU H$aVmZm `m `m dVy Am[m[`m dUm_mU{ `mM
A`m`mV [ydu cm{H$ 41 V{ 46 _`{ gmoJVc{`mcm AZwg$Z Agm`m. ]M`ml_mV AgVmZmM
H$mhr ode{f `k ode{f XmZ Aer dV{ AmMa`mMm gJ Am`mg `m `m d{ir `m dVy ZdrZ YmaU
H$am`m.
g{dV{ _{ mVw oZ`_mZ ]Mmar Jwam dgZ$&

go``|o`Jm_ V[m{dX `W_m_Z:$&&175&&
odm``ZmgmR>r JwJhr ahmV AgVmZm ]M`ml_ g[{[`V odm`mZ{ `m oZ [wT>{
gmoJVc{`m oZ`_mM{ gd Bo`mMm g`_ H$$Z [mcZ H$amd{. `m_wi{ dV:`m V[mMr do hm{V{.
eara_Z]wo `mZm ewVm `{U{ Vr H$_mZ{ dmT>V OmU{ h{M V[mM{ gm_m` cjU
Amh{. oZ`_mM{ [mcZ H$Q>mjmZ{ H{$c{ H$s h{ KS>V{. [U `mgmR>r gd Bo`mMm g`_ gmYmdm cmJVm{.
odf`g{dZmda [amH$m>{M{ oZÙ Agmd{ cmJV{.
oZ` Zmdm ewoM: Hw$`md{ ofo[VV[U_$&

X{dVm`MZ Md go_XmYmZ_{d M$&&176&&
oVoXZr ZmZ H$$Z ewoM^yV hmd{ _J X{d, F$of, o[Va `mZm C{eyZ V[U H$amd{,
X{dmM{ [yOZ H$amd{ AmoU Ar_`{ go_YmM{ hdZ H$amd{.
X{dF$ofo[Va `m`m V[Umcm ]`k Ag{ hUVmV. `{W{ X{dVm`MZ eXmZ{
_yoV[yO{Mm [> C{I Amc{cm Amh{. _yoV[yO{Mr `m[H$Vm Zgcr Var mMrZVm og hm{V{.
dO`{ _Yw _mg M JY _m` agmZ o`:$&

ew$moZ `moZ gdmoU moUZm Md qhgZ_$&&177&&
_Y_mgJY[w[_mcm, ag, o`m, Am]odc{c{ [XmW AmoU mUrqhgm `m gdmMm
]Mm`mZ{ (odm`mZ{) `mJ H$amdm.
_Yw eXmZ{ _Y AmoU _ `m Xm{hrMmoh drH$ma H$aVm `{Vm{. _mgeXmZ{ XyY gm{Sy>Z
gd moUO [XmW JhrV Yamd{V. Q>rH$mH$mamZr ag eXmMr `m[H$Vm oZaoZam`m H$mamZr gmoJVcr
Amh{. Vr gd cjUr` Amh{. \$i{ ImdrV [U \$imM{ ag d{Ji{ H$mTy>Z o[D$ Z`{. o_>m{, [$m{,
dmoX> [XmW `mZmoh d` _mZmd{. Vg{M H$m`mVyZ, Jm`ZmVyZ `{Uma{ eJ mamoX Cm{OH$ agoh Q>mimd{V.
_Zw_oV
[ 105 ]
2 180
YZmMm cm{ôh Zgmdm. Q>rH$mH$mamZr EH$ gw^mofV AmdOyZ C{oIc{ Amh{ V{ cjmV R>{d`mgmaI{
Amh{. "`m{ @ h{ n ad YZmX ^rVm{ o_> m mM odfmoXd$& amjgr`: Bd r`: g
odm_oYJN>oV$&&'
A`_OZ MmUm{[mZN>YmaU_$&
H$m_ H$m{Y M cm{^ M ZVZ JrVdmXZ_$&&178&&
yV M OZdmX M [nadmX VWmZV_$&
rUm M {jUmc^_w[KmV [a` M$&&179&&
AJmg V{c cmdU{, S>m{`mV H$mOi KmcU{, H$mVS>mMr [m`VU{ dm[aU{, N>r K{U{,
Amg$s R>{dU{, amJmdU{, cm{^ (AZd`H$ [naJh H$aU{), ZmMU{, JmU{, dmOodU{, OwJma I{iU{,
`W J[mQ>[m H$arV ]gU{ dm ]m{c^mS> AgU{, qZXm H$aU{, Im{Q>{ ]m{cU{, o`m`m earamH$S>{
oZaIyZ [hmU{, `mZm [e H$aU{, Xwg`mda A[H$ma H$aU{ `m gd Jm{>r ]M`ml_mV d` _mZm`m.
da d` H$a`mg gmoJVc{`m Jm{>r `jA`j[U{ Amgo$ dmT>odUm`m,
MZrMr MQ>H$ cmdUm`m Amh{V.H$_mZ{ damMmamH$S>{ Z{Um`m Amh{V. AmfYm{[Mma hUyZ ,
Amam{`mgmR>r Amd`H$ hUyZ `md{ir `mVrc A`J, AOZ, N>r K{U{ Ag{c V{hm V{dT>m[waVm
`mMm C[`m{J H$a`mV AS>MU Zmhr. VrM Jm{> [m`VUmMr. H$mQ>mHw$Q>mVyZ IS>H$mi ^y_rVyZ
Mmc`mMm gJ Ag{c V{hm [m`VU{ dm[amdrV. Aml_mV`m Aml_mV BH$Sy>Z oVH$S>{ qhS>VmZm
[m`VUmMm C[`m{J H$$ Z`{. emgVm{fmgmR>r cmH$S>r IS>mdm dm[a`m OmV AgV. [U `m [>m`m
Agm`mV. BVa Jm{>r Va CKS> CKS> aJc
{ [Um`m Amh{V. Aml_mVyZ _Xra X{dKa Ag{c V{W{ [yOmXt`m
oZo_mmZ{ ÔZ, H$sVZ, AmaVr B`mXr C[mgZ{Mr [oV Ag{c Va `md{ir H$mhr dm{ dmOodU{,
ÔZ{ AmiodVmZm, AmaoV H$aVmZm JmU{, dmOodU{ B> Ag`mZ{ V{dT>m[waV{ JrVdmmMm C[`m{J
H$a`mV AS>MU Zmhr. [U V{Wo{ h Jm`m`m Amcm[moX[{jm [> eXm{ma AmoU ^mdZmMr CH$Q>Vm
`mda â Agmdm. Z` _m ]M`ml_mV d` _mZmd{. H$maU V{ AoYH$ Cm{OH$ Amh{. dmgZm
MmiodUma{ Amh{. Z`mM{d{ir hm{Uma{ AJodj{[ AmH$fU oZ_mU H$$Z _m{hmV [mSy> eH$VmV. Z` h{
Cm{OH$ Ag`mZ{ d`mV Amc{`m Am[`m _wctZm `mV ^mJ K{`mg eJ maYmZ dmL>_` ocohUm`m
EH$m c{IH$mZ{ ]Xr H{$cr Ag{ `mZ{ dV:`m, Am_MnamV ocohc{ Amh{.
EH$: e`rV gd Z a{V: H$X`{$oMV$&

H$m_mo H$X`Z a{Vm{ ohZpV dV_m_Z:$&&180&&
gdXm EH$Q>{ Pm{[md{. Am[U hm{D$Z H$Yroh a{VmM{ IcZ H$$ Z`{. dmgZ{cm ]ir
[Sy>Z Vg{ H{$`mg dV:`m ]MmardVmMm Zme hm{Vm{.
2 180
106 ]
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d`m`m V{am`mMmXm`m dfm[mgyZ [wfearam_`{ H$m_odf`H$ dmgZm Mmiod`m

Om`mg Ama^ hm{Vm{. earam_`{ Vg{ ]Xcoh hm{VmV. [Yam`mgm{im`mdfu h{ H$aU AoYH$M
dmT>V{. OZZ|o` AH$maU AH$_mV dm AJXr Wm{S>m oZo_mmZ{ Cm{oOV hm{V{. AmoU _J hV_WwZmMr
dom ]imdV OmV{. emMmXr`md{ir dm $oMV A` EH$mV o_iVmM hr Im{S> H$m`dmhrV `{V{.
Ag{ H$aU{ h{ Am[U hm{D$Z (d{N>{Z{) dVmMm ^J H$a`mgmaI{ Amh{. hUyZ odm`mZ{ `m[mgyZ
H$Q>mjmZ{ Xya ahmd{. hr gd` OSy> Z`{ `mgmR>r AJXr Ama^m[mgyZM Xj amhmd{ cmJV{. e` Va
doS>cYm`mZr d{irM Hw$_mamZm H$m{d`m `wdH$mZm dVwpWVrMr H$[Zm X{D$Z gmdY H$amd{. `mAWu
Y_emmV `mMm oZf{Y Zm|Xdcm Amh{ `mAWu `m mMrZH$mir odm`mZm, JwOZmZr gmdY H$a`mMm
KmV Agcm [mohO{. [wT>{ _m hr [a[am cw Pmcr Ag{ oXgV{. A`V odH$mar Ag{ odH$V OrdZ $T>r
hUyZ OJUm`m [aH$s`m`m AmH$_Um_wi{ h{ oZof XwJwU dmT>rg cmJc{ Amh{V. `m_wi{ hr dmr
H$m{d`m `wdH$mV ]`mM `m[H$ _mUmV AmT>iyZ `{V{. AmYwoZH$ ]wodmXr H{$di Hw$_mamH$naVmM
ocohc{`m Am[`m [wVH$mV `m qZ gd`rcm dm^modH$ hUyZ jòh _mZrV AgVmV. AmoU
`m [wVH$mVyZ [a[a{da odmg Agc{`m odmZmZr `m gd`rMm A`V oZf{Y H{$cm Amh{. oV`m
Xw[naUm_mMr CJVm [Q>dyZ X{`mMm `Z H$$Z Vr _m{Sy>Z H$mT>`mgmR>r H$mhr gm` H$mhr H$R>rU Ag{
C[mòh gmoJVc{ Amh{V. `m [wVH$mMm `m VWmH$oWV ]wodmmZr "A`V AZgoJH$ hUyZM
KmVH$ 'Aem eXmV Vrd oZf{Yoh H{$cm Amh{. Vm{ A`m{` Amh{. `m [wVH$mV gd`rMr CJVm,
hmoZH$mnaVm [Q>dyZ X{`mgmR>r $oMV H$mhrer AoVe`m{$sMr ^mfm dm[acr Amh{ h{ Ia{, [U XwdVZmV
H$iyZ Z H$iyZ JwVc{c{ `wdH$ Ver [wVH{$ dmMZmV Am`mg [mmm[ [mdVmV AmoU Xw`gZmVyZ _w$
hm{VmV. Ag{oh AmT>iV{. hUyZ odm`mZ{ `mX>rZ{ A`V gmdY AmoU g`_r amhU{ h{M B>. `mgmR>r
gXodMmamZm dm H$aUm`m [wVH$mM{M dmMZ H$amd{. Cm{oOV H$aVrc Aem KQ>Zm E{H$`mM{ dm
[mh`mM{ H$Q>mjmZ{ Q>mimd{.
AmO`m oM[Q>, ZmQ>H$, XyaXeZ, dm[{ oZ`VH$mocH{$ `m`m JamS>mV dV:cm
gwaojV R>{dU{ \$ma H$R>rU Pmc{ Amh{. [ydu`m JwHw$c [VrV h{ ghO e` hm{V{. AmVm AdKS> Pmc{
Amh{ hUyZ XwdVZ j` _mZU{ B> Zmhr. AmO`m odkmZmV ewH$ `m YmVyM{ _hd \$maM XwcojV H{$c{
Amh{. `m`m ajUmgmR>r `Z H$a`mMr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr. Ag{oh oV[moXc{ OmV{ V{ AZwoMV
Amh{. ewH$ h{ gd YmVyM
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hm{V AgV{. hUyZ ewH$mM{ ajU `Z[ydH$ H$arV AgU{M B>. [wT>{ JhWml_mVoh `m>rZ{ g`_mMm
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[ 107 ]
2 182
Adc] H$aU{ h{M Amam{`>rZ{ AmoU Vm` XrKH$mc oQ>H$`m`m >rZ{ A`V Amd`H$ AgV{.
odmWuXe{V `m >rZ{ \$maM oZJhr AmoU gmj{[r amohc{ [mohO{.
dZ{ ogdm ]Mmar oO: ewH$ _H$m_V:$&

ZmdmH$_Mo`dm o: [wZ_mo_`M O[{V$ &&181&&
BN>m ZgVmZmoh dZm_`{ ewH$md Pmcm AgVm ]Mm`mZ{ (OmJ `{VmM) ZmZ
H$amd{. gy`mM{ (_aU$[mZ{) [yOZ H$amd{ AmoU "[wZ_m_{V Bo`' `m F$M{Mm VrZ d{im O[ H$amdm.
Am`w`â Zo>H$ ]M`dVmZ{ amh`mMr BN>m H$aUm`m `$scm `m{J_mJmVrc
H$mhr AmgZ]YmUm`m_m`m C[m`mZr dZmdWmoh Z hm{D$ X{U{ [yU[ U{ e` hm{V.{ [U BVa H$m{Umcmoh
`mVyZ [yU _wo$ oZXmZ ]MmarXe{V Var gmYV Zmhr. `m{` `m`m_, `m{` Amhmaodhma, ew [od
dmVmdaUmV amhU{ `m >rZ{ `Zerc Ag`mg dZmdWm ]`mM _mUmV CUmdy eH$V{. hUyZ
]Mm`mZ{ dZm_Y{ ewH$md hm{VmM ZmZmoX Jm{>tMm Ad` Adc] H$amdm. ZmZmZVa gy`mcm
C{eyZ A` md{V AmoU lram_Xmgdm_t`m ^r_$[r Vm{mMm [mR> H$amdm.
CXHw$ ^ gw_Zgm{ Jm{eH$Z _omH$mHw$emZ$&

Amha{mdXWmoZ ^j Mmhaha{V$ &&182&&
oe`mZ{ Jw`m Amd`H$V{Zwgma [mUr, \w$c{, Jm{_`, _omH$m AmoU X^ h{ [XmW
AmUyZ md{V. oVoXZr o^jm _mJmdr.
oe`mZ{ JwMr g{dm H{$cr [mohO{ AmoU `mgmR>r Jw`m C[`m{Jm`m AZ{H$ dVy
`mcm `Z[ydH$ AmUyZ m`mV. `mV emnaarH$ g{d{gd{M BVaoh H$mhr H$m_{ Agy eH$VmV. da
C{oIc{`m dVy oZgJmV C[ Pmc{`m AmoU gm_m`V: ghOmghOr o_iUm`m Amh{V. [ydr`m
H$mir Var `m VemM hm{`m. [U dVy AmUyZ X{U{ EdT>{M H$mhr g{d{M{ d$[ ZgV{. Jwcm oe`mH$Sy>Z
BVaoh H$mhr emnaarH$ ]moH$ H$m`mMr Amd`H$Vm dmQ>V{.`mgmR>roh oe`mZ{ V[a AgU{ Amd`H$
Amh{. darc Jm{>r `m C[cjUm_H$ CXmhaUmW hUyZ C{oIc{`m Amh{V Ag{ g_Omd{. V{dT>mZ{M
^mJV{ Ag{ Zmhr. JwJhr BVaoh H$mhr H$m_{ AgVmV. Vroh H$aU{ Amd`H$ _mZc{ [mohO{.BVa
gmYH$mZroh hm oZ`_ `Wmeo$ AmMaUmV AmUU{ C[`w$ Amh{.
o^jm oVoXZr _mJmdr Ag{ AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. H$maU EImX{ oXder o^j{_`{
MmJcm dmoX> [XmW [wH$i _mUmV o_iVm{. Vm{ Xwga{oXder amIyZ R>{d`mMm _m{h hm{Vm{. Vm{ hm{D$
Z`{ hUyZ hm oZ`_ gmoJVcm Amh{. MdrZ{ Im`mMm _m{h Q>micm, dmoX>mMr Amg$s R>{dcr Zmhr,
hUO{ BVa odf`m`m g{dZmMr Amgo$oh CUmdV OmV{. hUyZ ]Mm`mZ{ `m >rZ{ H$Q>mj R>{dmdm.
2 183
108 ]
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]Mm`mha{j
Jh{ `: `Vm{@dh_$&&183&&
O{ d{XmM{ A``Z H$aUma{, `k`mJ H$aUma{, dV:`m H$V`H$_mV Xj Agc{c{
Ag{ AgVrc `m`mM KamVyZ ]Mm`mZ{ oVoXZr o^jm _mJmdr. o^j{g OmVmZm dV: ZmZmXrZr
ew Pmc{c{ Agmd{.g`_ amImdm.
A [od Agmd{, ew Agmd{ hr Am[`m [a[a{Mr AmJhr YmaUm Amh{. gJi{
gm{di{Am{di{, [em[e `m`m _wimer AmMr ewVmM A[{ojV AgV{. Am`m gy_ AemVyZM
_Z]wrMr YmaUm hm{V Ag`mZ{ H{$di earam[waVm odMma H$$Z MmcUma Zmhr. hUyZ Ymo_H$,
gmpdH$, dY_oZ> hUO{M dV:`m H$V`[mcZmV O{ V[a AgVmV, Aem`mM Kar o^jm
_mJmdr. o^jm _mJUmamZ{ dV:oh ew AmoU gXmMaUr Agmd{. Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ `V: eXmMm AW
ewoM, ew, [od Agm H{$cm Amh{.
Jwam{: Hw$c{ Z o^j{V Z kmoVHw$c]Ywf$w &

Acm^{ d`J{hmZm [yd [yd oddO`V{ $ &&184&&
o^jm _mJVmZm JwM{ Ka, dV:M{ Hw$c dm ZmV{dmBH$ `mMr Ka{ Q>mimdrV. [U
`mòVna$ BVa Ka{ o^j{gmR>r C[cY ZgVrc Va gmJrVc{`m KamV AmYrAmYrM{ Q>mimd{.
JwM{ Ka Q>mimd{ Ag{ hU`mV dV:M{ Am{P{ Jwda [Sy> Z`{ hm ^md Amh{. Am{> dm
ZmV{dmBH$ ,`m`m _ZmV o^jm _mJUm`m ]Mm`modf`r Am[wcH$s Ag`mZ{ V{ `mcm daM{da
Jm{S>Ym{S> [XmW dmT>Vrc d `mMrM MQ>H$ cmJ{c. hUyZ hr Ka{ Q>mimdrV. [U `m[{jm d{Jir Ka{
o_i`mgmaIr ZgVrc V{hm Am[XY_ hUyZ AmYr ZmV{dmBH$m`m Kar o^jm _mJmdr. V{ e`
Zg`mg _J B>o_m`m Kar o^jm _mJmdr. AmoU V{oh e` Zg`mg AJoVH$[U{ JwKar o^jm
_mJmdr.
gd dm@o[ Ma{XJ m _ [ydm}$mZm_g^d{$&

oZ`` `Vm{ dmM_oêVmVw dO`V{ $ &&185&&
[ydu hUO{ EH$e{ `moe`m cm{H$mV gmoJV`m_mU{ Ymo_H$ gXmMaUmMr Ka{
o_imcr ZmhrV Va gJ`m JmdmV H$m{R>{oh OmD$Z o^jm _mJmdr. _m A`V [mV`mMr Ka{ Q>mimdrV.
dmUrMm g`_ Agmdm.
gJ`m JmdmV o^jm _mJmdr hU`mV Aem d{ir dUod^mJmMm odMma H$$ Z`{.
]mUjo`dèy `m[H$s H$m{Um`moh Kar o^jm _mJmdr. AWmV hm oZ`_ A[dmXm_H$
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[ 109 ]
2 188
Amh{. OJ`mgmR>r A[dmXm_H$ hUyZ hr gdS> oXc{cr Amh{. [U V{W{oh [oVV, [mVH$s `mMr Ka{
Q>mimdrV hm oZ`_ Amh{M. Am`m ewV{M{ _hd `md$Z cjmV `{V{.
XyamXm` go_Y: goX`mohmòg$&

gm`mV Owh` mmmoâo_VpV:$&&186&&
e`Vm{ Xx$Z go_Ym Jm{im H$$Z AmUm`m. `m CKS>mda R>{dyZ dmidm`m.
([m`Xir [S>Uma ZmhrV Ag{ [hmd{) ZVa oZacg[U{ `m go_YmZr gH$mig`mH$mir ArV hm{_
H$amdm.
AH$dm ^jMaU_go_` M [mdH$_$&

AZmVwa: gam_dH$soUdV Ma{V$ &&187&&
H$m{UVmoh `mYr ZgVmZm Oa Hw$Ur odmWu Am{irZ{ gmV oXdg o^jm _mJUma Zmhr
dm ArV hdZ H$aUma Zmhr Va `mMm dV^J (AdH$sUu) hm{Vm{.
AdH$sUu hm{`m`m Xm{fmgmR>r mòm hUyZ gmoJVc{c{ dV [wT>{ AH$am`m
A`m`mVrc EH$e{gVam`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{ Amh{.
^jU
{ dVò` ZH$mmXr ^d{Xd V r$&
^jU
{ doVZm{ dom[dmgg_m _Vm$&&188&&
oVoXZr (oZaoZam`m Kar) o^jmM _mJmdr. ]Mm`mZ{ EH$mM Kar O{dU{ Q>mimd{.
o^jmdVmZ{ amhU{ h{ C[dmgm_mU{ AgV{.
o^j{g] Y r [wT>rc dMZ{ _hdmMr Amh{V. "ZM ^j [a[mH$: `m ^j oVJh:$&
gm{_[mZg_ ^` V_mX ^j{U dV`{V$&&1&& ^``mJ_ew` m{ojV` hV` M$&
`mV` JgV{ JmgmZ V{ V`$H$Vwo^: g_m:$&&2&&' ew Aem o^jmmMr hr _hVr o^j{Mr
Amd`H$Vm, C[`w$Vm [Q>dyZ X{`mgmR>r Amh{. Vg{M OrdZYmaU{gmR>r Amd`H$ Ag`mZ{ BVa
`m Jm{>r oZof hUyZ gmoJV`m Amh{V, V{ Xm{f o^j{cm cmJV ZmhrV. h{ gmJ`mV Amd`H$V{H$aVm
A[nahm` hUyZ H$mhr H$amd{ cmJV{. V{ oZ:gH$m{M_ZmZ{ H$amd{. Vm{ H$mhr A[amY Zmhr. h{oh `moZo_mmZ{
[>> hm{V{. BVa "[a[mH$oMZ `mV' Xwg`m`m KamVrc AmMr AmdS> Zgmdr, Am{T> Zgmdr
Agm EH$ oZ`_ Amh{. Vg{M oVJh hUO{ XmZ K{U{ h{oh B> Zmhr. o^j{cm C{eyZ `m Jm{>r cmJV
ZmhrV. h{ gmJU{ _hdmM{ Amh{. ]Mmar Aml_mV gd cj odmJhUmda H|$oV Pmc{ Agc{ [mohO{.
Vm{ `mgmR>r dV: dV:M{ A oeOodU{ H$$ cmJcm Va `mgmR>r `mcm [wH$i Jm{>tMm gJh H$amdm
cmJ{c, _J `mH$aVm dV: H$mhrVar Cm{J`dgm` H$amd{ cmJVrc dm AmgmR>r cmJUm`m gd
2 188
110 ]
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dVy Xwg`mH$Sy>Z XmZ$[mV `m`m cmJVrc. _J A``ZmgmR>r d{i Hw$R>{ Ca{c? oH$Vr Ca{c?
Amd`H$ V{dT>r o^jm _mJyZ AmUcr H$s OrdZYmaUm ghO ^mJV{. AmoU H$m{U`moh H$maMr
Amg$s ]imdV Zmhr. EH$mM KaM{ A ImD$ Z`{, AmmH$S>{ o^jm _mJy Z`{ Ag{ gmJ`m_mJ{ Vm{M
C{e Amh{.
dVd{dXd`{ o[`{ H$_`WofdV$&

H$m__òWVm{@r`mX dV_` Z cw`V{$&&189&&
X{dVmZm C{eyZ dm o[VamZm C{eyZ H{$c{`m [yOmlm Aem H$`m_Y{ Am_oV
H{$`mg ]Mm`mZ{ V{ drH$m$Z V{Wrc A BN>{_mU{ drH$mamd{. `m_wi{ dVmMm cm{[ hm{V Zmhr.
([U `{W{oh ]Mm`mZ{ ImD$ Z`{V Ag{ oZof [XmW d` H$amd{V hUyZ) dV gm^miyZ F$fr_mU{
dmJmd{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
_mJ`m cm{H$mV EH$m KaM{ A ImD$ Z`{ Aem gmoJVc{`m oZ`_mcm hm H$mhr
oZo_mmZ{ KS>Umam A[dmX gmoJVcm Amh{.
]mU`d H$_VXw[oX> _Zrofo^:$&

amO`d``m{d{d ZVH$_ odYr`V{$&&190&&
X{dH$mò[VH$m`m`m oZo_mmZ{ EH$mM Kar ^m{OZmMm hm A[dmX ]mU odm`m[aw Vm
Amh{. jo` AmoU d`mZm Vm{ cmJy Zmhr.
jo` AmoU d`mZr Aer Am_U{ drH$m$ Z`{V. `mZr o^jm _mJyZM O{dmd{.
Mm{oXVm{ JwUm oZ`_Mm{oXV Ed dm$&

Hw$`mX``Z{ `m{J_mMm`` ohV{fw M $&&191&&
A``Z H$aU{ AmoU JwgmR>r Amd`H$ Vr g{d{Mr H$m_{ H$aU{ `m Jm{>r Am[U hm{D$Z
oVoXZr H$am`m. JwZ{ gmoJVc{ Va R>rH$M Amh{. [U gmoJVc{ Zmhr Var A`mg AmoU g{dm Q>miy
Z`{.
Am[c{ H$V`H$_ h{ Am[U hm{D$Z H$amd`mM{ AgV{. Vwhr gmoJVc{ Zmhr, cjmV
AmUyZ oXc{ Zmhr, hUyZ H{$c{ Zmhr Ag{ oZo_m gmJy Z`{.
eara Md dmM M ]wrp`_Zmog M$&

oZ`` mOocpV>{ rj_mUm{ Jwam{_I
w _$&&192&&
odm`mZ{ Jw[wT>{ `m`m AmX{emMr dmQ> [hmV hmV Om{Sy>Z C^{ ahmd{. `md{ir eara,
dmUr, BVa Bo`{, _Z AmoU ]wo oZòV Agmdr.
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[ 111 ]
2 194
Amd`H$ `m Jm{>r[{jm BVa Jm{>tH$S>{ cj Z X{`mMr Bo`_Z]wrZm gd` Agmdr

cmJV{. Vr odmWuXe{`m H$m{d`m d`m[mgyZM OS>U{ Amd`H$ Amh{. earamZ{ H$mhrVar Mmi{ H$aU{,
_Zm_`{ AZ{H$ odMmamMm Km{i AgU{ AmoU Jw[wT>{ AgVmZmoh BVamer H$mhrVar ]m{cV amhU{ h{
`m{` Zh{. `m_wi{ ZH$m{ V{ ]m{c`mMr AmoU Hw$R>{Var âH$Q>`mMr Im{S> earadmUr_Zmcm cmJV{.
`m_wi{M Amd`H$ V{hm _Z EH$mJ hm{V Zmhr. eara pWa ahmV Zmhr. `m Xm{hrJm{>r XrKH$mcm`m
A`mgmZ{ gmYm`m cmJVmV.
oZ`_wXY
V [moU:`mgmdmMma: gwgd V :$&
Am`Vmo_Vr Mm{$: gmgrVmo^_wI Jwam{:$&&193&&
gXd C[a`mVyZ hmV ]mh{a H$mTy>Z ]gmd{. dmJU{ gmO`mM{ AmoU Z_V{M{ Agmd{.
g`_mZ{ ahmd{. ""]g'' hUyZ gmoJV`mZVaM Jw[wT>{ ]gmd{.
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gwcQ> K{D$Z _mJrc JmR> _ma`mMr [oV hm{Vr. Vr darc cm{H$m`m AmYmamZ{M Agmdr. am_Xmgr
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hmV Imm[mgyZ CKS>m amhVm{. S>mdm ImXm[mR>[m{Q>N>mVr hr AJ{ PmH$c{cr AgVmV. d{f^yf{V
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Jw ImVm{ `m Am[{jm dV:M{ ImU{ _mUmZ{ Wm{S>{ AmoU H$mamZ{ gmY{ Agmd{. Jw CRy>Z C^{ ahm`m[ydu
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2 194
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w :$&&195&&
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`w` dmdOV: [mmdVw YmdV:$&&196&&
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U` Vw e`mZ` oZX{e{ Md oV>V:$&&197&&
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Va Odi OmD$Z E{H$md{. Jw e`{da Pm{[c{cm AgVmZm dm C^m amhZ H$mhr gmJV AgVmZm `mMr
Amkm dXZ[ydH$ d Z_V{Z{ drH$mamdr.
ZrM e`mgZ Mm` oZ` `mX JwgoZYm$&

Jwam{Vw Mjwodf`{ Z `W{>mgZm{ ^d{V$ &&198&&
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Jw[wT>{ AgVmZm dm `m`m >r`m Q>`mV dmQ>{cVg{ dmJy Z`{. (]gU{CR>U{ oh _`mX{M{ Agmd{)
Zm{Xmha{X` Zm_ [am{j_o[ H{$dc_$&

Z Mdm`mZwH$w duV JoV^mofVM{o>V_$&&199&&
Jw$`m Zwg`m ZmdmMm Cma H{$hmoh H$$ Z`{ Vg{M Jw$`m Mmc`mMr, ]m{c`mMr,
dmJ`mMr Q>dmir H$$ Z`{. dm dV: Vg{ odS>]mZ{ dmJy Z`{.
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[ 113 ]
2 201
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H$mZmV ]m{Q>{ KmcyZ dm H$mZ PmHy$Z `md{V.
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[ardmXmIam{ ^doV m d ^doV oZXH$:$&

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2 202
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Z MmoZg>m{ JwUm dmZ Jw$Zo^dmX`{V$ &&205&&
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odmJwd{d_{d oZ`m dom: d`m{oZfw$&

oVf{Ygw MmY_moV Mm{[oXedo[$&&206&&
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[ 115 ]
2 211
l{`gw JwdXdq m oZ`_{d g_mMa{V$ &

Jw[w{ VWm@@Mm`} Jwam{d d]Ywf$w &&207&&
l{> ò$, Jw[w, g`gmZ _mUg{ AmoU Jw$M{ Am `m`meroh Jw_mU{M
AmXamZ{ dmJmd{.
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A`m[`Z JwgwVm{ Jwd_mZ_hoV$&&208&&
Jw$Mm _wcJm dm Jw$Mm oe` Am[`mM d`mMm dm d`mZ{ chmZ Ag{c [U Vm{ Oa
A`m[Z H$arV Ag{c Va `mcmoh `kmoXH$mV gh^mJr hm{VmZm JwgmaI{M _mZmd{. (dXZmoX H$amd{)
CgmXZ M JmmUm Zm[Zm{pN>>^m{OZ{$&

Z Hw$`mXJ w [w` [mX`m{mdZ{OZ_$&&209&&
Jw[wm`m AJmcm CQ>Ur cmdy Z`{V, `mcm ZmZ Kmcy Z`{. `mM{ C>{ ImD$ Z`{.
Vg{M `mM{ [mòh Ywdy Z`{V.
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AmR>`m cm{H$mV Jw$gmaImM _mZ mdm Ag{ hUyZ Pm`mZVa cJ{M hm oZ`_ gmoJVcm Amh{.
`md$Z `{H$ oR>H$mUr odoYoZf{Ym`m gm_m` AmoU ode{f _`mXm qhXy`m Y_emmZ{ [> H{$`m
Amh{V. `m_wi{ g_mOOrdZmV Hw$Uroh CR>md{ AmoU _Z_mZr H$$Z dmJmd{, `mgmR>r Am[`m
gm{`r_mU{ EImm oZ`_mH$S>{ ]m{Q> XmIdmd{ h{ KS>V Zg{. `m `m{JmZ{ g_mOmM{ OrdZ gVwocV ahmV
Ag{.
JwdoV[y`m: `w: gdUm Jw`m{ofV:$&

AgdUmVw g[y `m: `wWmZmo^dmXZ:$&&210&&
Jw$`m o`m Jw$`m dUmVrcM Ag`m Va `mZm Jw$_mU{M [yOZr` _mZmd{. Oa
`m Xwg`m dUmVrc AgVrc Va `mZm H{$di CRy>Z C^{ amhZ dXZ H$$Z _mZ mdm.
AÒZ Zm[Z M Jmm{gmXZ_{d M$&

Jw[`m Z H$m`moU H{$emZm M gmYZ_$&&211&&
Jw[ZrM{ A`J ZmZ, CQ>Ur cmdU{, d{Ur\$Ur H$aU{ h{ C[Mma oe`mZ{ H$$ Z`{V.
Xm{Ze{ AmR>, Xm{Ze{ ZD$ [_mU{M h{ Xm{Ze{ Xhm, Xm{Ze{ AH$am cm{H$oh cjUr`
Amh{V. _mZdr d^md cjmV K{Vm h{ _`mXm[mcZ _hdmM{ Amh{.
2 212
116 ]
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Jw[Zr Vw `wdoVZmo^dm{h [mX`m{:$&

[yUq deoVdf}U JwUXm{fm odOmZVm$&&212&&
Jw$Mr [Zr VU Ag{c Va MmJ`mdmBQ>mM{ kmZ Agc{`m VU oe`mZ{ oV`m
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H$Q>mjmZ{ Xya amohc{ [mohO{.
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d^md Ef ZmarUm ZamUmo_h XyfU_$&

AVm{@Wm _mpV _Xmgw od[oV:$&&213&&
[wfmM{ [VZ KS>odU{ hr o`mMr H$VrM Amh{. hUyZ OmUV{ cm{H$ o`m`m g]Y mV
dV:H$Sy>Z MyH$ hm{D$ X{V ZmhrV.
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IcZerc d^md cjmV K{D$Z `mcm A`V Xj amh`mgmR>r Ag{ oV[mXZ H$amd{ cmJV{. `m_wi{
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H$aUm`m EH$m r A`m[H$mZ{ "r hr A`V Ym{H$mXm`H$ Amh{. oV`m[mgyZ \$ma gmdY ahm.' Aem
AWmMm C[X{e JwMa hm{D$ BpN>Um`m odm`mZm H{$cm Amh{. EH$ rM h{ ]m{cV{ h{ cjmV K{Vc{
hUO{ emH$mamZm Xm{f X{`mMr dom C[ hm{Uma Zmhr. emmVrc oZ`_ h{ H{$di `m`]wrZ{
H{$c{c{ AgVmV. `mV H$m{Umcmoh hrZ c{I`mMm C{e ZgVm{. darc KQ>Zm "odwhar' `m [wVH$mV
CXYV Amh{.
Aodmg_c cm{H${ odmg_o[ dm [wZ:$&

_Xm x[W Z{Vw H$m_H$m{YdemZwJ_$&&214&&
`mcm H$mhr H$iV Zmhr `mcmM H$m` [U Om{ MmJcm OmUVm Amh{ [aVw Oa Vm{
H$m_H$m{YmZm ghO[U{ ]ir [S>Umam Ag{c Va `mcm _mJ^> H$a`mg o`m g_W AgVmV.
`m cm{H$mda ^m` H$aVmZm _{YmoVWrZ{ "Z M A rUm ôdUwVm
dVwdm^m`mV VUrOZXeZ{ [wgm C_`V{ oMm ode{fVm{ ]MmnaUm' Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
[wfmcm _mJ^> H$aU{ hm Ia{Va rMm ^md ZgVm{, dVwV: VU rcm [mhZ [wfmM{M, ode{fV:
]Mm`mM{ oMm MMc hm{V AgV{. hr oQ>[Ur _hdmMr Amh{.
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[ 117 ]
2 219
_mm dm Xwohm dm Z odod$mgZm{ ^d{V$ &

]cdmp`Jm_m{ odmg_o[ H$foV$&&215&&
Bo`mZm AgUma{ odf`mM{ AmH$fU \$ma ]cdmZ AgV{. odmZ [wfoh `mcm ]ir
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`mVrc Ame` _hdmMm. dVwV: darc ZmV{g]YM AZwoMV dmrH$Vr[mgyZ `$scm Xya R>{dUma{
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Amh{.
H$m_ Vw Jw[ZrZm `wdVrZm `wdm ^wod$&

odoYdXZ Hw$`mXgmdho_oV ]dw Z$&&216&&
ode{fV: Jw$`m VU [Zrcm dXZ H$aVmZm VU odm`mZ{ `m{àrVrZ{ ^y_rcm
[e H$$Z _r A_wH$ A_wH$ Ag{ hUyZ Z_H$ma H$amdm.
odm{` [mXJhU_dh Mmo^dmXZ_$&

JwXma{fw Hw$duV gVm Y__Zw_aZ$&&217&&
dmgmhZ Am`mAm`mM [ohcm Z_H$ma [mX[e[ydH$ H$amdm. Eadr Jw`m
[Zrcm oVoXZr H$amd`mMm Z_H$ma gmZ cm{H$mM{ _`mXm[mcZ cjmV K{D$Z H$amdm.
`Wm IZZ IoZ{U Zam{ dmòYJN>oV$&

VWm JwJVm odm ewlfy aw oYJN>oV$&&218&&
odoharcm [mUr cmJ`mgmR>r Og{ Hw$XirZ{ IU`mM{ H$> H$amd{ cmJVmV. `m_mU{
JwOdiMr odm `m`m g{d{V amhUm`mcmM m hm{V{.
odoha IUU{ Og{ XrKH$mcmM{ d H$>mM{ H$m_ Amh{. [mUr cmJ{[`V V{ Z H$Q>miVm
H$amd{ cmJV{. Vg{M odm o_iodVmZmoh \$ma [nal_ H$amd{ cmJVmV.
oe`mM{ oR>H$mUr Y`, Cgmh, Z_Vm, H$VkVm h{ JwU AgU{ \$ma Amd`H$ Amh{. h{
cm{H$mVrc "ewlyfw' `m eXmZ{ `$ hm{V{.
_wS>m{ dm OoQ>cm{ dm `mXWdm `mpN>ImOQ>:$&

ZZ Jm_{@oôZcm{M{ gy`m} Zm`woX`mV $oMV$&&219&&
2 219
118 ]
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odm`mZ{ _VH$mM{ _wS>U H$amd{. [yU OQ>m dmT>dm`mV dm MmJcr e|S>r R>{dmdr.
gy`m}X` dm gy`mVmM{ d{ir odm`mZ{ H$Yroh JmdmV Agy Z`{.
ZmZg`{gmR>r dm Jmdm]mh{a ZXrgam{damda Omd{ Agm C{I _mJ{ Amh{. Vm{ gX^
`{W{ Amh{.
V M{X`wnX`mgy`: e`mZ H$m_MmaV:$&

oZcm{M{m@òdkmZmO[w[dg{oZ_$&&220&&
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H$i`m_wi{ g`{Mr d{i MwH$cr Ag{c Va Vm{ oXdg C[dmg H$$Z O[ H$a`mV Kmcdmdm.
gyÙ
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mòm_Hw$dmUm{ `w$: `m_hVZgm$&&221&&
Pm{[{_wi{ dm AkmZm_wi{ gy`m}X`gy`mVmMr g`{Mr d{i MwH$cr Va (darc cm{H$mV
gmoJV`m_mU{ O[ AmoU C[dmg Ag{) mòm H$amd{. V{ Z H{$`mg _m{R>{ [m[ cmJV{.
AmM` `Vm{ oZ`_w^{ g`{ g_mohV:$&

ewMm X{e{ O[O`_w[mgrV `WmodoY$&&222&&
gH$mir AmoU g`mH$mir [od WmZr emV_ZmZ{ AmM_Z H$$Z g`_mZ{ amhZ
Jm`r_mMm `m{àrVrZ{ O[ H$amdm.
Am[`m [a[a{V Xm{hr d{i`m g`{M{ \$ma _hd Amh{. eara_Z]wo gd >rZ{
oZam{Jr amh`mgmR>r `mMr Amd`H$Vm Amh{. [adm[adm[`V H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m d$[mV Aer
C[mgZm ApVdmV hm{Vr. Mmar dUm`m Hw$Qw>]mV `$s`m AmoU Hw$Qw>]m`m gd H$ma`m
dm`mgmR>r O{ H$mhr C[m` AgVmV, `mV Xm{hrd{im H{$cr OmUmar C[mgZm hm EH$ _hdmMm KQ>H$
Amh{ h{ H$m{Ur odg$ Z`{. CJrM VH$Q>{ cT>dyZ, ""`mV H$m` Amh{. `mZ{ H$m` hm{V{'' Ag{ hUyZ
C[mgZ{Mm `mJ H$aU{, h{ gd >rZ{ AohVH$a Amh{. h{ OmU`mZr Var cjmV R>{dmd{. d{i{Mm H$Q>mj
O{dT>m R>{dVm `{Bc V{dT>m MmJcm [U AZ{H$ H$maUmZr V{ e` Z Pm`mg e` Ag{c `m gm{`r`m
d{ir Xm{hr g_`r C[mgZm H$amdr. "AH$aUmZ _XH$aU l{`:' H$mhr Z H$a`m[{jm Wm{S>{ H$aU{oh C[`w$
Amh{. h{ cjmV R>{dmd{.
òX r `daO: l{`: qH$oMg_mMa{V$ &

Vgd_mMa{w $m{ ` dm` a_{_Z:$&&223&&
H$m{Ur r dm H$m{U`moh >rZ{ chmZ Agc{cr `$s Oa H$mhr MmJc{ AmMaU H$arV
_Zw_oV
[ 119 ]
2 224
Ag{c Va V{oh `m{`V{Mm odMma H$$Z `m H$m_mV Am[c{ _Z a_{c Aer H$m_{ `Z[ydH$ H$amdrV.
[wH$id{im Am[U `mZm AoeojV, _mJmgc{c{ g_OVm{ `m`mVoh ewV{`m,
dN>V{`m >rZ{ H$mhr T>r MocV AgVmV. KmJa, Vm`m, hS>m `mgmaIr _mVrMr dm YmVyMr
^mS>r AmVyZ KmgyZ[wgyZ dN> R>{d`mMr [Vr I{S>mV ahmUm`m e{VH$ardJmVoh ZJamV amhUm`m
g` Hw$Qw>]m[{jm AoYH$ $T> Ag`mM{ AmT>iyZ `{V{. oZXmZ Vg{ oXgyZ `{V hm{V{. AmoV`, [a[amZm
ghm` H$aU{, o_iyZo_giyZ dmJU{, gmO`, odZ` amIU{ `mg]Yr Vg{M hUVm `{V{.
Y_mWmdw `V{ l{`: H$m_mWm Y_ Ed M$&

AW Ed{h dm l{òdJ BoV Vw pWoV:$&&224&&
H$mhr Y_ AmoU AWmcm, H$mhr H$m_ AmoU AWmcm, H$mhr H{$di Y_mcm Va H$mhr
H{$di AWmcm l{`H$a _mZVmV. dmVodH$ oVKmMmoh `Wm`m{` arVrZ{ drH$ma H$aU{ h{M `m{` Amh{.
Am[`m [a[a{V Y_AWH$m_ AmoU _m{j Ag{ Mma [wfmW gmoJVc{ Amh{V. `mVrc
_m{j hm _w`V: [acm{H$gmYZ{gmR>r drH$mamdm Ag{ _mZc{ OmV{. [wH$i _mUmV V{ Ia{oh Amh{. [U
Y_AWH$m_ h{ oVhr [wfmW gm_m` _mZdr `dhma, `mcm Y$Z Agc{c{ dò$H$, H$mQw>o]H$,
gm_moOH$ OrdZ `mgmR>r A`V C[`w$ hUyZ Amd`H$ Amh{V. `mVrc `{H$mM{ dV:M{ EH$
doeQ> Amh{. AmoU `m `{H$mMm _mZdr OrdZmgmR>r d{Jim d{Jim C[`m{J Amh{. `m_wi{ H$m{Ur
`mVrc EH$mM{ dm Xm{KmM{ _hd gmJV AgVmV. [U V{ _mZU{ EH$mJr Amh{. `dhmamMr g[yUVm
odMmamV K{Vm o>H$m{Z `m[H$ AmoU gdg_md{eH$ [mohO{. H$m_mMr {aUm hr A`V ZgoJH$ AmoU
dm^modH$ Amh{. H$m_m`m VrgmR>r gmYZ{ Owidmdr cmJVmV hUyZ AW Amd`H$ AgVm{. [U
`$s`$sZ{ dm `m`m chmZ_m{R>m JQ>mZr dV:[waVm gm{`rMm hUyZ H$m_mWmMm odMma H{$di
dV:`m >rZ{ H{$cm Va V{ ò$OrdZmV, Hw$Qw>]mV AmoU g_mOmVoh AohVH$maH$ R>aV{. AmoU
AZ{H$ H$ma`m Xw:Imcm d gKfmcm H$maUr^yV hm{V{. hUyZ AWmMm dm H$m_mMm drH$ma H$m{U`m
[VrZ{ H$amdm, `mgmR>r H$m{UV{ oZ`_ Agmd{V, `mgmR>r Hw$Ur, H{$hm, Hw$R>{, oH$Vr, H$g{ dmJmd{ h{
`m{àrVrZ{ odMmamV `md{M cmJV{. h{M H$m_ Y_ H$arV AgVm{. hUyZ oVKmZmoh `m{` WmZ oXc{
[mohO{. `mgmR>rM _hm^maVmZ{ "Y_mWm Y_H$m_m M H$m_mWm Mm`[rS>`Z$& Y_mWH$m_mZ
`m{@`{oV gm{@`V gwI_ZwV{$&&' Y_ AW H$m_ `m oVKmVyZ H$m{`moh EH$mH$aVm BVa Xm{KmH$S>{
Xwcj hm{U{ `m{` Zmhr.hUyZ EH$mH$naVm H$m{`moh BVa Xm{KmZm [rS>m X{D$ Z`{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. [U
`dhmamV _m H$m_mgmR>r AW AmoU Y_ `mMr dm AWmgmR>r H$m_ AmoU Y_ `mMr C[{jm hm{V{ Ag{
]hVH$$Z AmT>iV{. Y_ hm Va H{$di [acm{H$mgmR>r Amh{ Ag{ g_OyZ Vm{ AS>JirV Q>mH$cm OmVm{.
2 224
120 ]
_Zw_oV
dm H{$di [yOm[mR>m[waVm drH$macm OmVm{. BVa `mdhmnaH$ Jm{>tgmR>r Y_mMm H$mhr g]Y Zmhr Ag{
JhrV Yac{ OmV{, hUyZ `mg_hfuZr H$idiyZ hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s, "D$d]mhodam{`{f Z M H$oV
lwUm{oV _m_$& Y_mX AWH$m_ g Y_: qH$ Z g{`V{$&&' "_r hmV C^m$Z Am{aSy>Z gmJVm{
H$s ]m]mZm{ ! AW AmoU H$m_ h{ Y_m`m AoY>mZmda drH$mac{V VaM oZam_`[U{ gwIXm`H$ hm{VmV.
_J Vwhr Y_mMm Adc] H$m H$arV Zmhr? [U _mP{ Hw$Ur E{H$V Zmhr.'
Amam{` MmJc{ Agmd{ h{ gJ`mZmM H$iV{. [U Amhmaodhma Amam{`mM{ oZ`_ cjmV
R>{dyZ drH$mac{ ZmhrV Va `m_wi{M am{J C[ hm{VmV, ]imdVmV. [U Amam{` o]KS>{[`V oVH$S>{
Hw$Ur [hmV Zmhr. VrM pWVr Y_mMr hm{V{. OrdZ oO`m AmYmamZ{ amhV{ `m oVdBM{ Y_AWH$m_
h{ VrZ [m` Amh{V. `mV Hw$Uroh BVam[{jm AmIwS> dm cm] AgyZ MmcV Zmhr. Vg{ Ag{c Va oVdB
S>i_i{c. daMr dVy ApWa hm{Bc
, Kga{c, H$m{gi{c. hUyZ Y_AWH$m_ `m oVKmMmoh `Wm`m{`
arVrZ{ drH$ma H$aU{ h{ gd>rZ{ l{`H$a Amh{. h{ _Zw`mZ{ Var odg$ Z`{. BVa OrdH$m{Q>rV H$m_mWmM{
oZÙ oZgJmZ{M hm{V{. _Zw`mcm H$m`m_mJM{ H$maU em{Y`mMr ]wo AmoU H$mhr _mUmV Var H$_
H$a`mM{ dmV` d^mdV:M cm^c{c{ Ag`mZ{ `mcm _m Am[c{ OrdZ OJVmZm H$mhr oZ`_
H$amd{ cmJVmV. H$mhr oZÙ{ drH$mamdr cmJVmV. V{M H$m_ Y_ H$aVm{ hUyZ _Zw`m`m `dhmam`m
>rZ{ Y_AWH$m_ gmaI{M _mZc{ OmVmV.oZ]Y (H$m`Xm) Y_mM{ WmZ I`m AWmZ{ K{D$ eH$V
Zmhr. h{ cjmV R>{dU{ ]a{.
AmMm` o[Vm Md _mVm ^mVm M [ydO

:$&
ZmV}Zm`d_V`m ]mU{Z ode{fV:$&&225&&
H$m{Ur oH$Vroh [roS>V Agcm, H$m{U`moh H$maUmZ{ Xw:Ir Agcm Var `mZ{ Jw, AmB,
Wm{acm ^mD$ `mMm A[_mZ H$$ Z`{. `mMr Adh{cZm hm{Bc Ag{ dmJy Z`{. ]mU `$sZ{ Var
Am[`m dmJ`m]m{c`mV `m gXmMmamH$S>{ Xwcj H$$ Z`{.
]mUdJ hm g_mOmcm _mJXeZ H$aUmam d `mgmR>r dV: AmXe^yV dmJUmam
Agm KS>odcm Omdm hr A[{jm emH$mamMr Amh{. hUyZ ZoVH$>rZ{ ]mUmda AoYH$ Xmo`d
Amh{.
AmMm`m} ]Um{ _yoV: o[Vm _yoV: Om[V{:$&

_mVm [oW`m _yoVVw ^mVm dm{ _yoVam_Z:$&&226&&
Jw hUO{ gmH$ma ]M, O_XmVm hm ]X{dmgmaIm, AmB hUO{ gd ^ma gm{gUmar
[drM, ^mD$ hUO{ Am[cm dV:Mm OrdM.
_Zw_oV
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2 231
Ag{ Ag`mZ{ `mVrc H$m{UmMroh H$m{U`moh _mUmV Adh{cZm dm C[{jm hm{D$ Z`{.
` _mVmo[Vam c{e gh{V{ g^d{ ZUm_$&

Z V` oZH$oV: e`m H$Vw dfeVao[$&&227&&
_Zw`mcm O_ X{D$Z dmT>od`mgmR>r `mM{ AmB]m[ O{ oOVH{$ H$> ghZ H$aVmV,
`mMr \{$S> H$a`mgmR>r, `m F$UmVyZ _w$ hm{`mgmR>r eVmdoY dfmM{ `Zoh A[wa{M R>aVmV.
V`m{oZ` o` Hw$`mXmMm`` M gdXm$&

V{d{d ofw Vw>f{ w V[: gd g_m`V{$&&228&&
hUyZ _mVmo[Vm AmoU Jw `mM{ gXmgdXm o`M gmYmd{. `m oVKm`m gVm{fmVM
gd H$maM{ V[ g_mod> Amh{ Ag{ OmUmd{.
V{fm `mUm ewlfy m [a_ V[ C`V{$&

Z VaZ`ZwkmVm{ Y__` g_mMa{V$ &&229&&
_mVm o[Vm AmoU Jw `mMr g{dm H$aU{ h{M gdl{> V[ Amh{. `mMr g_oV, AZw_oV
Zg{c Va BVa H$m{U`moh Y_mMm (Y_H$`mMm) drH$ma H$$ Z`{.
V Ed oh `m{ cm{H$mV Ed ` Aml_m:$&

V Ed oh `m{ d{XmV Edm{$m`m{@`:$&&230&&
_mVmo[Vm AmoU Jw h{M VrZ cm{H$ Amh{V. h{ oVK{M VrZ Aml_ Amh{V. V{M VrZ
d{X Amh{V. V{M oVW{ VrZ Aroh Amh{V.
_mVmo[VmJw `m`m g{d{Z{M ^y:^wd:d: `m VrZ cm{H$mMr mr hm{V{. JhW,
dmZW AmoU g`mg `m VrZ Aml_mVyZ Ordmcm O{ H$mhr MmJc{ cm^V{ V{ gd _mVmo[VmJw
`m`m gVm{fmZ{ cm^V{. F$d{XÒwd}Xgm_d{X `m`m A``ZO[moX_wi{ _Zw`mM{ O{ H$`mU
hm{V{ V{M _mVmo[VmJw `mMr ewlyfm H{$`mZ{ cm^V{. Aohm{mgmR>r `m VrZ ArMr C[mgZm H{$cr
OmV{ V{M \$i _mVmo[VmJw `m`m H$[{Z{ m hm{V{. [wT>`m cm{H$mV VrZ Ar H$m{UV{ V{ [>
Pmc{c{ Amh{.
o[Vm d Jmh[`m{@o_mVmoXojU: _V:$&

JwamhdZr`Vw gm@o{Vm Jar`gr$&&231&&
o[Vm Jmh[`mo Amh{. H$mVm XojUmo WmZr g_Omdr. Jw hmM AmhdZr` Ao
hm{`. Ed M _mVmo[VmJw h{M Ao` l{> Amh{.
2 231
122 ]
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Aohm{m`m AZw>mZmV Jmh[`XojU AmoU AmhdZr` `m ZmdmZ{ odoe> odYrZ{

oZaoZam`m Hw$S>mVyZ AtMr Wm[Zm H{$cr OmV{. h{ Aohm{ gm^miU{ ]a{M AdKS> Amh{. _mVm
o[VmJw `mMr gd H$ma{ g{dm H$a`mZ{ H$m{`moh `$scm Aohm{mM{ \$c cm^V{. `m odYmZmcm
H{$di VwoV qH$dm AWdmX g_Oy Z`{. Vr dVwpWVr Amh{. _hm^maVmVrc H$moeH$ ]mUmcm ]m{Y
H$aUmam Y_`mY AmoU [mSw>aJmcm odQ>{da C^m H$aUmam [wS>crH$ `mM{ OrdZ _mVmXt`m g{d{M{M _yV
CXmhaU Amh{.
od_m{Vf{ w tm{H$mpdO`{XJ h r$&

Xr`_mZ: dd[wfm X{ddood _m{XV{$&&232&&
_mVmo[VmJw `m`mer Agc{c{ dmJU{ Xm{faohV Ag{c Va `m `$scm oVhr
cm{H$mda odO` m hm{Vm{. `mM{ eara V{Odr hm{V.{ AmoU gd cm{H$mV Vm{ X{dm_mU{M AmZX C[^m{JVm{.
B_ cm{H$ _mV^`m o[V^`m Vw _`__$&

Jwewlfy `m d{d ]cm{H$ g_wV${ &&233&&
`m cm{H$mVrc (Bhcm{H$mVrc) gwI{ _mV^$sZ{ m hm{VmV. o[V^$sZ{ ^wdcm}H$ cm^Vm{.
JwMr g{dm H{$`mZ{ ]cm{H$mMr mo hm{V{.
gd} V`mVm Y_m ``V{ ` AmVm:$&

AZmVmVw ``V{ gdmV`m\$cm: oH$`m:$&&234&&
`m oVKmodf`r `mcm AmXa dmQ>Vm{, Om{ `mMm g_mZ R>{dVm{, V{dT>mZ{ BVa gd
Y_mMm gH$ma H{$`m gmaI{ hm{V{. Om{ _mVmo[VmJw `mMr Adh{cZm H$aVm{, `mZ{ BVa H$m{U`moh
Y_mM{ [mcZ H{$c{ Var V{ gd oZ\$i hm{V{.
`md`V{ Ord{`w Vmdm` g_mMa{V$ &

V{d{d oZ` ewlfy m Hw$`moòhV{ aV:$&&235&&
gdH$mi _mVmo[VmJw `m`m g{d{V amhZ _Zw`mZ{ `mM{ o` AmoU ohV gmYyZ
md{. h{ oVK{ oOdV Amh{V Vm{da `m`m g{d{dmMyZ BVa H$mhroh H$$ Z`{.
V{fm_Zwam{YZ{ [ma` `XmMa{V$ &

Vmod{X`{m{`m{ _Zm{dMZH$_o^:$&&236&&
`m`m AZwk{Z{M BVa H$mhr Y_H$`{ H$amdrV. _ZdmUrH$oV `mZr O{ H$mhr KS>{c
V{ _mVmoX oVKmZm oZd{XZ H$amd{.
_mVmo[VmJw `m`m g{d{V amohc{, `mZm gwIgVm{f hm{Bc Ag{ dmJc{ Va Ia{
_Zw_oV
[ 123 ]
2 237
hUO{ BVa H$mhroh H$amd`mg ZH$m{. gd [H$maM{ H$`mU `m`m ewlyf{Z{M m hm{V{. BVa H$m{UVroh
Jm{> H$amdrer dmQ>cr Va Vr `m oVKm`m g{d{V AVa [Sy> Z X{Vm H$amdr. H$XmoMV dmg`{_m[m{Q>r
V{ d{Ji{ H$mhr H$a`mg AZw_oV X{Vrcoh [U [S>`m \$imMr Amkm g_OyZ Vg{ H$aU{ MmJc{ Zmhr.
Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ "H$oV F$OwH$oV: A`W_mZ: Am_[amY_ AdJU` AZwOmZmoV V oZd`W EVV'
Ag{ `m cm{H$mda Q>rH$m H$aVmZm _mo_H$[U{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
od{Vp{ doV H$` oh [wf` g_m`V{$&

Ef Y_: [a: gmjmXw[Y_m}@` C`V{$&&237&&
_mVmo[VmJw `m oVKmMr g{dmewlfy m H$a`mVM _Zw`mMr gd BoVH$V`Vm Amh{.
(d{Ji{ H$V` hUyZ _J H$mhr CaV Zmhr) _mVmXtMr g{dm hmM `j[U{ l{> Y_ Amh{. BVa gd
C[Y_ Amh{V. JmU Amh{V.
_mVmo[VmJw `m`m g{d{M{ _hd oV[mXZ H$aUma{ h{ AR>am cm{H$ _ZwÒrdZmMr
gmWH$Vm `$ H$aUma{ Amh{V.
_Zw` OrdZ h{ _w`V: gH$mamda Adc]yZ AgV{. `mV AZwded^mdH$oV
maY `mMmoh ^mJ AgVm{. `mda Am[c{ oZÙ Agy eH$V Zmhr. [U gH$mamda _m [wH$i
_mUmV oZÙ amh eH$V{. hUyZ _Zw` ode{fV: dmT>`m d`mV Var, g`gwgH$VgmOèrc
Aem dmVmdaUmV dmT>U{ MmJc{. Om{ Om{ d` chmZ Vm{ Vm{ hm{Uma{ gH$ma AoYH$ ^mdr R>aV AgVmV,
AWmV MmJc{ gH$ma mT> d`mV oZ[`m{Jr hm{VmV Ag{ hU`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. [m`m`m Yma{Z{
^wg^werV ^y_rcm IiJm [S>Vm{ [U ]`mM XrKH$mcmZ{ H$oR>U H$m`m [mfmUmcmoh, [m`m`m
gVVYma{Z{ IiJm [S>Vm{M. hUyZ AJXr chmZ[Um[mgyZ odZ`H$VkVmoZahH$mnaVmH$>miy[Um
AJr ]mU{c Ag{ `Z H$aU{ A`V C[`m{JmM{ R>aV{. AmoU hm oZ`_ gdgm_m` Agcm hUO{
od[arV diU cmJ`mMm g^d [wH$i _mUmV XwamdVm{.
_mVmo[Vm `mMm g]Y Va O_m[mgyZM AgVm{. odmJw C_c`m d`mV ^{Q>Vm{.
OmU`m d`mV XrjmJwMr mo hm{V{. h{ gd ghdmg [wH$i XrKH$mi[`V cmÛma{ AgVmV. `mV
AoV[naM`mZ{ Adkm hm{`mMm g^d AgVm{. Vm{ Q>mi`mgmR>r oZaoZam`m H$mamZ{ _mVmo[VmJw
`m`m g{d{M{ _hd oV[moXc{ Amh{. ]m{YX Aem gd dmL>_`mVyZ ode{fV: gVm`m A_Vmgma`m
ohVH$mar dMZmVyZ `m oVKmMr _hoV, `m`m g{d{Mr gwIXm`H$ [naUoV AZ{H$ H$mamZ{ C[X{oecr
Amh{. Aem AWm`m cm{H$m{$soh [wH$i Amh{V. H$m{`m EH$m H$drZ{ hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s "_mVm o[Vm
Jw$Zm ÔVm{ Om{ oZ` X{D$Zr _mZ$& H$`mU hm{V `mM{ BVa JUmd{ [eyhZ r hrZ$&&' Vr.XmXmZroh
2 237
124 ]
_Zw_oV
(lrXmgJUy _hmamOmZr) MmJcm oe` H$m{U V{ gmJVmZm hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s " Om{ Vm{fdrV Jwcm
Am[w`m H$VrZ{$& g{d{g V[a gXm AoVXjV{Z{$& [mhr CU{ Z JwM{ Oar mU J{cm$& gVoe`
h{ Vwph ode{fU m V`mcm$&&' hm ]m{Y odmJw d XrjmJw[waVmM _`moXV g_O`mM{ H$maU
Zmhr. _mVm AmoU o[Vm h{oh EH$m AWmZ{ JwM Amh{V. dS>rcYm`mZmoh JwM hU`mMr [oV
Amh{. _wcm`moe`m`m ohVmgmR>r oVKm`moh dmJ`mV dada [mhVm H$m{YH$R>m{aVm oXgcr Var
`m_mJ{ ohVmMrM Vi_i AgV{. hUyZ lrkmZm{]mam`, "_mV{`m H$m{[r Wm{Hw$c{ $& Z{h AmWr$&&'
Ag{ `WmW[U{ hUVmV. EH$m qhXr H$drZ{oh (H$]ra) "Jw Hw$hma ogI Hw$^ h KS>KS> H$mT>
Im{Q>$& AVa hmW ghmam X{ ]mha ]mha Mm{Q>$&&' Jw Hw$^mamgmaIm oZ oe` (Am{`m H$`m) KS>m
gmaIm Amh{. ]mh{$Z Wm[Q>U{ _mac{ OmV Agc{ Var AmVyZ hmVmMm AmYma oXc{cm AgVm{. Ag{
A`V _mo_H$[U{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
lYmZ: ew^m odm_mXXrVmdamXo[$&

A`mXo[ [a Y_ raZ XwHw$cmXo[$&&238&&
EImXr MmJcr odm H$oZ>mOdi Agcr Var Vr lm[ydH $ `mM{H$Sy>Z oeHy$Z `mdr.
ohVH$a Y_ eym[mgyZoh drH$mamdm. AZ{H$ MmJ`mJwUmZr `w$ Aer r XwHw$cmVrc Agcr Var Vr
drH$mamdr.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ H$oZ>m[mgyZ oeH$md`m`m od{V `mH$aUVH$gmoh` B`moX
emmMm g_md{e H{$cm Amh{. A` eXmZ{ MmS>mcoh JhrV Yacm Amh{.
`md$Z d{XkmZmòVna$ BVa odm eymH$S>M
{ H$m` Va MmS>mcmH$S>o{ h C[cY hm{`m.
Ag{ [> hm{V{. `m_wi{ eymXtZm AS>mUr R>{dc{, h{ hUU{ H$g{ oZaWH$ Amh{ V{oh ``mg `{Bc.
AmoU h{ odmJhU lm`w$_ZmZ{ d Z_V{Z{ drH$mamd`mM{ Amh{. `md$Z ]mU[UmMm AhH$ma hm
_Zycmoh `m` dmQ>V hm{Vm h{ [> hm{V{.
XwHw$c hU`mV dV:`m dUmVrcM Hw$i{ JhrV Yamd`mMr Amh{V. EH$mM dUmVrc
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[ 125 ]
2 243
odfmX`_V Jm ]mcmXo[ gw^mofV_$&

Ao_mXo[ gm__{`mXo[ H$mmZ_$&&239&&
odfmVyZoh A_V `md{. ]mcH$mH$Sy>Zoh gw^mofV oeH$md{. ey`moh gXdmmM{
AZwH$aU H$amd{. AmoU AewA[od WmZr [S>c{c{ gm{Z{ ZmH$m$ Z`{.
dH$mV A\y$]MZmJHw$Mcmgm{_c \$ma H$m` ZmJmM{ odfoh AmfY hUyZ
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o`m{ aZm`Wm{ odm Y_: emM gw^mofV_$&

ododYmoZ M oe[moZ g_mX{`moZ gdV:$&&240&&
r, aZ{, oZaoZam`m odm, odoYoZf{Ym_H$ Y_, ewVm[odVm `m g]YrMr
YmaUm, H$cmH$me`mZ{ `w$ Aer oM{oe[{ `m dVy dm `mM{ kmZ H$m{Ry>Zoh drH$mamd{.
A]mUmX``Z_m[H$mc{ odYr`V{$&
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AS>MUr`m d{ir ]mU Zgc{`m `$s[mgyZoh odm oeH$m`m. AmoU Aemd{ir
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Zm ]mU{ Jwam oe`m{ dmg_m`pVH$ dg{V$ &

]mU{ dm@ZZyMmZ{ H$mL>jJoV_Zwm_m_$&&242&&
]mU Zgc{`m odmJw`m KamV ]mU odm`mZ{ AmOrdZ amh Z`{.
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òX dm`pVH$ dmg am{M`{V Jwam{: Hw$c{$&

`w$: [naMa{XZ{ _m earaod_m{jUmV$&&243&&
Oa Jw`m Hw$cm_`{ oZ>{Z{ Am`w`â amh`mM{ dV drH$mac{ Ag{c Va `m oe`mZ{
eara gwQ>{[`V `m{àrVrZ{ JwMr g{dm ewlyfm H$arV amhmd{.
2 243
126 ]
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oZ>{Z{ drH$mac{cr Zo>H$dV{ H$m{`moh [napWVrV AmOrdZ [mimd`mMr AgVmV.

`mV ]a{ dmQ>`m Z dmQ>`mMm char_mU{ dV^J H$aVm `{V Zmhr. `m dVmZm BVa H$mhr oZ`_mZ{ ]mYm
`{V Zmhr.
Am g_m{: eara` `Vw ewlfy V{ Jw_$&

g JN>Ògm odm{ ]U: g emV_$&&244&&
Om{ oe` earamMr g_mr hm{B[ `V Jw`m g{dm ewlfy _{ `{ amhVm{, `mcm ]cm{H$mMr
mr hm{V{.
[oVeylyfm h{ Og{ [ZrM{ `mM_mU{ Jwewlyfm h{ oe`mM{ [a_H$V` Amh{. ewlyfm
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Amd`H$Vm ZgV{. dH$_V[aV{`m \w$cmZr ]mYc{cr [yOmM Bamcm gdmoYH$ AmdS>Umar AgV{
Ag{ lrkmZ{a _hmamOmZr hQ>c{ Amh{. AJXr AocH$S>{ Pmc{`m og gV CoS>`m]m]mZroh Xw:I,
H$> ghZ H$arV, g_mYmZmZ{ g{dm H$arV amhrc Va `m oe`m`m CVrgmR>r V{dT>{M [wa{g{ Amh{ Ag{
hQ>c{ Amh{.
Z [yd Jwad{ qH$oMXw[Hw$duV Y_odV$&

Zm`Vw JwUm@@k: e`m JwdW
_ mha{V$ &&245&&
odmJhU [yU hm{`m[ydu Jwcm XojUm hUyZ H$mhr md{ Agm Y_emmMm H$mhr
AmJh Zmhr. oejU [yU Pm`mda _m Jw`m AZwk{Z{ `Wmeo$ XojUm Ad` mdr.
C[Hw$duV eXmZ{ YZmXrMr XojUm gmoJVcr Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{. Jwcm AmdS>Vrc
Aem BVa Jm{>r H$$ Z`{V Agm `mMm AW Zmhr. Vg{M oejU [yU hm{`m[ydu AmJhmZ{ H$mhr _mJyZ
AmUyZ Jwcm md{ `mMroh H$mhr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr. oejU g[`mZVa _m JwXojUm Ad` mdr.
`mgmR>r H$m{`m gmpdH$^modH$ YoZH$mH$S>{ `mMZm H$amdr cmJcr Var H$amdr.
j{ oha` Jm_ N>m{[mZh_VV:$&

Ym` dmgmog emH$ M Jwad{ roV_mhaZ$&&246&&
(A``Z g[`mZVa) ^yo_, gm{Z{, Jm`, Km{S>m, N>r, [mXmU{, AmgZ, Ym`, \$i{,
^mOr, d{ `mVrc e$s_mU{ gJi{ qH$dm EImX{ XojUm hUyZ {_mXamZ{ Jwcm A[U H$amd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 127 ]
2 249
AmMm`} Vw Icw {V{ Jw[w{ JwUmpdV{$&

Jwma{ go[S>{ dm JwdX dom_mMa{V$ &&247&&
JwM{ X{hmdgmZ Pm`mZVaoh JwUdmZ Agc{cm Jw[w, JwMr [Zr, JwM{ H$mH$m
_m_m Ag{ Am `m`meroh Jw_mU{M dVZ H$amd{.
hm dedmX Zmhr. JwUmZ{ `w$ AgU{ Jw`m `m{`V{er, AoYH$mamer `mMr OdoiH$
AgV{, V{M [w, [Zr, Am `{W{ g{dmewlyf{H$naVm JhrV Yac{ Amh{V. JwUmpdV{ Jw[w{, JwUmpdV{
JwXma{, JwUmpdV{ gq[S>{ Agm cm{H$mMm Ad` Amh{. BVamZm \$maVa gm`m Z_H$mamZ{ _mZ mdm.
dV:Mm AhH$ma Z ]imd`mgmR>r `mMmoh C[`m{J H$mhr _mUmV hm{Vm{.
EV{dod_mZ{fw WmZmgZodhmadmZ$&
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X{hmM{ gmWH$ Amh{ Ag{ _mZmd{.
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`m YZmrM{ dm cmoH$H$mM{ gmYZ _mZy Z`{. JwM{ H$m` [wT>{ MmcodU{ h{ _hdmM{ Amh{. oe`mM{ V{
C`mAoYH$ [_mUmV H$V` Amh{. Zo>H$ dV YmaU H$aUm`m oe`mM{ Va V{ gdmV _w` Ag{ Co>,
gm` dm H$V` Agc{ [mohO{. h{ Ag{ AmMaUmV AmU`mZ{M oe` I`m AWmZ{ F$ofF$UmVyZ dm
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Amh{.
Ed MaoV `m{ odm{ ]M`_odcwV:$&

g JN>`wm_WmZ Z M{hOm`V{ [wZ:$&&249&&
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Vm{ O__aUm`m \{$`mVyZ _w$ hm{Vm{.
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2 249
128 ]
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[ 129 ]
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33
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odm`mMm _Yw[H$, [w[_mcm, e`m, AmoU AmgZ X{D$Z gH$ma H$amdm.

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[ 131 ]
3 13
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3 13
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`Z Amh{.
eym e`Z_mam{` ]mUm{ `m`Ym{JoV_$&

OZo`dm gwV V`m ]m`mX{d hr`V{$&&17&&
_Zw_oV
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ey rer aoVg]Y R>{d`mZ{ ]mU AYm{JVrcm OmVm{. oVcm _yc Pmc{ Va `mM{
]m`M Z> hm{V{.
Xdo[`moVW{`moZ VYmZmoZ `` Vw$&

ZmpV o[VXd{ mV M dJ g JN>oV$&&18&&
ey rer g]Y R>d{ UmamZ{ X{dmZm dm o[VamZm C{eZy H{$c{cr H$_} X{d dm o[Va drH$marV
ZmhrV. BVa H$_mVoh X{d o[VamMm gh^mJ Ag{c Var X{d dm o[Va V{ drH$marV ZmhrV. Vg{M Aem
`$sZ{ H{$c{cm AoVWrgH$maoh oZ\$i hm{Vm{. Aem H$m{U`moh H$_mM{ \$c [w`Xm`r hm{V Zmhr.
AWmVM [w`mM{ \$c Agc{cm dJoh `mcm o_iV Zmhr.
dfcr\{$Z[rV` oZ:mgm{[hV` M $&

V`m Md gyV` oZH$oVZ odYr`V{$&&19&&
ey{`m Am{>agmM{ meZ H$aUmam, oV`m mgmM{ AmKmV Pmc{cm, oV`m oR>H$mUr
A[`$[mZ{ C[ hm{Umam `m H$m{Umcmoh mòm Zmhr.
V{am`m cm{H$mV AZwcm{{_ oddmhmcm AJoVH$[U{ AZw_oV oX`mZVa o^ dUmVrc
rer g]Y R>{d`mMm oZf{Y [wT>rc cm{H$mVyZ ZmZm H$mamZr H{$c{cm Amh{. `md$Z emH$mamZm
dUgH$a oH$Vr oZof dmQ>Vm{ V{ [> hm{V{. oddmh Z H$aVm g]Y R>{dU{oh oZof Ag`mM{ gVam`m
AmoU `m EH$m{oUgm`m cm{H$mVyZ [> hm{V{.
MVwUm_o[ dUmZm {` M{h ohVmohVmZ$&

A>mod_mg_mg{Z roddmhmo]m{YV &&20&&
Mmar dUmgmR>r Bhcm{H$s d [acm{H$s ohVH$a Agc{c{ dm oVVH{$g{ cm^Xm`H$ Zgc{c{
oddmhmM{ AmR> H$ma Wm{S>`mV gmJV Amh{.
]mm{ XdVWdmf: mOm[`VWm@@gwa:$&

JmYdm} amjgd [emMm>_m{@Y_:$&&21&&
]m, Xd, Amf, mOm[`, Amgwa, JmYd, amjg, AmoU [emM Ag{ oddmhmM{
H$ma Amh{V. `mVrc AmR>dm [emM hm A`V AY_ hm{`.
`m{ `` Y`m} dU` JwUXm{fm M `` `m$&

V: gd d`mo_ gd{ M JwUmJwUmZ$&&22&&
Om{ oddmhmMm H$ma `m dUmcm odohV AgVm{ `m H$mamM{ O{ JwUXm{f AgVmV.
`m_wi{ gVVrV O{ JwU dm AJwU oZ_mU hm{VmV V{ gd Vwhmcm gmJVm{{.
3 23
134 ]
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fS>mZw[y `m od` j` MVwam{@damZ$&

odQ>ey `m{@Vw VmZ{d odm`mZamjgmZ$&&23&&
[ohc{ ghm ]mUmgmR>r odohV Amh{V. [ohc{ ghmVrc [wT>M{ Mma jo`mgmR>r odohV
Amh{V. d` AmoU eymZmoh V{M odohV g_Omd{. [U amjgoddmhmMm g_md{e odohVmV H$$ Z`{.
gmoJVc{`m EHy$U oddmh H$mamV [emM hm A`V AY_ gmoJVcm Amh{. h{ [wT>rc
MmVrgm`m cm{H$md$Z [> hm{Bc. AWmV MmamV `mMm g_md{e H$aVmM `{Uma Zmhr. amjg d`
Ag`mM{ `{W{M hQ>c{ Amh{. V{hm ]mUmòVna$ Cac{`m VrZ dUmZm Amf, mOm[`, Amgwa,
JmYd h{M Mma oddmh odohV Amh{V Ag{ g_Omd{. [wT>rc cm{H$mV `mVrc ode{f gmoJVcm Amh{.
MVwam{ ]mU`mmeVmH$d`m{ odXw:$&

amjg jo``H$_mgwa dèy`m{:$&&24&&
]mUmcm [ohc{ MmaM eV Amh{V. jo`mZ{ amjgoddmh H{$cm Var MmcVm{.
dèymZr Amgwa[VrZ{ oddmh H{$cm Var Vm{ _m` g_Omdm.
[mmZm Vw `m{ Y`m mdY`m _Vmodh$&

[emMmgwad Z H$V`m H$XmMZ$&&25&&
mOm[`moX [mM oddmhmVrc VrZ Y_odohV Amh{V. Amgwa AmoU [emM h{ Xm{Z
H$Yroh AmM$ Z`{V.
[ydu gmoJVc{`m oddmhH$mam_`{ d` eymZm Amgwaoddmh odohV hUyZ gmoJVcm
Amh{. AmoU `{W{ Vm{ H$$ Z`{ hUyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. emoZU`[Vr_mU{ hr odgJoV Zmhr Va
l{>d JmUd gmJ`mMm hm H$ma Amh{. O{hm l{> [oV Ae` hm{V{ V{hm AJoVH$[U{ JmUmMm
drH$ma H{$cm Omdm V{dT>{M `{W{ gwModc{ Amh{.
[WH$[Wdm o_lm dm oddmhm [ydM

m{oXVm$&
JmYdm amjgd Y`m j` Vm _Vm$&&26&&
[ydu gmoJVc{`m oddmhH$mam[H$s JmYd AmoU amjg h{ oddmhH$ma d{Jd{Ji{ dm
o_ld$[mV jo`mZm CoMV Amh{V. Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
JmYd oddmh hm AmO`m ^mf{V {_oddmh Amh{. V{hm H$`{Mr g_oV Amh{ [U
AmmMm odam{Y Amh{ `md{ir Vm{ oddmh o_l hm{Vm{.
amjgoddmhmV _wcJr qH$dm oVM{ Am `m H$m{UmMrM g_oV ZgV{. hUyZ _wcrM{
Am[`m dV:`m ]imda haU H{$c{ OmV{. `md{ir qhXwY_moedm` Xwgam H$m{UVmoh Y_ qhXwWmZmVM
_Zw_oV
[ 135 ]
3 29
H$m` [U BVa Hw$R>{oh ApVdmV ZhVm. AmoU dU`dW{Mr MmH$Q> ]iH$Q> hm{Vr. `m_wi{ `m Aem
oddmhmZ{ g_mOm_`{ Wm{S>m Hw$a]waròVna$ ode{f gKf oZ_mU hm{V Zg{. [amH$_mMm AhH$ma AmoU
_mZm[_mZ `m H$[Z{VyZ dYyda[jr` jo`m`m JQ>mV dm da[jod BVa jo` (cmgmR>r Amc{c{
dm dYy`m AmmVc{) `m`mV `wmMr MH$_H$hr hm{B. [U oV`m CJV{Mr `mo _`moXV Ag{. ZVa
]hYm Xm{hr [jmMm g_{Q> hm{V Ag{. amjgoddmhm`m H$mamV [idyZ AmUc{`m _wcrcmoh Xm{hr
KamV g_mZZr` dmJUyH$ o_i{. jo`mZm Am[`m em`mMr [arjm Pm`mM{ g_mYmZoh m hm{B.
`wmMm gamd amh`m`m >rZ{ Aem MH$_H$r C[`w$oh R>aV. Aem [VrM{ oddmh Pm`mMr Zm|X
N>[oV oedmOr`m H$mim[`Voh Amh{. Am[roh oh_mc`m`m XwJ_ I{S>mVyZ ode{fV: [yd^mJmV
AmoU H$mhr dZdmgr OmVrV Ag{ oddmh hm{VmV [U `mM{ d$[ dmVdmM{ Wm{S>{, AmoU [a[amJV
T>rM{ [mcZ H$a`mgmR>r Agc{c{ cwQw>[wQ>rM{M AoYH$ AgV{.
AmN>m MmMo`dm M lwVercdV{ d`_$&

Amh` XmZ H$`m`m ]mm{ Y_: H$soVV:$&&27&&
odm AmoU Hw$c `mZr g[ Agc{`m damcm Am[U hm{D$Z Am_U X{D$Z `mMr d
H$`{Mr d{AcH$ma B`mqXZr [yOZ H$$Z _J damcm H$`m A[U H$amdr. `m [Vr`m oddmhmcm
]moddmh Ag{ hUVmV.
`m oddmhmV dYy AmoU dam`m Xm{hr [jmMr _wcJm AmoU _wcJr `m`m [a[aoZdS>rg
[yU[U{ g_oV Amh{. hm Ame` oddmhgH$mamVJV XmZ `m eXmZ{ gwModcm OmVm{.
`k{ Vw odVV{ g`JpdO{ H$_ Hw$dV${ &

AcH$ ` gwVmXmZ Xd Y_ MjV{$&&28&&
`kmgmR>r oZ_oV H{$c{`m AmoU gd odoY Cm_arVrZ{ H$aUm`m F$pdOmcm AcH$ V
H$$Z _wcJr A[U H$aU{ `m oddmhmcm Xd oddmh Ag{ hUVmV.
amOm XeaWmZ{ [wH$m_{>r `k H$aVmZm F$èJmcm Am[cr gm^mic{cr _wcJr emVm
[Zr hUyZ oX`mMm C{I am_mÙmV Amh{. [wam{ohVm`m Kar _wcJr AmdOyZ mdr. Aem H$maMr
^mdZm _mJ`mo[T>rV Var VwaiH$[U{ ApVdmV hm{Vr.
EH$ Jm{o_WwZ { dm damXmXm` Y_V:$&

H$`mXmZ odoYdXmfm} Y_: g C`V{$&&29&&
Jm`r ]cm`m EH$ dm Xm{Z Om{S>m dam[mgyZ K{D$Z `Wm`m{` odYrZ{ H$`mXmZ H$aU{
`m [Vrcm Amf oddmh Ag{ hUVmV.
3 29
136 ]
_Zw_oV
_yi cm{H$mV Jm`r]cmMr Om{S>r `md`mMr Vr Y_m_mU{ `md`mMr. `mda

Q>rH$mH$mamZr _mo_H$[U{ [> H{$c{ Amh{ H$s `m X{`mK{`mV H$m{UVmoh AmoWH$ cm^ dm F$UmMr [aV\{$S>
A[{ojV Zmhr. EH$ Y_H$ ` (]hYm Hw$i[a[a{Z{ Amc{c){ EdT>mM ^mJ `m Jm`r]cm`m X{`mK{`m`m
[mR>r_mJ{ Amh{.
odmg[ Agc{`m F$ftMr AmoWH$pWoV ]hYm ]{VmMr Ag{c, `m_wi{ [M
MmcodU{oh H$mhtZm _m{R>{ H$>mM{ Ag{. `mV `md$[mMr EH$ gdS> Y_emmZ{ R>{dcr Agmdr. [U
`m gdS>qgYyMrM [naUVr [wT>{ H$`modH$` `m d$[mV Pmcr. H$mhr Hw$im_`{ Vr _m` $T>r hUyZoh
pWamdcr. _ X{em`m amOmZ{ ^r_m`m _mJUr_mU{ _mr [mS>ycm X{VmZm damH$Sy>Z `m{` Vm{ AWcm^
Pmcm VaM _wcJr X{`mMr Am[cr [a[am Amh{. oVM{ [mcZ _cm H$$ m Ag{ gmJyZ ^r_mH$Sy>Z
ZmZmH$maM{ YZ o_iod`mMm C{I _hm^maVmV Amh{.
ghm{^m MaVm Y_o_oV dmMmZw^m` M$&

H$`mXmZ_`` mOm[`m{ odoY: _V:$&&30&&
Vwhr Xm{K{ Y_mZw >mZmV ghH$mar hm Ag{ AQ>r`m d$[mV gmJZy g_mZmZ{ H$`mXmZ
H{$c{ OmV{. `m [Vrcm mOm[òddmh hUVmV.
]m oddmhm_`{ dYy[jmH$Sy>Z damcm _mJUr KmVcr OmV{. Va `m oddmhm_`{
da[jmH$Sy>Z dYycm _mJUr KmVcr OmV Agmdr. hUyZ dYyo[Vm Xm{KmZr o_iyZ Y_mMaU H$am Ag{
AmdOyZ gmJV Ag{. dmVodH$ oddmhgH$mamVM Y_AWH$m_ `m oVhr [wfmWm`m gX^mV,
""_r [ZrM{ AoVH$_U H$aUma Zmhr''. Aer oVkm dm^modH$[U{ g_mod> Amh{. `{W{ Vr AmYrM
KmVc{cr AQ> Amh{ EdT>{M. _w` h{VyMm odMma H$aVm ]m AmoU mOm[` `mV hUmd{ Vg{ AVa
Zmhr.
[wamUmV`m H$mhr H$Wm`m AmYma{ hm EH$ H$mhr odoe> H$mcm[waVm oddmh Amh{
Agm VH$ H$mhr AmYwoZH$mZr _mS>cm Amh{. [U Vm{ "oddmh' `m H$[Z{er gwgJ V Zmhr. H$maU AoVe`
oZ`_] AmoU ZroV`w$ OrdZ OJmd{ Aer `m dUmH$Sy>Z gm_m` A[{jm AgV{, `m ]mUdUmgmR>r
h{ Mma oddmh eV _mZc{ Amh{V. `mVM hm mOm[` oddmh g_mod> Ag`mZ{ H$mhr AQ>tda
R>{dc{cm Vm[waVm g]Y, hm Am[`m qhXyY_mZ{ _mZc{cm J H$ma `moR>H$mUr g^dV Zmhr.
kmoV`m{ odU Xdm H$`m` Md eo$V:$&

H$`m@@XmZ dmN>mXmgwam{ Y_ C`V{$&&31&&
_wcr`m AmmZm dm `j _wcrcm `Wmeo$ ` X{D$Z dN>X[U{ _wcrMm
_Zw_oV
[ 137 ]
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oddmhmgmR>r drH$ma H{$cm OmVm{. `m [Vrcm Agwaoddmh Ag{ hUVmV.

_yi cm{H$mVrc OmoV eXmZ{ AmBdS>rc, _m_m, H$mH$m B`moX OdiM{ Am dm
Vg{ Hw$Ur CmaXm`r `dhmaV: Zg{c V{hm _wcr`m dUmVrc dm OmVrVrc Ag{ [naoMV Agc{c{ gd
cm{H$ `{W{ Ao^{V Amh{V. _wcJr Am[U hm{D$Z gmJyZ `{V Zmhr dm _mJUr KmVcr Var AZ{H$ H$maUmZr
Vr Xwco jcr dm h{Q>micr OmV{. V{hm dV: _wcJr d oVM{ Am dm OmoV]mYd `mZm `m`m BN>{ _mU{
(dN>XVm) ` md{. AmoU _wcJr odH$V `mdr. `m [Vrcm Amgwa Ag{ Zmd md{. hm H$ma
eV Zmhr [U d` AmoU eym_Y{ hr Wm [wH$iAer $T> hm{Vr. ode{fV: `m dJmV _wctM{
_mU VwcZ{Z{ Wm{S>{ AgV{ V{W{ hm H$ma A[nahm` hm{Vm{.
_wcJr $[JwUmZr g[ Amh{ [U Hw$Qw>] Xnar Amh{ qH$dm \$ma cm{^r Amh{, V{hmoh
Ag{ KSy> eH$V{. hm EH$ H$ma{ H$`modH$`M Amh{. oddmhmoX gH$mam_wi{ `mcm H$mhrer `m{`Vm m
hm{V{ BVH{$M.
[mSy>H$naVm ^r_mMm`mZr O{hm _ X{e`m amOH$`{cm _mJUr KmVcr V{hm _mr`m
o[`mZ{ Vw_M{ Wi `m{` Amh{, Vwhr _m`m _wcrcm _mJUr KmVcrV hm Am_`m Hw$imMm g_mZM
Amh{. Var[U _wcrH$naVm _wcmH$Sy>Z Am_`m oV>{cm em{^{c Ag{ YZ K{U{ Aer Am_Mr [a[am
Amh{. oVMm Vwhr _mZ R>{dmdm Ag{ ^r_mZm odZodc{. AmoU ^r_mZr _m`Vm X{D$Z _mrMm [mSy>gmR>r
drH$ma H{$cm, h{ gmoJVc{ Amh{M.
BN>`m@`m{`g`m{J: H$`m`m da` M$&

JmYd: g Vw odk{`m{ _Ww `: H$m_g^d:$&&32&&
H$`m dm [wf dV:`m BN>{Z{ dm AmdS>rZ{ [a[a g`m{{J hmdm Aer BN>m H$aVmV,
V{hm dYwdam`m `m oddmhmcm JmYdoddmh Ag{ hUVmV. H$m_mg$sZ{ aoVH$sS>{cm mYm` X{D$Z hm
oddmh Pmc{cm AgVm{.
[a[a [naM` AmoU Am{T> `m_wi{ H$m_mgo$ ]cdmZ R>$Z `m r[wfmMm [a[a
earag]Y `j oddmhodYr`m AmYroh KS>c{cm AgU{ e` AgV{. h{ ZrVrcm Y$Z Zgc{ Var
[wT>{ oddmhgH$ma KSy>Z `{V Ag`mZ{ `m oddmhmcm Y_emmZ{ _m`Vm XmZ H{$cr Amh{.
gH$V dmS>_`mVrc _mcodH$moo_, _mcoV_mYd, H$mhr _mUmV ZcX_`Vr,
Xw`VeHw$ Vcm h{ oddmh Ag{ JmYd oddmhM hm{V.{ lrH$Up_Ur `mMm oddmh dVwV: JmYdoddmhM
hm{Vm [U _r`m Vrd odam{Ym_wi{ p_Ur`m BN>Z{ M
{ lrH$Umcm amjgoddmhmMr [Vr Adc]mdr
3 32
138 ]
_Zw_oV
cmJcr. lrH$U AmoU o_qdXm `m`m oddmhmM{ Vg{M Pmc{. BoVhmgmVrc [dramO MhmU AmoU
O`MX amR>m{S>Mr _wcJr g`m{oJVm `m`m oddmhmM{ d$[ Ag{M hm{V{.
hdm oN>dm M o^dm M H$m{eVt XVt JhmV$&

g H$`mhaU amjgm{ odoY`V{$&&33&&
_mam_mar H$$Z, PJSy>Z, gJr `w H$$Zoh dm Ka^{X{[Um`m `w$sZ{, AmH$m{e
H$aUm`m aS>Um`m _wcrcm oV`m KamVyZ ]imZ{ [idyZ Z{U{ AmoU _J oddmh H$aU{ `mH$mamcm
amjg oddmh Ag{ hUVmV.
^r_mMm`mZr A]mAo]H$m AmoU A]mocH$m `m H$moeamOm`m VrZ _wcr `m`m
d`da _S>[mVyZ ]imZ{ [idyZ AmU`m Agm C{I _hm^maVmV Amh{. `md{ir _m{R>{ `woh Pmc{
[U ^r_mMm`m[wT>{ V{ gd [am^yV Pmc{. [U V{W{ `m _wctZr AmH$m{e H{$cm dm `m aS>`m Agm C{I
Zmhr. CcQ> `j oddmhgH$mamM{d{ir oVKrVcr Wm{acr Or A]m oVZ{ dV:M{ _Z emdamOmda
Ag`mM{ gmJVmM ^r_mZ{ oVcm g_mZmZ{ ]am{]a gajH$g{dH$]mU X{D$Z emdmH$S>{ [m{Modc{.
V{hm _wcJr aS>V{ Amh{, Am{aS>V{ Amh{ Aem Jm{>r amjgoddmhmVoh ode{fem KS>V Zh`m Ag{
hUVm `{V{. AmmMm odam{Y Ag{ Vm{ _w`V: _mZm[_mZm`m dm AhH$mam`m H$[Z{Z{ AgUma.
jo`dramcm Am[c{ em` JQ >H$a`mMm hmoh EH$ Adga dmQ>V Ag{. `m_wi{ `mH$maM{ oddmhoh
VwaiH$[U{ KSy>Z `{V. H$mhr OmVrO_mVrV VrM Wm Agmdr. Ag{ dZ{MaoJarOZ `m`m g_mOmV
oXgV{. H$mhr OmVrg_mOmV cgJr da[jmcm C{eZy `mMr Adh{cZm H$aUmar JrV{ Jmo`cr OmVmV
Ag{ hUVmV. H$mhr g_mOemkmZr `m $T>rMm g]Y amjgoddmhodYrer Om{S>cm Amh{. _m `m da
C{oIc{`m gmVoh oddmhmV gJi{ oddmh gdUM Amh{V. oVW{ gH$ma Wm{S>moh A[{ojV Zmhr.
gwm _mm _mm dm{ ahm{ `m{[JN>oV$&

g [mo[>m{ oddmhmZm [emM: oWVm{@Y_:$&&34&&
Pm{[c{cr, Xm$ o[D$Z ^mZaohV Pmc{cr dm d{S>r Ag`mZ{ H$mhrM OmU Zgc{cr
Aem r`m od EH$mVmV oV`mda aoVgJ cmXcm OmVm{ ]cmH$ma hm{Vm{. hm [emModdmh A`V
AY_ AmoU gJ`m H$mamV [mo[>, qZ hUyZM JUcm Amh{.
`m H$mamcm AY_, qZ, [mo[> Aer ode{fU{ X{U{ h{oh [wa{g{ Zmhr Ag{M hQ>c{
[mohO{. BVH$m hm H$ma dmBQ> Amh{, `m` Amh{. h{ XwdVZ A`V Hy$a AmoU [eyZmoh Z em{^`mBVH{$
[medr Amh{, [mVH$s Amh{. `mV r`m AJoVH$V{Mm AmoU Xw]cV{Mm ZrM[UmZ{ cm^ CR>odcm OmV
Amh{. r earamM{ doeQ> AmoU `mMr dm^modH$ ]cm[Vm cjmV K{Vcr hUO{ [wa{g{ gajU
_Zw_oV
[ 139 ]
3 35
Zgc{`m, AgwaojV EH$mH$s rda Vr MmJcr OmJr dm gmdY AgVmZmoh Agm hcH$Q>[UmMm
A`mMma hm{D$ eH$Vm{. hUyZ rcm gdXm gwaojV R>d{ `mgmR>r rda H$mhr ]YZm_H$ _`mXm KmV`m
Amh{V. "Z r dmV`_hoV' `m AocH$S>{ AoVe` C[hmgodf` Pmc{`m emdMZm_mJ{ hmM
gajUmMm h{Vy _yc^yV Amh{. XwXdmZ{ gwYmaH$ hUodUm`mZr [nadVZm`m AhH$mamV `m Ame`mH$S>{
OmUyZ d Z{UyZ Xwcj H{$c{ Amh{{. `m_wi{M AocH$S>{ JVrMm gm{g Agc{`m AmoU dmV`mMm
AhH$ma ]miJUm`m o`m`mda ]cmH$mamMm gJ Am`mda AmYrM hm{H$ma mdm hUO{ Vm{
]cmH$ma R>aUma Zmhr Ag{ hU`mMm A`V XwXdr cmoOadmUm Agm gJ Am{T>dcm Amh{.
Xwg`m EH$m r_wo$dm`m _ohc{Z{ ]cmH$ma AQ>i Amh{ Ag{ dmQ>VmM gai Imcr
[S>md{ AmoU `m H$VrMm AmdmX `mdm Ag{ oZcm[UmM{ Cm_ Cma H$mT>c{ Amh{V.
r`m [mod`m`m (_yiMm eX Acrc Amh{, `mMm C{I H$aU{ Ag`[UmM{
dmQ>V{) odMma Om{da H{$cm OmVm{ Vm{da g_mOmMr JoV hm{U{ e` Zmhr. Agm ogmV EH$m g_mOdmXr
[wT>m`mZ{ _mS>cm Amh{. `mMr darc cmO AmUUmar cmMmar hr dm^modH$ [naUVr Amh{.
Aem A`V XwXdr gJmMmoh oddmhm`m AmR> H$mamV AY_ hUyZ H$m hm{BZm
g_md{e H$m H{$cm? Aer eH$m C[pWV hm{U{ dm^modH$ Amh{. oV`m [nahmamgmR>r Ag{ hUU{
e` Amh{ H$s `m ZrM ]cmH$mamZVa AJoVH$[Um, gm_moOH$ XS>[U, Hw$R>{Var Am[`mM XwH$`mMr
dmQ>Umar cmO hUyZ Agm ZrM, Xw> [wf `m XwXdr rMm [Zr hUyZ drH$ma H$arV Ag{c Va
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hQ>c{ Agmd{.
Aoa{d oOm`mUm H$`mXmZ odoe`V{$&

BVa{fm Vw dUmZmo_Va{VaH$m``m$&&35&&
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3 35
140 ]
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XwXdr Amh{.
`m{ ``fm oddmhmZm _ZwZm H$soVVm{ JwU:

gd eUVw V odm: g`H$ H$sV`Vm{ __$&&36&&
oddmhH$mamVrc `mM{ `mM{ O{ O{ JwU _ZyZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{V, odmZmZm{ ! V{ V{ _r
[>[U{ gmJVm{ ZrQ>[U{ E{H$m.
Xe [ydm[amd`mZm_mZ MH$qdeH$_$&
]mr[w: gwH$ VH$_m{M``{Zg: o[VZ$ &&37&&
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[ydOmZmoh `m`m [mVH$mVyZ gm{S>odVm{.
Xdm{T>mO: gwVd g g [amdamZ$&

Amfm}T>mO: gwVrZ fQ> fQ> H$m`m{T>O: gV:$&&38&&
Xd oddmhmZ{ [naUV Pmc{`m Om{S>`mMm [w _mJrc AmoU [wT>rc gmV gmV o[T>mMm
Cma H$aVm{. mOm[òddmhmZ{ O_c{cm [w ghm ghm o[T>mMm Cma H$aVm{ AmoU Amf [VrZ{
oddmh Pmc{`mMm [w VrZ VrZ o[T>mMm Cma H$aVm{.
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hUO{ mOm[òddmhm[{jm `mcm `{W{ JmUd oXc{ Amh{.
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_Zw_oV
[ 141 ]
3 43
hm{Vm{. `mòVna$ ] eXm`m [a_m_m `m AWm_wi{ Vm{ [w ]kmZr, gVerc Agmoh hm{D$
eH$Vm{.
$[gdJwUm{[V{ m YZdVm{ èpdZ:$&

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l{> oddmhH$mamVyZ O_mcm Amc{c{ h{ _wcJ{ gmX`, _Zm{]c, dm gmpdH$ JwUmZr
g[, lr_V, èdr, E{`g[, Y_oZ>, Ag{ hm{VmV.
BVa{fw Vw oe>f{ w Zeg

mZVdmoXZ:$&
Om`V{ Xwoddmh{fw ]Y_of: gwVm:$&&41&&
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`mVyZ oZ_mU Pmc{c{ [w, Xw>, Im{Q>{ ]m{cUma{, doXH$ Y_mMm {f H$aUma{ Ag{ hm{VmV. H$maU darc
Mmar H$ma EH$m[{jm EH$ AoYH$ dmBQ> Amh{V.
AoZpXV: roddmhaoZm ^doV Om$&

oZpXVoZpXVm ZUm V_mompddO`V{ $ &&42&&
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H$mhr Zm__m d$[mMr mòm{ gmoJVcr Amh{V. g_mOYwnaUmZr V{ cjmV `md`mg hd{ hm{V{.
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gm_moOH$ [mVirda H$mhrM{ j` hm{V{.
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AgdUmd` k{`m{{ odoYmhH$_oU$&&43&&
oddmhmVrc dYyda O{hm gdU AgVrc (EH$mMdUVrc AgVrc) V{hm
3 43
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_Zw_oV
oddmhgH$ma `WmgmJ H$amdm. [U O{hm dYyda o^ dUmVrc AgVrc V{hm oddmhm`md{ir [wT>rc
[oV Adc]mdr.
ea: jo``m Jm: Vm{Xm{ d`H$``m$&

dgZ` Xem Jmm ey`m{H$>dX{ Z{$&&44&&
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AZwcm{_ oddmh j` Amh{. oVcm{_ oddmh d` _mZmdm.
F$VwH$mcmo^Jm_r `mdXmaoZaV: gXm$&

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{ Z m VXdV m{ aoVH$m``m$&&45&&
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d` H$amdr. aoVgwImgmR>r J_Z H$aU{ Ag{c `md{iroh r`m BN>{cm _mZ mdm.
F$Vw: dm^modH : rUm am`: fm{S>e _Vm:$&

MVwo^naVa: gmY_hm{o^: goJohV: $&&46&&
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`m{X{ er M e{fmVw eVm Xeam`:$&&47&&
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V_mw_mgw [wmWu gode{XmVd{ o`_$&&48&&
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g_ hUO{ ghmAmR>Xhm B`mXr. odf_ hUO{ [mMgmVZD$ B`mXr.
[w_m[wg
m{@oYH{$ ewH${ r ^dòYH{$ o`m:$&
g_{@[w_m[wo `m dm jrU{@[{ M od[``:$&&49&&
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Zmhr.
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3 52
oZmd>mgw Mm`mgw o`m{ amofw dO`Z$&

]Mm`}d ^doV ` Vml_{ dgZ$&&50&&
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Am{Odo hm{V AgV{. AmoU eara_Z]wrM{ dm` AoYH$ MmJ`m H$ma{ oQ>Hy$Z amhV{.
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`m{`.
Z H$`m`m: o[Vm odmJr`mNw>H$_do[$&

J Nw>H$ oh cm{^Z{ `mam{@[òdH$`r$&&51&&
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H$`m odH$cr Ag{ hm{V{. Vm{ _m{R>m Xm{f Amh{.
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dmJVmh _mZc{ [mohO{.
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rYZmoZ Vw `{ _m{hmXw[OrdpV ]mYdm:$&

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AY:[mV hm{Vm{.
3 52
144 ]
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Z `{Vm [ey B`moX jw `m{ZrV O_ hm{Vm{.
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`mgm ZmXXV{ ewH$ kmV`m{ Z g odH$`:$&

AhU VHw$_marUm_mZe ` M H{$dc_$&&54&&
_wcr`m AmdH$s`mZm da[jmH$Sy>Z H$emMroh Wm{S>rgwm A[{jm ZgVmZm
da[jmH$Sy>Z dYycm O{ dmcH$ma oXc{ OmVrc `mZm odH$` g_Oy Z`{. Vm{ dYyMm g_mZ Amh{, [yOZ
Amh{. `{Wrc X{U{K{U{ hm gmO`mMm ^mJ Amh{.
o[Vo^^mV o ^Vm: [oVo^X}daVWm$&

[y`m ^yfo`V`m ]hH$`mU_rgwo^:$&&55&&
dYyMm ]m[, ^mD$ `mM_mU{ Zdam AmoU Xra `mZr dYycm [yOZr` _mZyZ AcH$V
H$amd{. `m_wi{M dV:M{ H$`mU hmd{ hr BN>m I`m AWmZ{ [war hm{V{.
` Zm`Vw [y`V{ a_V{ V X{dVm:$&

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O{W{ rM{ (gdmWmZ{) [yOZ hm{V{. V{W{M X{dVmJU gVm{fmZ{ AmoU gV{Z{ amhVm{.
`m KamV o`mMr Adh{cZm hm{V{, V{Wrc gd Y_H$`{ oZ\$i hm{VmV.
em{MpV Om_`m{ ` odZ``mew VHw$c_$&

Z em{MpV Vw `Vm dYV{ Vo gdXm$&&57&&
`m KamV [Zr, H$`m, gyZ `m`mda (JmOUwH$s_wi{) em{H$ H$a`mMm gJ `{Vm{, V{
Hw$i Zme [mdV{. (gwIdm`mMm Va VH$mi Zme hm{Vm{) CcQ> O{W{ Hw$crMr JmOUyH$ hm{V Zmhr V{
Hw$i Ao^do [mdV{.
Om_`m{ `moZ J{hmoZ e[òV[yoOV:$&

VmoZ H$`mhVmZrd odZ`pV g_VV:$&&58&&
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`m KamV (N>idmXm_wi{) Hw$co`mMm ViVimQ> hm{Vm{ Vr Hw$Qw>]{ Jh^yVo[emMmXtMr

]mYm Pm`m_mU{ gdZmemcm m hm{VmV.
V_mX{Vm: gXm [y`m ^yfUmN>mXZmeZ:$&

^yoVH$m_Za o Z` gH$ma{fy gd{fw M $&&59&&
`m [wfmcm Am[c{ d Am[`m Hw$Qw>]mM{ H$`mU hmd{g{ dmQ>V{, `mZ{ gdXm
Hw$co`mZm AmXaUr` _mZyZ `mMr AcH$ma d{ AmoU MmJc{ Im[XmW `mZr [yOZ H$amd{. dmUrZ{
oZ` H$mVwH$ H$amd{. CgdmoX ode{f gJr AoYH$M g_mZ H$amdm.
Cgd eXmZ{ gd H$maM{ Hw$iY_Hw$cmMma oddmhmoX Ymo_H$ H$`{ AmoU am_Zd_r
H$Um>_r gmaI{ X{dVmamYZmM{ ode{f oXdg JhrV Yamd{.
gVw >m{ ^m``m ^Vm ^m ^m`m VWd M$&

`p_{d Hw$c{ oZ` H$`mU V d Ydw _$&&60&&
`m Kam_`{ [Zr_wi{ [oV g_mYmZr AgVm{ `mM_mU{ [Vr_wi{ [Zr gVw> AgV{,
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3 60
146 ]
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òX oh r Z am{MV{ [w_mg Z _m{X`{V$ &

A_m{Xm[wZ: [wg: OZ Z dVV{$&&61&&
Oa r g Zg{c Va, Oa Vr [wfmcm _woXV H$aUma Zmhr Va [wfm`moR>H$mUr hf
Zg`mZ{ gVoV C[ hm{Uma Zmhr.
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aoVgJm[waVm _`moXV JhrV YaU{ AoYH$ CoMV R>a{c.
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V{hmM `mcm aoVH$sS>{g dm hm{Vm `{{V{. hUyZ [wfmcm hofV H$aU{ h{ rM{ Xmo`d R>aV{. g_mYmZr
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r [wfmZm XrK H$mcm[`V ^m{JVm `{Vm{. AWmV [wf hm `{W{ MmJcm mT> AmoU odcmgr, aogH$
Agm JhrV Amh{.
o`m Vw am{M_mZm`m gd Vm{MV{ Hw$c_$&

V`m dam{M_mZm`m gd_d{ Z am{MV{$&&62&&
r g_mYmZr Agcr, g Agcr H$s gd Hw$Qw>], gd Hw$cM gwIr, gVm{fr, dW
Ag{ ghO[U{ amhV{. r Xw:Ir H$>r Ag{c Va gJi{M AgVw>, oZame, dVmJc{c{ amhVmV.
Mm[[Mmd cm{H$m[mgyZ Ama^c{c{ Hw$Qw>]dm`mdarc EH$ cjUr` H$aU `m
cm{H$mZ{ gmJVm [mdV{ Amh{. Am[`m Y_emmV, qhXy [a[a{V rMm AmoU oV`m _Z:pWVrMm
odMma _m{R>m ]maH$m`mZ{ H{$cm J{cm Amh{. h{ `m dMZm`md$Z MmJc{ cjmV `{V{.
Hw$oddmh: oH$`mcm{[d X} mZ``Z{Z M$&

Hw$cm`Hw$cVm `mpV ]mUmoVH$_{U M $&&63&&
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[ 147 ]
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`m` Aem oddmhH$mam_wi{ oH$`mMm cm{[ Pm`m_wi{ d{XmM{ A``Z Z H{$`mZ{

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drH$maU{ OrdZmV Ao^{V AgV{. Vg{M gXmMaUmdarc lm oQ>Hy$Z amh`mgmR>r BaoZ>m AmoU
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oH$`mcm{[ hm Xm{f KS>Vm{.
d{Xm``Z eXmZ{ `j d{Xm`m A``Zmgd{M BVaoh kmZodkmZm`m ew emr`
Aem emImMm A`mg Ao^{V Amh{.
]mUmM{ AoVH$_U hUO{ ]mUY_mM{ AoVH$_U. ]mUm`m dmVodH$ emew
Aem AmMmamodf`r Adh{cZm, oVaH$ma, C[{jm B`moX ^mdZm ]miJU{.
oe[{Z `dhma{U eym[` H{$dc:$&

Jm{oâ `mZ H$`m amOm{[g{d`m$&&64&&
A`m``mOZd ZmpV`{Z M H$_Um_$&
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[mg> cm{H$mVyZ Amcm Amh{.
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3 65
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hUVmV.
_VVw g_moZ Hw$cm`[YZmò[$&

Hw$cg`m M JN>pV H$fpV M _he:$&&66&&
Hw$i{ Oa _mZr g_ AgVrc (`m{` Vr H$_}H$V`{ emmZwgma CoMV[U{ H$arV
AgVrc) Va YZmXtMr CUrd AgVmZmoh Vr _hdmg MT>VmV. AmoU è (H$soVcmoH$H$oV>m)
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ddmohH{$@m Hw$duV J H$_ `WmodoY$&

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Agm emmMm gm_m` AmX{e Amh{. g`mgml_ drH$ma`mZVaM Arg{dm d` hm{V{.
[m gyZm JhW` Mwr [{f`w[H$a:$&

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[ 149 ]
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A`m[Z ]`k: o[V`kVw V[U_$&

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X{`mgmR>r _hm`k Aer JmaddmMH$ gkm dm[acr Amh{.
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Mmc{c.
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g Jh@{ o[ dgo` gyZmXm{fZ oc`V{$&&71&&
h{ [mM _hm`k Om{ oZòZ`_mZ{ `Wmeo$ H$arV amhVm{ `mcm JhWml_mV AgVmZmoh
(ASw>g>m`m cm{H$mV C{oIc{c{) "[MgyZm' Xm{f ]mYV ZmhrV.
X{dVmoVoW^`mZm o[VUm_m_Z `:$&

Z oZd[oV [mmZm_wN>g g OrdoV$&&72&&
X{dAoVoW^ò[Va AmoU Am[U dV: `m [mMmM{ Om{ [yOZgH$ma^m{OZ
X{U{ B`mXrZr g_mYmZ H$arV Zmhr Vm{ mgm{N>dmg H$arV Agcm Var oOdV Zmhr Ag{M g_Omd{.
X{dAoVoWo[Va `mMm C{I darc H$mhr _hm`kmV Amcm Amh{. ^` hUO{
Am[Umda Adc]yZ Agc{c{, `m`m âU[m{fUmM{ Xmo`d Am[Umda Amh{V V{ gd. _mVmo[Vm
[Zr chmZ_wc{ AZmW Ag{ OdiM{ Am `m gdm`m âU[m{fUmM{ Xmo`d `jA`j JhWmda
AgV{. V{ gd `{W{ ^` eXmZ{ Ao^{V Amh{. `dhmamV ^` eX gm_m`V: H{$dc "g{dH$' `m
AWmZ{ dm[acm OmVm{. Vm{oh `{W{ JhrV Amh{M.
hm cm{H$ AgmM _hm^maVmVrc `j `m H$aUmV Amcm Amh{.
AhV M hV Md VWm hV_{d M$&

]m` hV moeV M [m`kmMjV{$&&73&&
3 73
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AhVhVhV]mhV AmoU moeV `mZm [M`k hQ>c{ OmV{.

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gm_m`V: [M_hm`kmMrM hr Zm_mVa{ Amh{V.
O[m{@"hVm{' "hVm{' hm{_: "hVm{' ^moVH$m{ ]oc:$&

"]m` hV' oOm`mMm "moeV' o[VV[U_$&&74&&
AhV hUO{ O[. hV hUO{ ArV hdZ H$aU{, mhV hUO{ ^yVmZm ]oc X{U{,
]mhV hUO{ odmZmM{ [yOZ. moeV hUO{ o[VV[U.
dm`m`{ oZ``w$: `md{ Mdh{ H$_oU$&

XdH$_oU `w$m{ oh o]^VuX MamMa_$&&75&&
dm`m`mMm drH$ma oVoXZr H$amdm. Vg{M X{dmZm C{eyZ H$amd`mMr H$_}oh oZ`
H$amdr. Om{ X{dVmZm C{eyZ H$amd`mMr Ymo_H$ H$`{ oZ`_mZ{ [ma [mS>Vm{ Vm{ OUw MamMa OJVmM{ YmaU
H$aVm{.
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kmZ g[mXZ H$aU{ h{ Og{ Ao^{V Amh{ Vg{M _Zw` OrdZmgmR>r ohVH$a hm{Uma{ gdH$maM{ kmZ
odkmZ g[mXZ H$aU{ h{oh JhrV Amh{. VrM Jm{> X{dVmgmR>r H$amd`m`m Ymo_H$ H$`mMr. X{dVmZm
g H$a`mgmR>r `m Jm{>r H$amd`m`m AgVmV. `mV [a[a{Z{ MmcV Amc{c{ Hw$iY_Hw$imMma,
Ao^f{H$, [yOm, hm{_hdZ{, VrW`mm, aO`mJmO`mgmR>r _Z:[ydH$ CXma ^mdZ{Z{ H{$c{c{ g{dmH$m`
`m gdmMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. gVmZr Va XrZ Xw]`mMr g{dm H$a`m_Y{M X{d AgVm{, Ag{ H$aUmamg
gmYyoh hQ>c{ Amh{. AWmV Aem Vh{Mr X{d[yOm `m`m hmVyZ KS>{c Vm{ Am[m[`m e$s_mU{
C`mAoYH$ _mUmV OJVmM{ YmaU H$a`mg hUO{M g_mOmM{ dm` oQ>H$od`mg ghm`^yV
hm{Vm{. h{ AJXr [>M Amh{.
Am mVmhoV: g`JmoX`_w[oV>V${ &

AmoX`mmm`V{ do>d >a{ VV: Om:$&&76&&
Ar_`{ `m{` arVrZ{ A[U H{$c{cr AmhVr gy`mcm [m{MV{. gy`m_wi{ [mCg [S>Vm{.
[mdgm_wi{ AYm` oZ_mU hm{V{. AmoU Am_wi{ moU_m oZ_mU hm{V{ d gwImZ{ OJV{.
AmO`m odkmZ`wJmV gy`m_wi{ [mD$g, [mdgm_wi{ A, Am_wi{ Om hr
H$maU_r_mgm gdmZmM _m` hm{`mgmaIr Amh{. Amh{ Vm{ ArV hdZ H$aU{ d V{ gy`m[`V [m{MU{
`m [ydmYmVrc odf`m odf`r. `mgmR>r H$mhr Jm{>tMr Zm|X K{`mgmaIr Amh{. dUdm cmJcm H$s `mZVa
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Amh{. AZ{H$ d AgmM AZw^d gmJVrc.
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Agc{`m EH$m ^mJmV odoe> [VrZ{ [O``mJ H{$cm, Ag{ `j AZwôdc{`mH$Sy>Z _r E{H$c{
Amh{. AJXr ZwH$V{M ]mcmOr`m oJardaoh Ag{M AZw>mZ H$a`mV Amc{ AmoU V{Wo{ h Wm{S>m_mUmV
[mCg [S>cm Ag{ E{H$c{ Amh{.
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[naUm_ KS>dyZ AmUVm `{VmV. `m Jm{>rM{ [> dUZ Am[`m ]mU H$[ B`moX emmVyZ H{$c{c{
Amh{. hUyZ cm{H$mVrc odf` AodgZr` _mZ`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. _m V{W{ `m{` arVrZ{ H{$c{c{ hdZ
(mVmhoV: g`H$) Ag{ AmdOyZ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ Xwcjy Z`{. _mM{ CmaU, `mMm odoZ`m{J,
hdZmgmR>r gmoJVc{cr emm{$$ [VrMr gmYZ{ AmoU hdZH$`mMr VerM F$pdOmMr `m{`Vm `m
gdmM{ gmaI{M _hd AgV{. V{W{ CU{AoYH$ ^mJdm^mJdr hm H$ma j` Zmhr. [U hr XjVm ]hYm
K{Vcr OmV Zmhr. hUyZ lrg_WmZr "`WmgmJ V{ H$_ H$mhr KS>{Zm$& KS>{ H$_ V{{ [w` JmR>r
[S>{Zm' Aer M{VmdUr oXcr Amh{.
`Wm dm`w g_mol` gd} OrdpV OVd:$&

VWm JhW_mol` dVV{ BVaml_m:$&&77&&
`m_mU{ dm`y`m Aml`mda gd moU_m OJV{, `mM_mU{ JhWml_m`m
AmYmamZ{M BVa VrZ Aml_mMr YmaUm hm{V{.
qhXy [a[a{Z{ E{ohH$mH$S>{ Xwcj H{$c{ hm Amj{[ Iam AgVm Va JhWml_mM{ h{ _hd
emmV Zm|Xc{ J{c{ ZgV{. qhXyY_ hm gVwocV, g_mYmZr OrdZmMm [waH$Vm Amh{. oVW{ H$m{U`moh
H$ma`m AoVa{H$mcm dmd Zmhr.
`_m`m{@`mlo_Um{ kmZ{Zm{Z Mmdh_$&

JhW{Zd Ym`V{ V_m`{>ml_m{ Jh_$&&78&&
gd Aml_mV JhWml_ l{> Amh{. H$maU Vm{M BVa VrZ Aml_mZm earaYmaU{gmR>r
Amd`H$ Agc{c{ A [wadyZ g^miVm{. `m_wi{M V{ kmZmMr C[mgZm H$$ eH$VmV.
]Mmar, dmZW AmoU g`mgr h{ JhWmòVna$M{ VrZ Aml_. `m Aml_m_Y{
OrdZodH$mgmgmR>r Amd`H$ Ag{ kmZ o_iodU{, Am_qMVZ H$aU{ h{M _hdmM{ H$V` AgV{.
3 78
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`m oVKmMr `dWm [mhrc VaM `m oVKmZm X{hYmaUm H$aVm `{Bc. "eara_m Icw Y_ gmYZ_'
eara h{M _yi Y_gmYZ Ag`mZ{ `mcm ghm`^yV hm{Umam JhWml_ AWmV JhWY_ OmUUmam
JhW hm l{> Amh{. Ag{ ghO[U{ hUVm `{V{. AWmVM Vm{ BVa VrZoh Aml_mMm AXmVm AmoU
Aml`XmVm Amh{. AmOoh odm`mcm oe`dom o_iV{ qH$dm `m`m oZdmg ^m{OZmMr `dWm
odZm_y` dm A[_y`mV H{$cr OmV{. [am{[H$mamMr AZ{H$ H$m_{ H$aUm`m gm_moOH$ gWmZm ghm`
cm^V{. `mdaM `m gWm MmcVmV, dmT>VmV, g`memM{ [yOZ hm{V{, `mM{ _R> Ag`mg `mMroh
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`m_wi{ g_mOOrdZ oZam_`g_mYmZmV amh eH$V{.
h{ gd hm{`mgmR>r emm`m _`mXm AmoU dmrMr g`_ercVm ò$`$s`m oR>H$mUr
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Z`{ Aer XjVm R>{dcr [mohO{.
JhW darc VrZ Aml_mMm AmYmaV^ Agcm Var Vm{ `m oVKm[wT>{oh Z_V{Z{ dmJmdm
Aer emmMr A[{jm AgV{. `m_wi{ JhW gmYZg[ Agcm Var oZahH$mar amhVm{ AmoU ghO[U{
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amIc{cm hm ^md^mdZmMm g_Vm{c \$ma _mo_H$, AmXaUr` AmoU AZwH$aUr` Amh{.
g gYm`: `Z{Z dJ_jò_N>Vm$&

gwI M{h{ N>Vm@`V `m{@Ym`m} Xw]c
p{ `:$&&79&&
`mcm dJcm{H$mMr Aj` mo hmdr Ag{ dmQ>V{, AmoU Bhcm{H$soh gd [H$maMr
gwI{ od[wc[U{ cm^mdr Aer `mMr BN>m Amh{ `mZ{ Agm hm JhWml_ `Z[ydH$ gm^mimdm.
`mMr Bp`{ Xw]c Amh{V, `mcm h{ gmYUma{ Zmhr.
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3 80
Am[`m Y_mMr `m`mM "Bh[acm{H$ Cm_arVrZ{ gmYyZ X{Umam, Vm{ Y_ 'Aer

Amh{. "`V: A`wXòZl{`gogo: g Y_:' AmoU `mM{ gmYZ JhWml_oh hm{D$ eH$Vm{. `m_wi{
H$m{UV{oh XS>[U dm Hw$oR>VVm (g{eZ H$oS>eqZJ) drH$mamdr Z cmJVm _m{H$`m _ZmZ{ AmXe
OrdZ JhWml_m_`{ OJVm `{V.{ [U JhWml_ AmXe hm{`mgmR>r, Ogm Agmdm Vgm Ag`mgmR>r
_Zw` Bo`_Z]wrda oZÙ R>{dy eH$`mBVH$m g_W Agmdm cmJVm{. `mcm g`_ ghO[U{
gmYVm `{Vm{ AmoU H$VòZ>{Mr [na[yoV H$aVm `{V{. JhWml_ Agm Ag`mVM _mZdr OrdZmMr
gmWH$Vm Amh{. emH$mamZr g`mg odohV _mZcm Agcm, dXZr` R>aodcm Agcm Var AmJh
Yacm Amh{ Vm{ JhWml_mMmM. AmoU oejU g[yZ [aV OmUm`m odm`mcm JhWml_mMm Ad`
drH$ma H$a Agm AmX{eoh _m{jY_mda â X{Um`m C[oZfXmZroh oXcm Amh{. _m eara_Z]wrda
oZÙ Ag`mM{ gm_` ]M`ml_mVrc oZ`_mM{ [mcZ H$$ZM o_iodVm `{V{. h{ odg$ Z`{.
F$f`: o[Vam{ X{dm ^yVmòVW`VWm$&

AmemgV{ Hw$Qw>p]`V{`: H$m` odOmZVm$&&80&&
F$fro[VaX{d gd [mUr AmoU AoVoW JhWmH$Sy>Z Am[`m Amd`H$V{Mr [yVVm
hmdr Aer Amem R>{dVmV. JhWmZ{ OmUrd[ydH$ `mM{ H$m_ H{$c{ [mohO{.
F$fr hUO{ kmZ o_iodUma{ AmoU X{Uma{ odmZ. `m`m odf`rMr H$VkVm ]miJU{
h{ JhWmM{ H$V`M Amh{. AmOoh g_mOmV Aem odmZmZm, gem{YH$mZm, ^moVH$ odkmZmV [nal_
H$aUm`m ]wo_VmZm Cm{J[VrH$Sy>Z dm emgZmH$Sy>Z gm^mic{ OmV AgV{M. V{ ]hYm h{Vy[ydH$
AgV{. `$sZ{ Ag{ ghH$m` H$V` ^mdZ{Z{ oXc{ [mohO{. o[Vam`modf`r H$VkVm R>{dyZ `mZm C{eyZ
H{$cr OmUmar lmmoX H$_} oZ>{Z{ H$aU{ h{ Va JhWOrdZmM{ Ia{Va Aod^m` AJ Amh{. Am[roh
hr [Vr Am[`m qhXy g_mOmV H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m d$[mV oQ>H$y Z Amh{. KamVrc _mJ`, g_mYmZ
AmoU emVVm oQ>H$`m`m >rZ{ lmmoX H$_} \$ma C[`w$ hm{V AgVmV. hUyZ H$mhr ]wodmXroh
lm{ AmdOyZ H$aVmV Ag{ AmT>iV{.
^yVmoZ hUO{ moU_m. `mV gdH$maM{ [ew[jr, dZ[Vr, [m`mM{ m{V, Vir
AmoU dmVmdaU `m gdmMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. JhWmZ{ h{ gd gwaojV amhVrc Aer XjVm ]miJcr
[mohO{. Vg{ H{$c{ hUO{ XyfU oZ_mUM hm{Uma Zmhr AmoU [ew[`mgmR>r AmdOyZ IoMH$ A^`ma`{
oZ_mU H$amdr cmJUma ZmhrV. Aa`{ AmoU dZg[mr d^mdV:M oZd}Y amhrc.
AoVoW hUO{ Vw_`mH$S>{ H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m d$[mM{ ghm` _mJUmam [wf.
`mM{ `Wmeo$ g_mYmZ H$aU{ h{ H$V`^mdZ{Z{ KS>c{ Va AmO `m _mUwgH$sMm, _mZdV{Mm ]m{c]mcm
hm{Vm{ Amh{ `m MmamMr Amd`H$VmM CaUma Zmhr.
3 80
154 ]
_Zw_oV
h{ gd JhWmZ{ H$V`]wrZ{ dmWu ^mdZm gm{Sy>Z H{$c{ [mohO{. h{ OmUV{[UmZ{ H$arV

amohc{ Va gd g_mO gwIr, g_mYmZr AmoU g[ amhrc h{ oZami{ gmJ`mMr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr.
dm`m`{ZmM`{Vfuhm{_X}dm`WmodoY$&
o[VN>m ZZ^Vy moZ ]ocH$_Um$&&81&&
F$ftM{ [yOZ dm`m`mZ{ H$amd{. hm{_hdZmZ{ X{dmZm gH$mamd{. lmmZ{ o[VamZm gVw>
H$amd{. AmZ{ _mUgmZm Vo mdr AmoU [ew[`mZm, [dV, dZamOr, Ocme`, dm`w_S>c `mZm
`mMm dmQ>m(^mJ) X{D$Z dW R>{dmd{.
XmXhah: lm_m{Zm{XH{$Z dm$&

[`m{_c
y \$cdm@o[ o[V`: roV_mdhZ$&&82&&
o[VamMm gVm{f m hm{`mgmR>r oVoXZr lm H$amd{. V{ _J oXZode{f dm dò$H$
[napWVr `m _mU{ A[moUXyYH$X_wi{ dm \$i{ `m`m ghm`mZ{ gmYmd{.
]`k AmoU dX{d `m oZo_mmZ{ [ydu `{H$ ]mUm`m KamVyZ Var h{ o[VV[U
hm{V Ag{.
EH$_`me`{o o[W} [mmòkH{$$&

Z Mdmme`{pH$oMX{d oV oO_$&&83&&
o[VamZm C{eyZ lmg_`r EH$m Var ]mUmcm ^m{OZ md{. oZ` H{$`m OmUm`m
dX{dmoX H$`mV ]mUmcm O{dm`cm KmcU{ Amd`H$ Zmhr.
"[mmòkH$' eX lmmgmR>r dm[acm Amh{ Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
dX{d` og` J@{ m odoY[ydH $_$&

Am`: Hw$`md{ Vm`m{ ]mUm{ hm{__dh_$&&84&&
]mUmZ{ Jmrda X{dVmZm C{eyZ oVoXder odoY[ydH$ oeOodc{`m AmVrc
H$mhr AemMm hm{_ H$amdm.
\$ma [ydu AZ{H$ oR>H$mUr Aohm{ JhW gm^mirV AgV. [wT>{ dX{dm`m $[mZ{
Hw$S>m`m AmH$mam`m MmH$m{Zr chmZ YmVw[mmV Ar R>{dyZ AmhoV oX`m OmV. [adm[adm[`V
_m`_mC`m Mwcr_Y{ Wm{S>mgm ^mV Q>mH$yZ emgVm{f gmYrV. AmO gd d`[mH$ [mH$moZcmda
(Hw$qH$JJgda) hm{V Ag`mZ{ h{oh g^dV Zmhr. [U H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m d$[mV H$VkV{Mr,
`mJmMr, XmZmMr ^mdZm H$m{Umcmoh ghO e` Amh{.
`{W{ ]mU eXmZ{ ]mUjo`d` Ag{ VrZoh dU JhrV Yamd{V. Ag{
Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ AmdOyZ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ `mZmV K{`mgmaI{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 155 ]
3 90
A{: gm{_` MdmXm V`m{d g_V`m{:$&

od{`d X{d{ `m{ YdVa` Ed M$&&85&&
Hw$ MdmZw_` M Om[V` Ed M$&
gh mdm[oW`m{ VWm pd>H$ V{@VV:$&&86&&
Aogm{_Ao>m{_od{X{dYdVarHw$AZw_oVOm[oVmdm[oWdr
AmoU pd>H$V `m X{dVmZm C{eyZ hdZ H$amd{.
Ed g`Kodh dm gdoXjw oVjU_$&

BmVH$m[VrXw`: gmZwJ{ `m{ ]qc ha{V$ &&87&&
`m_mU{ `m{àrVrZ{ hdZ H$$Z B`_dUAmoU gm{_ `mZm `m`m AZwMamgh
`{H$ oXe{H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z ]cr mdm.
[yd}cm B, XojU{cm `_, [o_{cm dU, AmoU Cma{cm gm{_ `m X{dVmM{ AoY>mZ
Amh{. V{hm [yd}H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z Ama^ AmoU H$_mZ{ Cma{[`V `md{. h{ ]oc X{U{ H{$di Z_H$mamZ{ dm
Wm{S>mem [m`mM{ A` X{D$Z hm{V{. ""Bm` Z_: B[wf{`m{ Z_:'' Aem arVrZ{ `{H$ X{dV{Mm
C{I H$amdm.
_ BoV Vw mna oj[{Xd Bò[$&

dZ[oV` B`{d _wgcm{cI
y c{ ha{V$ &&88&&
_VmZm C{eZy Kam`m XmamV, OcX{dV{cm C{eZy [m`mV, dZ[Vrcm C{eZy CIi
_wgimV ]cr mdm.
CN>rfH${ ol` Hw$`mH$m` M [mXV:$&

]dmVm{[oV`m Vw dmVw_`{ ]qc ha{V$ &&89&&
dmVw[w fm`m oeaX{er hUO{ BemòXe{g ""ol` Z_:'' Ag{ hUyZ dmVw[w fm`m
[mXX{er hUO{ ZF$òXe{g ""^H$m` Z_:'' Ag{ hUyZ AmoU Kam`m _`^mJr ""]U{ Z_:
dmVm{[V`{ Z_:'' Ag{ hUyZ AmhoV m`mV.
od{`d X{d{ `m{ ]oc_mH$me Cpj[{V$ &

oXdmMa{`m{{ ^yV{ `m{ Z$mmna` Ed M$&&90&&
od{Xd{ mZm C{eZy AmhoV AmH$memV CS>dmdr. oXdgm gMma H$aUm`m OrdmZm C{eZy
oXdgm AmoU amrMamgmR>r amr `mM [VrZ{ AmhoV mdr.
3 90
156 ]
_Zw_oV
AmH$me h{ AoVodemc AmoU gdmZm `m[yZ Ag`mZ{ odemc j{mVrc Ordm`m

gVm{fmgmR>r AmH$memV ]oc X{`mgmR>r AmH$memMm C{I H{$cm Amh{.
[>dmVwoZ Hw$duV ]qc gdm_^yV`{$&

o[V`m{ ]oce{f Vw gd XojUVm{ ha{V$ &&91&&
Kam`m _midXmda qH$dm JhWmZ{ Am[`m [mR>rH$S>{ "gdm_^yV`{ Z_: 'Ag{ hUyZ
]oc mdm ]cr X{`mgmR>r K{Vc{`m AmVyyZ Cac{c{ A o[VamZm C{eyZ XojU oXe{cm A[U
H$amd{.
]oc X{U{ h{ `m{`V{_mU{ AmZ{ dm OcmZ{ hm{V{. H{$di Z_H$mamZ{oh V{ gmYV{.
ewZm M [oVVmZm M [Mm [m[am{oJUm_$&

d`gm H$_rUm M eZH$oZd[
{ ox d$&&92&&
Hw$r, Y_]mdVZ H$aUma{ cm{{H$, A[`dJ, Hw$>j`CXa Aem J^ra am{JmZ{
[roS>V U, H$mdi{, H$o_H$sQ>H$, `m`mgmR>r ^y_rda ]oc mdm.
qhXyY_m_`{ gm_moOH$ Jm{>tMm odMma Zmhr Ag{ hU`mMr H$mhr ]wodmmMr [Vr
AgV{. Am[U dV: o_iodc{`m AmV H$m{UmH$m{UmMm gh^mJ AgVm{{, V{ `{W{ C{oIc{ Amh{.
F$fro[VaX{dm[mgyZ AZmWA[J am{Jr [ew[jr AmoU H$o_H$sQ>H$ Agm gd WmdaOJ_
moU_mmMm AmV gh^mJ AgVm{, `m`mgmR>r H$mhrZm H$mhr Var OmoUd[ydH$ H$arV amhU{ hm
`{H$ JhWm`m H$V`mMm EH$ ^mJ Amh{. `mMr OmUrd qhXyY_emmZ{ [>[U{ oXcr Amh{. `m
[a[am IoS>V Pm`m Ag`m Va Vm{ Xm{f AJoVH$V{Mm, AkmZmMm dm dmWmMm Amh{. Y_emmMm
Zmhr. `{H$ JhW hr OmUrd `m{àrVrZ{ gm^mirc Va gm_moOH$ H$m`H$V} AmoU V{ H$m` H$aUm`m
gWm `mMr Amd`H$VmM CaUma Zmhr. AmoU Am_moUH$mZm MamD$ Hw$aU{oh C[cY hm{Uma ZmhrV.
Ed `: gd^Vy moZ ]mUm{ oZ`_MoV$&

g JN>oV [a WmZ V{Om{_oy V: [WOwZ m$&&93&&
Om{ H$m{Ur ]mU Aem arVrZ{ gJ`m ^yVmM{ oZ`[yOZ H$aVm{ Vm{ d`H$me Aem
l{>WmZr gai_mJmZ{ [m{MVm{.
]mU hm eX `{W{ C[cjUm_H$ Amh{. V{hm gd JhWmgmR>r oZXmZ doUH$mgmR>r
Var hm oZ` AmMaUr` Agm odoY Amh{. AmoU `mM{ \$c hUyZ _m{jmMr dm ]cm{H$mMr ghO[U{
mr h{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. g_mOg{d{Mr OmUrd, _Zw`F$U \{$S>`mMr H$[Zm dm [`mdaUmM{ ajU `m
_hdm`m Jm{>r `{W{ ghO[U{ oZ`_ hUyZ gmoJV`m Amh{V. AmoU _m{j h{ \$i [> H{$`mZ{ `m
oZ`_m`m [mcZmM{ _hdoh cjmV AmUyZ oXc{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 157 ]
3 98
h{ H{$di V Zmhr. gmY{ H$_H$mS> Zmhr. `m_mJ{ g>rer, oZgJmer Am[cm oZ`g]Y
AgVm{ AmoU `mgmR>r Am[c{ H$mhr H$V` AgV{. h{ H$fmZ{ `mZmV AmUyZ oXc{ Amh{. `mgmR>rM
OmU`mZ{ h{ H$amd{ Ag{ `m H$aUm`m Ama^r (80`m cm{H$mV) AmdOyZ hQ>c{ Amh{.
H$dVocH$_d_oVqW [yd_ me`{V$ &

o^jm M o^jd{ XmooYdX]
MmnaU{$&&94&&
AemarVrZ{ h{ ]ocH$_ [ma [mSy>Z ZVa W_ AoVoWcm ^m{OZ md{. O{ Hw$Ur g`mgr,
]Mmar (odmWu), _YwH$argmR>r `{Vrc `mZm `m{àrVrZ{ o^jm dmT>mdr.
o^jm dmT>VmZm _ZmV AmXamMr, gH$mamMr ^mdZm Agmdr. Vg{M o^jm
_mJUm`m`m [mV{Mmoh odMma Agmdm. h{ odoYdV eXmZ{ gwModc{ OmV{.
`[w`\$c_mZm{oV Jm Xdm odoYdxam{:$&

V[w`\$c_mZm{oV o^jm Xdm oOm{ Jhr$&&95&&
Jwcm Jm` A[U H$a`mV O{ [w` cmJV{, V{M [w`, o^jm dmT>Um`m JhWmcm
cmJV{.
o^jm_`wX[m dm gH$` odoY[ydH $_$&

d{XVdmWodXwf{ ]mUm`m{[[mX`{V$ &&96&&
o^jm, [m`mM{ ^mS>{ `mZr d{XmMm VdmW OmUUm`m ]mUmMm `m{` arVrZ{ gH$ma
H$amdm.
Z`pV h`H$`moZ ZamUm_odOmZVm_$&

^_^yVf{ w od{fw _m{hmmmoZ XmVo^:$&&97&&
Om{ ]mU AZmMmam_wi{ amI{gmaIm oZV{O Pmcm Amh{, `mcm Oa _m{hmZ{ Hww$Ur
XmZY_ H$arc Va `m Akm`mMr gd Y_H$`{ oZ\$c hm{VmV.
]mU A`m{` Ag{c, A[m Ag{c Va `m`mgmR>r ode{f AmXamZ{ H$mhr
H$a`mgmaI{ ZgV{, H$$oh Z`{. Ag{ Y_emmZ{ dmadma gmoJVc{ Amh{. oVH$S>{ AkmZmZ{ dm OmUrd[ydH $
Xwcj H{$`mZ{ Y_em{ ]mU[j[mVr Amh{V Agm Xm{f cmdcm OmVm{ Vm{ `m{` Zmhr.
odmV[:g_f{ w hV od_wImofw$&
oZVmaòV XwJm _hVd oH$p]fmV$&&98&&
odm AmoU V[ `mZr g_ Agc{`m ]mUmg gH$ma^m{OZmoX$[ XmZ H{$`m_wi{
`m JhWmMr _m{R>m gH$Q>mVyZ dm _hm[m[mVyZ gwQ>H$m hm{V{.
3 99
158 ]
_Zw_oV
gmm` doVW`{ XmXmgZm{XH{$$&

A Md `Wmeo$ gH$` odoY[ydH $_$&&99&&
Kar MmcyZ Amc{`m AoVWrMm `m{`H$ma{ `Wmeo$ gH$ma H$amdm. `mgmR>r AmgZ
[mUrA g_mZmZ{ A[U H$amd{.
oecmZ`wN>Vm{ oZ` [mmrZo[ OwV:$&

gd gwH$ V_mXm{ ]mUm{@ZoMVm{ dgZ$&&100&&
Hw$Ur Ym`mM{ H$U d{MyZ oZdmh H$aUmam Xnar JhW Agcm Var Amc{`m [m
AoVWrM{ Vm{ [yOZ H$aUma Zmhr, Va `mM{ Aohm{moX emmZwgmar dVZmZ{ o_iodc{c{ [wòh Zmhrg{
hm{V{.
Xnar `$sZ{oh AoVWrMm Ad_mZ H$$ Z`{ hm C{e. `Wmeo$ hUO{ H$m` V{
[wT>rc cm{H$mV [> Pmc{c{ Amh{.
VUmoZ ^yo_XH$ dmMVwWu M gyZV m$&

EVmò[ gVm J{h{ Zm{pN>V{ H$XmMZ$&&101&&
AoVoWgmR>r Ymo_H$ JhWm`m Kar oZXmZ JdV^yo_[mUr AmoU MmW{ gmO`mZ{
]m{cU{ `mMr Var dmU ZgV{M ZgV{.
JhWY_mV amhVm{ `mcm [napWVr_wi{ EImX{d{ir AoVWrcm O{dU KmcVm Amc{
Zmhr Var odgm`mgmR>r gmY{ JdVmM{, MQ>BgmaI{ AmgZ X{U{, l_[nahmamgmR>r [m`mZ{ âc{c{
\w$c[m `m`m[wT>{ R>{dU{ AmoU g` gwgH$V[U{ Jm{S> ]m{{cU{ h{ Var e` AgV{M. [am{[H$mar
JhWY_mMm odga Z [S>U{ h{ _hdmM{.
EH$am Vw oZdgoVoW]m
U: _V:$&
AoZ` oh pWVm{ `_mm_mXoVoW`V{$&&102&&
JhWm`m Kar Om{ EH$m amr[waVm amhVm{ `mcm AoVoW g_Omd{. AoVoW eXmMm
AWM _wir oZ` Z amhUmam Agm Amh{.
ZH$Jm_rU_oVqW od gmJoVH$ VWm$&

C[pWV Jh{ odmm`m `m`m{@o[ dm$&&103&&
Kar [Zr qH$dm Ao `mMr C[pWoV Agcr Var Om{ JmdmVM amhVm{ dm [yd[naM`mMm
Amh{ `mcm AoVoW g_Oy Z`{.
[Zr AmoU ArMm C{I AmdOyZ H$a`mM{ H$maU Kar gJir gm{` Agcr Var
AoVoW H$m{Umcm hUmd{ AmoU H$m{Umcm hUyZ Z`{ h{ cjmV AmUyZ X{U{ h{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 159 ]
3 107
C[mgV{ `{ JhWm: [a[mH$_]w`:$&

V{Z V{ {` [ewVm dO`moXXmo`Z:$&&
[a[mH$m[w>` gVV Jh_{oYZ:$&
Xmo_> V[m{@YrV ``m V` Vd{V$ &&104&&
Om{ JhW Aodd{H$s[UmZ{ [ammM{ g{dZ H$aVm{ Vm{ _`yZVa `mM{ A ImVm{ `mM{
Kar [ey hm{D$Z amhVm{. Om{ JhW gXd Xwg`m`m Amda C[OrodH$m H$aVm{, `mMr dV: H{$c{cr
XmZ, X{dY_, V[, A``Z hr H$_} (H$_mMr [w`{) `mM{ Vm{ A ImVm{ `mcm cm^VmV.
AoVWrer H$g{ dmJmd{ V{ gmoJVc{ AmVm AoVoW hm{UmamgmR>r hr M{VmdUr oXcr
Amh{.Am`V{ o_iV{ hUyZ Xwg`mM{ A ImUmamM{ AZ{H$ Xm{f emJWmVyZ doUc{ Amh{V. ImVm{ V{
A dH$>moOV Agc{ [mohO{. JhWml_mV Amh{ AmoU [ammda OJVm{ `mM{ O{ H$mhr [w` Ag{c
V{ gd Vm{ `mM{ A ImVm{ `m`mH$S>{ OmV{.
Y_emmMm hm odMma _m{R>m _mo_H$ AmoU gm_moOH$ gVwcZ amIUmam Amh{.
AUm{m{@oVoW: gm` gy`m}T>m{ Jh_{oYZm $&

H$mc{ mdH$mc{ dm Zm`mZJh{ dg{V$ &&105&&
JhWmZ{ g`mH$mir Amc{`m AoVWrcmoh ZmH$m$ Z`{. Vm{ gy`mZ{ [mR>odcm Amh{
Ag{ g_Omd{. AoVWr d{irAd{ir H{$hmoh Amcm Var `mcm JhWmZ{ ^wH{$c{cm R>{dy Z`{.
Z d d` VXr`mXoVqW ` ^m{O`{V$ &

Y` è`_m`w` d` dm@oVoW[yOZ_$&&106&&
O{ AoVWrcm oXc{ OmV Zmhr Ag{ A dV: ImD$ Z`{. AoVWrM{ [yOZ H$aU{ h{
g_oè Am`w` dmT>odUma{ Amh{. AmoU dJ m H$$Z X{Uma{oh Amh{.
AmgZmdgWm e`m_Zwd `m_w[mgZ_$&

Cm_{fy m_ Hw$`mrZ{ hrZ g_{ g__$&&107&&
AmgZ, amh`mM{ WmZ, AW$U, AmoU BVa D$R>]g hr AoYH$ma ^{XmZ{ l{>mcm
l{R> _`_mcm _`_ AmoU H$oZ>mcm H$oZ> VrMr Agmdr.
_`_ hUO{ Am[`mgmaImM Am[`m `m{`V{`m [mh`mgmR>r Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
gJ`mZm gmaI{ dmJdU{ h{ VdV: oH$Vroh MmJc{ Agc{ Var `dhmamV `mM{ [mcZ e` hm{V Zmhr
hUyZ `dhma g^mi`mgmR>r hm oZ`_ gmoJVcm Amh{. gJ`mZm Cm_ V{M gmaI{[UmZ{ X{Vm `{V
Ag{c Va V{ MmJc{M.
3 108
160 ]
_Zw_oV
dX{d{ Vw oZdm{ ``m{@oVoWamdOV{ $ &

V`m` `Wmeo$ Xm ]qc ha{V$ &&108&&
dX{dmM{ H$m` [ma [mS>`mZVa Xwgam Hw$Ur AoVoW [whm Amcm Va `mcmoh ^m{OZmoX
md{ [U `md{ir [whm gH$mamoX odoY H$a`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
"dX{d Pm`mZVa' `m eXmZ{ KamV`m _S>itMr O{dU{ Pm`mZVaoh Agm AW
Qr>H$mH$mamZ{ H{$cm Amh{ Vm{ `m{`M Amh{.
Z ^m{OZmW d{ od: Hw$cJm{{ oZd{X`{V$ &

^m{OZmW oh V{ egdmVmer`w`V{ ]wY: $&&109&&
^m{OZ o_i`m`m Ao^cmf{Z{, ]mUmZ{ (^md [mS>`mgmR>r) Am[c{ Hw$i Am[c{
Jm{ `mMm C{I H$$ Z`{. AmgmR>r Vg{ H$aU{ hUO{ Am{H$c{c{ Im`mgmaI{ Amh{ Ag{ OmUV{
hUVmV.
da`m cm{H$mV Cm_mgmR>r Cm_ `dWm H$amdr Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. `mcm AZwg$Z
H$m{Ur Hw$cJm{moX gmJyZ Am[cr l{>Vm cjmV AmUyZ X{D$ BN>rc Va V{ `m{` Zmhr.
Z ]mU` doVoWJh { amO` C`V{$&

dèym gIm Md kmV`m{ Jwa{d M $&&110&&
]mUm`m Kar jo`dèyo__S>irkmoV]mYd Jw h{ AoVoW hUyZ
hm{V ZmhrV.
AoVoW hr EH$ odoe> gkm Amh{. Vr Kar `{Um`m H$m{Umcmoh cmdmd`mMr ZgV{.
H$XmoMV AoVoW[yOZmMr EH$ odoe> [oV Agmdr Vr gJ`m`mH$naVm dm[$ Z`{ Agm oZ`_
Agmdm.
òX doVoWY_}U jo`m{ Jh_mdOV{ $ &

^w$dgw M od{fw H$m_ V_o[ ^m{O`{V$ &&111&&
Oa jo` AoVoW hUyZ Kar Amcm Va AmYr odmZ ]mUmMr ^m{OZ{ Pm`mda
`mcmoh BN>{_mU{ (`Wmeo$) ^m{OZ md{.
dèymdo[ mm Hw$Qw>]{@oVoWYo_Um$&
^m{O`{gh ^`VmdmZe ` `m{O`Z$&&112&&
dèy `m[H$s H$m{Ur AoVoW hUyZ Amc{ Va `mZmoh KamVrc _S>it`mgd{
Am[wcH$sZ{ O{dU Kmcmd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 161 ]
3 117
`{Wrc AoVWr eXmMm AW [mhUm EdT>mM Amh{. [yOZmoX ode{f BW{ Ao^{V Zmhr.
110`m cm{H$mV Amc{`m Jw`m gX^mV `mcm gm_m` AoVWrgmaI{ Z dmJdVm lm AmXa[ydH$
g_mZmZ{ [yOmd{ Agm ^md Amh{.
gm_m` [mhUm, AoVWr AmoU dXZr` ò$ Ag{ VrZ dJ JhWm`m Kar `{Um`mM{
gwModc{ Amh{V. `m`m `m`m `m{`V{Z{ JhWm`m Kar `mM{ dmJV Pmc{ [mohO{.
BVamZo[ g`mXrgr`m Jh_mJVmZ$&

H$`m `Wmeo$ ^m{O`{gh ^m``m:$&&113&&
o_ Am{> [naoMV Ag{ BVa Hw$Uroh [mhU{ hUyZ Kar `{Vrc V{hm `mZmoh CH$>
A V`ma H$$Z Ò_mZmZ{ dV: AmoU [Zrgh ^m{OZ md{.
gwdmogZr: Hw$_mar am{oJUm{ JoÛr: o`: $&

AoVoW`m{@dJ{dVm^m{O`{XodMma`Z$&&114&&
gwdmogZr o`m, Hw$_mar _wcr, am{Jr, JoÛr, `mZm, odMmamV Z [S>Vm, AoVWt`m
AmYroh ^m{OZ md{.
AXdm Vw ` EV{`: [yd ^wL>${ @odMjU:$&

g ^wOmZm{ Z OmZmoV JYO
p Y_m_Z:$&&115&&
Kar Amc{`mcm A Z X{Vm Hw$Ur AodMmamZ{ dV:M AmYr O{dVm{ Vm{ Aem
O{d`mVcm Xm{f OmoUV Zmhr. dV:M{ {V Hw$roJYmS>{ \$mSy>Z ImVrc h{ Vm{ Am{iIV Zmhr.
[a[amJV T>r_mU{ `{H$ {VmM{ `m{` V{ gH$ma Ad` Pmc{ [mohO{V. Vg{ Pmc{
Zmhr AmoU [ew[`mZr ImD$Z `m {VmMr dmQ> cmdcr Va Vm{ _m{R>m Xm{f Amh{. hm Xm{f gJ`m`m
AmYr O{dUm`m JhWmg cmJVm{.
^w$ddW od{fw d{fw ^`{fw Md oh$&

^wOr`mVm VV: [mXdoe> Vw X[Vr$&&116&&
odmZ AoVoW Am dH$s` KamVrc BVa _S>ir g{dH$ `mMr O{dU{ Pmcr hUO{
_J Ò_mZ AmoU `m`m [ZrZ{ O{dU H$amd{.
X{dmZfr_Zw`m o[VJm X{dVm:$&

[yOo`dm VV: [mXJh W: e{f^w^d{V$ &&117&&
X{dF$fr_Zw` AmnU JhX{dVm `mM{ [yOZ H$$ZM _J JhWmZ{ dV: A^jU
H$amd{.
3 118
162 ]
_Zw_oV
AK g H{$dc ^wL{$ `: [M`m_H$maUmV$&

`koe>meZ {VgVm_ odYr`V{$&&118&&
Om{ H{$di dV:gmR>r oeOodVm{ AmoU EH$Q>m O{dVm{, Vm{ H{$di [m[ ImVm{ Ag{ g_Omd{,
gmZmM{ O{ A, V{ `k H$$Z O{ Cac{ V{M Agmd{ Ag{ em gmJV{.
JrV{_`{ Odi Odi AerM eXaMZm Agc{cm "`koe>moeZ: gVm{ _w`V{
gdoH$p]f: $& ^wOV{ V{ dK [m[m `{ [M`m_H$maUmV$$&&' hm cm{H$ Amc{cm Amh{ d{XmZ{oh
"H{$dcmKm{ ^doV H{$dcmoX' Ag{ C_{IZy hQ>c{ Amh{. JhW O{ H$mhr oZaoZam`m H$mamZ{ o_iodVm{
`mda `mMm EH$Q>mMmM AoYH$ma H$Yroh ZgVm{. h{ cjmV R>{dc{M [mohO{ Am[U EH$Q>mZ{
o_iodc{c{ Ag{ dmQ>V Agc{ Var V{ VdV: Ia{ ZgV{. H$m{UmM{ Zm H$m{UmM{, `j A`j ghm`
Pmc{c{M AgV{.`mMr OmoUd R>{dU{ Amd`H$M AgV{. `m g_mOmV `m X{emV Am[U ZmXVm{ `m
X{emM{ `m g_mOmM{ Am[U H$mhr X{U{ cmJVm{. h{ cjmV R>{dyZ _mUyg dmJcm Va Am[Um[wT>rc AZ{H$
g_`m ghO[U{ gwQy> eH$Vrc. [U ....hm [UM _hdmMm.
amOpdZmVH$Jw$oèwa_mVwcmZ$&
Ah`{ _Yw[H}$U [nagdgamZ [wZ:$&&119&&
amOmF$pdO,ZmVH$JwoÒZgmgam_m_m Am`mg _Yw[H$mZ{ [yOZ H$amd{.
dfmZVa `{Vrc V{hm [whm _Yw[H$[ydH$ dmJV H$amd{.
df [yU hm{`m`m AmYrM Am`mg Vg{ H$$ Z`{. Agm `mMm AW. `m oZ`_mVyZ
AoVoW hUyZ `{UmamZ{oh _`mX{M{ ^mZ R>{dmd{ hm Ame` `$ hm{Vm{. ZmVH$ hUO{ JwJhr oejU
[yU H$$Z [aVc{cm. Qr>H$mH$mamZr oÒZ eXmZ{ H{$di OmdB C{oIcm Amh{. amOm eXmZ{ `{W{
H{$di jo` Ao^{V ZgyZ `m `m OZ[XmMm AoYH$marAo^{V Amh{.
amOm M lm{o`d `kH$_`w[pWV{$&

_Yw[H}$U g[y`m Z d`k BoV pWoV: $&&120&&
`kmoXH$_} Mmcy AgVmZm V{W{ amOm dm odmZ ]mU C[pWV Pmcm Va `mM{ _Yw[H$mZ{
[yOZ H$amd{. `k Zg{c Va Vg{ H$a`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
_mJ`m cm{H$m`m gX^mZ{ `m cm{H$mMm AW cmdcm OmVm{. `k Mmcy Ag{c Va df
[wa{ Pmc{ Zgc{ Var _Yw[H$ mdm . `km_wi{ 119`m cm{H$mcm hm A[dmX hm{Vm{.
gm` d` og` [`_ ]qc ha{V$ &

dX{d oh Zm_Vgm`mVodYr`V{$&&121&&
_Zw_oV
[ 163 ]
3 126
dX{d gH$mi g`mH$mi H$amdm Ag{ em Agc{ Var gm`H$mir Ò_mZ [ZrZ{
_ Z hUVm ]ochaU H$amd{. `mgmR>r H{$di V ( oH$`m [Vr) gm^mimd{.
o[V`k Vw oZd` odj`{@o_mZ$&

o[S>mdmhm`H$ lm Hw$`m_mgmZw_mogH$_$&&122&&
JhWmZ{ `{H$ A_md`{cm o[V`k H$$Z ZVa o[S>mdmhm`H$ ZmdmM{ lm H$amd{.
o[VUm _mogH$ lm_dmhm` odXw]Y

w m:$&
Vmo_f{U H$V` eV{Z `ZV:$&&123&&
`{H$ _mgmV o[VamZm C{eyZ H{$c{ OmUma{ O{ lm `mcm Admhm`H$ Ag{ kmV{ cm{H$
hUVmV. V{ `m{` Aem _mgmZ{ `Z[ydH$ H$amd{.
V `{ ^m{OZr`m: `w`} M d`m oOm{m_m:$&

`mdVd `mVmd`mè{fV:$&&124&&
lmmV O{dUmgmR>r H$m{Umcm ]m{cdmd{,H$m{Umcm d` H$amd{, oH$Vr ]m{cdmd{, A
H$g{ Agmd{. V{ godVa [wT>{ gmJVm{.(Ag{ ^Jw F$fr hUVmV.)
m Xd{ o[VH$ `{ rZ{H$ H$_w^` dm$&

^m{O`{gwg_m{@o[ Z dVV{ odVa{ $&&125&&
lm H$aVmZm X{dWmZr Xm{KmZm, o[VWmZr oVKmZm, qH$dm Xm{hr WmZr EH{$H$ Ag{
O{dUmgmR>r ]m{cdmd{. g[Vm oH$Vroh Agcr Var `m[{jm AoYH$ odVma H$$ Z`{.
`m cm{H$mVrc AmX{e _m{R>m _mo_H$ AmoU gmaJ^ Amh{. oH$Vroh g[Vm Agcr Var
Ymo_H$ H$`mZm d^dm`m XeZmM{ d$[ `{D$ Z`{ hm `mVrc Ame` \$ma _hdmMm Amh{. X{d
o[VWmZr o_iyZ lmmcm Xm{ZM ]mU ]god`mMr $T>r hm{Vr.[napWoV MmJcr Ag`mg lm
Mmcod`mgmR>r C[m`m`mcm d{Ji{ gmoJVc{ OmB. A`Wm Vm{oh Xm{hr[H$s EH$ Ag{. AmOH$mc
Ymo_H$ AmoU gmH$oVH$ H$m`mM{oh d^dr XeZ H$a`mM{ ]S> dmT>V Amh{. ]mag{, dmT>oXdg ,_wO
cg_ma^, JU{em{gd, XwJm[yOm `mM{ d$[ cjmV K{Vc{ hUO{ h{ [Q>{c. I{S>{JmdmVyZ `mcm
e` Amh{, Vm{ o[VamgmR>r _m{R>r O{dUmdi Ad` KmcVm{. d{ir `mgmR>r F$U H$mT>Vm{. [U Am[UM
H$p[c{cr oV>m O[U{ _hdmM{ _mZVm{. Y_em{ Aem gJr oH$Vr `mdhmnaH$ [U _mo_H$
C[m``m{OZm H$aVmV V{ cjmV K{`mgmaI{ Amh{.
goH$`m X{eH$mcm M emM ]mUg[X: $&

[mVmodVam{ hpV[V_m{hV{ odVa_$&&126&&
3 126
164 ]
_Zw_oV
H$_ `WmgmJ hm{`mH$naVm cmJUmar gmYZ{, `m{` Vm{ X{e, H$mc, gd H$maMr
dN>Vm,AoYH$mamZ{ `w$ ]mU o_iU{ `m [mM Jm{>r gd _hdm`m AgVmV. H$aU dmT>odV
J{c{, `mMm odVma hm{V J{cm hUO{ darc [mMm_`{ Xm{f oZ_mU hm{VmV. H$mhtZm H$mhr VS>Om{S>r
gm{gm`m cmJVmV. [mMmVrc H$m{UmMroh `m{`Vm CUmdU{ hUO{ `mMm Zme hm{U{M Amh{.
h{ H$aU lmm`m oZo_mmZ{ Amc{ Agc{ Var C[cjU hUyZ V{ gdM `dhmamV
AmU`mgmaI{ Amh{.
oWVm {VH$`fm o[` Zm_ odYwj`{$&

Vp_`w$òV oZ` {VH$`d cmoH$H$s$&&127&&
`{H$ A_md`{cm H{$c{c{ h{ lmH$_ o[VamZm ghm`^yV hm{Uma{ AgV{. `modf`r
Om{ Xj AgVm{. `mcm cmoH$H$mVoh _m{R>m cm^ hm{Vm{.
oZ>m[ydH$ H{$c{cr lmmoX Y_H$`{ hr [w` dmT>odUmar Ag`mZ{ [acm{H$s`m
gwImgmR>r ghm`H$ hm{VmVM. [U Bhcm{H$soh Vr _JcH$maH$ R>aVmV. Y_H$ `{ `m KamV oZ>Z{ { hm{VmV,
`m KamV emVVm AmoU gwIg_r ghO[U{ ZmXV{. Vr Ka{ dW AmoU ^`_w$ amhVmV. ]mh{a`m
AmoYXodH$ ]mYmMm C[d `mZm hm{V Zmhr.
lm{o`m`d X{`moZ h`H$`moZ XmVo^:$&

Ahm_m` odm` V_ Xm _hm\$c_$&&128&&
Om{ H$m{Ur MmJcm OmUH$ma AmoU d{XmMm Vk Amh{. `mcmM Xm`m JhWmZ{ h`H$`
md{. ]mUmMr `m{`Vm O{dT>r AoYH$ V{dT>{ `mcm XmZ H{$`mM{oh \$i _m{R>{ hm{V{.
h` hUO{ X{dVm{{emZ{ H{$c{c{ XmZ AmoU H$` hUO{ o[Vam{{emZ{ H{$c{c{ XmZ.
EH$H$_o[ odmg Xd{ o[`{ M ^m{O`{V$ &

[wH$c \$c_mZm{oV Zm_km]hZo[ $&&129&&
X{dWmZr AmoU o[VWmZr EH{$H$ odmZ ]godcm Var `mcm oXc{`m ^m{OZmM{ \$i
[wH$i o_iV{. `mcm d{XkmZ Zmhr Aem [wH$imZmoh ^m{OZ X{U{ `W Amh{.
XyamX{d [arj{V ]mU d{X[maJ_$&

VrW V`H$`mZm XmZ{ gm{@oVoW: _V:&&130&&
Am_oV ]mU MmJcm d{Xk Agcm Var `m`m Hw$imMroh ZrQ> [arjm AmYrM
H$amdr. `m H$gm{Q>rcm CVac{cm hmM H{$c{c{ H$_ X{d o[Vam[`V [m{Mod`mg g_W hm{Vm{. XmZmM{ d{ir
`mcm AoVoW _mZmd{. AmoU Vg{M AmXamZ{ dmJdmd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 165 ]
3 136
gh oh ghmUm_ZMm ` ^wOV{$&
EH$Vm_odrV: gdmZhoV Y_V:$&&131&&
d{XkmZ Zgc{c{ ghmdoY O{dmd`mg Kmc`m[{jm EH$mM odmZ ]mUmcm O{dm`cm
KmcU{ h{ AoYH$ _hdmM{ Amh{, Ag{ Y_em Amh{.
kmZm{H$>m` X{`moZ H$`moZ M hdrof M$&

Z oh hVmdgpXYm oYa{Ud ew`V:$&&132&&
`m`mOdi CH$> odm Amh{, `mcmM X{do[Vam{{emZ{ XmZ md{. a$mZ{ âc{cm
hmV a$mZ{M dN> hm{V Zmhr.
earam]mh{a [S>c{c{ a$ hr A[od dVy Amh{. `mZ{ âc{cm hmV a$mZ{ Yw`mMm
Iwi{[Um Hw$Ur H$arV Zmhr, Hw$Ur H$$ Z`{. `mgmR>r dN> [m`mMmM C[`m{J H{$cm [mohO{. `mH$naVm
XmZmgmR>r odmZ ]mUmMrM `m{OZm H$amdr. VrM [w` dmT>dyZ Bhcm{H$s AmoU [acm{H$s Xm{hrH$S>{
cm^Xm`H$ R>aV{.
`mdVm{ JgV{ Jmgmh`H$`{d_odV$&

VmdVm{ JgV{ {Vm{ XreycQ>` m{JSw >mZ$&&133&&
d{XkmZ Zgc{cm, h`H$`m`m oZo_mmZ{ ^m{OZgJr O{dT>{ Kmg ImVm{ V{dT>{
Vm[c{`m cm{IS>mM{ Kmg _`yZVa ZaH$`mVZm ^m{JVmZm lmH$`mcm Imd{ cmJVmV.
XmZgJr `m{`V{Mr oZdS> H$aU{ oH$Vr _hdmM{ Amh{ V{ `md$Z cjmV `{V{.
kmZoZ>m oOm: H{$oMm[m{oZ>mVWm@[a{ $&

V[:dm`mòZ>m H$_oZ>mVWm[a{ $&&134&&
]mUm_`{ H$mhr kmZoZ> AgVmV, H$mhr V[m{oZ> AgVmV, H$mhr dm`m` h{M V[
g_OyZ `mV _ amhVmV, Va H$mhr H$_oZ> AgVmV.
kmZoZ>f{ w H$`moZ nV>m`moZ `ZV:$&

h`moZ Vw `Wm`m` gd}d{d MVwdo[$&&135&&
o[Vam{e
{ mZ{ md`mM{ XmZ, H$` h{ AmdOZy kmZoZ>mcmM md{. X{dVm{e
{ mZ{ md`mM{
XmZ h` _m (darc cm{H$mV C{oIc{`m) MmKm[H$s Hw$Umcmoh X{U{ `Wm`m` Amh{.
Alm{o`: o[Vm `` [w: `m{X[maJ:$&

Alm{o`m{ dm [w: `mo[Vm `m{X[maJ:$&&136&&
3 136
166 ]
_Zw_oV
`mMm o[Vm d{Xm``ZaohV Amh{ [U [w d{XmMm MmJcm OmUH$ma Amh{, CcQ> o[Vm
lm{o` hUO{ d{Xk AgyZ [w d{XmM{ A``Z H{$c{cm Zmhr, Aem oWVrV lmmgmR>r H$m{UmMr oZdS>
H$amdr V{ [wT>rc cm{H$mV gmoJVc{ Amh{.
`m`mg_Z`m{odm` `mN>mo{ `: o[Vm$&

_g[yOZmW Vw gH$mao_Vam{@hoV$&&137&&
`mMm o[Vm d{X[maJV Amh{ Vm{ `m Xm{hrVrc o[VWmZr ]god`mgmR>r MmJcm
g_Omdm. _m lm _[ydH$ Mmcod`mgmR>r BVamMr `m{OZm H$amdr.
lmH$_ h{ dV:`m AZwdemgmR>r Ag`mZ{ Om{ demZ{ MmJcm Vm{ AoYH$ C[`w$
Ag{ `{W{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.[U lmmoX Y_H$ `{ Mmcod`mgmR>r _m `mgmR>r C[`w$ Agc{c{ _`m{J
`mcm MmJc{ kmV Amh{V `mcmM Am_oV H$amd{. H$_ `WmgmJ hm{`mgmR>r _ AmoU V Xm{htMr
Amd`H$Vm AgV{. `mgmR>r `m{` VkmMrM oZ`w$s H{$cr [mohO{. hUyZ o[VWmZr ^m{OZmgmR>r
d{Jim AmoU _[ydH $ lmH$_ Mmcod`mgmR>r d{Jim Aer `m{OZm emmZ{ H{$cr Amh{. `mV AZwde
mM{
_hd cjmV `{V{.
Z lm{ ^m{O`{p_ YZ: H$m`m}@` gJh : $&

Zmna Z o_ ` odmm lm{ ^m{O`{X oO_$&&138&&
lmm_`{ o_mg O{dmd`mg Kmcy Z`{. o_ Om{S>`mgmR>r dm _r amI`mgmR>r BVa
gJr YZmoX X{D$Z _Z amImd{. lmm_Y{ Om{ o_oh Zmhr AmoU eyoh Zmhr Aem Xwg`m H$m{`m
(VQ>W) oOmcm O{dU md{.
o_m`m oZo_mmZ{ BVa Amoh lmm`mgmR>r ]m{cdy Z`{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
`` o_YmZmoZ lmmoZ M hdrof M$&

V` {` \$c ZmpV lm{fw M hod:fw M $&&139&&
`mM{ lm dm `k hr H$_} o_mcm mYm` X{D$Z H{$c{cr AgVmV. `mM{ [acm{H$s
H$mhroh \$c Zmhr. _J V{ lm Agm{ H$s `k.
lm hUO{ o[VamZm C{eZy H{$c{cr H$_} AmoU hod hUO{ X{dVmgmR>r H{$c{cr hdZmoX
H$_} . AmO `k \$mag{ Cac{c{ ZmhrV. [U Hw$iY_ Hw$imMmam`m $[mZ{ X{dVmZm C{eyZ H{$c{cr H$_}
[wH$i _mUmV hm{VmV. [U `m oZo_mmZ{ AmdH$s`mZm O{dUmg Kmc`mMr [oV Zgmdr. Vg{
H$aU{ MwH$sM{ Amh{, h{ cjmV R>{dc{ [mohO{.
_Zw_oV
[ 167 ]
3 144
`: gVmoZ Hw$V{ _m{hmN>m{Z _mZd:$&

g dJm`dV{ cm{H$mN>mo_m{ oOmY_:$&&140&&
Om{ H$m{Ur _Zw` _m{hmcm de hm{D$Z lmm`m oZo_mmZ{ cmoH$H$ dm Z{h amIy BpN>Vm{
Vm{ lmo_ R>aVm{. Vm{ oOmVrc AY_ hm{`.
g^m{OZr gm@oôhVm [emMr XojUm oO: $&

BhdmV{ Vw gm cm{H${ JmaY{dH $d{_oZ$&&141&&
ehm`m cm{H$mZr g^m{OZrcm ( [wH$i Am{>mZm EH$ AmUyZ O{dUmdir X{`mcm)
OmU`mZr [emMr XojUm Ag{ Zmd oXc{ Amh{. `mMm Bhcm{H$s H$mhr cm^ AgVm{. AmYir Jm`
Y`mM{ Ka gm{Sy>Z Hw$R>{ OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. Vg{ `m H$`mM{ hm{V{.
o_mXtMm gVm{f amI`mgmR>r H{$c{cr H$`{ H$XmoMV cmoH$H$ dmT>odVrc [U
[w`H$`{ hUyZ `mMm H$mhr cm^ Zmhr.
`W{naU{ ]rO_wdm Z dm c^V{ \$c_$&

VWm@ZM{ hodXdm Z XmVm c^V{ \$c_$&&142&&
`m_mU{ a{VmS>C[OmD$ Zgc{`m e{VmV ]r [{ac{ AgVm V{ e{VH$`mcm cm^Xm`H$
hm{V Zmhr `m_mU{ d{XkmZ Zgc{`m A[mmcm hdZmoX H$`mV ]m{cmdU{ oZ\$i AgV{. [w`H$maH$
ZgV{.
XmVoVJhrV
Hw$V{ \$c^moJZ:&
odXwf{ XojUm Xdm odoYd{` M{h M $&&143&&
odmZmcm `m{` arVrZ{ oXc{cr XojUm, X{Umamcm AmoU K{Umamcm Bhcm{H$s AmoU
[acm{H$s cm^Xm`H$ hm{V{.
H$m_ lm{@M`p{ _ Zmo^$[_o[ dna_$&

ofVm oh hod^w $ ^doV [{ ` oZ\$c_$&&144&&
gJr lmoZo_mmZ{ o_mM{oh [yOZ H$amd{. [U JwUg[ Agcm Var eycm Am_oV
H$$ Z`{. eycm oXc{c{ d `mZ{ K{Vc{c{gd [acm{H$m`m >rZ{ oZ\$i hm{V{.
cm{H$m_`{ o_m`m g]YmV lm AWmV o[Vam{{emZ{ H{$c{c{ H$_ AmoU ey`m
gX^mV hod hUO{ X{dVm{e
{ mZ{ H{$c{c{ H$` Agm Xm{hr H$maMm d{Jd{Jim C{I Agcm Var `md$Z
Xm{hr H$`mV gJode{fr o_mMm drH$ma AmoU H$mhr Pmc{ Var eyMm `mJ hrM Jm{> Ao^{V
Amh{.
3 144
168 ]
_Zw_oV
gohUy CXma Aem qhXyY_mZ{oh eyer H$g{ dmJmd{ V{ `md$Z [> H{$c{ Amh{.
`Z{Z ^m{O`{N>m{ ]M d{X[maJ_$&

emImVJ_Wmd`w N>Xm{J Vw g_moH$_$&&145&&
lmm_`{ d{Xm``Z [na[yU Pmc{`m ]mUmcmM `Z[ydH$ Am_oV H$amd{.
F$d{Xr Òwd}Xr gm_d{Xr `m oVKmZmoh hmM oZ`_ cmJy Amh{.
d{X[maJ, emImVJ, g_moH$ h{ eX g_mZmWH$ Amh{V. [na[yU d{Xm``Z Pmc{c{
`m `m emI{M{ ]mU hUO{ gohVm AmoU ]mU `mM{ A``Z [yU Pmc{c{ ]mU .
Efm_`V_m{ `` ^wOrV lm_oMV:$&

o[VUm V` Vo: `mN>mVr gm[mfr$&&146&&
lmmgmR>r g_mZ[ydH$ oVKm[H$s H$m{Umcmoh ^m{OZmgmR>r Am_oV H{$c{ Va `m
Ò_mZm`m o[VamMr gmVo[T>m[`V emV Vo hm{V{.
gmVo[T>m Vo hm{V{ Ag{ hUU{ h{ lmmMr VwoV H$aUma{ AWdmXm_H$ dMZ Amh{.
ZmhrVa EH$Xm lm H{$c{ H$s [wT>rc gmVo[T>mV H$m{Uroh lm Zmhr H{$c{ Var Mmc{c Agm AW
H$mT>mdm cmJ{c , Vm{ `m{` Zmhr.
lmmgmR>r e`Vm{ demI{Mm ]mU ]m{cdmdm. V{ gmYc{ Zmhr Va H$m{U`moh emI{Mm
]mU oVV`mM `m{`V{Mm Amh{ Ag{ g_OyZ g_mZmd{.
Ef d W_: H$[ XmZ{ h`H$``m{:$&

AZwH$[d` k{`: gXm goaZwo>V:$&&147&&
X{d, o[Va `mZm C{eyZ H{$c{`m H$_m_`{ EH$e{ ]mdrgm`m cm{H$m[mgyZ AmVm[`V
O{ oZ`_ gmoJVc{ V{ `m `m H$`mg]YrM{ _w` oZ`_ Amh{V. `{WyZ [wT>{ gmZmZr gJode{fr
drH$mac{c{ H$mhr AZwH$[d$[mM{ hUO{ JmU oZ`_ gmoJVc{ OmV Amh{V.
_mVm_h _mVwc M d` ewa Jw_$&

Xmoh odQ>[qV ]Yw_p d`m`m M ^m{O`{V$ &&148&&
AmBMm o[Vm, _m_m, ^mMm, gmgam, Jw, _wcrMm _wcJm , OmdB, BVa ZmV{dmBH$
qH$dm `k MmcodUmam AmoU `k H$aUmam `m[H$s H$m{Umcmoh lmmgmR>r (`m{` ]mU Z o_im`mg)
Am_oV H$amd{.
Z ]mU [arj{V Xd{ H$_oU Y_odV$&

o[`{ H$_oU Vw m{ [arj{V `ZV:$&&149&&
_Zw_oV
[ 169 ]
3 153
X{dmZm C{eyZ H{$`m OmUm`m H$_mg]Yr ]mUmMr ode{f [arjm H$$ Z`{. [U
o[VH$_mgmR>r Ver [arjm `Z[ydH$ Ad` H$amdr.
`{Wrc XdH$_ X{dVmZm C{eyZ H{$c{c{ H$` ZgyZ V{ [am{[H$mam`m ^mdZ{Z{ H{$c{c{
XmZmoX gm_m`H$` Amh{. AmMr `mMZm H$aUmamcm A ZmH$m Z`{. V{ `mcm [mA[m odMma
Z H$aVm Ad` md{.
`{ V{Z[oVVcr]m `{ M ZmpVH$dm`:$&
VmZ h`H$``m{odmZZhm_Zwa]drV$&&150&&
X{d dm o[Va `mZm C{eyZ H{$c{`m H$_mgmR>r Mm{a, _hm[mVH$s, Z[wgH$, ZmpVH$ `mZm
]m{cdy Z`{ Ag{ _ZyZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
ZmpVH$ hUO{ Y_H$`mV AW Zmhr, [acm{H$ Zmhr, Ba Zmhr. [w`[m[ hUyZ
H$mhr Zmhr Ag{ _mZUma{ lmodhrZ cm{H$. `jm_Y{ `woYo>amZ{ ZmpVH$mZm _yI hQ>c{ Amh{.
OqQ>c MmZYr`mZ Xw]c

oH$Vd VWm$&
`mM`pV M `{ [yJmVm lm{ Z ^m{O`{V$ &&151&&
odm``Z Z H$aUmam ]Mmar, Xw]c, yV I{iUma{, [wH$im`mH$S>{ `kmoXH$`{
H$aUma{ `mZmoh d` _mZmd{.
g`ZmamÙmMr [yOm, lm, c_wOrgmaI{ odYr qH$dm hm{_hdZ{, mòmmoX H$_}
Aem gJr _ gmJyZ H$_} H$aodUmam C[m`m` EH$ AmoU `m `m H$_mM{ Ò_mZ _m [wH$i Aer
[oV H$mhr oR>H$mUr, H$mhr d{im oXgV{ V{ `m{` Zmhr.
oMoH$gH$m X{dcH$m _mgodH$oÙVWm$&

od[U{Z M OrdVm{ d`m: `wh `H$``m{:$&&152&&
AmfY X{Umam oMoH$gH$, d, d{VZ K{D$Z [yOm H$aUmam, _mg odH$Umam, `m[ma h{
C[OrodH{$M{ gmYZ AgUmam, Ag{ cm{H$ d` _mZmd{V.
oVam{m Jwam{d `$modmYow fVWm$&

{`m{ Jm_` amk Hw$ZIr `mdXVH$:$&&153&&
Jw$`m od dVZ H$aUmam, Aohm{ Z R>{dUmam, Ym`moX Jm{o> gdmBoXS>r`m
]m{crda X{D$Z OJUmam, JmdMm d amOmMm gd{VZ g{dH$, ZI{ d{S>rdmH$S>r Agc{cm, XmV H$mi{
[S>c{cm h{ d` _mZmd{V.
3 154
170 ]
_Zw_oV
`_r M [ew[mc [nad{mm oZamH$oV:$&

]oQ> [naodom JUm`Va Ed M $&&154&&
jàm{Jr, Jwa{ gm^miUmam (e{`m_|T>mJmBher YXm hUyZ [miUmam) [nad{mm
[naodmr Ymo_H$ H$`{ Z H$aUmam, ]mUmMmd{XmMm {f H$aUmam AmoU JUm_`{ amhUmam h{ gd
d` hm{V.
[nad{mm[naodmrcm{H$ EH$e{ EH$mhma [hm
Hw$ercdm{@dH$sUu M dfcr[oVa{d M$&

[mZ^d H$mU `` Mm{[[oVJh ${ &&155&&
Jm`ZdmXZZVZ `dgm` hUyZ H$aUmam, ]M` dVmMm ^J Pmc{cm, ey rMm
[Vr, odYd{Z{ [wZoddmh H{$`mZVa Pmc{cm [w, EH$m S>m{`mZ{ AYim Agc{cm, [ZrMm Oma `m`m
KamV amhVm{ Vm{, h{ gd d` _mZmd{V.
^VH$m`m[H$m{ ` ^VH$m`mo[VVWm$&
eyoe`m{ Jwd dmXw>: Hw$S>Jm{cH$m$&&156&&
d{VZ K{D$Z oeH$odUmam, d{VZ X{D$Z oeH$Umam, ey `$sMm oe`, eymMm Jw,
Acrc Adm` ]m{cUmam, Hw$S> AmoU Jm{cH$ h{ d` _mZmd{V.
Hw$S> Jm{cH$ cm{H$ EH$e{ Mm`mhma [hmdm.
AH$maU[na`$m _mVmo[m{Jaw m{VWm$&

]m`mZ
g]Y: g`m{J [oVVJV :$&&157&&
`m{` H$maUmdmMyZ _mVm o[VmJw `mMm `mJ H$aUmam odmJhUm`m >rZ{ dm
oddmhmZ{ [oVVmer g]Y R>{dUmam h{ d` _mZmd{V.
AJmaXmhr: JaX: Hw$S>mer gm{_odH$`r $&

g_w`m`r ]Xr M VocH$: Hy$Q>H$maH$:$&&158&&
Ka{ OmiUmam, odf X{Umam, Hw$S>Jm{cH$mM{ A ImUmam, g_wmM{ CKZ H$aUmam,
VwoV[mR>H$, V{c JmiUmam, Im{Q>r gmj X{Umam h{ d` H$amd{V.
o[m oddX_mZ oH$Vdm{ _[VWm$&

[m[am{òêV Xmo^H$m{ agodH$`r$&&159&&
o[`mer dmXoddmX H$aUmam, H$[Q>r, Xm$ o[Umam, _hma{Jr, [m[mMaU H$aUmam,
T>m|Jr, [mam B`moX odf{ odH$Umam, h{ d` H$amd{V.
_Zw_oV
[ 171 ]
3 166
YZw:eamUm H$Vm M `mJo{ XoYfy[oV:$&

o_Yw yVdom [wmMm`VWd M $&&160&&
YZw`{]mU odHy$Z [m{Q> âUmam (AJ{ oXoYfy[oV $& cm{H$ EH$U{ `mhma [hm)
o_m{hr, yVmda OJUmam, [wmOdi d{Xm``Z H$aUmam, h{ gd d` _mZmd{V.
^m_ar JS>_mcr M o`Wm{ o[ewZVWm$&

C_mm{@Y d`m: `wdX} oZXH$ EdM $&&161&&
A[_ma Pmc{cm, JS>_mcm Agc{cm, [mT>a{ H$m{S> \w$Q>c{cm, Xw>Hy$a, qZXH$,d{S>
cmJc{cm, AmYim, AmoU d{XmMr qZXm H$aUmam h{ gJi{ d` _mZmd{V.
hpVJm{m{>X_H$m{ Zj`
OrdoV$&
[ojUm [m{fH$m{ ` `wmMm`VWd M $&&162&&
hmr Jm` ]c Km{S>m CQ> `mZm oZòV H$aUmam, oejU X{Umam, _mUgmiodUmam,
`m{oVfmda C[OrodH$m H$aUmam, [jr [miUmam, `wmM{ oejU X{Umam
m{Vgm ^{XH$m{ ` V{fm MmdaU{ aV:$&

Jhgde
{ H$m{ XyVm{ djmam{[H$ Ed M $&&163&&
[m`mM{ [mQ> \$m{S>Umam, dhmV{ [mUr Wm]odUmam, Ka{ ]mYyZ X{D$Z OJUmam, oZam{`mMm
`dgm` H$aUmam, _y` K{D$Z PmS>{ cmdyZ X{Umam,
H$sS>r `{ZOrdr M H$`mXyfH$ Ed M $&

qhm{ dfcdom JUmZm Md `mOH$:$&&164&&
Hw$`mM{ I{i H$aUmam, ggmU{ odHy$Z OJUmam, H$`{er g]Y R>d{ Umam, qhgH$ dmrMm,
eymKar g{dH$ hUyZ am]Umam, g_wXm`mM{ `k H$aUmam
AmMmahrZ: cr] oZ` `mMZH$VWm $&

H$ofOrdr cr[Xr M gooZpXV Ed M $&&165&&
gXmMaUr Zgc{cm, Z[gw H$, gXmgdXm `mMZm H$aUmam, `j e{Vr H$aUmam, cr[X
hmram{J Agc{cm, gmZ `mMr qZXm H$aVmV Agm,h{ gd d` _mZmd{V.
Amao^H$m _mohofH$: [a[ydm[oVVWm$&

{VoZ`m[H$d dOZr`m: `ZV:$&&166&&
_|T>m her odHy$Z OJUmam, odYd{er dm KQ>\$m{oQ>V{er c H$aUmam, [g{ K{D$Z
{V{ dmhUmam, h{ `Z[ydH$ Q>mimd{V.
3 167
172 ]
_Zw_oV
EVmpdJohVmMmamZ[mL>{$`mpOmY_mZ$&
oOmoVdam{ odmZw^` oddO`V{ $ &&167&&
h{ gJi{ qZXZr` AmMaU H$aUma{ Amh{V V{ gd ]mUmVrc AY_ hm{V. V{ [JVrcm
K{`m`moh `m{`V{M{ ZmhrV. MmJ`m odmZ ]mUmZ{ `mZm Xm{hr H$ma`m H$`mV d` H$amd{.
_mJrc gVam cm{H$mV AZ{H$ H$ma`m Xm{fmMm C{I H{$cm Amh{. `mV H$mhr Xm{f
XwXdOZH$ Amh{V. H$mhr H$m_H$m{Ym_wi{ odf`mg$s_wi{ oZ_mU hm{Uma{ Amh{V. H$mhr C[OrodH{$H$aVm
drH$mac{c{ Amh{V. Va H$mhr AhH$mamMm [naUm_ hUyZ C[ hm{Uma{ Amh{V. `dhmam_`{ `m gdM
Jm{>tMm Xm{f gma`mM `m{`V{Mm Amh{. Ag{ g_O`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. Var[U X{do[VamZm C{eyZ
H{$c{`m H$`mV V{ gd gmaI{M d` Amh{V. X{dH$`mcm dm lmH$_mcm oZ_oV H{$c{cr ò$
H{$di ò$ ZgV{ V{ X{do[VamM{ g]Y Om{S>Uma{ _m`_ AgV{. hUyZ `mM{ eara h{ oZXm{f Agc{
[mohO{. `m gd `m` `$s ]mUmVrcM Amh{V. `md$Z ]mUmcm _mZ XojUmoX H$naVm oH$Vr
]YZ{ Amh{V V{ cjmV `{Bc.
]mUm{ ZYr`mZVUmonad emòV$&

V_ h` Z XmV` Z oh ^_oZ h`V{$&&168&&
d{XmoX odmM{ kmZ Zgc{cm ]mU hm JdVm`m ArgmaIm Amh{ Vm{ MQ>H$Z odPVm{.
hUyZ Aem AoeojV ]mUmcm X{dVmZm C{eyZ XmZ X{D$ Z`{. amI{da Hw$Ur AmhoV Q>mH$sV Zmhr.
A[L>`XmZ{ `m{ XmVw^d `yd \$cm{X`:$&

Xd{ H$_oU o[`{ dm Vd`mè{fV:$&&169&&
X{dH$m` o[VH$m`m_`{ darc gd gXm{f `$sZm XmZ oXc{ Va `mMr dmQ> H$m`
cmJV{ V{ gmJVm{.
AdV` X o O^w $ [nad{moXo^VWm$&

A[m${ ``X ` V ajmog ^wOV{$&&170&&
emmZ{ gmoJVc{`m AmMmam_mU{ Z dmJUma{ [nad{mmoX Xm{fmZr `w$, [$scm K{`mg
[m Zgc{c{, AemZm O{ oXc{ OmV{, V{ O{ K{VmV `m gdmM{ ^jU amjg H$aVmV.
amjg ^jU H$aVmV hm AWdmX Amh{. A[m XmZmZ{ Ymo_H$ H$`mMm _yi C{e
g\$c hm{V Zmhr h{ `mM{ gma.
Xmamohm{g`m{J Hw$V{ `m{@JO{ pWV{$&

[nad{mm g odk{`: [naodomVw [ydO
:$&&171&&
_Zw_oV
[ 173 ]
3 177
Wm{acm ^mD$ AoddmohV AgVm Om{ YmH$Q>m ^mD$ c H$aVm{, Aohm{ R>{dVm{ `mcm
[nad{mm hUVmV. AmoU Aem`m Wm{a`m ^mdmcm [naodom hUVmV.
[arodom: [ard{mm ``m M [naodV{$&

gd} V{ ZaH$ `mpV XmV`mOH$[m_m:$&&172&&
[ard{mm, `mMr [Zr, [naodom h{ VrZ , `mZm XmZ X{Umam dm `m`mH$Sy>Z Ymo_H$
H$`{ H$aodUmam [wam{ohV h{ Xm{Z o_iyZ [mMoh OU ZaH$mcm OmVmV.
^mVw_V ` ^m`m`m `m{@Zwa`{V H$m_V:$&

Y_}Umo[ oZ`w$m`m g k{`m{ nXoYfy[oV:$&&173&&
_{c{ `m ^mdm`m [Zrer Om{ Amg$sZ{ a__mU hm{Vm{, Vm{ Y_mZo{ Z`m{JmMrg_oV oXcr
AgVmZmoh oXoYfy[oV R>aVm{.
g_mOYmaU{gmR>r Amd`H$ hUyZ Y_emmZ{ A[dmXm_H$ar`m oZ`m{JmM{ odYmZ
H{$c{ Amh{ [U Vr Jm{> A[dmXm_H$ Agmdr. aoVH$sS>{V oVMr [naUoV hm{D$ Z`{. Vg{ Pmc{ Va Vm{ Xm{f
Amh{. Aem [mV`mcm oXoYfy[oV hUVmV.
[aXma{fw Om`{V{ m gwVm Hw$S>Jm{cH$m $&

[`m OrdoV Hw$S>: `m_V{ ^Vna Jm{cH$:$&&174&&
[ar`m oR>H$mUr Hw$S> AmoU Jm{cH$ Ag{ Xm{Z H$maM{ [w C[ hm{VmV. [arMm
[oV oOdV AgVmZm Om{ [w hm{Vm{ Vm{ Hw$S>. AmoU odYd{`m oR>H$mUr Om{ C[ hm{Vm{ Vm{ Jm{cH$.
V{ Vw OmVm [aj{{ moUZ: {` M{h M $&

XmmoZ h`H$`moZ Zme`pV Xmo`Zm_$&&175&&
Xwg`m`m [Zr`m oR>H$mUr C[ Pmc{c{ h{ Xm{K{ Xm`m`m gd Y_H$ `mMm Bhcm{H$s
AmoU [acm{H$s Zme H$aUma{ R>aVmV.
hUyZ `mZm H$m{U`moh H$maMm XmZY_ H$$ Z`{.
A[m`m{ `mdV: [`mZ ^wOmZmZZw[òV$&

VmdVm Z \$c V XmVm mZm{oV ]moce: &&176&&
A[m$ _Zw` [m Agc{`moh BVa ]mUm`m O{dUmdircm [mhrc Va `m _yI
Xm`mM{ [acm{H$s hm{Uma{ cm^ Zmhrg{ hm{Vrc.
dr`mYm{ ZdV{: H$mU: f>:{ or eV` M$&

[m[am{Jr gh` XmVwZme`V{ \$c_$&&177&&
3 177
174 ]
_Zw_oV
[JVrV AmYim Agcm Va ZdX OUmM{, MH$Um qH$dm EH$mj Ag{c Va gmR>mM{,
[mT>a{ H$m{S> Ag{c Va eâmM{ [m[am{Jr hOmamM{ XmZ[w` Z> H$aVm{.
AYmoX_wi{ `m `m g`{`m [m `$scm oXc{c{ XmZoh oZ\$i hm{V{.Agm ^md.
`mdV: g[eX{ ]m
UmNy>`mOH$:$&
VmdVm Z ^d{mVw: \$c XmZ` [moVH$_$&&178&&
eymH$Sy>Z `kH$`{ H$aodUmam ]mU oOV`m ]mUm`m [JVrcm ]gyZ O{d{c `m
gdmZm oXc{c{ XmZ Ò_mZm`m >rZ{ oZ\$c hm{V{.
d{Xodmo[ odm{@` cm{^mH$dm oVJh_$&

odZme dOoV oj_m_[mo_dmôg$&&179&&
eymH$Sy>Z `kH$`{ H$aUm`mH$Sy>Z EImm d{Xd{`moh ]mUmZ{ cm{^mZ{ XmZ K{Vc{
Va Vm{ _mVrM{ H${ _S>H{$ [m`mV ]wS>od`m_mU{ dnaV Z> hm{Vm{.
gm{_odH$oÙ{ od>m o^fO{ [yèm{oUV_$&

Z> X{dcH{$ Xm_[oV Vw dmYwf m $&&180&&
gm{_ odH$Umamcm oXc{c{ XmZ od>{gmaI{ AmoU dmcm oXc{c{ [y a$mgmaI{ hm{V{. [g{
K{D$Z X{d[yOm H$aUmamcm oXc{c{ `W hm{V{. AmoU `mOmda OJUmamcm oXc{c{ pWa hm{V Zmhr.
`mw dmoUOH{$ Xm Z{h Zm_w Vd{V$ &

^_Zrd hV ` VWm [mZ^d{ oO{$&&181&&
dm`mMm YXm H$aUmamcm oXc{c{ Bh[acm{H$s oZ\$i hm{V{. [wZoddmohV{`m _wcmcm
oXc{c{ amI{V Q>mH$c{`m hdZm_mU{ dm`m OmV{.
BVa{fw d[`{fw `Wm{o>{ dgmYwf$w &

_{Xm{@gL>_mg_mmpW dX` _ZrofU:$&&182&&
[$scm K{`mg A[m Agc{c{ O{ BVaoh Hw$Ur XwOZ `mZm oXc{c{ XmZ _mghmS>{
_mm_{X `mgmaI{ A[od OmUmd{. Ag{ OmUV{ cm{H$ hUVmV.
A[`m{[hVm [o$: [m`V{ òOm{m_:$&

Vo]m{YV H$m`}Z oOm`mZ[o $[mdZmZ$&&183&&
`m`m_wi{ [JVrg K{`mg `m{` Zgc{`mZr XyofV H{$c{cr [o$ `m`m `m{J{ [mdZ
hm{V{ Aem l{> ]mUmodf`r godVa gmJVm{. [wT>{ gmoJVc{c{ V{ oOm{m_ [o$[mdZ hm{V.
_Zw_oV
[ 175 ]
3 188
A`m: gd}fw d{Xf{ w gddMZ{fw M $&

lm{o`mdÒmd odk{`m: [o$[mdZm:$&&184&&
gd d{XmM{ A``Z `mM{ Cm_arVrZ{ Pmc{ Amh{, oZ$N>X B`moX gmhr d{XmJmM{
`mZm MmJc{ kmZ Amh{. O{ d{XmMm AW `WmWV{Z{ JQ> H$$ eH$VmV. Vg{M `m`m Hw$cmV
o[T>mZo[T>m d{Xm``Z MmcV Amc{c{ Amh{ `m gdmZm [o$[mdZ OmUmd{.darc cm{H$mV gddMZ
`m eXmMm AWoh Q>rH$mH$mamZr fS>JmMm kmVm AgmM H{$cm Amh{.`{W{ Vm{ fS>J{ Cm_arVrZ{ oeH$dy
eH$Umam Agm H$amdm.
oUmoMH{$V: [mmoogw[U: fS>odV$&

]X{`mZwgVmZm{ `{>gm_J Ed M $&&185&&
`mZ{ oUmoMH{$V, [Mmo, ogw[U hr dV{ YmaU H{$cr Amh{V oejmoX ghm AJmM{
`mM{ A``Z Pmc{ Amh{, ]modYrZ{ oddmh Pmc{`m _wcrMm _wcJm, `{> gm_mM{ Jm`Z H$aUmam
h{ gmhmhr [o$[mdZ g_Omd{.
oUmoMH{$V hm H$R>m[{ oZfXmV `_mZ{ ZoMH{$`mcm gmoJVc{c{ Arg]Y rM{ EH$ `kdV
Amh{. [Mmo hUO{ [na[yU Aohm{ drH$mac{cm Vm{.H{$di _mVmo Agc{cm Vm{ Zh{. `{W{ fS>J odV
eXmZ{ d{XmM{ gmhr AJmM{ Cm_ A``Z Pmc{cm EdT>mM g_Omdm.
d{XmWodd$m M ]Mmar ghX:$&

eVm`wd odk{`m ]mUm: [o$[mdZm:$&&186&&
d{XmM{ AW OmUUmam, d{Xm`m AWmM{ Cm_ `m`mZ H$aUmam, ]Mmar, ghJm`r
XmZ H$aUmam, d`mMr eâ df} [yU Pmc{cm . h{ gd ]mU [o$[mdZ g_Omd{.
[yd
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oZ_`rV `damg`pdmZ `Wm{oXVmZ$&&187&&
lm H$amd`mM{ V{hm AmXc{ oXder dm `mMoXder gH$mir [mVm Agc{c{ VrZ
qH$dm Xm{Z ]mU oZ_oV H$amd{.
oZ_oVm{ oO: o[`{ oZ`Vm_m ^d{gXm$&

Z M N>Xm`Yr`rV `` lm M Vd{V$ &&188&&
lmmM{ Am_U drH$ma`m[mgyZ oZ_oV ]mUmZr lmmM{ oXder oXdgam hUO{
Xwgam oXdg COmS>{[`V d{Xm``Z H$$ Z`{. `m`mH$S>{ lm Amh{ `mZ{oh Ag{M dmJmd{.
3 189
176 ]
_Zw_oV
oZ_oVmZ nh o[Va C[oV>pV VmZ oOmZ$&

dm`wdmZwJN>pV VWmgrZmZw[mgV{$&&189&&
oZ_oV ]mUm`m oR>H$mUr o[Va A`$[mZ{ `{D$Z amhVmV, Mmcc{ AgVm
dm`y_mU{ _mJyZ MmcVmV.]gc{ AgVm Odi ]gVmV.
lm H$aUmamcm AmoU lm{` oZ_oVmcm o[Vam`m A` ApVdm_wi{M g`_mZ{
ahmd`mg gmoJVc{ Amh{.
H{$oVVVw `Wm`m` h`H$`{ oOm{m_:$&

H$WoMXòVH$m_Z [m[: gwH$aVm dOV{ $ &&190&&
`m{àrVrZ{ oXc{c{ lmmM{ AmoU X{dH$m`mM{ Am_U drH$ma`mZVa V{ Oa [mic{
Zmhr Va `m ]mUmcm [wT>Mm O_ Sw>H$amMm `{Vm{.
Am_oVVw `: lm{ df`m gh _m{XV{$&

XmVw`X X w H$V qH$oMmgd oV[V{$&&191&&
lmmgmR>r Am_oV H{$c{cm ]mU oZ`_ _m{Sy>Z dfcrJ_Z H$arc Va `mcm
Ò_mZmMr gd [mVH{$ cmJVmV.
lm H$aUmamZ{ dm oZ_oVmZ{ g`_mZ{ amhmd{ h{ gmoJVc{M Amh{. `{W{ Xm{fmMr CJVm
gmJ`mgmR>r dfcrJ_ZmMm C{I H{$cm Amh{.dfcr hUO{ ey r [U H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr A`m{`
H$mcr H$m_wH$[UmZ{ [Vrcm aoVH$sS>{gmR>r Cm{oOV H$aUm`m [Zrcmoh dfcr _mZmd{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
AH$m{YZm: emM[am: gVV ]MmnaU:$&

`Vem _hm^mJm: o[Va: [ydX d{ Vm:$&&192&&
o[Va h{ H$m{YaohV, AV]m ew, gdXm ]Mmar, e YmaU Z H$aUma{, X`m
AmXm`j_m è d^d odmmgmO`gwH$_ `m AmR>JwUmZr `w$ Agc{c{ AmoU OdiOdi
X{dVmd$[ Ag{ AgVmV.
_hm^mJ hUO{ darc X`moX AmR >JwUmZr `w$ [wf. o[Va h{ Aem JwUmZr g[
Ag`m_wi{ lmmoZo_mmZ{ o[VaWmZr ]gdmd`mM{ ]mUoh `mM JwUmZr g[ Agc{c{ oZXmZ `mVrc
AoYH$moYH$ JwUmZr `w$ Agc{c{ Ag{ AgVrc Aer XjVm `mdr.
_Zw_oV ]mUdmXr Amh{, ]mUmZm oVZ{ A[ma AoYH$ma AmoU gd H$ma`m gm{`r
C[cY H$$Z oX`m Amh{V, Ag{ O{ _mZc{ OmV{ V{ H{$di [j[mVr[UmM{ Amh{. MmJ`mM{ MmJc{
_Zw_oV
[ 177 ]
3 195
hUyZ gajU H$amd`mM{ Ag{c Va H$mhr AoYH$ma H$mhr gm{`r `mgmR>r oZò_V[U{ Agm`mM
cmJVmV. Vm{ cmoH$H$ Vm{ _mZ, Vr oVR>m `mgmR>r _J gwIg_rMm `mJ H$aVmZmoh _mUgmcm V{dT>{
H$> OmUdV ZmhrV. dm V{ H$> Vm{ g_mYmZmZ{ drH$maVm{.
_Zy`m H$miroh ]mU O_mcm Z em{Ûma{ dVZ H$aUma{ ]mU hm{V{M. d`
]mUmMr Zm_mdcr dmMcr hUO{ h{ cjmV `{V{. [U Aem chmZ_m{R>m Xm{fmZr H$coH$V Agc{`m
]mUmcm _ZyZ{ [>[U{ `mM{ WmZ XmIdyZ oXc{ Amh{. `mZm ]mUmY_ hQ>c{ Amh{. Y_H$`m`m
oZo_mmZ{ `mZr oXc{c{ gd dm`m OmV{ Ag{oh [>[U{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. _Zycm Xm{f X{UmamZr `mMm
Ad` odMma H$amdm. dV:cm ]mU hUodUma{ Var _Zy`m `m H$gm{Q>r>cm oH$Vr CVaVrc H$m{Um
R>mD$H$ ? ghmdYrV hmVm`m ]m{Q>mda _m{O`mBVH$s g`m Aem ]mUmMr âcr Var [wH$i Pmc{
hUmd{ cmJ{c.
Amam{èm, AmXe Amam{` H$m`? `mMr cjU{ H$m{UVr? V{ gmJV{. Vg{ Amam{`
Agc{cr _mUg{ g`m`m XyfUmZ{ ^mamdc{`m dmVmdaUmV \$ma \$ma Wm{S>r AgUma h{ CKS> Amh{.
[U hUyZ Amam{èmmM{ oZ`_ H$Yr [mcQ>V ZmhrV. `{H$mZ{ Am[`m Amh{ `m H$VroZer em
dmMyZ, `mVrc [À[`mM{ `WmepV [mcZ H$$Z, Am[c{ Amh{ V{ Amam{` dmT>od`mMm `Z
H$amd`mMm AgVm{. VrM pWVr gm_moOH$Q>m _Zw_Vrg]Yr Agmdr. hUO{ _J _ZyM{ _mZdmda
H{$dT>{ _m{R>{ F$U Amh{ V{ cjmV `{Bc.
`_mXw[oma{Vf{ m gd}fm_è{fV:$&
`{ M `[M`m: `woZ`_VmoZ]m{YV$&&193&&
o[VamMr C[om H$er Pmcr ? AmoU o[VamMm gH$ma H$m{U`m [VrZ{ H$amdm V{
AmVm gmJVm{ E{H$m.
_Zm{ ha`J^` `{ _ar`mX`: gwVm:$&

V{fm_frUm gd}fm [wm: o[VJUm: _Vm:$&&194&&
oha`J^mMm [w _Zw `m _ZyM{ [w _aroM B`moX AmoU `m _aroM F$frM{ O{ [w
`mZm o[VJU ( o[VamMm g_wXm`) hUVmV.
odamQ>gVw m: gm{_gX: gm`mZm o[Va: _Vm:$&

Aodmmm X{dmZm _marMm cm{H$odlwVm:$&&195&&
odamQ>mMm [w gm{_gX Vm{ gm` X{dmMm o[Va, _aroM F$frMm cm{H$og Agm Om{
[w Aodmm Vm{ X{dmMm o[Va.
3 196
178 ]
_Zw_oV
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gw[U oH$amUm M _Vm ]ohfXm{@oOm:$&&196&&
Ar F$frM{ ]ohfX ZmdmM{ O{ [w V{ X`XmZd`jJYdg[amjggw[U
oH$a `m gdmM{ o[Va Amh{V Ag{ OmUmd{.
gm{_[m Zm_ odmUm jo`mUm hod^wO

:$&
d`mZm_m`[m Zm_ eymUm Vw gwH$mocZ:$&197&&
gm{_[mVw H$d{: [wm hod_Vm{@oa:gwVm:$&
[wc`m`[m: [wm dog>` gwH$mocZ:$&&198&&
^Jw (H$od) M{ [w gm{_[ h{ ]mUmM{ o[Va, AoJam F$frM{ [w hod_V (hod^wO) h{
jo`mM{ o[Va, [wcVrM{ [w Am`[ h{ d`mM{ o[Va AmoU dog> [w gwH$mocZ h{ ewmM{ o[Va.
AZoXYmZoXYmH$m`mZ]ohfXVWm$&
Aodmmm gm`m odmUm_{d oZoXeV{ $ &&199&&
AoXY AZoXYH$m`]ohfXAodmm AmoU gm` (gm{_[) h{ gd
]mUmM{ o[Va OmUmd{.
AoXY hUO{ Aoda oeOdc{c{ A `mM{ hdZ O{ pdH$maVmV V{ X{d. gm{_ag
oeOdcm OmV Zmhr hUyZ V{ AZoXY. `mM{ hdZ drH$maUma{oh X{d AZoXY hQ>c{ OmVmV.
`m Xm{hr eXmMm {VH$m`mer g]Y Zmhr.
` EV{ Vw JUm _w`m: o[VUm [naH$soVVm:$&

V{fm_[rh odk{` [w[m_ZVH$_$&&200&&
_mnaM, gm{_[, Aodmm BVa o[Va dJmVrc _w`_w` JU hm{V. `mM{ [wZmVy
Ag` Amh{V V{ gdM o[Va hm{V.
F$of`: o[Vam{ OmVm: o[V`m{ X{d_mZdm:$&

X{d{ `Vw OJV gd Ma WmdZw[dy e
:$&&201&&
_ar`moXH$ F$fr[mgyZ o[Va C[ Pmc{. o[Vam`m[mgyZ X{d AmoU _Zw` C[
Pmc{. AmoU gd Wmda OJ_ gmeZAZeZ OJV X{dm[mgyZ C[ Pmc{ Amh{.
lm H$aVmZm Ò_mZmZ{ Am[cm ]m[AmOm[UOm EdT>M
{ Zh{ Va gd o[Vcm{H$mMr
`mVrc ododY JU `{W{ A`$[mZ{ ^md$[mZ{ C[pWV Amh{V AmoU Am[`m `m H$`mZ{ `mMm
gVm{f hm{Uma Amh{, Aer ^mdZm H$amdr. H$m{U`moh Y_H$`mV l{M{ _hd A[ma AgV{ h{ odg$
_Zw_oV
[ 179 ]
3 207
Z`{. "lm_`m{@` [wf: `m{ `V l: g Ed g:$&' h{ JrVmdMZ _mo_H$ Vg{M CX]m{YH$ Amh{.
aOV^mOZaf{ m_Wm{ dm aOVmpdV:$&

dmò[ l`m Xm_j`m`m{[H$[V{$&&202&&
MmXr`m ^mS>mVyZ dm MmXrMm VwH$S>m R>{dc{`m BVa [mmVyZ o[VamZm C{eyZ Wm{S>{g{
[mUr Oar lm[ydH$ oXc{ Var V{ Aj`gwImcm H$maUr^yV hm{V{.
o[VamM{ AmoU Ò_mZmM{oh Aj`gwI `{W{ Ao^{V Amh{. Zwg`m [m`mZ{oh h{ hm{V
Ag{c Va lm g_ma^mMm BVa [gmam H$emcm Amh{ Ag{ _m hUy Z`{. Xmnam_wi{ BVa H$mhr gmYZ
C[cY Zg{c Va Zwg`m [m`mZ{oh Y_H$` [ma [Sy> eH$V{ Ag{ gmJ`mBVH$s em{ CXma Amh{V.
`mMm cm^ Y_H$`modf`r C[{jm]wo AgUm`m lr_VmZr CR>dy Z`{.
X{dH$m`mXo OmVrZm o[VH$m` odoe`V{$&

Xd oh o[VH$m`` [yd_ m`m`Z lwV_$&&203&&
o[VH$m` h{ X{dH$m`m[{jm daMT> Amh{ Ag{ OmUmd{.AmYr X{dH$m` H{$c{ hUO{ V{
o[VH$m`mMr [na[yoV H$aUma{, [wo> H$aUma{ R>aV{.
V{fm_maj^yV Vw [yd Xd oZ`m{O`{V$ &

ajmog odcw[pV lm_majdoOV_$&&204&&
AmYr H{$c{`m X{dH$m`mZ{ o[VH$m`mM{ ajU hm{V AgV{. Vg{ H{$c{ Zmhr Va o[VH$m`
AgwaojV hm{V{. amjg `mM{ \$i Z> H$aVmV.
XdmV VXrh{V o[mV Z Vd{V$ &

o[mV drh_mZ: oj ZòV gmd`:$&&205&&
o[VH$m`m`m Ama^r AmoU AVr X{dH$m` Agmd{. X{dH$m`m`m AmYr AmoU ZVa
o[VH$m` H$$ Z`{. Vg{ H{$c{ Va Hw$cj` hm{Vm{.
ewqM X{e odod$ M Jm{_`{Zm{[c{[`{V$ &

XojUmdU Md `Z{Zm{[[mX`{V$ &&206&&
lmmH$naVm oZdS>md`mM{ WmZ oZ_c, [od, dXi Zgc{c{, XojUoXe{H$S>{ CVma
Agc{c{ Ag{ `Z[ydH$ o_idmd{. AmoU V{ Jm`r`m e{UmZ{ gmadmd{.
AdH$me{fw Mm{jf{ w OcVra{fw Md oh$&

odod{$fw M Vw`pV Xm{Z o[Va: gXm$&&207&&
Om{ X{e d^mdV: ew[od Amh{(Mm{j) ZXr dm gam{damM{ Vra Amh{, O{W{ dXi
Zmhr Aem WmZr lm H{$c{ AgVm o[Va gVw> hm{VmV.
3 208
180 ]
_Zw_oV
AmgZ{f[y cf{ w ]oh_gw [WH$ [WH$ $&

C[[>m{XH$mg`pdmVmZw[d{e`{V$&&208&&
X^mXtM{ MmJc{ AmgZ `{H$ ]mUmgmR>r d{Jd{Ji{ Kmcmd{. AmoU `mda ZmZ
AmM_Z Pmc{`m odmZm g_mZmZ{ ]gdmd{.
C[d{` Vw VmodmZmgZ{dOwJow gVmZ $&

JY_m`: gwaoôâM`{ d [ydH $_$&&209&&
AqZ Agc{`m, [m Agc{`m, Aem `m ]mUmZm AmgZmda ]gdyZ X{dmM{
[yOZ H$amd{ AmoU ZVa AmgZW ]mUmM{ gwdmogH$ Aem JYmZ{ d [w[hmamZ{ [yOZ H$amd{.
V{fm_wXH$_mZr` g[odmpVcmZo[ $&

Am Hw$`mXZwkmVm{ ]mUm{ ]mU: gh$&&210&&
AmgZW ]mUmZm X^Vrc `m`mgh A` X{D$Z `m`m AZwk{Z{ AoH$m`
H$amd{.
A{: gm{_`_m`m M H$dm@@`m`Z_moXV:$&

hodXmZZ{ odoYd[mgV[`p{ [VZ$ &&211&&
`WmodoY Ao og H$$Z `m{àrVrZ{ Ao gm{_ AmoU `_ `mZm C{eyZ AmhoV
m`mV AmoU `mZVa o[VamM{ V[U H$amd{.
A`^md{ Vw od` [mUmd{dm{[[mX`{V$ &

`m{ o: g oOm{ od_ Xoeo^`V{$&&212&&
Ao Zg{c V{hm ]mUm`m hmVmdaM [ydu gmoJVc{`m VrZ AmhoV (A`$[mZ{)
m`mV. ]mU hmM Ao hm{` Ag{ d{Xd{`m odmZmZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
AH$m{YZmgwgmXmdX`{VmZ [wamVZm: $&

cm{H$`m`m`Z{ `w$mZ l>m{ X{dmZ oOm{m_mZ$&&213&&
H$m{YaohV, gwg, cm{H$H$`mUmgmR>r V[a Ag{ O{ ]mU `mZm mMrZ cm{H$
lmmM{ d{ir X{dmgmaI{ g_Omd{. Ag{ hUVmV.
]mUmgmR>r gmoJVc{c{ h{ ode{fU `mMm gm_moOH$ H$V`mM{ oZX}eH$ Amh{ `m`m
`m{`V{M{oh _hdmM{ cjU Amh{.
A[g`_m H$dm gd_md[naH$__$&

A[g`{Z hV{Z oZd[X{XXw H$ ^wod$&&214&&
_Zw_oV
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Ar_`{ H$amd`m`m hm{_mM{ gd H$` A[g`mZ{ H$$Z CO`m hmVmZ{ q[S>

R>{dmd`m`m ^y_rda CXH$ qe[S>md{.
tVw V_mod:e{fmo[S>mH$dm g_mohV:$&

AmXH{$Zd odoYZm oZd[{ ojUm_wI:$&&215&&
hm{_ H$$Z Cac{`m AmM{ VrZ q[S> H$amd{V. AmoU XojU{H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z emV pWa
oMmmZ{ CXH$ oXc{ `mM [VrZ{ ^y_rda q[S> R>{dmd{.
`w` o[S>m VVVmVw `Vm{ odoY[ydH $_$&

V{fw X^}fw V hV oZ_ `m{[^moJZm_$&&216&&
odYr[ydH$ q[S>XmZ H$$Z `m X^mda q[S>XmZ H{$c{ `m X^m`m _wimcm hmV [wgmdm.
hUO{ g]oYV o[VamMm gVm{f hm{Vm{.
AmM`m{X[amd` oam`` eZagyZ$ &

fS>F$Vy
Z_Hw$`mp[VZd{ M _dV$&&217&&
ZVa Cma{H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z AmM_Z H$amd{. ZVa gmdH$me[U{ VrZ d{im mUm`m_ H$amdm.
gmhr F$VyZm _`w$ Z_H$ma H$amdm. AmoU q[S>mH$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z BVamZmoh _`w$ Z_H$ma H$amdm.
CXH$ oZZ`{N>f{ eZ: o[S>mpVH{$ [wZ:$&

AdoOK
{ VmZ o[S>m`Wm`wmg_mohV:$&&218&&
Cac{c{ Oc gmdH$me[U{ q[S>mOdi `md{ AmoU `mH$_mZ{ q[S> R>{dc{ `mMH$_mZ{ V{
CMcyZ hJmd{V.
o[S>{ `: dp[H$m _mm g_mXm`mZw[dy e

:$&
VmZ{d odmZmgrZmodoYdV [yd_ me`{V$ &&219&&
`{H$ q[S>mVrc Wm{S>{ Wm{S>{ A H$mTy>Z V{ lmr ]gc{`m ]mUmcm ^m{OZm[ydu
ôj`mg md{ lmmg]Yr`m gdM oH$`m odoY[ydH$ d _`w$ Agm`mV.
oY`_mU{ Vw o[Vna [ydf} m_{d oZd[V{ $ &

oddm@o[ V lm dH$ o[Va_me`{V$ &&220&&
o[Vm oOdV Ag{c Va AmOm[UOmZm C{eZy lm H$amd{. qH$dm Am[`m o[`mcmM
]mU hUyZ lmr ]gdmd{.
o[Vm oOdV Amh{ `m JhWmcm lm H$a`mMm AoYH$ma Zmhr. [U H$mhr H$maUmZ{
o[Vm dV: lm H$amd`mg Ag_W Ag{c, lm gJr H$amd`m`m hmcMmcr `dpWV[U{ H$$
3 220
182 ]
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eH$V Zg{c Va Am[_ hUyZ darc [VrZ{ lm H$amd{. Hw$UrH$Sy>Z o[VamMr C[{jm hm{D$ Z`{ hm
h{Vy.
o[Vm `` Vw dm: `mmrd{mo[ o[Vm_h:$&

o[Vw: g Zm_ g>r` H$sV`{ o[Vm_h_$&&221&&
o[Vm oOdV Zmhr [U AmOm oOdV Amh{ Va lm gJr o[`m`m AmoU [U`mMm
C{I H$$Z lm H$amd{. (Am`mMm g]Y dJimdm)
o[Vm_hm{ dm VN>m ^wOrV{`]dr_Zw:$&

H$m_ dm g_ZwkmV: d`_{d g_mMa{V$ &&222&&
_ZyZ{ Ag{oh gmoJVc{ Amh{ H$s Am`mZ{ dV:M o[VWmZr ]gyZ lmr ^m{OZ H$amd{.
qH$dm o[Vmo[Vm AmoU d o[Vm `mZm C{eyZ lm H$amd{.
V{fm Xdm Vw hV{fw g[od oVcm{XH$_$&

Vo[S>mJ `N>{ mw dYfm_pdoV ]dw Z$&&223&&
q[S>mVyZ Wm{S>{ Wm{S>{ H$mTy>Z K{Vc{c{ X^Vri AmoU CXH$ `m`mgh ]mUm`m hmVmda
md{. AmoU o[VamMm C{I H$$Z dYm hUmd{.
[moU`m Vy[gJ
d`_` doYV_$&
odmpVH{$ o[VZ `m`Z e>ZH$[oZoj[{V$ &&224&&
lmr ]mUmZm O{dU X{VmZm lmH$`mZ{ AmZ{ âc{cr ^mS>r dV: Xm{hr hmVmZr
CMcyZ ]mUmOdi AmUyZ R>{dmdrV. `md{ir EH$mJ _ZmZ{ o[VamM{ _aU H$amd{.
C^`m{h V`m{_w $ `X_w[Zr`V{$&

Vocw[`gwam: ghgm Xw>MV{ g:$&&225&&
O{ A EH$mM hmVmZ{ AmUc{ dm dmT>c{ OmV{ V{ Xw> d^mdmM{ amjg Zmhrg{ H$aVmV.
JwUm gy[emH$mmZ [`m{ XoY KV _Yw$&

od`g{hV: [yd ^y_md{d g_mohV:$&&226&&
^m{OZmgmR>r Agc{`m Vm{S>rcmdU{, Am_Q>r, ^m`m BVa Im[XmW XyYXhrVy[
_Y Aem [XmWmMr ^m>S>r W_ emV_ZmZ{ ^y_rdaM R>{dmdr ([mQ>mda dJa{ R>{dy Z`{)
^` ^m{` M ododY _ycmoZ M \$cmoZ M$&

moZ Md _mgmoZ [mZmoZ gwa^roU M$&&227&&
_Zw_oV
[ 183 ]
3 232
C[Zr` Vw Vgd eZH$: gwg_mohV:$&

[nad{f`{V `Vm{ JwUmgdmMm{X`Z$&&228&&
oZaoZami{ Im[XmW \$i{_wi{, MH$a _mg, gwJoYV [{`{ h{ gd `dpWV arVrZ{
g _ZmZ{ _mSy>Z Z_[U{ ]mUmZm EH{$H$m [XmWmM{ doe> gmJmd{.
Zm_m[mV`{mmVw Z Hw$`{mZV dX{V$ &

Z [mX{Z [eX{ Z MVXdYyZ`{V$ &&229&&
lmH$`mZ{ lmmM{ d{ir Aly T>miy Z`{, gVm[y Z`{, Im{Q>{ ]m{cy Z`{. Imcr [S>c{`m
Amcm d Am`m [mmZm [m`mMm [e hm{Uma Zmhr Aer XjVm `mdr. A CYiy Z`{, P{cy Z`{
PQ>Hy$ Z`{.
A J_òV {VmZ H$m{[m{@>arZZV ewZ:$&

[mX[eVw ajmog XwH$VrZddYyZZ_$&&230&&
Aly T>mi`m_wi{ A o[emMmH$S>{ OmV{. H$m{Ym_wi{ eyH$S>{ OmV{. Im{Q>{ ]m{c`m_wi{
Hw$`mH$S>{, [m`mMm [e Pm`m_wi{ amjgmH$S>{ AmoU PQ>H$`m_wi{, oPS>H$ma`m_wi{ lmmM{ A
[mV`mH$S>{ OmV{.
`mgmR>r lmgJr gdXm emV, gmpdH$ AmoU gmdY dmrZ{ amhmd{.
`m{MV{ od{`VmmX_ga:$&
]m{m H$Wm: Hw$`mo[VUm_{VXrpgV_$&&231&&
lmmgmR>r ]gc{`m ]mUmZm O{ O{ AmdS>{c V{ _m{H$`m _ZmZ{ dmT>md{. d{XmVrc
H$Wmgy{$ E{H$dmdrV. o[VamZm h{ gd \$ma ^mdV{.
lmmgmR>r lmr ]gc{`m ]mUmZm X{dmgwa`w, ddY, ga_{Mr H$Wm `m g]YrMr
doXH$ gy{$, H$R>m{[oZfX E{H$dmdrV Ag{ em Amh{. V{ e` Zg{c V{hm JrVmodUwghZm_mMm
Var [mR> H$amdm. [wT>rc cm{H$mV AmoUH$oh H$mhr Jm{>r E{H$dm`mV Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
dm`m` lmd`{o[`{ Y_emmoU Md oh$&

Am`mZmZroVhmgmM [wamUmoZ oIcmoZ M$&&232&&
lmmM{ d{ir d{X, _oVJW, Am`mZ, gy{$, am_mÙ_hm^maV h{ BoVhmg,
^mJdVmgmaIr [wamU{, d{XmVrc oIcgy{$ E{H$dmdrV.
oZaoZam`m odmM{ O{ A``Z H{$c{c{ AgV{ `mMr COiUr AemoZo_mmZ{
dm^modH$[U{ hm{V{.
3 233
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hf`X{ ] m UmVw>m{ ^m{O`{ eZ: eZ:$&

Am{ZmgH$VmZJU
w
[naMm{X`{V$ &&233&&
dV: g amhZ lmg_`r ]mUmZm AmZoXV H$amd{. ^m{OZ gmdH$me[U{ AmJhmZ{
dmT>md{. Im[XmWmMr egm H$amdr. A daM{da [wT>{ `md{.
dVW_o[ Xmoh lm{ `Z{Z ^m{O`{V$ &

Hw$V[ MmgZ Xmomc odoH$a{_hr_$&&234&&
_wcr`m _wcmcm Vm{ ]Mmar Agcm Var lmmH$naVm Ad` Am_oV H$amd{.
cm{H$ar`m AmgZmda ]gdmd{. ^y_rda oVi Q>mH$md{.
roU lm{ [odmoU Xoh: Hw$V[pVcm:$&

roU Mm egpV emM_H$m{Y_dam_$&&235&&
lmm_`{ _wcrMm _wcJm, cm{H$arM{ d, Vri, `m Jm{>r [od Amh{V. Vg{M ewVm
H$m{Y ZgU{ AmoU KmB ZgU{ `m VrZ Jm{>r lmm_`{ eV _mZ`m OmVmV.
A`wU gd_ `mX ^wOraV{ M dm`Vm:$&

Z M oOmV`m{ ]`y Xw mm [>m hodJwU
mZ$&&236&&
O{dUmH$naVm dmT>c{c{ A H$T>VH$T>V Agmd{. O{dUmamZ{ Z ]m{cVm O{dmd{. ""A
H$g{ Pmc{ Amh{, MmJc{ Pmc{ Amh{ Zm?'' Ag{ Ò_mZmZ{ odMmac{ Var ]mUmZ{ Cma X{D$ Z`{.
AZwHy$coVHy$c oVoH$`moh `$ H$$ Z`{.
`mdXw_m ^d`{ `mdXmoV dm`Vm:$&

o[VaVmdXpV `mdm{$m hodJwU
m:$&&237&&
Om{da A H$T>V AgV{, Om{da ^m{OZ Z ]m{cVm Mmcc{c{ AgV{, Am`m JwUmg]Yr
gmoJVc{ OmV Zmhr Vm{daM o[Va `mMm drH$ma H$aVmV Ag{ g_Omd{.
`{o>Voeam ^wL{$ `X^L

w >${ XojUm_wI:$&
gm{[mZH$ `X^L
w >${ V ajmog ^wOV{$&&238&&
S>m{`mcm H$mhr Var JwS>mic{c{ AgVmZm, XojU{H$S>{ Vm|S> H$Z qH$dm [m`mV [mXmU{
R>{dyZ O{dc{ Va V{ gd amjgmZm m hm{V{.
MmS>mc damh Hw$w$Q>: m VWd M$&

aOdcm M fT> Z{ja{ Vm{ oOmZ$&&239&&
_Zw_oV
[ 185 ]
3 245
]mU O{dV AgVmZm `mMH{ $S>{ A[`, Sw>$a, H$m|]S>m, Hw$m, aOdcm r, Z[wg H$
`mZr [mh Z`{.
AWmV `m `$s Amg[mg Zgm`mV.
hm{_{ XmZ{ ^m{`{ M `X{oâo^dr`V{$&

Xd{ hodof o[`{ dm VXJN>``WmVW_$&&240&&
`m MmS>mcmXrZr [mohc{c{ hm{_, XmZ, ^m{OZ, `kmoX X{dH$`{, lm h{ gd AgyZ
Zg`mgmaI{ hm{V{.
KmU{Z eyH$am{ hpV [jdmV{Z Hw$w$Q>:$&

m Vw o>oZ[mV{Z [e}ZmdadUO:$&&241&&
Sw>H$amZ{ hJc{ AgVm, H$m|]S>m`m [Im`m \$S>\$S>r_wi{, Hw$`mZ{ [moh`m_wi{
A[`mZ{ oed`m_wi{ A h{ XyofV hm{V{.
H{$di lmmM{ d{ir Zh{ Va BVad{iroh Am`mg]Yr hm oZ`_ Agmdm.
IOm{ dm òX dm H$mUm{ XmVw: {`m{@o[ dm ^d{V$ &

hrZmoVna$Jmm{ dm V_`[Z`{[wZw :$&&242&&
Ò_mZm`m [nadmamVoh Hw$Ur [mJim, H$mUm, CU{AoYH$ Ad`d Agc{cm Agm
Ag{c Va `mcmoh lmmXrVyZ Xya R>{dmd{.
]mU o^jwH$ dm@o[ ^m{OZmW_[w pWV_$&

]mUa`ZwkmV: eo$V: oV[yO`{V$ &&243&&
lmmM{ d{ir AoVWr hUyZ Hw$Ur ]mU dm o^j{H$ar Am`mg oZ_oV ]mUmMr
AZwkm K{D$Z `mMmoh `Wmeo$ gH$ma H$amdm.
gmddoUH$_m gr`mcm` dmnaUm$&

g_wgO
{ x $dVm_JVm{ odoH$aZ ^wod$&&244&&
Vm|S>r cmd`mgh gd H$maM{ Im[XmW Wm{S>{g{ EH$ H$mcdyZ `mV [mUr KmcyZ
O{dUm`m ]mUmg_m{a ^y_rda R>{dmd{. `mcm odoH$a Ag{ hUVmV.
AgH$V_VrZm `moJZm Hw$c`m{ofVm_$&

CpN>> ^mJY{` `m^}fw odoH$a `:$&&245&&
AogH$mamdmMyZ _V Pmc{c{, Hw$crMm `mJ H$aUma{ `mMm dmQ>m CQ>m AmV
AmoU ^y_rdarc X^mda Q>mH$c{`m odoH$amV AgVm{.
3 246
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CN>f{ U ^yo_JV_oO`meR>` M $&

XmgdJ` Vp[`{ ^mJY{` MjV{$&&246&&
lmr Cac{c{ A h{ m_moUH$,oZacg Aem g{dH$ dJm`m AoYH$mamM{ AgV{.
Am go[S>oH$`mH$_ oOmV{: gpWV` Vw$&

AXd ^m{O`{N>m o[S>_H{ $ Vw oZd[V{ $ &&247&&
]mUjo`d` _V Pm`mZVa gq[S>roH$`m hm{B[`V `mM{ lm EH$q[S> X{D$Z
H$amd{. V{ X{daohV Agmd{.
gho[S>oH$`m`m Vw H$Vm`m_` Y_V:$&

AZ`dmdVm H$m` o[S>oZd[U gwV: $&&248&&
_VmMm gq[S> odYr Pmcm hUO{ _J _m `mM{ lm [wmoXZr emmZ{ gmoJVc{`m
odYr_mU{ `WmgmJ H$amd{.
lm ^wdm ` CpN>> dfcm` `N>oV$&

g _yT>m{ ZaH$ `moV H$mcgy_dmH$oeam:$&&249&&
]mUm`m [mZmVrc C>{ A Om{ eymZm dmT>Vm{ Vm{ _yI EH$_mgm[`V S>m{H{$ Imcr
H$$Z H$mcgy Zmdm`m ZaH$mV [m{MVm{.
lm^wdfcrV[ VXh`m}@oYJN>oV$&
V`m: [warf{ V_mg o[VaV` e{aV{$&&250&&
lmr O{dUmam ]mU `moXder (Ahm{am) rgJ H$arc Va `mM{ o[Va r`m
od>{V EH$_mg[`V cm{iVrc.
[Q>m doXVo_`{d VmZmMm_`{mV:$&

AmMmVmmZwOmZr`mXo^ ^m{ a`Vmo_oV$&&251&&
O{dZy V Pm`mda ""^m{OZ R>rH$ Pmc{ Zm'' Aem AWmM{ ""doXV?'' Ag{ odMmamd{.
]mUmZm AmM_Z md{ AmnU AmVm odlmoV `m hUyZ odZdmd{.
dYm@pd`{d V ]`y ]w m
UmVXZVa_$&
dYmH$ma: [am mer: gd}fw o[VH$_g$w &&252&&
V{hm ]mUmZr ""dYm AVw '' Ag{ hUmd{. o[VH$m`m_`{ dYmH$ma gdm}m_
AmerdmX Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 187 ]
3 259
VVm{ ^w$dVm V{fm_e{f oZd{X`{V$ &

`Wm ]`y w VWm Hw$`mXZwkmVVVm{ oO:$&&253&&
]mUmM{ O{dU Pm`mda `mZm A H$m{UV{ oH$Vr Cac{ Amh{ V{ gd gmJmd{. d
`m`m AZwk{Z{ Im[XmWmMr `dWm H$amdr.
o[`{ doXVo_`{d dm` Jm{R>{ Vw gwlVw _$&

g[o_``wX`{ Xd{ oMVo_ò[$&&254&&
MmJc{ O{dU Pmc{ AgVm o[VH$m`m_`{ ""doXV'' Ag{ odMmamd{. Jm{>m_`{
"gwlwV_'' Ag{, A`wX`m_`{ ""g['' Ag{ AmoU X{dH$m`m_`{ ""oMV'' Ag{ odMmamd{.
A[amVWm X^m dmVwg[ mXZ oVcm:$&

go>_o >oOmmJ` m: lmH$_gw g[X:$&&255&&
`m{` WmZ o_iodU{, X^Vri, A[amH$mi, H$`mMr `WmodoYVm AmMr
`Wm`m{`Vm AmoU g[m ]mU hr lmm_Yrc g[om Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
X^m: [od [ydmm{ hod`moU M gde: $&

[od ` [ydm}$ odk{`m h`g[X:$&&256&&
X^, doXH$_, [ydm, hdZ H$a`mg `m{` Ag{ `, [ydu gmoJVc{`m [od Jm{>r
hr X{dVm{{emZ{ H$amd`m`m `kmMr g[om Amh{.
_w`moZ [`: gm{_m{ _mg `mZw[H$V_$&

AjmacdU Md H$`m hod`V{$&&257&&
amZmV dm^modH$[U{ hm{Umar ZrdmamgmaIr Ym`{, XyY, gm{_, MmJc{ _mg, gYd_rR>
hr `{ dm^modH$[U{M hdZ`{ AgVmV.
odg` ]mUmVmVw `Vm{ odoY[ydH $_$&

XojUm oXe_mH$mj`mM{V_{ mdamp[VZ$ &&258&&
lmr oZ_U H{$c{`m ]mUmZm oZam{[ X{D$Z, _mZ drH$m$Z d [od amhZ XojU{H$S>{
Vm|S> H$$Z o[VamZm ([wT>{ gmoJV`m_mU{) da _mJmd{V.
XmVmam{ Zm{@o^dYVm d{Xm: gVoVa{d M $&

lm M Zm{ _m`J_X ]h X{` M Zm{@pdoV$&&259&&
Am_Mr gVoV dmT>m{, Am_`m Hw$cmV Xm`mMr g`m [wH$i dmT>m{. Am_`m demV
d{XmMr Ao^do hm{dm{. Am_Mr lm H$Yroh Z> Z hm{dm{. Am_`m KamV X{`mg `m{` Ag{ YZYm`
od[wc Agm{.
3 260
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Ed oZd[U H$dm o[S>m VmVXZVa_$&

Jm od_O_q dm me`{Xgw dm oj[{V$ &&260&&
Aem arVrZ{ lm g[dyZ V{Wrc q[S> Jm`, ]mU ]m{H$S> `mZm Im`mg md{. qH$dm
ArV dm OcmV Q>mH$md{.
`{W{ Jm` AmoU ]m{H$S> `m`m Om{S>rZ{ ]mUmMm C{I Amcm Amh{. `md$Z ]mUmMm
A[_mZ hm{Vm{. Ag{ g_OV ZmhrV hUyZ AemM H$ma{ eymMm C{I Am`mgoh V{W{ `mMr Adh{cZm
Pmcr Ag{ _mZy Z`{.
o[S>oZd[U H{$oM[aVmX{d Hw$dV${ &

d`m{o^: ImX```{ oj[`Zc{@gw dm $&&261&&
H$mhr cm{H$ ]mU^m{OZmZVa q[S>XmZ H$aVmV. H$mhr odgoOV q[S> [`mZm
KmcVmV.dm ArV OcmV Q>mH$VmV.
[oVdVm Y_[Zr o[V[O

y ZV[am$&
_`_ Vw VV: o[S>_mg`H$ gwVmoWZr$&&262&&
[w hmdm Aer BN>m H$aUm`m [oVdVm Y_[ZrZ{ o[V[yOZ H$$Z _Ybm q[S>
`m{òdYrZ{ ^jU H$amdm.
_Ycm q[S> hm o[Vm_hmcm, AmOm{]mcm C{eZy oXc{cm AgVm{. JgymV gmoJVc{`m
[VrZ{ _ hUyZ `m q[S>mM{ ^jU H$amd{ cmJV{.
Am`w_V gwV gyV{ èm{_Y

{ mg_pdV_$&
YZdV OmdV gmpdH$ Ymo_H$ VWm$&&263&&
`m q[S>^jUmZ{ hm{Umam [w XrKmòw f, èdr, ]wo_mZ, YZdmZ, gVoV`w$, Ymo_H$
AmoU gmpdH$dmrMm hm{Vm{.
jm` hVmdmM` kmoVm` H$[`{V$ &

kmoV`: gH$V Xdm ]mYdmZo[ ^m{O`{V$ &&264&&
q[S>mMr `dWm cmJ`mZVa hmV YwdyZ Am[`m OmVrVrc cm{H$mZm AmoU AmmZm
g_mZ[ydH$ ^m{OZ md{.
CN>f{ U Vw Vom>
{ mdom odgoOVm:$&
VVm{ Jh]qc Hw$`moXoV Y_m} `dpWV:$&&265&&
_Zw_oV
[ 189 ]
3 271
]mUmZm oZam{[ X{D$Z hm{B[`V `mMr C>r [mZ{ VerM R>{dmdrV oZam{[ oX`mZVa
C>r H$mTy>Z ^yo_ dN> H$amdr. `mZVa dX{dmoX H$`{ H$amdrV Ag{ Y_em Amh{.
hodòaamm` `mZ`m` H$[V{$&

o[V`m{ odoYdm Vd`mè{fV:$&&266&&
odoY[ydH $ oX`mZVa `m `m_wi{ o[VamMr XrKH$mc Vo hm{V{ Vr `{ AmVm gmJVm{.
oVcdu oh`d_mfa o_y\ $c{Z dm$&

Xm{Z _mg V`pV odoYdp[Vam{ ZUm_$&&267&&
Vridroh `d CS>rXOcH$X_wi{ dm \$i{ `m_wi{ o[VamMr EH$ _mg[`V
Vo hm{V{.
m _mgm _`_mgZ{ r_mgmZ hmnaU{Z Vw$&

AmaÛ
{ mW MVwa: emHw$Z{ZmW [m d$&&268&&
f_mgmN>mJ_mgZ{ [mfVZ{ M g d$&
A>md{U` _mgZ{ amad{U Zdd Vw$&&269&&
Xe_mgmVw V`pV damh_ohfmo_f:$&
eeHy$_`m{Vw _mgZ{ _mgmZ{H$mXed Vw$&&270&&
lmm_`{ oXc{`m _mem`m _mgm_wi{ Xm{Z _mg, hnaU_mgm_wi{ VrZ _mg, _|T>m`m
_mgm_wi{ Mma _mg, [`m`m _mgm_wi{ [mM _mg, ]m{H$S>m`m _mgm_wi{ ghm _mg, [mfV_mgm_wi{
gmV _mg, EU_mgm_wi{ AmR>_mg, _mgm_wi{ ZD$ _mg, damh AmoU _ohf _mgm_wi{ Xhm _mg, ggm
AmoU H$mgd `m`m_wi{ AH$am _mg o[VamMr Vo hm{V{.
[mfVEUAmoU h{ hnaUmVrcM OmoVode{f Amh{V.
lmm_`{ _mg dm[a`mMm hm C{I gdmgmR>r Zmhr. `m`mV _mgmeZmMr Hw$b[a[am
Amh{ `mM{ H$naVmM H{$di h{ dUZ Amh{ Ag{ oZoV OmUmd{. X{eY_,Hw$iY_ oh gmoJVc{ OmUma
Amh{V h{ [oh`m A`m`mV Ama^rM gmoJVb{ Amh{. hUyZ _mgmmMm C{I hr odgJoV _mZy Z`{.
gdga Vw J`{Z [`gm [m`g{Z M $&

dmYrU
g` _mgZ{ VomXedmofH$s$&&271&&
Jm`r`m XwYmZ{ Vg{M Jm{XwYm[mgyZ H{$c{`m Ira]mgwXr B`moX [XmWmZr o[VamMr
EH$ df[`V Vo hm{V{. d ]m{H$S>m`m _mgm_wi{ o[Va ]mamdf} [`V V hm{VmV.
3 272
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H$mcemH$ _hmeH$m: Icm{hmo_f _Yw$&

AmZ`m`d H$`V{ _w`moZ M gde:$&&272&&
H$mim MmH$dV qH$dm H$mi{ dmJ{, _hmeH$ ZmdmMm odoe> _mgm, J|S>m , [yU H$m`m
qH$dm Vm]S>m aJmMm ]m{H$S,> _Y, X{d^mVmgmaIr Am[m{Am[ CJdc{cr Ym`{ `mZr H{$c{c{ lm
o[VamMr AZV H$mc[`V Vo H$aV{.
`mVrc `m`m ododYV{VZy Hw$c[a[a{Z{ Amc{`m AmMm X{dVmMZ, lm B`mXrgmR>r
C[`m{J H$amdm. `mV `mH$mir ghO C[cY Agc{`m ZrdmamMm, X{d^mVmMm, VUYm`mMm C{I
Amh{. AmoU `m`m C[`m{JmZ{oh AZV H$mc[`V o[VamMr Vo hm{V{ Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. `md$Z
Y_emoh gm_m`mV`m gm_m` `$sMmoh oOhm`mZ{ odMma H$aV{ AmoU `mcm gm{`rMm hm{Bc
Agm `m`m H$`mUmMm _mJ gmJV{ h{ cjmV K{`mgmaI{ Amh{.
`pH$oM_YwZm o_l Xmmw `m{Xer_$&

VX`j`_{d `mfmgw M _Kmgw M $&&273&&
dfmF$VyVrc `m{Xer _Km ZjmZ{ `w$ Ag{c `m oXder H$m{U`moh `mV _Y
o_giyZ H{$c{c{ lm o[VamMr Aj` Vo H$aV{.
Ao[ Z: g Hw$c{ ^y`mm{ Zm{ Xm`m{Xer_$&

[m`g _Ywgo[`m mN>m`{ Hw$Oa` M $&&274&&
o[Va Aer BN>m H$aVmV H$s Aem `m{Xercm [m`gmV Vy[ AmoU _Y KmcyZ hmrMr
gmdcr [yd}cm [S>c{cr Ag{c Aemd{ir Am_M{ lm H$aUmam [wf Am_`m Hw$imV O_ K{dm{.
_Km ZjmZ{ `w$ Aer ^m[X dmVrc `m{Xer JhrV Yamdr. hmrMr gmdcr
[yd}cm [S>c{cr Agmdr `md$Z A[am H$mi Xw[mar EH$ V{ Mma `m H$mimVrc d{i A[{ojV Amh{.
`XmoV odoYdg`H$ lmg_pdV:$&

Vmp[VUm ^doV [amZV_j`_$&&275&&
O{ O{ H$mhr odoY[ydH$ AmoU l{Z{ o[VamZm A[U H{$c{ OmV{ `m_wi{ [acm{H$mV
o[VamMr Aj` Aer AZVH$mc[`V Vo hm{V{.
H$U[j{ Xe`mXm dOo`dm MVwXe

r_$&
lm{ eVmpVW`m{ `WVm Z VW{Vam:$&&276&&
d[jmVrc MVwXer dJiyZ Xe_r[mgyZ`m oV`m lmmgmR>r eV Amh{V. BVa
oVoW eV ZmhrV.
_Zw_oV
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3 282
`wjw Hw$dZ oXZj}fw gdmH$m_mg_ZwV${ &

A`wjw Vw o[VgdmOm mZm{oV [wH$cm_$&&277&&
g_oVoW AmoU g_Zjmda H{$c{`m lmmM{ \$c hUyZ gd _Zm{aW [yU hm{VmV.
AmoU odf_oVoWZjmda H{$c{`m lmm_wi{ od[wc Om m hm{V{.
`Wm Mdm[a: [j: [yd[ jmooe`V{$&

VWm lm` [ydmmX[amm{ odoe`V{$&&278&&
lmmgmR>r ew [jm[{jm d [j AmoU [ydmm[{jm A[am (Xw[mar gmS>{]mam -EH$
ZVaMr d{i) eV AgV{.
mMrZmdroVZm g`J[g`_VpUm $&

o[`_m oZYZmH$m` odoYd^[moUZm$&&279&&
lmmM{d{ir OmZd{ mMrZmdroV dm A[g` Ag{ odoY[ydH$ R>{dyZ hmVmV X^ K{D$Z
lmmoX H$`{ H$amdrV. H$`mZ{ Am_aU o[VamM{ lm H$amd{.
amm lm Z Hw$duV amjgr H$soVVm oh gm$&

g``m{^`m{d gy`} MdmoMam{oXV{$&&280&&
lm h{ amr, gy`m}X`r AmoU gy`mVmM{d{ir H$$ Z`{. gy`m}X`mZVaMr gH$miMr
d{ioh lmmgmR>r eV Zmhr. am hr amjgr (d{i) hQ>c{ OmV{.
AZ{Z odoYZm lm oaX`{h oZd[V{ $ &

h{_VJr_dfmgw [mmòkH$_dh_$&&281&&
emm{$arVrZ{ `{H$ A_md`{cm lm H$amd{. Ag{ gmoJVc{ Agc{ Var dfmVyZ
oZXmZ VrZ d{im h{_V Jr_ dfm `m F$VyV lm H$amd{. [M_hm`km`m oZo_mmZ{ hm{Uma{ lm oVoXder
H$amd`mM{ AgV{.
Z [V` ok`m{ hm{_m{ cmoH$H$@m odYr`V{$&

Z Xe}Z odZm lm_mohVm{oO_Z:$&&282&&
lmmVrc AoH$_ cmoH$H$ Arda H$$ Z`{. Vg{M `mM{ Aohm{ Amh{ `mZ{
Adg{òVna$ H$amd`mMr lm{ (d[jmVrc Xe_r[mgyZMr) H$$ Z`{.
oVdfu o[`m`m _`woVWrcm H$amd`mM{ lm _m `{H$mcm Amd`H$ Ag{M
Amh{. V{ `mMoXder emm{$ arVrZ{ H$amd{.
3 283
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_Zw_oV
`X{d V[`ò: o[VZmdm oOm{m_:$&

V{Zd H$Z_mZm{oV o[V`koH$`m\$c_$&&283&&
Om{ H$m{Ur gmZ ZmZmZVa `{H$ oXder OcmZ{ o[VamM{ V[U H$arc `mcm
V{dT>mZ{oh o[VamM{ oZ`lm H{$`mM{ \$i o_iV{.
]`km`m oZo_mmZ{ h{ Ag{ o[VV[U hm{V{.
dgydXpV Vw o[VZ md o[Vm_hmZ$&

o[Vm_hmVWmoX`mZ lw>oVa{fm gZmVZr$&&284&&
]m[ dgw$[mZ{, AmOm $[mZ{, [UOm AmoX`$[mZ{ [yOZr` AgVm{. Ag{ gZmVZ
d{XdMZ Amh{.
odKgmer ^d{o` oZ` dm@_V^m{OZ:$&

odKgm{ ^w$e{f Vw `ke{f VWm_V_$&&285&&
JhWmZ{ `{H$ oXder odKg^m{OZ H$amd{ dm A_V^m{OZ H$amd{. AoVWrM{ ^m{OZ
H$amd{.
AoVWrM{ ^m{OZ Pm`mZVa Cac{`m Amcm odKg hUVmV AmoU `kmoX X{dH$m`
[ma [S>`mZVa Cac{`m Amcm A_V hUVmV.
Am[U O{ A o_iodVm{ `mda Am[`m EH$Q>mMm AoYH$ma Zmhr, h{ `{H$
JhWmZ{ gXd cjmV R>{dc{ [mohO{. `mda X{do[Vag_mO `mMmoh AoYH$ma Amh{, Wm{S>m AoYH$M
Amh{ h{ cjmV R>{dyZ _J dV: C[^m{J K{`mg dm Pmc{ [mohO{. JrV{`m oVg`m A`m`mVoh `k
H$$Z Cac{`mM{ Om{ ^jU H$aVm{. Vm{ gd H$ma`m dò$H$ AmoU gm_moOH$ dm`mgmR>r `m CXma
dmrZ{ dmJ`mMm \$ma C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
EVm{@oôhV gd odYmZ [mmòkH$_$&

oOmoV_w`dmrZm odYmZ ly`Vmo_oV$&&286&&
`m_mU{ [M_hm`kmM{ AmoU [mdU lmodYrM{ AZw>mZ H$g{ H$amd{ h{ gmoJVc{
AmVm ([wT>`m A`m`mV)gmZmZ{ H$g{ dmJmd{, `mVoh ]mUmZ{ H$g{ dmJmd{ V{ godVa gmJVm{. V{
AdYmZ X{D$Z E{H$m.
`m A`m`mV lmmM{ d$[ AmoU _hd odVmamZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. `md$Z
o[VH$_mMr Ad`H$Vm `mZmV `md`mMr Amh{. o[VamZm C{eyZ H$mhrZm H$mhr H$a`mMr Wm gd
X{eodX{emV gd OmVrV AJXr dZ{Ma oJarOZ `m`mVoh $T> Amh{.oVM{ $[ d{Ji{ Amh{ BVH{$M
_Zw_oV
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doXH$mZr V{ AoYH$ AZwemgZ] H{$c{c{ Amh{.`m `{dT>m odVV H$`mgOm{ Ag_W Amh{V`mM{gmR>r
gm{`rM{ Aèmm{$ [`mòh C[cY Amh{V. `mMm drH$ma H$amdm.[U dV:`m _VmZ{ H$mhrVar
H$$ Z`{.
_Zy`mM Amk{d$Z oOkmgy F$ftZm _ZyMm [>oe` ^Jy `mZ{ odoYoZf{Y `m{`m`m{`
H$V`mH$V` `mMr `WmpWV OmoUd H$$Z X{Uma{ O{ em, Vm{ _hfr _ZwX{dmM{H$Sy>Z oeH$cm V{M
`mZ{ `WmdV arVrZ{ gmoJVc{ V{M ^Jy gmJV Ag`m_wi{ `m JWmcm ^Jy_oV hU`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
_Zw_oV hUU{M `m{`. _hm^maV W_ de[m`ZmZ{ OZ_{O`mg E{H$odc{ AmoU _J V{M gmVrZ{
F$ftZm E{H$odc{. Var d{X`mg h{M _hm^maVmM{ H$V} aMo`V{ Amh{V Aer Am[cr [a[amJV YmaUm
Amh{.
_yiMr _hm^maVmMr gohVm O` ZmdmMr hm{Vr. oVMr cm{H$g`m AmR>hOma.
de[m`ZmZ{ O`mM{ Mm{drg hOma cm{H$g`{M{ ^maV aoMc{ AmoU gmVrZ{ `mM{ EH$cj cm{H$mM{
_hm^maV ]Zodc{. Ag{ H$mhr odmZ _mZVmV. [U `m VH$mcm g]i [wamdm Zmhr. Om{ Amh{ Ag{
hUVmV, `mMm g]Y o^ Amh{. Agm{._hm^maV h{ Og{ `mgmM{M, de[m`Z dm gmVrM{ Zmhr Vg{
_Zw_oV hr _ZyMrM, ^JyMr Zmhr. _r gmJVm{, Ag{ _ZyM{ _V Amh{, F$fr Ag{ hUVmV Aem AWmMr
dm`{ Oar cm{H$mVyZ `{V Agcr Var Ama^r`m A`V [> C{Im_wi{ _V^{X hm{`mM{ H$maU
Zmhr.Am[cr em{ [wamU{ gmJ`mMr [Vr hr AerM Amh{.
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194 ]
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[ 195 ]
44
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A`m` MdWm
MVwW_ m`wfm{ ^mJ_wofdm@@ Jwam oO:$&
oVr`_m`wfm{ ^mJ H$VXmam{ Jh{ dg{V$ &&1&&
Am`w`m`m Mma ^mJm[H$s [ohcm MmWmB JwJhr H$mTy>Z Xwgam ^mJ JhWml_ hUyZ
Kmcdmdm. `mgmR>r oddmh H$$Z g[ZrH$ hmd{.
Am`w`mM{ Mma ^mJ H$[yZ ]M`JhWdmZW AmoU g`mg Aem Mma
Aml_mV `mMr od^mJUr H$amdr Aer qhXyMr YmaUm mMrZH$mc [mgyZ Amh{.
H$oc`wJmV _mUgmM{ Am`w` eâ dfmM{ Amh{ Ag{ _mZc{ OmV{. `m >rZ{ [Mdrg
dfmMm EH$ Ag{ Mma ^mJ H$[md{ cmJVrc. [U `jmV Ag{ H$Yr AgV Zmhr. hUyZ gm_m`V:
]mdrg [Mdrg df} ]M`ml_, gmR>r[`V JhWml_ ZVa [wT>rc Am`w` Am[`m gm{`r_mU{
dmZW AmoU g`mg `m Aml_m`m dmrV Var Kmcdmd{.
Am{hU
{ d ^yVmZm_[m{hU
{ dm [wZ:$&
`m domVm g_mWm` odm{ Ord{XZm[oX$&&2&&
JhWmZ{ Am[cr C[OrodH$m H$aVmZm H$m{Umer m{h hm{Uma Zmhr. oZ[m` Pmcm Va
AJXr A[m{{h hm{Bc Aem arVrZ{ `dgm` H$amdm. h{ oZ`_ ode{f H$$Z ]mUmgmR>r Amh{V Ag{
g_Omd{. OrodH{$gmR>r Am[VH$mcr H$m` H$amd{ V{ d{Ji{. ( Am[VH$mcmM{ oZ`_ Am{KmAm{KmZ{ gmoJVc{
OmUmaM Amh{V.)
`mm_mogW d: H$_oâJohV: $&

Ac{eZ{ eara` Hw$duV YZgM`_$&&3&&
Am[`m d Hw$Qw>]m`m OrdZ`m[Z{gmR>r Am[cr Or AoZ Aer H$_} oVMm Adc]
H$amdm. YZgM`mgmR>r earamcm c{e X{D$ Z`{V.
F$Vm_Vm`m Ord{mw _VZ{ _VZ{ dm$&

g`mZVm`m_o[ dm Z d`m H$XmMZ$&&4&&
C[OrodH$m e`Vm{ F$VmZ{ dm A_VmZ{ H$amdr. V{ e` Zg{c Va _VmZ{_VmZ{ dm
g`mZVmZ{ H$amdr. dmrZ{{ H$YrM H$$ Z`{.
F$V_Vdom h{ eX [mna^mofH$ Amh{V. `mM{ AW [wT>rc cm{H$mVyZ [> hm{Vrc.
45
196 ]
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F$V_wN>oec k{`__V `mX`moMV_$&

_V Vw `moMV ^j _V H$fU _V_$&&5&&
CN> AmoU oec `mcm F$V hUmd{. O{ Z _mJVm ghO[U{ o_imc{ Amh{ `m A`moMV
dmrcm A_V hUmd{. _mJyZ K{U{ h{ ^rH$ _mJU{M Amh{. `mcm _V Ag{ hUmd{. AmoU `mV Xwg`mM{
em{fU hm{V{, [rS>Z hm{V{ Aem H$`mcm _V hUmd{.
CN> AmoU oec hUO{ hmQ> ( ]mOma) CRy>Z J{`mZVa dm dmhVyH$ H$aVmZm a`m`m
H$S>{cm O{ Ym`moX gmS>c{c{ AgV{{, `m`mda H$m{UmM{ dmo_d ZgV{. `mMm H$m{Umcm C[`m{J
ZgVm{, Ag{ O{ [yU[U{ C[{ojV AgV{. `m d{MyZ AmUc{`m Ym`mcm CN> hUVmV. oec hUO{
e{VH$`mZ{ Ii{ ^$Z Z{`mZVa e{VmV gmS>c{c{ Ym`. Ag{ H{$di CN>oec d{MyZ `mda Om{
C[OrodH$m H$aVm{ Vm{ F$V ^jU H$aVm{.
_V hUO{ H$fU. H$fU eXm`m YmdWmZ{ e{Vr H$aU{ Agm AW hm{V{ m{. Q>rH$mH$mamZr
e{Vr AgmM AW oXcm Amh{. [U H$fU eXmMm Am{T>yZ K{U{, em{fyZ K{U{ Agmoh AW Amh{. _V
eXmVrc ^mdm`m>r>Z{ em{fU AW H$aU{ AoYH$ MmJc{.
g`mZV Vw dmoU` V{Z Mdmo[ Or`V{$&

g{dm domam`mVm V_mmm [nadO`V{ $ &&6&&
gÀZV (Ia{ Im{Q>{) Agm Om{ `m[ma. `mZ{oh gJr C[rOodH$m H$amdr. g{dm
H$aU{ h{ Hw$`mM{ oOU{ hm{`. [m{Q>mgmR>r V{ H$YrM [H$$ Z`{.
`{H$ `m[mamV Wm{S>{ Var Im{Q>{ H$amd{ cmJV{, ]m{cmd{ cmJV{. odH$V K{U{, odH$U{
Vm{cyZ _m[yZ X{U{ dmhVyH$ H$aU{, gmR>dU{, gm^miU{ `m Jm{r `m[mamV _m{S>VmV. `mV `{H$ [mdcmda
_mJ{[wT>{ CU{ AoYH$ hm{VM Ag{V. hUyZ `m[mamcm g`mZV hQ>c{ Amh{. `mV Om{ AoYH$moYH$
gòZ> AmoU m_moUH$ amhVm{ `mM{ gmR>rM gmYwH$magmdH$ma, gmYy AmoU gmh Ag{ eX T>
Pmc{ Amh{V.
[m{Q> â`mH$aVm Om{ g{dm H$aVm{ `mcm Y`m`m BN>{Z{ dmJmd{ cmJV{. AZ{H$d{im
dmo^_mZ JwS>miyZ R>{dmdm cmJVm{. hUyZ ]mUmZ{ Var g{dmdom drH$m$ Z`{. Ag{ Ao^{V Amh{.
Am[`m [a[a{Voh EH{$H$mir Zm{H$arcm H$oZ>M g_Oc{ OmV Ag{.
Hw$gycYm`H$m{ dm `mHw$^rYm`H$ Ed dm$&

`hohH$m{ dm@o[ ^d{XVoZH$ Ed dm$&&7&&
JhWmZ{ YZgM`m`m >rZ{ Hw$gycYm`H$, Hw$ ^rYm`H$, `hohH$ AmoU AVoZH$
Agmd{.
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Hw$gyc hUO{ Ym`mM{ H$m{R>ma. V{dT>{ ^$Z Ym` `m`mOdi AgV{ Vm{{ Hw$gycYm`H$.
gd Hw$Qw>]mM{ âU[m{fU `m{` arVrZ{ VrZdf}[`V H$aVm `{Bc EdT>m gmR>m `m`m Odi AgVm{ Vm{
Hw$gycYm`H$. dfâ [wa{c EdT>m YZYm`mMm gJh H$aUmam Vm{ Hw$^rYm`H$. VrZ oXdgm[waV{ amIyZ
R>{dUmam `hohH$ AmoU EH$mM oXdgm[waV{ `m`m Odi AgV{, CmMr qMVmoh Om{ dhmV Zmhr Vm{{
AVoZH$ hm{`.
MVwUm_o[ MVf m oOmZm Jh_{oYZm_$&

`m`m[a: [am{ k{`m{ Y_Vm{ cm{H$oOm_:$&&8&&
gJh m`m `m Mma H$mam[H$s JhWY_mZ{ dmJUmamgmR>roh [wT>Mm [wT>Mm H$ma AoYH$
l{> hm{`. [acm{H$s gXJoV BpN>Um`m Ymo_H$mZ{ h{ cjmV R>{dyZ dmJmd{.
Hw$gycYm`H$ gdmV H$oZ> AmoU AVoZH$ hm gJ`mV Cm_ Amh{. h{ cjmV
`md{. ]mUmZ{ Var H$mQw>o]H$ OrdZmVoh A[gVw> Agmd{ Ag{ gmJ`mMm h{Vy `m_Y{ Amh{.
fQ>H$_H$m{ ^d`{fm ooâ`: dVV${ &

m`m_{H$VwW Vw ]g{U OrdoV$&&9&&
H$mhr cm{H$ ghm H$_} H$$Z OJVmV. H$mhr VrZ dm Xm{Z H$`mMm Adc] H$aVmV.
AmoU MmWm, ]g `m H{$di EH$mM H$_m`m Adc]ZmZ{ C[OrodH$m H$aVm{.
CN>oec`moMVA`moMVH$ofdmoU` hr ghm H$_}. A`m[Z`mOZoVJh
hr VrZ H$_}. ÒZ`mOZ hr Xm{Z AmoU A`m[Z h{ EH$. `mcmM ]g Ag{ hUVmV. Am[cr
[napWVr [mhZ `mVrc EH$ dm AoYH$ Jm{>r `dgm` hUyZ drH$mam`m. ]g ZmdmZ{ A`m[Z h{
EdT>{ EH$M H$_ gmoJVc{ Amh{. `md$Z `mMr l{>Vm `$ hm{V{.
dV`
oecm{N>m`m_ohm{[amÙ:$&
B>r: [mdmÙmVr`m: H{$dcm oZd[{ gXm$&&10&&
oecm{N> dmrZ{ OJUm`m ]mUmZ{ Aohm{ drH$m$Z Xe[yU_mg d AmJÙ `m
B>rM V{dT>m H$am`m.
BVa H$ma`m `km_Y{ [wH$i YZYm`mMr A[{jm AgV{. oecm{N> dmrZ{ amhUmamM{
gmYZ A`V A[ Ag`mZ{ `mZ{ _m{R>m g_ma^m`m ^mZJS>rV [S>`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. m_moUH$[U{
AmMnac{c{ chmZg{ Y_H$òh [wH$i [w`mMm cm^ H$$Z X{Uma{ AgV{.
Z cm{H$dm dV}V domh{Vm{: H$WMZ$&

AoOm_eR>m ewm Ord{X] m UOrodH$m_$&&11&&
4 11
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[m{Q>mgmR>r cm{H$mM{ aOZ H$aUma{ `dgm` H$Yroh drH$m$ Z`{V. ]mUm`m

C[OrodH{$M{ gmYZ gai_mJu, oZH$[Q> AmoU ew d$[mM{ Agmd{.
odZm{X, W>>m, Q>dmir, Jm`Z, dmXZ, Z`, Ao^Z` h{ gd `dgm` _Zm{{aOZmM{
Amh{V. dmWu h{VyZ{ H$m{UmMr VwoV H$aU{ h{oh cm{H$dmM Amh{. ]m{YX Zgc{c{ H$c{H$naVm H$cm `m
H$maM{ cocV dmL>_` `m cm{H$dmmVM _m{S>{c.
gVm{f [a_mWm` gwImWu g`Vm{ ^d{V$ &

gVm{f_yc oh gwI Xw:I_yc od[``:$&&12&&
gdXm [a_gVm{fmZ{ amhZ gwImMr BN>m g`_mZ{ H$amdr. Ia{ [mhVm gVm{f h{M gwI
Amh{. g_mYmZr ZgU{ `mVM gd Xw:ImM{ _yi AgV{.
AVm{@`V_`m d`m OrdVw ZmVH$m{ oO:$&

dJm`w `è`moZ dVmZr_moZ Yma`{V$ &&13&&
odm``Z [yU H$$Z JhWml_ drH$ma`mZVa dHw$Qw>] [m{fUmgmR>r AmYr
gmoJV`mVrc H$m{U`mVar `dgm`mMm Adc] H$amdm. AmoU [wT>{ gmoJVc{`m[H$s dV{ AoJH$mamdr.
Vr gd [w`H$maH$, Am`w` dmT>odUmar AmoU è X{Umar Amh{V.
d{Xm{oXV dH$ H$_ oZ` Hw$`mXVpV:$&

Vo Hw$dZ `Wmeo$ mZm{oV [a_m JoV_$&&14&&
d{XmZ{ gmoJVc{c{ Am[c{ odohVH$_ oVoXZr oZacg[U{ H$amd{. `Wmeo$ m_moUH$[U{
H{$c{c{ Am[c{ H$V`H$_oh [a_JVrcm m H$$Z X{Uma{ R>aV{.
H$V` h{ dUAml_ `mZr _w`V: R>amd`mM{ AgV{. \$ma [ydu H{$di V{dT>mM oZ`_
hm{Vm. AmVm H$oVdom[napWoV `mMmoh `mV ^mJ Agy eH$Vm{ [U `m{` odMma H$$Z drH$mac{
H$s _J V{ dH$_M R>aV{. odohV H$V`M R>aV{. V{ m_moUH$[U{ [ma [mS>`mVM OrdZmMr gmWH$Vm
AgV{. Am[c{ H$V` oZ>{Z{ [ma [mS>c{ H$s dV:`m CmamgmR>r AmUIr d{Ji{ AoYH$ H$mhr H$amd{
cmJV Zmhr. [a_JoV hUO{ gdl{>WmZ. dH$V`m`m AmMaUmZ{M V{ cm^V{, Vm{ _m{j Ag{ `{W{
AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. V{ cjmV R>{dU{ _hdmM{.
Z{hV{ mWmg{Z Z od{Z H$_Um$&

Z H$[_mZ{dW}fw Zm`m_o[ `VVV:$&&15&&
_Zmcm aOodUma{ `dgm` H$$Z YZ o_idy Z`{. YZmgmR>r qZ H$_mMm drH$ma H$$
Z`{. [wa{g{ YZ gJhr AgVmZm AoYH$mMr A[{jm H$$ Z`{. AmoU Am[mrVoh YZmgmR>r em gm{Sy>Z
da[U{ dmJy Z`{.
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Bp`mW}fw gd}fw Z g`{V H$m_V:$&

AoVgq$ MVf{ m _Zgm goZdV`V{ $ &&16&&
gd Bo`m`m odf`m_`{ Amg$sZ{ dm hm{D$ Z`{. odf`mH$S>{ hm{Umam Amg$sMm
AoVa{H$ _ZmZ{ [aVdmdm, Amd$Z Yamdm.
Bo`mZm AgUmar odf`mgo$ `m_mJ{ YmdUma{ _Z AmoU `mM{ g_WZ H$aUmar
]wo `m Jm{>r gd H$ma`m AZWmM{, dò$H$ gm_moOH$ Adm`mM{ H$maU hm{VmV. Amam{`mMmoh
Zme hm{Vm{. AmoU H$mQ>wo ]H$gm_moOH$ dm`mcm MyS> cmJV{. hUyZ gd g`_mZ{ dmJmd{. H$m_H$m{Y
hr ZaH$mMr ma{ Amh{V, Ag{ `mgmR>rM JrV{Z{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. X_ZmZ{ Bo`mZm [rS>m X{D$ Z`{ h{ Ia{M
[U `mM{ \$ma cmS> H$$ Z`{V h{ `mhZ Ia{ Amh{.
gdm[naÒ{XWmZ dm`m`` odam{oYZ:$&

`Wm VWm `m[`Vw gm ` H$VH$`Vm$&&17&&
dm`m`mcm odam{Yr AgUm`m gd Cm{J`dgm`mMm `mJ H$amdm h{ cjmV R>{dyZ
Og{ gmY{c Vg{ dVmM{ d Hw$Qw>]mM{ [m{fU H$amd{. Ag{ Om{ dmJVm{ `mcmM H$VH$`Vm cm^V{ .
dm`m`mM{ _hd ]mUmZ{ Var H$Yr odg$ Z`{. d{Xem{ oZaoZam`m odm
`mM{ A``Z gem{YZ h{ gd o_iyZ dm`m` hm{Vm{ Ag{ g_Omd{. g_mOm_`{ hr dm`m`mMr dom
O{dT>r l{>AmXaUr` V{dT>m _mUmV Vr ò$ Vm{ g_mO CV Amh{, JV Amh{, odH$ogV Amh{
Ag{ g_Omd{ . C[^m{JgmYZm`m_m[mZ{ JVr _m{Ocr OmV{ V{ MyH$ Amh{ . hUyZ V{W{ dm`m`mZ{M
Iar H$VH$`Vm cm^V{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
d`g: H$_Um{@W` lwV`moÔZ` M$&

d{fdm]wogm$`_mMapdMa{oXh$&&18&&
JhWmZ{ `dhmamV dmJVmZm Am[c{ d`, Am[c{ H$_(Cm{J `dgm`) Am[c{
E{`, Am[c{ emkmZ, Am[c{ Hy$c `mcm AZw$[ Ag{ dmJU{ ]m{cU{ R>{dmd{. d{f, dmUr d`Hw$c
B`mXtZm AZw$[ Agmd{. ]wrZ{ H$amd`mMm odMma `dhmaoh Am[`m [oV>{cm em{^{c Agm
Agmdm.
`{W{ gmoJVc{cr Jm{> \$ma _hdmMr Amh{. XwXdmZ{ g`m oVH$S>{ [yU[U{ Xwcj Pmc{c{
AmT>iV{. Am[c{ Hw$c, Am[cr gH$oV `mMm odMma dmJ`m]m{c`m[mgyZ Z Pmc{cm Amh{.
[mm`m`m dmJ`m]m{c`mM{ AZwH$aU H$aU{, h[UmZ{ dmJU{]m{cU{amhU{ h{M cmoH$H$mM{
hm{D$Z ]gc{ Amh{. V{ AoZ> Amh{. `mMm [naUm_ dmo^_mZey`V{V hm{Vm{. hr _m{R>r am>r` Am[om
4 18
200 ]
_Zw_oV
Amh{.AmO d{e^yfm, Amhma, ^mfm, g`V{`m H$[Zm `mV H$m{R>{M dmo^_mZ Cacm Zmhr h{ I{XOZH$
Amh{. d _mUg{, Hw$crZ o`moh d`mcm, Hw$cmcm, AZwg$Z d{f^yfm H$arV ZmhrV.
]wodoH$am`mew Y`moZ M ohVmoZ M$&

oZ` emm`d{jV{ oZJ_md doXH$mZ$&&19&&
`m`m_wi{ ]wrMr dmT> hm{Bc, od{VkmZmV â [S>{c, Or YZ o_idyZ X{Vrc, Or
ò$am> `mZm ohVmMr R>aVrc Aem emmM{ A``Z oZ`_mZ{ H$amd{. Vg{M d{X AmoU d{Xm`m
AWmcm C[H$maH$ Aer oZ$`mH$aU_r_mgmoX em{ oZ` Adcm{H$mdr.
dm`m` AmoU dMZ h{ oZ`H$_ Am[`m [a[a{Z{ gmoJVc{c{ Amh{. Am[`m Odi
O{ kmZ Amh{ `mV Am[Umg mod` o_imc{ [mohO{ h{ cjmV K{D$Z oVoXZr emm`mg, emJWmM{
Adcm{H$Z Ad` H{$c{ [mohO{. Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ AWemdH$`m{oVf Aem ^moVH$emmMmoh
C{I H{$cm Amh{. YZcm^m`m >rZ{ Vr AoYH$ C[`w$ Amh{V.
`Wm `Wm oh [wf: em g_oYJN>oV$&

VWm VWm odOmZmoV odkmZ Mm` am{MV{$&&20&&
_mUyg Om{ Om{ AoYH$moYH$ gIm{c[U{ emmMm A`mg H$arc, Vm{ Vm{ `m `m
emmVc{ __ `mcm AoYH$moYH$ CcJS>{c. `m odf`mMr Jm{S>r dmT>{c.
gm_m` `$scmoh C[X{e H$amdm `mgmR>r g_WmZr, "oXgm_mOr H$mhrVar V{
ochmd{$& gJr AIoS>V dmMrV Omd{$&' Ag{ AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. emJWm`m A`mgm_wi{
EH{$H$ odf` CcJS>V J{cm. _mohVrV â [S>cr H$s eH$mM{ oZagZ hm{V{. ododY dMZmVrc gwgJoV
C_OyZ `{V{. `m_wi{ hm{Umam AmZX AdUZr` AgVm{.
F$of`k X{d`k ^yV`k M gdXm$&

Z`k o[V`k M `Wmeo$ Z hm[`{V$ &&21&&
F$of`kX{d`k^yV`k_Zw``k AmoU o[V`k h{ [mM `k oVoXZr `Wmeo$
H$amd{V. V{ H$Yroh Q>miy Z`{V.
`Wmeo$ hU`mV [$m, Ym`, _yc\$cOc `mVrc O{ e` V{ JhrV Amh{.
EVmZ{H${ _hm`km`kemodXm{ OZm:$&

AZrh_mZm: gVVo_p`{d{d OwoV$&&22&&
`kmM{ em Cm_arVrZ{ OmUUma{ H$mhr cm{H$ [yU[U{ oZnaN> Ag`m_wi{ `m
[M_hm`kmM{ hdZ dV:`m Bo`m`m oR>H$mUrM H$aVmV.
_Zw_oV
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4 24
O{ [yU[U{ oZnaN> Amh{V, `mZm H$emMroh Ao^cmfm Zmhr, Ag{, `kmXtMm _yi
h{Vy OmUUma{ Vdd{m{, [M_hm`k ]mgmYZmZr Z H$aVm Bo`mMm g`_ H$$ZM `kmMr gmYZm
H$aVmV. `mZm `kogrgmR>r ]mgmYZ{ dm ]mH$_} `mMr Amd`H$Vm ZgV{.
hm EH$ H$ma{ _mZg`kM hm{`. _m ]mgmYZmodf`r ]mH$`modf`r AgUmam
Amig, dmQ>Umar VwN>Vm h{ `mM{ H$maU Zh{. hm AoYH$ma gm_m`mMm Zmhr. O{ [yU[U{ H$V`[amÙ
Amh{V. dY_mMaU h{M `mM{ OrdZ Amh{, oZH$m_ H$_`m{J `m`m hmS>r_mgr _wacm Amh{, V{M
Aem H$maMm _mZg`k H$$ eH$VmV. BVamZr `Wmeo$ `j H$` H$aU{M l{`H$a hm{`. JrV{Z{oh
"l{`mZ `_`mkmV kmZ`k: [aV[' Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
dm`{H${ OwoV mU mU{ dmM M gdXm$&

dmoM mU{ M [`Vm{ `koZdo m_j`m_$&&23&&
oH$`{H$ AoYH$mar [wf dmUrM{ mUm_`{ AmoU mUmM{ dmUr_`{ hdZ H$aVmV.
Aem arVrZ{ dmUrMm AmoU mUmMm AoYH$ma O{ OmUVmV `mM{ h{ `kmZw>mZ Aj` \$c X{Uma{ hm{V{.
ew gda d{Xm``Z AIS>[U{ H$aU{ AmoU `mgmR>r Amd`H$ Agc{cr mg
oZmgmMr Ùm g_W R>d{ U{ h{ `m H$ma`m `kmM{ ah`. `mgmR>r `m{`H$ma{ H{$c{`m mUm`m_mZVa
d{Xm`m F$MmMr Amdom H$aU{ AmoU H$mhr H$mi[`V d{XF$Mm hUyZ Pm`mZVa odoe> d{i{[`V
mUm`m_ H$aU{. h{ H$arV AgVmZm BVa H$emM{oh AmH$fU ZgU{, o_i{c Vm{ gd d{i `m gmYZ{VM
KmcodU{. Ag{ m_moUH$ oZ>{Z{ H$arV amoh`mg `kmMm _w` h{Vy gm` hm{D$Z OrdZmMm Cma hm{Vm{.
h{ [yU[U{ Ia{ Amh{. dmJ`kmgmR>r H$am`m cmJUm`m [mUm`m_mM{ d$[ _m VkmH$Sy>Z ZrQ> OmUyZ
A`mogc{ [mohO{.
kmZZd{ m[a{ odm Ò`{V_ I

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kmZ_ycm oH$`m_{fm [`Vm{ kmZMjwfm$&&24&&
oH$`{H$ ]oZ> JhW ]kmZ$[r `kmZ{M h{ [M_hm`k H$arV AgVmV. H$maU
`mZm `WmW kmZmMr oX` o> m Pmc{cr AgV{. `m_wi{ `m`m gd H$oV kmZ_ycH$M AgVmV.
d{XmVemm_mU{ ] h{M "AgV{oXgV{^mgV{KS>V,{ ' `m gdmM{ AoY>mZ Amh{.
`m_wi{ ]kmZm_wi{ Om{ g[ Pmcm, `mcm H$`{ hUyZ H$mhr CaVM ZmhrV. "Pmcr g`m gX{h
_mPm J{cm$& Am_mam_ X`r JQ>cm$&' Aer, lrEH$ZmW_hmamOmZr hQ>`m_mU{ `mMr pWVr
hm{V{.
darc VrZoh cm{H$ [yU[U{ oZH$m_ Pmc{`m kmZoZ> _hm`mgmR>r Amh{V. h{ cjmV
4 24
202 ]
_Zw_oV
`md{. _oVJWmMm _w` â odoYoZf{Ym_H$ H$_H$mS>mda AgVm{ Ag{ AgVmZmoh AoYH$mag[

Agc{`m kmZoZ>modf`rMm Jmad _oVH$mam`m X`mV OmJV AgVm{. hr Jm{> \$ma _hdmMr
Amh{. `mdhmnaH$ C[`w$Vm cjmV K{D$Z dm^modH$[U{ ]c Agc{`m AWH$m_mZm oZòV
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Xe}Z MmY_mgmV{ [mU_ mg{Z Md oh$&&25&&
`mdVOrd h{ Aohm{ H$amd`mM{ AgV{. `mV Xm{Z [Vr Amh{V. `mZm AZwg$Z
oXdgm`m[ydu dm ZVa AmoU amr`m[ydu dm ZVa Ag{ Xm{Z d{im Aohm{ H$amd{. AY_mgm`m
e{dQ>r Adg AmoU [yoU_{cm Xe d [mU_mg `mJ H$amdV.
g`mV{ Zdg`{>m VWdV{ oOm{@da:$&

[ewZm d`ZmV{ Vw g_mV{ gmo_H$_I: $&&26&&
ZdrZ Ym` C[cY hm{VmM `mZ{ B>r H$amdr. Chmim[mdgmimohdmim `m F$Vy `m
AVr MmVw_m``mJ H$amdm. XojUm`Z AmoU CmamÙ `m`m Ama^r [ew`mJ H$amdm. dgV F$Vy`m
Ama^r gm{_`mJ H$amdm.
ZmoZQ>m Zdg`{Q>m [ewZm Mmo_mZ nO:$&

Zdm_m_mg dm XrK_m`woOOrodfw:$&&27&&
XrK Am`w` o_imd{ Aer BN>m AgUm`m Aohm{`mZr ZdrZ Ym`mZ{ Bo>
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B>r dm [ew`mJ _m H$arV Zmhr V{hm Vm{ Ao `m Aohm{`mM{ mUM ôj`mMr BN>m H$aVm{.
^m{J ^m{Jm`M{ Va Bam[U H$$Z Var ^m{Jm h{ lrodZm]mOtM{ dMZ `{W{ AmR>dV{.
AmgZmeZe`moâo_yc
\$c{Z dm$&
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Agm Hw$Uroh AoVoW JhWm`m KamV Zgmdm.
_Zw_oV
[ 203 ]
4 33
AoVWrMm `Wme$sM [U `m{` `m H$ma{ g_mZ hmdm V{ JhWY_mM{ _hdmM{

AJ hm{`.
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gH$ma H$aU{ XyaM amohc{)
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eo$Vm{@[M_mZ{`m{ XmV` Jh_{oYZm$&

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A Z oeOodUma{ Ag{ O{ ]Mmar, g`mgr, `mZm JhWmZ{ `Wmeo$ AXmZ
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odMma H$aU{ Ad` Amh{. Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr AmdOyZ gmoJVc{c{ Amh{. dj ajUmM{ _hd oH$Vr
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XmZY_ H$amdm Agm Amh{.
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^wH{$Z{ `mHw$i Pmc{`m JhWmZ{ amOmH$Sy>Z YZmMr BN>m H$amdr. Vg{M Am[`m
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amOm eXmZ{ H{$di gmmYmar dm jo`ò$ `mdr Ag{ Zmhr. `mcm XmZ XojUm
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odH$[ oXc{cm Amh{.
4 34
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Z grX{ZmVH$m{ od: jwYm e$: H$WMZ$&

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ZdrZ Cm{J Ama^md{V qH$dm MwH$m Q>miyZ [ohcmM `dgm` ZrQ> arVrZ{ H$amdm.
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Z`{. gmY{[Um`m ZmdmImcr Xnar[UmZ{ amh Z`{.
cH{$eZI_lwXmV: ewcm]a: ewoM:$&

dm`m`{ Md `w$: `mo`_m_ohV{fw M$&&35&&
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`{W{ Ao^{V Zmhr.
dUdt Yma`{q> gm{XH$ M H$_S>c_w $ &

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Agm Amh{. Vg{M JhWmZ{ dgajUmgmR>r gXd og Agc{ [mohO{. `m>rZ{M d{UwXS>mMm C{I
Amh{.
Z{jV{ m{V_moX` ZmV `V H$XmMZ$&

Zm{[g> Z dmnaW Z _` Z^gm{ JV_$&&37&&
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_Zw_oV
[ 205 ]
4 42
oH$aU ]mh{a [S>VmV hUyZ Am`wd}XmZ{ [> eXmV, "gdW{j{VZmoX`' gy`mH$S>{ H$YrM [mh Z`{
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Z c`{gVt Z Ymd{ dfoV$&

Z Mm{XH{$ oZarj{V d$[o_oV YmaUm$&&38&&
dmgam`m J`mcm ]mYc{cr Xm{ar Am{cmSy> Z`{. [mdgmV [iy Z`{. [m`m_Y{ [S>c{c{
Am[c{ oVq]] [mh Z`{ Agm emmX{e Amh{.
emmV gmoJVc{`m `{H$ H$amd{ qH$dm H$$ Z`{ Aem odYmZm`m H$maUmMr _r_mgm
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XojUmoZ Hw$duV kmVm dZ[VrZ$&&39&&
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Pm{[y Z`{.
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km V{Om{{ ]c Mjwam`wd dYV${ &&42&&
4 42
206 ]
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aOdcm rer g^m{J H{$cm AgVm ]wo, V{O, ]c, o>, Am`w` `mMm Zme hm{Vm{
AmoU hm gJ Q>micm Va ]wX`mXtMr dmT> hm{V{.
Zmr`mm``m gmY ZZm_rj{V MmVr_$&

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ZmO`Vt dH{$ Z{{ Z Mm`$m_ZmdVm_$&

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Zm_mX{H$dmgm Z Z: ZmZ_mMa{V$ &

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oT>Jmda) Jm{R>mV _ym{gJ H$$ Z`{.
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Z OrUXd{ m`VZ{ Z d_rH{$ H$XmMZ$&&46&&
Z ggd{fw JV}fw Z JN>mo[ M pWV:$&
Z ZXrVra_mgm Z M [dV_VH{$$&&47&&
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h{ oZ`_ [wH$ig{ gm_moOH$ Amam{`m`m >rZ{ d H$mhr g`Vm gm^mi`m`m >rZ{
gmoJVc{ Amh{V.
dmdood_moX`_[: [`VWd Jm:$&

Z H$XmMZ Hw$duV od_y` odgOZ_$&&48&&
dmam ode{fV: g_m{$Z dhmV AgVmZm Vg{M Ao, ]mU, gy`, [mUr, Jm` g_m{a
AgVmZm H$Yroh _c_ymM{ odgOZ H$$ Z`{.
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[ 207 ]
4 54
oVaH$`m{a{H$m>cm{>[VUmoX M$&
oZ`` `Vm{{ dmM gdrVmm{@dJwpR>V:$&&49&&
^yo_, H$mQ>`m, _mVrMr T>{H$i{, [mZ{ JdV, `mZr ^y_r PmHy$Z `mda _codgOZ
H$amd{. emMmM{ d{ir ]m{cy Z`{. eara e`Vm{ PmHy$Z `md{. S>m{`mcm AdJwR>Z Agmd{.
_ym{mag_wgJ oXdm Hw$`mXXw xI:$&

XojUmo^_wIm{ amm g``m{ `Wm oXdm$&&50&&
oXdgm AmoU Xm{hr g`mH$mir Cma{H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z AmoU amr XojU{H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z
_c_y odgOZ H$amd{.
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oXdgm dm amr XmQ> gmdcr qH$dm AYma Ag{c dm H$mhr H$maUmZ{ mUmM{ ^` Ag{c
Va Og{ e` hm{Bc `m_mU{ H$m{U`mnh oXe{cm Vm|S> H$$Z _c_y odgOZ H$amd{.
`q oVgy` M oVgm{_m{XH$oOmZ$&
oVJm oVdmV M km ZòV _{hV:$&&52&&
Ao, gy`, M, [mUr, ]mU, Jm`, dm`y `m`m[wT>{ _yodgOZ H$$ Z`{. Vg{
H$aUmamMr ]wo Z> hm{V{.
Zmq _wIZ{ m{[Y_{m Z{jV{ M o`_$&

Zm_{` oj[{Xm Z M [mXm Vm[`{V$ &&53&&
Ar Vm|S>mZ{ \w$Hy$ Z`{. Z rH$S>{ [mh Z`{. Aew [XmW ArV Q>mHy$ Z`{V. [m`
Arda Y$Z Vm[dy Z`{V.
AYVmm{[X`m Z MZ_o^c`{V$ &

Z MZ [mXV: Hw$`m mUm]mY_mMa{V$ &&54&&
ImQ>, [cJ, `m`mImcr Ar R>{dy Z`{. Ao Am{cmSy> Z`{. Ao [m``mH$S>{ R>{dy
Z`{. mUmcm ]mYH$ hm{Vrc Aem H$m{U`moh oH$`m H$$ Z`{V.
earaBo`{ `mM{ dm` Zmhrg{ hm{Bc, X{hmcm H$> hm{Vrc Aer H$m{UVroh H$`{
H$$ Z`{V. C[dmg dV{ _mJH$_U, dmhZmVyZ dmg `m gd d{ir earadm`mM{ ^mZ R>{dmd{.
4 55
208 ]
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Zmr`mgoYd{cm`m Z JN>{ mo[ gode{V$ &

Z Md ocI{qz _ Zm_Zm{@[ha{O_$&&55&&
g`mH$mir O{dy Z`{, Pm{[y Z`{, Jm_mVa H$$ Z`{. ^y_rda a{Km{Q>m H$mTy> Z`{. YmaU
H{$c{cm hma dV: H$mTy> Z`{.
Zmgw _y [warf dm >rdZ dm g_wgOV{ $ &

A_{òc_`m cm{ohV dm odfmoU dm$&&56&&
_y, [warf, WwH$s, e|]yS> dm KmU Pmc{`m A` dVy, a$ AmoU odf h{ [m`mV Q>mHy$
Z`{.
Amam{`m`m >rZ{ _y[warfodgOZmg]YrM{ oZ`_ \$ma _hdmM{ Amh{V. [U XwXdmZ{
oVH$S>{ Xwcj hm{V Ag`mZ{ dN> ew [mUroh Xwc^ hm{V Amh{. AcrH$S>{ gd [H$maM{ gmS>[mUr ZXr
Zmc{ Am{T>m `mV gm{S>c{ OmV{ `m_wi{ XyfU dmT>V Amh{.
ZH$: ey`Jh{ d`m l{`mg ]m{Y`{V$ &

Zm{X``m@o^^mf{V `k JN>{ MmdV:$&&57&&
Am{gmS> KamV EH$Q>mZ{ Pm{[y Z`{. dS>rcYm`mZm OmJ{ H$$ Z`{. aOdcm rer ]m{cy
Z`{. `kmV Am_UmdmMyZ OmD$ Z`{.
"Z l{`mg ]m{Y`{V' `mMm AW H$aVmZm Q>rH$mH$mamZr YmH$Q>mZ{ dS>rcYm`mZm h{
Vwhmcm em{^V{, h{ Vwhmcm em{^V Zmhr Agm C[X{e H$$ Z`{. Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ _mo_H$ Amh{.
Vg{M H{$di `km`m XeZmgmR>r Omd`mM{ Ag{c Va gwImZ{ Omd{. [U Am_UmdmMyZ V{W{ O{dU H$$
Z`{ Agmoh c{f H$mT>cm Amh{. `kmM{ l{>d AmoU [odVm cjmV K{Vm h{ `m{` Amh{. `m_wi{
`dW{da VmUoh `{V Zmhr.
A`Jma{ Jdm Jm{>{ ]mUmZmM goYm$&

dm`m`{ ^m{OZ{ Md XojU [moU_wa{V$ &&58&&
AoJhmV, Jm`r`m Jm{R>mV, ]mUm`m Odi, dm`m` H$aVmZm AmoU ^m{OZmM{
d{ir COdm hmV Cmar`m`m ]mh{a Agmdm.
Z dma`{m Y`Vt Z MmMjrV H$òMV$&

Z oXdrm`wY Q>m H$òMe`{ Y
x :$&&59&&
Jm` [mUr [rV AgVmZm MaVmZm dm Am[`m dmgamcm [mOV AgVmZm oVM{ oZdmaU
H$$ Z`{ dm H$m{Umg gmJyoh Z`{. oXgUma{ BYZw` H$m{Umg XmIdy Z`{.
_Zw_oV
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4 64
BYZw` XmIdy Z`{ hm oZf{Y Amgw` Q>mi`mgmR>r Amh{. _Zw`m`m oR>H$mUr

Amgw`, Hw$Vyhc hm EH$ ZgoJH$ odH$ma Amh{. Amg$sMmM Vm{ EH$ gm` AmodH$ma Amh{. hUyZ
XjVm K{`m`m >rZ{ hm oZ`_ gmoJVc{cm Amh{.
ZmYmo_H${ dg{XJ m _{ Z `moY]hc{ ê_$&

ZH$: [{VmdmZ Z oMa [dV{ dg{V$ &&60&&
O{W{ AYmo_H$ cm{H$ ]hg`{Z{ amhVmV dm O{W{ ZmZmH$ma`m am{JmMm mXw^md AgVm{
( gmWr AgVmV ) `m JmdmV amh Z`{. Hw$Ur ghm`mcm Zg{c Aem pWVrV EH$Q>mZ{ dmg H$$
Z`{. [dVmda XrKH$mi dmg H$$ Z`{.
Z eyam`{ oZdg{mYmo_H$OZmdV${ &

Z [mfpS>JUmH$mV{ Zm{[g>@{ ÒZo ^:$&&61&&
eym`m am`mV, AYmo_H$mZr d{T>c{`m WmZr, [mIS>mMm C[gJ hm{V Ag{c V{W{
AmoU AÒmZr [roS>c{`m WmZr amh Z`{.
H$mhr d{im H$mhr am`{ Var ey amOm Agc{cr hm{Vr. ]mUdmrZ{ amhUm`mMm `m
am`mV N>i hm{V Ag{. Aer Zm|X H$mhr BoVhmgodXmZr H{$cr Amh{.
Z ^wOrVm{V Z{h ZmoVgmoh`_mMa{V$ &

ZmoVJ{ ZmoVgm` Z gm` mVamoeV:$&&62&&
`mVrc Z{h H$mTy>Z K{Vcm Amh{ Ag{ [XmW ([|S>) ImD$ Z`{V.[M`mg \$ma OS>
Ag{ [XmW ImD$ Z`{V. [hmQ>{ dm gm`H$mir ^m{OZ H$$ Z`{. gH$miM{ O{dU OmV Pmc{ AgVm amr
ImD$ Z`{.
Z Hw$duV dWmM{>m Z dmÒocZm o[]{V$ &

Zm{g{ ^j`{`m OmVw `mHw$Vyhcr$&&63&&
`W hmcMmcr H$$ Z`{V. Am|OirZ{ [mUr o[D$ Z`{. A _mS>rda K{D$Z ImD$ Z`{.
CJrM MmH$em H$$ Z`{V.
d dm^Q>mZ{ Amgw` hm EH$ gmdoH$$ am{J gmoJVcm Amh{. `mV Ag`[Umoh
Amh{. `m_wi{ qZXm H$a`mMr dom ]imdV{.
Z Z`d Jm`{ Z dmoXmoU dmX`{V$ &

Zm\$m{Q>`{ M d{S>{ M a$m{ odam{Y`{V$ &&64&&
4 64
210 ]
_Zw_oV
ZmMy Z`{, JmD$ Z`{, dm{ dmOdy Z`{V, XS> Wm{[Qy> Z`{V, XmV ImD$ Z`{Amam{`m
_m$ Z`{. AmoU `m H$`mV Hw$Ur aJyZ J{cm Ag`mg `mcm odam{Yoh H$$ Z`{.
Jm`ZdmXZmMm oZf{Y CJrM`m CJrM dm d{ir Ad{ir H$a`mg]Yr Amh{ Ag{
g_Omd{. Vg{M Xwgam Hw$Ur Vgm dmJV Ag{c Va H$maUmdmMyZ `mcm gwYma`mM{ Xmo`d Am[`m
S>m{`mda K{D$Z `mcm odam{Yoh H$$ Z`{.
Z [mXm Ymd`{H$m`{ H$XmoMXo[ ^mOZ{$&

Z o^^mS>{ ^wOrV Z ^mdoVXyofV{$&&65&&
H$mem`m ^mS>mV H$Yroh [m` Ywdy Z`{V. \w$Q>`m ^mS>mV Vg{M `m ^mS>mH$S>{
[mhZ AoM dmQ>{c Aem [mmV O{dy Z`{. AdW _Z:pWVrV ^m{OZ H$$ Z`{.
C[mZhm M dmg YV_`Z Yma`{V$ &

C[drV_cH$ma O H$aH$_{d M$&&66&&
[mXmU{, H$[S>{, OmZd{, AcH$ma, hma qH$dm Vm`m^mS>{ Xwg`mZ{ dm[ac{c{ dm[$
Z`{.
am{JmMm ggJ Q>mi`mgmR>r `m Jm{>r \$ma _hdm`m _mZ`m [mohO{V. Aem dVy`m
dm[amVyZ ggJ hm{`mM{ \$ma ^` AgV{. Am`wd}XmZ{oh `m dVy Xwg`m`m dm[a`mMm oZf{YM H{$cm
Amh{.
ZmodZrVdO

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Z o^lmojIwaZ dmcoYod$o[V:$&&67&&
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Vg{M O{ [ey VhmZc{c{^wH{$c{ AgVrc, `m`m Ad`dmV `J Ag{c, e{[Q>m Vm{S>c{`m AgVrc
`mMmoh dmgmgmR>r C[`m{J H$$ Z`{.
odZrVVw dOo{ `_mewJc

j
UmpdV:$&
dU$[m{[g[: Vm{XZ{ moj[ê_$&&68&&
dmhVwH$sM{ [ey AmS>XmS> Zgmd{V. V{ MmJ`m cjUmZr `w$, d{JdmZ, X{IU{ Agmd{V.
`mZm daM{da _m$Z hmHy$ Z`{.
]mcmV[: {VYy_m{ d` o^ VWm@@gZ_$&

Z oN>mIcm{_moU XVZm}[mQ>`{ ImZ$&&69&&
_Zw_oV
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4 74
H$m{di{ D$Z, oMV{Mm Yya, \$mQ>H{$ dm _m{S>H{$ AmgZ d` _mZmd{. ZI{ H{$g dV: H$m[y
Z`{V. XmVmZr ZI{ Hw$aVSy> Z`{V.
Z _m{> M _XZ r`m pN>mH$aOVU_$&

Z H$_ oZ\$c Hw$`mm``m_gwIm{X`_$&&70&&
oMIc oMdSy> Z`{. ZImZr JdV Vm{Sy> Z`{. oZ\$i H$m_{ H$$ Z`{V. `mMm [naUm_
Xw:ImV hm{Uma Amh{ Aer H$`{ Q>mimdrV.
cm{>_Xu VUN>X{ r ZIImXr M `m{ Za:$&

g odZme dO`mew gyMH$m{@ewoMa{d M$&&71&&
oMIc oMdS>Umam, JdV Vm{S>Umam, ZI{ ImUmam, Xwg`mM{ Xm{f hS>H$Umam, A[od
amhUmam Aem _mUgmMm cmH$aM Zme hm{Vm{.
Xwg`mM{ Xm{f hS>H$`mV qZXm H$a`mMr dom ]cdmZ hm{V OmV{. qZXm hm \$ma _m{R>m
XwJwU Amh{. _mUgmM{ gd MmJwc[U `m_wi{ c`mg OmV{.
Z odJ H$Wm Hw$`mX]oh_m` Z Yma`{V$ &

Jdm M `mZ [>Z{ gdWd odJohV_$&&72&&
Xwg`mcm AS>dyZ H$m{UVroh MMm H$$ Z`{. dm`m ]mh{a _mcm YmaU H$$ Z`{.
]cm`m [mR>rda ]gyZ dmg H$$ Z`{. Vg{ H$aU{ gdWm qZ Amh{.
Ama{U M ZmVr`mXJm _ dm d{_ dm dV_$&

amm M dj_ycmoZ XyaV: [nadO`V{ $ &&73&&
Jmd qH$dm Ka `m`m ^m{{dVr VQ> Ag{c Va `mda MTy>Z JmdmV dm KamV oe$ Z`{.
_w` mamVyZM d{e H$amdm. amr`m d{ir PmS>mImcr MwHy$Zoh Wm]y Z`{.
VQ>md$Z CS>r _m$Z oe$ Z`{, V{ Ag`[UmM{ Amh{. Vg{M Vg{ H$aUmamH$S>{ cm{H$
hm MmJ`m gai H$m_mH$aVm JmdmV `{V Zmhr, Hw$Ur Mm{a dJa{ Agmdm Aer eH$m K{U{ e` Amh{.
amr PmS>{ mUdm`y K{VmV AmoU A[mZdm`y (H$m]ZS>mÀmgmBS>) gm{S>VmV. Vm{oh _mUgm`m
>rZ{ ohVmdh Zmhr.
ZmjXu`{H$XmoMmw d` Zm{[mZhm ha{V$ &

e`ZWm{ Z ^wOrW Z [moUW Z MmgZ{$&&74&&
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hmVmV K{D$Z ImD$ Z`{. Vg{M ]g`m`m AmgZmda A R>{dyZ ImD$ Z`{.
4 75
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gd M oVcg] ZmmXVo_V{ adm$&

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V{ $ &&75&&
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Z`{.
Am[mXVw ^wOrV Zm[mXVw gode{V$ &

Am[mXVw ^wOmZm{ XrK_m`wadmZw`mV$&&76&&
[m` YwdyZ Z [wgVm Am{`m [m`mZ{ O{dmd{. Vg{ H{$`mZ{ XrKm`w` cm^V{. Am{`m
[m`mZ{ Pm{[y _m Z`{.
AMjwodf` XwJ Z [{V H$ohoMV$&

Z od_y_wXrj{V Z ]mh`m ZXt Va{V{ $ &&77&&
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H{$di hmVmZr [m{hZ ZXr [ma H$$ Z`{.
AoYoV>{ H{$emVw Z ^_mpWH$[mocH$m:$&

Z H$m[mgmpW Z VwfmXrK_m`woOOrodfw:$&&78&&
`mcm XrKm`w`mMr BN>m Amh{ `mZ{ H{$g, amI, hmS>{, Im[a{, gaH$s, H$m|S>m (^yg)
`mda C^{ amh Z`{.
Z gdg{ [oVVZ MmS>mcZ [wH$g:$&

Z _yIZ mdoc Zm`Zm`mdgmoò^:$&&79&&
[oVV (Y_`wV[mVH$s), MmS>mc, [wH$g, _yI, Jod>, A`, A`mdgm`r
`m`m gJVrV amh Z`{.
[wH$g oZfmX r`m oR>H$mUr eym[mgyZ Pmc{cm, A` c|N>, A`mdgm`r
oZfmX r`m oR>H$mUr MmS>mcm[mgyZ Pmc{cm.
`m `{H$m`m gJVrV Z amh`mMr H$maU{ d{Jd{Jir Amh{V. [mV`mcm Q>mi`m_wi{
`mcm [mmm[ hm{`mMr e`Vm dmT>V{. _yIm`m gJVrV _ZVm[ hm{Vm{. Jod> AoYH$M e{\$maVm{.
BVa MmS>mcmoX `mM{ `dgm` AdN> $oMV oH$igdmU{oh AgVmV.
Z eym` _qV Xmm{pN>> Z hodH$V_$&

Z Mm`m{[oXe{_ Z Mm` dV_moXe{V$ &&80&&
_Zw_oV
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4 82
eymcm ]wo gmJy Z`{. C>{ X{D$ Z`{. `kmVrc hdZmMm e{f `mcm dmQy> Z`{. `mcm
Y_mMm C[X{e H$$ Z`{. `mcm dV H$a`mg gmJy Z`{.
eymM{ `dgm` oXdgâmM{ AmoU earamcm H$> X{Uma{ AgVmV. `m_wi{ `m`m
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o_^mdmZ{ O{ O{ ohVH$a `mMm C[X{e Ad` H$amdm. [U Vm{ `m`m dV:Mm `dgm` Agy Z`{.
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Amh{.
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cmdc{ Amh{. AmoU eymcm `m[mgyZ _m{H$i{ R>{dc{ Amh{. `mgmR>rM lrkmZ{a_hmamOmZr "Ogm oO
fQ>H$_} H$ar$& ey V`mV{ Z_H$mar$& Xm{Kmgoh gam{âr & oZ[O{ `mJw$&&' ]mUmZ{ fQ>H$_} H{$cr
AmoU eymZ{ `mcm H{$di Z_H$ma H{$cm Var Xm{KmZm `kmM{ \$i gmaI{M o_iV{. Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
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`m{ ` Y__mM>{ `dmoXeoV dV_$&

`m{@gdV Zm_ V_: gh V{Zd _moV$&&81&&
H$m{Ur `mcm (eymcm) Y_, dV{, B`mXtMm C[X{e H$arc AmoU Vm{ `m_mU{ dmJy
cmJ{c Va V{ Xm{K{oh AgdV Zmdm`m ZaH$mV [S>VmV.
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V{hr gmJy Z`{ Agm AW Zmhr.
eymgmR>r d{X_mMm oZf{Y Ag`mZ{, hm qZXmÒH$ AWdmX H{$cm Amh{ Ag{
Q>rH$mH$mamZr AmdOyZ hQ>c{ Amh{.
Z ghVm`m [moU`m H$Sy>`X{ m_Z: oea:$&

Z [e
{ V XwpN>>m{ Z M Zm`moZm VV:$&&82&&
Xm{hr hmVmZr dV:M{ S>m{H{$ ImOdy Z`{. CQ>mZ{ S>m{`mcm [e H$$ Z`{. S>m{H{$ H$m{aS>{
R>{dyZ ZmZ H$$ Z`{.
4 83
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_Zw_oV
H{$eJhmhmam oea`{VmpddO`V{ $ &

oea:ZmV VcZ{ Zm qH$oMXo[ [eV{ $ &&83&&
H{$g Am{Ty> Z`{V. S>m{`mda hma H$$ Z`{. S>m{`mg V{c cmdyZ ZmZ H{$`mZVa BVa
AJmcm V{c cmdy Z`{.
Z amk: oVJr`mXamO`gyoVV:$&
gyZmMH$dOdVm d{eZ{ d M OrdVm_$&&84&&
amOmH$Sy>Z XmZ K{D$ Z`{. `mMm o[Vm jo` Zmhr, Aem amOmH$Sy>Z _wirM XmZ K{D$
Z`{. ImoQ>H$, V{cr, _ odH$Umam, d{`m`dgm`mda OJUmam `m`mH$Sy>Zoh XmZ K{D$ Z`{.
XegyZmg_ MH$ XeMH$g_m{ dO:$&

XedOg_m{ d{em{ Xed{eg_m{ Z[:$&&85&&
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hUyZ H$mhr gmZ gmohp`H$ emgH$s` [mnaVm{fH{$ ZmH$maVmV.
Xe gyZmghmoU `m{ dmhòV gmoZH$:$&

V{Z Vw`: _Vm{ amOm Km{aV` oVJh:$&&86&&
XhmghOrdmMr h`m H$aUm`m ImQ>H$mcm O{ [m[ cmJV AgV{, V{M amOmcmoh
cmJV AgV{. hUyZ amOmH$Sy>Z XmZ K{U{ h{ Km{a H$_ Amh{.
`m{ amk: oVJmoV cwY`m{N>mdoVZ:$&

g [`mÙ
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ZaH$ H$mcgy M _hmZaH$_{d M$&&88&&
gOrdZ _hmdrqM V[Z gVm[Z_$&
ghmV M gH$mH$m{c Hw$S>_c [yoV_omH$_$&&89&&
cm{hex>_O
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_Zw_oV
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4 91
Vmo_, AYVmo_, amad, _hmamad, ZaH$, H$mcgy, _hmZaH$, gOrdZ, _hmdroM,

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Jm{dmarH$a `m emkmZr [acm{H$ hUyZ H$mhr Ag`mMr e`Vm drH$macr Amh{.
EVoXVm{ odmgm{ ]mUm ]dmoXZ:$&

Z amk: oVJpV {` l{`m{@o^H$moU:$&&91&&
h{ ZaH$cm{H$ OmUUma{ odmZ, ]d{m{ ]mU, [acm{H$mVrc ohVmMr BN>m Ag`mZ{
amOmH$Sy>Z XmZ K{V ZmhrV.
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Ymo_H$, `m`dU, odf`mgo$ Zgc{cr, CXmm, j_mdmZ, em` Y` JwUmZr `w$ Aer Agcr
[mohO{. hUyZ A H$g{ o_idmd{ AmoU H$g{ Imd{ `mg]YrM{ H$mQ>{H$m{a $oMV H$R>m{a dmQ>Uma{ oZ`_
emH$mamZr AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{V. ]mU ZwgVm O_mZ{ ]mU AgyZ ^mJV Zmhr. Va `mM{
oR>H$mUr ]m` Am{Vm{V Agmd{ cmJV{. JrV{V gmoJVc{c{ "e_m{ X_: V[: emM jmoVamOd _{d
M$& kmZodkmZ_mpV` ]H$_ d^mdO_$&&' h{ ZD$ JwU MT>`m dmT>`m _mUmV `m`m
AJr ]mUc{c{ Agc{ [mohO{V. ]mUm`m J`mVrc OmZd{ ZD$[Xar AgV{. V{ OUy `m JwUmMr
AmR>dU R>{d`mgmR>rM AgV{. hUyZ A h{ H$mQ>{H$m{a oZ`_mZ{ ]mYc{ OmV{. `mgmR>r X{em`m _wI
4 91
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[Xr odamO_mZ amhUmam amOm AZ{H$ H$maUmZr AZ{H$ H$ma`m `jA`j Xm{fm`m g[H$mV `{V
AgVm{ hUyZ amOmM{ A AoYH$ A[od _mZU{ ^mJ [S>V{. hUyZ Om{da ^wH{$Z{ mUKmV hm{`mMm
gJ `{V Zmhr Vm{da ehm`m _mUgmZ{ amOm[mgyZ XmZoVJh K{`mM{ Q>mimd{. Aer emmMr A[{jm
Amh{.\w$H$Q> o_iV{ hUyZ Im`mMr gd` g_mOmgoh KmVH$ R>aV{.
]m{ _whV } ]w`{V Y_mWm MmZwoMV`{V$ &

H$m`c{em V_ycmd{XVdmW_d{ M $&&92&&
]m _whVmda OmJ{ hmd{. Y_, AW `m`modf`r AmoU `m`m cm^mgmR>r H$am`m
cmJUm`m H$>mg]Yr ZrQ> odMma H$amdm. d{X AmoU d{XmM{ Vm[` cjmV K{D$Z V{ AmMmamV H$g{
AmUVm `{Bc h{oh ZrQ>[U{ `mZmV AmUmd{.
CWm`md`H$ H$dm H$VemM: g_mohV:$&

[ydm g`m O[pV>{ dH$mc{ Mm[am oMa_$&&93&&
e`{d$Z CRy>Z _c_yodgOZ H$$Z ZmZmXrZr ew hmd{. AmoU V[aV{Z{ mV:g`m
XrKH$mc H$amdr. `mM_mU{ g`mH$miMr g`moh `m{` arVrZ{ H$amdr.
F$f`m{ XrKg`dmrK_m`wadmZw`:w $&

km è H$soV M ]dMg_{d M$&&94&&
F$fr oZ`mMr g`m ]amMd{i[`V H$arV Ag`mZ{ `mZm XrKm`w`mMm cm^ Pmcm
Vg{M `m_wi{ `mZm km, è, H$soV AmoU ]dMg `m Jm{>roh Cm_H$ma{ o_im`m.
g`{Mm XrKH$mi hm _w`V: `md{ir H{$c{`m Jm`r_m`m O[g`{da Adc]yZ
AgVm{. hUyZ gH$miMr g`m AmH$memV Zj{ oXgVmh{V oVW[mgyZ gy`m}X`m[`V AmoU g`mH$miMr
g`m gy`mVm[mgyZ Zj{ oXgy cmJ{[`V H$arV amhU{ l{`H$a AgV{. hm d{i `{H$s gm_m`V: XrS>
EH$ VmgmMm AgVm{.
lmd`m m>[m dm@`w[mH$` `WmodoY$&

`w$N>Xm`Yr`rV _mgmpdm{@Y[m_mZ$&&95&&
lmdUr qH$dm ^m[Xr [moU_{`m oXder C[mH$aU Zm_H$ H$` H$$Z gmS>{[mM
_mg[`V ]mUmZ{ d{X hUmd{.
cm{H$mV "AY[m_mZ' Ag{ eX AgVmZm `mMm AW gmS>{Mma_mg Agm Q>rH$mH$ma
H$aVmV. Vm{ H$m V{ cjmV `{V Zmhr. [mMdm _mg Agm AW Agmdm.
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4 101
[w`{ Vw N>Xgm Hw$`mX] ohgOZ oO:$&

_mKewc` dm m{ [ydm{ W_{@hoZ$&&96&&
ZVa [w`Zjmda Jmdm`m ]mh{a OmD$Z CgOZ Zm_H$ H$` H$amd{. hm odoY _mK
ewc[jm`m [oh`m oXder oXdgm`m [ydmYmVoh H$amdm.
`Wmem Vw H$dd_wgJ N>Xgm ]oh:$&

oda_{[ojUt amq VX{dH $_hoZe_$&&97&&
CgOZ H$_ `Wmem H$$Z Xwga{ oXder g`mH$mi[`V qH$dm EH$ Ahm{am d{Xm``Z
H$$ Z`{.
AocH$S>{ ZmJ[M_rcm qH$dm lmdUr[yoU_{cm CgOZ AmoU C[mH$_ o_iyZ EH$M
H$_ H{$c{ OmV{. V{ lmdUr `m ZmdmZ{ og Amh{.
AV D$d Vw N>Xmog ewc{fw oZ`V: [R>V{ $ &

d{XmmoZ M gdmoU H$U[j{fw g[R>V{ $ &&98&&
ZVa ew [jm_Y{ d{XmM{ AmoU H$U[jm_Y{ d{XmJmM{ A``Z H$amd{.
oejm, `mH$aU, H$[gy, N>X, `m{oVf, oZ$ Aer d{XmMr ghm AJ{ Amh{V.
`mZm H$_mZ{ KmU|o`{, _wI, hmV, [m`, S>m{i{ AmoU H$mZ Ag{ d{XmM{ Ad`d _mZc{ Amh{V.
Zmod[>_Yr`rV Z eyOZgoZYm$&
Z oZemV{ [nalmVm{ ]mYr` [wZ: d[{V$ &&99&&
d{X[R>U H$aVmZm dadU B`mXtMm A[> Cma H$$ Z`{. eymOdi ]gyZ d{X
hUyZ Z`{V. [hmQ>{ d{X hUyZ Pm`mda [whm Pm{[y Z`{.\$ma X_c{c{ AgVmZmhr d{X[R>U H$$ Z`{.
`Wm{oXV{Z odoYZm oZ` N>XH$V [R>V{ $ &

] N>XH$V Md oOm{ `w$m{ Zm[oX$&&100&&
Am[mr ZgVmZm _ AmoU ]mU Aem d{Xm`m Xm{hr ^mJmM{ emm{$arVrZ{ oZ`
A``Z H$amd{.
B_mo`_Z`m`mZYr`mZm{ oddO`V{ $ &

A`m[Z M Hw$dmU: oe`mUm odoY[ydH $_$&&101&&
oVoXZr d{XmM{ A``Z H$aVmZm dm oe`mZm oeH$odVmZm [wT>rc_mU{ AZ`m`
[mimd{V.
4 102
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H$Uld{@oZc{ amm oXdm [mgg

w _yhZ{$&
EVm dfmdZ`m`md`m`km: MjV{$&&102&&
[mdgm`mV amr, dmam dmOV AgVmZm AmoU oXdgm dmdQ>i CR>cr Ag{c `md{ir
AZ`m` Agmdm Ag{ OmUV{ hUVmV.
odwVoZVdf}fw _hm{H$mZm M gcd{$&

AmH$mocH$_Z`m`_{Vf{ w _Zwa]drV$&&103&&
odOm Vi[U{, _{KmMm JS>JS>mQ> hm{U{, [mD$g [S>U{, `md{ir AZ`m` g_Omdm Ag{
_ZyM{ gmJU{ Amh{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr Xwg`m oXdgm[`V AZ`m` _mZmdm Agm AmH$mocH$ eXmMm AW
H$amdm. Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
EVmd`woXVmpdmXm mXwH$Vmofw$&
VXm odmXZ`m`_ZVm Mm^XeZ${ &&104&&
da gmoJVc{cm AZ`m` Aohm{ H$a`m`md{ir [mimd`mMm Amh{. [mdgmim
ZgVmZm Am^mi ^$Z Amc{ Var `moXder AZ`m` g_Omdm.
oZKmV{ ^yo_McZ{ `m{oVfm Mm{[gOZ${ &

EVmZmH$mocH$mpdmXZ`m`mZVmdo[$&&105&&
hm{_mM{d{ir MS> dZr C_Q>c{, ^yH$[ Pmcm, Mgy`mZm JhU{ cmJcr hUO{
H$m{U`moh F$VyV AZ`m` g_Omdm.
mXwH$V{dofw Vw odwVoZVoZ:dZ{$&
g`m{oV:`mXZ`m`: e{f{ amm `Wm oXdm$&&106&&
hm{_mMm Ao docV H$a`mM{d{ir odO{M{ Vi[U{ AmoU JS>JS>mQ> hm{V Ag{c
AmoU cmdc{c{ oXd{ V{dV AgVrc Va am AmoU oXdg `m`m e{dQ>`m ^mJr AZ`m` g_Omdm.
oZ`mZ`m` Ed `mXJm _{fw ZJa{fw M $&

Y_Z[ w `H$m_mZm [yoVJY{ M gde:$&&107&&
Y_H$`{ `WmgmJ hmdrV Aer BN>m AgUmamZr JmdmV qH$dm ZJamV XwJYr âcr
AgVmZm AZ`m` g_Omdm.
AVJVed{ Jm_{ dfc` M goYm$&

AZ`m`m{ _mZ{ g_dm`{ OZ` M$&&108&&
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4 114
Jmdm_Y{ {V [S>c{c{ AgVmZm, AZoVH$g]YmVyZ O_mcm Amc{cr ò$ Odi

AgVmZm. cm{H$mMm _m{R>m g_wXm` aS>V AgVmZm AZ`m` g_Omdm.
CXH{$ _àm{ M od_y` odgOZ${ &

CpN>>: lm^wMd _Zgm@o[ Z oMV`{V$ &&109&&
[m`m_Y{ C^{ amhZ, _àmrMm EH$ ha, _c_ymM{ odgOZ H$arV AgVmZm, CQ>m
Vm|S>mZ{, lmr O{dU H{$`mZVa _ZmZ{gwm d{Xm``Z H$$ Z`{.
oVJ oOm{ odmZ{H$m{o>oZH{$VZ_$&

`h Z H$sV`X{ ]
amkm{ amhm{ gyVH{$$&&110&&
ZdlmmM{ Am_U drH$ma`mZVa VrZ oXdg[`V amOmcm _wcJm Pm`mZVa AmoU
gy`MJhUmM{ d{ir A``Z H$$ Z`{.
`mdX{H$mZwoX>` JYm{ c{[ oV>oV$&

od` odXwfm{ X{h{ VmdX]
Z H$sV`V{ $ &&111&&
lmmM{ d{ir cmdc{c{ JY^_B`mXtM{ c{[ AJmda AgVmZm d{Xm``Z H$$
Z`{.
e`mZ: mT>[mX H$dm MdmdgpWH$m_$&

ZmYr`rVmo_f Odm gyVH$mm_{d M$&&112&&
oZOyZ, [m` [g$Z dm EH$mda EH$ Q>mHy$Z, O{R>m _m$Z, _mgmhma H$$Z,gm{àgwVH$mM{
A ImD$Z A``Z H$$ Z`{.
Zrhma{ ]mUeX{ M g``m{ad{ Mm{^`m{:$&

A_md`mMVwX `m{: [mU_ m`>H$mgw M$&&113&&
XmQ> YwH{$ [S>c{ AgVmZm, ]mU \{$H$`mM{ dZr C_Q>V AgVmZm, Xm{hr g`mg_`r,
A>_r, MVwXer, A_md`m AmoU [moU_m `md{ir A``Z H$$ Z`{.
A_mdm`m Jw hpV oe` hpV MVwXe

r$&
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Adg{`m oXder [mR> H{$cm AgVm Jw$Mm Zme hm{Vm{. (Jw$cm ]mYH$ hm{Vm{).
MVwXer`m oXdgm_wi{ oe`mMm, A>_r AmoU [moU_{_wi{ A``ZmMm Zme hm{Vm{. hUyZ `m oV`m
d` H$am`m.
4 115
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[mgdw f} oXem Xmh{ Jm{_m`wodV{ VWm$&

Iam{>{ M doV [$m M Z [R{Xo O:$&&115&&
Yyi CS>V AgVmZm, Amg[mg AmJ cmJcr AgVmZm, H$m{h{Hw$B hm{V AgVmZm,
Hw${, JmT>d{, CQ> Am{aS>V AgVmZm dm `m`m Am{irV C^{ amhZ A``Z H$$ Z`{.
ZmYr`rV _emZmV{ Jm_mV{ Jm{dO

@{ o[ dm$&
dogdm _WZw dmg: lmoH$ oVJ M$&&116&&
_emZmV, Jmdm`m gr_{da, Jm`r]cm`m H$i[mV, _WwZmZVa VrM d{ AJmda
AgVmZm, lmmVrc oVJh K{D$Z A``Z H$$ Z`{.
moU dm òX dm@moU `pH$oMN>moH$ ^d{V$ &

VXmc`m`Z`m`: [m`m`m{ oh oO: _V:$&&117&&
lmm`m oZo_mmZ{ mUr qH$dm BVa dVy `mMm drH$ma H{$cm AgVm A``Z H$$
Z`{ H$maU hmV h{M ]mUmM{ _wI Amh{.
H$mhr lm H$mamV Jm`, `, dVy, d{, `mM{ XmZ H{$c{ OmV{. `j O{dU oXc{
OmV Zmhr. Var ]mUmZ{ dVy drH$maU{, drH$ma`m`m oZo_mmZ{ `mZm [e H$aU{, XmZmMm gH$[
hUyZ hmVmda [mUr K{U{ h{ gd JhU H$a`mgmaI{M Amh{. hUyZ `mcm [m`m` hmV h{M `mM{
(drH$ma`mgmR>r) _wI Amh{, Ag{ hQ>c{ OmV{.
Mm{a [cxV{ Jm_{ g^_{ MmoH$mnaV{$&

AmH$mocH$_Z`m` odmgdmVx f{ w M$&&118&&
Mm{amZr Jmdmcm C[d oXcm AgVmZm, AmJ cmJ`mM{ ^` oZ_mU Pmc{ AgVmZm
dm BVa H$mhr C[mV hm{V AgVmZm AZ`m` g_Omdm.
C[mH$_moU Mm{gJ} oam j{[U _V_$&

A>H$mgw dhm{am_VdVmgw M amofw$&&119&&
C[mH$_ AmoU CgOZ H$_ Pm`mZVa VrZ amr[`V, lmoVoW, h{_V, oeoea
F$VyVrc d[jmVrc A>_rZd_r AmoU `{H$ F$Vy `m oXder g[Vm{ Vr am, `md{ir A``Z
H$$ Z`{.
ZmYr`rVm_m$T>m{ Z dj Z M hpVZ_$&
Z Zmd Z Ia Zm{> Z{naUWm{ Z `mZJ:$&&120&&
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4 126
Km{S>m, hmr, Zmd, JmT>d, CQ> dm dj `mda ]gyZ A``Z H$$ Z`{. Am{gmS> _miamZmda
Vg{M dmhZmV ]gyZ A``Z H$$ Z`{.
Z oddmX{ Z H$ch{ Z g{Zm`m Z ga{$&

Z ^w$_m{ ZmOrU} Z do_dm Z ew$H{$$&&121&&
^mS>U, _mam_mar, g`mM{ gMmcZ, `w Mmcy AgVmZm A``Z H$$ Z`{. Vg{M
O{dU Pm`m Pm`m, AOrU Pmc{ Ag{c Va, CcQ>m Pm`mZVa dm Kemer Am]Q> `{V AgVmZm
A``Z H$$ Z`{.
AoVqW MmZZwkm` _mV{ dmoV dm ê_$&

oYa{ M wV{ JmmN>U
{ M [najV{$&&122&&
Kar Amc{`m AoVWrMr AZw_oV Z K{Vm A``Z H$$ Z`{. gm{gmQ>mM{ dma{ dhmV
AgVrc, Ad`dmVyZ a$md hm{V Ag{c dm eara emZ{ Km`mi Pmc{ Ag{c Va Aemoh pWVrV
A``Z H$$ Z`{.
gm_dZmdÒwfr ZmYr`rV H$XmMZ$&

d{X`mYr` dm@`V_ma`H$_Yr` M$&&123&&
gm_Jm`ZmZVa F$d{X dm Òwd}X `mM{ [R>U H$$ Z`{. d{XmVrc _ ]mUmM{ [R>U
Pm`mZVa dm Ama`H$mMm [mR> Pm`mZVa BVa JWmM{ A``Z H$$ Z`{.
F$d{Xm{ X{dXd`m{ Òwd}XVw _mZwf:$&

gm_d{X: _V: o[`V_mm`mewoMdoZ:$&&124&&
F$d{XmMr X{dVm X{d Amh{V. Òwd}XmMr X{dVm _mZd Amh{V. gm_d{XmMr X{dVm o[Va
Amh{V. hUyZ gm_d{XmMm dZr A[od _mZcm OmVm{.
EVoXVm{ odmg`roZH$f_dh_$&
H$_V: [yd_ `` [m{X_Yr`V{$&&125&&
h{ OmUUma{ kmV{ oVhr d{XmM{ gma$[ Aem <H$ma hm Ud, ^y:, ^wd: d: `m
`moV AmoU Jm`r `mM{ AmYr [R>U H$$Z _J d{XmM{ A``Z H$aVmV.
[ew_Sy>H$_mOmag[ZHw$cmIwo^:$&
AVamJ_Z{ odmXZ`m`_hoZe_$&&126&&
Jw AmoU oe` `m`m_YyZ Hw$Ur [ew, ]{Sw>H$, _mOa, Hw${, gm[, _wJwg, CXra h{
OmVrc Va `moXder AZ`m` g_Omdm.
4 127
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md{d dOò{ `_Z`m`m `ZV:$&

dm`m`^yq_ Mmewm_m_mZ MmewqM oO:$&&127&&
oZ` `Z[ydH $ Xm{Z AZ`m` (H$Q>mjmZ{) [mimd{V. A``Z H$aUmam dV: A[od
Ag{c AmoU A``ZmM{ WmZ A[od Ag{c Va `md{ir A``Z H$$ Z`{.
A``Z H{$hm H$$ Z`{ h{ \$maM odVmamZ{ gmoJVc{ J{c{ Amh{. `mVyZ VrZ Jm{>r
_hdm`m hUyZ cjmV AmUyZ oX`mM{ oXgV{. ]mh{aM{ dmVmdaU emV, _ZmMr Mco]Mc Z H$aUma{
gmpdH$ Agmd{. A``ZmM{ WmZ ew, [od AmoU g Agmd{. A``Z H$aUmam dW earamMm
[od AmoU gXmMaUr Agmdm.AZ`m` m_w`mZ{ d{X[R>ZmgmR>r Amh{V. BVa dmMZ Zm__aU
`mM{gmR>r h{ oZ`_ ZmhrV. h{ `mZr `md{.
A_md`m_>_t M [mU_ mgt MVwXe

r_$&
]Mmar ^d{o`_`Vm ZmVH$m{ oO:$&&128&&
JhWmZ{ [ZrMm F$VwH$mc AgVmZmoh A>_r, [yoU_m, MVwXe
r, A_md`m `m oXder
]M`dVmM{ [mcZ H$amd{. `m oV`m Xm{hr [jmVrc OmUm`m.
Z ZmZ_mMa{x dm ZmVwam{ Z _hmoZoe$&

Z dmgm{o^: ghmO ZmodkmV{ Ocme`{$&&129&&
O{dU Pm`mda cJ{M ZmZ H$$ Z`{. am{Jr _mUgmZ{ ZmZ H$$ Z`{. _àmr ZmZ
H$$ Z`{. [wH$i H$[S>moZer ZmZ H$$ Z`{. AmoU `m Ocme`mM{ kmZ Zmhr `m Ocme`mV ZmZ
H$$ Z`{.
X{dVmZm Jwam{ amk: ZmVH$mMm``m{VWm$&

ZmH$m_{H$m_VN>m`m ]Û
w m{ XrojV` M $&&130&&
X{d_yoV, Jw, amOm, ZmVH$, AmMm`, H$o[cm Jm`, `kmMr Xrjm K{Vc{cm `mMr
N>m`m OmUrd[ydH$ Am{cmSy> Z`{.
_òXZ{@Yam{ M lm ^wdm M gmo_f_$&

g``m{^`m{d Z g{dV{ MVw[W_$&&131&&
â Xw[mar, _àmr, lm{ O{d`mda, _mgmhma H{$`mda Xm{hr g`mH$mir
MhmQ>mda (\$ma d{i) Wm]y Z`{.
CVZ_[ZmZ od_y{ a$_{d M$&

c{_oZR>Vy dmVmoZ ZmoYoV>{ mw H$m_V:$&&132&&
_Zw_oV
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4 137
AJmM{ CQ>U{, od>m, _y, a$, H$\$, WwH$s, CcQ>r, `mZr XyofV Aem OmJ{da H$Yroh
]gy Z`{.
dnaU Zm{[g{dV{ ghm` Md dnaU:$&

AYmo_H$ VH$a M [a`d M `m{ofV_$&&133&&
ey, `mMm o_, ZmpVH$, Mm{a, [ar, `m`m ghdmgmV amh Z`{.
Z hre_Zm`w` cm{H${ qH$MZ odV{$&

`me [wf`{h [aXmam{[g{dZ_$&&134&&
[arJ_ZmgmaI{ Am`w`mMm Zme H$aUma{ Xwga{ H$m{UV{oh [mVH$ `m cm{H$mV Zmhr.
jo` Md g[ M ]mU M ]hlVw _$&

Zmd_`{V d ^yUw: H$emZo[ H$XmMZ$&&135&&
EV` oh [wf oZXhX{ d_moZV_$&
V_mX{V` oZ` Zmd_`{V ]wo_mZ$&&136&&
jo`, gm[, odmZ ]mU, `mMm h{ Xw]c Agc{ Var, E{ohH$gwImMr BN>m
AgUm`mZ{ `mMm A[_mZ H$$ Z`{. H$maU h{ oVK{oh Ad_mZ H$aUmamMm Zme H$aVmV. hUyZ ehm`mZ{
`mMr Adh{cZm H$$ Z`{.
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Zmhr. `{W{ odmZ ]mU, jo` AmoU gm[ EH$ Amh{V. `md$Z `mMm AoYH$ma gmaImM Amh{
Ag{ JhrV YaU{ MyH$ Amh{.
Zm_mZ_d_`{V [ydmoâg_oo^:$&
Am_`m{: ol`_pdN>{ Z m _`{V Xwc^
m_$&&137&&
AmYr`m Xmnam_wi{ dV:cm H$aQ>{, XwXdr _mZyZ Am[cmM A[_mZ H$$Z K{D$
Z`{. E{`mcm Xwc^ Z _mZVm `mgmR>r Am_aU `Zerc Agmd{.
Am[`m [a[a{V Xd _mZc{ Agc{ Var XddmXr[UmMm [waH$ma H$Yroh H{$c{cm Zmhr.
gd `ZmMrM H$mg Ya`mg gmoJVc{ Amh{.
Xmna hr Jm{> AoZ> Amh{. `mVyZ ]mh{a [S>`mgmR>r `m{` Vr YS>[S> `{H$ JhWmZ{
H{$crM [mohO{. A[èmZ{ H$Yr IMyZ OmD$ Z`{. C_ercVm Q>mHy$ Z`{.
4 138
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g` ]`y mp` ]`y m ]`y mg`_o`_$&

o` M ZmZV ]`y mX{f Y_: gZmVZ:$&&138&&
Ia{ ]m{cmd{, o` ]m{cmd{, Ia{ [U Ao` Ag{c V{ ]m{cy Z`{. AmoU o` hUyZ Im{Q>{
]m{cy Z`{ hmM emV Y_ Amh{.
hm oZ`_ eXe: Ogm`m Vgm [miU{ Hw$Umcmoh H$Yroh e` hm{Uma{ Zmhr.
[>d{$[Um hUO{ \$Q>H$i[Um Zh{. Vg{M Jm{S> ]m{cU{ hUO{ VwoV[mR>H$ hm{U{oh Zh{. `m Ia{
]m{c`m_wi{ Xwg`mMr hmZr hm{Bc qH$dm Vm{ oZH$maU XwImdcm OmBc Ag{ g` Agc{ Var ]m{cy Z`{.
AZd`H$ Amgw`, Hw$Vyhc Q>mic{, H$m{Umcm gwYma`mM{ Xmo`d _m`m S>m{`mda Amh{ Ag{ _mZc{
Zmhr, dV:Mm d^md AhH$mar, Vm_gr, Km`Hw$Vm Zgcm, dm`\$i ]S>]S>`mMr gd` Zgcr Va
darc oZ`_mMm Ame` cjmV K{D$Z dmJU{ e` Amh{. A`Wm _mZ [miU{M ]a{.
^ ô_oV ]`y mo_`{d dm dX{V$ &

ewH$da oddmX M Z Hw$`mH{$ZoMgh$&&139&&
]m{cVmZm ]a{ Amh{, R>rH$, N>mZ, MmJc{, Cm_, Ao^ZXZr`, Y`dmXmh Aem eXmMm
`m{J H$$Z ]m{cmd{. CJrM ]m{cUr dmT>dyZ oZH$maU da dmT>dy Z`{.
ZmoVH$` ZmoVgm` ZmoV_òXZ{ pWV{$&

ZmkmV{Z g_ JN>{ H $m{ Z dfc: gh$&&140&&
AJXr [hmQ>{, AJXr g`mH$mir, â Xw[mar dmg H$$ Z`{. Vg{M Am{iI Zgc{`m
`$sgh dm AJXr EH$Q>mZ{ dm AdYgVmZ Agc{`m `$sgh dmg H$$ Z`{.
hrZmmZoVna$mmpdmhrZmd`m{oVJmZ$&
$[odUhrZm OmoVhrZm Zmoj[{V$ &&141&&
gXm{f Ad`dmM{, EImXm Ad`d AoYH$ CUm Agc{c{, AoeojV, AS>mUr, \$ma
hmVma{ (JocVJm), Hw$$[, Xnar, hrZOmVrM{ `mMm AoYj{[ H$$ Z`{.
`mV H$m{S>r, Hw$]S> Agc{c,{ hom[m` Pmc{c{ Aem am{`mMmoh Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ C{I H{$c{cm
Amh{. H$m{UV{oh `J Agc{{`m `$s`m `JmMm C{I H$$Z dm `m`modf`r oVaH$ma `$
hm{Bc Aem ^mf{V ]m{cy Z`{. g`Vm AmoU gmO` `m>rZ{ Ag{ dmJU{ h{M `m{` Amh{. Xwg`m`m
`JmMm C[hmg H$aU{ h{ dV:`m AV:H$aUm`m jwV{M{ EH$ _m{R>{ cjU Amh{.`mMm A[_mZ H$$
Z`{ `mV H$oZR> OmVrVrc `$sMmoh g_md{e Amh{ h{ cjmV R>{dmd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 225 ]
4 146
Z [e{ [moUZm{pN>>m{ odm{ Jm{]m UmZcmZ$&

Z Mmo[ [`{XewoM: dWm{ `m{oVJUmpXod$&&142&&
CQ>mZ{ Jm`, ]mU, Ao `mZm oedy Z`{. oZam{Jr pWVrV A[od AgVmZm, oXdgm
AmH$memV Zj{ `mhmiy Z`{.
[Q>V mZewoMoZ`_o: mUmZw[[eV{ $&

JmmoU Md gdmoU Zmq^ [moUVc{Z Vw$&&143&&
Agm [e Pmcm AgVmZm `m Xm{fm`m [nahmamW ZmH$, H$mZ, S>m{i{ `mZm hmVmV
[mUr K{D$Z [e H$amdm Vg{M VemM [m`mZ{ hmV[m`Zm^r `mZmoh [e H$amdm.
AZmVwa: dmoZ ImoZ Z [eX{ oZo_mV:$&

am{_moU M ah:WmoZ gdm`{d oddO`V{ $ &&144&&
oZam{Jr _mUgmZ{ odZmH$maU ZmH$H$mZS>m{i{ `mZm [e H$$ Z`{. Vg{M H$mI{Vrc d
Jw^mJmVrc H{$gmZm [ey Z`{.
_cmMma`w$: `m`Vm_m oOV{p`:$&

O[{ Owh` md oZ`_o_VpV:$&&145&&
dN>VmewVmJY cmdU{ B`moX _Jc AmMmamZr `w$ Agmd{. _Z emV R>{dmd{.
Bo`{ Amdac{cr AgmdrV. ArV oZò_V hdZ H$amd{ AmoU XjV{Z{ O[ H$amdm.
_cmMma`w$mZm oZ` `Vm_Zm_$&

O[Vm OwVm Md odoZ[mVm{ Z odV{$&&146&&
Ag{ O{ (da`m cm{H$mV gmoJV`m_mU{) oZòZ`_mZ{ dmJVmV `m`mda Am[om
`{V Zmhr.
Am[om `{D$ Z`{V. ghHw$Qw>] gwIr dW g_mYmZr Agmd{ Ag{ `{H$mcmM dmQ>V{.
Vg{ dmQ>U{ dm^modH$oh Amh{. [U `mgmR>r Am[c{ eara _Z ]wo AmoU amhV{ Ka, ew AmoU ge$
Agmd{ h{ Amd`H$ Amh{. h{ Hw$Ur cjmV K{V Zmhr. Amhma odhma ohVH$a Agc{ hUO{ am{J ]hYm
hm{V ZmhrV. Vg{M BVa Am[mt`m g]YmVoh gm_m`V: AgV{. _Zw`mM{ OrdZ oOVH{$ ew, g`_r,
gXmMmar Ag{c `m_mUmV `m`mda Am[om `{V ZmhrV. Am[om ]mYV ZmhrV. [aH$s`mZr H{$c{`m
]wo^{Xm_wi{ `m gm`m gai Jm{>roh Am[Umg [Q>{Zmem Pm`m Amh{V h{ I{XOZH$ Amh{. gJ`mM
oZ`_mZm A[dmX AgVmV. `mcm BVa H$mhr _hdmMr H$maU{oh AgVmV [U `m A[dmXmH$S>{ ]m{Q>
XmIdyZ oZ`_M MwH$sMm R>aodU{ ehmU[UmM{ Zmhr. H$mhtZm Ao^MmaH$_mM,{ ^mZm_VrM{, ^yV]mY{M,{
4 146
226 ]
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^` H$Yroh CaV Zmhr.
d{X_{d O[{o` `WmH$mc_VoV:$&

V `mh: [a Y__[w Y_m}@` C`V{$&&147&&
oZacg[U{ oVoXZr `m{` d{ir ]mUmZ{ d{X[R>UM H$amd{. Vm{M `mMm l{> Y_
Amh{. BVa gd C[Y_ hm{V.
d{Xm`mg{Z gVV emMZ{ V[gd M $&

Am{hU
{ M ^yVmZm OmqV _aoV [modH$s_$&&148&&
d{XmMm A`mg gVV H$aU{, gdXm ewVm [odVm amIU{ V[`m H$aU{ H$m{`moh
ò$odf`r {f, _ga oVaH$mamMr ^mdZm ZgU{, `m AmMmam_wi{ [ydu`m OmVrM{, O_mM{ _aU
hm{V{.
OmoV_a Aer EH$ ogo `m{J_mJmV gmoJVcr Amh{. _mJ`m dm [wT>`m O_mM{
_aU hm{U{ h{ `mM{ d$[. `m{J_mJmVrc hr ogr d{Xm`mgmXrZroh gm` hm{V{ Ag{ `{W{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
AmoU V{ CoMV Amh{. EH{$ WmZr [m{Mmd`mM{ AZ{H$ _mJ Agy eH$VmV.
[modH$s g_aZ OmqV ]d m`gV{ oO:$&

]m`mg{Z MmO_ZV gwI_ZwV${ &&149&&
[ydO_rM{ _aU R>{dyZ oOmZ{ gVV d{XmMmM A`mg H$amdm. qH$dm ]mM{ qMVZ
H$amd{. gmV`m`m ]qMVZmZ{ AZVgwImMr mr hm{V{. (_m{j o_iVm{).
gmodmZ e>mpVhm{_m Hw$`m[dgw oZè:$&

o[V
d m>H$mdM}o`_d>H$mgw M $&&150&&
godV X{dV{cm C{eyZ H{$c{ OmUma{ AoZ>mMr emVr hmdr hUyZ H{$c{ OmUma{ hm{_
A_md`m, [moU_{cm Ad` H$amd{. Vg{M o[VamZm C{eyZ H$amd`mMr lm{oh dm A>H$mlm{oh
Ad` H$amdrV.
XyamXmdgWm_y Xyam[mXmdg{MZ_$&
CpN>>moZf{H$ M XyamX{d g_mMa{V$ &&151&&
_y odgOZ, [m` YwU{, C>{ A Q>mHy$Z X{U{ h{ gd amh`m Kam[mgyZ e`Vm{ Xya
Agmd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 227 ]
4 157
_ gmYZ ZmZ XVYmdZ_OZ_$&

[ydm Ed Hw$duV X{dVmZm M [yOZ_$&&152&&
_c_yodgOZ, _wI_mOZ, ZmZ, H{$gmM{ gmYZ, CQ>r cmdU{, H$mOi KmcU{ Vg{M
X{d[yOm `m Jm{>r gH$mirM H$am`m.
H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr _ eXmMm AW o_mMr H$m_{ H$aU{ Agmoh H{$cm Amh{. [U V{
oZ`H$_ Zmhr. Xwgam AW gy`m}[mgZm Agmoh H{$cm Amh{. [U Vg{ AgV{ Va `mMm C{I oZXmZ
ZmZmZVa `md`mg hdm hm{Vm.
XdVmò^JN>{ mw Ymo_H$m oOm{m_mZ$&

Ba Md ajmW Jw$Z{d M [dgw $&&153&&
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gd>rZ{ ajU hmd{ hUyZ [XmoYH$mar ò$ AmoU AmMm` B`moX dS>rcYmar _mUg{ `mZm oZXmZ
[YamoXdgmVyZ EH$Xm Var Z_H$ma H$$Z (^{Qy>Z) `md{.
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m XmMdmgZ dH$_$&
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(Z_V{Z{) `mM{ [wT>{ ]gmd{. AmoU V{ OmVrc `m`m _mJm{_mJ Omd{.
lwoV_`woXV g`pLZ] d{fw H$_g$w &

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lwoV_VrZr `m{` arVrZ{ gmoJVc{c{ dUml_>rZ{ dV:cm odohV Agc{c{ O{ H$_
V{M gXmMaU Amh{. Y_mMm _ycmYmaoh V{M Amh{. hUyZ oZacg[U{ `m H$V`mM{ [mcZ H$amd{.
AmMmam^V{ m`wamMmamXrpgVm: Om:$&

AmMmamZ_j`_mMmam{ h`cjU_$&&156&&
gXmMmam_wi{M Am`w` cm^V{. _ZmOm{JVr gVVr hm{V{. d^d oQ>Hy$Z amhV{. AmoU
H$mhr Aew^ cjU{ earamV AgVrc Va Vroh Z> hm{VmV. (]mYH$ hm{V ZmhrV.)
XwamMmam{ oh [wfm{{ cm{H${ ^doV oZpXV:$&

Xw:I^mJr M gVV `moYVm{@[m`wad{ M $&&157&&
4 157
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gdcjUhrZm{@o[ `: gXmMmadma:$&
lYmZm{@Zgy` eV dfmoU OrdoV$&&158&&
Om{ lmdV Amh{, `m`mOdi _ga Zmhr, Om{ gXmMaUmZ{ dmJVm{ `m`mOdi
earamMr ew^gyMH$ cjU{ Zgcr Var Vm{ XrKm`wfr hm{Vm{.
gXmMmamg]YrM{ h{ _V H{$di AWdmX hUyZ S>mdc`mMr MyH$ H$$ Z`{. H{$di
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_hd >rAmS> H$$ Z`{.
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Amh{. d^md IaM oZ_gar Ag{c Va _Z]wo [wH$i _mUmV VmUVUmdm[mgyZ _w$ amhV{. AmoU
VmUVUmd ZgU{ h{ Amam{`mM{ EH$ _hdmM{ gmYZ Amh{. H$m{UmMroh qZXm Z H$aUm`m _mUgmMr
oV>m g_mOmV dm^modH$[U{ dmT>V OmV{.
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`[ade H$_ VmZ{Z dO`V{ $ &

`Xm_de Vw `mmmg{dV{ `ZV:$&&159&&
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AmMamd{.
Am[`m dmJ`m]m{c`m g]Yr Xwgam H$gm dmJVm{, `mM{ ghH$m` oH$V[V cm^V{
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H$$ Z`{. Am[`mcm dV: oOVH{$ MmJc{ dmJU{]m{cU{ e` Ag{c V{dT>{ `Z[ydH$ H$arV Agmd{.
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gd [ade Xw:I gd_m_de gwI_$&

EVomg_mg{Z cjU gwIXw:I`m{:$&&160&&
gwI AmoU Xw:I `mM{ cjU Wm{S>`mV gmJmd`mM{ Va O{ O{ [admYrZ V{ V{ Xw:IXm`H$
AmoU O{ O{ dV:`m dmYrZ V{ V{ gwIXm`H$.
_Zw_oV
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4 167
`H$_ Hw$dVm{@` `m[naVm{fm{@Vam_Z:$&

V`Z{Z Hw$duV od[arV Vw dO`V{ $ &&161&&
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Z qh`mX ]mUmZ Jm gdmd V[pdZ:$&&162&&
Jw, C[X{eH$, o[Vm, _mVm, A`m[H$, ]mU, Jm` AmoU V[dr `mMr qhgm H$$
Z`{.hUO{ `mZm oVHy$c Ag{ AmMaU H$$ Z`{.
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{f V^ M _mZ M H$m{Y V` M dO`V{ $ &&163&&
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CQ>[Um, AhH$ma, H$m{Y AmoU Xwg`mcm cmJQ> Ag{ dmJU{ ]m{cU{ `m Jm{>r AmdOyZ Q>mim`mV.
[a` XS> Zm{N>{ H$w m{ ZZ oZ[mV`{V$ &

A` [wmpN>`mm oeQ>W VmS>`{ mw Vm$&&164&&
gVm[yZ Xwg`mda H$mR>r B`moX CJm$ Z`{. Vg{M `mM{ VmS>Zoh H$$ Z`{. [U oe`
AWdm [w `mZm diU cmd`mgmR>r Amd`H$ Va oejm H$amdr, N>S>r _mamdr, amJdmd{.
oe` dm [wmcm H{$c{cr oejm hr `m`m ohVmgmR>rM Amh{ Ag{ V{ _Z:[ydH $ _mZVrc
VaM V{ I`m AWmZ{ cm^Xm`H$ Amh{. [U Agm odMma H$aUma{ oe` AmoU [w \$ma odaim.
]mUm`mdJw`d oOmoVdYH$m``m$&
eV dfmoU Vmo_{ ZaH{$ [nadVV${ &&165&&
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VmS>o`dm VUZ{ mo[ ga^m_oV[ydH $_$&

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gVm[mZ{ EImmcm ]wo[ydH$ JdVm`m H$mS>rZ{ _mac{ Var Vm{ `m Xm{fm_wi{ [wT>M{
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A`w`_mZ`m{[m ]mU`mgJV:$&
Xw:I gw_hXmZm{oV {`mmkV`m Za:$&&167&&
4 167
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Om{ ]mU `wmcm Cw$ Pmc{cm Zmhr `m`m AJmVyZ Wm{S>{ Oar a$ gmS>c{ Var
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moV _hrVcmV$&
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oZa[amY _mUgmM{ a$mM{ oOVH{$ W|] H$m{Ur ^y_rdarc YwirV [mS>rc oVVH$s df}
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Z H$XmoMXoO{ V_momZdJwaX{ o[$&

Z VmS>`{ mUZ{ mo[ Z Jmmmd`{XgH$ $&&169&&
hUyZ OmU`mZ{ oOmda H$mR>r CJm$ Z`{, JdVm`m H$mS>rZ{oh `mcm _m$ Z`{.
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ohVmMr OmUrd R>{dyZ `{H$mZ{ Am[UmH$Sy>Z Hw$Ur CJrM`m CJrM XwIdcm OmUma Zmhr Aer XjVm
`mdr.
AYmo_H$m{ Zam{ `m{ oh `` Mm`ZV YZ_$&

qhgmaV `m{ oZ` Z{hmgm gwI_{YV{$&&170&&
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Z grXo[ Y_}U _Zm{@Y_} oZd{e`{V$ &

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^m{Jmd{ cmJV{M.
_Zw_oV
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4 174
[{ac{`m ]rOmcm \$i `{V{ hm oZgJmMm gm_m` oZ`_ Amh{. [U ]rO [{aU{ AmoU
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òX Zm_oZ [wf{ w Z M{[wf{ w Zf$w &

Z d{d Vw H$Vm{ Y_: H$Vw^
d oV oZ\$c:$&&173&&
AY_mM{ \$i dV:cm Zmhr Va _wcmcm, _wcmcm ZmhrVa ZmVdmcm, [U ^m{Jmd{
cmJV{M cmJV{. H{$c{cm AY_ H$Yroh Xw[naUm_ XmIod`mdmMyZ ahmV Zmhr.
AY_}UY
V{ VmdmVm{ ^moU [òV$&
VV: g[ZmZ OòV g_ycVw odZòV$&&174&&
AY_ H{$`m H{$`m cJ{M Xw[naUm_ oXgV Zg`mZ{ H$mhr H$mi[`V AYmo_H$mMr
ââmQ> Pmc{cr oXgV{. `mcm gmm, g[om, oV>m m hm{V{. Vm{ Am[`m eydaoh _mV H$$ eH$Vm{.
`mcm [am^yV H$$ eH$Vm{. [U Var e{dQ>r H{$hmVar AYmo_H$mMm gdZme hmd`mMm Vm{ hm{Vm{M.
_ZyM{ h{ dMZ _mo_H$ AmoU gXd cjmV R>{d`mgmaI{ Amh{. `dhmamV [wH$id{im
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4 193
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cmJUma{ YZ C^{ H$a`m`m>rZ{ `mcm Ymd[i H$amdr cmJV{. AmJh Yamdm cmJVm{. YoZH$m`m
odZd`m H$am`m cmJVmV. $oMV `mZm AmX{e md{ cmJVmV. h{ gd `$sMr AVaJewo AmoU
Ymo_H$V{M{ ew d$[ `m>rZ{ l{`H$a Zmhr. Ymo_H$ H$m`mM{ d$[ _m{R>{ Agc{ Va `mgmR>r YZoh
[wH$i cmJV{. [U V{ A`moMVdmrZ{ ghOmghOr o_i{c Ag{ Agmd{. hUyZ Am[`mH$S>{ H$mhr
oZ`_ $T> hm{V{. `m_wi{ `dWm[Zmda AZd`H$ VmUoh `{V Zmhr.`mgmR>r Am[`mH$S>{ Am`m
ewV{Mr \$ma XjVm K{Vcr Amh{. h{ gmX Zmd X{D$Z O{dUmamZr d _m{R>{ ^S>ma{ KmcUm`m _hVmZr
cjmV R>{dc{ Va gm_moOH$Q>m ohVmM{ R>a{c.
V{ZJm`Z`m{m VUm{ dmYwo fH$` M $&

XrojV` H$X`` ]` oZJS>` M$&&210&&
Mm{a, Jm`H$, cmH$S>{ VmgUmam, `mOmda OJUmam, XrojV, H$[U, WmZ] H{$c{cm
AmoU [m`mV ]{S>m KmVc{`m Agm, `mM{ A g{dZ H$$ Z`{.
AoêV` fT>` [w
`m Xmp^H$` M$&
ew$ [`wo fV Md ey`m{pN>>_d{ M$&&211&&
Amam{[r, Z[wgH$, ò^MmnaUr, Xmo^H$ `mM{ Vg{M Am]dc{c{, oei{[mH{$, eymM{
C>{ Ag{ A ImD$ Z`{.
`m`mda _m{R>m A[amYmMm Amam{[ Amh{ `mM{ Aoh Y_emmZ{ d` H$a`mg
gmoJVc{ Amh{. AocH$S>{ Am[U cm{H$gm{`m ZmdmImcr Aem Amam{o[VmcmM Zh{ Va A[am`mcmoh
odYmZg^{V, cm{H$g^{V oZdSy>Z X{Vm{ AmoU Vm{ _r_w`_r hUyZ oV>{Z{ amOH$mOoh H$aVm{.
oMoH$gH$` _J`m{: H$y a`m{pN>>^m{oOZ:$&

CJm gyoVH$m M [`mMmV_oZXe_$&&212&&
oMoH$gH$, [maY H$aUmam, Hy$a, C>{ ImUmam, CJ OmVrMm `mM{ A ImD$ Z`{.
]mioVUrH$naVm H{$c{c{, O{dVm O{dVm _Y{M CR>`mZVa [mZmV Cac{c{, gwVH$s _mUgmZ{ oedc{c{
A ImD$ Z`{.
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AZoMV dWm_mg_dram`m `m{ofV:$&

ofX ZJ` [oVVm_djwV_$&&213&&
g_mZmZ{ Z oXc{c{, `kmoX Y_H$`mdmMyZ H{$di dmXmgmR>r _mg`w$ Agc{c{,
oOcm [oV dm [w Zmhr Aem rM{, eyM{, ZJaemgH$mM{, [oVVmM{ AmoU WwH$c{c{ dm WwH$m [S>c{c{
A ImD$ Z`{.
o[ewZmZoVZm{m H$VwodH$`H$` M$&

ecfy Vwdm`m H$VZ`m_{d M$&&214&&
Hw$Q>mi, Im{Q>maS>m, `k odH$Umam, ZQ>, odUH$a dm qe[r, H$VZ `mM{ A ImD$ Z`{.
H$_ma` oZfmX` amdVaH$` M$&

gwdUH$Vwd U
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cm{hma, oZfmX, _od{da OJUmam, gm{Zma, dm dmOdyZ OJUmam, e{ odH$Umam
`mM{ A ImD$ Z`{.
dVm empS>H$mZm M McoZU}OH$` M$&

aOH$` Zeg
` `` Mm{[[oVJh ${ &&216&&
_J`{ H$naVm Hw$r ]miJUma{, _ oZ_mU H$aUma{, [arQ> (d{ YwUma{), aJmar (H$[S>{
aJodUma{), Xw>, Hy$a, h`ma{ (Zeg) AmoU `m`m KamV [ZrMmM Oma ahmVm{ Agm JhW, `mM{
A ImD$ Z`{.
_`pV `{ Mm{[[qV roOVmZm M gde:$&

AoZXe M {Vm_Vwo>H$a_{d M$&&217&&
`mZm [ZrMm ò^Mma ghZ hm{Vm{ `mM{, ]m`H$m{Z{ `mcm _wR>rV R>{dcm Amh{ `mM{,
_{c{`mH$naVm oeOodc{c{ (lmmoX oZo_mmZ{), gwVH$gm{àm`m Xhm oXdgmVc{, gVm{f Z X{Uma{,
dmXhrZ Ag{ A ImD$ Z`{.
amOm V{O AmXm{ eym ]dMg_$&

Am`w: gwdUH$mam è_mdH$oVZ:$&&218&&
amOm V{OmMm, eym A`mp_H$ e$sMm, gm{ZmamM{ A Am`w`mMm, Mm^mamM{
A èmMm Zme H$aV{.
H$mH$m [Om hpV ]c oZU}OH$` M$&

JUm JoUH$m M cm{H{ ${ `: [naH$VoV$&&219&&
4 219
246 ]
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H$>H$`mM{ A [O{Mm, [naQ>mM{ A ]imMm, JUm AmoU JoUH$m [acm{H$s

o_imc{`m MmJ`m JVrMm Zme H$aV{.
[y` oMoH$gH$`m [w
`mdo_p`_$&
od>m dmYwo fH$`m eodH$oÙm{ _c_$&&220&&
oMoH$gH$mM{ A [wdmgmaI{, ò^MmnaUrM{ A Jw|o`mgmaI{, `mO K{UmamM{
A od>{gmaI{, eodH$` H$aUmamM{ A BVa _ymoX _cmgmaI{ AgV{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
` EV{@`{ d^m{`mm: H$_e: [naH$soVVm:$&

V{fm dJpWam{_{ moU dX` _ZrofU:$&&221&&
`m`mdmMyZ O{ d{Ji{ `mM{ A oZof Amh{ hUyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{ `mM{ A
Im{ AgVm V{ hmS>{H$mVS>{H{$g Im`mgmaI{ g_Omd{ Ag{ OmUV{ hUVmV.
^wdmVm{@`V_`m__`m j[U `h_$&

_`m ^wdm@@Ma{H$N> a{Vm{od_y_{d M$&&222&&
`mM{ A ImD$ Z`{ hUyZ da gmoJVc{ Amh{, `m`m[H$s H$m{UmM{ A Z H$iV
Im`mV Amc{ Va VrZ oXdg AmoU OmUrd[ydH Im{ Va H$N> mòMm `md{. ewH$, od>m, _y `mM{
^jU Pm`mg H$N>M H$amd{.
VmoH$m`m dm__mJu C[mgZ{V ewH$ , od>m, _y `mM{ ^jU H$aU{ AemH$maMr A`V
KmU{aS>r gmYZm gmoJVcr Amh{. `m_wi{ H$mhr ogr m hm{VmV AmoU oH$ig `{`mMr dmr Zmhrer
hm{V{. `m_wi{ _Z oZodH$ma hm{`mg ghm` o_iV{ Ag{ V{ dm__mJu hUVmV. qhXwWmZ`m A`V
XrK BoVhmgmV Aem AZ{H$ H$ma`m odH$oV C[mgZm hUyZ O_mcm Am`m. gwXdmZ{ `mVrc
]hVmer AoYH$mar Vdd{`mZr g_mO ]m{YZ H$$Z Zmohem H{$`m. VmoH$, [M_H$mar em$,
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AmoU `m ]imda cm{H$m_`{ H$mhr oV>m, H$mhr YmH$ oZ_mU H$amdm `m ^mdZ{Z{ cm{H{$fUm, Xma{fUm,
YZ{fUm `m VrZoh EfUm`m Amg$sZ{ Jmgc{c{ cm{H$ VmoH$m`m Mmamcm ]ir [S>V. AmoU H$m{UVroh
KmU{aS>r oH$igdmUr gmYZm H$a`mg dm hm{V. lr_V Am eH$amMm` d Jm{aIZmW `mZr Am[`m
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oVaH$aUr` C[m`mMm Adc] H$$Z _hV Pmc{. [U `mcm Ver `m[H$ oV>m o_imcr Zmhr h{ _m
_Zw_oV
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4 225
Ia{. lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOmgma`m gVg[wfmZr `m qZ C[mgH$mZm M$ oe`m KmcyZ oY$mac{

Amh{. Y_em{ Va `m [mVH$mMr amg Agc{`m H$`mZm H$mhrg{ H$aUm]mh{a OmD$Z H$R>m{a mòm
gmJyZ oZf{oYVmV. V{ cjUr` Amh{.
ZmmNy>` [$m odmZlmoZm{ oO:$&

AmXXrVm__{dm_mXdmmd{H$amoH$_$&&223&&
odmZ ]mUmZr lmmoX Ymo_H$ H$`{ Z H$aUm`m eymM{ oeOdc{c{ A ImD$
Z`{. AJXr C[mgM H$mT>`mMm gJ Amcm Va EH$d{i{cm [wa{c BVH{$M H$m{aS>{ Ym` `mM{ H$Sy>Z
drH$mamd{.
eymM{ A K{D$ Z`{ hm gm_m` oZ`_. `mcm `{W{ Ymo_H$dmr`m eymH$Sy>Z C[dmg
H$mT>`mMm gJ Am`mg H$m{aS>{ Ym` V{oh EH$ d{im[waV{ K{`mV A[dmX$[mZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
ey hm g_mOmVcm H$>H$ar KQ>H$ Amh{. `mZ{ H$>mZ{ o_idmd{ AmoU earaH$> Z
H$am`m cmJUm`m ]mUmZ{ V{ gwc^ hUyZ Am`V{ drH$mamd{ hr Jm{> MmJcr Zmhr. `m_wi{ g_mOm_`{
X^ AmoU Amig ]imdVm{ AmoU Y_m`m ZmdmImcr H$>miy `$sM{ em{fU hm{V{. [m[ cmJV{ h{
AoYXodH$mM{ j{{ Pmc{. Vm{ `dhmamV Var l{Mm odf` Amh{. [U EH$ Km_ JmiyZ o_idVm{ AmoU
Xwgam Y_mM{ Zmd K{D$Z, [w`H$`mM{ cm{^Z XmIdyZ dV:cm ehmUm hUodUmam Am`Vm{]m hm{D$Z
ImVm{ hr pWVr emmcm A_m` Amh{. Am[VH$mcr A[dmX hUyZ gmoJVc{cr Jm{>M $T>r hm{D$Z
]gcr. `m_wi{ g_mOmVrc ZoVH$ pWVrMm AY:[mV Pmcm.
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C{oIcm Amh{. [U `md$Z d{X_mMm C[`m{J Z H$aVm [M_hm`k eym`m Karoh hm{V AgV. Vgm
`mcm AoYH$ma hm{Vm h{ [> hm{V{. AmoU Aem eymH$Sy>Z $oMV XmZ K{U{ h{ jòh hm{V{.
lm{o`` H$X`` dXm`` M dmYwf :{ $&

_r_mogdm{^` X{dm: g___H$[`Z$&&224&&
MmJcm lm{o` Amh{ [U H$[U Amh{, `mO]>m H$aUmam Amh{, [U CXma Amh{. `m
Xm{KmM{oh A gmaI{M oZof g_Omd{ Ag{ odMma H$$Z X{dmZr R>aodc{.
VmZ Om[oVamh` _m H$Td odf_ g__$&

lm[yV dXm`` hV_l`{VaV$&&225&&
V{hm X{dmH$S>{ `{D$Z Om[oV hUmcm, O{ gmaI{ Zmhr, `mcm gmaI{ g_Oy ZH$m.
O{ CXmamZ{ oXc{ V{ l{Z{ [od Pmc{c{ AgV{. Al{_wi{ Xwg`mM{ Vg{ ZgV{.
4 225
248 ]
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oMH$Q>, H$[U Aem d{Xd{`m[{jm O{ l{Z{ oXc{c{ Amh{, Vm{ `dgm`mZ{ Oar hrZ
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dmrcm _hd oXc{ [mohO{ h{ cjmV `{V{.
l`{> M [yV M oZ` Hw$`mXVpV:$&

lmH$V{ j`{ `{ ^dV: dmJVYZ : $&&226&&
oZacg[U{ gXd B> AmoU [yV H$_ l{Z{ H$arV Agmd{. `mgmR>r `m{` _mJmZ{
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g_mOm{[`m{Jr Aer Or H$_} Amh{V `mcm [yV hUVmV. `mV odoharVir Im{XU{, PmS>{ cmdU{,
ZmZm KmQ> ]mYU{, Umc`{, AN>{ MmcodU{ B`moX Jm{>r g_mod> hm{VmV.
YZ o_id`mM{oh Cm_, _`_ AmoU AY_ Ag{ Cm{J `dgm` AgVmV.
Y_emmZ{ hr dJdmar [wT>rc_mU{ gmoJVcr Amh{.
lwVem`V[:H$`m`mòe`md`mJV_$&
YZ godY ew_ C^`m{@`` VXodY:$&&
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gmaI{M drH$m` Amh{.
`mOmZ{ o_iodc{c{ YZ, e{Vr`m[mamVyZ o_imc{c,{ oe[H$_mZ{ o_imc{c,{ Zm{H$ar
H$$Z o_imc{c,{ Xwg`mcm VwoV B`moXZ{ gVw > H$$Z o_iodc{c,{ H{$c{`m C[H$mam`m `w[H$mamVyZ
o_imc{c{ YZ h{ _`_ _mJmZ{ o_imc{c{ Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
cmM, yV, Mm{ar, [rS>m X{U{, X^, gmhg, H$[Q>, `mohH$$Z o_imc{c{ ` h{ AY_
_mJmZ{ o_imc{c{ YZ g_Omd{.
YZ AmoU `mMm odoZ`m{J h{ Xm{hroh ew [H$maM{ Agmd{V. `mgmR>rM lrVwH$mam_
_hmamO YZ Cm_ `dhmamZ{ o_idmd{ AmoU oZcm}^r[UmZ{ gH$m`mgmR>r d{Mmd{ Ag{ hUVmV.
_Zw_oV
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B> AmoU [yV `m Xm{Z Vw` H$_mVoh emmZ{ VaV_Vm gmoJVcr Amh{. B>mZ{ dJ
o_iVm{ AmoU [yVmZ{ _m{j o_iVm{ Aer emmMr YmaUm Amh{. Vr _mo_H$ Amh{. `k[yOmoX Ymo_H$
H$_m[{jm g_mOm`m C[`m{Jr [S>Umar odohar, Vir, dZ{ oZo_`mMr H$`{ AoYH$ l{> hm{V. XwXdmZ{ h{
Am[U [yU odg$Z J{c{cm{ Amhm{V. hUyZ oVrY_gmaH$mZm dV:`m Y_mMm gma H$a`mg
dmd o_iU{ gm{[{ Pmc{. H{$di Hy$aVm]cmH$ma `mZr ^mJV Zmhr h{ cjmV `{VmM cm{^Z oZ_mU
H$aUmar, XrZ OZmZm ghm`^yV R>aUmar Aer Umc`{, odmc`{ Aer gmYZ{ `mZr oZ_mU H{$cr.
Am[U [yVH$_mM{ AmMaU H{$c{ AgV{ Va h{ KS>c{ ZgV{.
XmZY_ oZf{dV{ oZ`_o>H$[moVH$_$&

[naVw>Z{ ^md{Z [m_mgm eo$V:$&&227&&
Ymo_H$[U{ md`mM{ XmZ h{ B> AmoU [yV `m`m oZo_mmZ{ oXc{ OmV{. V{ g
AV:H$aUmZ{ Am[`m [napWVr_mU{ AmoU [m [mhZ md{.
_mUg{ XmZmMm odMma gdXm cjmV R>{drV ZmhrV. [mm[mmMm odMma H$arV ZmhrV.
AmoU g[Vm, E{` `mcm em{^{c Ag{ X{V ZmhrV. emmZ{ _mUgm`m CmamMm XmZ hm EH$_{d _mJ
gmoJVc{cm Amh{. Vgm `dhma hm{Vm{oh. [U V{W{ I`mAWmZ{ m_moUH$[Um ahmV Zmhr.
`pH$oMXo[ XmV` `moMV{ZmZgy`Vm$&

C[`V{ oh V[m `mmaòV gdV:$&&228&&
Hw$Ur _mJm`cm Amcm Va `mg Wm{S>{ Var _m{H$`m_ZmZ{ md{. XmZ K{Umam g[m
Agcm Va Vm{ gd [mVH$mVyZ Xm`mMm Cma H$aVm{.
g[m ò$ dV:`m Vm|S>mZ{ Am[cr `m{`Vm ]hYm JQ> H$arV Zmhr. Ver Vr
H{$hmVar ^{Q>Uma. XmZ hr oZ`dom Agcr [mohO{. hUyZ `mMH$mcm AJXrM od_wI H$ Z`{.
`mMr [napWVr [mhZ `mcm A[mUr `mVc{ Wm{S>{ Var md{{. A[mUr H$m{UmcmM ZmH$m$ Z`{
Ag{oh em Amh{. AWmV KmVH$s ey `m `m{JmZ{ ]imdUma Zmhr EdT>r XjVm R>{dcrM [mohO{.
`mgmR>r XmZ X{`mM{ AmYr oZoV H$amd{. AmoU _J [mVm [maImdr. [mVm Zmhr Ag{ hUyZ X{VM
Zmhr, Am[UM C[^m{JVm{ Ag{ H$Yr hm{D$ Z`{.
dmnaXVo_mZm{oV gwI_j`_X:$&
oVcX: Omo_>m Xr[Xjwm__$&&229&&
[mUr X{Umamcm Vo o_iV{. A X{Umamcm Aj` gwI cm^V{. oVim`m XmZmZ{ B>
Om m hm{V{. Xr[XmZmZ{ o> gwYmaV{.
4 230
250 ]
_Zw_oV
^yo_Xm{ ^yo__mZm{oV XrK_m`woha`X:$&

JhXm{@`moU d{_moZ $`Xm{ $[_wm__$&&230&&
^yo_ X{Umamcm [wH$i ^yo_ o_iV{. gm{Z{ X{Umam XrKm`wfr hm{Vm{. Ka X{U{ h{ d^dr
oZdmg m H$$Z X{Uma{ AgV{. MmXr XmZ H$aUmamM{ $[ AmH$fH$ hm{V{.
dmgm{Xgmcm{`_ogmcm{`_X:$&
AZSw>h: ol` [w>m Jm{Xm{ ]Z` od>[_$&&231&&
d{ X{Umam Mcm{H$mcm OmVm{. Km{S>mM{ XmZ H$aUmam AoZt`m cm{H$mcm OmVm{.
ge$ ]cm`m XmZmZ{ g[om dmT>V{. Jm`rM{ XmZ H$aUmam gy` cm{H$mcm OmVm{.
`mZe`mXm{ ^m`m_
`_^`X:$&
Ym`X: emV gm` ]Xm{ ]gmo>V m_$&&232&&
dmhZ{, e`m `m`m XmZmZ{ MmJcr [Zr o_iV{. A^` X{Umamcm E{` m hm{V{.
Ym`mM{ XmZ H$aUmamcm XrKH$mi gwI cm^V{. AmoU odmXmZ H$aUmamcm kmZ X{Umamcm dm d{Xem{
oeH$odUmamcm ]cm{H$ o_iVm{.
H$m{U`moh od{M{ A`m[H$, d{Xem{ [T>odUma{ dm gVdMZm`m AmYma{ H$sVZ{,
dMZ{, `m`mZ{ X{D$Z g_mOmM{ CX]m{YZ H$aUma{ h{ gd ]X hUO{ kmZXmZ H$aUma{M Amh{V. [U
h{ gd m_moUH$[U{ oZH$m_oZcm}^ dmrZ{ Pmc{ [mohO{. Vm{ CXa[yoVMm dm oV>mmrMm `dgm`
AgVm H$m_m Z`{. hUyZ [wT>`m cm{H$mV ]XmZmM{ hUO{ kmZXmZmM{ _hd gmoJVc{ Amh{.
gd}fm_{d XmZmZm ]XmZ odoe`V{$&

dm`Jm{_hrdmgpVcH$mmZgo[fm_$&&233&&
[mUr, A, Jm`, ^yo_, d, oVc, gwdU, KV, B`moX gd [XmWm`m XmZm[{jm
d{XmM{ XmZ, kmZXmZ h{ l{> Amh{.
Am[`m Odi Agc{cr odm _m{H$`m _ZmZ{ Xwg`mcm oeH$odU{ h{ odmXmZ gd
XmZm_`{ l{> Amh{. h{ _Zy`m `m dMZmd$Z cjmV `{V{. F$ofF$U \{$S>`mMm hmM EH$ _mJ Amh{.
odm Jw R>{d`m`m H$[Z{Z{ Am[`m AZ{H$ MmJ`m Jm{>tMm cm{[ Pmcm Amh{.
`{Z `{Z Vw ^md{Z `mZ `N>oV$&

Vmm{Zd ^md{Z mZm{oV oV[yoOV:$&&234&&
`m `m ^mdmZ{ O{ O{ XmZ oXc{ OmV{ V{ `mM ^mdmZ{ oV\$c hUyZ g_mZmZ{ o_iV{.
XmZmM{ h{ O{ \$c Amh{ V{ [napWVr_mU{ Bhcm{H$s, [acm{H$s, dm [wT>`m O_r m
_Zw_oV
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4 240
hm{Uma{ Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.AWmVM gd ^md hm _hdmMm AgVm{ h{ _hdmM{.

H$_od[mH$m`m emew ogmVm_mU{ H$m{UV{oh ]a{dmBQ> H$_ H$Yr oZ\$i hm{V
Zmhr. `mMm `Wm`m{` [naUm_ hm{Vm{M. [`m[òdMmamgmaI{M h{ Amh{.
`m{@oMV oVJmoV XXmòMV_{d M$&

Vmdw^m JN>V: dJ ZaH$ Vw od[``${ &&235&&
Om{ g_mZmZ{ K{Vm{ AmoU Om{ g_mZmZ{ X{Vm{, V{ Xm{K{oh dJmg OmVmV. Vg{ Z H$aUma{
ZaH$Jm_r hm{VmV.
Z od_`{V V[gm dX{oXQ>m M ZmZV_$&

ZmVm}@`[dX{om Xdm [naH$sV`V{ $ &&236&&
dV:`m V[mZ{ dV:M odp_V hm{D$ Z`{. `k H$$Z Im{Q>{ ]m{cy Z`{. odmZ
]mUmH$Sy>Z H$mhr mg Pmcm Var `mMr qZXm H$$ Z`{. XmZ X{D$Z V{ o_ady Z`{.
`km{@ZVZ{ jaoV V[: jaoV od_`mV$&

Am`wodm[dmX{Z XmZ M [naH$sVZmV$&&237&&
Im{Q>{[Um_wi{ `kmMm, dAm`MoH$V hm{`m_wi{ V[mMm, odmZ ]mUm`m qZX{_wi{
Am`w`mMm, AmoU ^yfU o_aod`m_wi{ MmaMmKmV JQ> H{$`m_wi{ XmZmMm Zme hm{Vm{.
Y_ eZ: gomZw`m_rH$o_d [womH$m:$&

[acm{H$ghm`mW gd^Vy m`[rS>`Z$&&238&&
_w`m `m_mU{ H$U H$U AmUyZ dmi C^{ H$aVmV, `m_mU{ JhWmZ{ hiwhiw
Y_mMm, ([w`mMm) gM` H$amdm. Vm{ Y_M [acm{H$mMm ghm`H$ Amh{. _m h{ H$aVmZm H$m{`moh
^yVmcm [rS>m hm{Uma Zmhr h{ [hmd{.
Zm_w oh ghm`mW o[Vm _mVm M oV>V:$&

Z [wXmam Z kmoVY_p V>oV H{$dc:$&&239&&
[acm{H$s ghm`mgmR>r H{$di Y_M C[`m{Jr [S>Vm{. AmB]m[]m`H$m{_wcJm qH$dm
OmoV ]mYd h{ `m>rZ{ Hw$UrM H$m_mg `{V ZmhrV.
EH$: Om`V{ OVwaH{ $ Ed cr`V{$&

EH$m{@Zw^w V{ gwH$ V_{H$ Ed M XwH$V_$&&240&&
mUr EH$Q>mM O_mcm `{Vm{ AmoU EH$Q>mM _aVm{. `mZ{ `mZ{ H{$c{c{ gwH$V XwH$V
`mM{ `mcm EH{$H$Q>mcm ^m{Jmd{ cmJV{.
4 241
252 ]
_Zw_oV
_V eara_wg` H$m>cm{>g_ ojVm$&

od_wIm ]mYdm `mpV Y_V_ZwJN>oV$&&241&&
_{c{`mM{ eara cmHy$S> dm _mVr`m T>{H$im_mU{ ^y_rda Q>mHy$Z `mM{ ^mD$]X Vm|S>
o\$adyZ [aV OmVmV. EH$Q>m Y_M (H$_ V{M) `m _Vmgd{ OmV AgVm{.
{Vmcm Omi`mMr `mMr [oV Amh{ V{ cmH$S>m_mU{, AmoU [wa`mMr Wm Agc{c{
T>{H$im_mU{ _T>mer dmJVmV. _Zw`mM{ O{ H$mhr H$_ Ag{c V{M V{dT>{ `m`m gd{ OmV AgV{.
V_m_ ghm`mW oZ` gomZw`mN>Z: $&

Y_}U oh ghm`{Z V_VaoV XwVa_$&&242&&
hUyZ Am[cm EH$_m ghm`H$ `m YmaU{Z{ òh Wm{S>mWm{S>m (`Wmeo$) Y_mMmM
([w`mMm) gM` H$amdm. Y_m`mM ]imda XwKQ> ZaH$mVyZ Xw:ImVyZ Am[mrVyZ V$Z OmVm `{V{.
Y_YmZ [wf V[gm hVoH$p]f_$&

[acm{H$ Z``mew ^mdV IearnaU_$&&243&&
`m _mUgm`m OrdZmV Y_mcm mYm` Amh{, `mZ{ V[m`m gm_`mda [mVH{$
Zmhrer H{$cr Amh{V, `mM{ AmH$mem_mU{ gy_ Pmc{c{ eara,(qcJX{h) Y_M A`V V{Odr Aem
[acm{H$mV dnaV K{D$Z OmV{.
Cm_m_oZ` g]YmZmMa{gh$&
oZZrfw: Hw$c_wH$f_Y_mZY_mÒ{V$ &&244&&
daM{da AoYH$ AoYH$ Cm_mer g]Y R>{dmd{V. `m_wi{M `$s`m Hw$imMm CH$f
hm{Vm{. dmBQ>, AoYH$ dmBQ> `mMm XjV{Z{ `mJ H$amdm.
h{ g]Y JwUò$`dgm`g_mO `m>rZ{ cjmV `md{ cmJVmV. gJi{M MmJc{
JwU EH$ AmT>iVmV Ag{ ghgm hm{V Zmhr. V{hm oOW{ O{ MmJc{ AmT>i{c V{ cjmV K{D$Z g]Y
R>{dmd{V. CcQ> dmBQ>m[mgyZ e`Vm{ Xya amhmd{. Q>rH$mH$mamZr oddmhg]YmVoh h{ cjmV R>{dmd{ Ag{
gmoJVc{ Amh{. V{ _hdmM{ Amh{.
Cm_mZwm_mZ{d JN>Z hrZmVw dO`Z$&

]mU: l{>Vm_{oV `dm`{Z eyVm_$&&245&&
]mUmZ{ gXd MmJc{, AoYH$ MmJc{ O{ `mMm drH$ma H$amdm. AmoU dmBQ>mMm
`mJ H$amdm. `m_wi{M Vm{ l{>Vm [mdVm{. od[arV AmMaUmZ{ `mcm ey hmd{ cmJV{.
`mdhmnaH$ OJVmV ]mUmcm _mZg_mZ oV>m Amh{, Agcr [mohO{. eymgmR>r
_Zw_oV
[ 253 ]
4 247
AmdOyZ Vg{ H$a`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. ]mUmZ{ jo`m_mU{ gmmYmar AmoU d`m_mU{ g[om_mZ
hm{D$ Z`{. H$m{UV{oh H$cmH$me` d oe[ C[OrodH{$M{ gmYZ hUyZ dm[$ Z`{. od{Mm kmZmMm gJh
AmoU gXmMaU `mdaM â X{D$Z `mdaM gm_m`V: OJmd{. H$m{UVroh Zm{H$ar Va `mZ{ _wirM H$$
Z`{. V{hm g_mOmV _mZ o_iVm{ Vm{ H{$di OmVr`m ]imda Z o_iodVm, odm AmoU V[ `m ]imda
Vm{ o_idmdm Aer emmMr YmaUm Amh{. BVa g_mOmH$Sy>Z H{$di O_mZ{ ]mU hUyZ `mcm
H$mhrgm _mZ o_i{c VaM `m {aUm oQ>Hy$Z amhVrc. ]mUmcmoh gmmg[mrM{ AmH$fU dmQy> cmJ{c Va
Vm{ g_mOdm` o]KS>od`mg H$maUr^yV hm{V amhrc. `mgmR>rM emH$mamZr `mZ{ g_mZmda
g_mYmZr amhmd{, gmmg[mr`m_mJ{ Ymdy Z`{, Ag{ dU`dW{Z{ oZoV H{$c{ Amh{. AmoU BVamZr
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]mU H$m{U? V{oh AmdOyZ [> H{$c{ Amh{. `mZm g_mOohVmMr qMVm Amh{, H{$di [wT>mar[U [XamV
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]mUmMr H$aVm `{Bc oVVH$s qZXm H$aUma{ O{ g_mO gwYmaH$, `mVoh _mJmgdJu`, `mZr [ohc{
ghm`H$ oZdS>c{ V{ ]hVmer ]mUM hm{V{. hUO{ _Zy`m Xm{Ze{ Md{Mmirg cm{H$mVrc AmX{emM{
[mcZM Pmc{.
T>H$mar _XXw mV: H$y amMmaagdgZ$&

Aqhm{ X_XmZm`m O`{dJ VWmdV:$&&246&&
T>oZ`r, gm` d^mdmMm, ghZerc, Hy$a dVZmer H$m{UVmoh g]Y Zgc{cm,
AqhgH$, g`_r, BoòdO`r, XmZerc, Aer dV{ [miUmam dJ qOH$Vm{.
EYm{XH$ _yc\$c__`wV M `V$&

gdV: oVJr`m_dWm^`XojUm_$&&247&&
BYZ, \$i{_wi{, A, O{ [wT>{ `{Bc V{ gdmH$Sy>Z drH$mamd{. `m _mU{M _Y, A^`
AmoU XojUm `mM{oh g_Omd{.
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AgV{. h{ `m dMZmd$Z cjmV `{Bc. `mZm gmJmd`mM{ `m`m_`{ Cm__`_H$oZ> Aer
Vdmar AgV{. hUyZ oVJh H$m{UmH$Sy>Z `mdm, Hw$Ur `mdm `m g]YrM{ H$R>m{a oZ`_ [wH$iem
_mUmV gmJyZ Pm`mZVa V{dT>r H$R>rUVm `mZm [{cUma Zmhr `m`mgmR>r h{ oZ`_ gmoJVc{ Amh{V.
`mV `m{`m`m{`mMm \$magm odMma Zmhr. AWmV `{Wrc dVyoh Vem \$ma _y`dmZ ZmhrV. AWmV hm
oVJhoh A`moMV dmrZ{ `md`mMm Amh{. `{Wrc A^` eXmZ{ gH$Q>H$mir `md`mM{ ghm` Ao^{V
Amh{.
4 248
254 ]
_Zw_oV
AmVm`wVm o^jm [waVmXMm{oXVm_$&

_{Z{ Om[oVJm
m_o[ XwH$VH$_U:$&&248&&
AmUc{cr, [wT>{ R>d{ c{cr, H$m{UmH$Sy>Z {aUm Z X{dodc{cr Aer Or o^jm H$m{UmH$Sy>Zoh
(Xm{fr `$sH$Sy>Zoh) `mdr Ag{ ]X{dmZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
da`m cm{H$mcm AmYma^yV Agm hm cm{H$ Amh{. o^jm eXmZ{ A[d[ dVyMm
C{I hm{Vm{. [U X{UmamZ{ `m dV:hZ oX`m [mohO{V. K{UmamZ{ `mgmR>r H$m{Umcm Var `j
A`j {aUm oXc{cr AgVm H$m_m Z`{. dò$H$ C[^m{JmgmR>r, odcmgmgmR>r H{$c{`m gJhm`m
>rZ{ e` V{dT>{ A[gVw> amohc{ [mohO{. AmoU A`moMVoh I`m AWmZ{ A`moMV (Z _mJVm
o_imc{c{) Agc{ [mohO{. ""Am_M{ A`moMV Amh{ hm{'' Ag{ dV: gmJy Z`{. qH$dm ""`mM{ A`moMV
Amh{ `mZm H$mhrVar m'' Ag{ H$m{UmH$Sy>Z gmJdyoh Z`{.
ZmpV o[VaV` Xe dfmoU [m M$&

Z M h` dhò`Vm_`d_`V{$&&249&&
Ag{ ghO o_imc{c{ Om{ (AhH$mamZ{) drH$marV Zmhr `mZ{ oXc{c{ [Yamdfm[`V
o[Va drH$marV ZmhrV. AmoU ArV H{$c{c{ hdZ Vm{ X{dm[`V [m{ModV Zmhr.
[wH$id{im X{Umam Iam{IarM gX^mdmZ{ X{V AgVm{ AmoU K{Umamcm Am[U "Agc{
H$mhr K{V Zmhr' Ag{ o_adm`M{ AgV{. oV>m o_iod`mgmR>r hmoh EH$ Xmo^H$ C[m` Amh{. `m
_m{hmcm ]ir [Sy> Z`{. `mM{ AmoYXodH$ Xm{foh AgVmV V{ da gmoJVc{ Amh{VM. h{ AoYXodH$
C[cjUm_H$ EH$ CXmhaU hUyZ g_Omd{.
e`m JhmHw$emJYmZ[: [w[ _UrXoY$&

YmZm _`m[`m{ _mg emH$ Md Z oZUwX V{ $ &&250&&
AWU, Ka{, Hw$e, JY, Oc, \y$c, aZ{, Xhr, Ym`, _mg{, XyY, _mg, ^mOr[mcm,
`mMm `mJ H$$ Z`{. A`moMV dmrZ{ h{oh drH$mamd{.
Jw$^`mm{omhrfoM`Z X{dVmoVWrZ$&
gdV: oVJr`m Vw V`{d` VV:$&&251&&
dS>rcYmar _mUg{, Jw, `m`m[m{fUmM{ Xmo`d dV:da Amh{ Ag{ cm{H$, `m`mgmR>r
`m`m Amd`H$V{_mU{, `mM_mU{ AoVoW AmoU X{dVm `mM{ [yOZ `mgmR>r Amd`H$ Va gdmH$Sy>Z
XmZ `md{. _m dV:gmR>r `mMm C[`m{J H$$ Z`{.
_Zw_oV
[ 255 ]
4 257
Jwfw d`VrV{fw odZm dm VJh { dgZ$&

Am_Zm{ dom_pdNZ Jr`mgmYwV: gXm$&&252&&
JwM{, doS>cYm`mM{ X{hmdgmZ Pmc{ Ag{c dm V{ Am[U amhVm{ V{W{ ahmV ZgyZ
d{J`moR>H$mUr ahmV AgVrc Va dV:`m C[OrodH{$H$naVm O{ o_idmd`mM{ Ag{c V{ _m gXd
MmJ`m_mJmZ{ o_i{c V{dT>{M `md{.
AmoYH$: Hw$co_ M Jm{[mcm{ XmgZmo[Vm$&

EV{ eyf{ w ^m{`mm `m_mZ oZd{X`{V$ &&253&&
Am[cr e{Vr H$aUmam, Hw$co_, Jm{[mc, g{dH$, hmdr, gdWd _r Vw_`mda Adc]Zy
Amh{, Vw_`m Aml`mZ{ _cm amh m Ag{ hUUma{ h{ Oar ey Agc{ Var `mM{ A ^jU H$amd{.
`mZm A md{ H$s `mM{ A Imd{ Agm g^_ H$mhr ^mfmVamd$Z hm{D$ eH$Vm{ [U
Vr eH$m gdkZmamÙm`m "Efm H$Xw[$, eyc[$, [m`gXoY gmd: ^m{`m' `m Q>r[{d$Z `m
eymM{oh A Imd{. V{ H$Xw[$, eyc[$ B`moX d$[mM{ Agmd{ Ag{ [> hm{V{.
`mem{@` ^d{Xm_m `me M oMH$sofV_$&

`Wm Mm{[Ma{XZ{ VWm@@_mZ oZd{X`{V$ &&254&&
Vw_`m Aml`mZ{ amhVm{ Ag{ hUUm`mM{ Hw$c H$g{ Amh{, Vm{ H$m{U`m X{emVcm
Amh{, `mcm H$m` H$m` `{V{? Vm{ H$m` H$m` H$$ eH$Vm{? Vg{M H$m{UH$m{U`m H$ma{ g{dm H$$ eH{$c
h{ gd `mZ{ [> H$amd{. AmoU m_moUH$[U{ g_o[V hmd{.
`m{@`Wm gV_m_mZ_`Wm ggw ^mfV{$&

g [m[H$m_m{ cm{H${ V{Z Am_m[hmaH$:$&&255&&
dV:`m Hw$cercmodf`r AgV{ EH$ AmoU XmIodVm{, o_aodVm{ Xwga{M Vm{ [mV`mVcm
[mVH$s Amh{, Mm{a Amh{. Vm{ Xwg`mcm \$gdVm{ Ag{ Zmhr Va dV:Mroh hmZr H$$Z K{V AgVm{.
dm`Wm oZ`Vm: gd} dmL>_c

y m dmpdoZ:gVm$&
Vm Vw `: V{Z`{mM g gdV{`H$a:$&&256&&
gJi{ AW dmUr_`{ oZoV hm{VmV. AmoU dmUrVyZ ]mh{a [S>Um`m AWmM{ _yioh
dmUrVM AgV{. hUyZ Om{ dmUr Mm{aVm{ hUO{ Im{Q>{ ]m{cVm{ Vm{ _mUyg gdM H$mhr Mm{aUmam R>aVm{.
_hofo[VXd{ mZm Jdm@@Z` `WmodoY$&

[w{ gd g_mg` dg{_m``_moWV:$&&257&&
X{d, F$of AmoU o[Va `mMr F$U{ `m{` Vh{Z{ \{$Sy>Z gd H$mhr [wmda gm{[dyZ JhWmZ{
Am[U dV: VQ>W dmrZ{ KamV amhmd{.
4 257
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_Zw_oV
Aml_`dW{_mU{ ]M`JhWdmZW AmoU g`mg `WmoYH$ma drH$mamd{.

Aer qhXy [a[a{Mr YmaUm Amh{. `mVrc dmZW AmoU g`mg `mV`m`mV g`mg drH$ma`mMr
`m{`Vm dm [napWVr gJ`mMrM Agy eH$V{,Vr Ver gJ`mZmM cmJV{ Ag{ Zmhr. V{hm `m `m
Aml_mV XrojV hm{U{ Oar e` Zgc{ Var H$mhrem Vem dmrZ{ amhZ _Zw`mcm dV:M{ AmoU BVamM{
gwI gmYU{ d gmYyZ X{U{ e` Amh{. `mMr Jm{_ "_m`Wm_molVm:' VQ>Wdom drH$maU{ h{ Amh{.
_Zw` Ymo_H$ Amh{, MmJcm ggma H{$cm Amh{, _wctMr c{ Pmcr Amh{V, _wc{ _m{R>r Amh{V, H$ma^ma
g^miVmh{V,dV: d`mZ{oh gmR>r Am{cmS>cr Amh{. Var ]hYm H$m{Uroh VQ>WVm drH$marV Zmhr.
KamV AmoU g_mOmV `mMr `m Zm `m H$ma{ cwS>]yS> MmcyM amhV{. dV: hm{D$Z hVj{[ H{$`modZm
_Zw`mcm amhdV Zmhr. `m_wi{ chmZ_m{R>m _mUmV Hw$a]ya daM{da hm{U{ MmcyM amhV{. $oMV H$mQ>wo ]H$
gm_moOH$ gKfoh CX^dVmV. hUyZ _wc{ H$Vu Pm`mda e`Vm{ VQ>WAoc dmrZ{ amhmd{.
EH$mH$s oMV`{o` odod{$ ohV_m_nZ$&

EH$mH$s oMV`mZm{ oh [a l{`m{@oYJN>oV$&&258&&
EH$sH$S>{ EH$mVmV ]gyZ oVoXZr Am`mM{ qMVZ H$amd{. Am[`m ohVmMm odMma
H$amdm. _Z EH$mJ H$a`mMr gd` cmdyZ `mdr. Ag{ Om{ H$aVm{ `mcm [a_l{`mMr mo hm{V{.
H$mQw>o]H$ ggmamVyZ cj e`Vm{ H$mTy>Z `md{. AmoU [a_mWgmYZ{V X{Vm `{Bc V{dT>m
AoYH$ d{i mdm Agm `m cm{H$mMm AW Amh{. gVMna[a JWm`m [mamÙmZ{ lm T>mdV{. JrVm
kmZ{argma`m JWm`m A`mgmZ{ _Z emVg_mYmZr amh`mg ghm` hm{V{. `mgmR>r [yOmO[
`mZ `mMm MT>`m _mUmV Adc] H$aU{ cm^Xm`H$ R>aV{.
Efm{oXVm JhW` domod` emVr$&

ZmVH$dVH$[ gddoH$a: ew^:$&&259&&
_w`V: ]mU JhWmgmR>r gmoJVc{c{ oZ`_ emV d$[mM{ Amh{V. `mMm Adc]
H$$ZM OrdZm{[m` em{Ymd{. odm`mg [yU Pm`mZVa ]M`dVmMr gmJVm `m AemM dmJ`mZ{
hm{V AgV{. h{ dV ew^H$a Amh{. AmoU gmpdH$ JwUmMr dmT> H$aUma{ Amh{.
AZ{Z odm{ dm{Z dV`Z d{XemodV$&

`[{VH$_fm{ oZ` ]cm{H${ _hr`V{$&&260&&
`marVrZ{ OrdZ OJUmam d{XemmMm kmVm AgUmam ]mU gd H$ma`m [mVH$m[mgyZ
Aoc amhVm{. AmoU [wT>{ ]cm{H$mV emVarVrZ{ _oh_mZ m H$$Z K{Vm{.
BBBBB
_Zw_oV
[ 257 ]
53
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A`m` [mMdm
lwdVmZf`m{ Y_mZmVH$` `Wm{oXVmZ$&
BX_yM_w h m_mZ_Zc^d ^J_w $ &&1&&
JhWmM{ gmoJVc{c{ Y_ Og{`m Vg{ E{Hy$Z F$ftZr Argma`m V{Odr ^Jycm
[wZao[ odMmac{.
[oh`m A`m`mV cm{H$ MmVrg _`{ ^Jy _ZyMm [w Ag`mMm C{I Amh{.`{W{
`mcm AZc^d hUO{ ArVyZ O_c{cm Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.Q>rH$mH$mamZr [oh`m WmZr AWdmX
hQ>c{ Amh{.Va V{W{ hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s,"V{OodVm gm_m`mV A{: Bd gd:' V{hm ^Jy hm _ZyMm
[wVw` [>oe` Agcm [mohO{. qH$dm AoV[naM`mXdkm Ag{ Zg`mZ{ [w Agc{`m ^JyZ{M
o[`mH$Sy>Z _ZyH$Sy>Z H{$di oe`^mdmZ{ g{dmV[a amhZ gd odm JhU H{$cr Agcr [mohO{. Vg{M
Vm{ AogmaIm V{Odr Ag`mZ{ `{W{ ^Jycm Ao^d hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ `m{`M Amh{ Ag{ Q>>rH$mH$mamZr
gwModc{ Amh{. V{oh _mo_H$M Amh{.
Ed `Wm{$ odmUm dY__ZwoV>Vm_$&

H$W _`w: ^doV d{XemodXm ^m{$&&2&&
F$fr hUmc{ h{ ^m{! emewarVrZ{ dY_mM{ AZw>mZ H$arV Agc{`m ]mUmZmoh
eVdfmM{ _mU [yU hm{`m[yduM _`y H$gm `{Vm{? V{ gJi{ Va d{XemmM{ MmJc{ OmUH$ma AgVmV.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ "od' eX C[cjUm_H$ _mZyZ `mV Mmar dUm`m cm{H$mMm
g_md{e Amh{. Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{hm BVa dUmZmoh Am[m[`m dUmZwgma emodohV gXmMaU
hUyZ H$mhr Amh{. Vm{M `mMm dY_ hm{` h{ cjmV `{V{. AWmV K{Vc{cm eVdf eX `wJ_mZmZ{
K{Vc{cm Amh{.
g VmZwdmM Y_m_m _hfu_mZdm{ ^J:w $&

lw`Vm `{Z Xm{fU
{ _`wodmZ oOKmgoV$&&3&&
V{hm Y_m_m Agm _ZyMm [w ^Jy `mZm hUmcm `m Xm{fmZ{ _`y ]mUmZm ImVm{
`mg]Yr E{H$m.
^Jy `{W{ VQ>W dmrZ{, `W[U{ dV:Mm C{I H$aVm{ Amh{. hUyZ `{Wrc ode{fU{
Xwg`m H$m{Um`mVar Vm|S>Mr Agcr [mohO{V Ag{ hUy Z`{. "AUm{aUr`m Wm{H$S>m$& VwH$m AmH$mem
EdT>m' Ag{ VwH$m{]mam` hUVmV Vg{M h{ g_Omd{.
54
258 ]
_Zw_oV
AZ`mg{Z d{XmZm_mMma` M dOZmV$&

Amc`mXXm{fm _`wodmZ nOKmgoV$&&4&&
d{XemmMm A`mg Z H{$`m_wi{, `Wm`m{` Aem AmMmamM{ [mcZ Z H{$`m_wi{,
Amigm_wi{ AmoU Amg]Yr`m Xm{fm_wi{ _mUgmda _`yM{ Ad{ir AmH$_U hm{V{.
cewZ JOZ Md [cmSw> H$dH$moZ M $&

A^`moU oOmVrZm__{`^dmoZ M $&&5&&
cgyUJmOa H$mXmN>`m(_lw_) AmoU KmU [XmWm_wi{ [m{gc{c{ Ym` ^m`m
B`moX [XmW, doUH$mZr ImD$ Z`{V.
cm{nhVmZ djoZ`mgmZ dZ^dmVWm$&

e{cw J` M [{`fy `Z{Z oddO`V{ $ &&6&&
djmVyZ dUma{ Vm]S>m aJmM{ qS>H$, djmZm N>{X K{D$Z H$mT>c{c{ qS>H$, ^m{H$amMr
\$i{, Jm` `m``mZVaM{ [oh`m Xhm oXdgmVc{ XyY `m dVy `Z[ydH$ Q>mim`m.
dWmH$gag`md [m`gm[y[_{d M $&

AZw[mH$V_mgmoZ X{dmmoZ hdtof M $&&7&&
oIMS>r, gmOm, oeam, Ira, AZagm, gmQ>m{ar, h{ [XmW CJrMM ImD$ Z`{V. Vg{M
Ao^_oV Zgc{c{ _mg, Zd{m`m AmYrM{ AmoU hdZm`m AmYrM{ A ImD$ Z`{.
AoZXem`m Jm{: jra_m>_H{ $e\$ VWm$&

AmodH$ goYZrjra oddgm`m Jm{: [`:$&&8&&
odD$Z Xhm oXdg Z Pmc{cr Jm`, CQ>rU, Km{S>r, e{ir,_|T>r, _mOmda Amc{cr Jm`
qH$dm hg, oOM{ dmg$ _{c{ Amh{ Aer Jm`, `mM{ XyY o[D$ Z`{.
Ama`mZm M gd}fm _JmUm _mohf odZm$&

rjra Md d`moZ gdew $moZ Md oh$&&9&&
heroedm` BVa dZ{Ma m`mM{ XyY o[D$ Z`{. _mZdr rM{ XyY oV`m ]mimcm
g{` BVamZm d`. Am]dc{c{ [XmW ImD$ Z`{V.
XoY ^` M ew${ fw gd M XoYg^d_$&

`moZ Mdmo^fy`V{ [w[_yc\$c: ew^: $&&10&&
Xhr AmoU Xm[mgyZ oZ_mU Pmc{c{ [XmW Am]odc{c{ Agc{ Var Imd{. Vg{M
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`m`m_wi{ _m{h dm _X oZ_mU hm{V Zmhr Aer \w$c{, _wi{, \$i{ ImdrV, dm `mZr Am]dc{c{ [XmW
Imd{V.
da`m cm{H$mV Am]dc{c{ [XmW Im`mMr gdS> oXcr Amh{. h{ [na[mR>,T>r X{eode{f
[mhZ H{$c{c{ Amh{. H$m{UV{oh Am]Q> ode{fV: Am]odc{c{ [XmW ode{fH$$Z o[mH$a hm{VmV. h{ cjmV
R>d{ md{.
H$`mX: e>H$w ZrZ gdmZ VWm Jm_oZdmogZ:$&

AoZoX>m
H $e\$mo>o>^ M oddO`V{ $ &&11&&
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`mM{ _mg ImD$ Z`{ hUyZ gmoJVc{c{ Amh{ Ag{ EH$ IwamM{ mUr AmoU oQ>Q>dr `mM{ _mg ImD$ Z`{.
H$cod> cd hg MH$m Jm_Hw$w$Q>_$ &

gmag amwdmc M Xm`yh ewH$gmnaH{$$&&12&&
VwXmZ Omc[mXm H$m{ò>ZIodpH$amZ$&
oZ_mV _`mXmZ gmZ dza_{d M $&&13&&
]H$ Md ]cmH$m M H$mH$m{c IOarQ>H$_$&
_`mXmZ ndLamhm _`mZ{d M gde:$&&14&&
H$cqdH$(EH$ H$maMr oM_Ur), [mUH$m|]S>m, hg, MH$dmH$, H$m|]S>m, gmag,
amwdmc, [mUH$mdim, [m{[Q>, _Zm, gwVma [jr, Omc[mX, H$m|T>m[jr, ZImZ{ CH$$Z ImUma{ [jr,
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d` H$amd{.
H$mhr ZmdmMm Z{_H{$[UmZ{ AW gmJVm Amc{cm Zmhr. ghO kmV Agc{`m ZmdmMm
V{dT>m C{I H{$c{cm Amh{._mgmhmamVrc h{ d`md` `m demV, X{emV _mgmhma gm_m`[U{ MocV
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ZmhrV.
`m{ `` _mg_moV g V_mgmX C`V{$&

_`mX: gd_mgmXV_m_`mZ nddO`V{ $ &&15&&
Om{ `mM{ _mg ImVm{ Vm{ V_mg^jr hUyZ C{oIcm OmVm{. _mgm _mgmhmar Ag`mZ{
_mg{ ImUmamcm gd _mg^jH$ g_Omd{. hUyZ _mg{ ImD$ Z`{V.
5 16
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[mR>rZam{ohVmdmm oZ`w$m h`H$``m{:$&

amOrdm: qghVwS>m
geH$md gde:$&&16&&
[mR>rZ, am{hrV, amOrd, qghVwS >, geH$, h{ ode{f OmVrM{ _mg{ X{d o[Vam`m oZo_mmZ{
`mZm g_[U H$$Z Imd{V.
Z ^j`{XH{ $MamZkmVm _JoOmZ$&

^`{do[ g_wo>mZ gdmZ [mZImVWm$&&17&&
O{ H$i[ Z H$aVm EH$EH$Q>{ ^Q>H$VmV, O{ H$m{U Amh{V, H$g{ Amh{V, `mM{ kmZ Zmhr
Ag{ [ey [jr `mM{ _mg ImD$ Z`{. `mM{ _mg Imd{ Ag{ gmoJVc{c{ Amh{, V{ _mgmhmar `$s[waV{
Amh{. O{ _mgmhmar ZmhrV `mZr h{ _mg ImD$ Z`{ `mM _mU{ O{ mUr [MZI Amh{V `mM{ _mg
ImD$ Z`{. (dmZa_mH$S> h{ [mMZIr AgVmV.)
modY e`H$ Jm{Ym IHy$_eemVWm$&

^`mZ [mZI{dmhaZw>m
H $Vm{XV:$&&18&&
gmi, gmiB, Km{a[S>, J|S>m, H$mgd, AmoU ggm, h{ [MZI JQ>mVrc mUr Im`mg
`m{` Amh{V. Vg{M CQ> dJiyZ EH$sH$S>{ XmVmMr Am{i Agc{c{ e{ir _|T>r Ag{ mUr, Im`mg `m{`
Amh{V.
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o[`mMr [oV, AmoU [MZgW{Mr aMZm hr _mgmhmar m`mgmaIr Zmhr. _mgmhmar mUr Or^
]mh{a H$mTy>Z [mUr o[Vm{. `mM{ XmV VrU AmoU gwi{ CM AgVmV. `mMr AmVS>r VwcZ{Z{ AmIwS>
AgVmV. cm] ZgVmV. Ag{ Agc{ Var $T>r [a[am [napWoV `m_wi{ _mgmhmar _mUg{ gd Amh{V.
hUyZ `mV`m `mV H$m` Imd{, H$m` ImD$ Z`{ `mMm odoYoZf{Y emmZ{ gmoJVcm Amh{. Vm{
_mgmhmamg m{gmhZ X{`mgmR>r Zmhr. h{ `mZmV R>{dmd{.
N>mH$ odS>damh M cewZ Jm_Hw$w$Q>_$ &

[cmSw> JOZ Md _`m Odm [V{Xo O:$&&19&&
N>`m, JmdSw>$a, cgyU, H$m|]S>{, H$mXm, JmOa, h{ [XmW OmUyZ Im{ Va ]mU [oVV
hm{Vm{.
A_`VmoZ fS>> Odm H$N> gmV[Z Ma{V $&

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ZmdmM{ dV H$amd{. BVa ImD$ Z`{V hUyZ gmoJVc{c{ [XmW Im`mV Amc{ Va `{H$mgmR>r EH{$H$
oXdgmMm C[dmg H$amdm.
gdga`H$_o[ Ma{H$N> oOm{m_:$&

AkmV^w$ewX `W kmV` Vw ode{fV:$&&21&&
Z H$iV Im`mV Amc{`m [XmWm_wi{ Aew Pmc{c{ eara ew H$a`mgmR>r dfmVyZ
EH$Xm Var H$N> dV H$amd{. A^` [XmW OmUyZ Im{ AgVrc Va H$N> Ad` H$amd{.
`kmW ]mUd `m: eVm _J[ojU: $&

^`mZm Md d`W_J`m{ mMaV [wam $&&22&&
]mUmZ{ `kmgmR>r `m{` Aem [ew[`mMr h`m H$amdr. Hw$Qw>o]`m`m [m{fUmgmR>r
Amd`H$ Va `m{` [ew[jr _mamd{V. AJpV F$ftZ{ [ydu Ag{ H{$c{ hm{V{.
]^ydow h [wam{S>mem ^`mUm _J[ojUm_$&

[wamU{dof`k{fw ]jgd{fw M $&&23&&
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[wam{S>me `kmgmR>r H{$`mMm C{I [wamUmVyZ Amh{.
`pH$oMZ{hg`w $ ^` ^m{`_JohV_$&
V[`wo fV_`m hod:e{f M `d{V$ &&24&&
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`ke{foh oeim Agcm Var ImVm `{Vm{.
oMapWV_o[ dm_Z{hm$ oOmoVo^:$&

`dJm{Y_y O gd [`gd odoH$`m:$&&25&&
OdJh AmoU XwYm[mgyZ og H{$c{c{ [XmW ]`mM oXdgm[ydu H{$c{c{ Agc{ AmoU
Z{hg`w$ Zgc{ Var Imd{V.
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V{ EH$Xm H$$Z R>{dyZ [wT>{ [wH$i oXdg Im{ OmVmV.
EVXw$ oOmVrZm ^`m^`_e{fV:$&

_mg`mV: d`mo_ odqY ^jUdOZ${ &&26&&
oOmZm ^` H$m` AmoU A^` H$m` `mg]Yr godVa gmoJVc{. AmVm _mgm`m
g]YmV d`md` `mM{ oZ`_ gmJVm{.
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m{ojV ^j`{_mg ]mUmZm M H$m``m $&

`WmodoY oZ`w$Vw mUmZm_{d Mm``{$&&27&&
_mg Im`mMr BN>m Pmcr Var ]mUmZ{ `kodYrgmR>r odoe> gH$mamZ{ m{ojV
Ag{ _mg Imd{. qH$dm lm_Yw[H$ B`mnXgmR>r oZ_oV H{$c{ AgVmZm `md{ir odoY[ydH$ oXc{c{
_mg Imd{. qH$dm AmdmMyZ mU OmVm{ Amh{ Aer [napWoV oZ_mU Pmcr Ag{c Va _mg Imd{.
mU`mo_X gd Om[oVaH$[`V$&
Wmda O_ Md gd mU` ^m{OZ_$&&28&&
`m OJmV O{ H$mhr Wmda OJ_ hUyZ Amh{. V{ gd mUajUmgmR>r mUmM{ A
hUyZM Om[VrZ{ oZo_c{ Amh{.
MamUm__Mam Xp>Um_`Xo>U:$&
AhVm ghVmZm eyamUm Md ^rad:$&&29&&
pWa dVy MamM{ A Amh{. gwi{ Zgc{c{ gwi{ Agc{`mM{ A Amh{. hmV Zgc{c{
hmV Agc{`mM{ A Amh{. AmoU Km]aQ,> eyamM{ A Amh{V.
Zmmm Xw``XmmmoUZm{@h`hò[$&
Ymd gQm mm moUZm{@mma Ed M $&&30&&
oVoXZr Im`mg `m{` Agc{`m m`mcm _m$Z ImUmam mUr Xm{fr R>aV Zmhr.
H$maU Im`mg `m{` AmoU ImUma{ Ag{ mUr, g>r oZ_mU H$aVmZm ]X{dmZ{M C[ H{$c{ Amh{V.
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hm{Vm{. hUyZ O{ `mM{ ^` Amh{ V{ `mZ{ Im`mV Xm{f _mZ`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. _mUgmZ{ _m ZrQ>
odMma H$$Z dmJc{ [mohO{. H{$di ZgnJH$ {aU{Z{ dmJU{ `mV _mUyg[U Zmhr. ZgoJH$ {aUmZm
oZòV H$$Z `mZm B> V{ diU cmdU{ `mVM _mUyg[U Amh{. em{ `mH$naVmM oZ_mU Pmcr
Amh{V.
`km` OpY_mg`{`{f Xdm{ odoY: _V: $&

AVm{@`WmdomVw amjgm{ odoY`V{$&&31&&
`km`m oZo_mmZ{ hdZmgmR>r ]cr oXc{`m [eyM{ _mg ImU{ hm X{dmMm odoY Amh{.
AmoU `mdmMyZ AmdS> hUyZ _mg ImU{ hm amjgr odoY Amh{.
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H$sdm d` dm@`w[m [am{[H$V_{d dm $&

X{dmp[V
mMo`dm ImX_mg Z XwòV$&&32&&
Am[U hm{D$Z Kar Amc{`m [ma`mH$Sy>Z odH$V K{Vc{c{ _mg, [maY H$$Z o_imc{c,{
Xwg`mZ{ Am[U hm{D$Z oXc{c{ _mg X{do[VamZm g_[yZ ZVa Im{ AgVm Xm{f Zmhr.
ZmmXodoYZm _mg odoYkm{@Zm[oX oO: $&

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[acm{H$s AJoVH$[U{ Am[c{M _mg, Am[U `mM{ _mg Im{ `m`mH$Sy>Z Im{ OmV{ V{ gm{gmd{
cmJV{.
Z Vme ^d`{Zm{ _JhVwYZ moWZ:$&

`me ^doV {` dWm_mgmoZ ImXV:$&&34&&
H{$di AmdS> hUyZ odZmH$maU _mg ImUmamcm O{ [m[ cmJV{ V{ YZmgmR>r [ewh`m
H$$Z _mg odH$Um`m ImQ>H$mcmoh cmJV Zmhr.
oZ`w$Vw `Wm`m` `m{ _mg Zmom _mZd:$&

g {` [ewVm `moV g^dmZ{H$qdeoV_$&&35&&
`Wm`m` odoY[ydH$ AmMaU Z H$aVm Om{ _mg ImVm{, Vm{ _{`mda [wT>{ EH$drg d{im
[ew`m{ZrV O_ K{Vm{.
AgH$Vm[ey_Zmmo: H$XmMZ $&

_Vw gH$VmZmN>mV odoY_mpWV:$&&36&&
emV Aem doXH$ odYrMm Adc] H$aUm`m ]mUmZ{ `m{` _mZr m{jU H$$Z
gH$ma Z H{$c{c{ Ag{ _mg ImD$ Z`{. [ew]ocgwm `m{` odYrZ{M oXc{cm Agcm [mohO{.
Hw$`mXK
V [ew g{ Hw$`mp[>[ew VWm$&
Z d{d Vw dWm hVw [ewo_N>{ H$XmMZ$&&37&&
CJrM`m CJrM [ey _ma`mMr BN>m H$$ Z`{. gJr o[>[ey qH$dm KV[ey `mMm
C[`m{J H$amdm.
AmoYXdV h{ AmoY^moVH$mgmaI{M g` Amh{. [U `m_Yrc H$_} H$aVmZm `mVrc
emm{$ oZ`_mM{ [mcZ H$mQ>{H$m{a[U{ Pmc{ [mohO{.
5 37
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AmoYXodH$ H$_ H$aUm`mcmoh `m{` Vr [mVm [yU[ U{ Agcr [mnhO{.Vgm AmMmaew

d{Xd{mm AoYH$maroh `moR>H$mUr [mohO{.[U Ag{ AgU{ Xwo_i Amh{. \$ma XwKQ > Amh{.hUyZ emH$mamZr
KV[ey AmoU o[>[eyM
r `m{OZm `kmVrc hdZmgmR>r H{$c{cr Amh{. hmM _mJ eV AmoU AZwH$aUr`
Amh{. AcrH$S>{ Ver Wm [S>cr Amh{ Vr `m{` Amh{.H{$di doeQ> Wm[ZmgmR>r emmV g_oV
Ag`mZ{ [ew]oc X{U{ `m{` Zmhr.
`mdpV [ewam{_moU VmdH$d{h _maU_$&

dWm[ewZ: mZm{oV {` O_oZ O_oZ$&&38&&
emmkm _m{S>yZ [ewdY H$aUmamcm `m _mac{`m [ey`m AJmda oOVH{$ H{$g Amh{V
oVVH{$ d{im _`y gm{gmdm cmJVm{.
`kmW [ed: g>m: d`_{d d`^dw m$&

`k` ^y` gd` V_mk{ dYm{@dY:$&&39&&
]X{dmZ{ [ey h{ `kmgmR>r hUyZM dV: oZ_mU H{$c{c{ Amh{V. `k hm gdm`m
H$`mUmgmR>rM AgVm{. hUyZ `kmgmR>r H{$c{cr h`m hr h`mM Zmhr.
Am{f`: [edm{ djpV`m: [ojUVWm$&

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m hm{V{.
oZgJ hm H{$di _mUgm`m C[^m{JmgmR>r Zmhr. `m_wi{ dmWmgmR>r odf`cm{cw[V{Z{
oZgJmM{ em{fU hm{D$ Z`{ Aer XjVm Y_emmZ{ K{Vcr Amh{. emmZ{ Aqhgm Jmaodcr Amh{. qhg{M{
VmS>d _mSy> Z`{ Ag{oh AmX{oec{ Amh{. [U Aqhgm hr oZa[{j Zmhr. ^yVmM{, moU_mmM{ H$`mU h{
oVM{ `m{OZ Amh{. `k hm gd ^yV_mm`m ohVmgmR>rM gmoJVcm Ag`mZ{ `mgmR>r ohgm H$amdr
cmJcr Va Vr qhgm Zmhr, AqhgmM Amh{ Ag{oh Y_em hUV{. JrV{Z{oh `kmgmR>r Or Or H$_} H{$cr
OmVmV Vr Vr ]YZH$maH$ hm{V ZmhrV.Ag{M hQ>c{ Amh{. hm odd{H$ cjmV R>{d`mgmaIm Amh{.
H$m{U`mhr gXJwUmcm odH$oV Z `{D$ X{`mM{ H$m` `m_wi{ ghO gmYV{.
_Yw[H}$ M `k{ M o[VXd VH$_oU $&

Ad [edm{ qh`m Zm`{`]dr_Zw:$&&41&&
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H$$ Z`{. Ag{ _ZyZ{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
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AmO _m [napWoV od[arV Amh{. `kmgmR>r X{dH$m`mgmR>r hm{Um`m [ey]ctMr

qZXm H{$cr OmV{. VWmH$oWV AYlmoZ_ycZdmXr [ew]ir od AmaS>mAm{aS>m H$aVmV. `m_wi{
g_mO ^modV hm{Vm{. emgZoh `m MmamZ{ dmH$V{. AmoU [whm h{ gd H{$di qhXy`mgmR>r AgV{ gd
dfm_`{ o_iyZ O{dT>{ [ey]ir hm{V AgVrc `m[{jm AoYH$ [ey oVoXZr ImoQ>H$KamV _mac{ OmVmV.
ImoQ>H$KamMr g`m dmT>V{ Amh{ AoYH$ [ewh`m Wm{S>m d{imV H$aVm `mdr hUyZ AmYwoZH$ `gm_wJr Z{
ImoQ>H$Jh{ gwgm hm{VmV. Jm{h`moh [wH$i _mUmV hm{V{. _m{R>m _mUmV _mgmMr oZ`mV hm{V{.
ghmdoY [MVmamoH$V C[mhmaJhmVyZ ImXmS>m`m oO^{M{ Mm{Mc{ [waod`mgmR>r IS>rdmar _mg
oeOodc{ OmV{, [am{gc{ OmV{. `mMr cd_m IV Hw$Umcm dmQ>V Zmhr. [ew]ircm odam{Y H$a`m[ydu
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`mcm od[wc _mUmV ogroh o_iV{. [a[a{odf`r AZmXa oZ_mU hm{Vm{. h{ A`m{` Amh{.
EdW}fw [eyphgd{XVdmWodX oO:$&

Am_mZ M [ew Md J_``wm_m JoV_$&&42&&
_Yw[H$moX H$`mgmR>r [eyMr qhgm H$aUmam d{Xemk odmZ dV:cm AmoU `m
[eycmoh Cm_ JoV m H$$Z X{Vm{.
Jh{ Jwamda`{ dm oZdgm_dmZ nO:$&

Zmd{XodohVm qhgm_m[o[ g_mMa{V$ &&43&&
g`_r _mUgmZr d{Xmcm g_V Zgc{cr qhgm H$m{U`moh Am[mrVgwm H$$ Z`{. _J
Vm{ KamV, JwHw$cmV dm Aa`mV Hw$R>{oh ahmV Agm{.
`m d{XodohVm qhgm oZ`Vm@p_amMa{ $&

Aqhgm_{d Vm odm{Xm_m} oh oZ]^m$&&44&&
Y_mM{ B>moZQ> d{Xm`m AmYmamZ{M oZoV hm{V Ag`mZ{ d{XmZ{ CoMV hUyZ
gmoJVc{cr qhgm `m cm{H$s AqhgmM hQ>cr [mohO{.
`m{@qhgH$moZ ^yVmoZ ohZ`m_gwI{ N>`m$&

g Ord _Vd Z $oMgwI_{YV{$&&45&&
O{ mUr ohgH$ ZmhrV `mZm dV:`m gwImgmR>r Om{ R>ma H$aVm{, `mcm oOdV[Ur d
_{`mdaoh gwI cm^V Zmhr.
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266 ]
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`m{ ]YZdYc{emZ moUZm Z oMH$sfoV$&

g gd` ohV{gw: gwI_`V_ZwV${ &&46&&
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`X`mòV `Hw$V{ YqV ]ZmoV ` M $&

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gd `mcm odZm`mg m hm{V{.
ZmH$dm moUZm qhgm _mg_w[V{ $oMV$&

Z M moUdY: d`V_m_mg oddO`V{ $ &&48&&
m`mMm Ord K{V`mdmMyZ _mg o_iV Zmhr. AmoU mUrh`m hr Ad` hUO{
ZaH$mV Q>mH$Umar Amh{.hUyZ _mgmhma gdWm d` H$amdm.
g_w[qm M _mg` dY]Ym M X{ohZm_$&

g_r` oZdV}V gd_mg` ^jUmV$&&49&&
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`mZm R>ma H$amd{ cmJV{. h{ gma{ Hy$a[UmM{ Amh{ h{ cjmV K{D$Z _mg ImU{ gdWm Q>mimd{.
Z ^jòV `m{ _mg odqY ohdm o[emMdV$&

g cm{H${ o`Vm `moV `moYo^ Z [rS>V{$&&50&&
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hm{Vm{. Vm{ `mYrZr [rS>cm OmV Zmhr.
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odkmZog Amh{.oMdQ>[UmVoh Vm{ CUm R>aVm{. `mcm Wm{S>roh ^yH$ oZ^V Zmhr.
AZw_Vm odeogVm oZhVm H$òdH$`r$&

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qhg{cm AZw_m{XZ X{Umam, qhgm H$aUmam, _V[ey`m Ad`dmM{ od^mJ H$aUmam, _mg
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_Zw_oV
[ 267 ]
5 54
h{ gJi{ gmaI{M Xm{fr Amh{V. _mgmhmar cm{H$ [ew[jr Xwg`mH$Sy>Z _maodVmV. `m_wi{
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Amh{, Ag{ g_Omd{.
d_mg [a_mgZ{ `m{ dYo`Vwo_N>oV $&

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X{d[yOZ, o[VV[U H$arV Zmhr. _m Xwg`m`m ( BVa m`m`m ) _mgmZ{ dV:`m
_mgmM{ [m{fU H$$ BpN>Vm{ `m`mBVH$m [mVH$s Xwgam H$m{Ur Zmhr.
df} df}@_{YZ{ `m{ Ò{V eV g_m:$&

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eâ df}[`V oVdfu A_{Y H$a`mM{ O{ \$i Amh{ V{M \$i H$Yroh _mg Z
ImUmamcm m hm{V{.
_mg ImU{ oH$Vr dmBQ> AmoU _mg Z ImU{ oH$Vr MmJc{ h{ AmdOyZ cjmV AmUyZ
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`k H$a`mMr j_Vm Agc{c{ eara cmÛ{ `m Jm{>r Ag^dZr` Amh{V. _mg Z ImU{ EdT>{gwm
[wH$i [w`mMm cm^ H$$Z X{Uma{ Amh{ BVH{$M `md$Z cjmV `md`mM{.
\$c_ycmeZ_} `_w `mZm M ^m{OZ:$&

Z V\$c_dmZm{oV `_mg[nadOZmV$&&54&&
_mgmhma Z H{$`m_wi{ O{ \$i m hm{V.{ oVVH{$ \$i H{$di \$i{_wi{ ImD$Z amoh`mZ{
dm dmZWmgmaI{ [od ^m{OZ H{$`mZ{oh cm^V Zmhr.
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dmZWmMm, F$ofOZmMm Agm [od Amhma Amh{. `m[{jm _mgmhma Z H$aU{ AoYH$ [w`H$maH$
Amh{.
5 55
268 ]
_Zw_oV
_m g ^jo`Vm@_w `` _mgo_hmX`h_$&
EV_mg` _mgd dXpV _ZrofU:$&&55&&
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eXmVyZ `$ hm{Vm{ Ag{ OmUV{ hUVmV
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_mg^jUmg]Yr ^` C[ H$aUma{, C{J C[ H$aUma{ h{ odYmZ Amh{. ]wodmXr H$mhr hUm{V [U
[ydO_, [wZO_ hr dVwpWVr Amh{. AmoU Vr H$_od[mH$ `m VH$ew ogmVmer Om{S>c{cr Amh{. O{
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Amh{. h`m H$aU{ h{ Va d^mdV:M [mVH$ Amh{. `m_wi{ _mgmhmar _mUyg h`{`m [mVH$mZr `w$
AgVm{M. `mMm Om{ [naUm_ `mcm [wT>`mO_r ^m{Jmdm cmJ{c. Vm{ `{W{ emH$mamZr [> H{$cm
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m hm{D$ eH$VmV. h{ lrkmZ{a_hmamOmgma`m gmjmH$mar `m{JramZ{ AmdOyZ [> H{$c{
Amh{.[VOcr`m `m{JgymV V{ [>[U{ C{oIc{c{ Amh{.
Z _mg^jU{ Xm{fm{ Z _{ Z M _WZw ${ &

doma{fm ^yVmZm oZdomVw _hm\$cm$&&56&&
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Amh{.
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R>aVmV. BVa Ordg>rV emH$mhmar AmoU _mgmhmar Ag{ d{Ji{ JQ> Amh{V. _WZw modf`r `mMr dmroh
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AgV{. Ag{M AmT>iyZ `{V{. _ h{ oZgJmV Am[m{Am[ V`ma hm{Uma{ Zmhr. V{ odoe> [VrZ{ AmdOyZ
oZ_mU H$amd{ cmJV{. _Zw`{Va m`mV H$m{UV{oh Im[{` AmdOyZ oZ_mU H$a`mMr dom gm_m`V:
ZgV{. AWmV Vg{ H$meòh `mZm ZgV{. hUyZ _[mZmMr {aUm _Zw`{Va [m`mV Zmhr. [mird
m`mZm _[mZmMr gd` cmdcr OmV{ h{ Ia{. [U Vm{ `mMm oZgJ ZgVm{. dm `mZm Ver BN>m
AZwH$aUmZ{oh oZ_mU hm{V Zmhr. _Zw`m`m oR>H$mUr _m _[mZmMr BN>m AZwH$aUmZ{ dm gH$mamZ{
_Zw_oV
[ 269 ]
5 57
C[ hm{D$ eH$V{. AmoU _J Vr ]cdmZ hm{D$Z `gZmVoh [naUV hm{D$ eH$V{. _meZm`m BN>_{ mJ{
dm^modH$Vm Amh{ Vr BVH$sM. _Zw`m`m gX^mV _mgmhmamg]Yr Vg{M hUVm `{V{. [U gH$mamZ{
`mMr MQ>H$ cmJy eH$V{. _WwZ{N>m _m `m`moR>H$mUr BVa m`mgmaIrM degmV`mgmR>r oZ_mU
Pmc{cr ZgoJH$ {aUm Amh{. [U _mUgm_`{ BVa [eygmaIr Vr V{dT>r _`moXV amohcr Zmhr. g`Vm,
oejU AmoU gH$ma `m_wi{ _WwZ{N>m hr AoYH$ `m[H$, AoYH$ ]cdmZ AmoU AoYH$ C[^m{Jo`
Pmc{cr Amh{. `j earaYmaU{gmR>r oVMr Amd`H$Vm Zg`mZ{ ewH$mMm`mgmaI{ oda$, V[dr
[yU[U{ Zo>H$ ]M`mMm Adc] H$$ eH$VmV. Zo>H$ ]M` h{ A`V cm^Xm`H$ AmoU earamMr
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H$mhrgm A`dhmòh Amh{. hUyZ emmZ{ `mH$aUr H$mhr gm{` R>{dcr Amh{. gdS> oXcr Amh{.
`kmVrc [ew]cr`moZo_mmZ{ _mgmhma, oddmh]YZmZ{ _WwZ AmoU gmm_oU Zmdm`m `mJm_`{
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Vg{ j{[ _mZU{ dmVodH$ Amd`H$ Zmhr. AoYH$ma^{X `m{`Vm^{X mV^{X Hw$c[a[am^{X cjmV
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H$mhr oZ`_mZ{ dmgZmZm gò_V, oZòV H$aU{ h{ g_>r`m>rZ{ C[`w$ hUyZ Amd`H$ AgV{.
em `mM arVrMm Adc] H$aV{. hUyZ dada [mhVm odgJVrMm dm odam{YmMm Am^mg hm{Vm{. Vr
odgJoV ZgV{ Va Cm__`_H$oZ>mgmR>r AoYH$ma^{XmZ{ cmdc{cr `dWm AgV{. _V]mIy
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g_Oy eH{$c.
{Vewq d`mo_ èwq VWd M $&

MVwUm_o[ dUmZm `WmdXZw[dy e
:$&&57&&
Mmaoh dUmZm g]oYV Aer {Vmg]YrMr ewo AmoU `mg]YrMr ewVm H$_mZ{
gmJVm{
5 58
270 ]
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XVOmV{@ZwOmV{ M H$VMyS>{ M gpWV{$&

Aewm ]mYdm: gd} gyVH{$ M VWm{`V{$&&58&&
XmV Amc{c{, XmV `{`m[ydu Omdi (MyS>mH$_) H$mT>c{c{, Ag{ _yc _{c{ AgVm gd
]mYdmZm AemM AgV{. O_m_wi{ `{Um`m AemMmM{oh Vg{M g_Omd{.
Xemh emd_memM go[S>f{ w odYr`V{$&

AdmH$ gM`ZmXZm `h_{H$mh_{d dm$&&59&&
_VmM{ AemM gq[S>mZm Xhm oXdgm[`V g_Omd{. ApWJm{im H$ar[`V VrZ oXdg
dm EH$ oXdg AemM _mZmd{.
`m gdM H$aUmV Q>rH$mH$mamM{ _V^{X Amh{V. XhmMmaVrZEH$ Ag{ AemM
H$m{Umcm AmoU H$m{UmM{ g]YmV `modf`r EH$_V Zmhr. `m H$aUmda oddaUmMr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr
Ag{ _r _mZVm{. H$maU ZmV{ g]Ymda AmYmnaV V{ $T> Amh{. [MmJmV `mM{ dUZ [yU[U{ AgV{.
g[pS>Vm Vw [wf{ g_{ odoZdVV${ &

g_mZm{XH$^mdVw O_ZmZm{ad{XZ{ $&&60&&
gmV`m o[T>rcm gq[S>Vm Zmoher hm{V.{ O_ AmoU ZmdmM{ kmZ Zgc{ Va g_mZm{XH$Vm
CaV Zmhr.
g_mZm{XH$Vm hUO{ [m`mZ{ V[U H$a`mMr [Vr.
`W{X emd_memM go[S>f{ w odYr`V{$&

OZZ{@`{d_{d `mo[wUm ewoo_N>Vm_$&&61&&
_V `$sM{ AemM gq[S>mZ m AgV{. [na[yU ewVm A[{ojV Ag{c Va O_mZVa`m
AemMmg]Yroh Ag{M g_Omd{.
gd}fm emd_memM _mVmo[m{Vw gyVH$_$&

gyVH$ _mVwad{ `mXw[[` o[Vm ewoM:$&&62&&
_VmemM gdM gq[S>mZm AgV{. OZZmemM H{$di _mVmo[`mZm AgV{. `mVoh
o[Vm ZmZmZ{ ew hm{Vm{. _mV{cm _m [yU Xhm oXdg OZZmemM AgV{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
oZa` Vw [w_mNw>H$ _w[[`d ewX òV$&

]oOH$mXo^g]YmXZw`mXK `h_$&&63&&
ewH$ mMm md Pm`mZVa ZmZmZ{ ewr hm{V.{ O_Xm`mo[`mcm VrZ oXdg OZZmemM
gmoJVc{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 271 ]
5 69
A`V ewo A[{ojV Ag{c `md{ir hm VrZ oXdgmMm oZ`_ Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
(cm{H$ EH$g> _mU{)
Am MH${ Z am`m M oamad{ M oo^:$&

ed[em{ odew`pV `hmXwXH$Xmo`Z:$&&64&&
{Vmcm [e H$aUmam EH$ qH$dm VrZ oXdgmZr ew hm{Vm{. V[U H$aUma{ VrZ oXdgmZr
ew hm{VmV.
Jwam{: {V` oe`Vw o[V_Y

{ g_mMaZ$&
{Vhma: g_ V Xeam{U ewX òV$&&65&&
Jw$`m {VmM{ oH$`mH$_ H$aUm`m oe`mcm Xhm oXdg AemM AgV{. {V dmhZ
Z{UmamZmoh Vg{M Xhm oXdg AemM AgV{.
{VdmhH$mcm $T>rZ{ `{W{ H{$di ZmZmZ{ ewr H$oWcr Amh{. A`Wm {VdmhH$ o_iU{
\$maM H$oR>U Pmc{ AgV{.
amoo^_mgVw`mo^J^
md{ odewX òV$&
aO`w[aV{ gmdr ZmZ{Z r aOdcm$&&66&&
`m _mgmV J^md Pmcm Ag{c `m _mgmBVH{$ AemM g_Omd{. aOmd Wm]`mZVa
aOdcm ZmZmZ{ ew hm{V{.
ZUm_H$VMyS>mZm odewoZoeH$s _Vm $&

oZd mMyS>H$mZm Vw oammNw>ona`V{$&&67&&
Omdi Z H$mT>c{`m _wcmM{ (MyS>mH$_ Z Pmc{`m) AemM EH$ oXdg Omdi
H$mT>c{`mM{ VrZ oXdg g_Omd{.
D$ZodmofH$ {V oZX`w]mYdm ]oh:$&

AcH$ ` ewMm ^y_mdpWgM`ZmV{$&&68&&
Xm{Z df} [yU hm{`m[ydu`m _wcmM{ {V Jmdm]mh{a Z{D$Z \w$c{ dJa{ KmcyZ Oo_Zrda
Q>mH$md{. ApW Jm{im H$$ Z`{.
Zm` H$m`m}@ogH$mam{ Z M H$m`m}XH$oH$`m$&

Aa`{ H$m>d`dm j[{V `h_{d Vw $&&69&&
`m chmZ_wcm`m {Vmda AogH$ma H$$ Z`{V qH$dm `mM{gmR>r lm V[U B`moX
oH$`moh H$$ Z`{V. V{ {V cmH$S>m_mU{ amZmV Q>mH$md{. VrZ oXdg AemM [mimd{.
5 69
272 ]
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Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ \$ma em{H$ H$$ Z`{ `mgmR>r {V cmH$S>m_mU{ amZmV Q>mH$md{ Ag{
hQ>c{ Amh{. Vg{ `j Z H$aVm {V _mVrV [wamd{. AgmM AW H$amdm Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. [Vroh
VerM Amh{. ^mdZ{cm Y$Z Amh{.
Zmodf` H$V`m ]mYdXH$oH$`m $&

OmVXV` dm Hw$`wZ mpZ dmo[ H$V{ goV$&&70&&
VrZ df} [yU Z Pmc{`m _V]mcH$mM{ lmH$_ dm V[U H$$ Z`{. XmV Amc{ AgVrc
AmoU Zmd R>{d`mMm gH$ma Pmcm Ag{c Va {VH$m` H$amd{.
hm odH$[ Amh{. Hw$c[a[am Ag{c `m_mU{ H$amd{. {VH$m` H{$c{ Va MmJc{M [U Z
H$a`mV Xm{f Zmhr Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
g]Mmna`{H$mh_VrV{ j[U _V_$&

O_`{H$m{XH$mZm Vw oammNw>ona`V{$&&71&&
ghm`m`r _{cm Va `mM{ gwVH$ EH$ oXdg [mimd{. gyVrZVa Odi`m AmmZm
VrZ oXdg AemM AgV{.
rUm_gH$VmZm Vw `hmNw>X `pV ]mYdm:$&

`Wm{${ Zd H$[{Z ewX `pV Vw gZm^`:$&&72&&
oddmhm[ydu _V Agc{`m H$`{M{ AemM oV`m Odi`m AmmZm d gq[S>mZm VrZ
oXdg AgV{.
AjmacdUmm: `woZ_m{`
w V{ `h_$&
_mgmeZ M Zmr`w: e`ra [WH$ ojVm$&&73&&
Aem`m_`{ VrZ oXdg _rR> ImD$ Z`{. _mgmhma H$$ Z`{. ZmZ ZXr Vi{ Aem
oR>H$mUr H$amd{. AmoU ^y_rda EH$EH$Q>{ Pm{[md{.
goYmd{f d H$[: emdmemM` H$soVV:$&

AgoYmd` k{`m{ odoY: g]pY]mYd:$&&74&&
EH$mM JmdmV ahmV AgVmZm AemMmg]YrM{ oZ`_ gmoJVc{. AmVm Xya`m JmdmV
_V Pmcm AgVmZm AemM H$g{ [mimd{ V{ gmoJVc{ OmV Amh{.
odJV Vw odX{eW lwU`w mm{ oZXe_$&

`N>f{ Xeam` VmdX{dmewoM^dV{ $ &&75&&
_Zw_oV
[ 273 ]
5 81
XyaX{er _V Pmc{`mM{ AemM, dm H$i`m[mgyZ Xhm oXdgmVrc Cac{c{ oXdg

AemM g_Omd{.
AoVH$mV{ Xemh{ M oam_ewoM^dV{ $ &

gdga{ `VrV{ Vw [Q>d m[m{ odewX òV $&&76&&
_{c{`mMr dmVm Xhm oXdgmZVa H$i{c Va VrZ oXdg AemM g_Omd{. EH$ dfmZVa
H$ic{ Va H{$di ZmZmZ{ ew hm{Vm{.
oZXe kmoV_aU lwdm [w` O_ M $&

gdmgm Oc_mcw` ewm{ ^doV _mZd:$&&77&&
gq[S>mM{ _aU Xhm oXdgmZVa H$ic{ Va ZmZmZ{ ewr hm{V{. OZZmemMmM{oh Ag{M
g_Omd{. _m h{ ZmZ AJmdarc gd dmgh Agmd{.
]mc{ X{emVaW{ M [Wp[S>{ M gpWV{$&

gdmgm Oc_mcw` g Ed odewX òV$&&78&&
VrZ dfm[ydu`m chmZ_wcm`m Aem`mg]Yroh Ag{M g_Omd{. H$maU gmq[S>
Zmhr AmoU X{egwm o^ Amh{.
AVXemh{ M{`mVm [wZ_aUO_Zr $&

Vmd`mXewoModm{ `mdm`mXoZXe_$&&79&&
Xhm oXdgmM{ AemM AgVmZm _`VarM Xwga{ _VmemM dm OZZmemM Ag`mg
[ohc{ Xhm oXdg [wa{ hm{VmM h{ Xwga{oh AemM o\$Q>V{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
Xwga{ AemM Am`m[mgyZ [whm Xhm oXdg AemM ZgV{ V{ [oh`mgd{M g[V{.
oam_mhamemM_mMm`} gpWV{ goV$&

V` [w{ M [`m M oXdmamo_oV pWoV:$&&80&&
AmMm`mg]YrM{ AemM VrZ oXdg, AmMm`mMm [w dm [Zr _V Pm`mg EH$ nXdg
AemM [mimd{.
lm{o`{ Vy[g[{ oam_ewoM^dV{ $ &

_mVwc{ [ojUt amq oe`pd]mYd{fw M $&&81&&
ode{f OdoiH{$`m lm{o`mM{ AemM VrZ oXdg, _m_m, oe`, C[m`m` B`mXtM{
XrS> oXdg AemM [mimd{.
5 82
274 ]
_Zw_oV
{V{ amOoZ g`m{oV`` `mof`{ pWV:$&

Alm{o`{ dh: H$Z_ZyMmZ{ VWm Jwam$&&82&&
`m`m am`mV amhVm{ `m amOmM{ AemM EH$ oXdg d{Xm``Z Z Pmc{`m ]mUmM{
OdirH$ AgVm EH$ oXdg, `m`mH$Sy>Z oejU K{Vc{ `m Jw$M{ EH$ oXdg AemM [mimd{.
ewX `{om{ Xemh{Z mXemh{Z ^yo_[:$&

d`: [mXemh{Z eym{ _mg{Z ewX òV$&&83&&
_VemM ]mUmgmR>r Xhm oXdg jo`mgmR>r ]mam oXdg d`mgmR>r [Yam oXdg
AmoU eymcm EH$ _mg AgV{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
eymgmR>r BVH$m XrKH$mc H$m Agmd{ V{ cjmV `{V Zmhr.Eadr H$mhrM dVoZ`_
Zg`mZ{ EdT>{ Var ]YZ [mimd{ hUyZ hm oZ`_ Agmdm.
_Zy`m EHy$U Ym{aUm_mU{ h{ oXdg ]mUm[{jmoh Wm{S>{ AgU{ `m{` Pmc{ AgV{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `m gX^mV H$mhr [>rH$aU oXc{c{ Zmhr. ewoV Agm eX`m{J Ag`mZ{ h{ AemM
gm_m` [em[emcm C{eyZ ZgyZ ode{f H$mhr [od H$m`, X{dH$m` H$amd`mM{ Ag{c Va V{ eymcm
AoYH$ oXdgmM{ AgU{ g^dV{. H$maU eymcm BVa oZ`Z{_mMr Y_H$`{, dV{ H$mhr gmoJVc{cr
ZmhrV.
Z dY`X{ KmhmoZ `yh{ mofw oH$`m:$&

Z M VH$_ Hw$dmU: gZm`m{@èwoM^dV{ $ &&84&&
AemMmg]Yr oXdgmMm odH$[ oXcm Ag{c V{W{ AoYH$ oXdg K{D$ Z`{V.
Aohm{`mgmR>r hm{_mMm cm{[ H$aUma{ AemM ZgV{. `j Aohm{`mcm emarnaH$ H$maUmZ{ Xm]`
Ag{c Va Vm{ [wmoXH$mH$S>yZoh hm{_ H$ady eH$Vm{.
oXdmH$soV_Xw `m M [oVV gyoVH$m VWm$&

ed V[o>Z Md [Q>m ZmZ{Z ewX òV$&&85&&
MmS>mc, aO:dcm, _hm[mVH$s, ]miVrU, {V dm {Vmcm oedc{cm, `mMm [e
Pmcm AgVm ZmZmZ{ ewVm `{V{.
_ZyZ{ A[`Vm gmoJVcrM Zmhr h{ hUU{ `m cm{H$md$Z A`WmW R>aV{. gKQ>Z
dmT>od`mgmR>r H$amdm cmJUmam Vm{ Mma Amh{ hUyZ j` g_Omdm.
AmM` `Vm{ oZ` O[{XewoMXeZ{ $&

gmam_m`Wm{gmh [md_mZr eo$V:$&&86&&
_Zw_oV
[ 275 ]
5 92
X{d[yOm B`moX Y_H$`{ H$arV AgVmZm darc MmS>mcmoX A[odmZm [mnhc{ Va

AmM_Z H$$Z gmagy$ d [d_mZgy$ `mMm O[ H$amdm.
`Wm{gmh dm eo$V: `m [Xmd$Z Q>rH$mH$mamZr darc gy$mVrc VrZ VrZ F$Mm
hUm`m Ag{ gwModc{ Amh{.
Zma [Q>m @pW gZ{h Zmdm odm{ odewX òV$&

AmM`d Vw oZ:Z{h Jm_mc`mH$_r` dm$&&87&&
_Zw`m`m Am{`m hmS>mMm [e Pmcm AgVm ZmZmZ{ ewVm `{V{. hmS>{ dmic{cr
AgVrc Va `m`m [emZVa AmM_Z H$amd{. AmoU Jm`rcm [e H$amdm dm gy`mH$S>{ [hmd{.
AmoX>r Zm{XH$ Hw$`mXmdV` g_m[ZmV$&

g_m{ VyXH$ H$dm oam{Ud ewX òV $&&88&&
]Mm`mZ{ dVg_mr[`V {VH$m` H$$ Z`{, ]M`ml_ g[`mZVa _Vmcm C{eZy
V[U H$amd{. AmoU VrZ am AemM [mimd{.
gm{S>_wO hm{B[`V ]Mm`mcm AemM ZgV{.AerM $T>r Amh{.
dWmgH$aOmVmZm d`mgw M oV>Vm_$&

Am_Z`moJZm Md oZdV}Vm{XH$oH$`m $&&89&&
gH$amVyZ C[ Pmc{c{, g`mg K{Vc{c{ AmoU Am_h`m H$aUma{ `mM{ {VH$m` H$$
Z`{.
Ymo_H$Q>m AmdX{ohH$ H$_ H$$ Z`{. [waU{ dm OmiU{ `m Jm{>r H$am`m.
[mfS>_molVmZm M MaVrZm M H$m_V:$&

J^^V hx m Md gwam[rZm M `m{ofVm_$&&90&&
[mIS>mMm Aml` H$aUmar, damMmnaUr, J^mMr d [VrMr h`m H$aUmar, _ o[Umar
Aem rM{oh AmdX{ohH$ H$$ Z`{.
AmMm` d_w[m`m` o[Va _mVa Jw_$&

oZ` Vw dVr {Vm dVZ{ od`w`V{$&&91&&
AmMm`, C[m`m`, Jw, AmB]m[, `mM{ AmdX{ohH$ ]M`ml_mVoh H$amd{.
XojU{Z _V ey [wama{U oZhaV{ $ &

[o_m{ma[yd Vw `Wm`m{J oO_Z:$&&92&&
5 92
276 ]
_Zw_oV
]mUjo`dèyX `mMr {V{ H$_mZ{ Jmdm`m [ydCma[pM_XojU `m

mamVyZ ]mh{a `mdrV.
Z amkm_KXm{fm{@pV doVZm Z M goUm_$&

E{ WmZ_w[mgrZm ]^yVm oh V{ gXm$&&93&&
amOmZm AemM Zmhr. H$maU V{ B[Xmda Ag`mgmaI{ AgVmV. Vg{M dV{ YmaU
H$aUma{ dm `km`m gmV gh^mJr Agc{c{ `mZmoh AemM Xm{f Zmhr. H$maU `m H$mimV V{ ]d$[M
AgVmV.
oddmhmoXH$mV X{dH$ ]g`mda AemM ZgV{. Aer $T>r Amh{M.
amkm{ _mhmp_H{$ WmZ{ g:emM odYr`V{$&

OmZm [naajmW_mgZ Mm H$maU_$&&94&&
amOm hm qghmgZmgma`m Wm{a [Xmda odamO_mZ Ag`mZ{ AmoU [X h{ O{`m
ajUmH$naVm gd H$ma{ og Agmd{ cmJV Ag`mZ{ amOmcm AemM Xm{f Zmhr.
amOH$ma^mamVyZ oZdm Pm`mZVa `mcm AemMmoX Xm{f AgVmV.
oS>^mhdhVmZm M odwVm [moWdZ{ M $&

Jm{]m U` MdmW} `` M{N>oV [moWd:$&&95&&
[wH$i cm{H$m`m _mam_marV _{c{c{, drO [Sy>Z _{c{c{, amOmZ{ _`yXS> oXc{c{, Jm` d
]mU `m`m gajUmgmR>r _aU [H$ac{c{, amOmZ{ _hdm`m H$m_mgmR>r oZ`w$ H{$c{c{ `m`mgmR>roh
AemM ZgV{.
AemM ZgU{ h{ gJ`m`mgmR>r g_mZ Agc{ Var `mV `m{`Vm^{X Amh{ h{ cjmV
R>{dc{ [mohO{. l{> H$m`mgmR>r _{c{`mMm _`yoh [od AgVm{. hUyZ `mM{ AemM Zmhr Va VwN>
qZ H$maUmgmR>r _{cc
{ m dV:M [mVH$s Ag`m_wi{ `m`mer Agc{c{ g]Y VwQ>cc
{ M
{ AgVmV._J
`mM{ AemM H$emgmR>r Yamd{ !
gm{_m`H$moZc{mUm odmm[`m{`_ ` M $&

A>mZm cm{H$[mcmZm d[wYma`V{ Z[:$&&96&&
cm{H$mM{ [mcZ H$aUmam amOm hm MAogy`dm`yB Hw$]{a dU AmnU `_
`m AmR> cm{H$[mcm`m AemVyZ oZ_mU H{$cm OmVm{.
cm{H${ emoYo>Vm{ amOm Zm`memM odYr`V{$&

emMmemM oh _`mZm cm{H${ e^dm``_$&&97&&
_Zw_oV
[ 277 ]
5 103
amOm`m earam_`{ BmoX cm{H$[mcmM{ Ae AoYo>V Ag`mZ{ AmoU Vm{ O{`m

odoYoZf{YmMm dVH$ Ag`m_wi{ `mcm AemM Zmhr.
CVamhd{ e: jY_hV` M $&

g: goV>V{ `kVWm@@emM
o_oV pWoV:$&&98&&
jo`mcm odohV Agc{`m Y_`wmV eKmVmZ{ `mMm _`y hm{Vm{ Vm{ OUw `kmMr
gmJVm H$aVm{ hUyZ AemM ZgV{. Ag{ em Amh{.
od: ewX ``[: [Q>m jo`m{ dmhZm`wY_$&

d`: Vm{X a_rdm `q> ey: H$VoH$`:$&&99&&
[m`mcm [e H$$Z ]mU, AmoX dmhZ{ AmoU IS>JmoX e{ `mZm [e H$$Z
jo`, Mm]wH$ qH$dm cJm_ `mZm [e H$$Z d` AmoU cmR>rcm [e H$$Z ey ew hm{VmV.
hr ewr [MmE|er`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{`m H$maUmZ{ C[ Pmc{cm A[eXm{f Zmhrgm
H$a`mgmR>r Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
EVm{@oôhV emM go[S>f{ w oOm{m_m:$&

Ago[S>f{ w gd}fw {Vewq oZ]m{YV$&&100&&
Vwhmcm AmVm[`V gq[S>mg]YrM{ emMmemM gmoJVc{. AmVm Agq[S>mg]YrM{
emMmemMmM{ oZ`_ gmJVm{.
Ago[S> oO {V odm{ oZ` ]YwdV$&

odewoV oam{U _mVamm ]mYdmZ$&&101&&
gq[S> Zgc{cm Am qH$dm AmBM{ ZmV{dmBH$ `mM{ {V K{D$Z _emZmV J{cm Va `mcm
VrZ oXdgmM{ AemM _mZmd{.
`_om V{fm Vw Xemh{Zd ewoV$&

AZX_d Z M{mp_Jh{ dg{V$ &&102&&
`mcm Xhm oXdgmM{ AemM Amh{ `mM{M Kar {VdmhH$ O{drV Ag{c Va `mcmoh
Xhm oXdg AemM AgV{. Oa Vg{ A ImUmam Zg{c AmoU `m Karoh ahmV Zg{c Va `mcm EH$M
oXdg AemM AgV{.
AZwJ`{N>`m {V kmoV_kmoV_{d M$&

Zmdm gMc [Q>m @q KV m` odewoV$&&103&&
5 103
278 ]
_Zw_oV
H$m{Um`moh {Vmgd{ _emZmV J{`mg Vr ò$ gd dmgh ZmZ H{$`mZ{, Arcm

[e H$$Z AmoU KV meZ H$$Z ew hm{V{.
Z od d{fw oV>gw _V eyU

{ Zm``{V$ &
Ad`m mhoV: gm `mNy>g[eXoy fVm$&&104&&
{VmM{ dhZ ddUmH$Sy>Z hm{U{M MmJc{. eymMm [e e`Vm{ Zgmdm. `m_wi{
{VH$m`mM{ \$c [acm{H$s o_iV Zmhr.
{VdhZ `m `m dUmZ{M H$amd{ hm _w` C{e. BVamZr AS>MUr`m d{ir H$$M Z`{
Agm `mMm AW Zmhr. ey[emMm Xm{f gmJU{ hm AWdmX Ag`mM{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr [> hQ>c{ Amh{.
kmZ V[m{@oamhmam{ __Zm{ dm`w[ mOZ_$&

dm`w: H$_mH$ H$mcm M ew:{ H$Vo U X{ohZm_$&&105&&
kmZV[Ao Amhma_mVr _Z[mUr gS>m qe[U{ dm`wH$_(`k[yOmoX)
gy`XeZ AmoU H$mc(H$mcmdoY) hr _Zw`mcm ew H$aUmar gmYZ{ Amh{V.
gd}fm_{d emMmZm_WemM [a _V_$&

`m{@W} ewoMoh g ewoMZ _mnaewoM: ewoM:$&&106&&
gd H$ma`m emMm_`{ (ewV{_`{) AWemM h{ gdl{ > Amh{. AWmOZ m`m g]Y mV
Om{ [od Vm{M Iam [od. _mVr[mUr B`mXtZr `{Umar ewVm hr ewVmM Zh{. Vr H{$di ]m
X{hm[waVr C[`w$.
_mZdr OrdZm`m >rZ{ hm cm{H$ A`V _hdmMm Amh{. ` H$g{ o_iodVm{ `mda
ewVm dm AewVm Adc]yZ AgV{. Im{Q>{ZmQ>{ , A`m`\$gdUyH$ cw]mS>U{ XwH$`{ qhgm
B`moX A`m{` _mJmZ{ o_iodc{c{ YZ Om{ C[^m{JVm{ Vm{M Iam A[od. Am[`m `m` AoYH$mamZ{
O{ o_imc{c{ Zmhr, O{ o_iod`mV AJMwH$ma[Um, c]mS>r H{$c{cr Zmhr dm O{ H$m{Ur oZdmW[U{
{_mXamZ{ oXc{c{ Amh{, V{M YZ Am[c{. `mVM gVm{f _mZyZ amohc{ [mohO{. BVa gd Xwg`m`m
YZmMm A[hma H$a`mgmaI{ hm{V{ AmoU V{ Vg{ H$aU{ qZ Amh{.
jm`m ewpV odmgm{ XmZ{ZmH$m`H$mnaU:$&

N>[m[m O`{Z V[gm d{Xodm_m:$&&107&&
odmZ _mUyg j_{Z{ (gm{oeH$[UmZ{) ew hm{Vm{. A`m{` Jm{> H$aUmamMr ewo XmZmZ{
hm{V{. Jw[U{ [m[{ H$aUmamcm O[mZ{ ewVm cm^V{. d{XmM{ Cm_ kmZ AgUmamMr ewo V[mZ{ hm{V{.
_Zw_oV
[ 279 ]
5 108
odmZ hUO{ ehmUm, OmUH$ma, emd{mm _Zw` ^m{dVmc`m [napWVr_wi{ dm

BVa g]oYVm`m dmJ`m]m{c`mZ{ oH$`{H$d{im A`V jwY hm{Vm{. H$m_H$m{YmZ{,_X_m{hmZ{ `mM{nh
_Z `m[c{ OmV{. hUO{ ZH$m{ V{ _Zm{Xm{f `mcmoh ]mYVmVM. hr ]mYm gm{oeH$[Um_wi,{ j_mercV{_i
w {
Zmhrer hm{V{. AmoU `mM{ _Z [wZ: emV g hm{V{. h{M `m`m _ZmM{ em{YZ.
A`m{` H$VrMr ewo XmZmZ{ hm{V{ h{ Ia{ [U AH$m` H$arV amhmd{ AmoU XmZ X{V amhmd{
h{ `m{` Zmhr. `m Aem ewV{gmR>r _Y{ [mmm[ Ad` AgVm{. AmoU Iam [mmm[ Vm{M H$s `m_wi{
[whm ZH$m{ V{ H$a`mMr dmrM hm{V Zmhr. Mm{$Z H{$c{`m [m[m`m gX^mV Ag{M g_Omd{.
d{XmMm MmJcm OmUH$ma Amh{ [U e{dQ>r Vm{oh _mUygM Amh{. V{hm `m`m hmVyZ
H$mhr chmZ ghmZ MwH$m hm{D$ eH$VmV. emm`m AmXem_mU{ V{oh CoMV Zmhr.d{Xd{`m`m gX^mV
Va ZmhrM Zmhr.hUyZ `mcmoh V[mM{,H$mhr H$R>m{a dVmXtM{ mòm gmoJVc{ Amh{.
_mm{`: ewV{ em{` ZXr d{JZ{ ewoV$&

aOgm r _Zm{Xw >m g`mg{Z oOm{m_m:$&&108&&
ew (dN>) H$$Z `md`mMr dVy _mVrZ{ AmoU [m`mZ{ ew hm{V{. ZXr d{JmZ{ ew
hm{V{. _ZmZ{oh XyofV Pmc{cr r aOmdmZVa, [mir `{D$Z J{`mZVa ew hm{V{. AmoU ]mU
g`mgJhUmZ{ ew hm{Vm{.
d{,^mS>r B`moX dVy _mVrZ{ KmgyZ [m`mZ{ odgiyZ YwdyZ dN> hm{VmV. h{ gdmZm
_mhrV Amh{M. `md{ir gmS>[m`mM{ (ce) emMHy$[ ZhV{ AmoU XyofV agm`ZmZ{ ^$Z dmhUma{
Zmc{ ZmZm o_iV ZhV{ V{hm da`m JmdmV ZmZ YwU{[mUr B`moX H$maUmZr ZXrV o_gic{cr
KmU dmhVr ZXr Imc`m Jmdmcm [m{hm{M{[`V Zmoher hm{V Ag{. oZXmZ oZ[dr Var hm{V Ag{M.
ZXrM{ [mUr o[`m[ydu \$ma Va H$[S>mVyZ JmiyZ K{Vc{ H$s ]hYm ^mJV Ag{. H$maU dmh`m ZXrV
[m`mV odaKiUm`m mUdm`y_i
w { [mUr ghO[U{ ew hm{V Ag{. XwXd mZ{ AmO hr [napWoV amohc{cr
Zmhr. ]hV{H$ Zm `m XyofV [m`mM{ Zmc{ Pm`m Amh{V. `m H{$di d{JmZ{ ew hm{`mMr e`Vm
\$maer Cac{cr Zmhr. d{JmZ{ dmh`mBVH{$ [mUroh ]hYm V{W{ ZgV{.
_Zm{Xw> r aOmdmZVa ew hm{V{. `mMm AW cmdVmZm ]hV{H$ Q>rH$mH$mamZr earamZ{
Xm{f KS>c{cm ZgVm{ H{$di [a[wfmodf`rM{ _mZogH$ AmH$fU Agm AW H{$cm Amh{. [U Vm{ AW
`m{` Zmhr Ag{ dmQ>V{.[a[wfmodf`r AmH$fU oZ_mU hmd`mM{ Ag{c Va V{ H{$hmVar EH$XmM
oZ_mU hm{V{ Ag{ hUVm `{Uma Zmhr. "_Zm{aWmZm AJoVZ odV{' h{ dmBQ> AWmZ{ dmadmaoh KS>V{ _J
"aOgm ewX`V{ ' hUU{ oZ`m{OZ R>aV{. hUyZ `{W{ m_w`mZ{ XwXdmZ{ ]cmH$mnaV r Ao^{V
5 108
280 ]
_Zw_oV
Amh{. [a[wfm`m AmH$fUm_wi{ $oMV oV`m hmVyZ ò^Mma KS>cmM Vargwm Vr _mogH$ aOmdmZVa
ew hm{V{ Agm `mMm AW H$aU{M ]a{. [wT>`m EH$e{Xhm`m cm{H$mV earamMm C{I Amh{ Vm{ _m`m
_Vmcm [m{fH$ Amh{.emmMm hm CXma o>H$m{Z odga`m_wi{ Am[`m X{emMr [wH$i hmZr Pmcr Amh{
eyM{ ggma WmQ>c{ J{c{ AmoU `m`m cm{H$g`{V MS> _mUmV dmT> Pmcr `m_wi{M Amo[oh
Am[`mcm dam`mM{ gwI I`m AWmZ{ ^m{JVm `{V Zmhr. XwgarH$Sy>Z dò$H$ ZroV_mm gwYmacr
Ag{oh hUVm `{V Zmhr. d{`mdmr \$m{\$mdcr MmJ`m KamVrc VUroh AmhVmJZ{Mm `dgm`
YZcm{^mZ{ H$aVmV.AmoU `m KmUrV Sw>]UmamMr g`moh dmT>V OmV Amh{. emmMm o>H$m{Z CXma
hm{Vm. j_merc hm{Vm AmoU g_mOm`m ohVmMm hm{Vm.hUyZ [mirZVa r ew hm{V{ Ag{ hQ>c{
Amh{.
AoJmmoU ewpV _Z: g`{Z ewoV$&

odmV[m{`m ^yVm_m ]wokmZZ{ ewoV$&&109&&
earamd`d [m`mZ{ ew hm{VmV. g`mMaUmZ{ _Z ew hm{V{. odm AmoU V[mZ{ Ord
qH$dm qcJX{h ew hm{Vm{. kmZmZ{ ]wrcm ewVm cm^V{.
Ef emM` d: m{$: emara` odoZU`:$&

ZmZmodYmZm `mUm ew:{ eUVw oZU`_$&&110&&
Aem arVrZ{ h{ earaodf`H$ ewrg]YrM{ oZ`_ gmoJVc{. AmVm ZmZmodY `m`m
ewrg]YrM{ oZ`_(C[m`) E{H$m.
_wimVrc eX eara Agm Amh{; `md$Z X{h, _Z, ]wo, AhH$ma, qcJeara AmoU
Ordm_m `m gdmMmM g_md{e `m eXmZ{ JhrV Yamdm. EH$e{Zd`m cm{H$mV Vgm [> C{I
Amh{M.
VOgmZm _UrZm M gd`m__`` M $&

^_mZm@o_X m Md ewo$m _Zrofo^:$&&111&&
YmVy`m dVy, aZ{ AmoU XJS>r `{ `mMr ewVm ^_(amI) [mUr AmoU _mVr
`mZr hm{V{ Ag{ OmU`mZr gmoJVc{ Amh{
oZc}[ H$mmZ ^mS>_oa{d odewoV$&

AO___` Md amOV MmZw[H$V_$&&112&&
gm{`mMr gmYr ^mS>r, [m`mVyZ oZ_mU Pmc{c{ eIqe[m_m{Vr Ag{ [XmW, XJS>m`m
H$mM{`m dVy a{Km Zgc{c{ MmoXM{ ^mS>{ hr H{$di [m`mZ{M ew hm{VmV.
_Zw_oV
[ 281 ]
5 117
AZw[H$V hU`mZ{ ^mS>mda a{ImXrZr oZaoZam`m H$maMr AmH$fH$ H$cmHw$ga

Ag{, Ag{ og hm{V{. `m a{IZmV AS>H$c{cm _i Zwg`m [m`mZ{ odgi`mZ{ dN> hm{Uma Zmhr h{
CKS> Amh{.
A[m_{ g`m{JmXh_ am` M oZ]^m$&

V_mm`m{: d`m{`d oZU}H$m{ JwUdma:$&&113&&
[mUr AmoU Ao `m`m C[`m{JmVyZM MmXr gm{`mMr (`m`m dVyMr) oZo_Vr
Pmcr Ag`mZ{ `mMr Iar ewVm [mUr AmoU Ao `mZrM hm{V{. Vg{ H$aU{M AoYH$ MmJc{.
Vm_m`:H$mà`mZm [wU: grgH$` M $&

emM `Wmh H$V` jmamcm{XH$dmnao^:$&&114&&
Vm]{cm{IS>H$mg{ o[Vi H$oWcoeg{ `m`m dVy jma, Am]Q> `{, [mUr
`m`m ghm`mZ{ `Wm`m{` arVrZ{ ew H$am`mV.
dmUm Md gd}fm ewo[dZ _V_$&

m{jU ghVmZm M XmadmUm M VjU_$&&115&&
ew H$a`mgmR>r d[XmW CH$iyZ `md{V. K> [XmWmda m{jU H$amd{. AmoU cmH$S>r
[XmW KmgyZ `md{V.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr CcdZ AmcdZ `m eXmMm AW X^m`m H$mS>mZr _[ydH $ hcdyZ
K{U{ Agm H{$cm Amh{. d` (V{cVy[moX) Agc{`m [XmWm`m ^mS>mZm ]mh{$Z [eXm{f hm{Bc
V{hm emgVm{fmgmR>r darc AW R>rH$ Amh{. [U V{cVy[ BVaoh H$maUmZr Aew hm{D$ eH$V{. V{hm
CcdZ eXmMm AW CgiU{ Agm Ag`mZ{ `md$Z CH$iyZ K{U{ Agm AW H$aU{ `dhm` R>a{c.
_m V{cVy[ CH$iyZ K{VmZm `mV AmYr Wm{S>{g{ [mUr KmcU{ Amd`H$ Amh{ h{ odg$ Z`{. K> [XmW
hUO{ AW$U [mK$U AmgZ{ B`moX dVy.
_mOZ `k[mmUm [moUZm `kH$_oU$&

M_gmZm JhmUm M ewo: jmcZ{Z Vw$&&116&&
M_g, Jh, Aer `k[m{ AmYr hmVmZ{ [wgyZ `mdrV ZVa [m`mZ{ YwdyZ `mdrV.
M$Um wwdmUm M ewoU{Z dmnaUm$&

èy[e
H$Q>mZm M _wgcm{cI
y c` M$&&117&&
M$M{ ^mS>{, wH$ wdm, `, eH$Q>, _wgi, CIi, gy[ `mMr ewr H$T>V [m`mZ{
YwV`mda hm{V{.
5 117
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M$ eXmZ{ `{W{ M$[m `md{ Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{ V{ `m{`M Amh{. H{$di
M$ eXmMm AW `kmgmR>r odoe> [VrZ{ oeOodc{cm [XmW Amh{. ode{fV: hm ^mVM AgVm{.
AoVw m{jU emM ]hZm Ym`dmgg_$&

jmcZ{Z d[mZm_o: emM odYr`V{$&&118&&
Ym` AmoU d{ [wH$i _mUmV AgVmZm `m`m ewV{gmR>r `m`mda [m`mZ{
m{jU H$amd{.([mUr qe[S>md{) AmoU Wm{S>m _mUmV AgVrc Va [m`mZ{ YwdyZ `md{.
Mcd_Um ewodXcmZm VWd M$&

emH$_yc\$cmZm Vw Ym`dNw>ona`V{$&&119&&
[ey`m H$mVS>mMr ewo dm_mU{ g_Omdr. ]m]y[mgyZ V`ma Pmc{`m dVyM{oh
Vg{M g_Omd{. Z oeOodc{`m `m ^m`m dm _wi{ \$i{ AgVrc `mMr ewo Ym`m_mU{ m{jUmZ{
hm{V{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
H$me`{ modH$`m{$f: Hw$V[mZm_na>H$ :$&

lr\$cae
[w >mZm jm_mUm Jmagf[: $&&120&&
a{er_ AmoU cm{H$arMr d{ Im`m _mVrZ{ dN> hm{VmV. Z{[mir H$m]ir naR>m`m
[m`mZ{, [R>`mgmaIr Ae[w >{ ]{c\$imZ{ AmoU Amier,dmI `m[mgyZ oZ_mU Pmc{c{ H$m[S> [mT>`m
_m{h`mZr ew hm{V{.
h{ H$[S>{ gm_m`V: V{cmVw[m`m S>mJmZ{ _iH$Q> Pmc{ AgVm `mZm dN> H$a`mMm
hm H$ma Amh{.
jm_dN>emUm_pWXV_`` M$&
ewoodOmZVm H$m`m Jm{_y U
{ m{XH{$Z dm$&&121&&
eIqeJ{ ApW XV `m[mgyZ H{$c{`m dVyMr ewVm a{e_r dm_mU{ [mT>`m
_m{har`m H$H$mZ{ hm{V{. Jm{_y AmoU [mUr `mZroh `m dVy ew hm{VmV.
m{jUmmUH$m> O [cmc Md ewoV$&

_mOZm{ZmOZd} _ [wZ:[mH{$Z __`_$&&122&&
JdV, cmH$S>{, H$S>]m `mMr ewo m{jUmZ{ hm{V{. Ka gS>mgmadUmZ{ ew hm{V{. _mVrM{
^mS>{ [wZ: ^mO`mZ{ ew hm{V{.
__y: [warfdm >rdZ: [yèm{oUV:$&

g[> Zd ew{V [wZ:[mH{$Z __`_$&&123&&
_Zw_oV
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__yod>mWwH$s[ya$ `mZr XyofV Pmc{c{ _mVrM{ ^mS>{ ^mO`mZ{oh ew

hm{V Zmhr. (V{ Q>mHy$Z oXc{ [mohO{)
g_mOZm{[mOZ{Z g{H${ Zm{I

{ Z{Z M$&
Jdm M [nadmg{Z ^wo_: ewoV [mo^:$&&124&&
PmSy>Z H$mT>U,{ gmadU{, (Jm{_y AmoX) qe[S>U,{ IaSy>Z H$mT>U,{ dm Jm`tZm V{W{ ]godU{
`m [mM H$mamZ{ ^y_rMr ewo hm{V{.
Amd`H$V{_mU{ `mVrc EH$ dm AoYH$ Jm{>tMm C[`m{J H$amdm.
[ojOY JdmKmV_dYyV_djwV_$&
XyofV H{$eH$sQ>
_j{[U
{ ewoV$&&125&&
[`mZr Im{c{, Jm`tZr hJc{c{, cmWmS>c{c{ dm Jm`rMrM(cmi) WwH$s cmJc{c{,
H{$g qH$dm H$sS>m [S>c{c{ [XmW _mVrZ{ ew hm{VmV.
`{Wrc em{YZ h{ dVy`m [XmWm`m d[m_mU{ `m{` `mM H$ma{ H$amd`mM{ Amh{
Ag{ g_Omd{. gJi{ [XmW EH$mM H$mamZ{ ew H$amd{V. Ag{ hUVm `{Uma Zmhr. V{ `dhmòh
R>aUma Zmhr.
`mdm[`_{`m$mYm{ c{[ VH$V:$&

Vmd_mna MmX{` gdmgw èwofw$&&126&&
dVycm cmJc{cr KmU dm XwJY [yU[U{ Zmhrgm hm{V Zmhr Vm{[`V _mVr[mUr `mMm
C[`m{J H$$Z `m `m dVy ew H$$Z `m`m.
roU X{dm: [odmoU ]mUmZm_H$[`Z$&

A>_ooZoU$ ` dmMm e`V{$&&127&&
O{ `j [mohc{c{ Zmhr dm [m`mZ{ YwdyZ K{Vc{ Amh{ dm AmmZr ew H{$c{ hUyZ
gmoJVc{ Amh{ Aem dVy ]mUmgmR>r ew Amh{V. Agm oZU` X{dmZr H{$cm Amh{.
[em[em`m ewmewm`m OS>O] mcmV \$mag{ [Sy> Z`{. AewmMr H$[Zm H$$Z
AdW hm{D$ Z`{. ewV{`m H$[Z{_`{ \$ma Im{cmV oe$ Z`{. `mgmR>r A`V `dhmam{[`m{Jr Agm
hm oZ`_ emmZ{ gmoJVcm Amh{.
Am[: ewm ^yo_JVm dV ` `mgw Jm{^d V{ $ &

A`mm{X_{`{Z JYdUagmpdVm:$&&128&&
5 128
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_Zw_oV
`m`mOdi A[od KmU Aem Jm{>r [S>c{`m ZmhrV. O{ JY$[Md `mZr

`Wm`m{` Amh{V. O{ ^y_rVyZ da Amc{c{ Amh{ EH$m Jm`rMr VhmZ ^mJod`mg [wa{g{ Amh{ Ag{ [mUr
ew g_Omd{.
oZ` ew H$mhV: [`{ ` gmnaV_$&

]MmnaJV ^` oZ` _{ò_oV pWoV:$&&129&&
`m `m H$_mV Hw$ec Agc{`mZr oZ_mU H{$c{`m dVy hmQ>mV (]mOmamV) R>{dc{`m
dVy ]Mm`mZ{ _mJyZ AmUc{cr o^jm `m Jm{>r gXm ew g_Om`m.
AZmd`H$ AgVm YwdyZ odgiyZ K{`mMm AoVa{H$ H$m{Ur H$$ Z`{. `mgmR>r [oh`m
Xm{Z Jm{>tMm C{I Amh{.
oZ`_m` ewoM rUm eHw$oZ: \$c[mVZ{$&

d{ M ewoMdg: m _JJhU{ ewoM:$&&130&&
aoVgJr o`mM{ _wI ew, [`mMr Mm{M cmJc{c{ \$i ew, [mhm gwQ>`m`m
d{ir dmgamM{ _wI ew, [maY [H$S>`mgmR>r cmJc{c{ Hw$`mM{ Vm|S> ew AgV{.
o^hV` `_mg ewoM V_Zwa]drV$&

H$`mo hV`m`S>mcm X`wo^:$&&131&&
Hw${, qh [ey `mZr _m$Z AmUc{c{ _mg (_mgmhmar _mUgmgmR>r ) ew AgV{. Vg{
MmS>mcmoXZr AmUc{c{ _mgoh ewM AgV{.
D$d Zm^{`moZ ImoZ VmoZ _{`moZ gde:$&

`m`YVm`_{`moZ X{hmd _cm`wVm:$&&132&&
Zm^r`m darc ma{ ew OmUmdrV. Zm^r`m Imcrc ma{ A[od hm{V. X{hm[mgyZ
d{Ji{ Pmc{c{ _ioh A[od hm{V.
_ojH$m odwfN>m`m Jma: gyà _`:$&

aOm{ ^ydmàw o [e} _{`moZ oZoXeV{ $ &&133&&
_mer, qeVm{S>m, gmdcr, Jm`, Km{S>m, gy`mM{ oH$aU, Yyi, dm`w, Ao `mM{ [e
A[od _mZy Z`{V.
gmdcr eXmZ{ MmS>mcmoXH$mMr gmdcr Agm AW Q>rH$mH$mamZr [> H{$cm Amh{.
A[`mMr gmdcroh AJmda [Sy> Z`{ hUyZ `mZm a`m`m H$S>{Z{ Mmcmd{ cmJV hm{V{. `mcm
dV:`m dmQ>{Z{ Mmcyoh X{V ZhV{ Ag{ O{ JmhmU{, A[`mMm oH$Vr H$mamZ{ N>i hm{V hm{Vm `mgmR>r
_Zw_oV
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5 139
gmoJVc{ OmV Ag{ V{ oH$Vr Im{Q>{ hm{V{ V{ `md$Z [> hm{V{. gKfmMr AmJ [{Q>odU{ AmoU `mda
dmWmMr [m{ir ^mOyZ K{U{ EdT>{M H$maU Vg{ Mma`mV oXgV{.
od_ym{gJe
w W _m`mX`{ _WdV$&
XohH$mZm _cmZm M ewofw mXedo[$&&134&&
od>m _ym`m `mJmZVa `m Ad`dmMr ewo [mUr AmoU _mVr `mZr H$amdr. Vg{M
earamM{ O{ ]mam _i ([wT>rc cm{H$mV gmoJVc{ Amh{V) `m`m ewogmR>roh [mUr AmoU _mVr dm[amdr.
dgm ewH$ _gL>_m_yodS>Km UH$UodQ>$&

c{_mlwXoy fH$md{Xm{ mXeV{ ZUm _cm:$&&135&&
dgm ewH$a$ _mm _y od>m e|]yS> H$mZmVrc _i ]{S>H$m Aly
S>m{`mVrc _i Km_ h{ ]mam _Zw`m`m earamVrc _i hm{V.
EH$m oc{ JwX{ oVVWH$ H$a{ Xe$&

C^`m{: g XmV`m _X: ewo_^rgVm$&&136&&
_ymamcm EH$Xm, JwXmcm VrZXm, EH$m hmVmcm(S>m`m) Xhm d{im, ZVa Xm{hr hmVmZm
gmVd{im _mVrZ{ ew H$amd{.
EVN>mM
JhWmZm oJwU ]MmnaUm_$&
oJwU `mZWmZm `VrZm Vw MVwJU
w _$&&137&&
h{ ewrM{ _mU JhWmgmR>r Amh{. ]Mm`mcm `m`m Xw[Q>, dmZWmcm oV[Q>,
AmoU g`memcm Mm[Q> ewrM{ _mU g_Omd{.
H$dm _y [warf dm Im`mMmV C[[eV{ $ &

d{X_`{`_mU A_ gdXm$&&138&&
_c_yodgOZ AmoU ewo Pm`mZVa AmM_Z H$$Z ZmH$ H$mZ S>m{`mZm [e
H$amdm. d{Xm``Z H$a`m[ydu AmoU O{dUm[ydu h{ Ad` H$amd{.
O{dUmZVaoh hmV Vm|S> YwdZy Pm`mda S>mi
{ { ZmH$ H$mZmcm [e H$amdm Ag{ odYmZ
Amh{.
oamMm_{X[: [yd o: _`mmVm{ _wI_$&

emara emMo_N>ph r eyVw gH$gH$V$&&139&&
earaewrgmR>r VrZ d{im AmM_Z H$amd{. Xm{Z d{im Vm|S> [wgmd{. o`mZr AmoU eymZr
h{ EH$Xm H{$c{ Var MmcV{.
5 140
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_Zw_oV
eymUm _mogH$ H$m` d[Z `m`doVZm_$&

d`dN>mM
H$[ oOm{pN>> M ^m{OZ_$&&140&&
eymZ{ _oh`mVyZ EH$Xm _wS >U H$amd{.Vg{ H$aU{M `m{` Amh{. d`m_mU{ ewVm H$amdr.
AmoU oOmM{ O{dU Pm`mZVa Cac{c{ O{dmd{.
oOm{pN>> M ^m{OZ_ `m eXmMm AW oOmM{ C>{ Imd{ Agm H$$ Z`{. H$maU _mJ{
eymcm C>{ X{D$ Z`{ Agm oZ`_ gmoJVcm Amh{. CpN>>> eXmMm dmVodH$ AW ImD$Z Cac{c{ Agm
Amh{.
Zm{pN>> Hw$dV{ _w`m odwfm{@ [VpV `m:$&

Z _lyoU JVm`m` Z XVmVaoYo>V_$&&141&&
Vm|S>mVrc cmi{Mm AJmda [S>c{cm W|] `m_wi{ A[odVm `{V Zmhr. o_emM{ H{$g
Vm|S>mV OmVmV dm XmV H$m{aVmZm AmMm H$U oZKVm{ `m_wi{oh A[odVm `{V Zmhr.
AoVa{H$ Q>mi`mMmM hm `mdhmnaH$ odMma Amh{.
[epV o]Xd: [mXm ` AmMm_`V: [amZ$&

^mo_H$V{ g_m k{`m Z Va`Vm{ ^d{V$ &&142&&
Xwg`mcm AmM_Z X{VmZm [m`mM{ W|] dV:`m [m`mda [S>c{ Va A[od g_Oy
Z`{. ^y_rda [S>c{`m [m`m_mU{M V{ g_Omd{.
CpN>>Z{ Vw g[>m{ `hV: H$WMZ$&

AoZYm`d VX`_mMmV: ewoMVmo_`mV$&&143&&
hmVmV dm AJmImmda H$mhr AgVmZm CQ>m _mUgmMm [e Pmcm Va AmM_Z
H$$Z ewVm `{V{. dVy Imcr R>{d`mMr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr.
O{dVmZm dm O{d`mda hmV Vm|S> Yw`m[yduMm _Zw` oedcm Va C>m _Zw` oedcm
Ag{ hm{V{.
dmVm{ odna$: Zmdm Vw KV[meZ_mMa{V$ &

AmMm_{Xd{ ^wdm@ ZmZ _Wow ZZ: _V_$&&144&&
CcQ>r Pmcr dm AoVgma Pmcm Va ZmZ H$$Z Wm{S>{g{ Vy[ Imd{. hUO{ ewVm hm{V{.
O{dUmZVa CcQ>r Pmcr Va H{$di AmM_Z H{$c{ Var ^mJV{. _WwZmZVa ZmZmZ{ ewo hm{V{.
gwdm jwdm M ^wdm M oZ>r`m{dm@ZVmoZ M$&

[rdm@[m{@`{`_mU AmMm_{`Vm{@o[ gZ$&&145&&
_Zw_oV
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oZm, qeH$ ^m{OZ, Im{Q>{ ]m{cU{, [mUr o[U{, `mVrc H$mhr H{$c{ dm KS>c{ Va
A``Zm[ydu AmM_Z H$amd{.
Ef emModoY: H$Zm{ èwoVWd M $&

C$m{ d: gddUmZm rUm Y_mo]m{YV$&&146&&
ew hm{`mg]YrM{ h{ oZ`_ gmoJVc{ `mM_mU{ `mMr ewo H$emZ{ hm{V{ V{oh
gmoJVc{ h{ oZ`_ Mmar dUmgmR>r Amh{V. AmVm o`mM{ Y_ gmJVm{ ldU H$am.
ewVm, dN>V{Mm R>{H$m EH$m ]mUmcmM H$m` Vm{ oXcm Amh{, Ag{ Zmhr. eymgh
Hw$Uroh Ag{ ew, dN>, [od amh eH$Vm{. gdmZrM Vg{ amhU{ MmJc{. `m odf`rMm AmXe
amI`mM{ Xmo`d _m ]mUmda Amh{. h{ odg Z`{.
]mc`m dm `wd`m dm d`m dm@o[ `m{ofVm$&

Z dmV`{U H$V` qH$oMH$m` Jh{ do[$&&147&&
r chmZ Agm{, VU Agm{ dm d Agm{ KamVrcoh H$m{UV{oh H$m_ oVZ{ H{$di
dmV`mZ{ H$$ Z`{.
H$m{U`moh H$`modf`r dS>rcYm`mMr dm gmga`m _S>itMr gh_oV dm AZw_oV
Agmdr. `m`m Z H$iV H$mhr H$$ Z`{.
]m`{ o[Vwde
{ oV>V{ [moUJmh` `mdZ{$&
[wmUm ^Vna {V{ Z Ô{r dVVm_$&&148&&
]mc[Ur o[`m`m, VU[Ur [Vr`m, [Vr _V AgVm [wm`m AmYrZ hm{D$Z amhmd{.
oVZ{ H$Yroh dV amh Z`{.
o[m ^m gwVd m@o[ Z{N>o{ ah_m_Z:$&

Efm oh odah{U r J} Hw$`mX^
w { Hw$c{$&&149&&
o[Vm [Vr dm [w `m`mdmMyZ AJXr EH$Q>{ H$Yr amh Z`{. A`Wm Vr Xm{hr Hw$cmcm
qZ H$arc.
gXm >`m ^m` JhH$m`} M Xj`m$&

gwg H$Vm{[H$a`m ``{ Mm_w$hV`m$&&150&&
rZ{ gXm g amhmd{. JhH$`mV Xj Agmd{. Ka dm KamVrc gm_mZ ZrQ>Z{Q>H{$ d
dN> R>{dmd{. `` H$aVmZm hmV AmIS>VmM R>{dmdm. H$mQ>H$ga Agmdr.
5 150
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rcm g R>{d`mgmR>r H$m` H$amd{ H$g{ dmJmd{ V{ oVg`m A`m`mVrc cm{H$

[Mmd V{ ]mg> `{W{ godVa[U{ Amc{ Amh{. V{W{ oV`mer H$g{ dmJmd{ V{ Amc{ Amh{. `{W{ oVZ{ H$g{
dmJmd{ V{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. Oa Va M{ C[ H$$Z `dW{cm ]mY AmUU{ MmJc{ ZgV{. `{H$mZ{
Xwgam H$gm dmJVm{ `mMm odMma Z H$aVm dV: H$g{ dmJmd{ V{ em>rZ{ odMmamV K{D$Z dmJU{M
H$mQw>o]H$ AmoU gm_moOH$ >rZ{ ohVmdh AgV{.
`_ Xmp[Vm d{Zm ^mVm dm@Zw_V{ o[Vw:$&

V ewlfy V{ OrdV gpWV M Z c`{V$ &&151&&
o[Vm dm o[`m`m AZw_VrZ{ ]Yy `mcm X{Vrc `mMrM ewlyfm H$arV amhmd{. Vm{
([Vr) _aU [md`mZVaoh `m`m _`mX{M{ CKZ H$$ Z`{.
dY`mVoh damMmar hm{D$ Z`{.
_cmW d``Z `kmgm Om[V{:$&

`w`V{ oddmh{fw XmZ dm`H$maU_$&&152&&
dpVdmMZ AmoU Om[oV `k H$$Z oddmhm_`{ O{ XmZ (H$`mXmZ) hm{V.{ `m_wiM
{
rda [VrM{ dmo_d oZ_mU hm{V{.
AZVmdVHw $mc{ M _gH$maH$[oV:$&

gwI` oZ` XmV{h [acm{H${ M `m{ofV:$&&153&&
oddmhgH$mamZ{ `mMm drH$ma Pmcm Amh{ Vm{ [VrM rcm gdXm Bhcm{H$s AmoU
[acm{H$soh gwI X{Umam AgVm{.
oderc: H$m_dmm{ dm JwUd m [nadoOV:$&

C[M`: o`m gm`m gVV X{dd[oV:$&&154&&
[Vr Oar Xw:erc dadVZr dm JwUaohV Agcm Var gmdr rZ{ X{d g_OyZ `mMrM
g{dm H$amdr.
hm cm{H$ rda YmXmV A`m` H$aUmam Amh{ Ag{ dada [mhVm oXgV{. [U _mZdr
g_mOmM{ gwIdm` oQ>H$dmd`mM{ Ag{c Va Hw$Qw>] hm KQ>H$ pWa AmoU A^{ Agm AgcmM
[mohO{. h{ EH$Xm _m` H{$c{ H$s _J hm oZ`_ H$R>m{a dm A`m`r dmQ>Uma Zmhr. Hw$Qw>] oQ>H$odU{ oH$Vr
_hdmM{ Amh{ V{ `md$Z cjmV `md`mM{ AgV{. ZmhrVa \w$g`m H$maUmZ{oh KQ>\$m{Q> KS>VmV.
`mMr dmadma [wZamdmr hm{V{. AmoU _J Hw$Qw>] eXmVrc Iam Ame`M Zmhrgm hm{Vm{.
Km{a A[amYr, `gZr, ]hH$c{c{ Aem cm{H$mM{ [wZdgZ H$amd{ hUO{ gH$ma H$$Z
_Zw_oV
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`mZm MmJc{ gwYmamd{. g_mOmZ{ _m{H$i{[UmZ{ `mMm drH$ma H$amdm Ag{ g_OUmam _mZdVmdmX hm
ZdrZ eX AoJH$maUmam EH$ KQ>H$ g_mOmV Amh{. `m odMmamM{ r[wf AgVmV. Amh{V. Vg{ H$m_
H$aUm`m gWmoh Amh{V. `m `{H$ H$aUmV èdr hm{VmV Ag{oh Zmhr. Var `m dfmZwdf dmBQ>
`$sZm gwYma`mM{ H$m_ oZ>{Z{ H$arV AgVmV. `{W{ Y_emmZ{ rda EH$mM [wfmcm gwYma`mM{
H$m_ gm{[odc{ Amh{. `m_wi{ VwcZ{Z{ V{ AoYH$ gm{[{ Amh{. h{ EH$ gm_moOH$ H$V`M Amh{.AmoU
Hw$Qw>] amIm`M{ Ag{c Va `m `mJmg gVm{fmZ{ og Agc{ [mohO{. hm gVm{f dm^modH$[U{ oQ>H$mdm
hUyZ "X{ddV C[M`:' Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
ZmpV rUm [W`km{ Z dV Zm`w[m{fU_$&

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gmoJVcm Amh{.
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hm cm{H$ AgmM dm_rH$s am_mÙmV grV{Z{ Cmacm Amh{.
[moUJmh` mmdr r OrdVm{ dm _V` dm$&

[oVcm{H$_^rgVr ZmMa{pH$oMXo`_$&&156&&
[oVcm{H$ (AWmV dJcm{H$) `mMr MmJcr mr hmdr Aer BN>m H$aUm`m gmdr
rZ{ `mZ{ gH$ma[ydH$ [moUJhU H{$c{ Amh{ Aem Am[`m [Vrer Vm{ oOdV AgVmZm dm _{`mdaoh
EH$oZ> amhmd{. [Vrcm Ao` dmQ>{c Ag{ H{$hmoh H$$ Z`{.
5 157
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Z Vw Zm_mo[ Jr`mV [`m {V{ [a` Vw$&&157&&
[Vr`m _`yZVa `m rZ{ Am[c{ eara H$X_yi\$imgmaIm [w>r Z X{Umam Amhma
H$$Z H$e H$arV `md{ [U [a[wfmM{ Zmdoh H$mTy> Z`{.
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hUyZ H$mhr ^md AgVm{. `m_wi{ gai m_moUH$ gmZ ò$ H$m{U`moh oVHy$c [napWVrV
emV g_mYmZr OrdZ H$Ry> eH$V{.
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AmgrVm_aUmjmVm oZ`Vm ]MmnaUr$&

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[moVd` Y_ oQ>Hy$Z amohcm [mohO{. Aer BN>m H$aUm`m odYdm rZ{ Am_aU
ghZerc, g`_r AmoU ]MmardVmZ{ amhmd{ h{M Cm_ Amh{. ([oVdVmY_ hmM o`mgmR>r l{> Y_
Amh{) _ZyZ{oh oZ`m{J `m`M _mZcm Amh{ h{ `md$Z [> hm{V{.
AZ{H$moZ ghmoU Hw$_ma]MmnaUm_$&

oXd JVmoZ odmUm_H$dm Hw$cgVoV_$&&159&&
]mcd`m[mgyZ Zo>H$ ]M`mM{ [mcZ H$aUma{ ghmdoY ]mU gVoV C[
H{$`mdmMyZoh dJmVM J{c{ Amh{V.
_V{ ^Vna gmdr r ]M`} `dpWVm$&

dJ JN>`[wm@o[ `Wm V{ ]MmnaU:$&&160&&
[Vr`m _`yZVa Or gmdr r ]M`dVmZ{ amhV{ oVcm [w Zgcm Var Vr (da
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A[`cm{^mm Vw r ^Vma_oV dVV${ &

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AmoU oVcm [acm{H$mMroh mr hm{V Zmhr.
Zm`m{[m Om@Vrh Z Mm`` [naJh${ &

Z oVr` gmdrZm $oMVm}[oX`V{$&&162&&
[a[wf d [ar `m`m[mgyZ dm `m`moR>H$mUr C[ Pmc{cr Om hr Ia{ Va OmM
Zmhr. (Ver gVoV AdY Amh{.) o`mZm emmZ{ Xwgam [oV gmoJVc{cmM Zmhr.
[qV ohdm@[H$> d_wH$> `m oZf{dV{$&

oZd gm ^d{m{H${ [a[ydo} V Mm{`V{$&&163&&
[oV XwJwUr hUyZ `mMm `mJ H$$Z Or Xwgam gXJwUr [wf [oV hUyZ drH$maV{
oVMr `m cm{H$mV qZXmM hm{V{. oVcm [a[ydm (ò^MmnaUr)M _mZcr OmV{.
ò^Mmammw ^Vw: r cm{H${ mZm{oV oZVm_$&

eJmc`m{qZ mZm{oV [m[am{J
[rS>V{$&&164&&
ò^Mmam_wi{ `m cm{H$s rMr qZXm hm{V{ AmoU [wT>Mm O_ oVcm H$m{hrMm `{Vm{.
Vg{M oVcm `m d [wT>`m O_r _hmHw$>mgmaI{ [m[r am{Joh hm{VmV.
[qV `m Zmo^MaoV _Zm{dmX{hg`Vm$&

gm ^Vc
m{H$_mZm{oV go: gmdroV Mm{`V{$&&165&&
Or r X{h_Zdm dmUrZ{oh g`_mZ{ amhV{, (ò^Mma H$$Z) [VrM{ AoVH$_U
H$arV Zmhr, oVcm [acm{H$s gXJoV o_iV{ AmoU `m cm{H$s gVr, gmdr, [oVdVm `m g]m{YZmZ{ oVMm
Jmad hm{Vm{.
AZ{Z Zmar dm{Z _Zm{dmX{hg`Vm$&

Bhm`m H$soV_mZm{oV [oVcm{H$ [a M$&&166&&
_ZdmUreara `mMm g`_ R>{dyZ Or r Aem arVrZ{ gXmMaUr dVZmZ{ amhV{ oVcm
`m cm{H$s Cm_H$sVuMm AmoU [acm{H$s [oVcm{H$mMm (dJmMm) cm^ hm{Vm{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr gwMod`m_mU{ _r `{W{ gd [oVcm{H$ eXmZ{ dJcm{H$M C{oIcm
Amh{. H$maU _w`V: gmV cm{H$m`m od^mJUrV [oVcm{H$moX MmJc{ cm{H$ dJmM{M ^mJ Amh{V.
5 166
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rcm [oV mUmhZ o` Ag`m_wi{ [oVdV{`m gX^mV dJcm{H$mMm C{I JmadmZ{ [oVcm{H$ Agm
H{$cm Amh{.
Edd mm gdUm r oOmoV: [yd_ mnaUr_$&

Xmh`{Xohm{U
{ `k[m Y_odV$&&167&&
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_mo[ydH$ XhZ H$amd{.
^m`m` [yd_ mna` Xdm@rZ`H$_oU$&

[wZXmaoH$`m Hw$`m[wZamYmZ_{d M$&&168&&
]m`H$m{ AmYr _{cr Va oVM{ XhZ AmoU {VH$m` AmQ>m{[`mda [wfmZ{ [whm c
H$amd{ AmoU [wZao[ Aohm{ Mmcdmd{.
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H$a`mgmR>r [wf _m{H$i{ Pmc{. `{W{ `{H$ Hw$im_`{ Aohm{ Mmcy amohc{ [mohO{ Agm emmMm
AmJh hm{Vm V{ `m cm{H$md$ZM [> hm{V{. AmoU `mgmR>rM [whm c H$a`mMr gdS> R>{dcr hm{Vr.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr [Zr`m _aUmZVa e` Va dmZW dm g`mgoh `mdm Ag{ gwModc{ Amh{.
[wfmZm [yU[U{ _m{H$oiH$ oXcr Amh{ Agm AW dmWmZ{ MyH$ H{$cm J{cm. Aohm{
Va Cac{M ZhV{. dmgZm[yoV V{dT>r _m`Vm [mdcr. `m gdS>qgYyMrM qQ>JcQ>dmir "emaXm' gma`m
ZmQ>H$mVyZ H{$cr J{cr Amh{. Vr `m{`M Amh{.
AZ{Z odoYZm oZ` [m`km hm[`{V$ &

oVr`_m`wfm{ ^mJ H$VXmam{ Jh{ dg{V$ &&169&&
Aem arVrZ{ oZ` H$am`m cmJUm`m [M`kmMm `mJ Z H$aVm Am`w`m`m Xwg`m
^mJmV [Zrgh JhWml_mV amhmd{.
Xwg`m^mJmMm H$mcmdoY gm_m`V: [Mdrg V{ Mmirg dfmMm g_Omdm. Am`w`mMm
[ohcm ^mJ ]M`ml_ hm drg V{ [Mdrg dfmMm AgVm{ Ag{ JhrV Y$Z h{ ocohc{ Amh{.
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[ 293 ]
65
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A`m` ghmdm
Ed Jhml_{ pWdm odoYdZmVH$m{ oO:$&
dZ{ dg{mw oZ`Vm{ `WmdooOV{p`:$&&1&&
oejU [yU Pm`mda AemarVrZ{ JhWml_mV amhZ `m{` V{ AmMaU H$amd{. Bo`mda
dmo_d g[mXZ H$amd{ AmoU ZVa dmZWml_ drH$mamdm.
JhWVw `Xm [`{cr[ocV_m_Z:

A[``d Mm[` VXm@a` g_ml`{V$ &&2&&
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JhWmZ{ Aa`mMm Aml` H$amdm.
g`` Jm`_mhma gd Md [naN>X_$&

[wf{ w ^m`m oZoj` dZ JN>{ ghd dm$&&3&&
ZmJar OrdZmV AgVmZm K{Vcm OmUmam Z{h_rMm Amhma AmoU E{` JQ> H$aUm`m
dVy `mMm `mJ H$amdm. [Zrcm [wm`m dmYrZ H$amd{ qH$dm oVMr Ver CH$Q> BN>m Ag{c Va
oV`mgh dZdmg drH$mamdm.
`m Xm{Z cm{H$mV gm_m`V: d`m{_`mXm [napWoVdemV [> H{$cr Amh{. AmoU
gwIgm{`rMm `mJ H$amd`mg gmoJVc{ Amh{.
Aohm{ g_mXm` J Mmo[naN>X_$&

Jm_mXa` oZ:g` oZdg{o`V{p`:$&&4&&
Aohm{mMm Ao, Ao C[mgZ{gmR>r gmoJVc{c{ gmoh` V{dT>{ ]am{]a K{D$Z, Jmd
gm{Sy>Z Aa`mV Omd{ AmoU V{W{ Bo`mM{ oZÙ H$$Z ahmd{.
_wòdodY_} `: emH$_yc\$c{Z dm$&

EVmZ{d _hm`kmod[o{ oY[ydH $_$&&5&&
_wZr ImVmV V{ A AmoU oZof ZmhrV Aer H$X_wi{\$i{ `m`m ghm`mZrM
oZ`H$_mVrc _hm`k g[mXmd{.
65
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oZgJm_`{ ghO CJdc{cr Aer Or ZrdmaX{d^mVmgmaIr Ym`{ ew gmpdH$

Aer H$X_wi{ `mZm _wZrZm g{dZ H$a`mgmaIr (_w`) `m AWmZ{ C{oIc{ Amh{.
dgrV M_ Mra dm gm` Zm`mJ{ VWm$&

OQ>m o]^`mo` _lwcm{_ZImoZ M$&&6&&
_JmOrZ dm gmY{ gwVr d YmaU H$amd{. mV:H$mir AmoU gm`H$mir ZmZ H$amd{.
OQ>mXmT>ro_emcm{_ ZI{ hr dmT>dmdrV. H$mTy> Z`{V.
`j: `mmVm{ Xmqc o^jm M eo$V:$&

A_yc\$co^jmoâM`{Xml_mJVmZ$&&7&&
O{ [XmW Imd`mM{ AgVrc `mZrM dX{dmcm oZd{XZ(A[U) H$amd{. `Wmeo$
o^jm dmT>mdr. AoVWtMm CXH$, H$X_wi{ B`mXtZr g_mZ H$amdm.
dm`m`{ oZ``w$: `mmVm{ _: g_mohV:$&

XmVm oZ`_ZmXmVm gd^Vy mZwH$[H$:$&&8&&
emm`mgm_Y{ oZ` _ Agmd{. erVm{UmoX { ghZ H$amdrV. gdmer _rZ{ dmJmd{.
_Z emV R>{dmd{. XmZ K{D$ Z`{ [U `Wm eo$ XmZ md{ AmoU gd^yV_mmodf`r X`m^md amImdm.
dVmoZH$ M Owh` mXohm{ `WmodoY$&

Xe_H$X`[d [mU_ mg M `m{JV:$&&9&&
ArMr odoY`w$ Wm[Zm H$$Z `Wm`m{àrVrZ{ Aohm{ gm^mimd{. `m{` arVrZ{
Xe[yU_mg`mJ H$amd{.
Xe}>mJÙ Md MmVw_m`moZ Mmha{V$ &

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Zj`{o>, AmJÙ, MmVw_m`, VwamÙ, XmjmÙ, hr H$_} H$_mZ{ H$amdrV.
dmgVemaX_} `_w `: d`_mV:$&

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dgV AmoU eaX `m Fy$VyV dV: Jm{im H$$Z AmUc{`m ZrdmamoX Ym`mZr `m `m
`mJmgmR>r [wam{S>me, M$ `Wmem g[mXZ H$amd{V.
X{dVm`Vw Vxdm d` _{`Va hod:$&

e{f_m_oZ `wOrV cdU M d` H$V_$&&12&&
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dZmV C[ Pmc{`m A`V [od dVyM{ X{dVmgmR>r hdZ H$$Z Cac{c{ Am[U
Imd{. _rR>oh dV:M oZ_mU H{$c{c{ dm[amd{.
WcOmXH$emH$moZ [w[_yc\$cmoZ M$&

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MmJ`m ^y_rV AmoU MmJ`m OcmV oZ_mU Pmc{c{ \$c_ycmoX drH$mamd{. AmoU
oZof Zgc{`m djm[mgyZ dm \$im[mgyZ Pmc{`m pZY [XmWmMm drH$ma H$amdm.
dO`{ _Yw _mg M ^m_moZ H$dH$moZ M$&

^VU oeJHw $ Md c{_mVH$\$cmoZ M$&&14&&
_Y, _mg, N>mH$, ^yVU (Oo_Zrda [gaUmar EH$ H$maMr ^mOr) e{dJm AmoU
^m{H$a hr `{ d` H$amdrV.
Ò{Xm`wO{ _mog _w` [ydg

o MV_$&
OrUmoZ Md dmgmog emH$_yc\$cmoZ M$&&15&&
AoZ_mgmV gmR>odc{c{ gd [XmW `mV ZrdmamoX Ym`{, H$X_wi{, OwZr d{ `mMm
g_md{e hm{Vm{. V{ gd Q>mHy$Z md{.
\$ma gJh Zgmdm, gJhmMm cm{^ Zgmdm. `mgmR>r hm oZ`_ Amh{.
Z \$mcH$>_r`mXwg>_o[ H{$ZoMV$&
Z Jm_OmVm`mVm}@o[ _ycmoZ M \$cmoZ M$&&16&&
ZmJac{`m ^y_rVyZ o[H$dc{c{ A ImD$ Z`{. _J V{ BH$S>{ oVH$S>{ [S>c{c{, H$m{UmM{
dmo_d Zgc{c{, ghO o_imc{ Var ImD$ Z`{. Vg{M JmdmV dmT>odc{cr Aer _yc\$c{oh ImD$
Z`{V.
`m oZ`_mMm A`mp_H$>m dò$H$ AmoU [macmoH$H$ Agm cm^ Amh{M. [U
^moVH$ AmoU gm_moOH$ [mVirda odMma H$aVmZmoh hr Jm{> cm^Xm`H$ Amh{. VmXyiJhS>mi
`mgma`m oZ`m{[`m{Jr Amhmamdarc Am{P{ CUmdV{. AmoU `mMm VwQ>dS>m [S>`mM{ gm_moOH$ ^`
Zmhrg{ hm{V{. lr.cmc]hmzaemr [VYmZ AgVmZm `mZr VmXimMm VwQ>dS>m cjmV K{D$Z `{H$mZ{
gm{_dmaMm C[dmg H$$Z VmXyi ImD$ Z`{ Ag{ AmdmhZ H{$c{ hm{V{. AmoWH$ g_Vm{c amI`mMm Vm{
EH$ MmJcm C[m` hm{Vm. Y_emmZr V{ dmZWmgmR>r EH$ dV hUyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. V{hm `mM{ Va
V[mMaU hm{VM
{ . `m`m >rZ{ eara_Z]wrcm ewVm `{D$Z Am`mp_H$>m `mMr JoV AoYH$
d{JmZ{ hm{D$ eH$V{. `m Jm{>rMm g_mOmdaoh A[`j[U{ C[H$maM hm{Vm{. h{ `jmV O_U{ H$R>rU [U
6 16
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g_Omd{.
Ao[$meZm{ dm `mH$mc[$^wJd{ dm$&

A_Hw$>m{ ^d{m@o[ XVm{cI
y ocH$m{@o[ dm$&&17&&
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Am[U gJi{M [XmW XmVmZr MmdyZ ImVm{ [U H$mH$S>r, ^wB_wJm`me|Jm `mgmaI{
[XmW Og{ ]mh{aM{ H$m{UV{oh gH$ma Z H$aVm MmdyZ Im{ OmVmV. Vg{ [XmW `{W{ JhrV Amh{V. Ag{
g_Omd{. ]m{a{, Omî{, `mgmaI{ [XmW h{ H$mc[$ hm{V.
g: jmcH$m{ dm `m_mggMo`H$m{@o[ dm$&

f_mgoZM`m{ dm `mg_moZM` Ed dm$&&18&&
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ghm_mg dm df `m`m[waVm Agmdm.
hm oZ`_, gJh \$ma Agy Z`{ `mH$naVm Ogm Amh{ VgmM Vm{ [XmWm`m C[cYrdaoh
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ghm_mgdf Aem H$mimMm C{I Amh{.
Z$ Mm g_r`modm dm@@` eo$V:$&

MVwWH $mocH$m{ dm `m`mm@`>_H$mocH$:$&&19&&
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g`mH$mir ImD$ Z`{) Mm`md{ir Imd{. qH$dm AmR>`md{ir Imd{.
MVwWH $mocH$ AmoU A>_H$mocH$ `mM{ AW "m H$mcm ^wO
rV' `m oZ`_mda AmYmac{c{
Amh{V. EH$ oXdg H$mhr Z ImVm Xwga{ oXder g`mH$mir O{dU{ hUO{ MVwWH$mc AmoU VrZ oXdg
H$mhr Z ImVm amhZ Mm`m oXder g`mH$mir ImU{ hm A>_H$mc.
MmmÙodYmZdm ewcH$U{ M dV`V{ $ &

[jmV`m{dm@`r`mdmJy $oWVm gH$V$&&20&&
ewc qH$dm d [jmV MmmÙ odYmZmZ{ amhmd{. qH$dm [jm`m e{dQ>r [yoU_m qH$dm
A_md`{cm AmQ>dc qH$dm H$h{ar EH$ d{i ImD$Z amhmd{.
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MmmÙ h{ EH$ H$maM{ dV Amh{. AmoU `mV oVWr_mU{ AmM{ Kmg dmT>drV dm
CU{ H$arV O{dmd`mM{ AgV{. AWmV `{W{ KmgmM{ _mU Z{h_rgmaI{ EH$$[M Agmd{. AmoU [Yam`m
oXder EH$ d{im Am]rcAmQ>dcH$h{ar `mdr Agm ^md Amh{.
[w[_yc\$cdm@n[ H{$dcdV ` { gXm$&

H$mc[$: dèrUdI
mZg_V{ pWV:$&&21&&
H$mc[$ hm{D$Z Am[U hm{D$Z JiyZ [S>c{`m \y$c_yi\$i EdT>{M ImD$Z amhmd{.
dmZWmMm hm ode{f _m` Agm AmMma Amh{.
^y_m od[nadV}V oV>{ m [XoXZ_$&

WmZmgZm`m odha{gdZ{f[y `[:$&&22&&
Zwg`m O_rZrda Pm{[yZ amhmd{ qH$dm MdS>mda oXdgâ C^{ amhmd{. qH$dm H$mhr
d{i ]gmd{, H$mhr d{i C^{ amhmd{. oH$mc ZmZ H$amd{.
H$mhr d{i ]gU{ AmoU H$mhr d{i C^{ amhU{ Ag{ gJi{M H$aVmV [U `{W{ h{ dV
hUyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{. Eadr _mUg{ ]gVmV Vr gwm H$mhr H$m_m`m oZo_mmZ{ BH$S>{ oVH$S>{ o\$aV C^r
AgVmV. Xm{hr d{im `mV oZcVm ZgV{. `{W{ oZcVm A[{ojV Amh{. AmoU `md{ir H$mhr `mZ,
Zm__aU, Vm{[R>U Aer C[mgZm hm{U{ cm^Xm`H$ Amh{. V{ oh Ao^{V Amh{.
oXdgâ ^y_rda oZOmd{ AWmV mVodYr, ZmZ, oZ`H$_, ^m{OZmoX `mMr d{i
gm{Sy>Z Pm{[U{ V{ _m edmgZmV [S>`mgmaI{ pWa amh Z`{. Hw$er daM{da [mcQ>mdr dm _YwZ_YwZ
cm{imd{. od[nadV}V `m eXmZ{ h{ [> hm{V{.
Jr_{ [mV[mVw `mfmd^mdH$moeH$:$&

AmdmgmVw h{_V{ H$_em{ dY` V[:$&&23&&
Jr_F$Vy_`{ [MmogmYZ H$amd{. [mdgm`mV CKS>m AmH$memImcr amhmd{.
ohdm`mV Am{cr d{ [naYmZ H$amdrV. AemarVrZ{ dfâ V[mMaU H$amd{.
Mmar oXemZm Mma AoHw$S>{ [{Q>dyZ oXdgâ `j ChmV ]gU{ hUO{ [MmogmYZ.
`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{c{ gd V[mMaU, eH$am`m mrgmR>r [mdVrZ{ H{$`mM{ gwa{I dUZ H$mocXmgmZ{
H{$c{ Amh{.
C[[eo fdU o[VX{dm V[`V{ $ &

V[am{JV a em{f`{h{ _m_Z:$&&24&&
oH$mcZmZ H$$Z X{do[VamM{ V[U H$amd{. AmoU AoYH$mV AoYH$ H$R>m{a Ag{ V[
AmMarV X{h oPOdmdm.
6 24
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_Zw_oV
C[dmg H$aU{ H$mhr Z ImU{ h{ gdmV _m{R>{ V[ Amh{. hUyZ da EH$ d{im, EH$
oXdgmAmS>, VrZ oXdgmZVa Amhma `mdm Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. `mM_mU{ Amhma[XmWmVoh MrMm
odMma Z H$aVm AmoU AmdOyZ Z o[H$odVm ghO o_iVrc Vr H$X_wi{ A hUyZ `mdrV Ag{
gmoJVc{ Amh{. oO^{da oZÙ hr Jm{> gJ`mV AdKS> Amh{. "`{am Bo`m odf` VwQ>{$& Vgm
oZ`_y Z`{ ag hQ>{$&' Ag{ lrkmZ{a_hmamO hUVmV V{ AJXr Ia{ Amh{.
X{hmodf`rMr gwImg$s hm gmYZm_mJmVrc gdmV _m{R>m AS>Wim hm{D$ eH$Vm{. hUyZ
X{hmcm H$> X{Uma{ CJ H$ma da gmoJVc{ Amh{V. V{ Og{`mVg{ `j AmMaUmV AmUU{ \$ma AdKS>
BVH{$M Zh{ Va Ae`M hQ>c{ Var Mmc{c. `m H$oc`wJmV Var V{dT>r j_Vm, gm{oeH$Vm H$m{Um`m
X{hmV g^dV Zmhr. C^{ amhU{ AJXr Wm{S>{ ImD$Z amhU{ B`moX `mV`m `mV gm` Jm{>r H$aUma{
cm{H$ $oMV AmT>iVmV.
ArZm_oZ dVmZmg_mam{` `WmodoY$&

AZoaoZH{$V: `m_woZ_yc
\$cmeZ:$&&25&&
Aohm{mM{ `WmodYr Cm[Z H$$Z Aohm{mMm `mJ H$amdm. AmoU _mZ YmaU
H$$Z oZdm`mMr qMVm Z dmhVm ghO[U{ o_iVrc Vr \$i{_wi{ ImD$Z amhmd{.
hm AmoU `{WyZ [wT>rc H$mhr oZ`_ dmZWmMm g_mam{[ H$aU{ AmoU g`mgml_
drH$ma`mMr [yd ogVm H$aU{ `mgmR>r Amh{V.
A`Z: gwImW}fw ]Mmar Yame`:$&

eaU{d__d dj_ycoZH{$VZ:$&&26&&
gwImgmR>r AmdOyZ H$m{UV{oh `Z H$$ Z`{V. ]M`dVmM{ [mcZ H$amd{. ^y_rda
Pm{[md{. H$m{U`moh oZdm`modf`r __d ]miJy Z`{. (e` Va PmS>mImcrM Aml` `mdm)
Vm[g{d{d od{fw `moH$ ^j_mha{V$ &

Jh_{Yf{ w Mm`{fw oO{fw dZdmogfw$&&27&&
V[dr ]mUmH$Sy>Z earaoZdmhm[waVr o^jm _mJmdr. dm dZmV amhmUma{ BVa H$m{Ur
JhW oO AgVrc Va `mM{H$Sy>Z o^jm _mJmdr.
Jm_mXm` dm@r`mX>m JmgmdZ{ dgZ$&

oVJ [wQ>Z{ d [moUZm eH$c{Z dm$&&28&&
qH$dm dZmV amhZM [U JmdmVyZ o^jm _mJyZ AmUmdr. AmoU `mVrc AmR> Kmg
Imd{. AmoU o^jm `md`mMr Vr m{UmV, hmVmV qH$dm Im[amV `mdr.
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6 34
EVmm`m g{dV{ Xrjm odm{ dZ{ dgZ$&

ododYmm[oZfXram_gog`{ lwVr:$&&29&&
h{ AmoU AemgmaI{ BVa oZ`_ dZmV amhZ [mimd{V AmoU Am`m`m kmZmgmR>r,
Am_mrgmR>r C[oZfXmVrc ododY lwVtMm A`mg H$amdm.
F$ofo^]m
Ud JhWad{ g{odVm:$&
odmV[m{oddW eara` M ew`{$&&30&&
d{Xd{m{ F$fr, ]mU, JhW `mZr oZdS>c{`m drH$mac{`m lwVtM{ A``Z H$amd{.
`m_wi{ odmV[`mMr do hm{V{. AmoU eara_Z]wrcm ewr m hm{V{.
A[amoOVm dm@@Wm` dOo{ e_oOJ:$&

Am oZ[mVmN>ara` `w$m{ dmòZcmeZ:$&&31&&
H{$di [mUr AmoU dm`y `mM{ g{dZ H$arV Bem` oXe{Z{ eara H$m{giyZ [S>{[`V gai
MmcV ahmd{.
AoOJ gai eXmda ^m` H$aVmZm BemòXem Y$Z gai MmcV ahmd{.
dmQ>V{ ZXrZmc{Am{T>{ cmJc{ Var V{ MwH$dy Z`{V Aer oQ>[Ur oXcr Amh{. eara [VZ hm{B[ `V MmcVM
amhmd`mM{ Amh{ Agm oZ`_ Zmhr. hUyZ "ZXrZmc{ MwH$od`mM{ H$maU Zmhr' Agm ^md Amh{.
"X{h{]wo V{ Am_]wo H$amdr' `m odMmamMr hr AoVH$R>m{a gmYZm Amh{.
Amgm _hofM`mUm `dm`V_`m VZw_$ &

drVem{H$^`m{ odm{ ]cm{H${ _hr`V{$&&32&&
_hfvZr AmMaUmV AmUc{`m `m d Aem BVa _mJmZ{ H$mamZ{ earamMm `mJ H$$Z
em{H$^`m[mgyZ [yU[U{ gwQ>c{cm ]mU ]cm{H$m_`{ Jmadmg m hm{Vm{ hUO{ _w$ hm{Vm{.
dZ{fw M od`d VVr` ^mJ_m`wf:$&

MVwW_ m`wfm{ ^mJ `dm gm[nadOV{ $ &&33&&
Aem `m H$mamZ{ dmZWml_mV Am`w`mMm oVgam ^mJ Kmcdmdm AmoU Am`w`m`m
Mm`m^mJmV gdgJ[na`mJ H$$Z g`mgml_ drH$mamdm.
Aml_mXml_ Jdm hVhm{_m{ oOV{p`:$&

o^jm]oc[nalmV: dOZ {` dYV${ &&34&&
H$_mZ{ EH$m Aml_mVyZ [wT>`m Xwg`m Aml_mV Omd{. `kmoX H$`{ `WmgmJ [ma
[mS>mdrV. oOV|o` Agmd{. dmZWmVrc [MmoH$_ AmoU o^j{M{ OrdZ `mZr eara WH$c{ hUO{
6 34
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_Zw_oV
g`mg `mdm. _`yZVa Aem `$sMm CH$f hm{Vm{ hUO{ `mg _m{j o_iVm{.
F$UmoZ r`[mH$` _Zm{ _m{j{ oZd{e`{V$ &

AZ[mH$` _m{j Vw g{d_mZm{ dO`Y:$&&35&&
oVhr F$U{ ZrQ> H$ma{ \{$Sy>Z _JM _Z _m{j_mJmH$S>{ didmd{. Vg{ Z H$aVm _m{j_mJmcm
cmJUmamMm, g`mg K{UmamMm AY:[mV hm{Vm{.
AYr` odoYd{Xm[wmm{[m Y_V:$&

BQ>m M eo$Vm{ `k_Z m{ _m{j{ oZd{e`{V$ &&36&&
emm{$arVrZ{ d{Xm``Z H$amd{. Y_mMaUmZ{ amhZ gVoV C[ H$amdr. `Wmeo$
`k`mJmoX X{dH$`{ H$amdrV. AmoU _JM _m{j_mJmcm cmJmd{.
AZYr` oOm{ d{XmZZw[m VWm Om_ &

AoZQ>m Md `k _m{jo_N>Z dO`Y:$&&37&&
d{Xm`mg Z H$aVm, gVVr C[ Z H$aVm, `k`mJmoX B> Aer X{dH$`{ Z H$aVm Om{
_m{jmMr BN>m Yarc `mM{ [VZ hm{V{.
g`mg K{`m`m [ydo gV{M{ h{ oZ`_ _m{R>{ cjUr` Amh{V. `md$Z doXH$ [a[a{Vcm
g`mg h{ "`{am J]mimM{' H$m_ ZhV{. dm _hoV o_iod`mMm, CXa[yoVMm ^mJ ZhVm h{ cjmV
`{Bc. `dhmam`m >rZ{ h{ oZ`_ _hdmM{ AmoU AoVe` C[`w$ Amh{V. g`mg hm _m{R>m
AoYH$mamMm AmoU `m{`V{Mm odf` Amh{. ]wm_wi{ g`mem`m oV>{cm \$ma _m{R>m Y$m ]gcm.
`mM{ gm_moOH$ AmoU am>r` Xw[naUm_oh Pmc{. g`merM [oVV Pm`m_wi{ g_mOm[wT>{ gVMmna`mMm
AmXeM amohcm Zmhr. _ZyZ{ gmoJVc{cr _`mXm gm^micr J{cr AgVr Va V{ `$s`m, am>m`m
AmoU g_mOm`m \$ma ohVmM{ R>ac{ AgV{. `mJg`_ `m Jm{>r A`V l{> I`m [U `mMm
oeH$mD$[Um g`mgmR>r [waV Zmhr. g`mgmgmR>r `mJmMrg`_mMr CH$>Vm AmoU [na[yUV m Agmdr
cmJV{. gw`m{` JhWml_m_wi{ `mJ AmoU g`_ h{ XS>[UmdmMyZ J^ hm{VmV. AmoU _J g`mg
AmXe R>aVm{.
mOm[`m oZ$`{q> gddX{ gXojUm_$&

Am_`rg_mam{` ]mU: dOX{ J h mV$&&38&&
oVhr F$U{ `m{àrVrZ{ o\$Qy>Z g`memMm AoYH$ma m Pm`mZVa mOm[` Bo>
H$amdr. `mgmR>r gd YZ XojUm$[mZ{ md{. dV:M{ R>m`r ArMm g_mam{[ H$amdm AmoU ]mUmZ{
KamMm `mJ H$amdm.
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`m{ Xdm gd^Vy { `: dO`^` JhmV$&

V` V{Om{_`m cm{H$m ^dpV ]dmoXZ:$&&39&&
gd ^yVmZm A^` X{D$Z Om{ KamVyZ ]mh{a [S>Vm{ Vm{ ]dmXr hm{Vm{. AmoU `mcm
V{Om{_` cm{H$mMr mr hm{V{.
`_mXdo[ ^yVmZm oOmm{[V{ ^`_$&

V` X{hmo_w$` ^` ZmpV Hw$VZ$&&40&&
`m oOm[mgyZ ^yV_mmcm qH$oMVoh ^` CaV Zmhr, `mMm X{h gwQ>`mZVa `m
oOmcmoh H$m{UV{oh ([wZO_moX) ^` CaV Zmhr.
`md$Z [na[yU Aqhgm H{$di g`memH$naVm Amh{. gdgm_m`mH$naVm Zmhr h{ cjmV
`{Bc
.
AJmamXoôZH$mV: [odm{[oMVm{ _woZ:$&

g_w[m{T>f{ w H$m_{fw oZa[{j: [nadOV{ $ &&41&&
Ka gm{Sy>Z ]mh{a [S>`mZVa [oddVyMm drH$ma H$amdm. AmdS>Um`m dVy [wT>{
Am`m AgVmoh `m`m _m{hmV Z [S>Vm [`Q>Z H$amd{.
EH$ Ed Ma{o` ogW_ghm`dmZ$&

ogo_{H$` g[` OhmoV Z hr`V{$&&42&&
gdXm H$m{UmM{oh ghm` Z K{Vm EH$Q>mZ{ gMma H$amdm. ogr`m mrgmR>r V{M
C[`w$ Amh{. EH$Q>mcmM ogr o_iV{ h{ cjmV K{D$Z (H$emMmohH$m{UmMmoh _m{h Z YaVm EH$Q>mZ{
amhmd{) Vg{ amhmd{ hUO{ `mcm H$emMmoh `mJ H$amdm cmJV Zmhr AmoU `mMmoh Hw$Ur `mJ H$arV
Zmhr.
Am[`mcm Hw$Ur odMmarV Zmhr Am[c{ Hw$Ur E{H$V Zmhr `mM{ _m{R>{ Xw:I AgV{.
gJmMm `mJ H$$Z EH$Q>{ amoh`mZ{ h{ Xw:I C[ hm{`mMr e`VmM _mdiV{. g`mgXrj{`m
oVk{_`{ "Zmh H$òMV Z __ H$oV' Agm Cma H$amdm cmJVm{. "_mPm Hw$Ur Zmhr _r
H$m{UmMm Zmhr' Agm `mMm AW. Ag{ [yU[U{ "oZ__' Pmc{ H$s gJirOU{ Xya amhVmV. __VmM
Xw:ImM{ _w` H$maU Amh{. X{hmMroh __Vm `mZ{ gm{S>cr `mcm _J BVamodf`r __d Ca`mM{
H$maUM ZgV{. dmZWml_mV gmoJVc{cr H$R>m{a dV{ hr X{hmMr __Vm gm{S>`mgmR>rM AgVmV.
AmVm hm g`mgr `m>rZ{ _ycV:M oZ^` Amh{.
6 43
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_Zw_oV
AZoaoZH{$V: `mXJm __mW_ml`{V$ &

C[{jH$m{@gH$w gwH$m{ _woZ^mdg_mohV:$&&43&&
Ao R>{dy Z`{. Ka ]mYy Z`{. AmgmR>r (H{$di o^j{gmR>r) JmdmV Omd{. gd C[mYtMr
C[{jm H$amdr. oMmdom MMc hm{D$ X{D$ Z`{. _mZ drH$mamd{. AmoU _Z `mZmoXZr pWa H$amd{.
H$[mc dj_ycmoZ Hw$Mc_ghm`Vm$&

g_Vm Md gdp_{V_w$` cjU_$&&44&&
Im[a `md{. djm`m Imcr ]gmd{, OrU d{ [naYmZ H$amdrV, Hw$Ur ghm`H$ Agy
Z`{. gdmodf`r g_>r R>{dmdr. hrM _w$mMr cjU{ hm{V.
g`memZ{ H$g{ dmJmd{ V{ `{W{ oZam`m H$mamZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. cjU{M gmYZ{ hm{VmV
qH$dm gmYZ{M cjU{ R>aVmV.
Zmo^ZX{V _aU Zmo^ZX{V OrodV_$&

H$mc_{d Vrj{V oZX}e ^VH$m{ `Wm$&&45&&
_aUoh _mJy Z`{ AmoU OrdZ oQ>H$c{M [mohO{ Agm AmJh Y Z`{. g{dH$ Y`m`m
AmX{emMr Vrjm H$aVm{ `m_mU{ H$mimMr dmQ> [hmdr.
o>[Vy `g{[mX d[yV Oc o[]{V$ &

g`[yVm dX{mM _Z:[yV g_mMa{V$ &&46&&
S>m{`mZ{ ZrQ> oZaIyZ [mD$c Q>mH$md{. [mUr dmVyZ JmiyZ `md{. g`mZ{ `w$ Ag{
eX Cmamd{. _Zmcm CoMV dmQ>{c Vg{ dmJmd{.
_ZmV `{Bc Vg{ dmJmd{ Agm `mMm AW Zmhr. hm g`mgr kmZr, odd{H$s, g`_r
Amh{. V{hm `mM{ _Z gdXm MmJc{ V{M drH$marc hUyZ Vm{ drH$marc V{ MmJc{M AgV{ Ag{
OmUmd{.
AoVdmXmpVoVj{V Zmd_`{V H$MZ$&

Z M{_ X{h_mol` da Hw$duV H{$ZoMV$&&47&&
em{ gm{Sy>Z Oa Hw$Ur odVS>dmX Kmcrc, `mH$S>{ Xwcj H$amd{. H$m{UmMmoh Ad_mZ
H$$ Z`{. Hw$Ur X{hmda AmKmV H{$cm Var `m`mer ewd H$$ Z`{.
H$w V Z oVH$w `{XmH$w >: Hw$ec dX{V$ &

gmamdH$sUm M Z dmM_ZVm dX{V$ &&48&&
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6 52
Hw$Ur gVm[cm Var `m`mda gVm[y Z`{. Hw$Ur qZXm H{$cr Var "]a{ Pmc{ VwP{ Hw$ec
Agm{' Ag{M hUmd{. [mM kmZ|o`{ AmoU _Z]wr hr Xm{Z AVnao`{ Aem gmVmM{ ]modf` h{
o_`m hm{V hUyZ VX odf`H$ MMm H$$ Z`{. Ag` ^mfU H$$ Z`{.
g`mgmM{ odV g`mg AmoU ododoXfm g`mg Ag{ Xm{Z H$ma Amh{V. ododoXfm
g`mgm_`{ kmZ [na[$ Pmc{c{ ZgV{. hUyZ Bo`_Z]wo`m ]modf`modf`r MMm H$a`mV d{i
Z KmcdVm o_i{c Vm{ gd d{i ]kmZodf`H$ A`mgmV Kmcdmdm VXodf`H$M ]m{cmd{.
A`m_aoVamgrZm{ oZa[{jm{ oZamo_f:$&

Am_Zd ghm`{Z gwImWu odMa{oXh$&&49&&
A`m_modf`r AmdS> Y$Z ahmd{ H$m{UVroh A[{jm H$$ Z`{. H$emMrM Ao^cmfm
Zgmdr. oZ[h Agmd{. gwImgmR>r dV:daM Adc]yZ amhZ gMma H$amdm.
Z Mm{[mVoZo_mm`m Z Zjmod`m$&
ZmZwemgZdmXm`m o^jm ocg{V H$ohoMV$&&50&&
gH$Q>modf`rM{ ôd` gmJyZ JhZjmMr \$c{ gmJyZ dm gm_woH$ kmZ JQ> H$$Z
Y_ZrVremmMm C[X{e H$$Z o^jm _mJy Z`{.
o^jm MmJcr o_imdr. AmXamZ{ o_imdr `mgmR>r ôd`kmZ, \$c`m{oVf, dMZ,
B`mXtZr cm{H$mZm ^modV H$$ Z`{. cm{H{$fUm, _hoV `m[mgyZ Xya amhmd{. hm Ame`.
Z Vm[g]m Udm d`m{oâo[ dm o^:$&

AmH$sU o^jwH$ dm@àJma_w[gdO
V{ $ &&51&&
V[dr, ]mU, [jr, Hw${ BVa g`mgr `m KamV Aml`mcm AgVrc `m KamV
o^j{cm OmD$ Z`{.
Hw${ AmoU [jr `mZr Kamcm A[odVm `{V{ hUyZ V{ Ka d` _mZmd{. Va BVa AmYrM
V{W{ amhmV AgVmZm Ò_mZmda AmUIr EH$m o^j{Mm VmU [Sy> Z`{ hUyZ V{ Ka dJimd{.
V[dr]mUHw${ EH$m cm{H$mV C{oIc{ Amh{V. `m_wi{ `mM{odf`r EH$M ^md
Agmdm Agm AW ZgVm{. BVaoh Ag{M g_Omd{. [moUZrM{ " Bd _Km{Z:' h{ gy og Amh{.
`mMm odZm{XmH$aVm C[`m{Joh H$$Z K{Vcm Amh{. gH$V JW H$mamMr hr [Vr [wH$i oR>H$mUr AmT>iV{.
hUyZ JrV{Vrc "o`m{ d`mVWm eym' `m Am{irMm H$m{Umcm amJ `{D$ Z`{.
cH{$eZI_lw: [mr XS>r Hw$gw^dmZ$&

odMa{o`Vm{ oZ` gd^Vy m`[rS>`Z$&&52&&
6 52
304 ]
_Zw_oV
XmT>r o_em AmoU S>m{`mdaM{ H{$g, ZI{ dmT>dy Z`{V. o^jm[m XS>H$_S>cy `mZr
`w$ Agmd{. gdXm g`_mZ{ amhmd{. AmoU H$m{Umcmoh [rS>m hm{Uma Zmhr Aem arVrZ{ gMma H$amdm.
AVOgmoZ [mmoU V` `woZdU

moZ M$&
V{fm_o: _V emM M_gmZmo_dmda{$&&53&&
^mS>{ YmVyM{ Agy Z`{. `mZm oN>{ qH$dm VS>m J{c{cm Agy Z`{. `km_`{ M_gmMr
ewo Oer hm{V{, VerM H{$di [m`mZ{ hr ^mS>r ew (dN>) H$amdrV.
Acm]w Xm[m M __` dXc VWm$&

EVmoZ òV[mmoU _Zw: dm`^dw m{@]drV$&&54&&
^m{[im cmHy$S>_mVroH$dm ]m]y `m`m[mgyZ V`ma Pmc{cr [m{M (^mS>r)
g`mgmemgmR>r AgmdrV Ag{ dm`^wd _ZyZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
_Zw_VrMm d$m ^Jw Agcm Var _yioZ`_, odoYoZf{Y ogmV h{ O{ _ZyZ{ _wimV
gmoJVc{ Amh{V, V{M gd Amh{. lm{`mMr hr YmaUm OmJV amhmdr hUyZ _YwZ_YwZ _ZyMm C{I
`{Vm{. `mV C{I `{Vm{ V{dT>{ cm{H$ _ZyM{ Ag{ g_OU{ MwH$sM{ Amh{. V{ Xwg`m Hw$Ur _mJmhZ _ZyM{
Zmd K{D$Z KwgS>c{ Amh{V Ag{ _mZy Z`{.
EH$H$mc Ma{j
Z gm{V odVa{$&
^jg$m{ oh òVodf`{do[ gmoV$&&55&&
EH$XmM o^jm _mJmdr. oVM{ _mU AmoU d{im dmT>dy Z`{V. o^j{odf`r Amgo$
oZ_mU Pmcr Va g`mem`m _ZmV BVa odf`modf`r AmH$fU oZ_mU hm{Bc.
"agZmma{ odfm{ [m{I{$&' Ag{ lrkmZ{a_hmamOmZr hQ>c{ Amh{. Im`m]m{c`mV
oO^{da [yU oZÙ Agc{ Va BVa Bo`m`m odf`mdaoh oZÙ Wmo[V H$aU{ gwc^ OmV{.
earadm` AmoU g_mOdmòh `m_wi{ MmJc{ oQ>H$V{. " OJm_`{ OJo_, oOh{[mer Amh{
gy' Ag{ hUVmV V{ gdWm Ia{ Amh{.
odYy_{ g_wgc{ `ma{ ^w$dmZ{$&

dm{ eamdg[mV{ o^jm oZ` òVa{V$ &&56&&
Yya Zmhrgm Pmcm, _wgi Wm]c{, Ao odPcm, cm{H$mMr O{dU{ Pmcr, C>r ^mS>rHw$ S>r
Kmgcr J{cr, hUO{ _J `VrZ{ o^jm _mJmdr.
`Vr`m o^j{_i
w { H$m{Umcm Im{i] md{ cmJy Z`{ dm KamVrc H$m{`m`m Im`mV VwQ>dS>m
oZ_mU hm{D$ Z`{. `mgmR>r AmoU Vm`m Ja_ ^m{OZmMr Amgo$ g`mgmcm amh Z`{ `mgmR>r hm oZ`_
gmoJVcm Amh{.
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Acm^{ Z odfmXr `mm^{ Md Z hf`V{ $ &

mU`moH$_m: `m_mmgmooZJV:$&&57&&
o_imc{ Zmhr Va H$>r hm{D$ Z`{. o_im`mMm hfoh Zgmdm. mUajU hm{Bc BVH{$M
drH$mamd{. AoYH$ _mUmMr Amgo$ H$Yr Zgmdr. H$m{U`moh Bo`m`m odf`m[mgyZ gdWm Xya
amhmd{.
Ao^[yoOVcm^mVw OwJw g{Vd gde:$&

Ao^[yoOVcm^ òV_w $m{@o[ ]V{$&&58&&
g_mZ gH$mamZ{ O{ ode{farVrZ{ o_iV{ `mMm oVQ>H$mam ]miJmdm. g_mZmoXH$m_wi{
(cm{H{$fUmoXH$mMm _m{h oZ_mU hm{D$Z dmVodH$) gdm[mgyZ gwQ>c{cm g`meroh [whm ]YZmV [S>Vm{.
A[mm`dhma{U ah:WmZmgZ{Z M$&

o`_mUmoZ odf`nap`moU oZdV`V{ $ &&59&&
Wm{S>{g{M Im`m_wi{ AmoU gdXm EH$mVWmZr amoh`m_wi{ odf`mH$S>{ Ymd K{Umar
Bo`{ ( ghO[U{ ) AmdaVm `{VmV. Ver Vr AmdamdrV.
Bp`mUm oZam{YZ{ amJ{fj`{U M$&

Aqhg`m M ^yVmZm__Vdm` H$[V{$&&60&&
Bo`{ Amda`m_wi{ amJ{fmMmH$m_H$m{YmMm Zme Pm`m_wi{ AmoU ^yV_mmM{ oR>H$mUr
Aqhg{Z{ dmJ`m_wi{ _m{jm`m cm^mH$arVm `m{`Vm m hm{V{.
Ad{jV{ JVrZU
m H$_Xm{fg_wdm:$&
oZa`{ Md [VZ `mVZm `_j`{$&&61&&
H$_m`m Xm{f (JwUm)_wi{ _Zw`mcm m hm{Um`m JVr ( H$_od[mH$m_wi{ m hm{Uma{
]a{ dmBQ [naUm_ ) ZaH$mV [S>U{, AmoU `_cm{H$mV `mVZm ^m{JU{ `m [napWVrMm ZrQ> odMma H$amdm.
( `mda qMVZ H$amd{ ) >
od`m{J o`Md g`m{J M VWm@o`:$&

Oa`m Mmo^^dZ `moYo^m{[[rS>Z_$&&62&&
AmdS>V{ `mMm od`m{J hm{U{, O{ o` Zmhr V{ dmQ>mg `{U{, hmVma[UmM{ AmH$_U
hm{U{, `mYr[mgyZ [rS>m hm{U{, ( h{ odMmamV `md{.)
O__aUm`m \{$`mVyZ gwQ>U{ hm _m{j, O_mcm Amc{ H$s oZaoZamir Xw:I{ ^m{Jmdr
6 62
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cmJVmV. hm emV ogmV Amh{. ^c{ Hw$Ur ]wrdmXr `m`m odam{YmV oZaoZam`m H$mamZr AmH$fH$
^mfmV oV[mXZ H$am{.
X{hmXwH$_U Mm_m[wZJ^} M g^d_$&

`m{oZH$m{oQ>gh{fw gVrm`mVam_Z:$&&63&&
`m X{hmVyZ ]mh{a [Sy>Z [whm Xwg`m J^mV O_ `mdm cmJVm{ Aem H$ma{ ghmdoY
H$ma`m `m{ZrVyZ Ordm`mMm ( [wZ:[wZ: ) gMma KS>V AgVm{.
AY_^d Md Xw:I`m{J earnaUm_$&

Y_mW ^d Md gwIg`m{J_j`_$&&64&&
eara YmaU H$aUmamcm AY_m_wi{ Xw:I m hm{V{.AmoU Y_mdarc oZ>{_wi{ Aj`
Aem gwImMr Om{S> hm{V{.
gy_Vm Mmdd{jV{ `m{JZ{ [a_m_Z:$&

X{hf{ w Mdm{[[om_wm_{dY_{fw M$&&65&&
`m{Jm`m ghm`mZ{ [a_m`mM{ kmZ gy_V{Z{ H$$Z `md{. AmoU Cm_ AY_ Ag{
X{h Ordmcm H$m YmaU H$amd{ cmJVmV. `mg]Yroh `m{` odMma H$amdm.
^yofVm{@o[ Ma{_ ` Vml_{ aV:$&

g_: gd}fw ^yVf{ w Z oc Y_H$maU_$&&66&&
`m `m Aml_mV `m{àrVrZ{ a__mU hm{D$Z ^yfUmZ{ Y_mMaU H$amd{. gd^yVmer
g_>rZ{ dmJmd{. H{$di Y_mMr dUml_mMr oMh{ YmaU H$aU{ `mVM H$mhr,EdT>mM H$mhr Y_ ZgVm{.
"XyofVm{@o[ Ma{__' Agm EH$ [mR> Amh{.
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AmoU [arpWoV `m_wi{ Y_mM{ gJi{ oZ`_ [miVm `{V ZmhrV. gJi{ odYr drH$maVm `{V ZmhrV.
gJi{ oZf{Y Q>miVm `{V ZmhrV, Ag{ hm{V{. [U `m_wi{ EHy$U Y_M Q>mH$mdm h{ `m{` Zmhr. emmVrc
AmXe S>m{`m[wT>{ R>{dyZ dmQ>Mmc H$arV amhU{M `m{` AgV{. Y_mMr AJ{ oOVH$s [miVm `{Vrc
oVVH$s [mimdrV. odoYoZf{Y O{dT>{ g^miVm `{Vrc V{dT>{ gm^mimd{V. EH$Xm MmJc{ Amh{ V{ [Q>c{
H$s O{dT>{ drH$maVm `{Bc V{dT>{ ^yfUmZ{ drH$mamd{. gmWr`m am{JmV [wH$i cm{H$ XwIUmBV Amh{V h{
[mhZ _r EH$Q>mM dm Amhr Wm{S>{M oZam{Jr amhZ H$g{ Mmc{c Ag{ Hw$Ur hUV Zmhr. VrM ^yo_H$m
Y_mM{ `Wmeo$ [mcZ H$aUmamMr Agmdr.
emm_mU{ AmXe R>d{ `m`m X>rZ{ `Zerc amhmd{. [U gJi{ gmYV Zmhr hUyZ
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6 70
Wm{S>o{ h gmYV{ V{oh Q>mH$U{ B> Zmhr. eVoVeV Amam{` H$m{UmM{ ZgV{ [U Amh{ Vr H$oV `mV`m`mV
gm^mi`mMm AmoU Amhmaodhma e` oVVH{$ MmJc{ R>{d`mMm _mUyg H$Q>mjmZ{ `Z H$aVm{ V{M
Y_mMaUm`m gX^mVoh cjmV R>{dmd{.
`mVrc ^md Agm H$s `m `m Y_mM{ {_mZ{ AmMaU H$arV AgVmZmoh emQ>m
H$mhr dJw`{ oZ_mU hm{VmV. [U V{dT>m_wi{ Y_mVrc gmpdH$V{Mm ^yV_mmodf`r`m ghmZw^yVrMm
Om{ _w` Ame` Amh{ `mH$S>{ Xwcj
H$$ Z`{. `m `m Aml_mMr Or ]moMh{ Amh{V V{dT>r drH$macr
hUO{ `m `m Aml_mMr [yVVm hm{V{ AmoU Y_ [mi`mgmaI{ hm{V{. Ag{ g_Oy Z`{.
\$c H$VH$dj` ``]wgmXH$_$&

Z Zm_JhUmX{d V` dmna grXoV$&&67&&
oZdirM{ ]rO [m`mMm JTy>i[Um KmcodV{ h{ Ia{ [U H{$di oZdir]rOmM{ Zmd
K{D$Z [mUr oZ_i hm{V Zmhr. Y_mMr H{$di ]m cjU{ VerM oZ[`m{Jr g_Omdr.
gajUmW OVyZm ammdhoZ dm gXm$&

eara`m``{ Md g_r` dgwYm Ma{V$ &&68&&
^y_rda MmcV AgVmZm earamcm H$> Pmc{ Var am Agm{ H$s oXdg Agm{, gd OVyM{
gajU hm{Bc Aer XjVm R>{dmdr. ([m`mImcr Hw$Ur oMaS>Uma Zmhr Ag{ ZrQ> [mhZ Mmcmd{)
Am am`m M `mOVyphZ`kmZVm{ òV:$&

V{fm Zmdm odewW mUm`m_mZ fS>mMa{V$ &&69&&
amr qH$dm oXdgm g`memH$Sy>Z AkmZmV Z H$iV OVyMr Or qhgm hm{Bc `m`m
ewV{gmR>r ZmZ H$$Z ghm d{im mUm`m_ H$amdm.
mUm`m_m ]mU` `m{@o[ odoYdH$Vm:$&

`moVUd`w $m odk{` [a_ V[:$&&70&&
`moV AmoU <H$mamZ{ `w$ Ag{ odoY[ydH$ H{$c{c{ VrZ mUm`m_oh ]mUmM{ l{>
V[ Amh{.Ag{ g_Omd{.
mUm`m_ h{ `m{JemmVrc A`V _hdmM{ AJ Agc{ Var BVaoh Ymo_H$ H$`mV
dm oZ`m`m AmMaUmV mUm`m_mM{ [wH$i _hd Amh{. mUm`m_mM{ [yaH$, Hw$^H$ AmoU a{MH$
Aer VrZ AJ{ Amh{V. mg K{U{ hUO{ [yaH$, mg H$m|Sy>Z R>{dU{ hUO{ Hw$^H$ AmoU mg ]mh{a
gm{S>U{ hUO{ a{MH$, hm mUm`m_ H$aVmZm Ud hUO{ <H$ma AmoU ^y: ^wd: d: `m VrZ `mVr
`mMmoh Adc] H$amdm. `mg]Yr AZ{H$ gXm` Amh{V. hUyZ mUm`m_mg]Yr VkmH$Sy>Z ZrQ>
6 70
308 ]
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_mJXeZ `md{. ode{fV: Hw$ ^H$ H$aVmZm \$ma gmdYmZVm ]miJmdr.gm_m`mZ{ XrKgZ EdT>m[waVmM
mUm`m_ Adc]mdm. VkmM{ _mJXeZ Zg{c Va Hw$^H$m`m _mJ{ Z cmJU{ MmJc{. `mVoh AocH$S>{
[Wode{fmZ{ H$mhr XwamJh oZ_mU Pmc{ Amh{V. Hw$^H$mgh mUm`m_mMm ode{f _oh_m Jmo`cm OmVm{.
[U `m H$aUr hm{Um`m Mmamcm gdgmYmaUmZr ]ir Z [S>U{ MmJc{. ""Hw$ ^H$ H$aU{ hUO{ oZ:e[U{
dmKmer PwO X{U{ Amh{'' Ag{ hQ>c{ OmV{ h{ cjmV R>{dmd{. mUm`m_ hr gmYZm _mZUmamM{ Amhma
odhma emm{$arVrZ{ A`V oZòV Agmd{ cmJVmV. hUyZM `{W{ ghm dm VrZ mUm`m_mMmM
C{I H{$cm Amh{. `md{ir Wm{S>mgm Hw$^H$ H{$cm Var \$mag{ o]KS>Uma Zmhr.
XV{ _m`_mZmZm YmVyZm oh `Wm _cm:$&

VW{p`mUm XV{ Xm{fm: mU` oZJhmV$&&71&&
`m_mU{ gwdUmoX YmVyVrc _i ^>rV Vm[odU{, (_werV odViodU{) `mZr OiyZ
OmVmV. `m_mU{ Bo`m`m Aml`mZ{ amhUma{ (odf`mg$sM{) Xm{f mUm`m oZJhm_wi{
(mUm`m_m_wi{) Z> hm{VmV.
mUm`m_Xh { m{fmYmaUmo^ oH$p]f_$&

`mhma{U ggJm`mZ{ZmZramJwUmZ$&&72&&
mUm`m_mZ{ H$m_H$m{YmoX Xm{fmMm Zme H$amdm. YmaU{Z{ [m[mMm Zme H$amdm. AmoU
`mZmZ{ H$VrM{ O{ JwU (gdaOV_moX) `mMm Zme H$amdm.
mUm`m_`mhmaYmaUm `mZ Aer Or _hdmMr AJ{ gmoJVcr Amh{V, `mMm
`{W{ odoe> H$maUmgmR>r odoZ`m{J gmoJVcm Amh{. X_ AmoU e_ `mMm Adc] H$$Z odf`mH$S>{
Agc{cr Bo`mMr Am{T> Amd$Z Vr Am{T> Am`mH$S>{ diod`mMm `Z H$aU{ hUO{ `mhma. "
X{e]Yom` YmaUm ' Aer YmaU{Mr `m`m Amh{. Amc]ZmgmR>r H$mhrVar VrH$ drH$m$Z
`mda EH$mJVm gmY`mMm `Z H$aU{ hUO{ YmaUm. VrH$mda qH$dm Amc]Zmda EH$mJVm [yU
gmYcr, _Z V{W{ oZc Pmc{ hUO{ `mcm `mZ Ag{ hUVmV. `mMrM [naUoV [wT>{ g_mYrV hm{V{.
[U Vm{ `{W{ odf` Zmhr. mUm`m_m`m AmYr `_oZ`_AmgZ Aer VrZ AJ{ `m{JemmV gmoJVcr
Amh{V. `mM{ _hdoh `m{J_mJmMm Adc] H$aUmamZ{ MmJc{ cjmV R>{dmd{.
CmdM{fw ^yVf{ w Xwk`} m_H$Vm_o^:$&

`mZ`m{JZ{ g[`{oV_`mVam_Z:$&&73&&
C ZrM ^yV`m{ZrVyZ hm{Uma{ OrdmM{ ^_U OmU`mg H$R>rU Amh{. `mM{ AV:H$aUmda
oZÙ ZgV{ `mZm V{ H$iVM Zmhr. C_JVM Zmhr. `mZ`m{JmZ{ _m Ordmcm h{ kmZ hm{V{.
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6 75
`mZ hr dVwV: \$ma l{> gmYZm Amh{. _Z oZodf` hm{U{ h{ `mM{ AJXr mWo_H$
d$[ Amh{. `mZ hr `m{JmVcr gmVdr [màr Amh{. AmO `mZmMmoh [wH$i Mma AmoU JdJdm
Pmc{cm Amh{. [U V{ Vm[wa`m cm^m`m >rZ{ H$mhrg{ C[`w$ Pmc{ Va Pmc{.
g`XeZg[: H$_o^Z oZ]V{$&

XeZZ{ odhrZVw ggma oV[V{$&&74&&
`WmW Am_kmZmZ{ g[ Pmc{`m _Zw`mcm H$_mMm c{[ cmJV Zmhr (`mcm H$_mM{
]YZ ZgV{). `mcm Am_kmZ ZgV{. Vm{M O__aUm`m \{$`mV gm[S>Vm{.
Am_kmZmMm hm odf` AoVe` JhZ J^ra Amh{ EdT>m EH$m cm{H$md$Z `mMr
ZrQ> H$[Zm `{Uma Zmhr. `mgmR>r d{XmVem, C[oZfX{, Xmg]m{YJmWmkmZ{ar gmaI{ l{> JW
`mMm ZrQ> A`mg H$$Z Vgm AmMma R>{d`mMm `Z gmj{[mZ{ H${cm [mohO{. V{W{ `m kmZmMm odVma
Ao^{V Zmhr.
Aqhg`{p`mgdo} XH$d H$_o^:$&

V[gaUm{J: gmY`Vrh V[X_$&&75&&
Aqhgm, Bo`mZm Amgo$ ZgU{, d{XmZr gmoJVc{cr H$_}, CJ V[mMaU, `m`m
gmmZ{ `m [XmMr ( [a_ [XmMr _m{jmMr ) mo hm{V{.
hm AmoU _mJrc H$mhr cm{H$ H{$di g`memH$aVm Amh{V Ag{ g_Oy Z`{. [U
g`memgmR>r V{ ode{farVrZ{ AmMaUr` Amh{V. BVamZr `mVrc ^md m_moUH$[U{ Am[`m e$s_mU{
dVZmV CVaod`mMm `Z gmj{[mZ{ H$amdm. gJ`mZmM gJi{ e` ZgV{. eara _Z [napWoV
`mV H$mhr Xm{f AgVmV. `m_wi{ emm_`{ O{ AmXe hUyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{ V{ Og{`m Vg{ AmMaUmV
AmUU{ AdKS> hm{D$Z ]gV{. AZ{H$mZm `mVyZ [ma [S>Vm `{V Zmhr. [U `m_wi{, "AmXe AmXeM
Zh{V. AmXeM ZdrZ oZ_mU H{$c{ [mohO{V' h{ hUU{ MyH$ Amh{. [nadVZdmXr `m>rZ{ _m{R>r MyH$
H$aVmV. O{ AmMaUmV AmUVm `{V Zmhr Hw$Ur AmUy eH$V Zmhr. `m_wi{ V{ AmMaU _wimVM `m`
R>aV Zmhr. Amam{àjUmgmaI{ h{ Amh{. ]hV{H$OU emm_mU{ [na[yUV{Z{ Amam{`g[ ZgVmV.
Vg{M AmXe Amam{` pWa R>{d`mgmR>r d`, Amhma, odhma, ]m[napWoV, H$oVdom `mMroh
AZwHy$cVm ]her ZgV{. [U hUyZ AmXe Amam{`mgmR>r gmoJVc{c{ d`md` H$mc]m R>aV Zmhr.
`mH$naVm `Wmeo$ Y_mMaU H$arV amhmd{. H$mhrM Z H$a`m[{jm Wm{S>{ H{$c{ Var V{ MmJc{. "AH$aUmV
_XH$aU l{`:' h{ dMZ cjmV R>{dmd{.
O{dT>>{ H$aVm `{V{, gmYV{ V{dT>mcmM AmXe _mZc{ H$s _J KgaU gw$ hm{V{. AmoU
6 75
310 ]
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oVcm gr_m amhmV Zmhr. `mgmR>r VdV: emm_m` gdm}[na _mZmd{. emgVm{f amImdm. Ver gm{`
emmZ{M R>{dcr Amh{. hUyZM emm_`{ EH$ AmXe odYmZ d `mZVa cJ{M dm [wT>{ Hw$R>{ Var dm
A` JWmVyZ AmXe odYmZmcm A[dmXoh gmoJVc{c{ AgVmV. `m_`{ odYmZmV odgJoV Amcr
Ag{ _mZy Z`{.
hUyZM da "XyofVm{@o[ Ma{_ AmoU g`H$XeZg[:' Ag{ eX Amc{ Amh{V.
ApWWyU Zm`w`Vw _mgem{oUVc{[Z_$&

M_mdZ XwJp Y [yU _y[warf`m{:$&&76&&
Oamem{H$g_mod> am{Jm`VZ_mVwa_$&
aOdc_oZ` M ^yVmdmgo__ Ò{V$ &&77&&
eara h{ ^yVmdmg Amh{. hUO{ [M_hm^yV{ AmoU `mM{ odH$ma `mM{ Aml`WmZ
Amh{. `mcm C^{ R>{d`mgmR>r hmS>mM{ Im] Amh{V. Zm`yZr V{ Om{S>c{c{, d{o>c{c{ Amh{. _c_ymMr
XwJYr `mV âc{cr Amh{. hmVma[U AmoU em{H$ `mcm ^m{Jmd{ cmJVmV. V{ am{JmM{ _mh{aKa Amh{.
]hYm `mcm H$mhr Zm H$mhr am{J AgVmVM. V{ aOm{JwUmZr ^mamdc{c{ AgV{. V{ AoZ` Amh{. oQ>H$Uma{
Zmhr. hUyZ `mMm `mJ (`m{`d{ir) H$amdm.
"eara_m Icw Y_gmYZ_' gdoh Y_mMaUmMm, gd j{mVrc CoVJoV
odH$mg gmY`mgmR>r H$amd`m`m gmYZmMm eara h{ EH$_m AmYma Amh{. V{hm V{ gm^mimd{ cmJV{M.
[U `mMm [naUm_ X{hmg$sV hm{Vm{. eara H{$di gmYZ ahmV Zmhr. CcQ> EH$_m gm` ]ZV{. X{hmgo$
]imdV OmV{. AmoU Vr gd H$ma`m `{`mrgmR>r _m{R>r AS>MU hm{D$Z amhV{. hUyZ X{hmM{ d$[
dVwV: H$g{ Amh{ V{ cjmV AmUyZ X{`mMm `Z em H$aV{. H{$di earamMm C]J `mdm earamodf`r
oH$ig dmQ>mdr hUyZ H{$c{c{ h{ dUZ Zmhr. gmYZ hUyZ dm[aVmZmoh V{ H$m` Amh{ H$emM{ Amh{ V{
cjmV R>{dmd{M cmJV{. $oMV EH$M dVy cmH$S>mMr, XJS>mMr, cm{IS>mMr Agy eH$V{. [U dm[aVmZm
Vr H$emMr Amh{ h{ odg$Z MmcV Zmhr. cmHy$S>XJS> cm{IS> `mM{ d$[ AmoU JwUY_ cjmV
K{U{ `m{` AgV{.
ZXrHy$c `Wm djm{ dj dm eHw$oZ`Wm$&

VWm Òo_ X{h H$N>mXJm hmo_w`V{$&&78&&
dj `m_mU{ ZXr`m H$mR>mMm dm [jr `m_mU{ djmMm `mJ H$aVm{ `m_mU{ `m
Aem X{hmMm `mJ H$amdm. `m_wi{ H$>$[r _Jam[mgyZ gwQ>H$m hm{V{.
dj d{N>{Z{ H$m{giV Zmhr. _hm[yamoX_wi{ ZXrMm H$mR>, XaS> IM`m_wi{ dj
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[ 311 ]
6 80
Am[m{Am[ H$m{giVm{. CcQ>, C[`m{J g[`m_wi,{ [jr d{N>Z{ { ]gc{`m djmMm `mJ H$$Z XwgarH$S>{
CSy>Z OmVm{. eara gwQ>U{ dm eara gm{S>U{ `mM H$maM{ AgV{. V{ XdH$_mZ{ KS>V{ dm kmZr [wfmcm V{
dV: hm{D$Z gm{S>Vm `{V{.
H$N>mV `m eXmda ^m` H$aVmZm Q>rH$mH$mamZr "modd{H$`mo[ `mdV eara
dVwgm_`mV ^doV Ed H$N>_' Aer Q>r[ oXcr Amh{. Vr _hdmMr Amh{. AJXr kmZr odd{H$s og
Agcm Var eara^m{J `mcm ^m{Jmd{M cmJVmV. Agm `mMm AW.
o`{fw d{fw gwH$ V_o`{fw M XwH$V_$&

odg` `mZ`m{JZ{ ]m`{oV gZmVZ_$&&79&&
O{ dV:M{ o` Amh{V `m`mgmR>r gwH$V([w`) AmoU O{ Ao` Amh{V `m`mgmR>r
XwH$V dmBQ> H$` [m[ gm{Sy>Z X{D$Z g`mgr `mZm`m `m{JmZ{ emV ]mcm m hm{Vm{.
`mZmZ{ ]m[`V [m{M`mMr `m{`Vm `m`m oR>H$mUr Amh{, `m`moR>H$mUr gwH$V
AgV{. Ag{ hQ>c{ Va `m{` dmQ>V{ [U `mM{ oR>H$mUr XwH$Vnh amhV{ h{ [Q>dyZ K{U{ AdKS> OmV{.
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gd H$ma`m gmYZ{_`{ dm `{`mr`m _mJmdarc `ZercV{_`{ gmj{[ Ad`
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hmd`mM{ AgV{.
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Z Z`m_odH$opH$`m\$c_w[mZwV${ &&82&&
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m hm{V{. `mcm Am`mM{ `WmV` kmZ Pmc{c{ Zmhr `mcm gmYZm_mJmVrc H$m{U`mhr oH$`mM{
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Am`mp_H$ M gVV d{XmVmoôhV M `V$&&83&&
d{X hm AoY`k, AoYXodH$, Am`mp_H$, Aem gdM odf`mMm C[X{eH$ Amh{.
gmV`mZ{ (AoYH$mamZw$[) `m d{XmMm O[ H$amdm. d{X ]$[M Amh{V.
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kmZ. OrdOJVOJXra `m`m odf`rMm `m[H$, gIm{c odMma hUO{ A`m_.
BX eaU_kmZmo_X_{d odOmZVm_$&
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d{X h{M AkmZr _mUgmcmoh (H{$dc [R>UmZ{ H$`mU H$arV Ag`mZ{ ) Aml`WmZ
Amh{. O{ kmZr Amh{V `mZmoh (JoVCoVgmR>r) d{{XmM{M A``Z H$amd{ cmJV{. dJmMr `mcm
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[ 313 ]
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BN>m Amh{ `mcmoh d{XM _mJXeZ H$aVmV. AmoU O{ H$d`mMr BN>m H$aVmV `mZmoh
(Am_kmZmgmR>r) d{XmMmM AmYma AgVm{.
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_hm^maVmoX JWmVyZ Cm_arVrZ{ o_iVmV. hUyZ ^maVmcm [mMdm d{X hQ>c{ Amh{. `mgmZr
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Amh{V `mZmoh d{XmVyZ kmZ o_iU{ Ae` Amh{.
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g odYy`h{ [m_mZ [a ]moYJN>oV$&&85&&
gmoJVc{`m AZwH$_mZ{ AZw>mZ H$arV Vm{ oO g`mgr hm{Vm{. Vm{ gd [m[{ YwdyZ
Q>mHy$Z ]m[`V [m{MVm{. ]gmjmH$mamMm AoYH$mar hm{Vm{.
Ef Y_m}@Zwoe>m{ dm{ `VrZm oZ`Vm_Zm_$&

d{Xg`mogH$mZm Vw H$_`m{J oZ]m{YV$&&86&&
eara Bp`{ _Z ]wo `mMm `m{` g`_ `mZm H$aVm `{Vm{, `m g`memM{ Y_ Vwhmcm
gmoJVc{. AmVm d{XodohV H$_} H$aUmam Agm Om{ H$_`m{Jr g`mgr `m`modf`r gmJVm{ V{ E{H$m.
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g`mgr d{XodohV Aer H$mhr H$`{ H$arV AgVm{, AmoU [wm`m AmYmamZ{M amhVm{.
]Mmar JhW dmZWm{ òVVWm$&

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H$aVmV.
gd}@o[ H$_ed{V{ `Wmem oZf{odVm:$&

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emm{$arVrZ{ `m Mmar Aml_mMm H$_mZ{ drH$ma H$amdm. Vg{ H$$Z Om{ emmV
gmoJV`m_mU{ dVZ H$aVm{ Vm{ ]mU [a_JVrcm m hm{Vm{.
6 89
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AgVm{.
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OrodH{$gmR>r `mZ{ Cm{J `dgm` H$amd`mMm ZgVm{. `mMr AAmN>mXZmMr Xwgar H$m{UVroh
gm{` ZgV{. JhWm`m Aml`mZ{M `mZm o^jm B`moX o_iV{. d{Xm_`{oh JhWml_ drH$mamg]Yr
[> AmX{e oXgVm{. hUyZ JhWml_ l{> Amh{.
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`m_mU{ gd ZXZmZm g_wmMmM Aml` AgVm{. `m_mU{ BVa Aml_mZm JhWM
AmYma^yV hm{Vm{.
MVwoâo[ MdV o Z`_mlo_oôO:$&

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`m Mmar Aml_mVrc H$m{U`moh `$sZ{ ([wT>`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{`m ) Xhm cjUmZr
`w$ Om{ Y_ `mM{ `Z[ydH$ AmMaU H$amd{.
YoV: j_m X_m{@V{` emMo_pòZJh:$&

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AV{` Mm{ar Z H$aU{, [a`mMr Ao^cmfm ZgU{. Xwg`mM{ ` Z cw]mS>U{,
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amIU{.
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6 97
XecjUH$ Y__ZwoV>g_mohV:$&
d{XmV odoYdN>dm g`g{XZUm{ oO:$&&94&&
`m Xhm cjUmZr `w$ Y_mM{ [mcZ H$arV AV:H$aUmZ{ [yU[U{ g_mYmZr hmd{. emV
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g`mg K{`m`m AmYr [napWoV AmoU _Z:pWVr H$m{UVr Agmdr [mVm H$m{UVr
Agmdr `mM{ `m{` _mJXeZ `m cm{H$mV Amh{. H{$di Aml_mMr Xrjm K{U{, H$[S>mMm aJ [mcQ>U{
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Ao^{V Amh{.
g`` gdH$_moU H$_Xm{fmZ[mZwXZ$&

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gd H$_mMm (JhWm{oMV) g`mg H$$Z H$_m[mgyZ C[ hm{Um`m Xm{fmZm Xya H$amd{,
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Ed g`` H$_moU dH$m`[a_m{@[h:$&

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B`moX Jm{>r H$am`m cmJVmVM. `{W{ jo`mMm C{I Amh{. `md$Z `mMm _mZ [ohcm [U Vm{ `m{`
Zg{c Va MmVwd`mVrc Hw$Uroh, eymZ{gwm amOm hmd{ Ag{ ZmaXmM{ _V Hw$zH$^Q>mZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
AamOH{$ oh cm{H${ @p_gdVm{ odxV{ ^`mV$&

ajmW_` gd` amOmZ_gO^w:$&&3&&
X{em_`{ amOm ZhVm `m_wi{ AamOH$ _mOc{ hm{V{. gJir A`dWm hm{Vr. cm{H$
^`^rV Pmc{ hm{V{. hUyZ `m gdm`m ajUmgmR>r BamZ{ amOm oZ_mU H{$cm.
H$Yr H$mir g``wJmV emgZmMr Amd`H$VmM ZhVr. gd cm{H$ [na[yUarVrZ{
dY_mZ{ dmJV hm{V{. `m_wi{ gdmM{ gd H$ma{ ajU ghO[U{ hm{V Ag{. [U H$mcmVamZ{ hr pWoV
amohcr Zmhr, _mUg{ dmWu,cm{^r, A`m`r Pmcr. ]cdmZ Xw]imda A`m` H$$ cmJc{. `mM{
em{fU hm{D$ cmJc{. Hw$UmM{oh OrodVodm gwaojV amhrZmg{ Pmc{. OrdZ ^`JV Pmc{. V{hm
oZ`m_H$mMr, emgZmMr Amd`H$Vm ^mgU{ dm^modH$ hm{V{. Bam`m {aU{Z{ Vg{M Pmc{.
BmoZc`_mH$mUm_{ dU` M$&

Modm{e`m{d _mm oZ` emVr:$&&4&&
75
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_Zw_oV
`_mX{fm gwa{ mUm _mm`m{ oZo_Vm{ Z[:$&

V_mXo^^d`{f gd^Vy moZ V{Ogm$&&5&&
B, dm`w, `_, gy`, Ao, dU, M, Hw ]{a `m X{dVmM{ _hdmM{ JwU(Ae) EH$
H$$Z BamZ{ amOm oZ_mU H{$cm. `m Xdr gXJwUmZr `w$ Ag`mZ{ amOmM{ V{O BVa gdmZm oZ^
H$aV{.
V[`moX`dMf Mjyo f M _Zmog M$&

Z MZ ^wod eZm{oV H$oXò^drojVw_$ &&6&&
amOm hm gy`m_mU{ Vi[V AgVm{. `m_wi{ [mhUm`m`m S>m{`mZm AmoU _Zmcm
oX[drV AgVm{. [drda H$m{Uroh amOm`m >rcm >r o^S>dy eH$V Zmhr.
gmmgm_` g[om `mMm gm_m` OZmda hm{Umam hm ^md Amh{.
gm{@o^doV dm`w gm{@H$: gm{_: g Y_amQ>$&

g Hw$]{a: g dU: g _h{: ^mdV:$&&7&&
amOm dV:`m ^mdmZ{ Ao, dm`y, gy`, M, `_, Hw$]{a, dU AmoU B `mMg{ maIm
AgVm{.
Ao XmhH$. dm`y _hm{_r. gy` V{Odr. M AmmX X{Umam, gwIodUmam,
erVc, _Zmcm g H$aUmam. `_ `m`r, gdmZm g_mZ c{IUmam. Hw$]{a g[mrMr X{dVm, gd
H$ma{ g[Vm X{Umam. dU OcmMr X{dVm, Oc h{M OrdZ, H$maU AmMr C[mr `mZ{M hm{V{.
`mVyZ [mUr dV: Amd`H$ Amh{M. AmoU X{dmMm amOm B hm Va _yoV_V [amH$_. amOm`m
oR>H$mUr h{ gd Xdr JwU Agc{M [mohO{V. VaM Om gwIr g_mYmZr gwaojV amh eH$V{. amOmcm
`mgmR>rM _hd _mZ Amh{. h{ JwU `mM{Odi ZmhrV Vm{ amOm Zh{M. g_mOmM{ Z{Vd Om{ H$$
BpN>Vm{ `mM{ R>m`roh h{ JwU [a_md`H$ _mZc{ [mohO{V. VaM cm{H$gmm I`m AWmZ{ drH$m` hm{D$
eH$V{.
]mcm{@o[ Zmd_V`m{ _Zw` BoV ^yo_[:$&

_hVr X{dVm {fm Za$[{U oV>oV$&&8&&
d`mZ{ chmZ Agcm Var EH$ _Zw` _mZyZ amOmMr Adkm H$$ Z`{. amOm hr _Zw`$[mZ{
AgUmar l{> X{dVm Amh{ Ag{ OmUmd{.
EH$_{d XhòZa Xw[go[U_$&

Hw$c XhoV amOmo: g[ew`gM`_$&&9&&
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ZH$m{ oVVH$s OdirH$ H$aUm`m EH$mcmM Ao [m{iVm{, OmiVm{ [U amOmer Vg{M

dmJc{ Va amOm$[r Ao KamXmamgH$Q> gd g[mrMm Zme H$aVm{.
`m H$maUmgmR>rM H$m{U`moh gmmYm`mer gmYmaU _mUgmZ{ Oam gm^miyZM Agmd{.
H$m` gm{@d{` eq$ M X{eH$mcm M VdV:$&

Hw$V{ Y_ogX`W od$[ [wZ: [wZ:$&&10&&
amOm Am[c{ gm_`, X{eH$mc[napWVrM{ `Wm`m{` arVrZ{ g[Uy kmZ h{ ZrQ> `mZmV
K{D$Z dV:M{ H$V` [ma [mS>rV AgVm{. VXW `mcm ZmZmH$maMr $[{ dmadma YmaU H$amdr cmJVmV.
amOH$m` MmcodU{ \$ma AdKS> Amh{. H$m{UVmoh EH$ oZ`_ V{W{ gai[UmZ{ MmcodVm
`{V Zmhr. gJdemV `mcm H$R>m{a, _Xy, `m`r, [j[mVr, g_>r, Odi dm Xya H$aUmam, {_i,
CXma, Z{herc,aogH$, VwgS>m, j_merc, ewVm dm o_Vm Om{S>Umam, AmH$_H$ dm [cm`ZdmXr
Ag{ AZ{H$H$ma{ dmJmd{ cmJV{. _m h{ gd dò$H$ hmoZcm^mMm odMma H$$Z KS>V ZgV{. H$maU
O{M{ ohV, dX{emM{ ajUgdYZ h{M EH$_m amOmM{ [a_H$V` AgV{. hUyZM Y_ogX`W
amOm od(ZmZmodY) $[{ daM{da YmaU H$aVm{.Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
amOZroV dada [mhVm Hw$oQ>c dmQ>V{. dmWr Xw>mMr _wimVoh VerM AgV{. hUyZ
Va oVcm gw^mofVH$mamZr d{`{Mr C[_m oXcr Amh{.
`{Wrc Yagm{S> dm ododYVm Ver dmWu Zmhr. h{ Y_ogX`W eXmd$Z [> hm{V{.
`{Wrc ododYV{_mJ{ dm odgJoVodam{Y `m_mJ{ am>ajU AmoU OmohV gmYyZ X{U{ EdT>rM ^mdZm
Amh{.
`` gmX{ [m lrodO` [amH$_{$&

_`w dgoV H$m{Y{ gdVO
{ m{_`m{ oh g:$&&11&&
amOm`m gV{Z{ g[om d^d `mMm cm^ hm{Vm{. `m`m [amH$_mZ{ am> odO`r hm{V{.
AmoU Vm{ `m`mda gVm[Vm{ `mMm _`y AQ>i AgVm{. H$maU amOm hm V{Om{_` Amh{.
Am[`m [a[a{V O{gmR>r Or amOoZ>m gmoJVcr Amh{, oVMr hrM H$maU{ Amh{V,
`mH$mir [aY_u` dm [aH$m amOm Agm Hw$Ur Zg{M. gdM qhXw AmoU ^maVr` AWmV qhXwWmZr hm{V{.
hUyZ hm oZ`_ A]moYV hm{Vm. amO{oh OmohVXj AgV. hUyZ A[dmX Agm \$magm ZhVmM.
V `Vw {o> g_m{hmg odZ``ge`_$&

V` mew odZmem` amOm Hw$V{ _Z:$&&12&&
_m{hm_wi{ Om{ H$m{Ur amOmMm {f H$aVm{ Vm{ oZ:ge` ZQ> hm{Vm{ H$maU Aem {f H$aUm`mcm
H$g{ cmH$amV cmH$a Zmhrg{ H$amd{ `mMr `m{OZm amOm _ZmV AmIrV AgVm{.
7 13
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V_m_ ò_>f{ w g `d`{amoY[:$&

AoZ> MmòZ>f{ w V Y_ Z odMmc`{V$ &&13&&
amOmcm O{ AZwHy$c `m`mg]Yr amOmZ{ `m{` `m Y_mZ{ (AmXm` gmO`) dmJmd{,
AmoU amOmcm O{ oVHy$c AgVrc `m`mer amOmZ{ Vg{M (ewdmZ{) dmJmd{. hm (amO) Y_M
Amh{. `mM{ CKZ H$$ Z`{.
_hmam>m`m BoVhmgmV oedmOr amO{, Mamd _m{a{ ]mOr Km{a[S>{ `mM{er H$g{
dmJc{ V{ [mohc{ hUO{ oedmOramO{ _Zw_Vr_mU{M dVZ H$arV h{ `mZmV `{V{.
cm{H$gm{V emgZmZ{ KmcyZ oXc{c{ oZ]Y h{M amOmM{ VrH$ Amh{V. hUyZ gmZmZ{
oZ]YmM{ [mcZ H$amd{. [U [maV`mV cmJc{cr oZ]Y^JmMr gd` Am[roh MT>`m dmT>`m _mUmV
oQ>Hy$Z Amh{. dVmV Z{V{[U o_iod`mM{ AmoU oQ>H$od`mM{ V{ EH$ Amd`H$ gmYZ Pmc{ Amh{.
gdgm_m` _m `m_wi{ [Xm{[Xr V hm{Vm{. g[]XaVmam{H$m{ M{ d$[oh daM{da AoYH$moYH$
Hy$a AmoU Xw> hm{V Mmcc{ Amh{. `m_wi{ hm{Umar [rS>m _mUgmcm Ag hm{V{. hUyZ amOmodf`r _ZyZ{
O{ gmoJVc{ Amh{ V{M oZ]Ym`m g]YmV cjmV R>{D$Z dmJmd{. Xw]i{ ^>mMmar AmoU Vw>rH$aUdmXr
emgH$ oZ]Y^JmZ{ C[ hm{Um`m C[rS>Zmcm Amim Kmcy BpN>V ZmhrV. `mZm V{ gm_òh ZgV{
H$maU V{ gd dmWu AmoU odcmgo` Pmc{ Amh{V. hUyZ gm_m` OZmZr oZ]YmM{ `Wm`m{àrVrZ{
[mcZ H$amd{. odam{Y H$aU{ A[nahm` Pmc{ Va Vm{ gm` AmoU gmO`[yU Agmdm.
V`mW} gd^Vy mZm Jm{ma Y__m_O_$&

]V{Om{_` XS>_gO[yd_ ra:$&&14&&
amOmcm C[ H$a`m[yduM BamZ{(OUw) dV:Mm [w Agm Y_$[ XS> oZ_mU H{$cm.
Vm{ ]V{OmZ{ `w$ hm{Vm. gdmM{ ajU H$aU{ h{M `mM{ Co> hm{V{. Vm{M Y_$[ XS> amOmM{ dmYrZ
H{$cm.
amOmZ{ H$m{U`m oZ`_mZ{ dmJd{ V{ amO[XmAmYrM R>aodc{c{ hm{V.{ AmoU hm XS> Y_$[M
hm{Vm. d ]V{OmZ{ g[ hm{Vm. hUO{ Y_mMr Or Y`, j_m, g`_, X`m, g`, [addOZ, [mod`,
kmZ odkmZ, ]wo B`moX AVaJ{ VrM `m amOXS>mMr Co>{ hm{Vr. hUyZM `mcm ]V{Om{_`
Aer gkm oXcr Amh{.
amOmZ{ Or odYrodYmZ{ dm oZ`_ oZ]Y emgZ `dW{V [mimd`mM{ V{ `mZ{ Am[`m
gm{`r_mU{ oZ_mU H{$c{c{ ZgV. V{ emmZ{ AmYrM R>aodc{c{, ]mYyZ oXc{c{ AgV. hUyZ `mV
A`m` [j[mV dm _Z_mZr Zg{. H$m{UmM{ Vw>rH$aUoh Zg{.
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7 21
V` gdmoU ^yVmoZ WmdamoU MamoU M $&

^`mm{Jm` H$[V{ dY_m McpV M$&&15&&
`m amOXS>m`m YmH$mZ{M gd Wmda OJ_ Am[m[`m odohV Y_mZ{ dmJV Ag{.
AmoU `m_wi{M gdmZm gwIm{[^m{JmMm cm^ hm{B.
V X{eH$mcm eq$ M odm Mmd{` VdV:$&

`WmhV: gU`{a{d`m`doVf$w &&16&&
X{e, H$mc, gm_`, kmZ, odm, B`moX ZrQ> `mZr K{D$ZM A`m`mZ{ dmJUm`mda
`Wm`m{àrVrZ{ `m amOXS>mMm `m{J H$amd`mMm AgVm{.
A[amYmM{ d$[ dada EH$M dmQ>c{ Var V{ H$a`mM{ Co> d{Jd{Ji{ AgyeH$V{.
oejm H$aVmZm `mMm odMma H$amdm cmJVm{.
g amOm [wfm{ XS>: g Z{Vm emogVm M g:$&

MVwUm_ml_mUm M Y_` oV^y: _V:$&&17&&
hm amOXS>M dmVdmV amOm Amh{ Vm{M g_W Amh{. [wT>maroh Vm{M, diU cmdUmam
Vm{M, Mmar Aml_mM{ oZÙ Vm{M H$aVm{. hm amOXS>M `dhmam_`{ Y_mM{ oVoZoYd H$aVm{.
XS>: empV Om: gdm XS> EdmoâjoV $&

XS>: gwf{ w OmJoV XS> Y_ odXw]Y
w m:$&&18&&
O{M{ emgZ ajU amOXS>M H$aVm{. BVa gd AgmdY Agc{ Var XS> gXd OmJ$H$M
AgVm{. hUyZ OmUV{ XS>mcm Y_ Ag{ _mZVmV.
g_r` g YV: g`H$ gdm aOòV Om:$&

Ag_r` UrVVw odZmeòV gdV:$&&19&&
amOXS> odMma[ydH $ YmaU H{$cm Va Om gwImdV{.AodMmamZ{ dm[acm Va gJirH$Sy>Z
ZmeM hm{Vm{.
òX Z U`{mOm XS> XS>{ dVpV:$&

eyc{ _`moZdm[`Xw]c
m]cdmam:$&&20&&
O{ XS> H$a`mg `m{` Amh{V (oej{g [m Amh{V, A[amYr Amh{V). `mZm Oa Xj
amhZ amOm XS> X{Uma Zmhr Va ^m`mZ{ _mg{ _mac{ OmVmV, Vg{ ]cdmZ Xw]cmMm Zme H$aVrc.
AmH$mH$: [wam{S>me m@docmodVWm$&

dm` M Z `mH$p_odV}VmYam{ma_$&&21&&
7 21
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_Zw_oV
XS>mMm emgZmMm `m{` Vm{ dm[a Z H{$cm, Va H$mdi{ [wam{S>me ImVrc. Hw$r hod^mJ
MmQ>Vrc, H$m{UmM{ H$emda dmo_d hUyZ CaUma Zmhr. ZrM da MT>Vrc. Cm_mZm [VZ gm{gmd{
cmJ{c.
A`V [od Aem Jm{>tM{oh [mod` g^miVm `{Uma Zmhr. Agm ^md H$mdi{ Hw$r
`m`m C{ImVyZ `$ hm{Vm{. H$m{UmM{oh OrodVodm gwaojV AgUma Zmhr. ]cXS> H$m{UmM{oh em{fU
H$aVrc, H$mhroh cwQy>Z Z{Vrc. A`m{` ò$ CM [Xmda MT>Vrc. MmJ`mMm Ad_mZ hm{Bc. Ag{
H$m? `mM{ H$maU [wT>rc cm{H$mV Amh{.
gdm} XS>oOVm{ cm{H$m{ Xwc^

m{ oh ewoMZa:$&
XS>` oh ^`mgd OJm{Jm` H$[V{ &&22&&
cm{H$ XS>m_wi{M dR>Urda `{VmV. Am[U hm{D$Z MmJc{ dmJUma{ odaim. XS>mM{ ^`
Ag`m_wi{M gma{ OJ gwImMm C[^m{J K{D$ eH$V{.
X{dXmZdJYdm ajmog [VJm{aJm:$&

V{@o[ ^m{Jm` H$[V{ XS>Z{ d oZ[roS>Vm:$&&23&&
X{d, XmZd, JYd, amjg, [jr, g[, Ag{ gd Ord BaUrV oZ`_ZmZ{ dmJVmV.
hUyZM gwIr amhVmV.
Xw`{`:w gddUm o^{agdgV{ d: $&

gdcm{H$H$m{[ ^d{S>` od^_mV$&&24&&
XS> Oa ^mV Pmcm, Va Mmar dU XyofV hm{Vrc gd _`mXm CdV hm{Vrc. gd
cm{H$mV H$m{[ _mO{c.
` `m_m{ cm{ohVmjm{ XS>aoV [m[hm$&

OmV Z _wpV Z{Vm M{gmYw [òV$&&25&&
gmd`m aJmMm, Vm]S>m S>m{`mMm [m[mMm Zme H$aUmam XS> `m{àrVrZ{ dm[acm
OmBc. Z{Vm Oa MmJc{ H$m` V{ Am{iIUmam Ag{c, Va O{[H$s H$m{Umcmoh _m{h hm{Uma Zmhr. (gd
`m{` Vg{M dmJVrc)
`m_dU cm{IS>mM{ H$oR>U[U gwModVm{. AmoU Vm]S>{ S>m{i{ H$m{YmM{ YmH$ ]god`mM{
oVoZoYd H$aVmV. AWmV h{ V{hmM e` hm{V{, O{hm Z{VmamOm[wT>mar MmJwc[U Am{iIUmam
AWmV odd{H$erc AmoU Yradra Ag{c.
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7 29
V`mh: gU{Vma amOmZ g`dmoXZ_$&

g_r`H$mnaU mk Y_H$m_mWH$m{odX_$&&26&&
g`mMm [j[mVr, gmamgmaodMma H$aUmam, ]wo_mZ, Y_AWH$m_ `mM{ d$[
AmoU _`mXm Am{iIUmam Agm amOm Ag{c Va Vm{M XS>mMm `m{J H$a`mMm AoYH$mar Amh{ Ag{
OmUV{ cm{H$ hUVmV.
emgZmM{ oZ`_ MmJc{ Agmd{V `mV O{`m ohVmMm, ajUmMm d^dmMm gwI
g_mYmZmMm odMma Agmdm h{ Va Ia{M, [U emgH$ Oa Im{Q>m, dmWu, AS>mUr, H$emM{ ZrQ> kmZ
Zgc{cm, Ag{c Va godYmZ oH$Vroh Cm_ Agc{ Var O{`m H$[mir hmcA[{>mM `{VmV. ^>mMmar
emgH$ O{cm gwI X{D$M eH$V Zmhr. Vm{ godYmZmMmoh Xw[`m{J H$aVm{.
V amOm U`g`H$ odJ}Umo^dYV${ &

H$m_m_m odf_: jwm{ XS>Z{ d oZh`V{$&&27&&
MmJcm amOm, XS>mMm `m{` arVrZ{ dm[a H$arc, Va Y_AWH$m_ `m odJmMr
Ao^do H$aUmam R>a{c. [U Vm{M Oa H$m_cm{cw[, odf`mg$, A`m`r, [j[mVr, jwdmrMm Ag{c
Va e{dQ>r XS>mZ{M `mMm Zme hm{Bc.
AmaJO{], Xwgam ]mOramd, _wgm{ocZr Ag{M Z> Pmc{.
XS>m{ oh gw_hm{Om{ XwYa mH$Vm_o^:$&

Y_moMocV hpV Z[_{d g]mYd_$&&28&&
XS> A`V V{Odr Amh{. `mM{ dV:da oZÙ Zmhr, O{ AkmZr (AgH$V)
Amh{V, V{ `mcm ZrQ> YmaU H$$ eH$V ZmhrV. V{ Y_m[mgyZ (H$V`m[mgyZ) ^> hm{VmV. _J XS>
`mMm Am{Q>mgh Zme H$aVm{.
ZXamOmM{ Ag{M Pmc{ _m `mgmR>r XS>mMm `m{` dm[a H$gm H$amdm `mM{ `WmW
_mJXeZ H$aUmam kmdmZ, V{Odr MmU` Y`mZ{ C^m ahmdm cmJVm{.
VVm{ XwJ M am> M cm{H$ M gMamMa_$&

AVnajJVmd _wZrX{dm [rS>`V{ $ &&29&&
amOm Z> hm{VmM Vm{M XS> ZVa JS>H$m{Q> am>, gd Om, `jJYdF$fr X{d
`mZmoh [rS>mH$a hm{Vm{.
H{$hm H$g{ dmJmd{, X`m H$m{Umda oH$Vr H$amdr, `mM{ ^mZ gwQ>c{ H$s _J `mMm [dramO
MhmU hm{Vm{. am> [oVV hm{V{ AmoU gm{_ZmWmgmaIr g[ _oXa{ dmadma cwQ>cr OmVmV. amOZroV ZrQ>
Z C_O`mM{M h{ Xw[naUm_ Amh{V.
7 30
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gm{@ghm`{Z _yT>Z{ cwY{ZmH$V]woZm$&

Z e`m{ `m`Vm{ Z{Vw g{$Z odf`{fw M $&&30&&
amOm Oa ghm`hrZ _yI cm{^r emm`mg Z H{$c{cm Ag{c, odf`mg$ Ag{c Va
`mcm XS>mMm ZrQ> C[`m{J H$aVmM `{Uma Zmhr.
ewoMZm g`gYZ{ `WmemmZwgmnaUm $&

U{Vw e`V{ XS>: gwghm`{Z Yr_Vm$&&31&&
amOm [od g`mZ{ dmJUmam, emm_mU{ MmcUmam, gdmM{ MmJc{ ghH$m`
o_iodUmam, AmoU ]wo_mZ Xya>rMm Ag{c VaM `mcm amOXS> `m{` H$ma{ hmVmiVm `{Bc.
dam>{ `m`dm: `mXê

XS> ewf$w &
gwdoO: pZY{fw ]mU{fw j_mpdV:$&&32&&
amOmZ{ dV:`m am`mV A`V `m`mZ{ dmJmd{. ey`m g]YmV CJ XS>mMm C[`m{J
H$amdm. Am[c{ O{ {_i o_ AgVrc, `m`mer H$[Q>mZ{ dmJy Z`{. ]mUY_mZ{ dmJUmamH$S>{ j_merc
dmrZ{ [hmd{.
`m` A`m` `mMm gy_ odMma H{$di O{`m g]YmV Agmdm. O{ Om[rS>H$
Amh{V, AmVH$dmXr Amh{V, am`mM{ ey Amh{V, `m`mer CJ[UmZ{ dmJmd{. _mZdVmdmXm`m
OS>O]mcmV gm[Sy>Z Xw>mer H$m{U`moh [napWVrV gm` dVZ H$$ Z`{. ghZerc AgU{, j_m
H$aU{, CXma dVZ R>{dU{, h{ egZr` gXJwU Amh{V h{ Ia{ [U `mMm cm^ Xw>mZm, ZrMmZm hm{Vm H$m_m
Z`{. gai odmZmM{odf`r Ver dom AgU{ CoMV Amh{.
Edd m` Z[V{: oecm{N>Z{ mo[ OrdV:$&

odVr`V{ èm{ cm{H${ Vco]Xwnadmôg$&&33&&
Om{ amOm Aem H$ma{ dmJVm{, Vm{ Oar Xnar Agcm (d^dg[ Zgcm) Var `mM{
è cm{H$m_`{, [m`mV [S>c{`m V{cm`m W|]m_mU{ [gaV{.
ercm|N>do m [ydu ]mUmMm AmXe hUyZ gmoJVcr Amh{. jo`mMm AWmV amOmMm
Vm{ Y_ Zh{. C[cjUmZr amOm g[om_mZ ZgU{M `{W{ Ao^{V Amh{. YZ]imda H$soV odH$V K{Vm
`{V{. Vg{ `{W{ Ao^{V Zmhr. è H$soV h{ MmJwc[UmM{, gXmMmamM{ `m{` odd{H$s dVZmM{ [naUm_
Amh{V.
AVVw od[arV` Z[V{aoOVm_Z:$&

goj`V{ èm{ cm{H${ KVo]Xwnadmôg$&&34&&
_Zw_oV
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7 36
g`_ oZ oejU Zgc{cm Om{ amOm `m`m CcQ> dmJVm{, `m`m èmMm, cm{H$m_`{,
[m`mV [S>c{`m Vw[m`m W|]m_mU{ gH$m{M hm{Vm{.
d{ d{ Y_} oZod>mZm gd}fm_Zw[dy e

: $&
dUmZm_ml_mUm M amOm g>m@{ oâojVm $&&35&&
AZwH$_mZ{ Am[Am[`m Y_mV dmJUmam`m dUmM{ AmoU Aml_mM{ ajU `m{àrVrZ{
H$a`mgmR>rM amOmMr oZo_Vr Pmc{cr Amh{.
]mU jo`d` ey hm dUmMm H$_ AmoU ]M`, JhW, dmZW AmoU
g`mg hm Aml_mMm H$_. `m `m dUmV AmoU Aml_mV Agc{`m `$sZ{ Am[m[`m
dUml_m_mU{ dmJU{ h{M gd>rZ{ l{`H$a AgV{. Vg{ Oa Hw$Ur dmJV Zg{c Va `mcm Vg{ dmJmd`mg
cmdU{, h{M g_mOmV dm` oZ_mU H$aUma{ AgV{. V{ amOmM{ H$V` Amh{. Zh{ amO[XmMr oZo_Vr
V{dT>mgmR>rM Pmc{cr Amh{. H$mocXmgmZ{ amOmMr dUZ{ H$aVmZm hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s,
a{Im_m_o[ jwUm_m_Zm{d_Z: [a $&
Z `Vr`w: OmV` oZ`VwZ}o_dm`:$&&
_ZyZ{ KmcyZ oXc{`m MmH$m{ar]mh{a `m amOmMr Om a{gâoh OmV Zg{.

AH$m`qMVmg_H$mc_{d mXw^d Mm[Ya[waVmV $&
AV: eara{do[ `: OmZm `moXX{emodZ` odZ{Vm$&&
O{Vrc H$m{Um`m _ZmV d{S>{dmH$S>{ dmJ`mMr ZwgVr BN>m Oar C[ Pmcr Var
YZw`Ymar emgZj_ amOm `m`m _Z:Mjy[wT>{ C^m amhr.AmoU `mMr Vr dmBQ> dmJ`mMr BN>m
_wimVM Zmoher H$ar. `j H$Vr(dmBQ>dVZ) H$a`mM{ YmS>gM H$m{Umg hm{V Zg{. amOmM{ dmJU{
Ag{ CS>mZm XwdV`mZm YmH$ C[ H$aUma{ Agc{ [mohO{.
V{Z `g^`{Z H$V` ajVm Om:$&

Vmm{@h d`mo_ `WmdXZw[dy e
:$&&36&&
V{hm amOmZ{ Am[`m AoYH$mardJmgh O{`m ajUmgmR>r H$g{ dmJmd{ V{ _r Vwhmg
H$_mH$_mZ{ `m{àrVrZ{ gmJVm{.
amOmMr hUyZ Or H$V`{ AgVmV Vr gmar EH$Q>m amOmMr H$YrM ZgVmV. H$maU
amOm _mUyg hUyZ gm_m`M AgVm{. H$mhr gXJwU `mM{ dò$H$ Agc{, Var OmohVmV `mMr
[naUVr hmd`mMr Va `mMm g{dH$dJ, `mM{ chmZ_m{R>{ AoYH$maroh Vg{M dmJUma{ Agc{ [mnhO{V.
VaM O{M{ H$`mU hm{V{.
7 36
328 ]
_Zw_oV
EH$Q>m amOm `{H$ OmOZm[`V [m{MyM eH$V Zmhr. am`mMm [gmam O{dT>m _m{R>m
V{dT>r emgZ`dW{Vrc AoYH$m`mMr g`moh _m{R>r AgUma . `m gdmda amOmM{ ZrQ> cj Agc{
[mohO{. VaM V{ gma{ `dpWV dVZ H$aVrc. EdT>m gJim ^md "g^`{Z' hU`mV Amh{. Zmhr Va
Om hr odc], A`m`, [j[mV, ^>mMma, em{fU `mZ{ [roS>cr OmUmaM.
]mUm[`w[ mgrV mVWm` [moWd:$&

oddmpdXwfpV>{ m{fm M emgZ{ $&&37&&
amOmZ{ [hmQ>{ cmH$a CRy>Z ]mUmMm gH$ma H$amdm. `mMm gH$ma H$amd`mMm, V{
]mU oVhr d{XmM{ `WmW kmZ AgUma{, ZrVrem B`mXtM{ MmJc{ OmUH$ma Agmd{V. V{ O{ gmJVmV
`m_mU{ dmJmd{.
dm oZ` g{dV{ odmd{XodX: ewMrZ$&

dg{dr oh gVV ajm{oâo[ [y`V{$&&38&&
odmZ d{Xd{m{, [od AmMaUmM{ Aem dmMr oZ` g{dm H$amdr. dmMr g{dm H$aUmam
amjgmZmoh (Hy$aXwmZm>) [yOZr` dmQ>Vm{.
`{W{ H{$di OmVrZ{ ]mU Agc{cm, dm ZwgVm d`mZ{ doS>cYmam Agc{cm Agm H$m{Ur
Ao^{V Zmhr. Vm{ AZw^dr, emmMm A`mgr, [od AmMaUmMm gXmMaUr, dmJU{ ]m{cU{ ew
gmpdH$ Agc{cm Agm [mohO{. AZw^dr gmZ dmMr gJVr Z{h_rM cm^Xm`H$ AgV{.H$m{UmM{oh
dV:`m AZw^dmM{ j{ chmZ AmoU emmMm A`mg Vm{Q>H$m Agy eH$Vm{. amOm[wT>{ oZ` Z`m
g_`m C`m ahmV AgVmV. [napWoV AZ{H$Xm Jm|YiyZ Q>mH$Umar AgV{. Aem d{ir gXmMmar
AZw^dr em{d{m{ d H$g{ dmJmd{, H$m` H$amd{ V{ Z{_H{$[UmZ{ gmJy eH$VmV. AWmV `mda dV:oh
ZrQ> odMma H$amdm h{ JhrVM Amh{. AZw^dr cm{H$mer odMmaodoZ_` H$aUmamodf`r eR> XwOZmZmoh
_ZmV`m _ZmV Var AmXaM dmQ>V AgVm{.
V{`m{@oYJN>o{ Z` odZrVm_m@o[ oZè:$&

odZrVm_m oh Z[oVZ odZòV H$ohoMV$&&39&&
kmZr dm`m Odi Omd`mM{ V{ odZ_ amOmZ{oh AoYH$ odZ`mZ{M Omd{, Z_odZ`r
`$sMm H$YrM Zme hm{V Zmhr.
AhH$ma _m{R>m dmBQ> XwJwU Amh{. gd XwJwUmMm Vm{M OZH$ Amh{. Vm{ dV:odZm A`
H$m{Umcm ]wo_mZ, kmZr, odd{H$s, g_W, H$VddmZ _mZrV Zmhr. `m_wi{ `m`m dmJ`mV [Xm{[Xr
Xm{f KS>VmV. [U V{ `m`m cjmV `{V Zmhr. `m`m{J{ H$m` o]KS>V{. `mMm AW ò$ dmo^_mZr dm
_Zw_oV
[ 329 ]
7 43
Am_odmgr Agy Z`{ Agm _wirM Zmhr. [U odZ`, Z_Vm AmoU dmo^_mZ, Am_odmg [a[a
odam{Yr AgVmV Ag{ Zmhr. Ag{ odZ`mZ{ dmJUmamM{ H$`mUM hm{V{.
]hdm{@odZ`m>m amOmZ: g[naN>Xm:$&

dZWm Ao[ am`moZ odZ`moV[{oXa{$&&40&&
C_m[Um_wi{ AZ{H$ amO{ g[nadma Z> Pmc{. CcQ> odZ`r amO{ dZdmgr Pmc{ hm{V{,
Var `mZm [whm am`cm^ Pmcm.
d{Zm{ odZ>m@{ odZ`mhfd [moWd:$&

gwXm: [OdZd gw_I
w m{ oZo_a{d M $&&41&&
Cm_[UmZ{ dmJ`m_wi{ d{Z, Zhf, o[OdZmMm [w gwXm, gw_wI, oZo_ h{ amO{ Zme
[mdc{.
[WVw odZ`mm` mdm_Zwad{ M $&

Hw$]{a YZ` ]m` Md JmoYO:$&&42&&
odZ`mZ{ dmJ`m_wi{ [Ww AmoU _Zw `mZm am`mMm cm^ Pmcm. Hw$]{amcm g[om E{`
`mMr mo Pmcr. Va jo` AgyZ odmo_mcm `mM O_mV ]mU hm{Vm Amc{.
am_mÙ _hm^maVmgma`m BoVhmgmVyZ AmoU H$mhr [wamUJWmVyZ da C{oIc{`m
`$sMr Mna{ odVmamZ{ Amc{cr Amh{V. `m`mer `{W{ H$mhr ode{f `m{OZ Zmhr.
Am[`m AocH$S>`m BoVhmgmVrc ohQ>ca _wgm{ocZr, _moZ`mMm M{BHy$,
AmoU]mUr cmXUmar BoXamJmYr hr `m C_m[Um`m [naUm_mMrM CXmhaU{ Amh{V.
od{``t odm XS>ZrqV M emVr_$&

AmdrojH$s Mm_odm dmmma^m cm{H$V:$&&43&&
F$H$, Òw, gm_, `m VrZ d{XmM{ kmZ AgUm`mH$Sy>Z `mVrc C[`w$ kmZ, XS>ZrVrVrc
emV Vd{, `m`, VH$, Am_odm AmoU dmmm `modf`rM{ kmZ g]oYV OmUH$mamH$Sy>Z m H$$Z
`md{.
d{XkmZm_wi{ ohVmohVH$`{ H$er AgVmV, Y_H$`{ H$er AZw>mdrV, h{ H$iV{.
amOZrVr_Y{ H$mhr Jm{>r VmH$mocH$ C[`m{Jm`m, Va H$mhr oMaVZ C[`m{Jm`m AgVmV. `mV emV
C[`m{JmM{ O{, `m g]YmV MyH$ Z hm{D$ X{U{ _hdmM{. `m`VH$ emm_wi{ [wT>{ Amc{`m odf`mMr
ZrQ> N>mZZr H$aVm `{V{. g`^_ `mM{ `WmW kmZ hm{V{. d[jmM{ _S>Z AmoU oV[jmM{ IS>Z
èdrarVrZ{ H$aVm `{V{. dmmm hm odf` amOH$ma^mam`m>rZ{ \$ma _hdmMm Amh{. cm{H$mM{ XZoXZ
7 43
330 ]
_Zw_oV
OrdZ `m`mer g] AgV{. dmmm_`{ `m[ma e{Vr [ew[mcZ oe[, Wm[` `m gdmMmM g_md{e
hm{Vm{. AWem `mdaM Adc]yZ AgV{. `modf`r K{Vc{c{ oZU` `jM cm^ dm hmZr H$aUma{
R>$ eH$VmV. amOm `m g]YmV AZo^k Ag{c Va O{cm Xmna ^m{Jmd{ cmJV{. _J ZmZmH$maM{ gKf
C[ hm{VmV. hUyZ amOmZ{ gdM odf`mM{ `mVoh dmmm AmoU Am_kmZ `mM{ ode{f A``Z H{$c{
[mohO{. Am_od{_wi{ g`_ AJdiUr [S>Vm{, ò$_dmMm gdmoJU odH$mg gmYU{ gwc^ hm{V{.
Bo`mUm O`{ `m{J g_moV>o{ dmoZe_$&

oOV{p`m{ oh eZm{oV de{ Wm[o`Vw Om:$&&44&&
amoXdg amOmZ{ dV:Mr Bp`{ dmYrZ R>{d`mMm `Z gmj{[mZ{ H$amdm. `mcm
dV:`m Bo`mM{ oZÙ gmYc{ Vm{ O{cmoh dmYrZ R>{dy eH$Vm{.
Xe H$m_g_wWmoZ VWm>m H$m{YOmoZ M $&

`gZmoZ XwaVmoZ `Z{Z oddO`V{ $ &&45&&
H$m_m_wi{ C[ hm{Umar Xhm AmoU H$m{Ym_wi{ hm{Umar AmR> hr `gZ{ \$ma h>r, ghgm
Z gwQ>Umar Amh{V. Vr `Z[ydH$ Q>mimdr.
H$m_O{fw g$m{ oh `gZ{fw _hr[oV:$&

od`w`V{@WY_m`m H$m{YO{dm_Zd Vw$&&46&&
amOm Oa H$m_m_wi{ C[ hm{Um`m Xm{fmV Amg$ hm{D$Z amhrc, Va Y_ AW
`m`m[mgyZ doMV hm{Bc. H$m{Ym_wi{ hm{Um`m Xm{fm_wi{ `mMr dV:MrM hmZr hm{Bc.
H$m_H$m{YmMm C[`m{J `dhmamV [wH$i Amh{. [U V{ [yU[U{ dV:`m g{dH$m_mU{
dmYrZ Agc{ [mohO{. _mUyg `m`m Amhmar J{cm Va `mZ{ hmZrM hmZr dmQ>mg `{V{. _mUgmM{
`dhmaj{ chmZ AgV{. [U amOm`m hmVyZ KS>c{ `m Xm{fmMm [naUm_ `m`m O{g ^m{Jmdm cmJVm{.
hUyZ amOmZ{ \$ma gmdY amohc{ [mohO{.
_J`mjm{ oXdmdZ: [nadmX: o`m{ _X:$&

Vmò H$ dWmQ>m M H$m_Om{ XeH$m{ JU:$&&47&&
[maY, yV, oXdgm Pm{[U{, Hw$Mmi`m H$aU{, aoVH$sS>m, _[mZ, gJrVmMr Am{T>,
CJrM ^Q>H$U{, h{ H$m_m_wi{ hm{Uma{ Xhm Xm{f Amh{V.
gmm, g[om, AoYH$ma, cm{H$o`Vm Om{ Om{ AoYH$ Vm{ Vm{ `m `gZmM{ _mU dmT>VM
OmV{. e{dQ>r gdZme S>m{`m[wT>{ oXgV AgVmZmoh `gZmVyZ oZdm hmd{g{oh dmQ>V Zmhr. Z`
Jm`ZdmXZ `m oVKmZm o_iyZ gJrV hr gkm Amh{. "Z`JrV M dm M ` gJrV_w`V{'
_Zw_oV
[ 331 ]
7 52
goJVmMr AmdS> Va aogH$V{Mr m{VH$ Amh{. hUyZ Vr ^yfUmZ{ o_aodcr OmV{. [U oVMm AoVa{H$
_mUgmcm N>moX> ]ZdVm{ AmoU Vm{ H$m`j_V{V _m{R>mM ]mY AmUVm{.
[ew ` gmhg m{h B`mg`y mWXfy U_$&

dmXS>O M [m` H$m{YOm{@o[ JUm{@>H$:$&&48&&
Xw>Vm, gmhg, {f (da), B`m, _ga, H$[UVm, dmUrZ{ gVm[ `$ H$aU{
(oedrJmi), H$R>m{aVm h{ H$m{YmR>m`r AgUma{ AmR> Xm{f hm{V.
`mVrc AWXyfU H$m_mV AmoU [nadmX H$m{YmV KmcU{ ]a{ Pmc{ AgV{. AWXyfUmMm
AW H$[UVm Z H$aVm (AWYZ) `dhmamV gai[Um ZgU{ Agmoh H$aVm `{Vm{. Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ YZ
Mm{aU{, c[odU{, md`mM{ `mg Z X{U{ Ag{ dZr `m eXmVyZ H$mT>c{ Amh{V.
`m{a`{V`m{_c
y ` gd} H$d`m{ odXw: $&
V `Z{Z O`{m{^ Vmmd{Vmdw^m JUm$&&49&&
H$m_H$m{Y `m Xm{KmM{ _yi cm{^ Amh{. Ag{ gd kmV{ OmUVmV. `m`m[mgyZ H$m_H$m{Y
AmoU `mM{ Xhm AmR> H$ma O_mg `{VmV. `m cm{^mcm `Z[ydH$ qOH$md{.
Ia{ Va cm{^ h{ H$m_mM{ gVmZ dm odH$ogV $[ Amh{ [U H$m_H$m{Y Am[cr dm^modH$
gr_m Am{cmS>VmV, Vr _m cm{^m_wi{. hUyZ JrV{Z{ `mcm H$m_H$m{Ymgh ZaH$mM{ ma hQ>c{ Amh{.
H$V`wJmM{ e{dQ>r dm {Vm`wJmM{ Ama^r cm{^M JQ> Pmcm AmoU `mVyZ [wT>{ gd AZW[a[am oZ_mU
Pmcr. Ag{ MaH$mMm`mZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
[mZ_jm: o`d _J`m M `WmH$__$&

EVH$>V_ odmVwH$ H$m_O{ JU{$&&50&&
_[mZ, yV, aoVodcmg, [maY h{ H$m_m`m Xhm H$mamVrc Mma \$ma H$> X{Uma{,
AoYH$ KmVH$ Amh{V. Ag{ OmUmd{.
XS>` [mVZ Md dm[m`mWXfy U{$&

H$m{YO{@o[ JU{ odmH$>_V{ oH$ gXm$&&51&&
H$m{Ym`m AmR> H$mamVrc oejm R>m{R>mdU{, A^ H$R>m{a ^mfU AmoU ^>mMma h{
VrZ Xm{f ode{f arVrZ{ KmVH$ hm{VmV.
gH$`m` dJ` gdd mZwfoU:$&

[yd [yd JwVa odmX`gZ_m_dmZ$&&52&&
7 52
332 ]
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h{ gmVoh Xm{f ]hYm gdmM{ oR>H$mUr amhVmV Om{ odd{H$s Amh{, g`_r Amh{, `mZ{ [ydu
[yduMm (AmYr AmYrMm) Xm{f AoYH$moYH$ KmVH$ Amh{ Ag{ OmUmd{.
h{ VmaV` gm_m`V: R>rH$ Amh{. [U Amg$sM{ _mU gmYmaU Agc{ VaM Agm
H$_ cmdVm `{Bc. EImm `gZmMr Amgo$ _mUm]mh{a AoYH$ Agcr Va Vm{M Xm{f AoYH$ KmVH$
R>aU{ e` Amh{.
`gZ` M _`m{ `gZ H$>_w `V{$&

`g`Ym{@Ym{ dOoV d`m``gZr _V:$&&53&&
`gZ AmoU _`y `m Xm{hm{V `gZ h{ AoYH$ KmVH$ AgV{. `gZr `$sMm daM{da
AY:[mV hm{Vm{ Va oZ`gZr _mUyg _{cm Va dJmV OmVm{.
_mcmN>modX: eyamYcjmHw$cm{XJ VmZ$&

goMdmg Mm>m dm Hw$duV gw[arojVmZ$&&54&&
MmJcr [a[am Agc{c{, em `WmW[U{ OmUUma{, eya `{`dmXr, Hw$cdV Ag{ gmV
dm AmR> goMd Z{_md{V. V{ MmJc{ [maIyZ K{Vc{c{ Agmd{V.
_r goMd `mMr g`m oZò_V Amh{. `mM{ doUc{c{ JwUoh amOH$maUmVrc
H$m`j_V{`m >rZ{ _hdmM{ Amh{V. MmJcr [maI H$$Z `mZm Z{_md{ h{ gdmV _hdmM{ Amh{.
AmO`m cm{H$am`mV `m gm`m oZ`_mMr [adS> Pmc{cr Amh{. `mMr g`m C[`w$V{da Adc]yZ
ZgV{. AmgZ oQ>H$od`mgmR>r Vw>rH$aUmda AmYmnaV AgV{. Vr MmirgM{ OmJr eâ dm `mhZoh
AoYH$ hm{V{. `m_wi{ O{cm AZ{H$ H$maM{ hmc gm{gmd{ cmJVmV.O{M{ em{fU Va hm{V{M hm{V{.
Ao[ `gwH$a H$_ VX`{H${ Z XwH$a_$&

ode{fVm{@ghm`{Z qH$Vw am` _hm{X`_$&&55&&
EImX{ H$m_ gm{[{ dmQ>V Agc{ Var V{ EH$Q>mZ{ [ma [mS>U{ AdKS>. H$m{Ur ghm`H$
Zg{c Va ode{fM XwKQ>. gm`m H$m_mMr hr Jm{>,> Va am` g^miU{ h{ Va \$maM _m{R>{ AmoU ZmZm
H$mamZr [ma [mS>md{ cmJUma{ H$m` Amh{.
amOH$ma^mamV goMdmoX ghm`H$mMr H$m Amd`H$Vm AgV{, V{ `{W{ [> H{$c{ Amh{.
EH$Q>m _mUyg oH$Vroh ]wo_mZ AmoU H$m`j_ Agcm Var gd Jm{>rM{ `WmW AmH$cZ `m EH$Q>mcm
H$YrM e` ZgV{. gm_m` `dhmamVoh cm{H$gJh C[`w$ R>aVm{.
V: gmY oMV`{o` gm_m` goYodJh_$&

WmZ g_wX` Jwq cYe_ZmoZ M $&&56&&
_Zw_oV
[ 333 ]
7 58
`m oZ`w$ H{$c{`m goMdmgd{ \$ma Jm{[Zr` ZmhrV Aem odf`mMm odMma odoZ_`
H$amdm. `mV eyer OwidyZ `md{ H$s `w H$amd{, h{ R>admd{. `mV Wc, ajU, odH$mg `m{OZm
AmoU cm^c{`m g[mrMm odoZ`m{J `mMm odMma hmdm.
gm_m``m`mg]Yr odMma H$a`mMm gJ daM{da `{Vm{. Ag{ odf`, eyer
gYrodJhmM{ gJ H$mhr gmaI{M `{V ZmhrV. O{Mroh AZ{H$ JmhmUr AgVmV. `m_wi{ chmZ
_m{R>m JQ>mV jm{^ dm gKfoh C[ hm{Vm{. `mM{ H$maUoh `m{` dm A`m`mM{ Agy eH$V{. Aem d{ir
_mJU{ _m` H$$Z OwidyZ `md{, H$s odam{Y H$amdm `mMmoh oZU` odMma[ydH$ `mdm cmJVm{. hmoh
EH$ H$ma{ goYodJhM Amh{.
WmZ_ Am[Umg O{ H$m` H$amd`mM{ Amh{ `mM{ Wi H$m{UV{, H$m{Ry>Z Ama^ H$amdm,
Hw$R>{ H$g{ Wm]md{ V{ OmUU{. Q>r>H$mH$mamZr `m eXmMm Ame` `m[H$ K{Vcm Amh{. `mV XS>, H$m{f,
[wa, am>, Ag{ _wI Mma od^mJ Amh{V. XS>m_`{ hmr, Km{S>{, aW, [m`Xi (Vm[` gd g{Zm) `mM{
âU [m{fU H$g{ Agmd{, H$g{ H$amd{ `mMm g_md{e hm{Vm{.
H$m{f YZgM`, `mMr mo, `` `mM{ d$[ H$g{ Agmd{.
[wa Jmd ZJa. `mMr aMZm, `dWm Amam{`moXH$ B`mXtM{ ajU.
am> X{e V{W{ AgUmar _mUg{, [ew[jr, e{Vr, Cm{J `mM{ d$[ H$g{ Agmd{ V{
[mhU{. H$m{Ur H$m{Umda A`m` H$arV Zmhr Zm, V{ XjV{Z{ [mhU{.
g_wX` Ym`, gm{Z{, cm{IS> B`moX YmVy `mM{ C[mXZ. ImUtMr `dWm.odH$mg
Jwo O{M{, am`mM{ ajU.
h{ gd oddaU cjmV K{`mgmaI{ Amh{. amOY_mMr `m[H$Vm AmoU [na[yUV m `md$Z
cjmV `{V{. `{W{ gy_>rM{oh XeZ hm{V{.
V{fm d d_o^m`_w[c` [WH$ [WH$$&

g_VmZm M H$m`}fw odX`moV_m_Z:$&&57&&
darc cm{H$mV Amc{`m Jm{>rg]Y r W_ goMdmM{ `{H$mM{ _V d{Ji{ d{Ji{ EH$mVmV
OmUyZ `md{. ZVa gdmZr EH$ ]gyZ MMm H$amdr. AmoU _J `mMr ohVm`m >rZ{ AZwHy$c Aer
H$m`dmhr H$amdr.
gd}fm Vw odoe>Z{ ]mU{Z od[oVm $&

_`{[a_ _ amOm fmSJw `g`Vw _$&&58&&
`m goMdmVoh Om{ odoe> `m{`V{Mm odmZ, odMmar, odd{H$s Agm ]mU Ag{c
7 58
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_Zw_oV
`m`mer amOmZ{ ghm JwUmZr `w$ Aem AoVah`_` dm ode{f _hdm`m odf`mg]Yr _Um
H$amdr.
]mU hm dY_mZ{ amhUmam Ag{c Va Vm{ ZmZm emmV [maJV Ag`mZ{ `m`m
]wrg ode{f VrUVm Amc{cr AgV{. Vm{ [yU[U{ oZ[h Ag`mZ{ H$m{U`moh odf`mMm odMma
VQ>W[U{ H$$ eH$Vm{. Vm{ oZ:[j[mVr amh eH$Vm{. `mMm dmW Hw$R>{oh JwVc{cm ZgVm{ hUyZ `m`m
_VmM{ _y` AoYH$.
oZ` Vp_g_mV: gdH$m`moU oZoj[{V$ &

V{Z gmY odoZo` VV: H$_ g_ma^{V$ &&59&&
`mM{da [yU odmgyZ H$m`mMm ^ma `mM{da gm{[dmdm. `mM{er MMm H$$Z `m{`
oZU`mcm `md{. AmoU `m_mU{ H$ma^ma H$amdm.
h{ A>mdm`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{`m odoe> ]mUm[waV{M Z _mZVm BVa goMdmM{
g]YmVoh h{M Ym{aU R>{dmd{.
A`mZo[ Hw$duV ewMrmkmZdpWVmZ$&

g`JWg_mhVZ_m`mgw[arojVmZ$&&60&&
Mm[m`m cm{H$mV gmoJV`m_mU{ Z{_c{`m goMdm`m Om{S>rZ{ BVa H$mhr
A_m`mMr Z{_UyH$ H$amdr. V{ gd ewmMaUr, ]wo_mZ, emV, Vr Vr H$m`} `m{àrVrZ{ oZ^mdyZ
Z{`mM{ gm_` Agc{c{ AmoU MmJc{ [maIyZ K{Vc{c{ Agmd{V.
AocH$S>{ _`m`m hmVmImcr H$m_ H$aUma{ C[_r am`_r goMdC[goMd
ghgoMd AgVmV. VgmM hm H$ma Amh{.
oZdV}Vm` `mdonaoVH$V`Vm Zo^:$&

VmdVm{@VpVmXjmHw$duV odMjUmZ$&&61&&
am`H$ma^ma `m{àrVrZ{ Mmcod`mgmR>r O{dT>m H$_Mmar dJmMr Amd`H$Vm Ag{c
V{dT>mMr Z{_UyH$ H$amdr. _m V{ gd oZacg, Xj AmoU OmUH$ma Agmd{V.
hr g`m _`mMr Zmhr. Vr BVa emgH$s` AoYH$m`mMr Amh{. am`mMr g[Vm
AmoU AmH$ma `mM{er g`m g] Agmdr.`mMr g`m Ad` V{dT>rM Agmdr. Vr g`m â_gmR>
dmT>dy Z`{.
V{fm_W} oZ`wOrV eyamXjmHw$cm{VmZ$&

ewMrZmH$aH$_mV{ ^r$ZVoZde
{ Z{ $&&62&&
_Zw_oV
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7 66
emgH$s` H$_Mm`m[H$s O{ YmS>gr, gmdY, Hw$cdV, gXmMaUr, AgVrc; `mZm

ImUr H$m{R>ma{ (H$_mV) B`moX ]mh{aM{ YZmOZm`m>rZ{ _hdmM{ od^mJ dmQy>Z md{. O{ Km]aQ>
AgVrc `mZm ^m{OZJhAV:[wa Aem AmV`m od^mJmda Z{_md{.
XyV Md Hw$duV gdemodemaX_$&

BoVmH$maM{>k ewqM Xj Hw$cm{V_$&&63&&
gd em{ Cm_ arVrZ{ OmUUmam, Xwg`m`m (dm H$m{Um`moh) hmd^mdmd$Z dm
]mnaH gmnaH$ hmcMmcrd$Z `m`m _ZmV H$m` Amh{ V{ dnaV Am{iIUmam, ew, Xj AmoU Hw$cdV
Agm XyV Agmdm.
`{W{ XyV eXmZ{ [aam`mer g]Y R>{dUmam amOoVoZYr A[{ojV Amh{. dV:`m
am`m`m ohVm`m Q>rZ{ [aam`mVrc ]marH$gmarH$ hmcMmcrda `mM{ cj Agc{ [mohO{ AmoU
dV:`m amOmZ{ K{Vc{`m oZU`mM{ `mcm `m{` H$ma{ g_WZ H$aVm Amc{ [mohO{.
AZwa$: ewoMXj: _oV_mX{eH$mcodV$&

d[w_mdrV^rdm_r XyV{ amk: e`V{$&&64&&
amOoZ>, ew, Xj, MmJcr _aUeo$ Agc{cm, X{e H$mc [napWoV OmUUmam,
gwT>, AmH fH$ ]mYm Agc{cm, oZ^`, MVwa d$m, Agm XyV AgU{ ode{f Cm_.
h{ JwU [aam>_`mM{ AmoU XyVmdmgmVrc AoYH$m`mM{ Amh{V. `m gd oR>H$mUr ewoM
Xj AmoU Hw$cdVmMm C{I AmdOyZ H{$cm Amh{. h{ cjUr` Amh{. BVa JwUm`m Om{S>rZ{ `m JwUmMm
A^md Ag{c Va [naUm_r am> odZmemcm [mdV{ Ag{ oXgyZ `{V{.
A_m`{ XS> Am`mm{ XS>{ dZmo`H$s oH$`m $&

Z[Vm H$m{eam>{ M XyV{ goYod[``m $&&65&&
am`mVrc emgZ`dWm A_m`mdmYrZ Agmdr _m V{ emgZ odZ`r Agmd{.
YZH$m{f AmoU amàjU dV: amOmZ{ [hmd{V. gYr AmoU odJh hr H$m`} XyVmMr Amh{V.
AWmOZ AmoU AWm}[mXZ `mda dV:M{ oZÙ Agc{ [mohO{. OmJoVH$sH$aUm`m
ZmdmImcr odX{er gWmZm da _m{H$irH$ AgVm H$m_m Z`{. hm ^md, H$m{f AmoU am> amOm`m
dmYrZ AgmdrV `m hU`mMm Amh{.
XyV Ed oh gYm{ o^Z`{d M ghVmZ$&

XyVVHw$V{ H$_ o^V{ `{Z _mZdm:$&&66&&
[aam>mer _r XyVM KS>dyZ AmUVm{. AmoU am`mam`mV \y$Q>oh Vm{M [mSy> eH$Vm{.
Om{S>U{ dm Vm{S>U{ hrM XyVmMr _w` H$m_{ Amh{V.
7 66
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_Zw_oV
`mgmR>rM gYr AmoU odJh XyVmM{ dmYrZ Amh{V. Agm C{I da H{$cm Amh{. XyV
eXmd$Z dmQ>V{ Vgm Vm{ H{$di oZam{`m Zmhr.
g odmX` H$`{fw oZJyT>o{ VM{o>V: $&

AmH$mao_oV M{>m ^`{fw M oMH$sofV_$&&67&&
XyVmZ{ [aamOm`m dmJ`m]m{c`md$Z JyT> Aem BoJVmMr hmcMmcrMr Am{iI
H$$Z `mdr. amOm`m BVa AoYH$mar dJm`m dVZmd$Zoh `mZm H$m` gmYmd`mM{ Amh{ V{ OmUmd{.
]wX dm M gd Vd{Z [aamOoMH$sofV_$&

VWm `Z_moV>
{ Wm@@_mZ Z [rS>`V{ $ &&68&&
[aamOm`m _ZmV H$m` gmYmd`mM{ Amh{, `mM{ S>md[{M H$m{UV{ Amh{V, V{ ZrQ>[U{OmUyZ
Am[`m X{emMr hmZr hm{Uma Zmhr Ag{ [`Z gmj{[mZ{ H$amd{V.
lroedmOr_hmamOmZr A\$PwcImZmH$S>{ Jm{[rZmW[Vmg [mR>dyZ H$er ]m{cUr H{$cr
AmoU c|N>m`m H$UmOr[VmMr H$er ]m{idU H{$cr V{ [mohc{ hUO{XyVmMr hrM cjU{ oed]m[wT>{
AgUma h{ cjmV `{V{.
Omc g`g[_m`m`_Zmodc_$&
a`_mZVgm_V dmOr` X{e_mdg{V $&&69&&
oH$a PmS>r dm XcXc Zgc{cm, dmVmdaU Hw$ X dm X_Q> Zgc{cm, gw[rH$ ^yo_ Agc{cm,
gmZmMr ]hg`m Agc{cm, am{JmMm C[gJ Z hm{Umam, a_Ur`, odZ`r cm{H$mMm C[OrodH{$Mr
gmYZ{ gwc^ AmoU dmdc]r Agc{cm, Agm ^y^mJ amOYmZrH$naVm oZdS>mdm.
YdXwJ _hrXwJ_ XwJ dmj_d{ dm$&

ZXJw oJnaXwJ dm g_mol` dg{[wa_$&&70&&
XwJ hUO{ O{W{ oeaVm `{V Zmhr AWmV O{ qOH$md`mg \$ma AdKS> Ag{ Wc. hr
XwJ_Vm [wT>rc H$mamZr `{D$ eH$V{.
YdXwJ g^m{dVrMm [mMghm H$m{gmMm X{e Am{gmS> Agc{cm.
_hrXwJ ^wBH$m{Q>, ^m{dVr CM X VQ> Agc{cm,
AXwJ ^m{dVmcr [m`mZ{ âc{cm X IXH$ Agc{cm.
dmj g^m{dVr Xyada XmQ> PmS>r Agc{cm.
ZXwJ MVwaJ g{Zm g^m{dVr ajUmgmR>r gm Agc{cm.
oJarXwJ S>m|Jamda ]mYc{cm JS>. Ogm am`JS>.
_Zw_oV
[ 337 ]
7 73
amOYmZr H$m{U`m H$mamZr gwaojV Agcr [mohO{. h{ cjmV R>{dc{ [mohO{.
gd}U Vw `Z{Z oJnaXwJ g_ml`{V$ &

Efm oh ]mhJw `{Z oJnaXwJ odoe`V{$&&71&&
darc ghm XwJm[H $s oJnaXwJ hm ode{f arVrZ{ C[`w$ Amh{. hUyZ e`Vm{ amOYmZrgmR>r
oJnaXwJM oZdS>mdm.
r`mm`molVmd{fm _JJVml`m@ga:$&
r`wmamoU H$_e: cd_Zam_am:$&&72&&
darc ghm XwJmVrc [ohc{ VrZ _J, o]imV amhUma{ AmoU OcMa , `mZr `w$ Amh{V
Va [wT>M{ VrZ dmZa{, goZH$ AmoU X{d `mZr `w$ Amh{V.
`m `m XwJmcm `m `m AmolVmM{ JwUXm{f m hm{VmV.
YdXwJm`m ^m{dVr Am{gmS> X{e Ag`mZ{ Xw$ZM `mMr Mmhc cmJV{ AmoU
Amd`H$ Va _Jm(hnaUm) _mU{ amOmcm [iyZ OmVm `{V{.
_hrXwJ ^m{dVr CM OmS> VQ> Ag`mZ{ o]imV amhUma{ CXra B`moX m`m_mU{
gajUmMr gwodYm dmT>V{. o]imV amh`m_wi{M _mOa CXamcm [H$Sy> eH$V Zmhr.
AXwJ [m`mZ{ âc{`m Ocme`mV gwgar B`moX qh OcMa AgVmV. `m_wi{
`mV d{e H$a`mMm Yra H$m{Ur H$arV Zmhr.
dmjXwJ g^m{dVr [wH$i XmQ> PmS>r Ag`m_wi{ `mV d{e H$aU{ ewg`mcm
AdKS> OmV{. Og{ PmS>mdarc dmZam_mU{ `mM{Odi [m{MVm `{V{ Vg{M ey`m ZH$iV `mMr
Q>{hiUr H$naVm `{V{.
ZXwJ dV:M{ gd g` gmdY[U{ ^m{dVr Ag`mZ{ gajU hm{U{ dm^modH$ Amh{.
oJnaXwJ S>m|Ja EH$EH$Q>mcm gwm MT>`mg AdKS> Ag`mZ{ dV: amOm
gdogV{oZer da gwImZ{ amh eH$Vm{. `m_wi{ eycm Vm{ dm^modH$[U{ Am` AgVm{. hUyZ `mcm
X{dmgmaI{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
AWmV hr gajU{ g`]c AmoU em`, Y`, MmVw` `m JwUmcm [m{fH$ Amh{V Vg{M
Hw$Ur Ka^{m Zg{c, VaM `mMm [wa{[ya C[`m{J hm{Vm{. gy`mOr o[gmimgma`m`m ZrM[UmZ{
g^mOramOmMm, am`JS>mgma`m A`V gwaojV Agc{`m JS>mMm, [amO` hm{D$ Z`{ Vm{ PmcmM.
`Wm XwJmolVmZ{Vmm{[qhgoV ed:$&

VWm@a`m{ Z qhgpV Z[ XwJg
_molV_$&&73&&
7 73
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_Zw_oV
_J CoXamoX OrdmM{ `m `m oZdmgWmZm_wi{ `mM{ ey(dmK_mOa) B`moX

`mZm _m$ eH$V ZmhrV. Vg{ XwJm`m Aml`mcm Agc{`m amOmM{oh ey[mgyZ gajU hm{V{.
EH$: eV `m{YòV mH$maWm{ YZwYa :$&

eV XeghmoU V_mxJ odYr`V{$&&74&&
]iH$Q> VQ>m`m Aml`mZ{ Agc{cm EH$ YZwYa eâ goZH$mer ghO[U{ cTy>
eH$Vm{.(AWmVM) VQ>mda eâ YZwYmar AgVrc Va V{ Xhm gh ewg`mer MmJ`m arVrZ{ cTy>
eH$VmV.(h{ Am{KmZ{M Amc{)
_m `m`mV H$m{Ur cmBher gJZ_V Pmc{cm "_ra Om\$a' Zgcm [mohO{. gd
goZH$ YramM{, e`m{JmV Hw$ec AmoU X{e^$ Vg{M [a[agKQ>rV Agc{ [mohO{V.
V`mXm`wYg[ YZYm`{Z dmhZ: $&

]mU: oep[o^``d g{ZmXH{$Z M $&&75&&
`m XwJmda em{, YZYm`, dmhZ{ `mMr g[Vm Agmdr. V{W{ ]mU Agmd{V.
`{ AmoU òZ_mV{ dm `mMm C[`m{J H$$ eH$Uma{ oe[r, `m `m kmZmV Hw$ec Ag{ H$_Mmar
Agc{ [mohO{V. Vg{M Ym`Yy`, JdV, H$S>]m AmoU o[U{, dm[aU{ `mgmR>r [mUroh od[wc Agc{ [mohO{.
XwJmcm d{T>m [S>cm hUO{ `m gm`mM{ _hd cjmV `{V{. X{doJarMm oH$m [amoOV
Pmcm, `mMr H$maU{ gmJVmZm, `mda Ym`mE{dOr o_R>mMr [m{Vr MT>odcr J{cr Ag{ EH$ H$maU gmoJVc{
OmV{. BVaoh ^m|Ji[Um ZhVmM Ag{ hUVm `{V Zmhr.
]mU hm odMmaodoZ_`mgmR>r dm dg`mMm AmYma dmT>odUmar hm{_[yOmoX Ymo_H$
H$` H$a`mgmR>r.
BV`m mMrZ H$mir `mMm C{I Amh{. `md$Z qhXy cm{H$ oH$Vr JV hm{V{ V{
`mZmV `{V{. ` h{ gm`m Vadmar^mc{YZw`{ `m[{jm oZami{ Ag{ e `m{JmM{ gmYZ AgUma.
eVZrMm C{I H$mhr mMrZ JWmVyZ `{Vm{. EH$mM _m`mV eâ OUmMm ghma H$$ eH$V{, Vr
eVZr h{ ` Vm{\$ Agmd{. ]mUXJS> Jm{i{ B`moX Xyada \{$H$`mMr hr gmYZ{ AgUma. AJpV
gohV{V ]XHw $sMr Xm$ oZ_mU H$a`mMr [Vr C{oIc{cr Amh{. `md$Z hr `{ Vm{\${ _mU{ ]XHw $s`m
d$[mMroh AgVrc [U ]wmZVa ode{fV: Aem{H$mZ{ gdgm_`moZer ]m Y_mMm Mma H{$`mZVa
]wm`m am`mgmR>r AZw[`m{Jr dm KmVH$ AgUm`m ogmVm_wi{ hr odm OrdH$m`m e`kmZm_mU{M
cm{[ [mdcr. Var `wJmXm`m gmS>{VrZ Mma ghdfm[`V qhXwWmZ Am[c{ V{O oQ>H$dyZ hm{Vm.
`wJmXm`m VrZ gh dfm[`V Va [aH$s` AmH$_U Ag{ Pmc{M Zmhr. eH$ JUZ{Zwgma gmS>{VrZe{
_Zw_oV
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7 79
df} AmYr Pmc{c{ oeH$XamM{ AmH$_U h{M H$m` V{ [ohc{ [aH$s` AmH$_U. ^maVr` _hm`wmZVa
AS>rM gh df} qhXwWmZ gwaojV AmoU gd H$ma`m d^dmZ{ g[ hm{Vm h{ H$m{Ur odg$ Z`{.
V` _`{ gw[`m H$ma`{XJ h _m_Z:$&

Jw gdVHw $ ew^ Ocdjg_pdV_$&&76&&
XwJ d$[ Aem `m amOYmZrV dV:gmR>r [wa{gm _m{R>m Agm dmS>m(amOdmS>m)
]mYmdm.Vm{ gwaojV, gdF$Vy_`{ gwIXm`H$ dmQ>Umam, dN>, [mT>`m aJmMm, [mUr PmS>r (CmZ{)
`mZr`w$ Agm Agmdm.
[mT>am aJ ChmV \$ma Vm[V Zmhr.Wm{S>m H$memV AoYH$ CO{S> [S>Vm{. `m_wi{
ew^dUmMm C{I Amh{ .`mda KmU cJ{M cjmV `{V{. Vm{ ewVm gXmMaU `mM{oh VrH$ Amh{M.
VX`m`m{h{m`m gdUm cjUmpdVm_$&

Hw$c{ _hoV g^Vy m m $[JwUmpdVm_$&&77&&
Aem (MmJ`m d^dg[) amOdmS>mV amhUm`m amOmZ{ Am[`m dUmMr, gwcjUr
C Hw$cmVcr, _Zm{hmar, $[moX JwUmZr `w$ Aer [Zr oddmh gH$mamZ{ damdr.
_ZyZ{ [Zr`m gX^mV EH$ dMZ dm[ac{ Amh{ V{ cjUr` Amh{. Hw$cmMm C{I
AZ{H$ gX^mV `{Vm{. dUgH$a AmoU AdY gVmZ Q>mic{ [mohO{ hm _wI C{e Amh{. AZwdemda >r
AgU{ Ad` Amh{.
[wam{ohV M Hw$duV dU`w mX{d MpdO: $&

V{@` JmoU H$_moU Hw$`wd V moZH$moZ M $&&78&&
[wam{ohVmMr Z{_UyH$ H$amdr. F$pdOoh Z{_md{.(gJm{[mm) V{ amOmMr Ymo_H$ H$`{
H$aVrc. `khm{_moX H$`{oh V{ [ma [mS>Vrc.
AmpVH$ AgU{ ò>g_>r`m >rZ{ \$ma _hdmM{ Amh{. `m_wi{ dm` cm^V{.
_mZogH$ emVVm cm^V{, Yra `{Vm{. [acm{H$mVrc dpWoV gwYma`mg ghm` hm{V{. V{ oZami{M.
am`mVr ZaH$ Amh{ Ag{ em gmJV{. hUyZ amOmZ{ m_moUH$[U{ Ymo_H$ amohc{ [mohO{.
Ò{V amOm H$VwoôdodYamXojU:$&

Y_mW Md od{`m{ Xmm{JmYZmoZ M $&&79&&
amOmZ{, XojUm oXc{`m `mokH$mH$adr, ZmZm H$maM{ `k`mJ H$admd{. H{$di
Y_mMaUmgmR>r odmZ ]mUmZm C[^m{JmMr gmYZ{ AmoU ` md{.
cm{H$gJhmgmR>r `m `kmXtMm \$ma C[`m{J hm{Vm{. AmO AZ{H$ _hV `mMm dm[a H$arV
Amh{V.
7 80
340 ]
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gmdgnaH$_m am>mXmhma`{oc_$&
`mmZm`[am{ cm{H$m{ dV}V o[Vdf$w &&80&&
amOmZ{ Z{_c{`m AoYH$m`mH$adr O{H$Sy>Z "H$a' oVdfu Jm{im H$amdm. H$a emmV
gmoJV`m_mU{ Agmdm. O{er o[`m_mU{ dmJmd{.
A`jmpdodYmHw$`mm V od[oV:$&
V{@` gdm`d{ja{ Um H$m`moU Hw$dVm_$&&81&&
amOmZ{ oZaoZam`m od^mJmda `m `m odf`mVc{ OmUH$ma _wI Z{_md{V. `m
AoYH$m`mZr `m `m H$m_mda Z{_c{cr _mUg{ `m{` H$ma{ H$m_ H$aVmV H$s ZmhrV V{ XjV{Z{ [hmd{.
am`mV g`, Jm{im H$aU{, `m`XmZ, H$fr, Cm{J, `m[ma ,`dgm`, Aa`{, ImUr,
Amam{` gajU, OcgYmaU, odVaU, dmhVyH$, B`moX [wH$i ImVr AgVmV. `mV [wZ: [m{Q>od^mJoh
AgVmV. `m `m od^mJmdaM{ _wI `m `m odf`mVrc Vk, oZacg m_moUH$ hmVmImc`m
_mUgmda ZrQ> cj R>{dUma{, `mM{H$Sy>Z H$m_ `dpWV[U{ H$$Z K{Uma{, Ag{ C_r Agc{ [mohO{V.
AmdmmZm JwHw$cmomUm [yOH$m{ ^d{V$&

Z[mUm_j`m{ {f oZoY]m
m{@o^Yr`V{$&&82&&
JwHw$cmVyZ A``Z [yU H$$Z odmg[ hm{D$Z O{ odmZ [aVc{ AgVrc `mMm
gH$ma H$amdm. amOmMm hm Z g[Umam YZH$m{e Amh{. AmoU Vm{ Xdr Amh{.
oejU [yU H$$Z odmg[ Pmc{`mMr C[{jm hm{Vm H$m_m Z`{. `mZr g[moXc{cr
odm AmoU h{ odmg[ ]wo_mZ, am>mM{ \$ma _hdmM{ d^d Amh{ h{ amOmZ{ H$Yr odg$ Z`{. odmZ
]wo_VmMr h{igmS> Pmcr Va `mV am>mMr oMaVZ hmZr hm{V{.]wo_VmZm emkmZm VkmZm [aX{emM{
AmH$fU dmQ>V{ `mcm dX{er C[{jm dmQ>mg `{U{ h{ EH$ _hdmM{ H$maU Amh{.
Z V V{Zm Z Mmo_m hapV Z M ZòV $&

V_mmkm oZKmV`m{ ]mU{dj`m{ oZoY:$&&83&&
odmZ, ]wo_mZ odmg[mM{ Odi O{ odm$[ YZ Amh{ V{ Mm{a dm ey haU H$$
eH$V ZmhrV. dm V{ Z>oh hm{V Zmhr. hUyZ amOmZ{ V{ MmJc{ g^mimd{.
odmdVmMm `m{` Vm{ [am_e amOmZ{ Ad` K{Vcm [mohO{. Vg{ Pmc{ VaM od{M{
gajU hm{Bc. _m cocV c{IZmcmM odm g_Oy Z`{.
Z H$XV{ Z `dV{ Z odZòV H$ohoMV$&

dna>_ohm{{ `m{ ]mU` _wI{ hV_$&&84&&
_Zw_oV
[ 341 ]
7 87
]mUmcm O{ XmZ oXc{ OmV{ V{ Aohm{mV hdZ H$a`m[{jm l{> Amh{ H$maU V{ oZgQ>V
Zmhr, gS>V Zmhr dm Z>oh hm{V Zmhr.
g_]mU{ XmZ oJwU ]mU]dw ${ &

mYrV{ eVgmhg_ZV d{X[maJ{$&&85&&
Om{ ]mU Zmhr `mg oXc{c{ O{dT>mg V{dT>{M \$i X{V{. Om{ H{$di OmoV]mU,
`mcm oXc{c{ Xw[Q> \$i X{V.{ Om{ C oejU K{V Amh{ `mcm oXc{c{ cj[Q> \$i X{V.{ AmoU d{X[maJmg
oXc{c{ AZV cm^ H$$Z X{Uma{ R>aV{.
AZwdemcm _hd Amh{ Vm{ gm^micm [mohO{ hUyZ H{$di OmVrZ{ ]mU Amh{, Vm{
gwm gajUr` Amh{ Ag{ OmUmd{. Om{ odmg[ Amh{ `mM{ _hd Agm_m`M . [ohcm H{$di Xw[Q>
Va hm cj[Q,> AZV[Q >\$i X{Umam AgVm{.
[m` oh ode{fU
{ lYmZV`d M $&
A[ dm ]h dm {` XmZ` \$c_wV${ &&86&&
Om{ XmZ K{Vm{ `mMr [mVm AmoU Om{ XmZ X{Vm{ `mMr lm dm BVa `m{`Vm `mda
`mcm{H$s dm [acm{H$s XmZmM{ o_iUma{ \$i Wm{S>{g{ AgUma H$m [wH$i AgUma V{ Adc]yZ AgV{.
X{Umam AmoU K{Umam Xm{KmMmoh g]Y XmZm_wi{ cmÛm`m [w`mer Amh{. X{Umam
gmpdH$, lmdV, oZa[{j, CXma, MmJ`m dmBQ>mMr OmUrd Agc{cm odd{H$s Agm Agmdm. `mZ{
o_iodc{c{ YZ Cm_ `dhmamZ{ Om{S>c{c{ Agmd{. Va K{Umam A[gVm{fr, gXmMaUr, odmZ,
odmg[, H$VòZ>, Ymo_H$, [am{[H$mar, `{`dmXr, odMmar Agm Agmdm. o_imc{`m YZmMm
C[`m{J Amd`H$V{[waVmM H$aUmam, odcmgr Zgc{cm Agm Agmdm. `mMm gM`, gJh `mcm _`mXm
Agmdr.
g_m{m_mY_ amOm dmhyV: [mcÒm:$&

Z oZdV}V gJm _mjm Y_Zw _aZ$&&87&&
O{`m [mcZmM{ ajUmM{ Xmo`d `m`mda Amh{, Aem amOmZ{, jmY_mcm OmJyZ
H$m{Ur `wmgmR>r AmmZ oXc{ Va V{ Ad` drH$mac{ [mohO{._J Vm{ AmmZ X{Umam Am[`mer Vw`]i,
AoYH$ ]oc> dm Xw]c H$gmoh Agm{.
H$m{U`moh [napWVrV AmH$_UmMr C[{jm H$aVmM H$m_m Z`{. Oemg Vg{ dmJyZ
H$amd{ cmJUma{ `mM{ gYr odJh, dam>mM{ ohV cjmV R>d{ Zy M H{$c{ [mohO{V. _dmi[Um hm am`H$`mcm
cmN>Z Amh{.
7 88
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_Zw_oV
gJm _{doZdoVd OmZm Md [mcZ_$&

ewlfy m ]mUmZm M amkm l{`H$a [a_$&&88&&
`wmV _mKma Z K{U{, O{M{ [mcZ H$aU{, odmZmMr g{dm H$aU{, h{ gd , amOmcm
l{`H$a Amh{.
Amhd{fw o_Wm{@`m{` oOKmgVm{ _hrojV:$&

`w`_mZm: [a e`m dJ `m`[amxIm:$&&89&&
[a[amer aUmJUmda o^S>Uma{, EH$_{H$mMm Zme H$$ BpN>Uma{, [cm`Z Z [H$aUma{,
amO{ Oa gd eo$ [Umcm cmdyZ cT>Vrc Va `mZm dJcm{H$ m hm{Bc.
Z Hy$Q>a m`wYh `mw`_mZm{ aU{ na[yZ$ &

Z H$oUo^Zmo[ oXYZmodocVV{OZ:$&&90&&
eycm _ma`mgmR>r dm[acr OmUmar `wmVrc e{ JQ> AgmdrV. `mZm
H$dVrgma`m VrU XmV{`m Zgm`mV. Am`wYmZm odf cmdc{c{ Zgmd{. VerM Ar Am{H$Umar dm
Vm[c{cr Zgmdr.
Z M h`mWcm$T> Z cr] Z H$VmOoc_$&

Z _w$H{$e ZmgrZ Z Vdm_roV dmoXZ_$&&91&&
dmhZmd$Z H$m{gic{cm, Z[ygH$, hmV Om{S>c{cm, H{$g _m{H$i{ gwQ>c{cm, e Q>mHy$Z
aUmJUmda _mS>r KmcyZ ]gc{cm, _r Vw_MmM Amh{(_cm [XamV `m) hUUmam `mZm R>ma H$$ Z`{.
Z gw Z odgmh Z Z Z oZam`wY_$&
Zm`w`_mZ [`V Z [a{U g_mJV_$&&92&&
Pm{[c{cm, H$dMhrZ, ZmJdm, oZ:e cT>Umam, ZwgVm {jH$, Xwg`mer cT>`mV
JwVc{cm, `mZm _m$ Z`{.
Zm`wY`gZm ZmV ZmoV[najV_$&

Z ^rV Z [amdm gVm Y__Zw_aZ$&&93&&
`mMr e{ _m{S>cr Amh{V, am{JrAgc{cm (Pmc{cm), em`m AmKmVmZr jVodjV
Pmc{cm, Km]ac{cm, [iyZ OmD$ [mhUmam, `mZm gmZm`m Y_mM{ _aU H$$Z R>ma H$$ Z`{.
`Vw ^rV: [amdm: gJm _{ h`V{ [a:$&

^Vw` x H$V qH$oMmgd oV[V{$&&94&&
_Zw_oV
[ 343 ]
7 97
Om{ o^D$Z [iyZ OmD$ [hmVm{ `mcm Oa eyZ r _mac{ Va,(_maUmamcm) `m`m Y`mM{
gd [m[ cmJV{.
`m` gwH$ V qH$oMX_wmW_[w moOV_$&

^Vm Vgd_mXm{ [amdmhV` Vw$&&95&&
[iyZ OmUmam _macm J{cm Va `mM{ [acm{H$mgmR>r o_iodc{c{ gd [w` `m`m Y`mcm
o_iV{.
eaUmJVmcm A^` X{`mg]YrM{ `wmM{ gd oZ`_ Y_`wmcm gmO{g{M Amh{V. [U
`mMm dm[a odd{H$mZ{, dm gXJwUmZm odH$oV `{Uma Zmhr Aem arVrZ{M H{$cm [mohO{. ey _m`mdr,
H$[Q>r, AYmo_H$ Ag{c Va `mM{er `m oZ`_mMm Adc] H$$Z gmZ[U{ dmJU{ h{ Am_KmV H$$Z
K{`mgmaI{ Amh{. [dramO MhmUmM{ Ym{aU, Km{arcm [wZ:[whm j_m H$a`mZ{ qhXwWmZ`m XrK,
Hy$a [maV`mcm H$maUr^yV Pmc{ h{ H$Xmo[ odgaVm H$m_m Z`{. hUyZ ^r_ZrVrMm drH$ma H$$Z
gaimer gai AmoU H$[Q>mer H$[Q>mZ{M dmJc{ [mohO{. ZmhrVa Km{a XwXem dmQ>mg `{V{ h{ odg$
Z`{.
[MmUd, ehmUd cm{H$ [iyZ OmUm`m`m XwXe{M{ m{VH$ Amh{V. aUmVyZ [iyZ
OmU{ h{ dramcm H$cH$^yV Amh{. AWmV h{ dò$H$ goZH$m[waV{ Pmc{, Ym{aU hUyZ g{Zm[Vr`m
AmX{emZ{ _mKma K{U{ H$YrH$Yr Amd`H$ hm{V{, Vr Jm{> d{Jir.
Vm[amd JwOamcm lroedN>[VtZr O{ gwZmdc{ V{ `wZrVr`m >rZ{ `mZr K{`mgmaI{
Amh{.
aWm hpVZ N> YZ Ym` [eyp`:$&

gd`moU Hw$` M `m{ `mòV V` VV$&&96&&
`wm_`{ aW, Km{S>,{ hmr, N>,{ YZ,Ym`, [ey, o`m, IoZO{, BVa H$mhr `(dVy)
o_iVrc V{ gd, Om{ odO`r hm{Vm{. `m`m dmo_dmM{ hm{V{.
amk Xwmao_`{fm doXH$s lwoV:$&

amkm M gd`m{Y{ `m{ XmV`_[WpOV_$&&97&&
qOHy$Z AmUc{`m YZmVyZ amOmcm odoe> ^mJ oXcm [mohO{ Ag{ d{XdMZ Amh{.
amOmZ{oh `m{X`mZr `wH$$Z AmUc{`m `mMr od^mJUr gd `m{`m_`{ `m{àrVrZ{ H{$cr [mohO{
h{ YZ dmYrZ H$$Z K{U{ H$Yroh dò$H$ _mZVm H$m_m Z`{. hm `m cm{H$mMm ^md
Amh{. goZH$mZr O{ H$mhr AmUc{ V{ amOm[wT>{ R>{dmd{. amOmZ{ am`mM{ ohV [mhZ `mVrc odoe> ^mJ
amOH$m{emV âmdm AmoU `mVrc odoe> ^mJ [waH$ma hUyZ AoYH$ma^{XmZ{ goZH$mV dmQy>Z mdm.
7 97
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_Zw_oV
`m o_imc{`m YZmV o`mMmoh C{I Amh{. Vm{ cjUr` Amh{. `m o`m g{Z{`m
g{dg{ mR>r AmUc{`m Xmgr, [naMmnaH$m Ag`mMr e`Vm Amh{. o`mZm H$m{U`moh d$[mV AZmWVm
`{Vm H$m_m Z`{. `mM{ Xmo`d Hw$UrVar drH$mac{M [mohO{.
Efm{@Zw[H$V: m{$m{ `m{YY_: gZmVZ:$&

A_m_m `d{V jo`m{ ZZ aU{ na[yZ$ &&98&&
goZH$mgmR>r hm oZXm}f Y_ Amh{. Vm{ [a[a{Z{ MmcV Amc{cm Amh{. eyMm ghma
H$aVmZm jo`mZ{ `m Y_m[mgyZ `wV hm{D$ Z`{.
AcY Md ocg{V cY aj{`ZV:$&

aojV dY`
{ d d [m{fw oZoj[{V$ &&99&&
amOmZ{ O{ o_imc{ Zmhr V{ o_iod`mMr BN>m H$amdr. O{ o_imc{ Amh{ V{ MmJ`m
arVrZ{ ajmd{. amIc{c{ dmT>dmd{. dmT>c{ Va `mMm `m{` odoZ`m{J H$amdm.
EVVwodY odm[wfmW`m{OZ_$&
A` oZ`_Zw>mZ g`w$`mXVpV:$&&100&&
`m Mma Jm{>r [wfmW gmYyZ X{Um`m Amh{V. `mMr H$m`dmhr amOmZ{ oZ` Xj amhZ
`m{` arVrZ{ H$amdr.
o_iodU{, aojU{, dmT>odU{ AmoU odoZ`m{J H$aU{, `m Mmar Jm{>r amOm`m >rZ{ gd
[wfmW gmYyZ X{Um`m Amh{V. Y_ AW H$m_ Va `jM Amh{V. [U amOm `woYo>amgmaIm Ymo_H$
Ag{c Va `m`mZ{ Y_mZ{ am` H$a`m`m oZ>{Z{ Cm_ cm{H$mMmoh AoYH$mar hm{D$ eH$Vm{.
AcYo_N>{ S>Z{ cY aj{Xd{j`m$&

aojV dY`d{ X `m d [m{fw oZoj[{V$ &&101&&
Z o_imc{c{ [amH$_mZ{ o_idmd{. o_imc{c{ ZrQ> oZarjU R>{dyZ amImd{. amIc{c{
dmT>dmd{. AmoU dmT>c{`mM{ [mr XmZ H$amd{.
oZ`_wVXS>: `mo` oddV[mf:$&

oZ` gdV gdm`m} oZ` oN>mZwgmà:{ $&&102&&
XS> (emgZmMr `wmMr gmYZ{) gdXm gwgm Agmdm. dV:Mm [amH$_ (Mma
_m`_mVyZ) gXd JQ> H$arV Agmd{. Am[c{ gd H$mhr Jw Agmd{. AmoU eyMr oN>{ (CUrdm,
Xw]cWmZ{) oZ` em{YrV amhmd{.
amOmZ{ gdmWmZ{ gmdY Xj AmoU gm Agc{ [mohO{. Amhmcm H$[Zm ZhVr Ag{
_Zw_oV
[ 345 ]
7 105
hU`mMm gJ `mM{da H$Yr `{Vm H$m_m Z`{, dm gJ KSy>Z J{`mZVa h{ H$` eyM{ Amh{ ,`m`m
JwMamM{ Amh{ Ag{ hUU{oh `mg em{^V Zmhr.KQ>Zm gwoZ`m{oOV hU`mV dV:Mm JwMa od^mJ
J]mim ,]mdim, AH$m`j_ Amh{ h{M og hm{V{ hm Xm{foh e{dQ>r amOmMmM AgVm{. AmOMr Am[cr
amOdQ> [mohcr hUO{ Am[U oH$Vr ^m|Ji[UmZ{ dmJVm{ V{ cjmV `{D$Z I{X hm{Vm{.
oZ`_wVXS>` H$Z_woOV{ OJV$&

V_mgdmoU ^yVmoZ XS>Z{ d gmY`{V$ &&103&&
Om{ amOm gXd [yU[ U{ gwgm AgVm{.`mMm YmH$ cm{H$mZm dmQ>V AgVm{ hUyZ gdmoJU
gwgmV{Z{M gdmZm Am[`m dmYrZ R>{dmd{.
A_m``d dV}V Z H$WMZ _m``m$&

]wX `{Vmna`w$m M _m`m oZ` gwgd V :$&&104&&
H$[Q>mZ{ dmJy Z`{ Z{h_r gai gmZ[U{M dmJmd{._m eyM{ H$[Q> ZrQ> Am{iImd{.
dV:M{ AmMmaodMma Jw R>{dmd{V.
H$[Q>mZ{ dmJ`mMm d^md Zgmdm. [U Am[c{ Jw R>{dmd{. hUO{ H$mhr H$[Q> Amc{M
dgajUmgmR>r `mMm Adc] H{$cmM [mohO{.
Zm` oN> [am{ odmompN> [a` M$&

Jyh{ Hy$_ BdmmoZ aj{oda_m_Z:$&&105&&
Am[c{ oN> Xwg`mg H$iy X{D$ Z`{ _m [a`mM{ oN> OmU`mMm `Z AmdOyZ
H$amdm. H$mgdm_mU{ Am[c{ Ad`d AmV Am{Ty>Z Xwg`mcm oXgUma ZmhrV Aer `dWm H{$cr
[mohO{. Am[`m CUrdm H$Yr JQ> hm{D$ X{Vm H$m_m Z`{V.
odda Mm AW dV:M{ Ka Agmoh H{$c{cm Amh{. Vm[` emgZ`dWm gdVm{[ar
gwaojV R>{dmdr. `m_wi{ am> AgwaojV hm{`mMm gJM CX^dUma Zmhr.
am>mMr gwajm H{$di [aH$s` ey_wi{M Ym{`mV `{V{ Ag{ Zmhr. Vr AVJV H$maUmZroh
o]KSy> eH$V{. O{hm kmZodkmZm`m dH$s` [a[am IoS>V Pmc{`m AgVmV. Am[`m gmH$oVH$
AmMmaodMmamMr Wm{adr Am[UmgM [Q>Z{ mer hm{V.{ C[mgZm[oV dm gXm`, [W AoôZd{er, AhH$mar
hm{D$Z dV: Ymo_H$ C_mXr hm{VmV. dJu` dmW oZ_mU hm{Vm{. OmVr` AhVm ]imdV{, AmoWH$
Ag_Vm{c dmT>V OmVm{. C[OrodH{$M{ gmYZ [aVM hm{V{. `m{` JwUmZm _mZ o_iV Zmhr. MmJ`mMr
C[{jm hm{V{. gmZ _mJmgVmV. Xw> dmWu cm{H$mM{ XS>[U emgZmg dmQy> cmJV{. `m` o_i{Zmgm hm{Vm{.
ZroVem AS>JoiV [S>V{. B`moX H$maU{ AVJV Iar [U Vroh odda{M hm{V. `m[mgyZoh O{M{
ajU amOmZ{ H{$c{ [mohO{.
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_Zw_oV
]H$doV`{XWmpghd [amH$_{V$ &

dH$dmdcw[{V eed odoZ[V{V$ &&106&&
]J`m_mU{ dmWmMm odMma H$amdm. qghm_mU{ [amH$_ H$amdm. cmS>`m_mU{
YmS> Kmcmdr, gem_mU{ oZgQy>Z Omd{.
H$[Q>mZ{ dmJy Z`{. gai[UmZ{ dmJmd{ Ag{ O{ cm{H$ EH$e{Mma_`{ gmoJVc{ Amh{
`mMm A[dmX `{W{ ]Jim AmoU cmS>Jm `m`m CXmhaUmZ{ [> hm{Vm{. [iyZ OmU{ MmJc{ Zmhr [U
gJr `mMmoh Adc] M[iV{Z{ H$amdm cmJVm{. h{ gem`m CXmhaUmZ{ [> hm{V{. gai[Um,
eaUmJVmcm A^` B`moX JwU MmJc{, h{ Ia{M [U `mMr gXJwUodH$oV hm{U{ KmVH$ Amh{. `mMr
OmUrd Y_emmZ{ R>{dcr Amh{. h{ dH$`w hUO{M oedN>[VtMm JoZ_r H$mdm.
Ed odO`_mZ` `{@` `w: [na[pWZ:$&

VmZmZ`{e gdmgm_moXo^[H$_:$&&107&&
odO`m`m AmS> O{ H$m{Ur `{Vrc `m odam{YH$mZm gm_moX C[m`mZr dV:H$S>{
didmd{.(dmYrZ H$$Z `md{)
gm_, Xm_, XS>, ^{X Ag{ odam{YH$mMm odam{Y Z> H$a`mM{ Mma C[m` Amh{V.
gm_ gmO`mZ{ dmQ>mKmQ>, VS>Om{S> H$$Z gYr gmYU{. _m dmQ>m eycm AmoU KmQ>m
dV:cm Ag{ Am_KmVr Ym{aU Agy Z`{.
Xm_ (XmZ) cm{^Z XmIdyZ dm X{D$Z de H$aU{ `mV YZ, ^yo_, H$mhr
emgZmoYH$mar [X{, r B`moX Jm{>r `{VmV. XmZ H [Z{_mJ{ EH$ CXmmVm Amh{. V{hm Xm_ hmM
eX`m{J `m{` .
XS> ]c`m{J g`mMm C[`m{J (emMm Adc])
^{X \y$Q> [mSy>Z eyM{ ]i AmoU _Zm{]i CUmdU{.
òX V{ Vw Z oV>`{ w [m`: W_oo^:$&

XS>Z{ d gVmN>ZH$de_mZ`{V$ &&108&&
[oh`m VrZ C[m`mZr odam{Y Xya H$aU{ gmYc{ Zmhr Va XS>mM{ ]c`m{JmZ{ `mZm
`WmdH$me qOH$md{.
[ohc{ VrZ hUO{ gm_Xm_XS> [U [wT>rc cm{H$md Z ^{Xm[{jm XS> ]am. Ag{
oXgV{. H$maU ^{XmV H$[Q>mMm Adc] H$amdm cmJVm{. XS> hm CKS> AgVm{. `m H$maUmZ{ `dhmam_`{
(EH$e{gmV cm{H$mdarc Q>r[{V C{oI`m_mU{ ) AmYr XS> AmoU _J ^{X Agm C{I MmamMr JUVr
_Zw_oV
[ 347 ]
7 111
H$aVmZm hm{Vm{. ^{XmV H$[Q> Amh{ Va XS>mV qhgm Amh{. V{hm VmaV`mZ{ dmJmd{.
goZH$m`m o`m odYdm hm{Vrc, [nadma Xw:Ir hm{Bc
. hUyZ `wM Q>miU{ emgH$mcm
Z em{Ûma{ Amh{. am>gajU, Y_ ZroV ajU h{M _hdmM{. `mM{ AmS> O{ H$mhr `{Bc V{ H$a`mV
H$m{UVmoh gH$m{M ]miJ`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. ^m|Ji _mZdVmdmXmZ{ am>mMr hmZr hm{V{. qhXwWmZMr
Pmcr Amh{, hm{V Amh{.
gm_mXrZm_w[m`mZm MVwUm_o[ [pS>Vm:$&

gm_XS>m egpV oZ` am>mo^d`{$&&109&&
gm_moX Mma C[m`m_`{ odmZ gm_ AmoU XS>mMr egm am>mM{ Ao^drgmR>r H$aVmV.
gm_XS>m_wi{ O{ gmYV{ V{ AoYH$ pWa d$[mM{ AgV{. hUyZ VwcZ{Z{ `mMr egm.
`Wm{aoV oZXmVm H$j Ym` M ajoV $&

VWm aj{[ m{ am> h`m [na[pWZ:$&&110&&
e{VH$ar `m_mU{ JdV H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$Z Ym` X{Um`m am{[mM{, o[H$mM{ ajU H$aVm{.
`m_mU{ amOmZ{ odam{YH$mMm CN>{X H$$Z am>mM{ ajU H$amd{.
cm{H$mV amOmZ{ am>mM{ (dV:M{ Zh{) ajU Agm H{$c{cm eX`m{J cjUr` Amh{.
dZ[VremQ>m JdV AmoU Jhdmar VmXi
w `mMr am{[{ EH$mM dJmVrc Amh{V.
`mMr OmVHw$ir EH$M Amh{. [U JhmM{ ajU H$amd`mM{ AgV{. Va JdV C[Qy>Z H$mT>c{M [mohO{.
Vg{ _mZdV{`m ZmdmImcr Hy$amZm Vroh _mUg{M Amh{V hUyZ gdS> o_iVm H$m_m Z`{.
_m{hmmOm dam> `: H$f``Zd{j`m $&

gm{@oMamX^ `V{ am`mmrodVm g]mYd:$&&111&&
Om{ amOm, _m{hmZ{ (gw>Xw>mMr) OmUrd Z R>{dVm dam>mMr hmZr H$aVm{, am> jrU
H$aVm{, Vm{ amO[Xm[mgyZ ^> hm{Vm{. AmoU g[nadma Ordmcm _wH$Vm{.
Iwi[{ UmZ{ "_Zw_oV Omi`mg `m{` ' `m dmrZ{ dmJ`m_wi{ g_mOmcm `m cm{H$mVrc
__ C_Jc{ Zmhr. `m_wi{M qhXwWmZ jrU Pmcm. IoS>V Pmcm. AmoU `mZr h{ H{$c{ `mZ{ d `m`m
deOmZr Hw$c[a[a{Z{ MmirghZ AoYH$ df} am` H{$c{. X{emcm Xnar H$$Z dV: d^d ^m{Jc{.
`p_Z `Wm dVV{ `m{ _Zw`:$& Vp_VWm doVV` g Y_:$&&
_m`mMmam{ _m``m ]moYV`:$& gmdmMmam{ gmYwZm `w[{`:$&&
(Oemg Vg{ dmJmd{. H$m{Ur H$[Q>mZ{ dmJV Ag{c Va `mMm oVH$ma H$[Q>mZ{ H$amdm.
Om{ gai[U{ dmJ{c `m`mer gai[U{M dmJmd{.)
7 111
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_Zw_oV
hr ZroV ^r_mZr `woYo>amcm gmoJVcr Amh{. hr H$oUH$ZrVr Zmhr. _hm^maVmVrc

`m dMZmMm Adc] H$$Z, cm{H$ H$m`dmhrV AmUmd`mg [mohO{ hm{Vm. `mgmR>r g_mOmcm ddmMr
oZ gdmMr OmoUd Agmd`mg [mohO{ hm{Vr, [U g` Aqhg{`m Iw`m ^m|Ji ogmVmZ{ AmoU
Iam{IarM am>ohVmMr amOZroV H$er Agmdr `mMr OmoUd Z R>{d`mZ{ AZmoXH$soV d^demcr
qhXwWmZ IoS>V Pmcm. Cac{cm AgwaojV Amh{. H$dS>r qH$_VrM{ VH$a o_ercm [ri X{D$Z, O{[wT>{
C_m cm[ H$aUm`m emgH$mZm h`m `m AQ>r KmcyZ cmMmarZ{ dmH$drV Amh{V. h{ MmJc{
Zmhr.cm{H$mV am> AmoU am` Xm{hr eX dm[ac{ Amh{V.
earaH$fUmmUm: jr`V{ moUZm `Wm$&

VWm amkm_o[ mUm: jr`V{ am>H$fUmV$&&112&&
X{h dmicm, hmS>H$w im Pmcm, hUO{ Og{ _Zw`mM{ mU(gm_` ]i) jrU hm{VmV.
`m_mU{ am> jrU hm{VmM amOmM{ ]i jrU hm{V{.
h{ cjmV R>{dmd`mg [mohO{ hm{V{. [U Am[`mM AkmZmZ{ Vg{ Pmc{ Zmhr. `m`mda
âdgm R>{drV Amcm{ V{ Am[c{ Z{V{ [Xcm{^mZ{ JVmZwJoVH$ hm{D$Z am>m`m _mZ_`mX{Mm [Xm{[Xr ^J
H$arV Amh{V. am> odX{er F$Um`m Am{`mImcr JwX_aV Amh{ AmoU Z{`m`m odcmgmV _m cd_m
CUrd Zmhr.
am>` gJh { oZ` odYmZo_X_mMa{V$ &

gwgJ h rVam>m{ oh [moWd: gwI_{YV{$&&113&&
am>m`m ajUmgmR>r emgZ`dWm [wT>rc_mU{ Agmdr. emgZ `dpWV Ag{c
VaM amOmcm (O{cmoh) gwI o_iV{.
"OmgwI{ gwI amk: OmZm M ohV{ ohV' Ag{ O{ hQ>c{ OmV{ V{M "[moWd: gwI_{YV{'
`m eXmM{ Vm[` Amh{.
`m{`mUm [mmZm _`{ Jw__oYo>V_$&

VWm Jm_eVmZm M Hw$`mm>` gJh _$&&114&&
Jm_`moY[qV Hw$`meJm_[qV VWm$&
qdeVre eV{e M gh[oV_{d M $&&115&&
am`mMr emgZ`dWm H$aVmZm Xm{ZVrZ dm [mM Jmdm_`{ g`mMr EH$ VwH$S>r
oZ`m{oOV H$amdr. Vg{M eâ JmdmgmR>r o_iyZoh EH$ g{Zmg_yh Agmdm.
Jm_moY[oV, XeJm_moY[oV, drg JmdmMm _wI, eâ JmdmMm oZ`m_H$,
_Zw_oV
[ 349 ]
7 117
ghJmdmMm AoYH$mar, Aem MT>`m H$_mZ{ emgZmM{ AoYH$mar Agmd{V.

`{H$ Jmdmda EH$, Xhm Jmdmda o_iyZ d{Jim EH$, Xhm Xhm`m Xm{Z JUmda EH$,
odgmodgm`m [mM JQ>mda EH$ AmoU eâmeâm`m Xhm JQ>mda o_iyZ EH$ AoYH$mar Aer od^mJUr
Amh{. AmO`m VmcwH$moOhm AemgmaIr hr od^mJUr Amh{. da`mMm, _m{R>mMm AoYH$ma
Imc`m chmZ JQ>mda Mmcmdm Aer hr `dWm Amh{. `mV gm{M{ odH|$rH$aU Amh{. l_od^mJoh
Amh{. emgZmMr gwodYm Amh{.
Jm_mMr g`m hr C[cjUmgmaIr g_Omdr. JmdmMm AmH$ma, C[mXZmMr gmYZ{,
cm{H$g`m, [a[amVrc AVa{, ZXr S>m|Ja, Aa`{ Aem ZgoJH$ gr_m `mMm odMma JmdmMr JQ>g`m
R>aodVmZm H{$cm [mohO{.
AmO Ogm Om{ CR>Vm{ Vm{ Am_`m JmdmMm VmcwH$m H$am, oOhm H$am hUyZ AmJh
YaVm{ Vg{ Zgmd{. chmZ _m{R>m JQ>]mYUr_mJ{ H$mhr oZoV ^yo_H$m Agmdr. Vr ^yo_H{$Mr AmYmaercm
H$m{UVr Agmdr V{ darc [naN>{XmV C{oIc{ Amh{.
Jm_Xm{fmg_w[mJmo_H : eZH$: d`_$&

egX{ J m _Xe{em` Xe{em{ qdeVroeZ{$&&116&&
qdeVreVw Vgd eV{em` oZd{X`{V$ &
egX{ J m _eV{eVw gh[V`{ d`_$&&117&&
JmdmV H mhr ^mS>UVQ>m, JmhmUr, Aer ^mZJS> C[ Pmcr Va Jm_moY[mZ{ Vr
e`Vm{ JmdmV`m JmdmV o_Q>dmdr. V{ e` Pmc{ Zmhr Va H$_mZ{ `m `m Jm_UrZ{ XeJm_moY[mH$S>{,
`mZ{ drgJm_m`m AoYH$m`mH$S>{ , `mZ{ eVJm_{emH$S>,{ `mZ{ ghJmdm`m oZ`H$mH$S>{ Am[m[c{
JmhmU{ gmJmd{. dm KQ>Zm oZd{XZ H$$Z oZU` o_idmdm.
JmhmU{ oZdma`mgmR>r EH$mhZ EH$ da Ag{ Mma[mM AoYH$mar AgV. AWmV `m
gdm`m da amOmM{ `m`mgZ C[cY Ag{M. hr `dWm gm_m`[U{ gm{ime{gVame{ eH$m[`V
Mmcy hm{Vr. _wgc_mZm`m AoVXw> Y_mY amOdQ>rV Vr A`pWV Pmcr. ZVa [maM H$m{gicr. _J
BJOr [VrMr `m``dWm Amcr Vr oH$MH$Q>, YZmMm A[`` H$aUmar AmoU XrKgyr Amh{.
Jm_[Mm`Vr Amh{V. [U `m Zmdmcm Amh{V. `m gdmoJU AmoU d`[yU [mohO{V Vem ZmhrV.
eVmdoY df} Jm_`dWm dV AmoU d`^y Ag`mZ{ O{cm amOH$maUmV ag ZhVm.Vr g_mYmZr
gwIr hm{Vr. gKf `m[H$ hm{V Zg{. `mM{ e_Z cJ{M hm{B, `m`m{J{ amOm H$m{U hm _hdmMm Zg{.
amOm`m Am[gmVrc `wmMm O{cm Wm{S>mgmoh mg Zg{. oVM{ gd `dhma, oZ`_ A]moYV amhmV.
hUyZ _Zw_Vr AmOoh mgoJH$ Amh{, C[`m{Jr Amh{.
7 118
350 ]
_Zw_oV
`moZ amOX{`moZ `h Jm_dmogo^:$&

A[mZ{YZmXroZ Jmo_H$Vm`dmZw`mV$&&118&&
H$a hUyZ oVoXder amOmcm md`mM{ Ym` [{` BYZ (\$i{ ^m`m d) B`moX
Jmd_wImZ{ Jm{im H$amdr.
h{ gJi{ Va `mM{ AgUma Zmhr. `h eXmd$Z Ag{ dmQ>V.{ `{H$mH$Sy>Z `md`mM{
`mVrc EH$ oXdgmM{ C[ `{H$_mgr Jm_UrZ{ `md{.
Xer Hw$c Vw ^wOrV qder [m Hw$cmoZ M$&

Jm_ Jm_eVm`j:$ ghmoY[oV: [wa_$&&119&&
XeJm_moY[Vrcm EH$ Hw$cmM{ C[, drg Jmdm`m AYr[mcm [mM Hw$cmM{ C[,
Jm_eVm`jmcm EH$m JmdmM{ AmoU ghJm_moY[Vrcm EH$m (_`_) ZJamM{ C[ d{VZ hUyZ
o_imd{.
Hw$c hUO{ e{V. _amR>rVrc Hy$i eX `md$ZM Amcm Agmdm. ghm ]c Am{T>Vrc
Agm EH$ ZmJa. `m ZmJamMr Om{S>r O{dT>{ e{V ZmJarc V{dT>{ e{V. h{ gm_m`V: drg EH$a hm{V Agmd{.
h{ EH$ H$ma{ BZm_([waH$mamgmaI{) Amh{. MmVwd` [a[am oZam]mY Ag{c `md{ir hr [V \$ma
C[`w$ R>acr Agmdr.
V{fm Jm`moU H$m`moU [W$m`moU Md oh$&

amkm{@`: goMd: pZYVmoZ [`{XVpV:$&&120&&
JmdH$ar cm{H$mMr H$m_{ AmoU BVa H$mhr Jm{>r `mda >r R>{dUmam EH$ oZamim goMd
amOmZ{ Z{_mdm. Vm{ MVwa, Xj, g_Og(pZY) Agmdm.
ZJa{ ZJa{ MH$ Hw$`mgdmWo MVH$_$&

C:WmZ Km{a$[ ZjmUmo_d Jh_$&&121&&
`{H$ _m{R>m JmdmVyZ (Mmirg ghmM{da cm{H$g`m Agc{c{) gd H$m_H$mOmM{
kmZ Agc{cm EH$ C AoYH$mar Z{_mdm. ZjmV Jhm_mU{ `mM{ _hd g_Omd{.`mM{ AmMaU
cm{H$m_`{ YmH$ C[ H$arc Ag{ Agmd{.
g VmZZw[naH$m_{V gdmZd{ gXm d`_$&

V{fm dm [naU`{g`Jm>f{ w Va:$&&122&&
hm Om{ CmoYH$mar`mZ{ gXd [na^_U H$arV Agmd{.(Jm_moY[m [mgyZ ghJm_moY[m
[`V) gdmM{ dmJU{ ZrQ> [maIrV Agmd{. `mgmR>r JwMamM{ ghm` `md{.
_Zw_oV
[ 351 ]
7 126
chmZ _m{R>m AoYH$m`mMr dmJUyH$ [maI`mMr hr `m{OZm A`m`, ^>mMma oZòV

H$aUmar Amh{.
amkm{ oh ajmoYH$Vm: [admXmo`Z: eR>m: $&

^`m ^dpV m`{U V{`m{ aj{oX_m: Om:$&&123&&
amOmZ{ Z{_c{c{ [XmoYH$mar m`: [adm[hmar AmoU cm{H$mZm R>H$odUma{ AgVmV.
amOmZ{ `m`m[mgyZ O{cm dmModc{ [mohO{.
^>mMmamMr H$[Zm emgZ `dW{V g^dUmaM. amOmZ{ `mgmR>r JwwMa `m{OZm
Cm_arVrZ{ am]dcr [mohO{. AmO Va amO[wfm`m gX^mV ^>mMmar AgU{ hmM d^md Y_ Pmc{cm
Amh{.
`{ H$mo`H${ `m{@W_d{ Jr`w: [m[M{Vg:$&

V{fm gdd_mXm` amOm Hw$`mdmgZ_$&&124&&
H$m_ H$$Z X{`m`m oZo_mmZ{ O{ [m[r H$m`mWu O{H$Sy>Z ` (cmM gwodYmewH$)
K{VmV `mZm (hS>Hy$Z H$mTy>Z) amOmZ{ `mM{ gd H$mhr amOV(O) H$$Z `mg VS>r[ma hmHy$Z md{.
hr Aer oejm YmH$ oZ_mU H$aUmar AmoU ^>mMma _wim[mgyZ am{IUmar Amh{. `mV
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`m`mc`mM{ `mZm H$m{UV{M ^` ZgV{. `mZm hm{Umar AQ>H$oh amOd^dr AgV{. h{ ^>mMmar
`m`mc`m[wT>{ C[pWV amhVmZm cmgmR>r damVrZ{ Omd{ Vg{ WmQ>mV OmVmV. `mZm cmO hUyZ OUy
H$mhr Cac{crM ZgV{.
amOH _gw `w$mZm rUm {ÒZ` M $&

`h H$[`{Xd q m WmZ H$_mZw $[V:$&&125&&
amOmZ{ H$m_mda Z{_c{`m r [wfm`m H$m_mM{ d$[ R>adyZ WmZ oZoV H$$Z `m
H$_Mm`mM{ d{VZ [mVm ^{XmZ{ R>admd{.
[Um{ X{`m{@dH$>` fSw>H$>` d{VZ_$&

fm_mogH$VWmN>mXm{ Ym`m{UVw _mogH$:$&&126&&
hcH$s H$m_{ H$aUmamcm oVoXZr EH$ [U AmoU da`m VrMr H$m_{ H$aUmamcm
oVoXZr ghm [U Ag{ d{VZ md{. oV_mgr EH$ m{U (Mma [m``mgm{im e{a) Ym` AmoU ghm
_mgmcm d{ mdr.
7 126
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_Zw_oV
h{ H{$di amOdmS>m[waV{M Zmhr Aer H$m_{ O{W{ Hw$R>{ AgVrc V{W{oh d{VZmM{ d$[
Ag{M Agmd{. KaJS>mMr qMVm `mH$miroh dmohcr OmV Ag{. Ag{ [> hm{V{. hcH$s H$m_{YwUr
^mS>r H$aUma{ .daMr H$m_{ d`[mH$[mUr B`moX.
EH$ [U dm H$mfm[U = [mM JwOmMm EH$ _mgm, `m_mU{ gm{im _mg{ ^mamM{ Vm]{.
A`m` AmR> cm{H$ EH$e{N>mrg.
H$òdH$`_dmZ ^$ g[na``_$&
`m{Jj{_ M g{ ` doUOm{ Xm[`{H$amZ$&&127&&
_mc H$gm K{Vcm, H{$dT>mcm K{Vcm, dmhVyH$ H$m` Pmcr, H$er [S>cr,
[m{Q>m[m`m`mgmR>r oH$Vr cmJc{, cm^ oH$Vr, ^mS>dc H$m`, `dgm` ajU H$a`mgmR>r H$m` H$m`
H$amd{ cmJc{, h{ gd `dpWV[U{ cjmV K{D$Z amOmZ{ `m[m`mH$Sy>Z H$a `mdm.
H$am[yduMm hm gd ]maH$mdm cjmV R>{dcm Va `m[mamV H$mim [gm C^m H$a`mMm
_m{h Z hm{U{ e` Amh{.
`Wm \$c{Z `w`{V amOm H$Vm M H$_Um_$&

VWmd{` Z[m{ am>{ H$[`{gVV H$amZ$&&128&&
H$m_ H$aUm`mcm `m`m H$m_mM{ cm^ `m{` H$ma{ hm{Vrc Ag{ [mhZM amOmZ{ H$a
cmXmd{.
H$am_wi{ O{Mr o[idUyH$ hm{Uma Zmhr h{ [mohc{M [mohO{.
`Wm[m[_X`m dm`m}H$m{dgfQ>[Xm:$&
VWm[m[m{ JhrV`m{ am>mmkmpXH$: H$a:$&&129&&
`m_mU{ Oidm, dmga{, ^wJ ,{ `md`mM{ V{ Imd`mM{ V{, Wm{S>{ Wm{S>{ K{VmV `m_mU{
amOmZ{ am`mV dmofH$ H$amMr `m{OZm H$amdr.
_wimVyZ CN>{X hm{Uma Zmhr,Ag{{ [hmd{. OidmMr C[_m Amcr Amh{ Vr oV`m a$
o[`m`m [VrH$naVm. Oiy a$ o[V{, [U d{XZm hm{D$ X{V Zmhr. Vg{ amOmM{ H$a K{U{ Agmd{. V{ Xw:gh
hm{D$ Z`{.
[mmemJ AmX{`m{ amkm [ewoha``m{: $&

Ym`mZm_>_m{ ^mJ: f>m{ mXe Ed dm$&&130&&
[ey AmoU gm{Z{ `mVyZ amOmZ{ [mgmdm ^mJ H$a hUyZ `mdm. Ym`mMm EH$A>_me,
EH$ f>me, EH$ ]mame ^mJ H$a hUyZ `mdm.
_Zw_oV
[ 353 ]
7 136
^y_r Cm_,_`_,H$oZ> H$maMr Agy eH$V{. cmJdS>rH$arVm `{Umam `òh CUm

AoYH$ hm{D$ eH$Vm{. o[H$mMr AmU{dmaroh gXm gmaIrM ZgV{. hUyZ H$amoX `m_mZmZ{ `yZmoYH$
AgU{ `m{` AgV{.C^` [jr m_moUH$[Um Agcm H$s hr `dWm e` hm{V{.
AmXXrVmW fS>^mJ x_mg_Ywgo[fm_$&

JYmfoYagmZm M [w[_yc\$c` M $&&131&&
[emH$VUmZm M M_Um dXc` M $&
__`mZm M ^mS>mZm gd`m__`` M $&&132&&
dj, _mg, _Y, Vy[, JY, AmfYr, agm`Z{([mam) \w$c{, \$i{, _wi{, [mZ{, ^m`m,
JdV,H$mVS>r, ]m]y`m dVy, _mVrMr ^mS>r, XJS>r dVy `m`m ghm`m ^mJmM{ H$a hUyZ JhU
H$amd{.(16%)
o_`_mUm{@`mXXrV Z amOm lm{o`mH$a_$&

Z M jwYm` ggrX{N>mo{ `m{ odf`{ dgZ$&&133&&
amOmZ{ _aUmMr d{i Amcr Var odmZ doXH$mH$Sy>Z H$a K{D$ Z`{. am`mV Hw$Um doXH$mcm
^wH{$Mr ]mYm hm{D$ Z`{.
hr Aer gm{` [mhZ AocH$S>{ [j[mV, odf_Vm B`moX Amam{[ H$a`mMr WmAmh{.
[U h{ gd OmoV ]mUmgmR>r ZgyZ oda$, oZcm}^r, odmZ ]mUmgmR>r Amh{. Om{ ]mU Y_mZ{
amhmV Zmhr `mcm H$a AmoU d{R> Amh{M. `m AoVmMrZH$mir (_hm^maVm`moh [ydu) [yU[U{
]mUY_mZ{ amhUma{ ]mU gdXm A[dmXm_H$M Ag`mZ{ gm_m` oZ`_ hUyZ Aem ode{f Jm{>r
`m`m gajUmgmR>r ode{farVrZ{ AmdOyZ gmoJV`m Amh{V.
`` amkVw odf`{ lm{o`: grXoV jwYm$&

V`mo[ VjwYm am>_oMa{Ud grXoV$&&134&&
`m`m am`mV odmZ ^wH{$cm amhVm{ V{ am> ^wH{$c{ (Xnar ) amhV{.
lwVdm{ odoXdm@` dqm Y`m H$[`{V$ &

gaj{gdVZ o[Vm [wo_dmag_$&&135&&
d{Xk ]mUmM{ kmZ AmoU AmMaU cjmV K{D$Z `mMr Y__m` Aer C[OrodH$m
Mmcdmdr. ]m[ [m{Q>`m [m{amcm gm^miVm{ Vg{ `mM{ gd>rZ{ gajU H$amd{.
ga`_mUm{ amkm ` Hw$V{ Y__dh_$&

V{Zm`wdY
V { amkm{ odU amQ>_d{ M $&&136&&
7 136
354 ]
_Zw_oV
gwaojV odmZ ]mU O{ Y_H$` oVoXZr H$aVm{ `m_wi{ amOmM{ AmoU am>mM{nh
Am`w` AmoU d^d dmT>V{.
`pH omXo[ df` Xm[`{H$agokV_$&

`dhma{U OrdV amOm am>{ [WOZ_$&&137&&
X{dK{d H$$Z OJUma{ O{ AJXr gm_m` cm{H$ `m`mH$Sy>Z amOmZ{ dmofH$ H$a Zm__m
`mdm.
H$mH$mZ oep[Zd eymm_m{[OrodZ:$&

EH$H$ H$ma`{H$_ _mog _mog _hr[oV:$&&138&&
H$m$, oe[r, earal_mda OJUma{ ey (`m`m[mgyZ H$a Z K{Vm `m`m l_mMm EH$
oXdg K{D$Z `mZm )amOmZ{ oV_mgr EH$ oXdg Am[`m H$m_mda cmdmd{.
H$m$ Q>m{[`m odU`mgmaIr gmYmaU H$m_{ H$aUma{ ]wS> ,KS>{ H$aUma{ Hw$^ma h{
H$m$.
oe[r ode{f Hw$ec H$m_{ H$aUma{.
gwVma, H$m{>r, hmdr, [arQ,> Mm^ma h{ oe[r.
H{$di earaH$>mMr,Am{Pr CMcU{, [mQ>m Q>mH$U{ Aer H$m_{ H$aUma{ V{ H$Q>H$ar
ey.
Zm{pN>mXm_Zm{ _yc [a{fm MmoVVU`m $&

CpN>XZ m_Zm{ _yc_m_mZ Vm [rS>`V{ $ &&139&&
\$ma CXma hm{D$Z _wirM H$a Z K{U{ dm AoVcm{^mZ{ H$am[m`r O{cm o[iyZ H$mT>U{,
Xm{hr C^`[jr KmVH$M R>aV{.
VrUd _X
w `mH$m` dr` _hr[oV:$&
VrUd _X
w d amOm ^doV g_V:$&&140&&
amOmZ{ gJm_mU{ H$R>m{a dm _D$ hmd{. Agm amOmM cm{H$o` hm{Vm{.
A_m`_w` Y_k mk XmV Hw$cm{V_$&

Wm[`{XmgZ{ Vp_pI: H$m`}jU{ ZUm_$&&141&&
earam`m Adm`m_wi{ amOm Oa cm{H$mMr H$m_{ [mh`mg Ag_W hm{Bc Va `mZ{
_`mVrc Hw$crZ, odmZ, g`_r, Y_k Aemcm [XmoYH$ma mdm.
_Zw_oV
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7 145
Ed gd odYm`{Xo_oVH$V`_m_Z:$&
`w$dm_m [naaj{oX_m: Om:$&&142&&
Aem arVrZ{ amOmZ{ Am[cr gd H$V`{ `m{` arVrZ{ [ma [mS>mdr, gdXm gmdY Agmd{.
H{$hmoh Xm{f KSy> X{D$ Z`{V. O{M{ gJirH$Sy>Z Cm_ ajU H$amd{.
gajU H{$di earam[waV{ _`moXV _mZy Z`{. AmoWH$ ZoVH$ Ymo_H$ ajUoh
Amd`H$ AgV{. H$m{UVmoh A`m` hm{Vm H$m_m Z`{. h{gwm XjV{Z{ [mohc{ [mohO{.
odH$m{e`m{ `` am>mX o`V{ X`wo^: Om:$&

g[`V: g^`` _V: g Z Vw OrdoV$&&143&&
X`yZr (Mm{a VH$a AmVH$dmXr `mZr ) [rS>c{c{ OmOZ amOm`m AmoU `m`m
AoYH$m`m`m g_m{aM AmH$m{e H$arV amhVmV, Vm{ amOm oOdV Zmhr. _{cm Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
_Zw_VrM{ h{ Ym{aU cjmV K{Vc{ Va AmO`m [jm`m [wT>m`mcm am` H$a`mMm
AoYH$ma Zmhr. `mZr [Xmd$Z dnaV Imcr CVac{ [mohO{. h`m, ]cmH$ma, A[haU, cwQ>mcyQ>,
\$m{Q> Agm AmVH$ gd Yw_mHy$i KmcrV Amh{. AmoU am`H$V} Am[`m odcmgmV, oV>m o_aod`mV
XJ Amh{V. OmJoVH$ `moV H$er o_i{c V{dT>{M [mhmV Amh{V.
jo`` [am{ Y_: OmZm_{d [mcZ_$&

oZoX>\$c^m{$m oh amOm Y_}U `w`V{$&&144&&
O{M{ (gdmoJU) [mcZ H$aU{ hmM jo`mMm l{> Y_ Amh{( V{ `m{` arVrZ{ H$arV
amhZ _J) gmoJV`m _mUmV H$amMm C[^m{J K{Vcm VaM amOm Y_mZ{ `w$ hm{Vm{.
Ag{ Z H{$c{ Va Vm{ AYmo_H$, [m[r Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{. H$a Jm{im H$aU{ h{ Oar amOmM{
H$m_ Agc{ Var H$m{UmM{oh A`m`m[mgyZ ajU H$aU{ h{ `{H$ jo`mZ{ dV:M{ H$V` _mZc{ [mohO{.
hUyZ l{R> Y_mMm C{I H$aVmZm H{$di amOm Agm eX Z dm[aVm jo` Ag{ AmdOyZ hQ>c{ Amh{.
CWm` [o_{ `m_{ H$VemM: g_mohV:$&

hVmo]m
Umm` ode{g ew^m g^m_$&&145&&
amr`m e{dQ>`m hamV CRy>Z, mVodYr CaHy$Z, ArV hdZ H$amd{. ]mUmMr
[yOm H$amdr AmoU ZVa ew^cjUmZr `w$ Aem g^mWmZr d{e H$amdm.
amr`m e{dQ>Mm ha hUO{ gm_m`V: [hmQ>{ MmagmS>{MmaMr d{i.
g^mJh ew^H$maH$ _Jc [od Aem oMhmZr AcH$V Agmd{.
7 146
356 ]
_Zw_oV
V pWV: Om: gdm: oVZ odgO`V{ $ &

odg` M Om: gdm _`{gh _po^:$&&146&&
g^{V ]gyZ C[pWV Pmc{`m OmOZmMm g_mZ H$$Z `mZm oZam{[ mdm. AmoU V{
gd oZKyZ J{`mZVa _`mgh _Um H$amdr.
_Um eXmZ{ amOH$maU, emgZ`dWm, [aam>Ym{aU, AWgH$[ `m gdmMm C{I
hm{Vm{. Ag{ g_Omd{. O{cm amOm Am[cm dmQ>cm [mohO{ `mgmR>r ^{Q>rg Amc{`m cm{H$mM{
`WmoYH$ma,`Wm`m{` dmJV Pmc{ [mohO{. `mM{ hUU{ emV oMmmZ{ E{Hy$Z `m{` Vm{ oVgmX oXcm
[mohO{. ^{Q>rMr d{iM o_iV Zmhr dm o_iyZ ^{Q>V Zmhr dm ^{Qy>Z ]m{c`mH$S>{ cj ZgV{. Ag{ hm{D$
Z`{.
oJna[> g_m mgmX dm ahm{JV:$&

Aa`{ oZ:ecmH{$ dm _`{Xod^modV:$&&147&&
_U{Mm dmgoh Hw$Umg `{D$ Z`{ hUyZ [dVmda, amOdmS>mVrc Jw H$jmV dm
Am{gmS>(odai) amZmV MMm H$amdr.
oZ:ecmH$ eXmMm AW Q>rH$mH$mamZr O{W{ JdVoh CJdV Zmhr Agm H{$cm Amh{. [U
Aa` hUO{ dj Amc{M V{hm JdV Zmhr Ag{ hm{U{ H$R>rU. H$m{Umcm AmS> amhZ E{H$Vm `{D$ Z`{ Ag{
WmZ Agc{ [mohO{. _J`{`m dm odhmam`m oZo_mmZ{ ]mh{a [Sy>Z V{W{ _Um H$amdr. Ag{ h{ amOH$maU
H$amd{, V{ CXS> Agmd{. [U H$m{Umg H$iy X{D$ Z`{. Ag{ lrg_WmZroh hQ>c{ Amh{M.
`` _ Z OmZpV g_mJ` [WOZm:$&

g H$Zm [oWdt ^wL{$ H$m{ehrZm{@o[ [moWd:$&&148&&
`mM{ _ah` (`Z H$$Z) [wH$imZm dm H$m{Um EH$mcmoh C_JV Zmhr, OmUVm
`{V Zmhr. Vm{ amOm YZhrZ Agcm Var gd [drda am` H$$ eH$Vm{.
OS>_yH$mY]oYamV``m{Zmd`m{oVJmZ$&
rc{N>`moYV`m_H$mc{@[gma`{V$&&149&&
d{S>{, _wH{$, ]oha{, AmYi{, [m{[Q>mgmaI{ [jr, AoVd, o`m, c|N>, am{Jr, A[J
`mZm _U{`m d{ir Amg[mgoh o\$aHy$ X{D$ Z`{.
`mZm [m{M ZgVm{.V{ MmUmj ZgVmV. `mZm [cm{^ZmZ{ de H$$Z K{U{ AoYH$ gwc^
AgV{. hUyZ _Um Jw Z amh`mMm Ym{H$m dmT>>Vm{.
o`mMm _wirM odmg Y$ Z`{. Ag{ EH$m O_Z Jwh{a Agc{`m rZ{M hQ>c{
Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 357 ]
7 153
oeH$dc{c{ [m{[Q,> gmag B`moX [jroh Jwh{amM{ H$m_ H$aUma{ AgVmV. hUyZ `mM{
odf`roh gmdYmZVm ]miJcr [mohO{. h{M H$mhrg{ [>rH$aU [wT>rc cm{H$mVyZ `$ Pmc{ Amh{.
o^X`d_Vm _ V` `m{ZmVWd M $&

o`d ode{fU
{ V_mmmVm{ ^d{V$ &&150&&
Ad_mZ Pmcm AgVm h{ OS>_yH$moX _mMm ^{X \ m{S>VmV. [jr `mZm [m{M ZgVm{. Va
o`m`m Vm|S>mV JwJm{Q> \$ma H$mi amhmV Zmhr. hUyZ `mZm Xya R>{d`mMr gmdYmZVm R>{dmdr.(`mcm
g_mZZr` A[dmX Agy eH$VmV.)
_òXZ{@Yam{ dm odlmVm{ odJVc_:$&

oMV`{_H$m_mWmgmY VaH{ $ Ed dm$&&151&&
odlmoV Pmcr Ag{c, WH$mdQ> Zg{c Va Xw[mar dm _àmroh (Amd`H$V{_mU{)
_rJUmgh Y_AWH$m_ `mM{ g]YmV odMma odoZ_` H$amdm. dm EH$Q>mZ{oh `modf`r qMVZ
H$amd{.
[a[aodmZm V{fm M g_w[mOZ_$&

H$`mZm gXmZ M Hw$_mamUm M ajU_$&&152&&
Y_, AW, H$m_ d^mdV: [a[aodam{Yr Amh{V. hUyZ `mZm gmYyZ K{U{ \$ma
odMma[ydH $ H{$c{ [mohO{. _wctZm `m{` Wir X{U,{ _wcmZm gd H$ma{ diU cmdU{, h{ amOm`m qMVZmM{
odf` Amh{V.
Y_, g`_oZ`_Z `mMm AmJh YaVm{ hUyZ Vm{ AWH$m_m`m odam{YmV OmVm{.
H$m_ o_idmd`mMm Va Vm{ dmT>odUmam AmoU A_`mX hm{D$ [mhUmam. hUyZ AWY_m`m odam{Yr
hm{Vm{. `` dmTy> Z`{ AmoU gai[UmZ{ o_iV Zmhr hUyZ AW, H$m_Y_m`m oVHy$c R>aVm{. hUyZ
`mMm Vm{c gm^miU{ gm{[{ ZgV{. _hm^maVmZ{ H$m{Umoh EH$mgmR>r H$m{Umoh Xm{ZmMr C[{jm hm{Vm H$m_m
Z`{.Ag{ AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
_wcr X{`mK{`m`m g]Y mV AZ{H$ amOH$maU{ JwV Zy amhVmV. amO[wmZm \$ma gmdY[U{
dmT>dmd{ cmJV{. [naOZ `mZm AZ{H$ H$ma{ ^c^c`m N>XmV [mSy>Z dmW gmY`mMm `Z H$aVmV.
hUyZ oVH$S>{oh MmJc{ cj md{ cmJV{. A`Wm Z{[mimV KS>c{ Vg{ KS>V{.
XyVgf{ U Md H$mèf{ VWd M $&

AV:[waMma M oUYrZm M M{o>V_$&&153&&
7 153
358 ]
_Zw_oV
XyV [mR>odU{, A[war H$m_{ VS>rg Z{U,{ AV:[wamVrc hmcMmcr OmUyZ K{U,{ Am[`mH$S>{
Amc{c{ Xwg`m amOmM{ XyV, `mM{da `m`m dmJ`m]m{c`mda cj R>{dU{ hmoh amOm`m qMVZmMm
odf` AgVm{.
H$Z Mm>odY H$_ [mdJ M VdV:$&

AZwamJm[amJm M Mma _S>c` M $&&154&&
AmR> H$maMr H$_}. (h{amM{) [mM H$ma, {_ AmoU {fmM{ d$[ AmoU oZaoZam`m
JQ>m`m hmcMmcr `mMmoh odMma H$amdm.
AmR>H$_} AmoU [MdJ h{ eX [mna^mofH$ Amh{V. `mM{ [>rH$aU Ag{
AmR>H$_} 1) AmXmZ H$a K{U{, 2) odgJ d{VZ. Om{[`m{Jr H$m_{ `mgmR>r YZ
d{MU{,3) f AmX{e X{U{ 4) oZf{Y H$m` H$$ Z`{, H$m` Q>mH$md{ V{ g_OmodU{ 5) `dhma{jU
`m`mc`mMr H$m_{ 6) XS> A[am`mZm emgZ 7) ewo A[am`mH$Sy>Z [mmm[ `$ H$aU{.
8) AWdMZ goXY odf`mV oZU` gmJU{. hr AmR> H$m_{ hm{V.
[MdJ h{ gd JwMamM{ ^{X Amh{V.
1) H$m[oQ>H$ gmYwdmM{ T>m|J H$$Z H$m_ H$aUmam.
2) CXmpWV cm{^r g`mgr. `mcm MmJcm _R>[oV H$$Z `mcm ^yo_ B`moX
X{D$Z lr_V H$amdm. `mZ{ ÔZ dMZmXrM{ mam cm{H$mZm _m{ohV H$$Z Am[cm [nadma dmT>dmdm.
AmoU `mM{ h{a hUyZ ghm` H$amd{.
AocH$S>{ Ag{ [wH$i dm_r,AmMm`, ]X{d oZ_mU Pmc{c{ Amh{V. `mVrc [wH$i
odX{emH$naVm H$m_ H$aVmV. `m`m V_ AZw>mZmcm _r AoYH$mar ^wcVmV. Ag{ AmT>iyZ Amc{
Amh{.
3) Jh[oV ÒZ `mMr ]wo MmJcr, AmMaU g` Amh{, `mM{ Xmna Xya
H$amd{. `mcm ^yo_ B`moX md{. AmoU gd gm_m` _`_ dJu`mV `mg H$m_ H$a`mg gmJmd{.
4) dX{ohH$ ÒZ `m[mamMr AmdS> AmoU Hw$ecVm AgUmamcm ^mS>dc [wadyZ
`m[mam_`{ oVo>V H$$Z `mM{H$Sy>Z dmVm o_idmdr.
5) Vm[g ÒZ _wS >Z H{$c{cm dm OQ>mXmT>r dmT>odc{cm AmoU [m{Q>m`m _mJ{ cmJc{cm
Agm [mhZ Jw$[mZ{ `mMr `dWm H$amdr.AJXr gmYr amhUr, gmY{ Im{[Q>{, H$[S>{ OrU \$mQ>H{$,
Agm `mMm d{f Agmdm. `mM{ dam`, oZcm}^Vm C_Qy>Z oXgmdr. ZdgmMr gmYZm `mZ{ gmJmdr
`mM{ ]m{cU{ ^mdr, VwQ>H$ [U _m{h [mS>Uma{ Agmd{. `mMr Wm{adr JmUma{ Xm{Z VrZ r[wf oe`
Agmd{V. `mVcm EH$mXm MmJcm lr_Voh Agmdm. `mZ{ AoYH$M Z_V{Z{ dmJmd{. gd WamVrc
_Zw_oV
[ 359 ]
7 157
cm{H$mZm ^yc [mSy>Z ZmXr cmdmd{.AmoU O{Mr dm `mVrc odoe>>mMr _mohVr H$mTy>Z `mdr.
`wmV A`V Ymo_H$[U{ dmJmd`mg gmJUm`m _ZyZ{M Jw h{amM{ H{$c{c{ dUZ
amOY_mM{ doeQ> AmoU _`mXm [> H$aUma{ Amh{.
am>ajU h{ gm` _J "`Wmgm` M gmYZ_$' gmYZmMr AZ{H$Vm drH$macr H$s
`mVrc odam{YodgJoV hr OmUyZ K{Vcr [mohO{. AmoU oVMm MmVw`mZ{ dm[aoh H$aVm Amcm [mohO{.
_`_` [Mma M odoOJrfm{ M{o>V_$&

CXmgrZMma M em{d `ZV:$&&155&&
_`W, qOH$`mMr BN>m H$aUmam, CXmgrZ AmoU ey `m Mmar dJmVrc cm{H$mM{
dmJU{, ]m{cU{, `mM{ _Zm{JV, `m`m `m{OZm `modf`rM{ MmJc{ kmZ amOmcm Agc{ [mohO{.
ZmZm j{mV ZmZm H$mamZ{ qhS>Um`m Jwh{amM{ h{ H$m_ Amh{. `mMr oZ`wo$ `m{`Vm
[mhZ MmVw`mZ{ H{$cr [mohO{. `m Mmam[H$s H$m{Uroh `mM AdW{V, d$[mV gXd amhrc dm `mMm
[a[amer _{cOm{c hm{UmaM Zmhr Ag{ H$Yroh JhrV Y$ Z`{. `mM{ H{$hmhr EH$_{H$mer g]Y Wmo[V
hm{D$ eH$VmV AmoU _J `m_wi{ am`mcm H$m{UVmoh C[d hm{D$ eH$Vm{.
EVm: H$V`m{ _yc _S>c` g_mgV:$&

A>m Mm`m: g_m`mVm mXed Vw Vm: _Vm:$&&156&&
amO_S>imMr, MMm odMmaodoZ_`mMr (da`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{cr) hr Mma
AJ{ Amh{V. `mV [whm AmR> AJmMm odMma H$aU{ ^mJ AgV{. o_iyZ Vr AJ{ ]mam hm{VmV.
AmR> AJ{ Aer ey^y_r`m [wT>{ Agc{cm Am[cm o_, eyMm o_, Am[`m
o_mMm o_, ey`m o_mMm o_ Ag{ Mma _wI JQ>. `m_mU{M eycm [moR>]m X{`mMr e`Vm
Agc{cm, Am[Umodf`r H$mhr JmhmUr Agc{cm, [mqR>`mgmR>r CgwH$ Agc{cm, AmoU Jmhm`mMr
AoYH$ VrdVm Agc{cm, Ag{ CdnaV Mma JQ>. Q>rH$mH$mamZr `mMr Zmd{ H$_mZ{ oXc{cr Amh{V. Vr
Aer (ew^y_r`m [wT>{ Agc{cm) o_,Anao_, o_mo_, Anao_mo_, [mpUJmh, AmH$X,
[mpUJmhmgma, AmH$Xmgma.
A_màm>XJw mWX S>m`m: [m Mm[am:$&

`{H$ H$oWVm {Vm: gj[{ U
{ ogoV:$&&157&&
hr Or Mma oZ AmR> o_iyZ ]mam AJ{ Amh{V, `mVrc `{H$mgmR>r A_m`, X{e,
XwJ, YZ AmoU oVH$mamW g{Zm. Aer `dWm Agcr [mohO{. h{ EHy$U ]mam JwoUc{ [mM o_iyZ gmR>
hm{VmV. AmoU [ydu Mma AoYH$ AmR> o_iyZ gmoJVc{cr ]mam AJ{ Ag{ gd o_iyZ ]mhmma H$maM{
od^mJ hm{VmV Ag{ Vk gmJVmV.
7 158
360 ]
_Zw_oV
AZVa_na odmXnag{odZ_{d M $&

Aa{aZVa o__wXmgrZ V`m{: [a_$&&158&&
am`m`m gr_{cm cmJyZ Agc{c{ am` h{ ey, `mcm X]yZ Agc{cm Vm{oh eyM,
`m`m [ocH$S>Mm amOm o_ Agy eH$Vm{. `m[ocH$S>Mm Vm{ CXmgrZ g_Omdm.
[moH$VmZ AmoU MrZ odMmamV K{Vc{ hUO{ h{ [Q>{c. [U EH$XarV hr od^mJUr
T>m{]i Amh{. amOH$maUmV hm H$mhr [$m oZ`_ hUyZ JhrV YaVm `{Uma Zmhr. odMmamM{ EH$ gy `m
>rZ{M h{ odMmamV `md{.
VmgdmZo^gX`mgm_moXo^[H$_:$&
`Vd g_V [mf{U Z`{Z M$&&159&&
`m gd (ey o_CXmgrZ) amOmZm gm_, Xm_, ^{X, XS> `mVrc Amd`H$V{_mU{
EImXXwg`m dm gd C[m`mZr Am[`mer gm_m{[MmamZ{ dmJVrc Ag{ amImd{. `mgmR>r [amH$_,
em`,AmoU dmJ`m ]m{c`mVrc ZroVMmVw` C[`m{Jr [S>V{.
gqY M odJh Md `mZ_mgZ_{d M $&

Yr^md gl` M fS>JU
w moV`{gXm$&&160&&
(`m gdmM{ doeQ> cjmV K{D$Z) amOmZ{ gYr, odJh, AmH$_U, AZwHy$c H$mcmMr
dmQ> [hmV ogV{Z{ X]yZ amhU{, \y$Q> [mS>U{, H$m{Um`m Var Aml`mg OmU{ `m ghm Jm{>tMm gXd odMma
H$amdm.
gJ `j C[pWV hm{`m[ydu H$m` H$m` KSy> eH$V{ `mM{ Ym{aU ]mYyZ `m`m
`m`m oVH$mamgmR>r W_[mgyZM gmdY amhZ `m{OZm og R>{d`mMr XjVm K{Vcr [mohO{.
qhXwWmZmV qhXw_wgc_mZmM{ XJ{ hr daM{da KS>Umar Jm{Q> Amh{. [U qhXyg_mO dm
`mM{ [wT>mar `m>rZ{ H$Yr gmdY amhZ Ym{aU ]mYVmV. Ag{ AmT>iV Zmhr.VUmd[yU emVVm,[aH$s`
Jwh{amM{ H$` XJm gwoZ`m{oOV hm{Vm Ag{ \$gd{ eX _m dm[aVmV.
AmgZ Md `mZ M gqY odJh_{d M $&

H$m` dr` `wOrV Y gl`_{d M $&&161&&
Am[cm cm^ AmoU Xwg`mMr hmZr hm{Bc Ag{ Ym{aU R>{dyZM dmQ> [mhU{, AmH$_U
H$aU{, gYr, odJh, \y$Q> [mS>U{, dm H$m{U`mVar H$maM{ ghm` K{U{ h{, V{ V{ gJ [mhZ dmJmd{.
goY Vw oodY odmmOm odJh_{d M $&

C^{ `mZmgZ{ Md oodY: gl`: _V:$&&162&&
_Zw_oV
[ 361 ]
7 167
gYr, odJh, AmH$_U, dmQ> [hmU{, AmoU gl` h{ [mMoh H$ma Xm{Z Xm{Z d$[mM{
Amh{V.
g_mZ`mZH$_m M od[arVVWd M $&

VXmdmòVg`w $: goYk}`m{ ocjU:$&&163&&
o_ amOmM{ ghm` K{D$Z Xm{KmZr EH$ AmH$_U H$aU{ h{ g_mZ`mZ H$_, AmoU
o_amOmcm EH$sH$Sy>Z AmoU dV: XwgarH$Sy>Z AmH$_U H$aU{ hm Ag_mZ`mZ H$_m gYr.
H$m{Umer Var g` Amh{ hm `mVcm gYr. Vm{ H$Yr cdH$aM \$cz[ hm{Vm{, H$Yr `mM{
[mgyZ cm^ hm{`mg XrKH$mc cmJVm{. [U gYrM{ Xm{Zoh H$ma C[`m{JrM AgVmV.
d`H$ V H$m`mW_ H$mc{ H$mc Ed dm$&

o_` Mdm[H$V{ oodYm{ odJh: _V:$&&164&&
dV:gmR>r eyer da _mS>U,{ (_J V{ `m{` dm A`m{` H$mcr H$g{oh Agm{) hm odJhmMm
EH$ H$ma AmoU Am[`m o_ amOmgmR>r da drH$maU{ hm odJhmMm Xwgam [H$ma.
EH$moH$Zmò`H{$ H$m`} m{ `XN>`m $&

ghV` M o_{U oodY `mZ_w`V{$&&165&&
EH$mEH$s gJ C[ Pmcm hUyZ EH$Q>mZ{M eyda MmcyZ OmU{ hm `mZmMm
(AmH$_UmMm) EH$ H$ma Va o_mM{ ghm` K{D$Z AmH$_U H$aU{ hm `mZmMm Xwgam H$ma.
hr od^mJUr H$mhrer EH$e{ {g>m`m cm{H$mVrc gYr od^mJm_mU{ oXgV{. [U
`mV AmYr[mgyZ _r dm V{dT>m[waVr _r Agm ^{X Agmdm.
jrU` Md H$_em{ Xdm[ydH $ V{Z dm$&

o_` MmZwam{YZ{ oodY _V_mgZ_$&&166&&
Am[c{ gm_` [wa{g{ Zmhr _J V{ dm^modH$ dm Zo_omH$ H$g{oh Agm{, AmH$_U Z
H$aVm X]yZ dmQ> [mhU{ hm AmgZmMm EH$ H$ma Va o_m`m gmJ`md$Z `m`m gm{`rgmR>r Wm]U{
hm Xwgam H$ma.
]c` dmo_Zd pWoV: H$m`mWo g`{$&

oodY H$s`V{ Y fmSJw `JwUd{oXo^:$&&167&&
Am[c{ (gwaojVV{M{) CoX> gmY`m`m >rZ{ g` dm `mMm amOm `m`mV \y$Q>
[mS>`mMm `Z H$aU{ h{ YmM{ Xm{Z ^{X VkmZr gmoJVc{ Amh{V.
7 167
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_Zw_oV
g`mVrc EH$ dm AoYH$ JQ> `mZm de H$$Z K{U{ dm amOmM{ o_ dm `mM{ _r `mV
\y$Q> [mS>U{. `mVrc O{ e` dm gm{`rM{ V{ H$aU{ h{ YmM{ ^{X.
AWg[ mXZmW M [rS>_mZ` ewo^:$&

gmYwfw `[X{emW oodY gl`: _V:$&&168&&
goZH$ ghm` o_idyZ ey[mgyZ hm{Umar [rS>m Z> H$aU{ hm gl`mMm EH$ H$ma Va
dV:M Xwg`m ]cdmZ amOm`m Aml`mcm OmU{ hm Xwgam H$ma.
BoVhmgmMr [mZ{ odMma[ydH$ Mmicr hUO{ h{ gd H$ma V{W{ AmT>iyZ `{VmV.
[moZ[V`m cT>mBV ZOr]ImZ am{ohcm AmoU A`m{`{Mm Z]m] Am[gmVrc da
EH$sH$S>{ gm$Z _amR>m`m odam{YmV EH$ Pmc{.
odO`ZJa`m gm_m`m`m odam{YmV o]Xa , odOm[ya B`moX [mMr _wgc_mZ gwcVmZ
EH$ Pmc{.`mZr odO`ZJa`m g`mV \y$Q> [mS>cr.
Am[c{ ]c [wa{g{ Zmhr Ag{ [mhZ oedmOramOmZr o_Pm amOmer gYr H{$cm AmoU V{
AmaJO{]m`m ^{Q>rgmR>r Am`mgnh J{c{.
ohQ>caZ{ W_ Q>ocZer gYr H{$cm. AmoU _mJyZ Vm{ _m{Sy>Z odJh H{$cm.
A_{naH$m BcS>`m ghm`mg YmdyZ J{cr. h{ gd gYrodJh gl`mM{ H$ma Amh{V.
amOH$maUmV `mVrc H$m{UVmoh EH$ pWa ZgVm{ Va AZ{H$Xm `mVrc Xm{KmoVKmMmoh
EH$mMd{ir Adc] H$amdm cmJVm{.
AmH$_U H{$hm H$amd{ AmoU H{$hm Wm]dmd{ dm _mKma `mdr. h{oh MmVw`mZ{ R>admd{
cmJV{. BcS>Z{ S>H$H$cm _mKma K{Vcr AmoU oVcmM èdr _mKma Ag{ Zmd X{D$Z g`mM{, O{M{
_Zm{]c oQ>H$dc{, Va H{$hm, Hw$R>{, Wm]md{ h{ AhH$mamZ{ Z [moh`mZ{ ohQ>caMm gdZme Pmcm.
dV:M{ ohV H$emV Amh{ V{ Z [moh`m_wi{ qhXwWmZZ{ og_`mV ^w>m{er A[èr
gYr H{$cm Va ^m]S>{[UmZ{ cmc]hmza emr oZH$maU VmH$Xcm aoe`m`m gl`mg J{c{. AmoU
`m`mda odf`m{J Pmcm AmoU `md{ir Am_M{ Jh_r AmoU gajU _r XwgarH$S>{ Xya Wm]c{
hm{V{.
amOH$maUmV dV:Mm cm^ hm _hdmMm _mZmdm cmJVm{. BoOZ{ gwdP
{ H$mcdm H$m{UmMr
[mg Z R>{dVm dmYrZ H$$Z K{Vcm.
Bm`cZ{ BamH$M{ AUweo$H|$ CdV H{$c{. MrZZ{ oV]{Q> oJicm. h{ gd "_Zy' Z
dmMVmoh Ym{aUr[UmZ{ H{$c{ AmoU Am[U _m [yU[U{ `m`mM{ Agc{c{ Am[c{ am>oh AIS> amIy
_Zw_oV
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7 173
eH$cm{ Zmhr. CcQ> IoS>V ^maVmVrc amOH$s` dm gm_moOH$ gm{S>dy eH$cm{ Zmhr AmoU oXdg|oXdg
AoYH$moYH$ AgwaojV hm{V Amhm{V.
AmVH$dmXr oVoXZr Zdr gH$Q>{ AmUrV Amh{V. AmoU oda[ZgmaIm EH$ VH$a
Xm{Z Xm{Z am`mZm ^mar hm{D$Z ]gcm Amh{.
`XmdJN>X{ m``m_moY` Ydw _m_Z:$&

VXmd{ Mmp[H$m [rS>m VXm gqY g_ml`{V$ &&169&&
[wT>{ MmJcm cm^ oZ`mZ{ hm{Uma Amh{, [U g`m Wm{S>rer [rS>m (hmoZ) gm{gmdr
cmJUma Amh{. Ag{ Ag{c Va gYr H$amdm.
oed]mZr O`qghmgr AgmM gYr H{$cm hm{Vm.
`Xm >m _`{V gdmVw H$Vrê

_$&
A`wpN>V VWm_mZ VXm Hw$duV odJh_$&&170&&
`m d{ir am`mMr gd AJm{[mJ{ Cgmhr AmoU AZwH$yc AgVrc Vg{M dV:M{
gm_` gd oXemZr [na[yU d l{> Ag{c `md{ir eyda Am[U hm{D$Z `w cmXmd{.
`Xm _`{V ^md{Z > [w> ]c dH$_$&

[a` od[arV M VXm `m`mo[w oV$&&171&&
O{hm Am[cr g{Zm g_mYmZr AmoU g_ Ag{c AmoU ey VwcZ{Z{ Xw]c, jrU
Ag{c V{hm Ad` AmH$_U H$amd{.
Am[U _wgc_mZmH$Sy>Z [am^yV Pmcm{ `mM{ h{ _hdmM{ H$maU Amh{. Am[U Am[`m
gr_{`m ]mh{aM{ h{ Y_mY ey H$g{ H$m` Amh{V `mMr _mohVr H$Yr o_iodcr Zmhr. O{ _ZyZ{ H$amd`mg
gmoJVc{ Amh{ V{ _wgc_mZmZr _m YyV[U{ AmdOyZ H{$c{. Am[c{ \$H$sa qhXyam`mVyZ gJirH$S>{
[{ac{. `mZr _Vm`m AmoU gdg_mZV{`m X{Im`mda qhXyOm ^wcdcr AmoU _J am`{ [am^yV
Pmcr.
`Xm Vw `m[najrUm{ dmhZ{Z ]c{Z M $&

VXmgrV `Z{Z eZH$: gmdàrZ$&&172&&
O{hm Am[cr gmYZ{ AmoU g` [wa{g{ g_W dm gm Zg{c `md{ir dW amhmd{
AmoU eycm `Z[ydH$ emV amh`mg cmdmd{. H$gm Var d{i H$mT>mdm.
_`{Vmna `Xm amOm gdWm ]cdma_$&

VXm oYm ]c H$dm gmY`{H$m`_m_Z:$&&173&&
7 173
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_Zw_oV
O{hm ey ]cdmZ Amh{ Ag{ cjmV `{Bc V{hm amOmZ{ Am[`m g`mM{ Xm{Z ^mJ
H$$Z EH$ dV:Odi amIyZ gwaojV Wir amhmd{. EH$m ^mJmcm eyda MmcyZ Om`mg gmJyZ eycm
`wmV JwVdyZ R>{dmd{.
aO[wVmZr Ag{ Ym{aU Z R>{dVm H{$gna`m H$$Z Am_KmVr AmH$_U{ H$$Z gdZme
H$$Z K{Vcm.
`Xm [a]cmZmVw Vw J_Zr`V_m{ ^d{V$ &

VXm Vw gl`{pj Ymo_H$ ]ocZ Z[_$&&174&&
[am^yV hm{D$Z ey`m dmYrZ hm{`mMm gJ `{Uma Ag{ oZoV dmQ>{c V{hm ]cdmZ
[U odmgy amOm`m Aml`mg Omd{.
oZJh H$VrZm M Hw$`mm{@na]c` M $&

C[g{dV{ V oZ` gd`ZJw `Wm$&&175&&
Om{ Am[`m A_m`gÒm AmoU eyg ` `m Xm{hrda MmJcm dMH$ R>D{ $ eH{$c,
`m ]cdmZ amOmM{ _mS>ocH$ hm{D$Z amhmd{. `mcm JwgmaI{ _mZmd{. _m{R>{[Um mdm.
òX Vmo[ g[`{m{f gl`H$mnaV_$&

gw`
w _{d Vmo[ oZode>: g_mMa{V$ &&176&&
`m amOm`m Aml`mcm, Vm{ ]cdmZ g_W Amh{ Ag{ g_OyZ J{cm{ V{W{ Oa Xm{f
(AghH$ma ,C[{jm, VwN>Vm,_mZhmZr) AmT>iyZ Amc{ Va _J _m mUmda CXma hm{D$Z oZ:eH$ _ZmZ{
eyer `wM H$amd{.
amOmZ{ H{$hmoh cmMmarM{ oOU{ OJy Z`{. dmo^_mZ amIyZM Or H$m_{ dm amOH$maU{
H$aU{ Vr H$amdr. H$m{UmM{ ghm` _mJU{ dm o_iodU{ V{gwm dV:Mm _mZ amIyZM. A`Wm Am[c{
_y` ey` hm{V{, AmoU VwN>Vm dmQ>mg `{V{.
gdm}[m`VWm Hw$`mroVk: [oWdr[oV:$&

`Wm@`mòYH$m Z `wo_m{XmgrZed:$&&177&&
amOH$maU[Qy> amOmZ{ `Wmd`H$arVrZ{ gm_Xm_mXtMm C[`m{J H$$Z Am[c{ ey, o_
dm CXmgrZ amO{ Am[`m[{jm AoYH$ ]cdmZ hm{Uma ZmhrV `mMr qMVm XjV{Z{ dhmdr.
Am`qV gdH$m`mUm VXmd M odMma`{V$ &

AVrVmZm M gd}fm JwUXm{fm M VdV:$&&178&&
_Zw_oV
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7 182
am`H$ma^ma H$aVmZm H$amd`m`m H$m`mM{ ^mdr H$mcr H$m` [naUm_ hm{Vrc `mMm
AmYrM odMma H$amdm. `m >rZ{M dV_mZH$mcrZ H$m_{ H$amdrV AmoU ^yVH$mcmM{ ZrQ> g_mcm{MZ
H$$Z `mVrc JwUXm{f ZrQ> g_OyZ `md{V. AmoU _JM H$m_mg hmV cmdmdm.
OmJoVH$ XS>[UmZ{ _m{hmZ{ AmYrM `m[mar CXmarH$aU _m` H$$Z V{ drH$mamd{ AmoU
`mV AZd`H$[U{ AoYH$moYH$ JwVV OmD$Z O{Mr hmZr H$amdr Ag{ O{ Ym{aU drH$mac{ OmV{ V{
_Zw_oV S>m{`m[wT>{ Z R>{d`mMm [naUm_ Amh{.
Am``m JwUXm{fkVXmd{ ojoZ`:$&

AVrV{ H$mèf{ k: ewo^Zmo^^y`V{$&&179&&
ôd`H$mcrZ [naUm_mM{ Om{ JwUXm{f OmUVm{ , dV_mZmM{ oZU` dnaV K{Vm{, ^yVH$mcrZ
KQ>ZmM{ ZrQ> AmH$cZ H$$Z H$m`, H$g{ hmd`mg [mohO{ hm{V{, H$m` MwH$c{ V{ cjmV K{Vm{ Vm{ amOm
eyH$Sy>Z H$Yr [am^yV hm{V Zmhr.
`WZ Zmo^gX`wo_m{XmgrZed:$&
VWm gd godX`mX{f gm_mogH$m{ Z`:$&&180&&
`m`m{JmZ{ ey o_ dm CXmgrZ H$m{U`m H$ma{ hmZr H$$ eH$Uma ZmhrV `m_mU{
amOmZ{ dmJmd{. amOZrVrM{ Wm{S>`mV h{M __ Amh{.
H$m{U`moh [napWVrV dV:`m WmZmcm AoV>m ghZ H$amdr cmJy Z`{.
AoIc am>r` g_{cZmV OJVm`m `mg[rR>mda Am[cr ^yo_H$m R>m_[U{ _mS>Vm
Amcr [mohO{. AmoU Vr ^mdr dmQ>cr [mohO{. H$Yroh Imcr _mZ Kmc`mMm gJ `{Vm H$m_m Z`{.
BmBc, [moH$VmZ AmoU qhXwVmZ `mM{ oVoZYr H$g{ dmJc{, V{ [mohc{ hUO{ " _Zy ' odgaU{ oH$Vr
KmVH$ Amh{ V{ cjmV `{D$ eH$V{.
`Xm Vw `mZ_moVR>X{ naam> oV ^w:$&

VXmZ{Z odYmZ{Z `m`mXna[wa eZ:$&&181&&
EH$Xm eyda AmH$_U H$amd`mM{M h{ oZoV Pmc{ H$s _J ey`m amOYmZr[`V
H$g{ [m{Mmd{ V{ [wT>rc dUZmd$Z `mZmV `md{.
_mJerf} ew^{ _mog `m`mmm _hr[oV:$&

\$mJwZ dmW M dm _mgm oV `Wm]c_$&&182&&
Am[`m e$s_mU{ _mJerf, \$mJwZ dm MmV AmH$_U H$amd{.
7 183
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_Zw_oV
A`{do[ Vw H$mc{fw `Xm [`{XY

dw O`_$&
VXm `m`moJd `gZ{ Mm{pWV{ na[m{: $&&183&&
O` oZoV Ag{c Va A`d{iroh ^mS>U CH$$Z H$mTy>Z dm ey gH$Q>mV Amh{ Ag{
[mhZ AmH$_U H$amd{.
H$dm odYmZ _yc{ Vw `moH$ M `WmodoY$&

C[Jm[X Md Mmamg`pdYm` M$&&184&&
odYmZ dg`mMm EH$ ^mJ.$& `moH$ dmgmV Ad` `m Jm{>r. & C[m[X
C[J Vi R>m{H$`m gmaI{ WmZ [mhZ$& oodY _mJ _miamZ ( j ) XcXcrMm, Aa`mVyZ
OmUmam$& gem{` dhmVwH$sg R>mH$R>rH$ H$$Z$& fS>odY ]c hmr, Km{S>,{ aW, [m`Xi, `dWm[H$,
H$_Mmar$& gm[amo`H$H$[{Z Ym`, H$S>]m, AmfY{, d `mgh.
dam`m`m ajUmgmR>r [wa{g{ g` R>{dyZ dmgm{[`m{Jr gm_mZ K{D$Z Vi R>m{H$`m`m
OmJm R>adyZ, Jwh{a [{$Z AmH$_UmM{ _mJ R>mH$R>rH$ H$$Z ghm H$maM{ g` K{D$Z g{Z{ `m `m{Jj{_mMr
`m{` `dWm H$$Z eyda MmcyZ Omd{.
gem{` oodY _mJ fS>odY M ]c dH$_$&

gm[amo`H$H$[{Z `m`mXna[wa eZ:$&&185&&
ey`m ZJarda AmH$_U H$aVmZm V{ emV[U{ odMma[ydH$ H$amd{. dmQ>{Vrc a`mM{
d$[ H$m` Amh{, Am[`m g`mVrc hmr, Km{S>{, aW, [m`Xi, g{Zm[Vr, g`m`m C[`m{JmMr H$m_{
H$aUma{ H$_Mmar, `mMr `m{`m`m{`Vm H$er oH$Vr Amh{, V{ `w cT>`m`m >rZ{ odMmamV `md{ AmoU
_J [wT>{ [mD$c Q>mH$md{.
ewgo{ doZ o_{ M JyT>{ `w$Vam{ ^d{V$ &

JV`mJV{ Md g oh H$>Vam{ na[w: $&&186&&
Am[`mer _r XmIdyZ eycm AmVyZ de Agc{cm, EH$Xm Am[Umg gm{Sy>Z OmD$Z
[wZ: [aV Amc{cm, `m Xm{Kmodf`r \$ma gmdY[Um R>{dyZ `m{` Vg{ dmJmd{. H$maU h{ AoYH$ Vm[Xm`H$
ey hm{V.
XS>`yhZ{ V_mJ `m`mmw eH$Q>Z{ dm $&

damh_H$am`m dm gy`m dm JS>Z{ dm $&&187&&
XS>, eH$Q>, damh, _H$a, gyMr, JS> h{ `yhmM{ H$ma. `mVrc `m{` `m H$ma{ g`mMr
aMZm H$$Z Mmcmd{.
_Zw_oV
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7 190
XS>`yh : ]cm`j [wT>{. amOm _`^mJr, g{Zm[Vr [mR>r_mJ{ Xm{hr H$S>{cm hmr
`m`mOdi Km{S>{ AmoU [m`Xi. `marVrZ{ cm]Q> d MhH$Sy>Z gmaIr aMZm Agmdr.
eH$Q`yh : [wT>{ AX _mJ{ X Aer aMZm
damh`yh : [wT>{ _mJ{ oZ_wiVm _`^mJr \w$Jra
_H$a`yh : Xm{hrH$S>{ X _Y{ AX
gyMr`yh : _w`m`m amJ{_mU{ EH$m_mJyZEH$
JS>`yh : JS>m_mU{ [wT>{ Mm{MrgmaIm, _Y{ [gac{`m [Im_mU{.
_mJ{ e{[Q>m_mU{.
eyMm oVH$ma `moXe{Z{ hm{`mMr e`Vm AgV{ V{ OmUyZ `yhmMr aMZm H$amdr.
`V ^`_me>{ mVm{ odVma`{c_$&

[{Z Md `yhZ{ oZode{V gXm d`_$&&188&&
^`mMr eH$m oOH$Sy>Z Ag{c oVH$S>{ g` gwgm R>{dmd{. V{ _m{R>{oh Agmd{. amOmZ{
[`yh aMyZ _`^mJr ( gwaojV[U{ ) amhmd{.
[`yh :H$_im_mU{ dVwimH$oV
g{Zm[oV]cm`jm gdoXjw oZd{e`{V$ &

`V ^`_me>{ mMt Vm H$[`{oe_$&&189&&
g{Zm[Vr AmoU ]cm`j `mZm gdoXemZm Xj amh`mg R>{dmd{ ( gmJmd{ ) oOH$Sy>Z
Ym{H$m dmQ>Vm{ Vr oXem [yd g_Omdr ( [wT>{ R>{dmdr ) oVcm g_wI Agmd{.
hmr, Km{S>,{ aW, [m`Xi `{H$s Xhm `m_mU{ Or VwH$S>r hm{V{ oVcm [om AmoU Vrdarc
AoYH$m`mcm [omH$ Ag{ hUVmV. Xhm [omH$mdarc AoYH$mar Vm{ g{Zm[oV. Xhm g{Zm[Vrdarc
AoYH$mar Vm{ ]cm`j Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{. A` h{ _mU d{Ji{oh Amh{. `{W{ MVwaJ
g{Z{M{ _mU `{H$s gmaI{M oXc{ Amh{. V{ `m{` dmQ>V Zmhr. hmtM{ _mUWm{S>{ AmoU [m`Xi gdmV
AoYH$ Ag{ AgU{M `mdhmnaH$ Amh{. hmr EH$, aW Xm{Z, Km{S>{ Mma, [XmVr AmR> dm Xhm, Aer EH$
[mr Agmoh C{I Amh{. `m g`{V CU{AoYH$ Agy eH$V{.
Jw_m Wm[`{XmmH$Vgkmg_VV:$&
WmZ{ `w{ M Hw$ecmZ^r$ZodH$mnaU:$&&190&&
7 190
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Vimda dm `w^y_rda g^m{dVr g{Z{`m VwH$S>m oZ`w$ H$am`m. `mVrc goZH$

odmgy `mM{darc H$m_mMr ZrQ> H$[Zm oXc{c{ (H$Vgk) Hw$ec oZ^` AmoU oZam{Jr Agmd{V.
ghVm`m{Y`{X[mH$m_ odVma`{hZ$ &

gy`m dOU
{ MdV m`yhZ{ `y `m{Y`{V$ &&191&&
goZH$g`m Wm{S>r Ag{c Va `mZr o_iyZ cT>md{. [wH$i Ag{c Va `m{` dmQ>{c Vg{
od^mJyZ `m_mU{ cT>`mM{ AmX{e md{V. cT>`mMr [oV gyMr`yhmgmaIr dm dO`yhmMr Agmdr.
gyMr`yh : cm{H$ EH$e{ g`mE|er
dO`yh : o^J aMZm
`XZm: g_{ `wX `{XZy[{ Zmo[VWm$&

djJw_mdV{ Mm[aogM_m`Y
w : Wc{$&&192&&
g_Vc ^y_rda aW d Km{S>{ `mZr, [mUWi X{emV Zmdmhmr `mZr, PmS>r`m X{emV
YZwYamH$adr, WmZ IS>]S>rV Ag{c (g_m`m CcQ>) Va T>mcVadmarZ{ `w H$amd{.
hm gm_m` AmX{e Amh{. goZH$mM{ H$me` AmoU gJ `m_mU{ `mV o^Vm `{D$
eH$V{.
Hw$j{m _`m [mmcmZ eyag{ZOmZ$&

XrKmKy
d ZamZJmZrH{$fw `m{O`{V$ &&193&&
Hw$j{, _`, [mMmc, eyag{Z, `m X{emVrc dra dm CM AmoU M[i Ag{ goZH$
AmKmS>rda Z{_md{.
hf`{ c `y Vm g`H$ [arj`{V$ &

M{>md odOmZr`mXar`m{Y`Vm_o[$&&194&&
g{Z{Mr aMZm H$$Z `mZm daM{da m{gmhZ md{. gdmMr ZrQ> [maI H{$c{cr Agmdr.
`mMr _Z:pWVr OmUyZ `mdr. eygH$Q> gdm`m hmcMmcrda ZrQ> cj Agmd{.
C[`mna_mgrV am> Mm`m{[[rS>`V{ $ &

Xyf`{m` gVV `dgmm{XH{$YZ_$&&195&&
ey H$m{R>{ H$gmoh Agm{ `mMr gVV AS>dUyH$ H$amdr. `m`m X{emV ZmZmH$mamZ{
[rS>m mdr. `mM{ JdV,A,[mUr, BYZ XyofV H$amd{.
ey H$m{U Amh{, `mMm d^md H$gm Amh{, Vm{ H$gm dmJVm{, `mM{ [yduM{ dVZ H$g{
_Zw_oV
[ 369 ]
7 197
hm{V{, h{ ZrQ> cjmV K{D$Z `m`mer, "IQ>ZQ>mgr IQ>ZQ> Pmc{Mr [mohO{' `m `m`mZ{M amOZrVrV
dmJmd{ cmJV{. [U Am[U h{ Ym{aU amIc{ Zmhr hUyZ [am^yV Pmcm{. Km{ar, JPZr `mZr dmadma
AmH$_U{ H{$cr. `{H$d{ir ZmZm H$ma{ C[d oXcm. MS> g[mr cwQw>Z Z{cr. Var V{ H$m{U, Hw$Ry>Z
`{VmV, `mM{ kmZ Am[U H$$Z K{Vc{ Zmhr. _J `m`mM am`mV `mH$_U H$$Z H$mhr H$m`dmhr
H$aU{ XyaM amohc{.
o^md VS>mJmoZ mH$ma[naImVWm$&

g_dH$X`{MZ amm odmg`{mWm$&&196&&
Vir, VQ>, IXH$ `mMm \$m{Sy>Z Zme H$amdm. eycm Km]admd{. amroh `mcm dWVm
cmJy X{D$ Z`{.
ZdX V{ `mUd `m Mma[mM cm{H$mV O{ gmO`mM{ dVZ C{oIc{ Amh{ `mcm
`{Wrc EH$e{[MmUd, EH$e{ehmUd cm{H$mVrc dUZ odam{Yr Amh{. AmoU V{ `m{` Amh{. `mV
Y_hmZr Zmhr. [yduM{ dUZ ey gai, gmZ Agcm Va AmMaUmV AmUmd`mM{. `{Wrc "hmd{ AY_mgr
AY_' `m `m`mM{ Amh{. ey Hy$a, H$[Q>r, odmgKmVH$s Ag{c Va _J `mMm Zme H$a`mgmR>r O{
`m{` V{ gd H{$c{ [mohO{. "dOpV V{ _yT>oY`: [am^d ^dpV _m`modfw `{ Z _mo`Zm'
[mm`mZr A_{naH$m, _{pgH$m{ Amo\$H$m IS>mVrc XojU A_{naH{$Vrc cm{H$ `mZm
[amoOV H{$c{. V{ gdH$ma{ Hy$a H$[Q>r AmMaUmZ{. `mZm, V{oe`mZm kmV Zgc{cr Aoe{oh C[`m{Jr
[S>cr. _wgc_mZr, oZr AmH$_UmM{ d{ir qhXwWmZmV Vg{M Pmc{. _Y`m emVV{`m ,d^dm`m
H$mimV _Zw_VrM{ h{ gdmoJU Ym{aU C[{ojV Pmc{. AmMaUmV amohc{M Ag{c Va V{ Ymo_H$ ]m
H$_H$mS>. `mVrcoh h{Vy Xo>AmS> H{$cm J{cm. `mM{M Xw[naUm_ Am[U ^m{JVm{ Amhm{V. hm Xm{f
emmMm Zmhr. V[ydu `j `wmV ^mJ K{Uma{M Ym{`mV AgV. BVamZm `mMm H$mhrM C[d Zg{.
Ag{ ghm`m eVH$mV qhXwWmZmV Amc{`m oMZr dmemZr ochZ R>{dc{ Amh{. hUyZ gm_mÒZ hm
odMma H$arV ZgV. V{ Rr>H$. [U odmZ amOH$maUr amOm amOmM{ _r_S>i oh `m Jm{>r odMmamV K{V
ZgV.`mM{ gI{Xm` dmQ>V.{ AmCrZ oIcOr gmaIm Xw> H$y a [aH$m _wgc_mZ oXr[mgyZ X{doJarda
AmH$_U H$arV `{Vm{ AmoU JS>mg o^S>Vm{, h{ Pmc{M H$g{? h{_moM{ cj Hw$R>{ hm{V{? Vm{ MVw:dJ
qMVm_UrMr aMZm H$arV hm{Vm.
C[O`mZw[O[{X] w `{Vd M VH$V_$&

`w${ M Xd{ `w`{V O`{gwa[{V^r:$&&197&&
(ey[jmVrc amOmM{ Odirc) cm{H$mM{ _Z, BN>mH$mjm OmUyZ `m`m. `mg]Yr
7 197
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_Zw_oV
oZoVr H$amdr. AmoU _J O` o_iod`m`m BN>{Z{ `m{` gYr o_iVmM Xd AZwHy$c Amh{. Ag{
OmUyZ oZ^`[U{ `wma^ H$amdm.
gmZm XmZ{Z ^{XZ{ g_VaWdm [WH$$&

odO{Vw `V{Vmar `wZ{ H$XmMZ$&&198&&
gm_ Xm_ ^{X `mVrc EH$mZ{ Xm{ZmZ{ dm gdmZr o_iyZ eyM{ _Z diod`mMm `Z
H$amdm. `w e`Vm{ Q>mimd{.
AoZ`m{ odO`m{ `_m`V{ `w`_mZ`m{: $&

[amO` gJm _{ V_mw oddO`V{ $ &&199&&
`wmV gh^mJr hm{Um`m H$m{U`m [jmMm odO` hm{Bc V{ AoZoVM AgV{.(gd
MmJcr ogVm AZwHy$cVm AgyZ ) [am^d dmQ>mg `{D$ eH$Vm{. hUyZ `w e`Vm{ Q>mimd{.
`mUm_`w[m`mZm [ydm}$mZm_g^d{$&
VWm `w`{V g[m{ odO`{V na[y`Wm$&&200&&
gm_ Xm_ ^{X h{ [yduM gmoJVc{c{ C[m` oZ\$c R>ac{ Va _m g`mMr Cm_ ogVm
H$$Z `wM H$amd{. AmoU eyda odO` o_idmdm.
`w H$$M Z`{. Agm oZ`_ Zmhr. [U Vm{ e{dQ>Mm [`m` Agmdm. _m Vm{ gJ
Am{T>dUmaM Amh{ Ag{ JhrV Y$Z g` gdH$ma{ g[ AmoU `wgm Agmd{.
]g Z{cr h{ R>rH$. [U ey H$[Q>r Amh{ eX _m{S>Vm{ Agm [mg dfmMm AZw^d Amh{.
Ag{ AgVmZm ^m|Ji[Um drH$maU{ KmVH$ Amh{.
Am[`m g`mcm ]\$mda CM [dVmda AdKS> WmZr amh`mMm gJ `{UmaM Ag{
JhrV Y$Z gm amhU{ Ad` hm{V{. V{ Pmc{ Zmhr. oh_X{emV dm[a`mg A[nahm` Aer [mXU{oh
Am[UmOdi ZhVr, h{ Ag{ J]mi{ amOH$maU gZ EH$m{Urge{drg [mgyZ Mmcy Amh{. Z{h$ OmJoVH$
oV>{`m _m{hmZ{ gm_ Xm_ H$arV amohc{. AmO `m]m]VrV Z{h$Zm daMT> hm{`mM{ Ym{aU drH$mac{
OmV Amh{.
oOdm g[O
y `{d{ m]mUmd Ymo_H$mZ$&
Xm[nahmam `m[`{X^`moZ M $&&201&&
odO` o_im`mda(g_ma^mZ{) X{dmM{ [yOZ H$amd{. Ymo_H$ ]mUmMm g_mZ H$amdm.
`wm_`{ d[jmVrc g{Z{Mr O{dT>r hmZr Pmcr Ag{c oVMr â[mB H$amdr. AmoU eyam`mVrc
O{cmoh A^` md{.
_Zw_oV
[ 371 ]
7 205
_wgc_mZm_mU{ odO`mZVa Jmd{, ZJa{, CdV H$aU{, oZa[amY cm{H$mM{ oeaH$mU

H$aU{, o`mda ]cmH$ma H$aU{, chmZ _wc{ ^mc{ Iw[gyZ `mda ZmModU{, Aer ZrM Hy$aVm H$$ Z`{.
Vg{M odO`mM{ l{` dV:H$S>{M K{D$Z dV:M{M gH$ma g_ma^ gmOa{ H$$Z K{D$
Z`{V. Z_ Agmd{. AhH$ma o_ady Z`{.
gd}fm Vw odoXdfm g_mg{Z oMH$sofV_$&

Wm[`{m V` Hw$`m g_òH$`m_$&&202&&
qOH$c{`m am`mVrc O{ _wI cm{H$ _mJ{ Cac{ AgVrc `mM{ _V OmUyZ `m am`mda
[ydu`m amOm`m `m{` deOmMr Wm[Zm H$amdr. AmoU [a[amVrc g]YmM{ oZ`_ [> H$$Z _m`
H$$Z `md{V.
ey[jmVrc _wImer dmQ>mKmQ>r Ad` H$am`mV [U dmQ>m `mMm d KmQ>m Am[`mcm
Aer d|Yir [oV Adc]y Z`{.Og{ Am[U VmH$X, og_cm B`moX d{ir H{$c{.
_mUmoZ M Hw$duV V{fm Y`m`Wm{oXVmZ$&

aZ [yO`{XZ{ YmZ[wf: gh$&&203&&
ewam`mVrc cm{H$m`m arVr^mVr, lm AgVrc `mVrc `m{`V{_mU{ AmMa`mMr
AZwkm mdr. (ZdrZ amOmMm) YmZmqXgh aZmXtZr g_mZ H$amdm.
`m_wi{ da dmT>V Zmhr. H$Qw>Vm Z> hm{V{. AmoU Am[Umgoh dm`mMm cm^ hm{Vm{.
odO` o_idyZoh A_{naH{$Z{ O[mZcm AmoU BcS> \$mgZ{ O_Zrcm `m_mZmZ{ MmJcr dmJUyH$ oXcr.
[U aoe`mZ{ _m O_Zr Vm{Sy>Z `m`m [yd^mJmVrc O_ZrZm c{eH$maH$ dmJUyH$ oXcr. Ad_moZV
H{$c{.[wT>{ V{ aoe`mM{ AJmer Amc{. aoe`m VwQ>cm. O_Zr EH$gY Pmcm.
AmXmZ_o`H$a XmZ M o`H$maH$_$&

A^rpgVmZm_WmZm H$mc{ `w$ e`V{$&&204&&
cwQ>U{ h{ gXd Ao` AgV{. X{UJr X{U{ g H$aV{ hUyZ odd{H$mMm Adc] H$$Z
eyH$Sy>Z (â[mB hUyZ) H$mhr `md{. (AmoU Amd`H$V{Zwgma) `mg H$mhr md{.
Vm[` gm_m{[Mma ]miJmdm. h{ Ia{ Agc{ Var dV:Mr hmZr hm{Uma Zmhr `mcm
O[md{.
gd H$_}X_m`m odYmZ{ Xd_mZwf{ $&

V`m{Xd _oM` Vw _mZwf{ odV{ oH$`m$&&205&&
Xd H$m` dm H$_ H$m` Xm{hr H$_m`m dmYrZ`m Jm{>r Amh{V. [U Xd Z{h_rM Z
7 205
372 ]
_Zw_oV
H$iUma{ AgV{. oH$`m _mUgm`m dmYrZ Amh{.

qhXy Y_mMm hm ode{f cjUr` Amh{. Xd ZmH$mac{ Zmhr H$maU Vr dVwpWoV Amh{.
[U mYm` oXc{ Amh{ _mUgm`m `Zmcm .
"Xd oZh` Hw$[mf_m_e`m, CXmamUm Vw gH$_ Xd cr]m: C[mgV{, ]cr
[wfH$mam{oh Xd_òVdVV{' , "`ZmMm cm{H$ ^m`mMm `Z{odU XnaVm' `m dMZmd$Z h{ cjmV
`{Bc
.
gh dmo[ dO
{ w : gqY H$dm `ZV:$&
o_ oha` ^yo_ dm g[òodY \$c_$&&206&&
`wmMr ogVm [mhZ Vm{ amOm _r H$arc. gm{Z{, YZ X{Bc dm ^y_r X{Bc Va (`mVrc
Am[`m cm^Xm`H$) \$cmMm drH$ma H$$Z `m{àrVrZ{ [aVmd{.
[mpUJm h M g{ ` VWm@@H$X M _S>c${ &

o_mXWmò_mm `mm\$c_dmZw`mV$&&207&&
amO_S>cmV ey`m _mJ`m _mJm`m oXe{Z{ AmH$_U H$$ eH$Umam AmoU Aem
_mJm`m (_mJ`m) oXe{Z{ AmH$_U Pm`mg `m AmH$_H$mda MmcyZ OmD$ eH$Umam Om{ amOm `m
Xm{Kmer AmYr odMmaodoZ_` H$$Z _JM `wmg Ama^ H$amdm.
Hw$d{Vda BamH$Z{ AmH$_U H{$c{ V{hm A_{naH$m YmdyZ J{cr. ]mJcm X{emer Pmc{`m
`wmV A_{naH{$Z{ Am[c{ gmVd{ Ama_ma JJmgmJamV AmUyZ C^{ H{$c{ hm{V{. `mgmR>r Am[`m `wmV
cwS>]wS> H$$ eH$UmamMm odMma AmYrM H{$cm Agcm [mohO{. phEVZm_`m `wmV MrZZ{ A`j
^mJ K{Vcm. Xhm dfm`m ^rfU `wmZVa A_{naH{$cm _mKma `mdr cmJcr hm{oMo_h M{ `mJr
H$Vd C[`m{Jr Pmc{.
oha`^yo_gm`m [moWdm{ Z VWYV{$&

`Wm o_ Ydw cdm H$e_`mòVj__$&&208&&
EImXm odH$mg H$$Z K{`mMr j_Vm Agc{cm Xw]i amOm o_ hUyZ o_iU{ AoYH$
cm^Xm`H$ Amh{. g[om AmoU ^y_r m Pm`m_wi{ dmT>Uma{ d^d `m_mZmZ{ JmU g_Omd{.
Y_k M H$Vk M Vw>H$oV_{d M$&

AZwa$ pWama^ cKwo_ e`V{$&&209&&
o_ Ymo_H$, H$Vk, g_mYmZr {_ H$aUmam, H$m` _Y{M Z gm{S>Umam M[i dV:[{jm
CU{ ]c Agc{cm Agm AgU{ eV hm{`.
_Zw_oV
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7 213
`mM{ Am[Umg ghm` Pmc{ [mohO{. `m`mH$naVm dV:daMr gH$Q>{ dmT>Uma ZmhrV
h{ ZrQ> [mohc{ [mohO{. g^mOrZ{ AmaJO{]m`m _wcmcm AH$]amcm Aml` oXcm Vg{ hm{D$ Z`{. Am[U
cH{$V oc>{er cT>`mH$naVm g` [mR>odc{ h{ Ym{aU AJmerM Amc{. dò$H$ KmV gm{gmdm cmJcm V{
oZami{M.
mk Hw$crZ eya M Xj XmVma_{d M $&

H$Vk YoV_V M H$>_mhana ]wYm:$&&210&&
odmZ, Hw$crZ, eya, gmdY, CXma, H$Vk, Yèrc, Aem amOmer ewd H$aU{
[rS>mH$a R>aV{.
XojU qhXwWmZmV AmY, dmH$mQ>H$, Mm{c, h{ amO{ `m JwUmZr `w$ Ag{M hm{V{. [U
Am[gmVM AhH$mamZ{ ^mS>V amohc{ `mXdmZroh `m`mer g` amoIc{ Zmhr.`m_wi{ _wgc_mZmM{
\$mdc{.
Am`Vm [wfkmZ em` H$$Ud{oXVm$&

Wmcc` M gVV_wXmgrZJwUm{X`:$&&211&
gmZ[Um _mUyg Am{iI`mMm JwU, eyaVm, H$[mcwVm dada (VmwaV{) [mh`mMr
dom (\$ma Im{cmV Z OmU{) VQ>W amhUmam, Aem amOmer Z{hg]Y Wmo[V H$amd{V.
j{`m g`Xm oZ` [ewdo H$ar_o[ $&

[naÒ{[ m{ ^yo__m_mW_odMma`Z$&&212&&
dm` X{Umar, gw[rH$, [eyZm dmT>odUmar Aer Oar ^y_r Agcr Var gJode{fr
dgajUmW oVMm `mJ H$$Z [amJXm hmd{.
amUm Vm[mZ{ Og{ am` gm{Sy>Z dZdmgr OrdZ [H$ac{, hiXr KmQ>mV dUdU H$arV
amohcm Vg{ amOmZ{ dmJmd{. lroedam`mZr Am[c{ AZ{H$ _hdmM{ XwJ O`qgJm`m dmYrZ H{$c{.
H$mhr d{im _mKma K{U{, [S> ImU{ h{oh Amd`H$ AgV{. [U h{ Ym{aU hUyZ Agmd{. Vm{ ^{H$S>[UmMm
[naUm_ Zgmdm.
Am[XW} YZ aj{mamZ aj{Zao[$&

Am_mZ gVV aj{maao[ YZao[$&&213&&
Am[mrgmR>r YZ amImd{. Hw$Qw>] ajUmgmR>r YZmMm `mJ H$amdm. [U (amOmZ{ ) dV:cm
gwaojV R>{d`mMr gVV XjVm `mdr. `mgmR>r YZ dm Hw$Qw>] `mMm `mJ H$amdm cmJcm Var Mmc{c.
7 213
374 ]
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hm EH$ gm_m` Agm oZ`_ Amh{. H$maU amOm hmM e{dQ>r OmohVmMm H$Vm YVm
Amh{. hUyZ `m`m OrdZmMr gwaojVVm AoYH$ _hdmMr .
gh gdm: g_w[m: g_r`m[Xm{ ê_$&

g`w $m od`w$m gdm}[m`mgOX{ ]wYm:$&&214&&
gJirH$Sy>Z EH$mM d{ir gH$Q>{ H$m{gicr Va `mVyZ gwQ>`mgmR>r gJi{ o_iyZ dm
d{Jd{Ji{ hm{D$Z gd H$maM{ gm_Xm_moX C[m` `m{Omd{V.
C[{Vma_w[`{ M gdm}[m`m H$Ze:$&

EV` g_mol` `V{VmWog`{$&&215&&
`Z H$aUmam, `ZmZ{ o_iUma{ \$c AmoU gm_Xm_moX C[m` `m oVhr Jm{>tMm
gmJm{[mJ odMma H$$Z [naUm_r è o_i{c `m >rZ{ dmJmd{.
oedmOr amO{ o_PmamOm O`qgJmer Ag{ dmJc{.
Ed gdo_X amOm gh g_` _po^:$&

`m``mcw` _`m{ ^m{$w _V:[wa ode{V$ &&216&&
Am[`m _ rJUm g_d{ V gd H$maMr amOH$maUodf`H$ MMm H$$Z
(earadm`mgmR>r) `m{` Vm{ `m`m_ H$$Z _J ^m{OZmgmR>r AV:[wamV Omd{.
hm gm_m` Agm XZoXZ H$m`H$_ Amh{.
Vm_^yV: H$mckahm`: [naMmaH$:$&

gw[arojV_m_m_odfm[h:$&&217&&
AVJhmV J{`mda O{ A^jU H$amd`mM{ V{, H$mid{i OmUUm`mZr oeOdc{c{,
odmgy g{dH$mZ{ amYc{c{ dmT>c{c{, (odf`w$ Zmhr `marVrZ{) ode{f H$ma{ [maIc{c{, odfXm{fZmeH$
_mZr m{jU H{$c{c{ Ag{ Agmd{.
A ^jU H$aVmZm gdH$maMr gmdYmZVm ]miJmdr. amOmcm dV:`m KarM
AmVyZ odf]mYm Pm`mMr [wH$i CXmhaU{ Amh{V. g_mQ> g_wJw h{ `mVrc EH$ CXmhaU.
AmMr [maI H$a`mgmR>r Arda Q>mH$U{, odfZaZ{ YmaU H$aU{, [ew[`mH$Sy>Z
ImdodU{, odfZmeH$ AmfYmMm C[`m{J H$aU{, AMmZH$ A oeOodUm`mcm dm dmT>Um`mcm V{
AmYr Imd`mg cmdU{ . B`moX `m{JmMm C{I JWmVar Amh{.
odfZXH$m` gd`moU `m{O`{V$ &

odfZmoZ M aZmoZ oZ`Vm{ Yma`{gXm $&&218&&
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odfZmeH$ AmfYtMm C[`m{J gd dVygmR>r H$amdm. odfZ Aer aZ{ (earamda)

gXd YmaU H$amdrV.
H{$di AM Zh{ Va d{ [m{ e{ AWU[mKU `mVyZoh odf`m{J hm{{D$ eH$Vm{.
odfmM{ Xw[naUm_ `m`m gmhM`mV hm{V ZmhrV Aem dZ[Vr gd `m{àrVrZ{dm[am`m, AmoU
VgmM JwU Agc{cr aZ{ AJR>r ]mh]Y H$R>r _{Icm Aem AcH$mamV dm[amdr. V{ AcH$ma oZ`
YmaU H$amd{V.
[arojVm: o`Z ÒZm{XH$Yy[Z:$&

d{fmâUge
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amOm`m g{dg{ mR>r `m Xmgr AgVrc `m [arjm H{$c{`m Agm`m. `m`m AJmdarc
gdd{e^yfm ew (Ym{H$m Zgc{cr) Amh{ `mMr oZoVr H$$Z `mdr. AmoU AemZmM dmam KmcU{,
MmarMm_a{ T>miU{, ZmZ KmcU{, [mUr X{U{, Yy[Z H$aU{ Aer H$m_{ H$$ mdr.
Ed `Z Hw$duV `mZe`mgZmeZ{$&
ZmZ{ gmYZ{ Md gdmc>maH{$fw$ M $&&220&&
Aem H$ma{ dmhZ{, e`m, AmgZ{, Amhma ,ZmZ, gmYZ{, dmcH$ma B`moX gd
WmZr `Z[ydH$ oZXm{fVm amImdr.
^w$dmpdha{d roâV:[wa{ gh$&

od` Vw `WmH$mc [wZ: H$m`moU oMV`{V$ &&221&&
O{dU Pm`mda H$mhr d{i o`mgh AV:[wamV odhma (_Zm{odZm{XZ) H$amdm. AmoU
ZVa [wZao[ Am[cm H$ma^ma [mh cmJmd{.
aKwdemVrc AodUm_mU{ dm Xwg`m ]mOramdm_mU{ gmam d{i AV:[wamVM Kmcdy
Z`{.
AcH$ V g[`{Xm`wYr` [wZOZ_$&

dmhZmoZ M gdmoU em`mâUmoZ M $&&222&&
ZrQ> d{e^yfm H$$Z amOmZ{ (]mh{a `{D$Z) goZH$, dmhZ{, e{ H$dM{ `m gdmM{ ZrQ>
([arjU) oZarjU H$amd{.
AmâU eXmZ{ H$dM{M Zh{ Va g{Z{`m C[`m{JmM{ gma{ [XmW `dpWV Amh{V H$s
ZmhrV. V{ [maImd{. A`Wm AmCrZ oIcOr`m d{ir X{doJar JS>mda Ym`mE{dOr o_R>mMr [m{Vr
MT>odcr J{cr Vg{ hm{V{. Vm{\$Jm{`mE{dOr `mMr daMr Q>m{[U{ V{dT>r dmhZmV âcr OmVmV.
7 223
376 ]
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g`m Mm{[m` eU`w mXVd}_oZ e^V$ &

ah`m`mo`Zm Md oUYrZm M M{o>V_$&&223&&
Jdm H$jmVa d`g_Zwkm` V OZ_$&
ode{m{OZmW M rdVm{@V:[wa [wZ:$&&224&&
gm`H$mir g`mdXZ H$$Z H$Wm, Am`mo`H$m, [ydOm`m JyT>Jm{Q>r, JwMam`m
dmVm `mM{ d{J`m WmZr ]gyZ ldU H$amd{. `md{iroh egm Agmd{. ZVa `mZm oZam{[ mdm
_J ^m{OZmgmR>r o`mgh AV:[wamV d{e H$amdm.
Jwh{amer ]m{cVmZm BVa eara gajH$ ZgVmV hUyZ dV: e ]miJmd{ hr gyMZm
_hdmMr Amh{. g`m, H$WmldU, ^m{OZ `mMr WmZ{ d{Jd{JirgmoJVcr Amh{V V{ cjUr` Amh{.
V ^wdm [wZ: qH$oMmy`K

m{f: hofV:$&
gode{mw `WmH$mc_wom>
{ JVc_:$&&225&&
Wm{S>{g{ ^m{OZ H$$Z _Owc dmKm{fmZ{ g hm{D$Z `m{` d{ir Pm{[md{. AmoU l_
KmcdyZ CgmhmZ{ ^mVr OmJ{ hmd{.
amrM{ ^m{OZ A[ Agmd{. h{ gmJU{ Amam{èmmcm Y$Z Amh{. AmO`m
XmggH$Vr_mU{ V{ AgV{ Vg{ cM Agmd{ S>rZa Zgmd{.
EVoYmZ_moV>X{ am{J: [oWdr[oV:$&

AdW: gd_V{ mw ^`{fw odoZ`m{O`{V$ &&226&&
H$oV oZam{Jr AgVmZm amOmZ{ `m arVrZ{ oXZM`m R>d{ mdr. am{Jr AdW{V (gd amOH$s`
H$m_{) _`mda dm BVa `m{` g{dH$mda gm{[dmdr.
h{ H$aU H{$di amOmH$naVmM Amh{ Ag{ g_Oy Z`{. chmZ_m{R>{ emgH$oh Ag{M dmJV
amhmd{V. g[ JhW, Cm{J[Vr, Z{V{ `mM{ OrdZoh Ag{M AZwemogV AgU{ C[`w$ Amh{.
amOH$maUmg]Yr O{ odMma _ZyZ{, A`V mMrZH$mir `$ H{$c{ Amh{V, `mVrc
`m[H$Vm AmoU gy_Vm Am`H$maH$ Amh{. Ym{aU hUyZ V{ AmOoh AoVe` C[`w$ Amh{. g{Z{gmR>r
Or gmYZ{ gmoJVcr Amh{V, VrM AmO dm[amdr Agm `mMm AW (^m]S>{[UmZ{,dmH$S>{[UmZ{) Hw$Ur
H$$ Z`{. [U V{W{ `md`m`m XjV{M{ d$[ AmOoh AZwgaUr` Amh{ `mVoh eH$m Zmhr. amOH$maUmV
^mJ K{D$ BpN>Um`m dm ^mJ K{Vc{`m `$sZr `m H$aUmMm PQy>Z A`mg H$aU{ Amd`H$ Amh{.
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[ 377 ]
82
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A`m` AmR>dm
`dhmampXjwVw ]mU: gh [moWd:$&
_k_p o^d odZrV: ode{g^m_$&&1&&
`dhmamM{ Adcm{H$Z H$a`mgmR>r amOmZ{ (odmZ) ]mU, amOZrVr[Qy> _r `m`mgh
odZ`mZ{ g^{V d{e H$amdm.
hm A`m` _w`V: `m`XmZmg]Y r Amh{. `{W{ AZ{H$ eX [mna^mofH$ Amh{V. Q>rH$mMm
_mJm{dm K{VM `mMm AW OmUyZ `mdm cmJVm{.
`dhma: dmXroVdmXr gdXm [a[am`m od odf` _m>S>rV AgVmV. `m_wi{
Ia{ H$m` `m odf`r eH$m oZ_mU hm{VmV. `mZm odd{H$odMma `m`m AmYmamZ{ (gmjr [wam`mZ{)
`m{` Vm{ oZU` K{U{ hUO{ `dhma AWmV `m` X{U{, `m` H$aU{.
`dhma eXmMr \$m{S >= od ododY, Ad ge`, hma Xya H$aU{ Aer H{$cr
Amh{.
]mU eXmM{ oddaUoh ZmZm H$mamZr H{$c{c{ Amh{. `mMm EHy$U Ame` Agm
d{X, em, `m`, `mH$aU, _r_mgm `mV [maJV. g`dmXr, g_X>r, o_V^mfr, cmoH$H$ `dhmamMr
(AmMmamMr) MmJcr OmU Agc{c{, Y_em Cm_arVrZ{ AdJV AgUma{ Ag{ V{ Agmd{V. _roh
AZw^dr, amOZroVHw$ec, MmUmj, oZ:[j[mVr, oZdmWu, gò` Agmd{V.
`m g^mgXmVrc (`m`mc`rZ gX`mVrc) H$mhr gd{VZ AgVrc H$mhr oZ_oV
AgVrc Va H$mhr `j A`j d{VZ (Jmd ^y_r) oXc{c{ AgVrc.
H$mhtZr `m oZ_oVmV Hw$crZ g[ Cm{JHw$ec gXmMaUr [mT> `m[maroh Agmd{V.
Ag{ AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
[wT>{ Amc{c{ H$aU H$m` d$[mM{ Amh{ `mda hr oZdS> Adc]yZ AgUma.
VmgrZ: pWVm{ dm@o[ [moU_w` XojU_$&

odZrVd{fmâU: [`{H$m`moU H$moÙm_$&&2&&
`m g^{V amOmZ{ COdm hmV C^m$Z ]gmd{ `mMr d{f^yfm S>mc, X[ o_aodUmar
Zgmdr. `mZ{ Mmcc{`m H$m_H$mOmM{ cj[ydH$ Adcm{H$Z H$amd{.
82
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COdm hmV gVV C^mac{cm Agmdm Agm AW Zmhr. Ama^ H$a`mg AmX{e X{U{ dm
_YwZ _YwZ AZw_oV XeodU{ h{ `m _w{M{ `m{OZ Amh{.
`h X{e>
em>
h{Vow ^:$&
A>mXegw _mJ}fw oZ]moZ [WH$ [WH$$&&3&&
`m`mc`mV Mmcc{c{ H$m_H$mO AR>am H$mamV _m{S>Uma{ Ag{c AmoU `mcm
emm_mU{M `m `m X{emV cm{H$_m` Agc{cm T>tMmoh AmYma Ag{c.
V{fm_m_UmXmZ oZj{[m{@dmo_odH$`:$&
g^`y M g_wWmZ Xm`mZ[H$_ M$&&4&&
F$U X{U{K{U{, R>{d, `m{` Y`m`m [am{j odH$s H$aU{, Cm{JmVrc gh^mJ, [mVr,
X{UJr B`moX [mM H$m_{.
d{VZ`d MmXmZ godX òVH$_:$&

H$òdH$`mZwe`m{ oddmX: dmo_[mc`m{:$&&5&&
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_V^{X B`moX Mma H$m_{.
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I{ioh `mV g_mod> hm{D$ eH$Vrc.
Efw WmZ{fw ^yo`> oddmX MaVm ZUm_$&

Y_ emV_mol` Hw$`mH$mòdoZU`_$&&8&&
_Zw_oV
[ 379 ]
8 12
`m Aem (AR>am) H$aUmg]YrM{ [a[a dmXoddmX MmcVmV. `modf`r amOmZ{

ZrVroZ`_ VXYmnaV oZ]Y `mMm Adc] H$$Z oZU` mdm.
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AgVmV. Ag{ g_O`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. [U `m H$aUmM{ H$mhr oZ`_ `m `m cm{H$g_mOmV T>
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`Xm d` Z Hw$`mmw Z[oV: H$m`XeZ_$&

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amOm dV: O{hm `m` X{`mM{ h{ H$m_ H$$ eH$V Zg{c V{hm `mgmR>r (`m`mYre)
hUyZ odmZ ]mUmMr oZ`wo$ H$amdr.
gm{@` H$m`moU g[`{gàd{ oo^dV :$&

g^m_{d od`m`m_mgrZ: pWV Ed dm$&&10&&
`m `m` X{`mgmR>r Z{_c{`mZ{ AmUIr VrZ gÒZ Am[`m ghm`mgmR>r `md{.
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hm{Vr.)
`p_X{e{ oZfrXpV odm d{XodX`:$&

amkmoYH$Vm{ odm]UVm g^m odXw:$&&11&&
d{XmM{ `WmW kmZ AgUma{ VrZ ]mU AmoU amOmZ{ oZ`w$ H{$c{cm EH$ odmZ ]mU
Ag{ Mma `m g^{V ]gVmV Vr `j ]X{dmMrM g^m Amh{, Ag{ OmUmd{.
Y_m} oddY_}U g^m `m{[oV>V${ &

e` Mm` Z H$VpV odmV g^mgX:$&&12&&
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g^mgX Xm{fr R>aVmV.
8 12
380 ]
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dmXroVdmXr_`{ H$m{UmMm [j Iam `mMm `m{` odMma Z H$aVm H$m{U`moh H$maUmZ{

A`m{` `m` X{U{ h{ Xm{fm[X Amh{. `mV g^mgX (`m` X{Uma{ _S>c, [rR>) A[amYr R>aVmV.
hm _ZyMm oZ`_ `mZmV K{`m`m `m{`V{Mm Amh{.
g^m dm Z d{>` d$` dm g_Og_$&

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(`m`) g^{V EH$ Va OmD$M Z`{. dm g_Og V{M (odd{H$mZ{ `m{` Ag{) ]m{cmd{.
_mZ drH$maU{ dm A`m{` (AodMmamZ{) ]m{cU{ H{$c{ Va `m _Zw`mcm [m[ cmJV{.
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K{Vc{ [mohO{.
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h`V{ {j_mUmZm hVmV g^mgX:$&&14&&
O{W{ AY_mZ{ Y_mMr, Ag`mZ{ g`mMr h`m hm{V,{ V{W{ ZwgV{M _wH$mQ> [mhUma{ gXòh
_VdV hm{VmV.$
Y_ Ed hVm{ hpV Y_m} ajoV aojV:$&

V_m_m} Z hV`m{ _m Zm{ Y_m} hVm{ dYrV$&&15&&
Y_mMm KmV Pmcm Va Vm{ Am[cmoh KmV H$aVm{. CcQ> Y_mM{ ajU H$a`mVM Vm{
Am[c{ ajU H$aVm{ hUyZ Y_mMm KmV H$Yroh H$$ Z`{. Y_ Z> H{$`mZ{ Y_oh Am_Mm Zme H$aVm{
Vg{ H$Yr hm{D$ Z`{.
dfm{ oh ^JdmY_V` `: Hw$V{ c_$&

dfc V odXwXd} mV_m_ Z cm{[`{V$ &&16&&
Y_ BpN>V \$c{ X{Umam Agm ^m`dmZ df Amh{. Om{ `mM{ (dfmM{Y_mM{) [mcZ
H$arV Zmhr `mcm X{d dfc Ag{ hUVmV.
df eXmMm AW dfmd H$aUmam ([wadUmam) Agm Amh{. H$m_Y{Zy hU`mV Om{ ^md
Amh{ Vm{M `{W{ df hU`mMm Amh{. Y_mMm `mJ H$aUmamcm hUyZM `{W{ dfc (Xmgr [wAHw$crZ)
Aer oedr oXcr Amh{.
EH$ Ed gw_m} oZYZ{@`Zw`moV `:$&

eara{U g_ Zme gd_ò JN>oV$&&17&&
_Zw_oV
[ 381 ]
8 20
Y_ hmM Iam o_ Amh{. Vm{M EH$Q>m _`yZVaoh Vw_`mgd{ `{Vm{. BVa gma{ earamgh
`{W{M Z> hm{VmV.
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hUyZ Vm{ ey Amh{. `mMr g_mJ_{ `{Umar o_Vm hr gmdMm{a _r Amh{. "gdMm{a _r MmJ$& Od
Z [modO{ V{ XmJ$& gm_m`m ^cr AmJ$& Z oeodO{ Vd$&&' Ag{ lrkmZ{a_hmamO hUVmV. V{
_mo_H$ Amh{.
[mXm{@Y_` H$Vma [mX: gmojU_N>oV$&

[mX: g^mgX: gdm[mXm{ amOmZ_N>oV$&&18&&
AY_mMm EH$ MVwWme AY_ H$aUmamcm, EH$ Ae oZ_wQ>[U{ [mhUmamcm, EH$ Ae
`m` Z H$aUm`m gX`mZm AmoU EH$ Ae amOmcm ]mYVm{.
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H{$cmM [mohO{. "OmD$ m H$s _cm H$m` `mM{ !' Ag{ hUU{ H$m{Umcmoh em{Ûma{ Zmhr. Am[U
cm{H$gmm _mZVm{ `mgmR>r h{ A`V _hdmM{ Amh{.
amOm ^d`Z{ZmVw _w`V{ M g^mgX:$&

EZm{ JN>oV H$Vma oZXmhm} ` oZV{$&&19&&
`m (`m`) g^{V Om{ H$m{Ur A[amYr Ag{c Vm{ (Z{_H{$[UmZ{) A[amYr hUyZ Km{ofV
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[mVH$mMm YZr amhVm{.
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A`md`H$ Ag{ Amh{V.
OmoV_mm{[Ordr dm H$m_ `mX]m U]dw :$&

Y_d$m Z[V{ZV w ey: H$WMZ$&&20&&
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[U amOmZ{ `m`XmZmV `mM{M ghm` `md{. eymM{ H$YrM K{D$ Z`{.
_Zw_Vrodf`r AroV Ia{ Va {f oZ_mU hm{`mg H$mhr Wm{S>rer dMZ{ H$maUr^yV
8 20
382 ]
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Jm{>rg ^wcUm`m`m, AJmV Q>mM
{ cm. [XoV>g{ mR>r dmWu [wT>m`mZr Vm{ dmT>odcm. AmoU `m Omimda
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K{`m`m _ZpWVrV Zmhr hQ>c{ Var Mmc{c.
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H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr `m cm{H$mda ^m` H$aVmZm `m{` ]mU Z o_imcm Va MmJcm jo` dm d`
oZdS>mdm Agm ^md JhrV Yacm Amh{. ey dJimdm h{ _m oZoV. AmO eymZm `m_wi{ dmBQ> dmQ>U{
d Vg{ oeH$od`m_wi{ amJ `{U{ dm^modH$ Amh{.
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cm{H$gmm drH$macr H$s \w$cZ oZdSy>Z Amcr Var [H$amdr cmJV{. odoe> [Xmdarc
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dmJodVm `{V Zmhr. V{Wrc ]m{c`m_wi{ `mM{da IQ>cm âVm `{V Zmhr. AmajU X{U{ EH$Xm B> _mZc{
H$s _J 80 % JwU o_iodUmam ]{H$ma amhVm{ AmoU 4050 % JwUmMm oZ`w$ hm{Vm{. ge`mMm cm^
Amam{[rcm o_iVm{. `mMr `j H{$dT>roh hmZr Pmc{cr Agcr, Var `mcm hmV Mm{irV Vi_iV
amhmd{ cmJV{. `m`mc`{ VamQ>Ur X{VmV. R>[H$m R>d{ VmV. Var `mZm H$m`dmhr H$aVm `{V Zmhr. [Xogmcm
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]mU `mcm C[OrodH{$Mm H$m{UVmoh C[mXH$ `dgm` C[cY Zmhr. gmm Zmhr. g[mr Zmhr.
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Amh{, BVH{$M `md$Z oXgV{.
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AgU{ AoYH$ C[`w$. hUyZoh H$mhr gm{`r gdS>r m`m cmJVmV. Vg{M h{ Amh{. `m JWm`m
^yo_H{$_Y{ godVa MMm H{$cr Amh{. H$m{U`moh `dW{V I`m AWmZ{ [yU g_Vm g^dV Zmhr.
odf_Vm drH$mamdrM cmJV{. H$m{UVr drH$maU{ `mV`m `mV cm^mM{, `mMm odMma H{$cm Va _Zy`m
_mJ}M OmU{ l{`H$a h{ [Qy> eH{$c.
`` eyVw Hw$V{ amkm{ Y_odd{MZ_$&

V` grXoV Vm> [>{ Jmnad [`V:$&&21&&
_Zw_oV
[ 383 ]
8 24
ey O{W{ amOmcm Y_mM{ AmX{e X{Vm{, `mM{ am> oMIcmV Vc{`m Jm`r_mU{ Xw:Ir
hm{V{. h{ `mg [hmd{ cmJV{.
ey hm `{W{ _mJXeZ H$a`mgmR>r amOm [`V [m{My eH$Vm{ Agm Amh{. AWmV Vm{ gmm,
g[mr, H$_H$mec `m`m ]imda oV>m [mdc{cm Amh{. [U `mcm Y_emmM{ dmVodH$ kmZ
o_imc{c{ Zmhr. Vm{ H{$di amOmcm `m`mer Pmc{`m [naM`m`m ]imda H$mhr gmJy [hmV Amh{.
AmO Am[U drH$mac{`m cm{H$am` [VrV Ag{ AZ{H$ oR>H$mUr hm{V{, AmoU daM{da hm{V{. `m
od^mJmM{ H$mhroh kmZ Zmhr, Aer `$s `m od^mJmMr _rhr hm{D$ eH$V{. oejUmer H$mhroh
g]Y Zgc{`mZr A`mgH$_ H$g{ Agmd{ V{ R>aodc{, AmoU `mV dmadma [mcQ>oh Pmc{ Amh{V. ey
Am[`m `dgm`mer ]mYcm J{c{cm AgVm{. `mM{ H$m_ H$> X{Uma{, d{i ImUma{ AgV{. hUyZ `mcm
[napWVrM{, amOZrVrM{, gdmoJU kmZ gIm{c[U{ H$$Z K{U{ e` ZgV{. EImXr `$s `mcm A[dmX
Ag{c. [U gm_m` oZ`_ `md$Z R>aodVm `{V Zmhr.
`m> ey^yo`> ZmpVH$mH$mV_oO_$&

odZ``mew VH$Z Xwo^j`moY[roS>V_$&&22&&
`m am`mV eymMr, ZmpVH$mMr g`m AoYH$ AgV{, ]mU, jo`, d` A`[
AgVmV, `m am`mMm Zme hm{Vm{. V{ am` XwH$mi AmoU am{JmZr JV hm{V{.
hm AWdmX Amh{. EH$ H$ma{ ^` XmIdyZ gmdY H$aU{ Amh{. H$maU H{$di OmoV
]mUmcm, AodmZmcm, AmMma^>mcm amOmZ{ eym_mU{ dmJdmd{. `mcm oejm H$amdr. Ag{oh
_ZyZ{M gmoJVc{ Amh{. ]mU JmadmM{ gX^mV V{oh odg$ Z`{.eymMr cm{H$g`m gdXmM 40/50
% [{jm AoKH$ AgUma. Vr Ver AgcrM [mohO{.
Y_mgZ_oY>m` gdrVm: g_mohV:$&

U` cm{H$[mc{`: H$m`XeZ_ma^{V$ &&23&&
oZ`w$ `m`mYremZ{ (dm amOmZ{) earamda MmJcr d{ YmaU H$$Z ]gmd{. cm{H$[mcmZm
dXZ H$amd{. AmUr ZrQ> AdYmZ X{D$Z `m`mc`rZ H$m_{ MmcdmdrV.
AWmZWmd^
w m ]wX dm Y_mY_m M H{$dcm$&
dUH$ _{U gdmoU [`{H$m`moU H$moÙm_$&&24&&
H{$di Y_ hmM AW AmoU AY_ hmM AZW Amh{. h{ ZrQ> OmUyZ dUmZwH$_{ `m `m
g]oYVmMr H$m_{ [hmdrV.
8 25
384 ]
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]mod^md`{o^md_VJV ZUm_$&
dadU}oVmH$majwfm M{o>VZ{ M$&&25&&
dmXroVdmXr gmjr `m _mUgmM{ AVaJ (H{$di `m`m ]m{c`md$ZM Zh{ Va)
da dU, hmcMmc, S>m{i{earam`m oH$`m `mM{ MmUmj[U{ Adcm{H$Z H$$Z `m AmYma{ OmUmd{.
_mUyg Im{Q>{ ]m{cV Agcm Va `m`m _w{da ]m{c`mdmJ`mda `mMm [naUm_
Pm`modZm amhmV Zmhr.
AmH$manaoVJ `m M{>`m ^mofV{Z M$&

Z{dodH$ma JV{@VJV _Z:$&&26&&
AmH$ma, Co>, Mmc, hmcMmcr, ]m{cU{, S>m
{ `mVrc ^md, Vm|S>mdaM{ odH$ma `md$Z
_mUgmM{ AVaJ Agc{c{ _Zoh Am{iIVm `{V{.
]mcXm`moXH$ naW VmdmOmZw[mc`{V$ &

`mdg `mV g_mdmm{ `mdm@VrVeed:$&&27&&
]mcH$mMr g[mr amOmZ{ Vm{da gm^mimdr, Om{da `mM{ oejU [yU hm{V Zmhr, dm Vm{
Vm`mV [Xm[U H$arV Zmhr.
hm gJ _yc AZmW Ag{c, OdiMm odmgy Am Hw$Ur Zg{c V{hmM `{Uma. [U
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[mohO{.
dem@[wmgw Md `mjU oZHw$cmgw M$&

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Or d`m Amh{, [na`$m Amh{, oOcm oV`m Hw$imVrc H$m{Ur gm^miUma Zmhr,
Zdam Xya`m dmgmcm J{cm Amh{, odYdm Amh{, am{Jr Amh{, Aem rM{ YZoh amOmZ{ gajmd{.
g_mOmV [napWVr H$eroh Agcr Var rMr C[{jm hm{V ZhVr. oV`m gajUmMr
gdVm{[na `dWm hm{Vr. h{ `md$Z [> hm{V{.
OrdVrZm Vw Vmgm `{ Va{`:w d]mYdm:$&

VmpN>`mmaXS>Z{ Ymo_H$: [oWdr[oV:$&&29&&
r oOdV Amh{, [U oVM{ ZmV{dmBH$ (ghm`H$mMm Amd AmUyZ) oV`m YZmMm
A[hma H$aVrc Va Ymo_H$ amOmZ{ `mZm Mm{am_mU{ oejm H$amdr.
_Zw_oV
[ 385 ]
8 34
Z>dmo_H$ naW amOm `X oZYm[`{V$ &

AdmH$ `Xma{dm_r [a{U Z[oVhaV{ $ &&30&&
`m YZm`m Y`mMm [mm Zmhr, V{ YZ amOmZ{ VrZ df} gm^mimd{. YZr VrZ dfm[`V
Jdgcm Va V{ `mcm [aV md{. ZVa `m YZmda amOmMr gmm Wmo[V hmdr.
__{Xo_oV `m{ ]`y mgm{@Zw`m{`m{ `WmodoY$&

gdm $[g`mXrdm_r VX`_hoV$&&31&&
h{ YZ _mP{ Amh{ Ag{ gmJUmam H$m{Ur [wT>{ `{Bc Va `m{` arVrH$mad$[
_mUmXrZr Am{iI [Q>dyZ `mdr. Ver Am{iI [Q>cr, Va Vm{ IamM YZr Amh{ Ag{ OmUyZ YZ [aV
H$a`mg Vm{ [m g_Omdm.
Ad{X`mZm{ Z>` X{e H$mc M VdV:$&

dU $[ _mU M Vg_ XS>_hoV$&&32&&
Zmohg{ Pmc{c{ YZ Hw$R>{H{$hm hadc{, `mM{ d$[, _mU H$m` hm{V{, h{ Oa (V{ YZ
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H$amdm. (YZ Va X{D$ Z`{M)
AmXXrVmW fS^mJ U>moYJVm[:$&

Xe_ mXe dm@o[ gVm Y__Zw_aZ$&&33&&
hadc{c{ YZ _yi Y`mg [aV H$aVmZm amOmZ{ `m YZmMm EH$ f>me, EH$ Xeme,
EH$ ]mame BVH$m H$a AmH$mamdm. gmZ[Umg AZwg$Z h{ H$amd{.
YZ em{YyZ X{U{ dm gm^miU{ `mgmR>r Om{ `` (amOmMm) Pmcm Ag{c, `m_mUmV h{
Agmd{. Vw_M{ gJi{M J{c{ hm{V{ V{hm O{ X{Vm{ (EH$VVr`me, EH$MVwWme) `mda g_mYmZ _mZm Ag{
hUy Z`{.
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{ w $ aoYo>V_$&
`mV MmamJr`mmmZ amO{^Z{ KmV`{V$ &&34&&
hadc{c{ (Mm{ac{c{) YZ emgH$s` `$scm o_imc{ Va V{ O[yZ R>{dmd{. AmoU Mm{a
gm[S>cm Va `m Mm{amcm hmrH$Sy>Z _madmd{.
hr oejm H$R>m{a Amh{. Mm{ar hm A[amY j` _mZy Z`{. A[amYmZm Aer CJ oejm
Zg{c Va A[amYmM{ _mU dmT>V{ AmoU `m[H$ hm{V{. AmOoh H$mhr am>mV Aer H$R>m{a oejm Amh{.
8 35
386 ]
_Zw_oV
__mò_oV `m{ ]`y moqY g`{Z _mZd:$&

V`mXXrV fS>^mJ amOm mXe_{d dm$&&35&&
gm[S>c{c{ YZ _mP{ Amh{ Ag{ H$m{Ur e[W{da gmJ{c Va V{ EH$f>me dm EH$ ]mame
^mJ (H$a hUyZ) K{D$Z amOmZ{ [aV `mcm md{.
[m_moUH$Vm Amh{ Zm h{ ZrQ> [maImd{. [ydu e[W{da H$m{Ur Im{Q>{ ]m{cV Zg{. Ag{
gm_m`V: AmT>iyZ `{B. ]Jmc_Y{ [ohc{ BJOr `m`mc` Wm[Z Pmc{ V{hm `m `m`moYemZ{ Vgm
C{I H{$cm Amh{.
oZYr eXmZ{ `{W{ "[wac{c{ gm[S>c{ Va' Agm AW H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr H{$cm Amh{. Vm{
qM` Amh{.
AZV Vw dXXS>: dodm`me_>__$&

V`d dm oZYmZ` g`m`m[r`gt H$cm_$&&36&&
YZmg]Yr Im{Q>{ ]m{cUm`mcm YZ X{D$M Z`{. `m YZm`m EH$ A>_me BVH$m XS>
H$amdm dm [napWVr [mhZ AeV: XS> mdm.
odmVw ]mUm{ Q>m [ydm}[oZohV oZoY_$&

Ae{fVm{@`mXXrV gd`moY[oVoh g:$&&37&&
[wac{c{ YZ gm[S>c{ (AmoU `mMm YZr H$m{U V{ kmV Pmc{ Zmhr) Va V{ gd odmZ
]mUmg A[U H$amd{. H$maU gd YZmMm dm_r odmZ ]mUM AgVm{.
hm AWdmX Amh{. H$maU BVa H$mhr gajU gmYZ Zgc{`m ]mUdJmM{ _hd BVa
dUmZr `mZmV R>{dmd{ h{ _hdmM{.h{ EH$ H$ma{ AmO`m ^mf{V AmajU Amh{.
` Vw [`{oqY amOm [wamU oZohV ojVm$&

V_mX oO{`m{ VdmW_Y H$m{e{ d{e`{V$ &&38&&
[wac{cm OwZm R>{dm amOmcm o_imcm Va `mVrc AYm oOmZm (doUH$mZm) mdm.
AYm amOmZ{ Am[`m H$m{emV g_mod> H$amdm.
H$maU amOm`m H$m{emMm odoZ`m{J O{`m H$`mUmH$naVmM hm{V AgVm{ h{ oZoV
Amh{. gXoVgm`m cm{H$mV gdM YZ odmZ ]mUmcm md{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. Vr Jm{> YZ Wm{S>{
Ag{c V{hmMr g_Omdr.
oZYrZm Vw [wamUmZm YmVyZm_{d M ojVm$&

AY^mJjUmmOm ^y_a{ oY[oVoh g:$&&39&&
_Zw_oV
[ 387 ]
8 43
[wac{c{ YZ AmoU ImUrVyZ H$mT>c{c{ YmVy `mVrc AYm ^mJ amOmMm AgVm{ H$maU Vm{
^y_rMm dm_r Amh{.
XmV` gddU}`m{ amkm Mma{ V YZ_$&

amOm VXw[`wOmZma`mZm{oV oH$p]f_$&&40&&
Mm{amZ{ haU H{$c{c{ YZ ([aV o_idyZ) amOmZ{ Mmar dUmVrc `mM{ Ag{c `mcm
md{. dm gddUmcm dmQ>md{.amOmZ{ dV: `mMm C[`m{J H{$`mg amOmcm Mm{arM{ [mVH$ cmJV{.
OmoVOmZ[XmY_mZ l{UrY_m Y_odV$&

g_r` Hw$cY_m dY_ oV[mX`{V$ &&41&&
OmoVY_, X{eode{fmM{ Y_, JUmM{ Y_, Hw$cY_ `mMm ZrQ> odMma H$$Z VXZwfJmZ{
amOmZ{ dV:Mm Y_ R>admdm.
gJim g_mO gm`mV KmcyZ [mS>c{`m odQ>m_mU{ AJXr EH$gmaIm ZgVm{. Hw$c
[a[am, [napWoV ode{f, `m_mU{ AmMmaarVr^mVr AJXr o^ o^ AgVmV. g_mOYmaU,
cm{H$gJh, dm` `mgmR>r `m `m AmMmaY_mMm _mZ R>{dU{ h{ amOmM{ H$V` Amh{. Am[`m charZ{
oZ]Y oZ_mU H$aU{, cmXU{ `m{` ZgV{. am>[oV odam{YmV AgVmZmoh EH$m U Z{`m`m h>m[m`r
qhXyH$m{S> qhXy`mda cmXc{ J{c{. Vg{ H$aU{ h{ cm{H$gm{V gwm Am_moUH$[UmM{ Amh{.
`m` X{VmZmoh hm odMma Ad` H$amdm cmJVm{. Vgm odMma H$aU{ hmM `{W{ amOY_
Amh{.
dmoZ H$_moU Hw$dmUm Xya{ gVm{@o[ _mZdm:$&

o`m ^dpV cm{H$` d{ d{ H$_`dpWVm:$&&42&&
Am[m[c{ Hw$cmMma `m{` arVrZ{ [miUma{ cm{H$, [a[am[mgyZ Xya Agc{ Var EH$_{H$mZm
o` hm{VmV. H$maU V{ Hw$cOmoVJm{ Y_ H$Q>mjmZ{ [mirV AgVmV.
[aX{emV amhUma{ qhXyoXdmir JU[Vr B`moX [a[amJV gUm`m_wi{ EH$ `{VmV.
`mM{ g_{cZ CgmhmV [ma [S>V{. gJi{ gwImdVmV.
Zm{[mX`{d` H$m` amOm Zm`` [yf:$&

Z M mo[V_`{Z JgX{ W H$WMZ$&&43&&
amOmZ{ dm `m`m AoYH$m`mZ{ H$m{UVmoh AmoWH$ oddmX dV: hm{D$Z C[pWV H$$
Z`{.(emgZ hUyZ odmgmZ{) dmYrZ H{$c{`m YZmMm H$Yroh A[hma H$$ Z`{.
8 44
388 ]
_Zw_oV
`Wm Z``g[mV_J ` _J`w: [X_$&

Z`{mWm@Zw_mZ{Z Y_` Z[oV: [X_$&&44&&
[maYr `m_mU{ m[XmMm _mJ H$mT>Vm{ `m_mU{ Y_mM{ d$[ amOmZ{ AZw_mZmZ{
OmUmd{.
gd Jm{Q>r [wam`mZ{ og hm{Um`m ZgVmV. [napWoVO` AZw_mZmda Adc]yZ
amhmd{M cmJV{. Vg{ H{$c{ Zmhr Va YyV A[amYr ghO gwQy>Z OmVmV.
g`_W M g[`{Xm_mZ_W gmojU:$&

X{e $[ M H$mc M `dhmaodYm pWV:$&&45&&
`m` X{`mgmR>r ]gc{`mZ{ dV: m_moUH$ amhZ gmj X{UmamM{ Ia{[U ZrQ> [maIyZ
`md{. h{ H$aVmZm X{e H$mc AmoU oddm odf`mM{ d$[ ZrQ> `mZmV `md{.
goamMnaV ``mmo_H$ oOmoVo^:$&

V{eHw$cOmVrZm_od H$[`{V$ &&46&&
Ymo_H$ gmZ Ag{, doUH$ O{ AmMaUmV AmUrV AgVrc V{ [mhZ `m` mdm.
_m Vm{ X{eOmoVHw$c `m`mVrc T> [a[a{er odam{Yr Zgmdm.
AY_UmWo gW_w m_U}Z Mm{oXV:$&

Xm[`{oZH$`mW_Y_Umo^modV_$&&47&&
oaUH$m{H$Sy>Z F$U o_idyZ X{`mgmR>r YZH$m{Z{ Amd{XZ oX`mg amOmZ{ [wamdm [mhZ
(od^modV_) V{ naUH$m{H$Sy>Z o_idyZ md{.
`` [màW} d mZw`mXwm_oUH$:$&
VV[m`: gJ
Xm[`{XY_oUH$_$&&48&&
naUH$m{H$Sy>Z e` `m C[m`mZr YZH$m{Mr [aV\{$S> H$admdr.
Y_}U `dhma{U N>cZ{ mMnaV{Z M$&

`w$ gmY`{XW [m_{Z ]c{Z M$&&49&&
Y_ `dhma N>c dmJUyH$ AmoU [mMd{ ]c `m[H$s EH$mMm dm AoYH$mMm C[`m{J
H$$Z F$U \{$S>`mg cmdmd{.
cjmdYr H$m{Q>mdYr F$U ]wS>odc{ OmV{. Vg{M H$a MwH$odc{ OmVmV h{ am>m`m
odZmemg H$maU hm{V{ h{ Am[U g`m AZw^dVm{M Amhm{V.
_Zw_oV
[ 389 ]
8 55
`: d` gmY`{XW_w m_Um}@Y_oUH$mV$&
Z g amkm@o^`m{$`: dH$ ggmY`YZ_$&&50&&
gmdH$ma naUH$m{H$Sy>Z dV: oXc{c{ YZ o_iod`mMm `Z H$arV Ag{c Va amOmZ{
`m H$`mg AS>Wim AmUy Z`{.
h{ C[m` X{eH$mcHw$cmZw$[, gmZ[Umcm, Ymo_H$V{cm em{Ûma{ Agc{ [mohO{V h{
g{h{Mmirgm`m cm{H$md$Z [> Amh{M.
AW}@[``_mZ Vw H$aU{Z od^modV_$&

Xm[`{oZH$`mW XS>ce
{ M eo$V:$&&51&&
[wam`moZer og Omc{c{ F$U naUH$m{ A_m` H$arV Ag{c Va amOmZ{ V{ YoZH$mcm
o_idyZ md{ AmoU da naUH$m{cm `Wmeo$ XS>oh H$amdm.
A[d{@Y_U` X{hr`w$` ggoX$&

Ao^`m{$moXe{{ ` H$aU dm`Xwoe{V$ &&52&&
`m`moYemZ{ `m`mc`mV (gm_m`V: [wT>{ Amc{cm [wamdm [mhZ) F$U [aV H$a (\{$S>)
Agm AmX{e oX`mZVaoh naUH$m{ F$U ZmH$marV Ag{c Va dmXrZ{ (YZH$m{Z{) `m X{emVrc gmjr dm
BVa (c{I) [wamd{ gmXa H$amd{.
AX{e ` oXe{V oZoX`m[xV{ M `:$&

`mYam{mamZWmpdJrVmmd]w`V{$&&53&&
Om{ WcH$mc Z{_H{$ gmJV Zmhr, ]m{ccm AgyZ Zmhr hUVm{, `m`m AmYr`m oZ
ZVa`m ]m{c`mV odgJoV AgV{. hr odgJoV `m`m cjmV `{V Zmhr,
A[oX`m[X{` M [wZ`d[YmdoV$&
gòUohVMmW [>: gmo^ZXoV$&&54&&
Om{ AmYr EH$m H$mamZ{ gmJyZ ZVa ]m{cU{ o\$aodVm{, oXc{`m F$Umodf`r
(`m`moYemZ{) odMmac{ AgVm Cma X{`mM{ Q>miVm{,
Ag^m`{ gmojo^ X{e{ g^mfV{ o_W:$&

oZ`_mZ M Z{N>
{ mo[ oZ[V{V$ &&55&&
gmjr`m ^mfUmer `mM{ ^mfU odgJV AgV{, Om{ JwWir H$Q> H$a`mMm `Z
H$aVm{, odMmac{ Var Cma X{V Zmhr. `m`m dmJ`mV Mco]Mc oXgV{,
8 56
390 ]
_Zw_oV
]hy r`w$ Z ]`y mXw$ M Z od^md`{V$ &

Z M [ydm[a odmm_mXWmg hr`V{$&&56&&
Om{, ""]m{c'' hUyZ AmX{e oXcm Var ]m{cV Zmhr, Om{ Am[c{ hUU{ [wam`moZer
og H$aV Zmhr, [ydm[ag]YmMr `mcm OmoUd ZgV{, Vm{ hacm hUyZ OmUmd{.
kmVma: gpV _{`wdm oXe{`w$m{ oXe{ `: $&

Y_W: H$maUaV{ h uZ Vo_oV oZoXeV{ $ &&57&&
_m`m Odi OmUUma{ cm{H$ Amh{V Ag{ gmJyZ, ""`mZm C[pWV H$a'' hUVmoh Om{
Vg{ H$arV Zmhr, Y_mV amhmUmamZ{ `m gd H$maUmZr Vm{ H$aU hacm Amh{, Ag{ [> gmJmd{.
Ao^`m{$m Z M{X] `y m`m{ XS> Y_V:$&

Z M{o[jm]`y m_ oV [amoOV:$&&58&&
dmXr Oa (`m{` Vg{) [wamd{ Z X{Bc Va `mcm ]YmV Q>mH$md{ dm XS> H$amdm. (\$ma Va)
`mM{ hUU{ og H$a`mMr `mcm XrS>_mgmMr gdS> mdr. ZVaoh `mZ{ [wamd{ Z oX`mg Vm{ hacm
Ag{ OmUmd{.
daM{da oXdg dmT>dyZ X{D$ Z`{V. Og{ AocH$S>{ gXd hm{V{. `m_wi{ `m`mc`rZ
H$aU{ Xhm drg df}oh Vw]wZ amhVmV. hm Va A`m`M Amh{. Vm{ `m`mc`m`m dVrZ{ hm{Vm{,h{ode{f.
`m{ `mdoxdrVmW o_`m `mdoV dm dX{V$ &

Vm Z[U
{ Y_km Xm`m VXoJwU X__$&&59&&
naUH$m{ dm YZH$m{ AmoWH$ `dhmamV Im{Q>m R>a{c, V{ AYmo_H$ Amh{V Ag{ OmUyZ
amOmZ{ `mZm Xw[Q> XS> H$amdm.
A`mZo[Hw$duV ewMrmkmZdpWVmZ $&&

g`JWg_mhVZ _m`mZ gw[arojVmZ$&&60&&
naUH$m{Z{ F$U ZmH$mac{ Va YZH$m{Z{ amOmk{Z{ [od kmZr Ag{ VrZhZ AoYH$ gmjr
([wamd{) `m`mYrem[wT>{ gmXa H$amd{.
`mem YoZo^: H$m`m `dhma{fw gmojU:$&

Vmemgd`mo_ `Wmdm`_V M V:$&&61&&
`dhmamV (`m`mc`mV) gmdH$mamZ{ [mMmamd`mM{ gmjr H$m{U H$g{ Agmd{V. `mZ{
Ia{ V{M H$g{ gmJmd{, `mg]YrM{ oZ`_ AmVm gmJVm{.
_Zw_oV
[ 391 ]
8 66
JohU: [woUm{ _mcm: jodQ>ey `m{Z`:$&

A`w $m: gmj_hpV Z `{ H{$oMXZm[oX$&&62&&
JhWml_r, _wc{]mi{ Agc{c{, Hw$crZ jo`, d`, ey, YZH$m{Z{ oZdS>c{c{ cm{H$
gmj X{`mg `m{` _mZmd{. Am[mrM{ d{ir hm oZ`_ Zgmdm.
Am[mrM{ d{ir Om{ C[cY Ag{c `mMr gmj `mdr. oeodJmi, _mam_mar,
rg]YmZ{ A[amY Agm odf` AgVmZm `jXeu Agm H$m{Uroh gmjr hUyZ Mmc{c [U
YZg[mr`m gX^mV _m `mMm H$mhr AmJmo[N>m Zmhr, Aer ò$ gmjr hUyZ ]m{cmdy Z`{.
Amm: gd}fw dU}fw H$m`m: H$m`}fw gmojU:$&

gdY_odXm{@cwYm od[arVmVw dO`V{ $ &&63&&
H$m{U`moh dUmM{, [U Ia{ ]m{cUma{ Ag{ gmjr Agmd{. `mZm Y_ZrVrM{ dm
AW`dhmamM{ MmJc{ kmZ Agmd{. V{ cm{^r Zgmd{V. `m`m O{ CcQ>, `mZm [mMm Z`{. gd doU`mZm
AWmV eymcmoh Y_kmZ Ag{ h{ `m dUZmZ{ og hm{V{.
ZmWg] pYZm{ Zmm Z ghm`m Z dnaU:$&

Z >Xm{fm: H$V`m Z `m`mVm Z XyofVm:$&&64&&
`mM AW`dhmamV JwVc{c{, Ia{ Z ]m{cUma{, ZmV{dmBH$, ghm`H$, ey, `m`mda
Im{Q>maS>{[UmMm Amam{[ og Pmc{cm Amh{, Ag{ am{JJV AmoU [m[mMaUr `mZm gmjrgmR>r oZ_oV
H$$ Z`{.
AmO`m `m`mc`rZ H$m`dmhrV gm H$aUmam AoYd$m (dH$sc) Amd`H$ dm
m{gmohV Amh{. A`m{`mcm Agm AoYd$m g_WZ X{Vm{. `mH$mir AoYd$m (ghm`) hr gWmM
ZhVr. CcQ> d` hm{Vr. `m_wi{ `m` `m{` AmoU dnaV hm{V Ag{. AoYd$m `m`mg ghm`
H$aVm{, h{ Im{Q>{. Vm{ A[am`mg Xm{f_w$ H$a`mMmM `Z H$aVm{. hm Iam Va A`m` Amh{,
Z gmjr Z[oV: H$m`m} Z H$mH$Hw$ercdm$&

Z lm{o`m{ Z ocWm{ Z g{`m{ odoZJV:$&&65&&
amOm, hmVmdaM{ [m{Q> Agc{cm, ^mQ>, lm{r`, ]Mmar (odmWu), g`mgr `mZm
gmjr hUyZ ]m{cmdy Z`{.
Zm`YrZm{ Z d$`m{ Z X`wZ odH$_H$ V$&

Z dm{ Z oeewZH $m{ Zm`m{ Z odH$c{p`:$&&66&&
Xmg, AmX{e (]m{YC[X{e) o_i`mda Adc]yZ Agc{cm (dV ]wo Zgc{cm)
8 66
392 ]
_Zw_oV
Hy$aH$_m, oZofmMaUr, AoVd, A[ d`mMm, EH$Q>mM Agc{cm, A`H$, A[J (AmYim, _wH$m
]oham) `mZm gmj X{`mg ]m{cmdy Z`{.
ZmVm} Z _mm{ Zm{_mm{ Z jwmUm{[[roS>V:$&

Z l_mVm} Z H$m_mVm} Z H$w m{ Zmo[ VH$a:$&&67&&
em{H$JV dm gH$Q>OOa, XmS>m, d{S>m, Xm{ZhaMrgwm ^mV Agc{cm, WH$c{cm,
H$m_wH$, gVm[r d^mdmMm, Mm{a, `mZm gmjr hUyZ _mZy Z`{.
rUm gm` o`: Hw$`wo OmZm gem oOm:$&

eymgV: eymUm_`mZm_``m{Z`:$&&68&&
o`mMg{ mR>r o`m, doUH$mgmR>r Vg{M doUH$ eymgmR>r ey, AÒmgmR>r AÒ
Ag{ gmjr Agmd{.
gmjr `m `m OmVrMm, dUmMm AgU{ `m{`.hUO{ [j[mVmMm Amam{[ `{V Zmhr.
AZw^mdr Vw `: H$oHw$`mgm` oddmoXZm_$&

AVd}_à`{ dm eara`mo[ Mm``{$&&69&&
KamV`m KamV, dm Aa`mV KS>c{`m oddmXmV dm h`m Pmcr AgVm Om{ H$m{Ur
`jXeu Ag{c Vm{M gmjr H$amdm.
o`m`g^d{ H$m` ]mc{Z Woda{U dm$&

oe`{U ]YwZm dmo[ Xmg{Z ^VH{$Z dm$&&70&&
`m{` V{ gmjr Z o_iVrc Va r, ]mcH$, d, oe` ]Yy, Xmg, g{dH$ (d{VZ
K{Umam) `mMroh gmj `mdr.
]mcdmVwamUm M gm`{fw dXVm_f m$&

OmZr`mXpWam dmM_wpg$_Zgm VWm$&&71&&
]mc d, `mYr[roS>V AmoU `mM{ _Z odoj Pmc{c{ Amh{, V{ Im{Q>{ ]m{cy J{c{ Va
`mMr dmUr MmMaV{. [yd[ag]Y ZrQ> gmJy eH$V ZmhrV. (`mMr gmj A_mU g_Omdr)
gmhg{fw M gd}fw V{`gJh U{fw M$&

dmXS>`m{ [m`{ Z [arj{V gmojU:$&&72&&
gd H$maMr XmS>JmB, Mm{ar, rodf`H$ A[amY, oeodJmi, _mam_mar Aem
oddmXmgmR>r o_i{c Vm{ gmjr drH$mamdm. Agm [mohO{ Agm ZH$m{ `m oZ`_mV [Sy> Z`{.
_Zw_oV
[ 393 ]
8 77
Vgm oZ`_mZwHy$c ZgmdmM Ag{ _m Zmhr.

gmhgm_`{ Omi[m{i, g[mrMr Vm{S>\$m{S>, cyQ>, XadS>{ B`mXr Jm{>r JhrV Amh{V.
]hd [naJr`mgmojY{ ZamoY[:$&

g_{fw Vw JwUm{H$>mZ JwoUY{ oOm{m_mZ$&&73&&
O{hm gmjr [a[a od ]m{cVrc, V{hm ]h_VmMm odMma H$amdm. g_g`{M{
AgVrc Va `mVrc Om{ AoYH$ JwUdmZ `mM{ _V _mZmd{. Xm{Z[jr JwUdV AgVrc Va oOl{>mM{
hUU{ _mU _mZmd{.
[wamd{ ]cdmZ ZgVrc, Va hr [Vr l{`H$a. ge`mMm cm^ A[am`mcm o_iV
Zmhr, o_iyoh Z`{.
g_jXeZmgm` ldUmd ogoV$&

V g` ]dw gmjr Y_mWm`m Z hr`V{$&&74&&
`j [mhUmam dm E{H$Umam gmjr hUmdm. Vm{ Ia{ V{M ]m{c{c Va `mMm Y_ AmoU
AW g^micm OmVm{. (em AmoU `dhma `mV Vm{ `m{` R>aVm{.)
gmjr >lVw mXò]dw m`gg

oX$&
AdmL>ZaH$_`{oV {` dJm hr`V{$&&75&&
gmjr C^{ amhZ O{ E{H$c{ [mohc{ `m[{jm d{Ji{M ]m{c{c, Va Vm{ Imcr S>m{H{$ da [m`
Agm ZaH$mV H$m{giVm{. `mM{ [w`H$_ (H$mhr Ag{c Va V{) `mcm dJ o_idyZ X{`mg Ag_W
R>aV{.
`moZ]m{@[rj{V lwU`w mm@o[ qH$MZ$&

[>Vmo[ VX]`y mWm> `WmlwV_$&&76&&
gmjr hUyZ AmYrM oZ`w$ Zgcm Var `dhma [mhUmam E{H$Umam Ag{c Va `mcmoh
]m{cmdyZ odMmamd{. AmoU `mZ{ Ia{ V{M gmJmd{.
EH$m{@cwYdgmjr `m: ew`m{@o[ Z o`:$&

r]wa{ pWadmmw Xmf
m`{@o[ `{ dVm:$&&77&&
oZ[h Agm EH$ gmjroh [wa{gm Amh{. [U MmJ`m Ag`m Var [wH$i o`moh
gmjr hUyZ `m{` ZhV H$maU o`mMr ]wo MMc AgV{. Vg{M Xm{f`w$ Agmoh gmjr Zgmdm.
_mZgemmZ{oh r]wo ApWa AgV{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. h{ d`md`, gJ [mhZ
R>admd{.
8 78
394 ]
_Zw_oV
d^md{Zd `X]`y mVXJm `mdhmnaH$_$&

AVm{ `Xò]`y Y
y _ mW VX[mWH$_$&&78&&
gmjr dm^modH$[U{ O{ ]m{c{c V{M Jm g_Omd{. O{ [T>odc{ dm m`m ôS>_mamZ{
Jm|YiyZ Q>mHy$Z dXodc{c{ V{ `W _mZmd{.
g^mV: gmojU: mmZoWòWgo ZYm$&

mL>oddmH$m{@Zw`w OrV odoYZm@Z{Z gmd`Z$&&79&&
dmoXoVdmXr`m [wT>{M `m`mYremZ{ gmjrM{ emVdZ H$$Z `mcm odMmamd{.
`X`m{aZ`m{d} W H$m`}@p_o{ >V o_W:$&

VX]Vy gd g`{Z `w_mH$ gmojVm$&&80&&
""Vwhmcm gmjr hUyZ Z{_c{c{ Amh{. V{hm `m Xm{Km`m `dhmamV Vw_`m _mohVrV
O{ Ia{ Ag{c V{M gmJm.''
g` gm`{ ]dw Z gmjr cm{H$mZmZm{òZpXVmZ$&

Bh MmZwm_m H$soV dmJ{fm ][yoOVm$&&81&&
gmjr Ia{ V{M gmJ{c Va `mcm [wH$i MmJ`m cm{H$mMr mr hm{Bc. `m cm{H$s
`mMr `mVr hm{Bc. Ag{ ]X{dmZ{M g_mZmZ{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
gm`{@ZV dX[me] `V{ dmUê

_$&
odde: eV_mOmVrV_mgm` dX{V_$&&82&&
gmjrV Im{Q>{ ]m{ccm Va `mcm eâ O_[`V dUm`m [me]YmV amhmd{ cmJV{.
hUyZ gmj Iar VrM mdr.
dUm`m [memV ]mYc{ Om`mMm EH$ E{ohH$ AWoh Q>rH$mH$mamZr cmdcm Amh{.
Ocm{Xa, gyO `{U{, H$m{R>{oh earamV [mUr gmR>U{ B`moX `mYr eâ O_[`V ^m{Jmd{ cmJVmV.
g`{Z [y`V{ gmjr Y_: g`{Z dYV${ &

V_mg` oh d$` gddU}fw gmojo^:$&&83&&
g` V{M gmoJV`m_wi{ gmjr [mdZ hm{Vm{. g`mZ{ Y_ ]imdVm{. hUyZ gd dUm`m
gmjrZr g`M ]m{cmd{.
Am_d m_Z: gmjr JoVam_m VWm@@_Z:$&

_m@d_Wm: d_m_mZ ZUm gmojU_wm__$&&84&&
_Zw_oV
[ 395 ]
8 89
Am_m hmM Am`mMm gmjr AgVm{. Vm{M dV:Mm _mJXeH$oh AgVm{. hUyZ
_Zw`_mmMm gmjr (gdXeu) AgUm`m dV:`m Am`mMr Adkm H$$ Z`{.
eara _V Pmc{ Var Am_m A_aM AgVm{. hUyZ Vm{ ZmH$maU{ H$m{U`moh [napWVrV
A`m{` hmZrH$a Amh{. Agm ^md Q>rH$mH$mamZr H$mT>cm Amh{.
_`V{ d [m[H$Vm{ Z H$o[`VroV Z:$&

VmVw X{dm: [`pV d`dmVa[yf:$&&85&&
Am[Umg H$m{Ur [mhmV Zmhr Ag{ [m[ H$aUma{ _mZrV AgVmV. [U X{d AmoU `mMm
AVW Am_m gd H$mhr ]KV AgVm{ (h{ odg Z`{)
môy _am[m{ X` MmH$mo`_moZcm:$&

amo: g`{ M Y_ dmkm: gdXo{ hZm_$&&86&&
AVnaj, [dr, Oc, AV:H$aU, M, gy`, Ao, `_, dm`y, am, g`m(Xm{hr)
AmoU Y_ h{ gd `{H$ m`mH$Sy>Z KS>Um`m Jm{>r (gXd) [hmV AgVmV.
`m ^mdZ{_wi{ Mm{ar B`moX [mVH{$ H$Yr \$maer KS>V ZgV. d`MocV dmhZ{ Z
[m{Mc{`m oh_mc`mVrc XyaJm_r I{S>mV Jmo_Um`m `m gai oZamJg d^mdmMm `` `{Vm{. AZ{H$Xm
Amcm hm{Vm.
X{d]mUgmo`{ gm` [N>{ V oOmZ$&

CXxImmxImdm [ydm{ d ewoM: ewMrZ$&&87&&
`m`moYemZ{ dV: ewoM^yV hm{D$Z `md{. doUH$mZmoh Vg{ H$a`mg gmJmd{. AmoU
X{d ]mUm`m[wT>{ Cma{H$S>{ dm [yd}H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z Iar gmj X{`mg gmJmd{.
]hy roV ]mU [N>V{ g` ]hy roV [moWd_$&

Jm{drOH$mmZd ` ey gdVw[mVH$:$&&88&&
(gmjrgmR>r Amc{`m) ]mUmcm H{$di "]m{c' Ag{ hUmd{. "Ia{ gmJ' Ag{
jo`mcm hUmd{. d`mH$Sy>Z Jm`, Ym`, gm{Z{ `mMr e[W K{ddmdr. gd [m[{ Vwcm ]mYVrc (Im{Q>{
gmoJVc{g Va) Ag{ eymg gmJmd{.
]Zm{ `{ _Vm cm{H$m `{ M r]mcKmoVZ:$&

o_xh: H$VZ` V{ V{ `w]dw Vm{ _fm$&&89&&
Im{Q>r gmj X{Umamcm ]h`m, r, ]mcH{$ `mMm KmV H$aU{, o_m{hr, H$VZ `mMr
[mVH{$ cmJVmV.
8 90
396 ]
_Zw_oV
O_ôV `pH$oM[w` ^d`mH$V_$&

Vm{ gd ewZm{ JN>V{ òX ]`y md_`Wm$&&90&&
^`m _mUgm ! Vy Oa Im{Q>{ ]m{ccmg Va O_m[mgyZ Vy O{ H$mhr [w` H{$c{ Agerc V{
gd Hw$`mZm o_i{c. (`mMm cm^ Vwwcm o_iUma Zmhr)
EH$m{@h__r`m_mZ `d H$`mU _`g{$&

oZ` pWVV{ {f [w`[m[{ojVm _woZ:$&&91&&
"_r EH$Q>mM' Ag{ Oa, ^`m _mUgm _mZrV Agerc Va Vw`m X`mV [w`[m[
[mhUmam Am_m _mZ Y$Z oZ` dmg H$arV Amh{. (h{ odg$ ZH$m{g)
`_m{ dddVm{ X{dm{ `Vdf oX pWV:$&

V{Z M{XoddmXV{ _m Jm _m Hw$$Z J_:$&&92&&
X{d, dddV `_, gdmM{ oZÙ H$aUmam V{Odr Ba hm Vw`m X`mV amhVm{ Amh{.
`mM{er Oa VwPm oddmX Zgcm (odgJoV, odam{Y Zgcm) Va Vwcm ([m[ ZmeZmgmR>r) JJ{cm dm
Hw$j{mda Om`mMr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr.
Zm{ _wS>: H$[mcr M o^jmWu jwp[[mogV:$&

AY: ewH$w c JN>
{ : gm`_ZV dX{V$ &&93&&
Om{ Im{Q>r gmj X{Bc `mcm ZmJ`mZ{, S>m{H{$ ^mX$Z, VhmZ ^wH{$Z{ `mHw$i hm{D$Z,
Im[a K{D$Z, AY hm{D$Z odam{YH$m`m g_mOmV ^rH$ _mJV qhS>md{ cmJ{c.
AdmH$oeamV_`Y{ oH$p]fr ZaH$ dOV{ $ &

`: odVW ]`y m[>: gZ Y_oZ`{$&&94&&
`m`XmZmM{ d{ir odMma`mda Im{Q>r gmj X{Umam [mVH$s R>aVm{. AmoU `mcm
([acm{H$s) AYVo_ ZaH$mV S>m{H{$ Imcr [m` da Aem AdW{V [S>md{ cmJV{.
Im{Q>{ ]m{c`m[mgyZ [amdm H$a`mgmR>r Y_emmZwgma h{ O{ YmH$ KmVc{ Amh{V.
`mMm ^md gd gm_m`mda EdT>m odcjU hm{Vm H$s cm{H$mZm Im{Q>{ ]m{cU{ OUw mUgH$Q> dmQ>{.
B.g.1882_`{ _g_waZ{ oXc{`m `m`mZmV EH$m `m`YremMm AmoU
AoYd`mMm EH$ gdmX CXYV H{$cm Amh{. `md$Z qhXwWmZmVrc gmjtMr _Z:pWoV H$iV{. Vm{
Agm,
`m`mYre _hme`, Vwhr gmjrXmamM{ O{ VrZ JQ> H{$c{V V{ H$em H$maM{ Amh{V?
AoYd$m _hmamO, [oh`m JQ>mVrc gmjrXma Z{h_rM g` ]m{cVrc. Vwhr `m`m
_Zw_oV
[ 397 ]
8 98
H$Sy>Z e[W `m qH$dm K{D$ ZH$m. JJmOc CMcmd`mg gmJm dm gmJy

ZH$m. V{ Ia{ V{M ]m{cVrc
`m`mYre `m JQ>mVrc cm{H$ ]hg` Amh{V Ag{ Vwhmg dmQ>V{ H$m`?
AoYd$m hm{`. _r Vg{M g_OVm{. h{ cm{H$ Z{h_rM g` ]m{cVrc. OJmVrc
Hw$R>c{oh cm{^Z `mZm ^wcdy eH$Uma Zmhr. Vwhr `mZm Iy[ ^` Kmcm
qH$dm Iy[ cmcyM XmIdm, `mZm Im{Q>{ ]m{cm`cm H$m{Ur ^mJ [mSy> eH$Uma
Zmhr. Xwg`m JQ>mVrc cm{H$ gJr Im{Q>{ ]m{cVrc. `mZmoh cm{H$mH$Sy>Z
hm{Um`m oVaH$mamM{ AmoU [a_{amM{ ^` dmQ>VM AgV{. [U `m
JQ>mVrc gmjrXmamZr JJmOc hmVmV K{Vc{ Va V{ H$YrM Im{Q>{ ]m{cUma
ZmhrV. `mZm Ia{ ]m{cmd`mg cmd`mMm hm ^mdr C[m` Amh{.
^m.Am.H$m.oe. (daXm H$meZ) [.7677
AYm{ _`moZdmmoV g Za: H$Q>H$ : gh$&

`m{ ^mfV{@WdH $`_`j g^m JV:$&&95&&
`m`g^{V `{D$Z Om{ O{ [mohc{c{ Zmhr, Ag{ g`mer odgJV (AWodH$c) ]m{c{c
Va `mM{ V{ H$aU{ AmY`mZ{ H$mQ>mgH$Q> _mg{ Im`mMm `Z H$amdm Vg{ hm{Bc. (`mM{ `mcmM V{
]mY{c)
`` odmZ nh dXV: j{km{ ZmoVe>V${ &

Vp_ X{dm: l{`mg cm{H${ @` [wf odXw:$&&96&&
Om{ gmj X{V AgVm `mMm AVam_m oZ:eH$ AgVm{, `m`mhZ l{> Agm Xwgam
H$m{Ur [wf Amh{ Ag{ X{d _mZrV ZmhrV.
`mdVm{ ]mYdm`p_hpV gm`{@ZV dXZ$&

VmdV: g``m Vp_Z eUw gm`mZw[dy e
:$&&97&&
`m`mc`mV gmj X{Umam Oa Im{Q>{ ]m{ccm, Va `m_wi{ `m`m oH$Vr ]mYdmMm KmV
hm{Vm{ V{ gmJVm{. ^`mZm{ ! ZrQ> E{H$m.
[m [ZV{ hpV Xe hpV JdmZV${ &

eV_mZV{ hpV gh [wfmZV${ &&98&&
[ey`m gX^mV Im{Q>{ ]m{c`mg [mMmMm KmV hm{Vm{. JmBg]YmV`m Im{Q>{[Um_wi{
XhmMm, Km{S>m_wi{ eâmMm Va _mUgm`m odf`mV Ag`^mfUm_wi{ ghmMm KmV hm{Vm{.
8 99
398 ]
_Zw_oV
hpV OmVmZOmVm oha`mW}@ZV dXZ$&

gd ^y`ZV{ hpV _m@_ ^y`ZV dXr:$&&99&&
gm{`m`m gX^mV Im{Q>{ ]m{cUmam _mJ`m AmoU [wT>`m o[T>mMm KmV H$aVm{. Va
^y_r`m oZo_mmZ{ Ag` ^mfU H$aUmam gddmMm KmVH$ R>aVm{. hUyZ ^y_rH$naVm (Var) Im{Q>{ ]m{cy
ZH$m{g (Ag{ `m`mYre gmj X{Umamcm hUVm{.)
Agw ^yo_doX`mh: rUm ^m{J{ M _WZw ${ &

AO{fw Md aZ{fw gd}d__`{fw M$&&100&&
Ocm`m gX^mV, rgJmV, OcO aZmodf`r AmoU ImUrV gm[S>Um`m
aZmg]Yr (Im{Q>r gmj oX`mg) ^y_rodf`r`m Im{Q>{[UmMmM Xm{f cmJVm{. ([m`mV o_iUmar aZ{
hUO{ dmi_m{Vr. ImUrV o_iUmar [mM, _moUH$, Zrc B`moX.)
EVmXm{fmZd{` d gdmZZV^mfU{$&
`WmlwV `Wm> gd_d{ mOgm dX$&&101&&
Im{Q>{ ]m{c`mM{ h{ Ag{ gd Xm{f Amh{V h{ OmUyZ Og{ E{H$c{g, Og{ [mohc{g Vg{M,
Og{`m Vg{ dnaV Ia{ gmJ.
Jm{ajH$mZ dmoUOH$mVWm H$mHw$ercdmZ$&

[{ `mdmwo fH$md odmZ eydXmMa{V$ &&102&&
JmB amIUma{, `m[ma H$aUma{, (gwVma cm{hmamoX) hmVH$m_ H$aUma{, ^mQ> (Jm`H$
dmXH$ZVH$) Zm{H$ar H$aUma{, `mO]>m H$aUma{ Aem ]mUmZm eymg_mZ c{Imd{.
]mU hUyZ Agc{cr H$m{UVroh gm{` dm g_mZ `mZm X{D$ Z`{.
H$m{U`m ]mUmcm g_mZmd{ h{ _ZyZ{ AZ{H$ H$ma{ dmadma gmoJVc{ AgVmZmoh _Zycm
]mU[j[mVr R>aodU{ A`m`mM{ Amh{. O{W{ H$m{R>{ ]mUmcm ode{f gm{` gdS> oXc{cr AmT>i{c
oVW{oh `m ]mUmcm hmM XS>H$ cmdcm [mohO{. `modf`r Wm{S>roh eH$m K{`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
VXZ Y_Vm{@W}fw OmZm``Wm Za:$&

Z dJm`dV{ cm{H$mdt dmM dXpVVm_$&&103&&
`m`mc`mVrc `dhmam_`{ Y_mM{ _ycVd cjmV K{D$Z gmjr Oa OmUVm{ `m[{jm
(X`m ]wrZ{)d{Ji{ (AZV) gmJ{c Var Vm{ `m_wi{ dJmg _wH$V Zmhr. H$maU Aer dmUr Xdr
AgV{ Ag{ kmV{ hUVmV.
_Zw_oV
[ 399 ]
8 108
Ag{ Im{Q>{ gmJU{ A[amYmM{ d$[ gm`, A[amYr (Amam{[r) gXmMaUr, gmZ,
Ymo_H$ AmoU dmXr (Amam{[ H$aUmam) CQ>, AhH$mar, dmWu H$m_mg$, YZcm{cy[, Hy$a, _gar
Ag{ Ag{c Va `m >rZr hm odMma _hdmMm Amh{. C[`w$ Amh{. Vg{M Agc{ [mohO{.
eyodQ>jodmUm `mVm}$m^d{Xd Y:$&

V d$`_ZV Vog`mooe`V{$&&104&&
O{ ]m{c`m_wi{ Mmar dUmVrc H$m{Umoh _mUgmcm dYXS> o_iV Ag{c Va `md{ir
Ag` gmJmd{ h{ Ag` g`mhZ dna> AgV{.
[wH$id{im [{MmV [H$Sy>Z EImmda dYXS> ^m{J`mMm gJ `{V Ag{c [U `mVrc
S>md og H$aU{ e` Zg{c Va gmjrM{ Im{Q>{ ]m{cU{ `m{` g_Omd{. hmM `m`m`m`mdarc `m`,
g`mg`mdarc g`.
dmXd` Mo^Òa{ V{gadVr_$&

AZV`Zg:V` Hw$dmUm oZH$qV [am_$&&105&&
da gmoJVc{`m H$maUm_wi{ Ag` ]m{cmd{ cmJUm`m gmjrZ{ gadVrcm C{eyZ
dmX{dVmH$ M$Z{ ÒZ H$amd{. hUO{ ]m{cc{`m `m Ag`mMr MmJcr oZH$oV hm{V{.
Hy$_mS>d m@o[ Owh` mKV_m `WmodoY$&

CoX`Mm dm dm`m `MZ{ mXdV{Z dm$&&106&&
`WmodoY H$m{him AmoU Vy[ `mM{ hdZ H$amd{ dm CXwm_dU[me B`moX dUX{dV{`m
_mZr dm OcX{dVmH$ Am[m{oh>m B`moX VrZ F$MmZr hdZ H$amd{.
Xm{f hm e{dQ>r Xm{fM Amh{. H$mhr `m{` H$maUmgmR>r Vm{ drH$mamdm cmJcm Var `mMr
OmoUd X{D$Z mòm H$aU{ Ad` AgV{. A`Wm VrM gd` cmJV{. AmoU Ag` OUy oZo_mmcm
Q>{H$c{c{ amhV{. cmO gH$m{M Z> hm{Vm{. Vg{ hm{D$ Z`{ hUyZ hr `dWm.
o[jmX]dw Zgm`_UmoXfw Zam{@JX:$&

VU mZw`mgd Xe]Y M gdV:$&&107&&
am{Jr ZgVmZm VrZ[j (XrS>_mg) [`V gm` X{`mM{ Q>mirc Va V{ gd F$U `m
gmjr[mgyZ `md{ AmoU da XememBVH$m XS> H$amdm.
`` `{V gmhmXw$dm`` gmojU:$&

am{Jm{@okmoV_aU_U Xm`m{ X_ M g:$&&108&&
8 108
400 ]
_Zw_oV
gmj oX`m[mgyZ gmVoXdgmM{ AmV `m gmjrcm ([rS>mH$a) am{J hm{Bc

. `mM{ OoiV
hm{Bc dm `mMm (oZH$Q>Mm) OmV^mB _a{c Va `mMr gmj Im{Q>r hm{Vr Ag{ g_OyZ (YZH$m{M{) F$U
`mM{H$Sy>Z X{ddmd{ da (Xe_me) XS> H$amdm.
g``wJmV h{ R>rH$ hm{V{ H$oc`wJmV Aem Jm{>rda âdgU{ `m{` Zmhr.
AgmojH{$fw dW}fw o_Wm{ oddX_mZ`m{:$&

AodXVdV: g` e[W{Zmo[ c^`{V$ &&109&&
`m `dhmamV gmjr (dm BVa [wamdm) C[cY Zmhr, `m dmXmV dmXr oZ oVdmXr
Xm{KmZm (`m`mYremZ{) e[W `md`mg cmdmdr H$maU g` C_J`mg BVa gmYZM Zmhr.
_hofo^ X{d
H$m`mW e[Wm: H$Vm:$&
dog>mo[ e[W e{[{ [OdZ{Z[ ${ &&110&&
gJode{fr _hof X{d `mZroh e[Wm K{V`m Amh{V. [OdZ amOm[wT>{ dog>mZrgwm
e[W K{Vcr hm{Vr.
odmo_mZ{ dog>mMr eâ _wc{ _macr. V{hmMm hm gJ Amh{. o[OdZmMm [w
gwXmg ([OdZ) hm V{hm amOm hm{Vm Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
Z dWm e[W Hw$`md[{@`W} Zam{ ]wY:$&

dWm oh e[W Hw$d{` M{h M ZòV$&&111&&
chmZem H$m_mgmR>r emh`m _mUgmZ{ CJrM e[W K{D$ Z`{. Aer e[W K{V`m_wi{
Bhcm{H$[acm{H$mMroh hmZr hm{V{.
H$mhr cm{H$mZm dV:cm dmQ>V{ V{M Ia{ Agm ^_ AgVm{. [U Vm{ ^_ Amh{{ Ag{ `mZm
[Q>V Zmhr. _J V{ I`m Im{Q>mMm oZU` cmJmdm hUyZ e[W K{VmV. dm `md`mg gmJVmV. V{ H$g{
A`m{` Amh{, V{ `{W{ [> hm{V{. e[W h{ H$aU Am[U g_OVm{ Vg{ gm{[{ Zmhr \$ma J^ra Amh{. [U
g_mOmV `mMr OmUrd \$maM Wm{S>mZm AgV{.
H$mo_Zrfw oddmh{fw Jdm ^`{ VW{YZ{$&

]mUm`w[[mm M e[W{ ZmpV [mVH$_$&&112&&
{`grer ]m{cVmZm, oddmhg]YmV, JmB`m Mm`modf`r, `kr` BYZmodf`r dm
]mU gajUmgmR>r (Im{Q>r) e[W K{U{oh Xm{fm[X Zmhr.
`{W{ r [Zr Agm eX Z dm[aVm AmdOyZ H$mo_Zr hQ>c{ Amh{. H$mo_Zr hUO{
H$m_Zm H$aUmar. ghgm V Z hm{Umar. [wfmH$Sy>Z gVV ImU{o[U{, _Zm{aOZ, dmcH$ma Jh, g[
_Zw_oV
[ 401 ]
8 114
oXgmd{ Aem dVy `m[H$s H$mhr Zm H$mhrVar [mohO{M Ag{ hUUmar, _gamZ{ Oi\$iUmar, _mZ
amIcm [mohO{ Ag{ A[{ojUmar, Vg{ hm{V Zmhr Ag{ dmQ>c{ Va g`m[mgyZ gVm[`m[`V H$m{UVroh
[mVir JmRy> eH$Umar, dV: [waVmM odMma H$aUmar, AhH$mar, _moZZr Aer r `{W{ JhrV Amh{.
g]Y Va Vm{S>Vm `{V ZmhrV AmoU Vr ghgm goh hm{V Zmhr, Aemd{ir Vw>rH$aUmMm Adc] H$aU{
^mJ hm{V{. _J `mgmR>r gm_Xm_^{XmMm Aml` K{U{oh Ad`H$ hm{V{. AmmgZ{ X{D$Z d{i _m$Z
`mdr cmJV{. H$mhr [`m` em{Ymd{ cmJVmV. ggmamV Ag{ gJ dmadma `{VmV. `mVyZ [ma [S>VmZm
H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m d$[mV Ag`mMm Aml` `mdmM cmJVm{, hUyZ _ZyZ{ A`V `dhm` Aeroh
gdS> oXcr Amh{.
oddmhg]Y mVrc h{ Im{Q>{ ]m{cU{ Hw$cercmg]Y r ZgyZ X{`mK{`m`m odf`rM{ Amh{.
AmMmag[ odmZM `{W{ ]mU hUyZ Ao^{V Amh{. Om{ ]mUY_mZ{ `w$ Zmhr
`mcm ey g_Omd{ Ag{ cm{H$ EH$e{ Xm{Z _`{ [> H{$c{M Amh{.
g`{Z em[`{o jo` dmhZm`wY: $&

Jm{]rOH$mmZd ` ey gdVw [mVH$:$&&113&&
hm cm{H$ A>mE|er`m cm{H$mgmaImM Amh{.Xwgar Am{i Va Oer`m VerM Amh{.
`{W{ ]mUmcm g`mMr AmoU jo`mcm `m`m dmhZmMr dm emMr e[W `md`mg gmoJVc{
Amh{.
jo`mcm Am[`m Am`wYmMm _m{R>m Ao^_mZ Ag{. dV:`m mUmBVH{$ `mM{ _y`
`mg dmQ>{. hUyZ Va JmS>rd YZw`mMm A[_mZ Pmcm Ag{ dmQ>VmM AOwZ `woYo>amda YmdyZ J{cm.
H$UmZ{ _Y{ [Sy>Z Vm{ gJ gmdacm.
Aq dm@@hma`{XZ{ _gw MZ oZ_m`{V$ &

[wXma` dm`{Z oeamog [e`{ [WH$$&&114&&
(I`mIm{Q>mMm oZU` K{`mgmR>r gJode{fr) ArZ{ [m{idmd{, [m`mV ]wS>dmd{,
dm [wm`m AmoU [Zr`m S>m{`mda hmV R>{dyZ e[W K{`mg gmJmd{.
[{edmB`m H$mim[`V Ag{ oX` H$a`mMr [V dm[amV hm{Vr AmoU `mdZ oZUòh
cmJV Ag{. g`mda`m odcjU odmgmZ{ h{ oX` èdrar`m [ma [S>`mMroh Zm|X Amh{.
C[oZfXmVoh Aem H$ma`m oX`mMm C{I Amh{. A`V gòZ gXd gXmMaUr `$s`m
gX^mVM h{ e` Amh{. EImm KQ>Z{[waV{ h{ èdr hm{BcM Ag{ Zmhr.
8 115
402 ]
_Zw_oV
ò_m{ Z Xhòam[m{ Zm{_m`pV M$&

Z MmoV_ N>oV oj g k{`: e[W{ ewoM:$&&115&&
Vm[c{cr dVw (XJS>, cm{IS>r Jm{im, gmS>g B`moX) `mcm OmirV Zmhr. [mUr
`mcm ]wS>odV Zmhr. `mcm _m{R>{ Xw:I Wm{S>m d{ioh ]mYV Zmhr. `mZ{ K{Vc{cr e[W g` Amh{ Ag{
OmUmd{.
dg` oêV` [wam ^mm `dr`gm$&

ZmoXXmh am{_mo[ g`{Z OJV: [e:$&&116&&
YmH$Q>m ^mdmZ{ dg Zmdm`m Wm{a`m ^mdmda Km{a Amam{[ H{$`mda dgmZ{ AooX`
H{$c{, `md{ir OJVm`m gdgmjr AgUm`m ArZ{ `m`m H{$gmcmoh Y$m cmdcm Zmhr Aer
mMrZ Am`mo`H$m Amh{.
`p_`p_pddmX{ Vw H$mQ>gm` H$V ^d{V$ &

VmH$m` oZdV}V H$V Mm`H$V ^d{V$ &&117&&
`m oddmXmV Im{Q>m gmjr`m ]imda oZU` K{Vcm J{cm Ag{c Vm{ Iam oZU`M
Zmhr hUyZ `m`mYremZ{ Vm{ dmX [wZ: [Q>cmda `mdm.
gmj Im{Q>r hm{Vr h{ H$i`mgoh H$Yr H$Yr odc] hm{Vm{. AmYrMm odmg ^J [mdVm{
Aem d{ir, Pmc{ V{ Pmc{ hUyZ dW amh Z`{. dmX [wZ: odMmamW `mdm.
cm{^m_m{hm`m_mH$m_mH$m{YmmWd M$&
AkmZmmc^mdm gm` odVW_w`V{$&&118&&
cm{^ _m{h ^` _r H$m_ H$m{Y AkmZ AmoU ]mcd` `m H$maUmZr gmj AodgZr`
R>$ eH$V{.
Efm_`V_{ WmZ{ `: gm`_ZV dX{V$ &

V` XS>ode{fmVw d`m`Zw[dy e
:$&&119&&
`m da C{oIc{`m H$maUm[H$s H$m{U`m H$maUmZ{ Im{Q>r gmj oXcr Va `mg H$m{UVm
XS> mdm V{ H$_mZ{ gmJVm{.
cm{^mghXS>Vw _m{hm[ydV w gmhg_$&

^`mX m_`_m XS>m _m[yd MVwJU
w _$&&120&&
cm{^mZ{ (cmM K{D$Z) Im{Q>r gmj X{Umamg gh [U (1000 [U) _m{hmZ{ (AZdYmZmZ{
od_aUmZ{ J^ra[U odMmamV Z K{V`mZ{ Im{Q>{ ]m{c`mg W_ gmhg (250 [U) XS> H$amdm. ^`mZ{
_Zw_oV
[ 403 ]
8 123
(hm ZVa gyS> H$mT>rc `m eH{$Z{) Ag` gmoJV`mg, Xm{Z _`_ gmhg (250 x 2 = 500 [U) XS>
H$amdm. o_^mdmZ{ (`mcm dmMod`mgmRr>) Im{Q>mMm Aml` H{$`mg W_ gmhgm`m Mm[Q>
(250 x 4=1000 [U) XS> H$amdm.
H$m_meJwU [yd H$m{Ymmw oJwU [a_$&

AkmZmX{ eV{ [yU} ]moc`mN>V_{d Vw$&&121&&
H$m_mZ{ (dmW gmYZm`m h{VyZ{) Im{Q>r gmj oX`mg W_ gmhgm`m Xhm[Q>
(250 x 10=2500) XS> H$amdm. H$m{Ym_wi{ o_`m gmoJV`mg _`_ gmhgm`m oV[Q>
(500 x 3=1500 [U) XS> H$amdm. AkmZmZ{ Im{Q>r gmj oX`mg 200 [U AmoU [m{aH$Q>[U{ gmj
oX`mg 100 [U XS> H$amdm.
cm{^ AmoU ^` Vw`]c _mZc{ Amh{V. AmoU H$m_mcm dmWgmYZ{cm gdmV AoYH$
XS> R>m{R>mdcm Amh{. `mVrc gm_moOH$ `m` \$ma _hdmMm Amh{.
AkmZ oZ [m{aH$Q>[Umg ode{f _hd oXc{ Zmhr H$maU `m_mJ{ h{Vy dmBQ> Zmhr.hUyZ
XS> Wm{S>m.
EVmZmh: H$mQ>gm`{ m{$mXS>m_Zrofo^:$&

Y_`mò^MmamW_Y_oZ`_m` M$&&122&&
Y_mer m{h hm{D$ Z`{ AmoU AY_mM{ oZÙ hmd{ `mgmR>r odMmadVmZr Im{Q>m
gmjrcm Ag{ XS> gmoJVc{ Amh{V.
H$mQ>gm` Vw Hw$dmUmrdUmYmo_H$m{ Z[:$&

dmg`{S>o`dm ]mU Vw oddmg`{V$ &&123&&
doUH$m[H$s Om{ H$m{Ur Im{Q>r gmj X{Bc `mg `m`r amOmZ{ XS> H$$Z oZdmogV
H$amd{. ]mUmg XS> Z X{VmM oZdmogV H$amd{.
]mU hm gm_m`V: AqH$MZ AmoU odmg[ Ag`mZ{ `mg hr ode{f gdS>
Amh{. [U Vm{ Oa Eadr`m OrdZmV ]mU Y_mM{ [mcZ H$aUmam Zg{c Va `mg eym_mU{ g_Omd{.
(cm{H$ EH$e{Xm{Z) h{ CKS>M Amh{.
]mUmg Aer ode{f gm{` H$m, `mMm odMma godVa[U{ H$amdm cmJ{c. hUyZ Vm{
odf` `m JWm`m mVmodH$mV dV[U{ H{$cm Amh{. H$maU Agm ^{X [wH$i gJmV Amc{cm Amh{.
`m_mJ{ ]màjU h{ EH$M _w` H$maU Amh{. AZwde
mMm odMma V{W{ JhrV Yac{cm Amh{. ]mUmg
H$R>m{a XS> X{`mM{ A[dmXhr _ZyZ{M gmoJVc{ Amh{V.
8 124
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_Zw_oV
Xe WmZmoZ XS>` _Zw: dm`^dw m{@]drV$&

ofw dU}fw `moZ `w ajVm{ ]mUm{ dOV{ $ &&124&&
dm`^dw _ZyZ{ jo` d` ey `m oVKmgmR>r XS> X{`mMr Xhm WmZ{ gmoJVcr Amh{V.
]mUmg _m eara XS> Z X{Vm am`mVyZ hmH$cyZ X{`mg gmoJVc{ Amh{.
C[W_wXa oOm hVm [mXm M [m__$&

MjwZmgm M H$Um M YZ X{hVWd M$&&125&&
C[W (oeZ dm `m{Zr), [m{Q>, Or^, hmV, [m`, S>m{H{$, ZmH$, H$mZ, g[mr (gJir),
AmoU X{hXS> (_`y) Aer Vr Xhm WmZ{ hm{V.
A[amYm`m chmZ _m{R>m _mUmV Vg{M d$[mV `m oejm H$m`dmhrV AmUmd`m`m
AgVmV. CXmhaUmW, ]cmH$ma oZ ò^Mma `mgmR>r C[Wmg (N>{XZ ^{XZ) oejm, Mm{arg hmV
Vm{S>U{ B`mXr.
oejm H$R>ma{ hm{`m V{hm A[amYmM{ gmdoH$ _mU A[ hm{V.{ ^mV _mZdVmdmXm`m
ZmXmZ{ oej{M{ d$[ OgOg{ gm` hm{V J{c{ VgVg{ A[amYmM{ _mU dmT>V J{c{. AmO _`wXS>
V{dT>m Cacm Amh{. H$XmoMV AoV_mZdVmdmXmZ{ _`wXS>oh d` hm{Bc. Ad`d N>{XZ Va Cac{c{M
Zmhr.
AZw]Y [nakm` X{eH$mcm M VdV:$&

gmam[amYm Mmcm{` XS> XS>f{ w [mV`{V$ &&126&&
dmadma A[amY H$aU{ dm H$aodU{ Ag{ Agc{ Va `m_mJrc H$maU{ em{YyZ X{eH$mc,
A[am`mM{ ]cm]c, ([napWVrV AmoU A[amYmMm chmZ_m{R>[{ Um) ZrQ> cjmV K{D$Z Xm{fr `$scm
XS> mdm.
AY_XS>Z cm{H${ èm{Z H$soVZmeZ_$&

Ad` M [amo[ V_mm[nadO`V{ $ &&127&&
AY_mZ{, A`m`mZ{ H$m{Umg XS> X{U{ h{ `m cm{H$s èmMr hmZr H$aUma{ qZX{g dmd
X{Uma{ Amh{. [acm{H$mgmR>roh V{ KmVH$ Amh{. hUyZ A`m`mZ{ XS> H$Yroh X{D$ Z`{.
AXS>mXS>àmOm XS>md m`XS>`Z$&

Aèm{ _hXmZm{oV ZaH$ Md JN>oV$&&128&&
oZa[am`mcm XS> X{U{ AmoU A[am`mcm oejm Z hm{U{ (h{ _m{R>{ Xm{f Amh{V.) `m_wi{
amOmMr (emgZmMr) A[H$soV, XwH$soV hm{V{. amOmcm ZaH$mV [S>md{ cmJV{.
_Zw_oV
[ 405 ]
8 130
`m``dW{Vrc hm oZ`_ A`V _hdmMm Amh{. g_mOdm`m`m >rZ{ `mMm

Adc] H{$cmM [mohO{. "eâ A[amYr gwQ>c{ Var MmcVrc [U EH$m oZa[amYmcm oejm hm{D$ Z`{',
hm oZ`_ dada oXgmd`mcm _m{R>m _mZdVmdmXr dmQ>Vm{. [U `m_wi{M A[amYr _m{H$mQ> gwQ>VmV. OK`
A[amYmMr g`m AoVe` dmT>V OmV{. [wam`mMm Km{i KmcyZ YyV, MVwa AoYd{$ A[am`mg oZXm}f
dm ge`mMm cm^ X{D$Z gd H$ma`m oej{VyZ gm{S>od`mV èdr hm{VmV. `mMm `mdgmo`H$ cm^
`mVM AgVm{. hUyZ H$m{UVmoh A[amYr _m{H$im gwQ>Vm H$m_m Z`{. ge`M Ag{c Va oejm `m_mZmZ{
Wm{S>r mdr. h`m, ]cmH$ma, X{em{h, S>mH$m KmcU{, Ka OmiU{ h{ A[amY H$aUmam ge`mMm cm^
K{D$Z [yU[U{ gwQ>VmM H$m_m Z`{. _`wXS>mE{dOr O_R>{[ mdr. dm [mM V{ Xhm df} gl_ H$mamdmg
AmoU gd g[om amOV H$aU{ Agm XS> mdm.
H$m{U`moh H$m_mg VrZd{im[{jm AoYH$ AdoY dmT>dyZ X{D$ Z`{. [wam`mM{ oZ]Y
oT>c{T>mc{, A[am`mcmM cm^ [m{ModUma{ Zgmd{V. `mMr hmZr Pmcr Amh{ Ag{ CKS> oXgV{ `mcm
â[m`r o_imcrM [mohO{. Iam A[amY og hm{V Zg{c Va Vr VyQ> emgZmZ{ dV: âcr [mohO{.
A[amYr Z gm[S>`mgmR>r Amajrg CmaXm`r g_Oc{ [mohO{.
dmXS> W_ Hw$`moXS> VXZVa_$&

VVr` YZXS> Vw dYXS>_V:[a_$&&129&&
A[am`mg W_ oZf{Y$[r dmXS> mdm. ZVa oY:H$m$Z A[_moZV H$amd{. `mZVa
YZXS> AmoU A[nahm` Ag{c VaM _`wXS> `m{Omdm.
gmZmg [ohc{ Xm{Z [wag{ { AgVmV. XwOZ mgmR>r A[amYmZw$[ oVg`m Mm`mMr `m{OZm
H$amdr cmJV{.
dY{Zmo[ `Xm d{VmoJhrVw Z eZw`mV$&

VXfw gd_`V`wOrV MVw>`_$&&130&&
A[amYr ghOmghOr drH$mam{o$ X{V Zg{c Va darc Mmar H$ma`m oej{Mr (H$_mZ{)
`m{OZm H$amdr.
Am[`m AmO`m [naoMV `mÙmcr[{jm hr _ZwUrV [oV o^ AmoU Km{Q>mim,
JwVmJwV Zgc{cr Amh{. H$miH$mTy> Zmhr. `{W{ gmjr hm A`V _hdmMm _mZcm Amh{. AmoU `mg Ia{
]m{c`mg ^mJ [mS>Umar _Zm{dkmoZH$ gmYZ{ _w$[U{ dm[acr Amh{V. [acm{H$ hr H$mhr H{$di H$[Zm
Zmhr. H$m{Ur _m` H$am{ dm Z H$am{ Vr dVwpWVr Amh{. Ver lm AgUmam `m ^`mZ{ Im{Q>{ ]m{c`mg
YOmdVM Zg{. BJOmZr `m`m [VrMr `m`mc`{ qhXwWmZmV Amao^`mZVa hUmdm Vgm oVgmX
8 130
406 ]
_Zw_oV
o_i{Zm V{hm `m `m`moYemZ{ hQ>c{ H$s `m [VrMr `m`mc`{ qhXwWmZmV MmcU{ Xwam[mV Amh{.
H$maU `{W{ e[W K{Vcr H$s Hw$Ur Im{Q>{ ]m{cVM Zmhr. Ag{ oV[moX`mM{ E{H$c{ Amh{. hUyZ gmjr
_hdmMm.
`m [Vr`m `m`mMr BoVhmgmV AdigH$amZr EH$ Am`mo`H$m gmoJVcr Amh{.
Vr _hdmMr Amh{. Xm{Z df} Zd`mZ{ Am[cr [m{Q>m[m`mMr `dWm H$mhrM H{$cr Zmhr hUyZ ]m`H$m{Z{
Jmd[MmH$S>{ JmhmU{ H{$c{. [MmZr oV`m Zd`mcm gmjrg ]m{cmdc{. Vm{ Amcm AmoU hUmcm, _r
`m gaXmamH$S>{ MmH$arg Amh{ `mZ{M _cm J{`m Xm{Z dfmV d{VZ hUyZ H$mhr oXc{M Zmhr. _rM
Amdmar am]Vm{ Amh{. `mMm [S>Vmim K{`mgmR>r gaXmamg [mMmaU H{$c{. Vm{oh [Mm[wT>{ C[pWV
Pmcm. AmoU J{`m Xm{Z dfmV [{e`mH$Sy>Z _cmM H$mhr o_imc{ Zmhr hUyZ AmJoVH$ Amh{, oe[m`mg
d{VZ H$m{Ry>Z X{D$? V{hm [{e`mH$S>{ odMmaUm Pmcr. `mM{ Cma o_imc{ H$s hr dVwpWoV Amh{. [U
cmH$aM hr g_`m gwQ>{c. BVH{$ Pm`mda `m _mD$crM{ g_mYmZ Pmc{ AmoU oVZ{ Am[c{ JmhmU{M
_mJ{ K{Vc{. hr arV hm{Vr qhXy `m`[VrMr. AmO MmirgMmirg df} `m` o_iV Zmhr. H$m{Q>mdYr
dmX [Q>cmda Z `{Vm Vw]yZ amohc{ Amh{V. g_mOohV gmYmd`mM{ Pmc{ Va AmO`m `m``dW{V
Ia{M Am_ycmJ [mcQ> H{$cm [mohO{.
cm{H$g`dhmamW `m: gkm: oWVm ^wod$&

Vm_$`gwdUmZm Vm: d`mè{fV:$&&131&&
cm{H$`dhmamgmR>r (_m[Zm`m) `m [na^mfm cm{H$mV og Amh{V, Vm]{, [{, gm{Z{
`mgmR>r `mMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{, `m gd AmVm Vwhmg gmJVm{.
OmcmVaJV{ ^mZm `gy_ `V{ aO:$&

W_ V_mUmZm ga{Uw MjV{$&&132&&
(Im{cr_`{) gy`m`m oH$aUmMm Om{ H$dS>gm [S>Vm{ `mV YwirM{ H$U VaJVmZm
oXgVmV, `mg ga{Uy hUVmV. Vm{M EH$ _m[ZmM{ _yc_mU hm{`.
ga{Udm{@>m odk{`m ocjH$m [na_mUV:$&

Vm amOgf[pVV{ `m{ Jmagf[:$&&133&&
AmR> ga{Uw=1 ocjm, 3 ocjm= 1 amB (]marH$ _m{har), 3 amB = 1 [mT>ar _m{har
(gf[ )(ohMm AmH$ma amB[{jm _m{R>m AgVm{.)
gf[m: fQ> `dm{ _ò`dd{H$H$Uc_$&

[mH$UcH$m{ _mfV{ gwdUVw fm{S>e$&&134&&
_Zw_oV
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8 140
6 gf[ = 1 _`_ `d. VrZ `d= EH$ H$Uc. [mM H$Uc= EH$ _mf. gm{im
_mf= EH$ gwdU.
H$Uc hUO{ H$mim oR>[H$m Agc{cr Vm]S>r JwO. `{W{ gwdU hr gkm Vm{`mg oXcr
Agmdr. ]mam_mg{= EH$ Vm{im h{ _mU AocH$S>{[`V $T> hm{V{. gm{Z{ _m{OVmZm h{ _mU _mZc{ OmV
Ag{.
[c gwdUmdma: [cmoZ YaU Xe$&

{ H$Uc{ g_YV{ odk{`m{ $`_mfH$:$&&135&&
Mma gwdU (Vm{i{) = EH$ [i. Xhm [c{=EH$ YaU. Xm{Z JwOm= EH$ am`_mf.
V{ fm{S>e `maU [wamUd amOV:$&

H$mfm[UVw odk{`Vmo_H$: H$mofH$: [U:$&&136&&
gm{im am`_mf=EH$ am` YaU `mcmM [wamUoh hUVmV. [mM JwOmMm EH$ _mgm
Ag{ gm{im _mg{ hUO{ EH$ H$fVm_. `mcmM H$mofH$ (H$mfm[U) dm [U Aer Zmd{ Amh{V.
YaUmoZ Xe k{`: eV_mZVw amOV:$&

MVw:gmdoUH$m{ oZH$m{ odk{`Vw _mUV:$&&137&&
Xhm YaU=EH$ amèV_mZ Mma gwdU ([c) = oZH$
[UmZm { eV{ gmY} W_: gmhg: _V:$&

_`_: [m odk{`: gh d{d Mm{m_:$&&138&&
Xm{Ze{ [mg [U=EH$ W_ H$oZ> gmhg. [mMe{ [U=_`_ gmhg. EH$ hOma
[U= Cm_ gmhg.
cm{H$ EH$e{drg _`{ XS>mgmR>r h{ H$oZ> _`_ Cm_ gmhg gmoJVc{ Amh{.
F$U X{`{ oVkmV{ [mH$ eV_hoV$&

A[d{ VoJwU V_Zm{aZwemgZ_$&&139&&
F$U Amh{ Ag{ _m` H$$Zoh naUH$m{ V{ d{i{da X{Uma Zmhr Va `mg [mM oVeV XS>
H$amdm. F$U K{Vc{M Zmhr Ag{ Im{Q>{M gmJ{c (gmjr [wam`mZ{ V{ og hm{Bc) Va Xhm oVeV XS>
H$amdm. (AWmV F$U X{ddyZ da hm XS> X{U{ Amh{.)
dog>odohVm dq gOo{ moddoZr_$&

AeroV^mJ Jr`m_mXgmmYwo fH$: eV{$&&140&&
8 140
408 ]
_Zw_oV
dog>mZ{ `mMr dmT> H$aUma{ O{ `mO gmoJVc{ Amh{ V{ eâmg `mMm E|erdm ^mJ
(oV_mg e{H$S>m gdm [`m) Ag{ Amh{.
oH$ eV dm Jr`mgVm Y__Zw_aZ$&

oH$ eV oh JmZm{ Z ^d`WoH$p]fr$&&141&&
gmZmMm Y_ cjmV K{D$Z oV_mgr Xm{Z Q>{$ `mO `md{. V{dT>{ K{Vc{ Var AWXm{f
cmJV Zmhr.
gdmQ>{$ dmofH$ [Yam Q>{$ hm{V{ h{ XrKH$mcmgmR>r OmUmd{. A[H$mimgmR>r Xm{Z Q>{$
`md{ Ag{ g_Omd{. V{ j`.
oH$ oH$ MVwH$ M [mH$ M eV g__$&

_mg` dq Jr`mUmZm_Zw[dy e
:$&&142&&
]mU, jo`, d`, ey `mM{H$Sy>Z _mogH$ `mO H$_mZ{ Xm{Z VrZ Mma [mM Q>{$
Ag{ `md{.
]mU, jo` AZw[mXH$ `dgm`mV AgVmV. d` ey h{ C[mXH$ `dgm`mV
AgVmV. hUyZ Q>{$dmarV h{ AVa R>{dU{ `mdhmnaH$>m `m{` [U Ag{ Zg{c (`m{`Vm Ver Zg{c)
Va Vr gdS> X{`mM{ AWmVM H$maU Zmhr. hmVJmS>rdmc{ ^m`mMr Q>m{[cr K{D$Z ]gUma{ `mhZoh
AoYH$ _mUmV `mO X{VmV. V{ _mU eâ [`mda oVoXZr EH$ dm XrS> [`m AgV{ Ag{ H$iV{.
Z d{dmYm gm{[H$ma{ H$mgrXt do_mZw`mV$&

Z MmY{: H$mcgam{YmogJm}@pV Z odH$`:$&&143&&
JhmU dVw YZH$m{`m dm[amV `{`mgmaIr Ag{c Va `mda `mO K{D$ Z`{. AmoU
JhmU dVy (AmYr) C[^m{` Zgcr Var XrKH$mcmZVaoh Vr YZH$m{Z{ XwgarH$S>{ JhmU R>{dy Z`{ dm
H$m{Umg odHy$ Z`{. (naUH$m{Mm oV`mdarc AoYH$ma [yU[U{ Z> hm{V Zmhr.)
Z ^m{$`m ]cmXmoY^w OmZm{ do_wgOV{ $ &

_y`{Z Vm{f`{Z _moYV{Zm{@`Wm ^d{V$ &&144&&
JhmU dVy (AmoY) ]imZ{ C[^m{Jy Z`{V. Vg{ H{$c{ Va `mO K{D$ Z`{. JhmU dVy
`m{` V{ _y` X{D$ZM Am[crer H$amdr. Zmhr Va YZH$m{ Mm{a R>aVm{.
gmdH$marMm hm oZ`_ cjmV R>{dyZ `dhma Pmcm AgVm Va gmh em{fH$ Z hm{Vm
ghm`H$ Pmcm AgVm.
_Zw_oV
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8 149
AmoYm{[oZoYm{^m Z H$mcm``_hV:$&
Adhm`m ^d{Vm Vm XrKH$mc_dpWVm$&&145&&
[wH$i H$mi cm{Q>cm hUyZ Wmda OJ_ JhmU Sw>codVm `{Uma Zmhr. _yi YZr _mJ{c
`md{ir V{ `m{àrVrZ{ `mg [aV H{$c{ [mohO{.
Ka, e{V, Wmda AmoU XmoJZ{, ^mS>r OJ_ `mda K{Vc{`m F$UmMr `m{` \{$S> H{$`mg
_yi Y`mcm JhmU [aV H{$c{ [mohO{.
gr`m ^w`_mZmoZ Z Z`pV H$XmMZ$&

Y{Zw >md{ hm{` X`: `w`V{$&&146&&
[a[a g_VrZ{ Jm`, CQ>, Km{S>m, ]c `mMm C[^m{J `mZm JhmU R>{dyZ K{Umam YZH$m{
K{V Agcm Var naUH$m{M{ `mdarc dmo_d Zmhrg{ hm{V Zmhr.
JhmU dVy dm VmaU h{ gdXmM oXc{`m F$Um`m _mZmZ{ AoYH$ _y`mM{ AgV{.
hUyZ `mMm cm{^ YZH$m{Z{ Y$ Z`{. (A`Wm Vr Mm{ar R>a{c) cm{H$ EH$e{ Md{Mmirg.
`pH$oMedfmoU goYm {jV{ YZr$&

^w`_mZ [aVyUt Z g VYw_hoV$&&147&
_yi Y`m`m g_m{aM YZH$m{ JhmU dVyMm Xhmdf}[`V C[^m{J K{V Ag{c AmoU
_yi YZr odam{Y Z H$aVm, JmhmU{ Z Zm|XVm J[ ]g{c Va V{ JhmU _yi Y`mcm [whm [aV o_iUma
Zmhr.
AOS>X{ [m{JS>m{ odf`{ Mm` ^w`V{$&

^ VX`dhma{U ^m{$m VXYZ_hoV$&&148&&
JhmU dVyMm _yi YZr d{S>m Zg{c, A[d`rZ Zg{c, Va , `mM{ X{emV `mMr dVy
Xwgam dm[arV Ag{c, Va `m _yi Y`mM{ dmo_d Z> hm{V{. C[^m{J K{Umam oVMm YZr hm{Vm{.
_yi YZr OmUVm AmoU d`H$ Ag{c Va dVw [aV o_iod`mV `mcm ag Zmhr
hUyZ dm[aUmamM{ dmo_d (Xhm dfmZV a) dm^modH$[U{ Wmo[V hm{V.{ _m d{S>m AmoU A[d`mMm
`mM{ gX^mV hm oZ`_ Zmhr. `mM{ dmo_d A]moYV amhV{. h{ dUZ `m`mcm Y$Z oZ _mo_H [UmM{
Amh{.
AmoY: gr_m]mcYZ oZj{[m{[oZoY: o`:$&

amOd lm{oV`d M Z ^m{JZ{ UòV$&&149&&
8 149
410 ]
_Zw_oV
JhmUdVw, JmdmM{ oedma, ]mcmMr g[mr, R>d{ , o_ hUyZ (gmO`mZ{) dm[amd`mg

oXc{cr dVw, Xmgr, amOYZ, lm{o`YZ `m`mdaM{ _yi Y`mM{ dmo_d Z> hm{V Zmhr. (C[^m{J
K{Umam `mMm oZ`mMm YZr hm{V Zmhr.)
`: dmo_Zm@ZZwkmV_mqY ^w ${ odMjU:$&
V{ZmYdo ^m}$`m V` ^m{J` oZH$oV:$&&150&&
_yi Y`m`m ZH$iV YZH$m{ JhmU dVyMm C[^m{J K{Bc Va `mZ{ `mMr â[mB
hUyZ AY} `mO gm{S>md{.
Hw$grXdoJw ` Zm`{oV gH$XmVm$&

Ym`{ gX{ cd{ dm{ ZmoVH$m_oV [mVm_$&&151&&
`mO EH$Xm R>aodc{c{ Ag{c Va Xm_Xw[Q>r[{jm AoYH$ YZ F$U hUyZ ahmV Zmhr.
_m F$U Ym`m`m, \$im`m, cm{H$ar`m dm dmhVwH$s`m ]c Km{S>m`m $[mV Ag{c Va `mMr
dmT> [mM[Q>r[`V hm{D$ eH$V{.
H$VmZwgmamXoYH$m òVna$m Z ogoV$&

Hw$grX[W_mhV [mH$ eV_hoV$&&152&&
emoZ`_m[{jm AoYH$ `mO K{U{ A`m{` A`m` Amh{. Vg{ H$aU{ h{ XwOZ[UmM{
cjU Amh{. [mM Q>{$ `mO hr Va A`m`mMr [nagr_m Pmcr.
ZmoVgmdgat dq Z Mm>m odoZhaV{ $ &

MH$do: H$mcdo: H$mnaVm H$mo`H$m M `m$&&153&&
(_mg Xm{Z _mgmM{ `mOmM{ _mU H$mhroh R>ac{c{ Agc{ Var) EH$m dfmZVa
(em_mUm[{jm) AoYH$ `mO K{D$ Z`{. Vg{M MH$dmT>rZ{ hm{Uma{ `mO dm R>ard H$mcmgmR>r R>aodc{c{
AoYH$ `mOoh K{D$ Z`{. Vg{M `mOmgmR>r R>aodc{cr d{R>o]Jma (emarnaH$ l_g{dm) K{D$ Z`{.
naUH$m{`m AJoVH$[UmMm cm^ K{D$Z `mM{ em{fU hm{D$ Z`{ hUyZ H{$c{c{ h{ oZ`_
cjmV K{`mgmaI{ Amh{V.
F$U XmVw_e$m{ `: H$Vwo _N>{ [wZ: oH$`m_$&

g Xdm oZoOVm dq H$aU [nadV`V{ $ &&154&&
F$U \{$S>`mg Ag_W Agc{`m naUH$m{Z{ ([ohc{) `mO X{D$Z [wZ: Zd{ c{I[
H$amd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 411 ]
8 160
AXeo`dm Vd oha` [nadV`V{ $ &

`mdVr g^d{Xd o VmdVt XmVw_hoV$&&155&&
_wc AmoU `mO H$mhrM X{`mg naUH$m{ Ag_W Ag{c Va `mOmgH$Q> _wcmM{
[wZ: ZdrZ c{I[ H$amd{. Aem d{ir _mJrc `mOmda `mO K{Vm `{V{.
oha` hUO{ gm{Z{ [U `{W{ gm_m` YZ `m AWmZ{ Vm{ eX dm[acm Amh{.
MH$dq g_m$T>m{ X{eH$mc`dpWV:$&

AoVH$m_Z X{eH$mcm Z V\$c_dmZw`mV$&&156&&
X{e AmoU H$mc `mMm oZ` H$$Z _m` H{$c{cr MH$dmT>oh (V{dT>m X{eH$mcm[waVrM
_`moXV AgV{) X{eH$mcmM{ AoVH$_U Pm`mg ZVa`m [napWVrcm MH$dmT> _m` Zmhr. (V{hm
gm_m` oZ`_mMm Adc] H$amdm)
g_wm`mZHw$ecm X{eH$mcmWXoeZ:$&
Wm[`pV Vw `m dq gm VmoYJ_ oV$&&157&&
g_w`mZmoX dmgmVrc `m[mamgmR>r O{ F$U dm dmhVwH$sM{ _mU R>ac{c{ Ag{c V{
`m R>amdm_mU{M `md{.
`m[mam`m oZo_mmZ{ g_wdmg hm{V Ag{. h{ `md$Z cjmV `{V{.
`m{ `` oV^ypV>{ eZm`{h _mZd:$&

AXe`g V V` `V{V dYZmU_$&&158&&
F$U \{$S>`modf`r (naUH$m{H$naVm YZH$m{cm) Om{ oV^y (Om_rZ) hUyZ amohcm
Ag{c `mZ{, naUH$m{Z{ F$U Z \{$S>`mg V{ dV:`m g[mrVyZ \{$S>md{.
moV^m` dWmXmZ_mojH$ gmnaH$ M `V$&

XS>ew H$mde{f M Z [wm{ XmVw_hoV$&&159&&
oV^ydmZ{ m Pmc{c{ F$U, mT>rH$naVm _m` H{$c{c{ [mnaVm{ofH$mgmaI{ XmZ (ZQ>,
^mQ>, odQ>, M{Q>, Jm`H$, ZVH$mZm oXc{c{) yV AmoU _[mZ `m_wi{ Pmc{c{ F$UmoX \{$S>`mM{ Xmo`d
[wmda Zmhr.
h{ H$m` o[`mM{ Amh{. `mM{ _mKmar `j [wmda `mMm ^ma ZgVm{.
XeZmoV^m`{ Vw odoY: `m[ydM

m{oXV:$&
XmZoV^wod {V{ Xm`mXmZo[ Xm[`{V$ &&160&&
8 160
412 ]
_Zw_oV
naUH$m{cm (`m`mc`mV) C[pWV R>{d`mM{ oV^yd o[`mZ{ drH$mac{ Ag{c Va

o[Vm _V AgVmZm darc cm{H$m_mU{ V{ Xmo`d [wmda Zmhr. [U `j F$Umg]YrM{ oV^yd
o[`mZ{ drH$mac{ Ag{c Va _m V{ [wmZ{ \{$S>c{ [mohO{. (o[`m`m _mKmaroh) `m`YremZ{ Vg{
H$a`mg ([wmg) gmJmd{.
AXmVna [wZXmVm odkmVH$VmdU_$&

[mmoV^wod {V{ [arg{H{$Z h{VZw m$&&161&&
oV^yd `m{` H$maUmgmR>r drH$mac{c{ Ag{c AmoU og Pmc{c{ Ag{c Va `m
oV^y`m _`yZVa `mM{ Xmo`d H$m{Umda ?
oZamoX>YZ{mw oV^y: `mXcYZ:$&

dYZmX{d VmoamoX> BoV pWoV:$&&162&&
K{V`m J{c{ `m F$Umg o[Vm oV^y Ag{c Va [wmZ{ V{ F$U dV:`m g[X{VZy \{$S>md{.
_mm{_mmVm`YrZ]mcZ{ Woda{U dm$&

Ag]H$Vd `dhmam{ Z ogoV$&&163&&
`gZr (_, JmOm B`mXrMm) d{S>m, `moYOOa, [amYrZ (H$m{Um`m ^`mZ{ dm
]cmH$mamZ{), A[d`H$, AoVd (od_aUmoX ]woê`w$) H$m{UVmoh [wamdm ZgU{ B`mXtM{
X{U{ K{U{ A`dhm` Amh{. `mM{ Xmo`d Hw$UmdaM Zmhr.
g`m Z ^mfm ^doV ò[ `moVo>Vm$&

]oh{m`V{ Y_mo`VmmdhmnaH$mV$&&164&&
H$m{UVmoh oZ`_ c{I Vmd [a[am $T>r em `mg gm{Sy>Z Ag{c Va `mg g`d
ZgV{. V{ `dhmamV _mU _mZy Z`{.
CXmhaUmW, h{oZgMm `m[mar `m ZmQ>H$mV Xeod`m_mU{ F$Um[m{Q>r V{ Z \{$S>`mg
AYme{a _mg _mJU{. Vg{ H$mhr Ag{c, Va _wimVM V{ Y_od Ag`mZ{ A`m{` R>aV{.
`m{JmY_ZodH$sV `m{JXmZoVJh_$&
` dm@`w[qY [`{mgd odoZdV`V{ $ &&165&&
H$[Q>mZ{ H{$c{c{ H$aodc{c{ JhmU \$gdyZ H{$c{c{ K{U{ X{U{ dMZm H$$Z H{$c{cm H$m{UVmoh
`dhma _wimVM Aog R>aVm{.
JhrVm òX Z>: `mHw$Qw>]mW} H$Vm{ ``:$&

XmV` ]mYdV`mod^$ao[ dV:$&&166&&
_Zw_oV
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8 171
F$U K{UmamZ{ `mMm `` Hw$Qw>]mgmR>r H{$c{cm Ag{c Va Vm{ _V Pmcm Var V{ F$U
\{$S>`mM{ Xmo`d EH$ dm od^$ Agc{`mda Amh{. Hw$Qw>o]`mZr V{ \{$S>c{ [mohO{.
Hw$Qw>]mW}@`YrZm{@o[ `dhma `_mMa{V$ &

dX{e{ dm odX{e{ dm V `m`m odMmc`{V$ &&167&&
Jhdm_r dX{er dm [aX{er AgVmZm H$mT>c{c{ F$U YZ Jhdm_rZ{ _m` H$$Z
\{$S>c{ [mohO{. Aemd{ir MmcT>H$c H$$ Z`{.
]cmm ]cmx$ ]cmmo[ c{oIV_$&

gdm]cH$VmZWmZH$Vm_Zwa]drV$&&168&&
]imZ{ oXc{c,{ ]imZ{ C[^m{oJc{c,{ ]imZ{ ochZ K{Vc{c{ Ag{ XS>[UmZ{ (]m)H{$c{c{
gd `dhma Z H{$`mgmaI{ AgVmV. Ag{ _ZyM{ gmJU{ Amh{.
`: [amW} pc`pV gmojU: oV^y: Hw$c_$&

MdmaVy[Mr`V{ od AmT>`m{ doUL >Z[ :$&&169&&
gmjr, oV^y (Om_rZ), AmoU Hw$c (oZH$Q>M{ Am) h{ Xwg`mH$aVm c{e ^m{JrV
AgVmV. ]mU, YoZH, `m[mar, amOm Xwg`m_wi{ cm^mpdV hm{VmV. hUyZ amOmZ{ dmXr oVdmXrcm
`m `m H$m_mg]Yr AmdOyZ dm H$$ Z`{.
[oh`m oVKm`m [XamV `j H$mhrM [S>V Zmhr. H$> _m C`m AoYH$ _mUmV
gm{gmd{M cmJVmV. CcQ> ]mUmcm Xm`m_wi{, YoZH$mcm F$U [aV o_im`mZ{, `m[m`mcm
JmhH$m_wi{, amOmcm `m`mgmR>rM{ ewH$ o_im`m_wi{ `j dm A`j cm^M hm{V AgVm{.
]mUmcm ]mU hUyZ H$mhr cm^ Amh{V `mMr OmUrd _Zycm Amh{. h{ `{W{ [>
hm{V{.
AZmX{` ZmXXrV [najrUm{@o[ [moWd:$&

Z MmX{` g_m{@o[ gy__`W_w gOV{ $ &&170&&
am` jrUYZ Agc{ Var amOmZ{ A`m{` Ag{ YZ K{D$ Z`{ AmoU g[Vm Agcr Var
A[ hUyZ o_imd`mg CoMV Ag{ YZ gm{Sy> Z`{.
AmOM{ emgZ _m Am`H$a F$U `m`m cmImH$m{Q>t`moh YZmMr [aV\{$S> Z H$aU{
j` _mZV{.
AZmX{`` MmXmZmXmX{`` M dOZmV$&

Xm] ` `m`V{ amk: g {`{h M ZòV$&&171&&
8 171
414 ]
_Zw_oV
Z `md{ V{ K{Vc{, AmoU `md{ V{ Q>mH$c{, Va `m_wi{ amOm Xw]im Amh{ Ag{ cm{H$
g_OVmV. [acm{H$mMroh hmZr hm{V{. (H$maU `m_wi{ amOmcm [m[ cmJV{)
dmXmZmUgg
Jmd]cmZm M ajUmV$&
]c gOm`V{ amk: g {`{h M dYV${ &&172&&
K{`mg `m{` H$a K{U{ dUgH$a hm{D$ Z X{U{, Xw]`mM{ ajU H$aU{ `m H$`m_wi{
amOmM{ gm_` dmT>V{ AmoU `mM{ Bh[acm{H$s H$`mU hm{V{.
amOm`m oZo_mmZ{ `{W{ g_>r Y_M (171,172,173) gmoJVc{ Amh{V.
V_m_ Bd dm_r d` ohdm o`mo`{$&

dV}V `m``m d`m oOVH$m{Ym{ oOV{p`:$&&173&&
`mgmR>r amOmZ{ (g_>r hm{D$Z) dV:`m AmdS>r ZmdS>rMm odMma Z H$aVm `_mgmaI{
dmJmd{. `mH$naVm dV:`m Bo`mda AmoU H$m{Ymda [yU oZÙ R>{dmd{.
H$m{U`m Z H$m{U`m d$[m`m Vw>rH$aUmgmR>r am>mMr hmZr hm{Vm H$m_m Z`{ h{ emgH$mZ{
odg$ Z`{.
`dY_}U H$m`moU _m{hmHw$`mamoY[:$&

AoMamm Xwam_mZ de{ Hw$dpV ed:$&&174&&
_m{hmZ{ Om{ amOm Y_mod H$`{ H$aVm{ Vm{ Wm{S>mM H$mimV eyH$Sy>Z [am^yV hm{Vm{.
amOm`m Xwam_V{_wi{ Om `mcm (_Zm[mgyZ) gmW X{V Zmhr. Vm{ cm{H$mV Ao` hm{Vm{.
H$m_H$m{Ym Vw g`` `m{@WmY_}U [òV$&

OmV_ZwdVV{ g_wo_d ogYd:$&&175&&
H$m_H$m{Ymda oZÙ R>{dyZ Om{ amOm gd `dhmamH$S>{ Y_m`m >rZ{ [mhVm{ `mM{
AZwgaU gd Om H$aV{. Zm `m_mU{ g_wmcmM o_iVmV `m_mU{ Om amOmcm od_wI hm{V
Zmhr.
`: gmY`V N>X{Z d{X`{oZH$ Z[${ &

g amkm VVw^mJ Xm`V` M VZ_$&&176&&
YZH$m{ Am[c{ F$U naUH$m{H$Sy>Z dV: [aV K{`m`m `ZmV AgVm naUH$m{
YZH$m{od amOmH$S>{ JmhmU{ Z{Bc
Va amOmZ{ F$Um`m MVwWme XS> K{D$Z YZH$m{M{ gd F$U naUH$m{cm
\{$S>`mg cmdmd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 415 ]
8 182
_ZyM{ oZ]Y `m` AmoU g_Vm{c Ag{ Amh{V. AocH$S>`m_mU{ V{ H$Yr Cm{J[Vrg
AZwHy$c Va H$Yr H$_Mm`mg AZwHy$c Ag{ ZmhrV. dm H$Yr A[g`mZm AZwHy$c Ag{ ZmhrV.
H$_Um@o[ g_ Hw$`moZH$m`mY_oUH$:$&
g_m{@dH$>OmoVVw XmN>`{ mVw VN>Z: $&&177&&
naUH$m{ YZH$m{ g_mZ dUmMm dm Imc`m dUmMm Ag{c Va `mZ{ F$U `j YZ
X{D$Z dm YZH$m{Mr MmH$ar H$$Z \{$S>md{. naUH$m{ CdUu` Ag{c Va (YZH$m{[{jm) H{$di (h{]XrZ{)
hiwhiw \{$S>md{.
MmVwd`mMr oV>m gmV`mZ{ g_mOmV oQ>H$mdr `mgmR>r hm oZ`_.
AZ{Z odoYZm amOm o_Wm{ oddXVm ZUm_$&

gmoj`ògmoZ H$m`moU g_Vm Z`{V$ &&178&&
AemarVrZ{ amOmZ{ dmoX oVdmXr_Yrc oddmX gmjr [wam`m`m _mUmda oZU`
H$$Z o_Q>dmdm.
Hw$cO{ dmg[{ Y_k{ g`dmoXZr$&

_hm[j{ YoZ`mòZj{[ oZoj[{X ]wY:$&&179&&
Hw$crZ, gXmMaUr, Y_ OmUUmam, g`dmXr, _m{R>{ Hw$Qw>] Agc{cm, Am`d mrMm g[
Amh{ Ag{ [mhZ emh`mZ{ `mM{Odi R>{d R>{dmdr.
`m{ `Wm oZoj[{V{ `_W `` _mZd:$&

g VWd JhrV`m{ `Wm Xm`VWm Jh:$&&180&&
Om{ _mUyg `m`m Odi R>{d `m$[mV R>{drc Vr VerM `mdr H$maU X{U{ K{U{
gmaI{M Agmd{.
`m{ oZj{[ `m`_mZm{ oZj{Zw `N>oV$&

g `m`: mpSd mH{$Z Voj{aw goZYm$&&181&&
R>{d [aV _moJVcr AgVm R>{dyZ K{Umam Z X{Bc Va `m`moYemZ{ R>{d R>{dUmam`m
_mKmar `mM{ Odi R>{dcr `mMr MmH$er H$amdr.
gm`^md{ oUoYo^d`m{$[g_pdV:$&
A[X{e d g`` oha` V` VdV:$&182&&
8 182
416 ]
_Zw_oV
R>{drcm H$m{Ur gmjr ZgVrc Va dV:`m JwMamH$Sy>Z H$mhr oZo_m{ gmJV `m

YZH$m{Odi R>{d R>{dmdr. H$mhr oXdgmZr Vr [aV _mJdmdr hr `dWm AmYr`m R>{d R>{dUmam`m Z
H$iV H$amdr.
g òX oV[{V `Wm`V `WmH$V_$&

Z V odV{ qH$oM[aao^`w`V{$&&183&&
hr R>{d Oa Oer`m Ver [aV o_imcr Va [ydu`m R>{dr R>{dUmamM{ hUU{ A`WmW
g_Omd{.
hr `m`[Vr \$maM CWi AmoU \$gdr R>$ eH$V{. _m h{ H{$di gyMZm_m Ag{c.
`md$Z JwMamZr Am[c{ MmVw` [Umcm cmdyZ g` em{YyZ H$mT>c{ [mohO{. Ag{ Co> AgU{ e`
Amh{.
V{fm Z XmoX Vw Voa` `WmodoY$&

C^m oZJm{^` Xm` BoV Y_` YmaUm$&&184&&
JwMamZr R>d{ c{cr R>d{ `mZ{ oXcr Zmhr Va (`mg Im{Q>maS>m OmUyZ) Xm{hr R>d{ r `m[mgyZ
]imZ{ [aV o_idm`m. hrM Y_mMr `m{OZm Amh{.
oZj{[m{[oZYr oZ` Z X{`m `ZVa{$&

Z`Vm{ odoZ[mV{ VmdoZ[mV{ dZmoeZm$&&185&&
R>d{ dm gm{[odc{c{ (Vm{ oOdV AgVm) `mM{ [wmoX Xm`mXmg X{D$ Z`{. `mV Sw>]`mMm
Ym{H$m AgVm{. `mM{ `mg [aV H$aU{M gwaojV.
C[oZoY : _m{O_m[ Z H$aVm, Ag{, `m d$[mM{ Amh{ Ag{ Z gmJVm O{ R>{dc{ Amh{
V{ C[oZoY Og{ ]X [{Q>rV dm MmJc{ JwS>miyZ ]mYyZ R>{odc{c{ AmoU H{$di gm^mi`mgmR>r oXc{c{ V{.
d`_{d Vw `m{ Xm_V` `ZVa{$&

Z g amkm@o^`m{$`m{ Z oZj{Vw ]Ywo^:$&&186&&
R>d{ c{cr R>d{ R>d{ Um`m`m _`yZV a R>d{ Zy K{Umam Oa R>d{ Umam`m Xm`mXmg ([wmoXH$mg)
Am[U hm{D$Z [aV H$arc Va amOmZ{ dm `m [wmoXH$mZr `m`mH$Sy>Z AmoUH$ AoYH$mMr _mJUr H$$
Z`{.
R>{dyZ K{Um`m`m gai gmZ[UmMm cm^ CR>dy Z`{.
AN>cZ{ d MmpdN>{ m_W roV[ydH $_$&

odMm` V` dm dm gmZd [nagmY`{V$ &&187&&
_Zw_oV
[ 417 ]
8 193
[aV oXc{`m R>{dròVna$ AmoUH$ H$mhr AoYH$ AgU{ e` Amh{ Ag{ dmQ>c{ Va
_m{H$i{[Ur Vg{ odMmamd{. R>{dyZ K{UmamMr MmcMcUyH$ H$er Amh{ `mMr MmH$er H$amdr. [U EHy$U
H$aU gm_m{[MmamZ{ hmVmimd{.
oZj{[{ d{fw gd}fw odoY: `m[nagmYZ{$&

g_w{ ZmZw`mpH$oMoX V_m gha{V$ &&188&&
gd H$ma`m R>{drg]Yr hm oZ`_ gmoJVcm Amh{. _m{hm{a H$$Z O{ R>{dc{c{ Ag{c V{
_m{ha{gh gwaojV [aV oX`mg `mda eH$m K{D$ Z`{.
Mma V Oc{Zm{T>_oZm XY_{d dm$&

Z XmoX V_mg Z ghaoV qH$MZ$&&189&&
R>{d Mm{amZr [iodcr, [wamV ]wS>mcr dm AmJrV Oimcr Va (R>{dyZ K{Umam) odmgmh
Ag`mg Vr [aV o_iod`mMm `mg H$$ Z`{.
oZj{[`m[hVma_oZj{ma_{d M$&
gd[màpdN>{ N>[Wd doXH$:$&&190&&
R>d{ ZmH$maUmam d Z R>d{ Vm _mJUmam `m Xm{KmMroh MmJcr MmH$er H$amdr. Xm{KmH$Sy>Zoh
e[W K{ddmdr. dm oX` H$a`mg cmdmd{.
`m{ oZj{[ Zm[òV `moZoj` `mMV{$&

Vmdw^m MmadN>m`m Xm`m dm Vg_ X__$&&191&&
R>{d [aV Z H$aUmam dm R>{d R>{dcr ZgVm (Im{Q>{[UmZ{) [aV _mJUmam Ag{ Xm{K{oh Mm{a
_mZyZ oej{g [m g_Omd{. `mZm R>{dr`m Vw` XS> H$amdm.
oZj{[`m[hVma Vg_ Xm[`{__$&

VWm{[oZoYhVma_ode{fU
{ [moWd:$&&192&&
R>{d dm gm^mimd`mg oXc{c{ [aV Z H$aUmamg amOmZ{ gmaI{[UmZ{M Vw`$[ XS>
H$amdm.
Im{Q>{[UmZ{ [aV _mJUmamoh AgmM XS>mg [m hm{Vm{. ( cm{H$ EH$e{ E`mUd)
A[amYr dmr`m cm{H$mgmR>r AmoU hm (cm{H$ EH$e{ `mUd) W_M KS>c{`mgmR>r g_Omdm.
hUO{ [wZ$sMm Xm{f `{V Zmhr. Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ gwModc{ Amh{.
C[Ymo^ `: H$o[a` ha{a:$&

gghm`: g hV`: H$me ododYdY
: $&&193&&
8 193
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N>cH$[Q>mZ{ Om{ H$m{Ur _mUyg [a`mMm A[hma H$arc Va `m H$[Q>mcm `m`m

ghm`H$mgh CKS>[U{ H$R>m{a oejm H$amdr.
oZj{[m{ `: H$Vm{ `{Z `mdm Hw$cgoYm$&

VmdmZ{d g odk{`m{ od]dw XS>_hoV$&&194&&
R>{d gmjrgh oOVH$s Ag{c V{dT>rM `m{` _mZmdr. dmX Pm`mg Ia{ Im{Q>{ [maIyZ
`mcm AZwg$Z XS> H$amdm.
o_Wm{ Xm`: H$Vm{ `{Z JhrVm{ o_W Ed dm$&

o_W Ed XmV`m{ `Wm Xm`VWm Jh:$&&195&&
R>{d EH$mVr R>{dcr AmoU R>{dyZ K{Vcr Ag{c Va Vr VerM (EH$mVrM) [aV H$admdr.
Og{ K{U{ Vg{M X{U{ Agmd{.
AZ{H$ AmoWH$ `dhma AZ{H$ H$maUmZr Jw R>d{ U{ Amd`H$ AgV{. `mM{ YZ `mcmM
`m [napWVrMr OmUrd AgV{. `mcm `m>rZ{ ghH$m` H$aU{ h{M ^c{[UmM{ Amh{.
oZoj` YZ`d r`m{[oZohV` M$&

amOm odoZU` Hw$`mXojd`mgYmnaU_$&&196&&
R>{d R>{dc{c{ YZ dm odmgmZ{ H$mhr H$mim[waVr dm[amd`mg oXc{cr dVw `m g]Yr
amOmZ{ (`m{` Vm{M) oZU` mdm. _m gmdH$mamcm CJrM [rS>m hm{Uma Zmhr h{ [hmd{.
gmdH$ma hUO{ Vm{ Xw>, cm{^r, \$gdUmamM AgVm{ Ag{ W_M JhrV Y$ Z`{.
odH$sUrV{ [a` d `m{@dm_r dm`g_V:$&

Z V Z`{V gm` Vw V{Z_V{Z_moZZ_$&&197&&
Xwg`mMr dVy `mMr Amh{ `m`m g_VrdmMyZ H$m{Ur [a[a odoH$c Va `mcm Mm{a
g_Omd{. Vm{ Vg{ _mZrV Zgcm Var. (Vm{ gmh Zmhr h{ oZoV V{hm `mcm gmjrcm B`mXtgmR>r
Am_oV H$$ Z`{. H$maU Vm{ Am_moUH$ Amh{M)
Adhm`m} ^d{d gmd`: fQ>eV X__$&

oZad`m{@Z[ga: m: `mmaoH$p]f_$&&198&&
[a[a odH$s H$aUmam (A` arVrZ{ dmQ> cmdUmam) _yi Y`mMm Amg]Yr Ag{c
Va `mcm ghme{ [U XS> H$amdm. AmoU [aH$m Ag{c [U _yi Y`m`m [wmXrH$Sy>Z g_Vr o_idyZ
R>{drMr dmQ> cmdrc Va Vm{ Mm{a g_OyZ oejm H$amdr.
_Zw_oV
[ 419 ]
8 202
"Vwcm odMmac{ Zgc{ Var, Vw`m Odi`m A_`m V_`mcm odMmac{ hm{V{' Ag{
oZo_m gmJVm H$m_m Z`{. Vm{ Xm{fM Amh{.
Admo_Zm H$Vm{ `Vw Xm`m{ odH$` Ed dm$&

AH$V: g Vw odk{`m{ `dhma{ `Wm pWoV:$&&199&&
(dmVodH$) Y`mdmMyZ Xwg`mZ{ H{$c{c{ X{U{K{U{ h{ H{$c{ Var Z H{$c{ Ag{M AgV{.
`dhmamMr (X{U{ K{U{ R>d{ U{ odH$s `modf`r) Or _`mXm (ZroVoZ`_) Amh{, V{ Og{`m
Vg{M [mic{ [mohO{V.
g^m{Jm{ `V{ ` Z `{VmJ_: $oMV$&

AmJ_: H$maU V Z g^m{J BoV pWoV:$&&200&&
dVyMm dm[a Va oXgVm{ Amh{ [U Vr dVy H$er H$m{Ry>Z Amcr, dm[amMm AoYH$ma
Amh{ H$m` h{ _m og hm{V Zmhr. Va H{$di dm[a Amh{, h{ [wa{g{ Zmhr.
dVy H$m{Ry>Z H$er Amcr h{ Oa `m{àr`m gmJVm `{V Zg{c, Va dVw dm YZ AmVm
`m`mOdi Amh{ Vm{M `mMm AoYH$V dm_r Amh{ h{ _mZU{ A`m`mM{ Amh{.
hm oZ`_ \$ma _hdmMm Amh{. ""h{ O{ gm[S>c{ Amh{ `mda Vw_`m oZ`_m_mU{ XS>
H$a, H$m` `md`mM{ V{ `m. h{ YZ _m`mH$S>{ H$m{Ry>Z H$g{ Amc{ `m`mer Vwhmcm H$mhr H$V` Zmhr''
Ag{ EImm ZQ>rZ{ C_Q>[U{ odMmaU{ hUO{ `m`mMm A[_mZ H$aU{ Amh{. g]oYV AoYH$m`mZr h{
E{Hy$Z dW amhVm H$m_m Z`{.
odH$`mm{ YZ qH$oMXJ
r`mHw$cgoYm$&
H$`{U g odew oh `m`Vm{ c^V{ YZ_$&&201&&
dVw g]oYVm`m g_j (Vg{M g_VrZ{) odH$V K{Vcr Amh{ Ag{ Ag{c Va odH$V
K{Umam `m dVyMm `m`mZ{ dm_r R>aVm{ H$maU `mZ{ CoMV _y` oXc{c{ AgV{. Agm `dhma oZXm}f
AgVm{.
AW _yc_Zmhm` H$meH$èm{oYV:$&
AXS>m{ _w`V{ amkm Zmo>H$m{ c^V{ YZ_$&&202&&
R>{drMr dVy (_yi YZr [aX{er dm _V Ag`mZ{) odH$cr J{cr AmoU H$mhr oXdgmZr
_yi YZr [aV Amcm Va `mM{ YZ `mcm [aV H$amd{ [U odH$Umamcm oejm H$$ Z`{.
hm `m` ]amMgm goXY Amh{. _`Var H$mhr [> H$mc_`mXm Agcr [mohO{.
8 203
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Zm`X`{Z gg >$[ odH$`_hoV$&

Z gmdY Z M `yZ Z Xya{ Z oVam{ohV_$&&203&&
EH$ dVy Xwg`m (AWmV hc`m) dVyMr ^{gi H$$Z, dmBQ> _mc "MmJcm Amh{'
Ag{ gmJyZ, _m[mZ{ CUm R>{dyZ, JmhH$mM{ cj Zmhr Ag{ [mhZ dm PmHy$Z c[dyZ odHy$ Z`{.
c]mS> `m[mar JmhH$mcm \$god`gmR>r `m H$mhr `w`m `w`m dm[aVm{ `m ]hVH{ $
gd `{W{ C{oI`m Amh{V.
A`m M{eo`dm@`m dm{T>w: H$`m Xr`V{$&

C^{ V{ EH$ewH{$Z dh{oX`]dr_Zw:$&&204&&
EH$ _wcJr XmIodcr AmoU cmM{d{ir XwgarcmM C^{ H{$c{ Va (_wcrgmR>r O{ ewH$
(_y`) oXc{ Ag{c V{M `m Xm{KrgmR>r Amh{ Ag{ _mZyZ ([Zr$[mZ{) Xm{KtMm drH$ma H$amdm.
_wcrM{ _y` K{D$Z Om{ oddmh hm{Vm{ V{W{ hm oZ`_ cmJy hm{Vm{.
Zm{_mm`m Z Hw$o>`m Z M `m [>_W

Zw m$&
[yd Xm{fmZo^`m` XmVm XS>_hoV$&&205&&
d{S>r, H$m{S> Agc{cr, _WwZmZ{ S>mJmic{cr Aer _wcJr oVM{ V{ V{ Xm{f c[dyZ H$m{Ur
cmgmR>r C^r H$arc. Va Vm{ A[amYr R>$Z oej{g [m hm{Vm{.
F$pdòX dVm{ `k{ dH$_ [nahm[`{V$ &

V` H$_mZw $[{U X{`m|@e: gh H$Vo ^:$&&206&&
`kmV drH$mac{c{ H$_ F$pdH$ [yU H$arV Zgcm Var `mcm H{$c{`m H$_m`m _mZmZ{
BVam_mU{M XojUm mdr.
XojUmgw M Xmmgw dH$_ [nahm[`Z$&

H$Z_{d c^{Vme_`{Zd M H$ma`{V$ &&207&&
XojUm AmYrM K{Vcr Amh{ [U H$` _m H{$c{ Zmhr Var Vr XojUm `mcmM X{D$Z
BVa F$pdOmH$Sy>Z `kmoX H$` [ma [mS>md{.
darc Xm{Z cm{H$mV oXc{cr gdS> \$g`m dm cm{^r ]mUmH$naVm Zmhr. `mYr B`moX
H$maUmZ{ drH$V H$` H$a`mg Om{ Ag_W Pmcm Amh{ `mgmR>r hr gm{` Amh{.
gwVH$gm{à, A[nahm` dmg, B`moX H$maU{ H$` [ma [mS>`mg Aj_ R>aodVmV.
V{hm XojUm hr XojUmM Amh{. Vr _Owar Zmhr. h{ cjmV AmUyZ X{`mgmR>r hm oZ`_ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
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8 211
`p_H$_oU `mVw `w$m: `XojUm:$&

g Ed Vm AmXXrV Ô{agd Ed dm$&&208&&
`kmVrc H$`mMm `m `m ^mJmgmR>r Or Or XojUm (emmZ{) R>aodc{cr AgV{, Vr
Vr V{ V{ H$` H$aUmamZ{ `mdr dm gd F$pdOmZr o_iyZ dmQy>Z `mdr.
aW ha{V Mmd`w]
mYmZ{ M dmoOZ_$&
hm{Vm dm@o[ ha{X_wmVm Mm`Z:$H$`{ &&209&&
Ad`c
y m aW, ]`mcm M[i Km{S>,{ hm{`mcm Km{S>m, CXJm`mcm gm{_ dmhZ AmUc{cr
JmS>r mdr.
gd}fm_mYZ m{ _w`mVXY}ZmoYZm{@[a{$&
VVro`ZVVr`memVwWmem [moXZ:$&&210&&
Mma _w`mZm A`m (Jm`r) `m`m oZ`m `mZm hUO{ (MmKmZm) EH$ VVr`me
oVg`m Vr`mZm, EH$ MVwWme e{dQ>`m Xm{KmZm dmQy>Z mdm.
`km_Y{ EHy$U gm{im F$pdO AgVmV. `mV MmamMmamM{ AZwH$ _mZ{ Mma JQ> AgVmV.
hm H$_ l{>V{`m >rZ{ AgVm{.
hm{Vm, Ad`y, ]m, CXJmVm h{ Mma _w`. `mZm eâm[H$s gm_m` A`m Jm`r
hUO{ 48 Jm`r, `{H$s 12 `m _mU{ XojUm hUyZ m`m.
Xwg`m H$_mM{ Mma hUO{ _mdU, oV[WmVm, ]mUmN>gr, Vm{Vm. `mZm
da`m`m A`m hUO{ 24 JmB `{H$s 6 m`m.
oVg`m H$_mM{ AN>mdmH$, Z{>m, AmrY, oVhVm h{ VVr`memM{ hUO{ 16 JmBM{
AoYH$mar. `{H$s 4.
e{dQ>M{ Mma JmdVwV, C{Vm, [m{Vm, gw]` h{ MVwWmemM{ hUO{ ]mam JmBM{
AoYH$mar. `{H$s 3. EHy$U 100 Jm`r hm{VmV. `m{oV>m{_ `kmVrc hr `dWm Amh{.
XojUm hr _Owar dm d{VZ Zgc{ Var V{W{ H$m_mMr `m{`m`m{`mMr l{>H$oZ>VM
{ r Vdmar
AgV{M. AmoU ]mUm`moh gX^mV oVMr H$m`dmhr H$a`mg emmZ{ oZ`_ H{$cm Amh{. h{ cjmV
R>{d`mgmaI{ Amh{.
g^`y dmoZ H$_moU Hw$donah _mZd:$&

AZ{Z odoY`m{JZ{ H$V`m@eH$[Zm$&&211&&
O{hm [wH$i_mUg{ EH$ `{D$Z EImX{ H$m_ [ma [mS>rV AgVrc Va V{W{oh AerM
(VdmarZ{) `mMr od^mJUr H$amdr.
8 212
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Y_mW `{Z Xm WmV H$_oMmMV{ YZ_$&

[m Z VWm V`m X{` V` VX^d{V$ &&212&&
Y_H$`mgmR>r EImmZ{ YZ _moJVc{ V{ Hw$Ur oXc{ dm X{BZ hQ>c{ Var `mZ{ V{ Oa
Y_H$m`mH$naVm dm[ac{ Zmhr Va V{ oXc{c{ [aV `md{. AmoU _m` H{$c{c{oh X{D$ Z`{.
oXc{c{ [aV H$g{ `md{ Ag{ hUy Z`{. _m Ag{ K{Vc{c{ YZ dV: Z dm[aVm A`
Ymo_H$ H$m`mgmR>r Ad` md{.
òX ggmY`{mmw X[mm{^Z{ dm [wZ:$&

amkm Xm`: gwdU `mm` V{`` oZH$oV:$&&213&&
Y_mgmR>r oXc{c{ YZ oXc{`m H$m_mgmR>r Z dm[a`mZ{ Oa JdmZ{ dm cm{^mZ{ [aV
H$aUma Zmhr Va Aemcm amOmZ{ V{ X{`mg ^mJ [mS>md{. AmoU da `m Mm`H$_mgmR>r gwdUXS> H$amdm.
VaM Vm{ Mm{ar`m Xm{fmVyZ _w$ hm{Bc.
Xm`fm{oXVm Y`m `WmdXZ[oH$`m$&

AV D$d d`mo_ d{VZ`mZ[oH$`m_$&&214&&
Y_>rZ{ oXc{`m `mg]Y r [aV K{`mMr hr `dWm gmoJVcr AmVm d{VZmg]Y rMr
VerM `dWm gmJVm{.
^Vm{@ZmVm} Z Hw$`mm{ X[mH$_ `Wm{oXV_$&

g XS>: H$Ucm`>m Z X{` Mm` d{VZ_$&&215&&
MmH$a XwIUmBV Zmhr (oZam{Jr H$m`j_ Amh{) [U JdmZ{ drH$mac{c{ H$m_ `m{`
arVrZ{ H$aUma Zmhr Va `mcm AmR> H$Uc{ XS> H$amdm AmoU (R>ac{c{) d{VZ X{D$ Z`{.
AmOMr ^> AmoU e{\$mac{cr emgH$s` dm BVa g{dm `dWm _Zycm XS>Zr` A[amY
dmQ>V{.
AmVVw Hw$`mdW: gZ `Wm^mofV_moXV:$&

g XrK`mo[ H$mc` V^{Vd d{VZ_$&&216&&
am{JmVyZ ]am Pm`mZVa R>a`m_mU{ H$m_ H{$`mda _Y{ XrK H$mi J{cm Agcm Var
`mcm `m{` `m_mU{ (R>ac{c{) d{VZ md{.
`Wm{$_mV: gwWm{ dm `VH$_ Z H$ma`{V$ &

Z V` d{VZ X{`_[m{Z`mo[ H$_U:$&&217&&
_Zw_oV
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8 222
g{dH$ am{Jr Ag`m_wi{ dm oZam{Jr AgyZ BVa H$mhr H$maUm_wi{ drH$mac{c{ H$m_ V{
[yU H$aUma ZmhrV Va `mcm R>ac{c{ d{VZ X{D$ Z`{. drH$mac{`m H$m_mVrc Wm{S>{g{M H$m_ Pmc{
Ag{c Var `mcm d{VZ X{D$ Z`{.
lo_H$mda, H$_Mm`mda drH$mac{c{ H$m{UV{M H$m_ [yU H$a`mM{ Xmo`d Amh{, Ag{
AocH$S>{ oXgV Zmhr. gJi{ oZ`_ AmoU oZ]Y `jmV Var H$_Mm`m`m gm{`rM{M Amh{V. lo_H$
gKQ>Zm `m Jm{>rMm AdmVd cm^ K{V AgVmV. oH$Vroh MwH$m H{$`m,C_Q>[U{ dmJcm, `mMr _m{S>Vm{S>
H{$cr, Y`mcm [wH$i hmZr gm{gmdr cmJcr Var H$_Mmar _m{H$im amhVm{. `mcm O{ o_imd`mM{, V{
gKQ>Z{`m XS>[UmImcr [wa{[ya o_iodVm{. `mM{ g{dmH$mòh A]moYV amhV{. Cm{J MmcodUm`m
Y`mcm H$_Mm`m_wi{ AZ{H$ H$ma{ hmZr gm{gmdr cmJV{. BH$S>{ gm`dmXr odMmam_mU{ [yU Xwcj
hm{V{. _Vrcm Agm A`m` _m` Zmhr.
Ef Y_m}@oIc{Zm{$m{ d{VZmXmZH$_U:$&
AV D$d d`mo_ Y_ g_`^{oXZm_$&&218&&
gd H$ma`m `dhmamcm cmJy hm{Uma{ h{ XmZ d{VZm g]Y rM{ Y_m}oMV oZ`_ gmoJVc{.
AmVm g_`^{X (R>amd _m{S>`m) odf`rMr ZroV gmJVm{.
`m{ Jm_X{egKmZm H$dm g`{Z godX_$&

odgdX{am{ cm{^mm am>modmg`{V$ &&219&&
Jmd X{e dm odoe> g_yh `mZr H{$c{c{ R>amd AmYr e[W[ydH$ drH$m$Z Oa H$m{Ur V{
cm{^mZ{ _m{S>rc Va `mcm am`m]mh{a hmH$cyZ md{.
oZJ Xm[`{Z g_`ò^MmnaU_$&

MVw:gwdUmZ fpUH$mN>V_mZ M amOV_$&&220&&
g_` _m{S>Um`mH$Sy>Z ]imZ{ Mma gwdU, ghm oZH$ dm eâ aOV XS> `mdm. (AmoU
_J hmH$cyZ md{.)
"M' H$mam_wi{ `m Xm{hr oejm X{U{ `m{`.
EVS>odqY Hw$`mmo_H$: [oWdr[oV:$&

Jm_OmoVg_yhf{ w g_`ò^MmnaU_$&&221&&
`m`r amOmZ{ Jmd, OmV g_yhmM{ oZ`_ _m{S>Um`mcm Aer oejm oXcr [mohO{.
H$sdm odH$s` dm qH$oM`{hmZwe`m{ ^d{V$ &

gm{@VXemhmmX` XmdmXXrV dm$&&222&&
8 222
424 ]
_Zw_oV
odH$c{cr dm odH$V K{Vc{cr dVy [gV Z [S>`mg Xhm oXdgmM{ AmV [aV `mdr,
mdr.
H$mhr _VrH$mamZr hm AdoY 23 oXdgmMm gmoJVcm Amh{. `mV oXdgmJoUH$
_y` KQ> gmoJVcr Amh{. `dhmam`m >rZ{ Vg{M AgU{ AoYH$ `m{` dmQ>V{. AWmV dVy`m
d$[mdaoh V{ Adc]yZ AgU{ `m{`.
[a{U Vw Xemh` Z Xmmo[ Xm[`{V$ &

AmXXmZm{ XXd amkm XS>m{ eVmoZ fQ>$&&223&&
Xhm oXdgmZVa odH$c{cr dVy X{U{ dm K{U{ h{ H$$ Z`{. H$m{Ur ]imZ{ Vg{ H$a`mg
^mJ [mS>rc Va amOmZ{ `mcm ghme{ [U XS> H$amdm.
`Vw Xm{fdVt H$`m_Zm`m` `N>oV$&

V` Hw$`m[ m{ XS> d` fUdqV [UmZ$&&224&&
_wcrV H$mhr Xm{f AgyZ V{ Z gmJVm Om{ H$m{Ur damcm Vr H$`m X{Bc `mcm
(dYwo[`mcm) 96 [U XS> Am[U hm{D$Z H$amdm.
d` eXmd$Z da[jmZ{ JmhmU{ Zm|Xc{ Zmhr Var Agm AW hm{Vm{. `md$Z hm A[amY
gm_moOH$ AgyZ Vm{ _hdmMm Amh{. `mMr Zm|X amOmZ{ dV: hm{D$Z `md`mMr Amh{ h{ cjmV `{V{.
AH$`{oV Vw `: H$`m ]`y mX {fU

{ _mZd:$&
g eV mZw`mS> V`m Xm{f_Xe`Z$&&225&&
hr _wcJr AjV`m{Zr Zmhr ([yd[wf g^m{J`w$) Amh{. Ag{ Oa Hw$Ur (da[jr)
{fmZ{ hU{c, [U Vg{ og H$$ eH$Uma Zmhr Va `mcm 100 [U XS> H$amdm.
r earamV Agc{`m `m{Zr [Q>cmV$Z h{ og qH$dm Aog hm{D$ eH$V{. `mH$mir
h{ kmZ hm{V{.
[moUJhoUH$m _m: H$`md{d oVo>Vm:$&

ZmH$`mgw $oMUm cwY_oH$`m oh Vm:$&&226&&
oddmhmodf`rM{ _ AjV`m{Zr r`m gX^mVM Ag`mZ{, Or Ver Zmhr oV`mer
hm{Umam oddmh hm Y_mMm cm{[ H$aUmam Amh{.
[moUJhoUH$m _m oZ`V XmacjU_$&

V{fm oZ>m Vw odk{`m odo: g_{ [X{$&&227&&
oddmhm`m _`m{JmZ{ [Zrd og hm{V AgV{. [U `mMr [na[yUVm g[XrZ{ hm{V{
Ag{ odmZmZr oZoV H{$c{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 425 ]
8 232
]mcoddmh \$ma hm{VmV hUyZ odYdmoddmhmcm _m`Vm mdr Agm oZ]Y H$amdm
Aer Midi gwYmaH$mZr Mmcodcr hm{Vr. V{hm cm{H$_m` oQ>iH$mZr g[XrdmMyZ oddmh AmYrM
H$amdm. g[Xr_m _wcJr d`mV Am`mZVa H$amdr Agm odMma _mS>cm hm{Vm. `mZm g_mOgwYmaU{gmR>r
emgZ [aH{$ Ag`mZ{ `mMm hmV `mV ZH$m{ Ag{ dmQ>V Ag{ AmoU V{ `m{` hm{V{. cmM{ d` (_wctM{
ode{fV:) H$m` Agmd{ `mg]Yroh oZ]Y Agmdm Aer Midi hm{Vr.
g[XrZVa [oV[Zrg]Y oZoV hm{V Ag`mZ{ [a[aXmo`d `mZVaM oZ_mU
hm{V{. Agm `m oZ`_mMm AW.
`p_`p_H$V{ H$m`} ``{hmZwe`m{ ^d{V$ &

V_Z{Z odYmZ{Z Y_} [oW oZd{e`{V$ &&228&&
`m `m H$`mV H$m`mV Ag{ ([a[a dm gm_moOH$) Xm{f KS>c{c{ cjmV `{Bc, `m
`m d{ir `m _VrVrc oZ`_m_mU{ dmJyZ `mZm Y_m`m _`mX{V AmUmd{.
[ewfw dmo_Zm Md [mcmZm M òVH$_{$&

oddmX gd`mo_ `Wmd_VdV:$&&229&&
JwamT>m{amM{ YZr AmoU JwamIr `m`m_Y{ _V^{X dm dmX oZ_mU Pmcm Va Aem d{ir
H$m{U`m oZ`_mM{ [mcZ H$amd{ V{ Y_mYma{ `m{àrVrZ{ gmJVm{.
oXdm d$`Vm [mc{ amm dmo_oZ VXJh ${ &

`m{Jj{_@{ `Wm M{mw [mcm{ d$`Vmo_`mV$&&230&&
Jwam`m ajUmgmR>r H$mhr MwH$m KS>`mg oXdgm `mMm Xm{f Jwam`mcm cmJVm{ AmoU
amr Jwa{ Y`m`mM KamV Ag`mZ{ MyH$ Pmcr Va Vm{ Xm{f (dm^modH$[U{) Y`mH$S>{M OmVm{. amroh
Jwa{ Jwam`m`m dmYrZ Ag`mg MwH$mMm Xm{f AWmVM Jwam`mcm cmJVm{.
Jwa{ `m`m dmYrZ `m`mH$S>{ KS>Um`m MwH$mMm Xm{f OmU{ `m`M Amh{.
Jm{[: jra^Vm{ `Vw g XwmeVm{ dam_$&

Jm{dm`mZw_V{ ^`: gm `m[mc{@^V{ ôV:$&&231&&
Jwam`mcm d{Ji{ d{VZ hUyZ H$mhr Zg{c Va `mZ{ Y`m`m g_VrZ{ XyY X{Um`m Xhm
JmB[H$s EH$sM{ XyY (d{VZ hUyZ) `md{.
Z> odZ> H$o_o^: hV odf_{ _V_$&

hrZ [wfH$ma{U Xm[mc Ed Vw$&&232&&
Jwa{ hadcr, H$o_H$sQ>H$m_wi{ XwImdcr dm _{cr, Hw$m B`mXr qh m`mH$Sy>Z _macr
8 232
426 ]
_Zw_oV
J{cr dm R>{MH$miU{ IS>mV [S>U{, H$S>md$Z H$m{giU{ Aem (A[J Pm`m) d{ir AmoU `m `{H$
d{ir Jwam`mZ{ `mZm dmMod`mMm H$mhrM `Z H{$cm Zmhr, Va Pmc{cr hmZr Jwam`mZ{ ^$Z mdr.
H$_Mm`mdaoh H$mhr Xmo`d Amh{. hm Cm{Jm`m >rZ{ A`V _hdmMm oZ`_ `{W{
[> H{$cm Amh{. MrZ `m gm`dmXr X{emZ{oh AmVm Cm{OH$mM{ ohV cjmV K{D$Z oZ]Y oZo_c{
Amh{V.
odKw` Vw V MmaZ [mcm{ XmVw_hoV$&

òX X{e{ M H$mc{ M dmo_Z: d` egoV$&&233&&
Mm{amZr Ymdm H$$Z Jwa{ [iodcr Va Jwam`mZ{ â[mB H$a`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. _m
`mZ{ hr KQ>Zm Y`mcm cJ{M gmoJVcr [mohO{. AWmV YZr `mM JmdmV Odi[mg Ag{c Va.
H$Um M_ M ]mcm ]pV Zm`w M am{MZm_$&

[ewfw dmo_Zm Xm_V{ dm Xe`V{ $ &&234&&
Jw$ (ZgoJH$[U{) _{c{ Va `mM{ H$mZ, H$mVS>{, H{$g, _yme`, _mg, Jm{am{MZm
(o[mme`mVrc IS>m) h{ gd Y`mcm md{. _{`mMr IyU qeJ{, Iya Ag{ Ad`d XmIdmd{.
Jm{am{MZ h{ AmfYr ` Amh{. AmoU ]pVMm C[`m{J [MH$_mV hm{Vm{. H$mVS>{ Va
AZ{H$ H$ma{ H$m_mg `{V{. `m dVy _y`dmZ Amh{V.
AOmodH{$ Vw g{ dH$ : [mc{ dZmòV$&

`m g dH$m{ h`m[mc{ VpH$p]f ^d{V$ &&235&&
cmS>`mZ{ AmH$_U H{$c{ AgVm e{`m _|T>m amIUmam JwamIr (_|T>[mi) H$mhr [`Z
H$aUma Zmhr Va hm{Um`m hmZrM{ Xmo`d _|T>[mimH$S>{ OmV{.
Vmgm M{XdmZm MaVrZm o_Wm{ dZ{$&

`m_wcw` dH$m{ h`m [mcV oH$p]fr$&&236&&
e{`m _|T>m H$i[mZ{ dZmV MaV AgVm _|T>[mimMr >r MwH$dyZ cmS>Jm EImXrcm
_marc Va Vm{ Xm{f _|T>[mimH$S>{ OmV Zmhr.
hmZrM{ Xmo`d AgU{ dm ZgU{ h{ [napWVrda Adc]Zy Agc{ [mohO{. [U H$m{U`moh
H$_Mm`mcm Xmo`dey` H$m_mM{ dmQ>[ AgUma Zmhr hm odMma \$ma _hdmMm Amh{. AmO H$_Mm`mcm
H{$di AoYH$ma Amh{ [U gm{[odc{`m H$m_mM{ Xmo`d `mM{da H$mhrM ZgV{. oZ`_ BVH{$ CWi,
[m{H$i dm \$gd{ AgVmV H$s oH$Vroh hmZr Pmcr Var g]oYV AoYH$mar g{dH$ Xm{f_w$ R>$ eH$Vm{.
`m_wi{M emgZ AoYH$moYH$ ^>mMmar hm{V Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 427 ]
8 241
YZw:eV [arhmam{ Jm_` `mg_VV:$&

e`m[mVm`m{ dm@o[ oJwUm{ ZJa` Vw$&&237&&
Jmdm`m g^m{dma eâ YZw`{ XrMr _m{H$ir [>r Agcr [mohO{. ZJam`m ^m{dVr
e`m[mVm BVH$m ^mJ _m{H$im R>{dcm [mohO{.
eâ YZw`{ hUO{ Mmae{ hmVmM{ AVa AmoU e`m[mVml`m{ hUO{ EH$ H$mR>r ]imZ{
\{$Hy$Z oOVH$s Xya OmD$Z [S>{c `m`m oV[Q> AVa. JwamT>m{am`m Ma`mgmR>r JmdmZJam^m{dVr
_m{H$i{ amZ Agc{M [mohO{ hm oZ`_ \$ma ohVmdh Amh{.
Vm[nadV Ym` odqh`w: [edm{ òX$&

Z V U`{S> Z[oV: [ewaojUm_$&&238&&
JmàmZmVrc ^y_rda Oa H$m{Ur e{Vr H$arc AmoU `mg Hw$[U Zg{c Aem pWVrV
JwamZr Vr e{Vr (ImD$ZVwS>dyZ) Zmgcr Var JwamIr (oZa[amYr Amh{) XS>mg [m hm{V Zmhr.
JmàmZ h{ Jwa{ Ma`mH$naVmM amIc{c{ AgV{. `mV V{ e{VrgmR>r dm[aU{ h{M _wimV
AoVH$_U Amh{. Aem A`m` e{Vrcm Hw$[U Agc{ dm Zgc{ Var gmaI{M.
JwamgmR>r JmàmZ hr A`md`H$ Jm{> Amh{. Jwam`m Amam{`m`m >rZ{ V{ A`V
C[`w$ AgV{. R>mU]X JmBM{ XyY _mZdr Amam{`m`m >rZ{ gXm{f AgV{.
dqV V Hw$duV `m_w>m{ Z odcm{H$`{V$ &

oN> M dma`{gd gyH$a_wImZwJ_$&&239&&
e{Vm^m{dVrM{ Hw$[U CQ>mcm [ocH$S>M{ oXgUma Zmhr Ag{ CM Agmd{. AmoU `mcm
Hw$r, Sw>H$a{ AmV oeaVrc Aem \$Q>r Zgm`mV.
[oW j{@{ [nadV{ Jm_mVr`{@W dm [wZ:$&

g[mc: eVXS>mhm} od[mcmZ dma`{[eyZ$ &&240&&
dmQ>{daMr dm JmdmOdirc Hw$[U{ Agc{cr e{Vr Jwam`m`m dmYrZ Agc{cr Jwa{
ZmgVrc Va Jwam`mcm eâ [U XS> H$amdm. _m{H$mQ> JwamM{ oZdmaU e{VH$`mZ{ H$amd{.
j{{ d`{fw Vw [ew: g[mX [U_hoV$&

gd Vw gXm{X`{ : j{oH$`{oV YmaUm$&&241&&
BVa (dmQ>{da`m JmdmOdi Zgc{`m) e{VmMm oddg Jwa{ H$aVrc Va (`{H$
Jwam_mJ{) gdm[U XS> e{VH$`mcm mdm. (Jwam`m Y`mH$S>{ Vm{ Xm{f OmVm{.)
e{VH$`mM{ hUO{M e{VrM{ ajU Pmc{M [mohO{ hm gm_moOH$ `m` Amh{.
8 242
428 ]
_Zw_oV
AoZXemhm Jm gyVm dfmX{d[ey VWm$&

g[mcmdm od[mcmdm Z XS>m_Zwa]drV$&&242&&
`m`mZVa oOM{ Xhm oXdg [wa{ Pmc{c{ ZmhrV Vr Jm` dm JmdmV X{dmcm gm{S>c{cm
[m{i e{VmMr hmZr H$arc Va XS> H$$ Z`{. _J `mM{gmR>r JwamIr Agm{ dm Zgm{.
Xhm oXdgm`m AmV`m JmBcm [m{fU AoYH$ cmJV{. oVMr gm{` AgcrM [mohO{.
[m{i h{ X{dmcm gm{S>c{c{ Ag`mZ{ V{ ]S>odc{ OmV ZgV. hUyZ Om{[mr`m H$m_r
AZm`mg{ C[`m{Jmg `{V. V{ ge$ [w> Agc{M [mohO{V VaM gwOm oZ_mU hm{Bc hUyZ hr gm{`.
j{oH$`m``{ XS>m{ ^mJmeJwUm{ ^d{V$ &

VVm{@YXS>m{ ^`mZm_kmZmj{oH$` Vw$&&243&&
Xm{f e{VH$`mH$S>{ Ag{c Va amOdm`m Xhm[Q> XS> H$amdm. e{VH$`m`m JS>mMr
MyH$ Ag{c, `mM{ kmZ e{VH$`mcm Zg{c Va AYm ([mM [Q> ) XS> H$amdm.
e{V d{id{ a Z [{aU{, qZXU, Iwa[U AmXr e{VrMr A` X{I^mc Z H$aU{ h{ e{VH$`mM{
gXm{f dVZ Amh{. Vm{ dVwV: gm_moOH$ A[amY Amh{.
EVoYmZ_moV>
{ mo_H$: [oWdr[oV:$&
dmo_Zm M [eyZm M [mcmZm M òVH$_{$&&244&&
e{VH$ar JwamMm YZr, JwamIr `m`mH$Sy>Z Xm{f KS>`mg Ymo_H$ amOmZ{ darc _mU{
H$m`dmhr H$amdr.
gr_m oV g_w[{ oddmX{ Jm_`m{` m{:$&

`{>{ _mog Z`{gr_m gwH$me{fw g{Vfw $w &&245&&
Xm{Z Jmdm`m oed{odf`r dmX C[ Pm`mg `{> _mgmV gma{ amZ [> oXgV{. ]mY
dm `mM{ Ade{f CKS> hm{VmV. Aemd{ir dmXmMm oZU` H$amdm.
gr_mdjm Hw$duV `JmY

{ mWqH$ewH$mZ$&
em_crgmcVmcm jrnaUd [mX[mZ$&&246&&
Jw_md{U
y ododYmZ e>_rdrWcmoZ$M &
eamHw$OH$Jw_m VWm gr_m Z ZòV$&&247&&
Xm{Z JmdmVrc erd oZoV AmoU gwaojV Agmdr hUyZ gr_{da dS>, q[[i, gmdar
gmc, VmS>, MrH$ X{Uma{ dj (]m^yi, C]a, e{dJm) PwSw>[mZ{ dmT>Um`m dZ[Vr, d{iyM{ H$ma,
_Zw_oV
[ 429 ]
8 253
^y_rda gdUm`m H$mQ>{ e{dar, gamQ>{ Aem dZ[Vr `mMr X cmJdU oed{da H$amdr. Vr amImdr
hUO{ gr_m oZoV amhVmV.
Aer dohdmQ>M Ag`mZ{ Jmdm^m{dVr MmJcr PmS>r ghO[U{ ahmV Ag{. Jmd Amam{`
g[ XyfU_w$ amhr.
A_Zm{@WroZ Jm{dmcmVwfm^_ H$[mocH$m:$&

H$arfo_>H$mmamN>H$ am dmcwH$mVWm$&&248&&
XJS>Jm{Q>{, hmS>{, e{[Q>mM{ Jm|S>{, Vyg âc{cr Im[a{, e{Ur, odQ>m, H$m{ig{, OmS> dmiy
B`moX Jm{>r oed{da ghOmghOr H$m{Um`m cjmV `{Uma Zmhr, Aem arVrZ{ [w$Z R>{dm`m. `m dVy
_mVrer o_giyZ OmV Zg`mZ{ (o[T>mZo[T>m) oed{`m _`mXm H{$hmoh cjmV `{D$ eH$VmV.
`m Jm{>tMm C[`m{J oVoXZr gdmZmM hm{V Ag`mZ{ [wH$im`m gmjrZ{ gr_m oZoV
H$aU{ gm{[{ OmV{.
C[N>moZ Mm`moZ gr_mocmoZ H$ma`{V$ &

gr_mkmZ{ ZUm dr` oZ` cm{H${ od[``_$&&249&&
cm{H$m_`{ gr_mkmZmodf`r ]hYm gdXm ^moV amhmV Ag`mZ{, gr_m O{W{ oZoV
hm{Vrc Aem H$mhr Jw IwUmoh H$am`m.
VS>mJm`wX[mZmoZ dm`: dUmoZ M$&

gr_mgoYfw H$m`moU X{dVm`VZmoZ M$&&250&&
`moZ Md H$mamoU H$mcmzo_Z ^j`{V$ &
VmoZ goYfw gr_m`m AH$memoZ H$ma`{V$ &&251&&
Vg{ Jmdm`m gr_{da Vir, [mUdR>{, odohar, Am{T>{ `mMr (e`V{Zwgma) oZo_Vr
H$amdr. Vg{M X{di{oh ]mYmdr. Aem IwUm H$mcm`m Am{KmV Z> hm{Um`m ZmhrV AmoU ghOmghOr
cjmV[U `{Uma ZmhrV, Aem H{$`m Om`m.
EVocZ ` { gr_m amOm oddX_mZ`m{:$&

[yd^
w `m M gVV_wXH$`mJ_{Z M$&&252&&
oddmoXV gr_m amOmZ{ `m cjUmZr oZoV H$am`m. [ydu[mgyZMr dohdmQ> AmoU
[m`mM{ CVma `md$Zoh gr_mMm oZU` cmJVm{.
òX ge` Ed `momZm_o[ XeZ${ &

gmoj`` Ed `mgr_mdmXodoZM`:$&&253&&
8 253
430 ]
_Zw_oV
hr Aer oMh{ [mhZoh eH$m CaVM Ag{c Va, gmj_mUmZ{ gr_mdmXmMm oZU`
H$amdm.
Jm_{`H$Hw$cmZm M g_j grpZ gmojU:$&

>`m: gr_ocmoZ V`m{d oddmoXZm{:$&&254&&
JmdmVrc oVo>V Hw$cdVm`m g_m{a AmoU dmoXoVdmXr`m g_j gmjrcm gr_{`m
cjUmodf`r odMmamd{.
V{ [>mVw `Wm ]`y :w g_Vm: grpZ oZ`_$&

oZ]Zr`mmWm gr_m gdmVmd Zm_V:$&&255&&
V{ gd H{$`mZVa gr_{g]Yr O{ gmJVrc `md$Z gr_m R>admdr AmoU gmjt`m
Zmdmgh `m gdmMr Zm|X H$amdr.
oeam{o^V{ Jhrdm dm pdUm a$dmgg:$&

gwH$ V: emo[Vm: d: dZ` `{ w V{ g_Og_$&&256&&
EdT>mZ{ g_mYmZ Pmc{ Zmhr Va gmj X{UmamZr J`mV \w$cmMr _mi Kmcmdr. Vm]S>r
d{ Z{gmdr. _mVr S>m{`mda R>{dmdr AmoU Am[`m gwH$VmMr ([w`{ [Umcm cmdyZ) e[W `mdr. _J
_m gr_{Mm oZU` gd_m` g_Omdm.
`Wm{${ Z Z`VV{ [y`V{ g`gmojU:$&

od[arV Z`VVw Xm`m `woeV X__$&&257&&
Aer gmj m_moUH$[U{ X{Vrc Va V{ gmjr oZXm}f R>aVmV [U (H$mhr H$maUmZ{) Im{Q>{
R>a`mg Xm{Ze{ [U XS> H$amdm.
gm`^md{ Vw Mdmam{ Jm_gr_mVdmogZ:$&

gr_modoZU` Hw$`w: `Vm amOgoZYm$&&258&&
gmjr`m A^mdr Amg[mg`m Mma JmdmVyZ (oVo>V) `$sZr amOm`m g_j
gmojoZ`_mZ{ gr_moZU` gmJmdm.
gm_VmZm_^md{ Vw _mcmZm grpZ gmojUm_$&

B_mZ`Zw`w OrV [wfmdZJm{MamZ$&&259&&
Odi`m JmdmVrc Ag{ oVo>V o_imc{ ZmhrV Va o[T>mZ o[T>m `m JmdmV
amhUm`m Hw$cmVrc cm{H$mZm odMmamd{. V{oh Z gm[S>c{ Va amZmdZmVyZ qhS>Um`m cm{H$mZm odMmamd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 431 ]
8 265
`mYmN>mHw$oZH$mJm{[mH$dVm_ycImZH$mZ$&
`mcJmhmZwN>d mrZ`m dZMmnaU:$&&260&&
[maYr, [jr_ma, JwamIr, H$m{ir, _wi{ IUyZ H$mT>Uma{, gm[ [H$S>Uma{, e{VmVrc
[mR>r_mJ{ Cac{c{ I`mdarc XmU{ d{MUma{, B`mXr dZ{MamZm odMmamd{.
V{ [>mVw `Wm ]`y :w gr_mgoYfw cjU_$&

VmWm Wm[`{mOm Y_}U Jm_`m{` m{:$&&261&&
`m ^Q>`m cm{H$mZm odMm$Z V{ gmJVrc `m_mU{, `m oMhm_mU{ amOmZ{ Xm{Z
JmdmVrc gr_mMm `m{` Vm{ oZU` H$amdm.
j{Hy$[VS>mJmZm_mam_` Jh` M$&

gm_V``m{ k{`: gr_mg{Vow doZU`:$&&262&&
e{V, odoha, Vi{, CmZ, Ka `m`m gr_m R>aodVmZm `mM JmdmVrc ^mJmVrc ^c{
cm{H$ O{ gmJVrc V{M _mU _mZyZ oZU` H$amdm.
gm_Vm{_fm ]`y :w g{Vm oddXVm ZUm_$&

gd} [WH$ [WJ XS>m amkm _`_gmhg_$&&263&&
JmdH$ar Oa `m oddmoXV modf`r Im{Q>{ ]m{cVrc Va amOmZ{ `m `{H$mcm
_`_gmhg hUO{ [mMe{ [U XS> H$amdm.
Jh VS>mJ_mam_ j{ dm ^rf`m haZ$&

eVmoZ [m XS>: `mXkmZmoeVm{ X_:$&&264&&
Ka, Vi{, CmZ, e{V `mM{ A[haU Oa H$m{Ur ]imZ{ dm ^` XmIdyZ H$arc Va
`mcm [mMe{ [U XS> H$amdm. AOmUV{[U{ Vg{ Pmc{ Va Xm{Ze{ [U XS> `mdm.
Aer AoVH$_U{ gmdY amhZ d{irM oZ[Qy>Z H$mT>cr [mohO{V. AoYH$ H$mi _`Var
J{cm H$s AZ{H$ H$maUmZr Vm{ AoYH$moYH$ o]H$Q> hm{V OmVm{.
gr_m`m_odfm`m d` amOd Y_odV$&

oXe{X@ ^yo__{Vf{ m_w[H$mamoXoV pWoV:$&&265&&
BVa H$m{U`moh C[m`mZr (gmYZmZr) gr_{g]YrMm oZU` cmJV Zg{c Va Y_
OmUUm`m amOmZ{ Vr ^y_r H$m{UmMm AoYH$ cm^ gmYyZ X{Bc V{ [maIyZ `mg mdr h{M `m{`.
Y_ OmUUmam hUO{ VQ>W, [j[mVodhrZ Agm AoYH$mar.
8 266
432 ]
_Zw_oV
Efm{@oIc{Zmo^nhVm{ Y_: gr_modoZU`${ &

AV D$d d`mo_ dm[mòdoZU`_$&&266&&
gr_m R>aod`mg]YrM{ oZ`_ odVmamZ{ gmoJVc{. AmVm oedrJmi H$aU{, A[eX
CmaU{ `m g]YrM{ oZ`_ gmJVm{.
eV ]mU_mH$w ` jo`m{ XS>_hoV$&

d`m{@`YeV { dm eyVw dY_hoV$&&267&&
]mUmcm jo`mZ{ oedrJmi H{$cr Va `mg eâ [U XS> H$amdm. `mM H$`mgmR>r
d`mg XrS>e{ dm Xm{Ze{ [U XS> H$amdm. AmoU eymg X{hXS> mdm.
BW{ `jmV dY eX dm[acm Agcm Var ]hV{H$ gd mMrZ Q>rH$mH$mamZr `mMm
AW _`y Agm H${cm Zmhr. \$Q>H{$ _ma`m[mgyZ Ad`d Vm{S>`m[`V dY eXmMr `mo gmoJVcr
Amh{.
_Zw` oOVH$m AoYH$ `m{`V{Mm oVVH$m `mMm _mZ BVamH$Sy>Z AoYH$ _mUmV amIcm
OmU{ _mZgemX>m Amd`H$ Amh{. Eadr `mJmda AmYmnaV _m{R>[{ Um gm^moiV amhU{, EH$ _mUyg
hUyZM H$m{Umcmoh _m{R>{ H$R>rU OmV{. g_mOm_`{ gwpWVr oQ>H$md`mMr Va Om{ O{W{ Amh{ Vm{ V{W{
pWa[U{ amhU{ AmoU h{ gVm{fmZ{ amhU{ A`V Amd`H$ AgV{.
XocVmZm VwN> c{I`m`m [{edmB`m CmamYmV H$mhr _mUmV AoVa{H$ Pmcm,
V{hm Vr pWVr _m{S>`mgmR>r AocH$S>{ "AQ>mogQ>r AQ>' C[ H{$cm J{cm. `mVrc AoVa{H$ dm
Xw[naUm_ Q>mi`mgmR>r [wZ: `mV Wm{S>r gwYmaUm H$$Z Amam{[rg H$mhr `m` AoYH$ma o_imc{.
VerM hr ^yo_H$m Amh{ . Vr CcQ>rgwcQ>r Pmcr Amh{ BVH{$M.
[mmeX]m Um{ XS>: jo``mo^_eZ${ &

d`{ `mXY[mmeNy>{ mXeH$m{ X_:$&&268&&
]mU jo`mg oedrJmi H$arc Va `mg [mg [U XS> H$amdm. Vg{M d`mer
dmJ{c Va [Mdrg [U AmoU eymer dmJ{c Va ]mam [U XS> H$amdm.
oej{M{ _mU CU{ AoYH$ Agc{ Var ]mUmg AJXrM _m{H$i{ gm{S>c{c{ Zmhr h{
cjmV K{`mgmaI{ Amh{. MmVwd``dWm g_mOaMZ{Mr gdmV MmJcr `dWm Amh{. Vr
gm^mimd`mMr Va h{ Ag{ oZ`_ H{$c{M [mohO{V. H$m{U`moh `dW{V [wT>{ [wT>{ Xm{f oeaVmVM.
cm{H$gmm_H$ emgZ`dWm MmJcr h{ Ia{. [U oVM{ d$[ CXma R>d{ c{ H$s _J ^>mMmar, A`mMmar,
h`ma{, ]cmH$mar, XadS>{Im{a, VH$aoh oZdSy>Z `{VmVM. hm AZw^d Am[Um gdmZm Amh{M.
_Zw_oV
[ 433 ]
8 272
`m`mc`m`m oZ`_mZwgma "A[amYr gwQ>cm Var Mmc{c, [U oZXm}fmcm oejm hm{Vm

H$m_m Z`{.' `m dada g^modV oXgUm`m oZ`_mZ{ EH$m_mJyZ EH$, ]hV{H$ gd og ^>mMmar,
Xm{f_w$ Pm`mM{ AmT>iyZ `{V{ Amh{. ge`mMm cm^ Amam{[rg o_imdm, `m oZ]YmZ{ gmmYmar dm
gmmYm`mZm de H$$Z K{Uma{, [wamd{ H{$hmoh H$m{U`moh _mJmZ{ oeoWc H$$ eH$VmV. AmoU gwI$[
oZgQy>Z OmVmV. V{hm _Zy`m oZ`_mH$S>{ _m{H$`m_ZmZ{ [mohc{ [mohO{. AmO`m oZ`_mMm gdmV
OmV Vm[ gmZmcmM hm{Vm{ Amh{. h{ Va CKS> oXgV Amh{.
g_dU} oOmVrZm mXed òVH$_{$&

dmX{ddMZr`{fw VX{d oJwU ^d{V$ &&269&&
]mUmoX VrZ g_mZ OmVrV [a[a oedrJmi H$aVrc Va (Xm{fr `$scm) ]mam [U
XS> H$amdm. [U ^mfm A`V Ag` Ag{c Va hmM XS> Xw[Q> hm{Vm{.
Ag`[Um Vr `$s AmoU OdiM{ ZmV{dmBH$ (AmB ]m[ ]m`H$m{ _wcJr) `mZm
C{eyZ Ag{c Va oejm Xw[Q> hm{V{. H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr hr oejm cm{H$ Xm{Ze{ gXwg>_`{ gmoJVc{`m
oej{`m Xw[Q> H$amdr Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. A[amYmM{ Jmo^` cjmV K{Vm Vg{ H$aU{ `m{` Amh{.
EH$OmoVoOmVtVw dmMm XmU`m oj[Z$&

oOm`m: mZw`mN>X{ OK`^dm{ oh g:$&&270&&
gdmV H$oZ> OmVrV O_c{`m EH$dUm_H$mZ{ eymZ{ Oa H$R>m{a Hw$oQ>c eX dm[ac{
Va `mMr Or^ H$m[mdr.
`{Wo{ h AWdmXM Amh{. H$R>ma{ oejm mdr Agm AW H$$ Z`{. Ag{ Q>rH$mH$ma hUVm{.
dU`dW{Vrc _`mXm H$Q>mjmZ{ amIU{ A[nahm` Ag{c Va oZ`_ Ag{ H$R>m{a AgU{ ^mJ Amh{.
Zm_OmoVJh d{fm_o^m{hU
{ Hw$dV:$&
oZj{`m{@`m{_`: eH$w dcm`{ XemJc
w :$&&271&&
eymZ{ CdoU`mMr {fmZ{ Zm_, OmV `mMm Cma H$arV qZXm H{$cr Va `m`m
Vm|S>mV Xhm]m{Q>{ cm]rMm Vm[c{cm eHy$ H$m|]mdm.
Y_m}[X{e X[}U odmUm_` Hw$dV:$&

V_mg{M`{mc d{ lm{{ M [moWd:$&&272&&
ey (dV: AkmZr Agc{cm)odmZ ]mUmcm Y_mg]Yr C[X{e H$amd`mg OmBc
Va `m`m Vm|S>mV d H$mZmV Vm[c{c{ V{c Am{Vmd{.
8 273
434 ]
_Zw_oV
lwV X{e M OmqV M H$_ emara_{d M$&

odVW{Z ]dw Z X[mm`: `mX oeV X__$&&273&&
kmZ, X{e, OmV, H$Vr dm gH$ma `mMm C{I H$$Z Oa Im{Q>{[UmZ{ AmoU
dV:odf`r`m AhH$mamZ{ A[_mZ H{$cm OmBc Va [ydu`m Xw[Q> XS> H$amdm.
`{W{ H$m{Ur H$m{Umcm, `mMm OmoVdmMH$ C{I H{$c{cm Zmhr, Va hm A[amY gd
dUmcm g_mZ g_Omdm. Ag{ AZ{H$ Q>rH$mH$mamZr _mZc{ Amh{ V{M `m{` Amh{.
H$U AmoU e`m`m ^mS>UmV H$UmZ{ e`mMr OmVHw$irM Zmhr Va X{eHw$irgwm
H$mTy>Z Adm` eXmZ{ qZXm H{$cr hm{Vr. [U H$U dV:M g{Zm[Vr Ag`mZ{ `mcm `mH$aUr
`m`mc`m[wT>{ AmUc{ Zgmd{.
H$mU dm@`W dm IO_` dm@o[ VWmodY_$&

V`{Zmo[ ]dw Xm`m{ XS> H$mfm[Umda_$&&274&&
H$mUm (oVa[{ S>m{i{ Agc{cm dm EH$mM S>m{`mMm) Hw$]S>m (`m_mU{M AmYim,
Wm{Q>m, [mJim) B`moX `J{ Agc{`mMm, V{ Vg{ Ia{M Agc{ Var, `m `JmMm C{I H$$Z H$m{Ur
qZXm H{$cr Var `mg oZXmZ EH$ H$mfm[U ([U) XS> H$amdm.
gJm_mU{ AoYH$oh oejm X{Vm `{V.{ ZgoJH$ `J{ A[_mZm[X _mZy Z`{V. h{ gwg H$V
Ym{aU `m ^yo_H{$_mJ{ Amh{.
_mVa o[Va Om`m ^mVa VZ` Jw_$&

Amjma`N>V Xm`: [WmZ MmXXX Jwam{:$&&275&&
AmB, ]m[, [Zr, ^mD$, _wcJm (_wcJr), Jw `mMm A[_mZ H$aUmamcm `m`mda
[m[ cmXyZ ]m{cUmamcm, Vg{M dmQ>{V ^{Q>c{`m Jwcm odZ`mZ{ dmQ> Z X{Umamcm, eâ [U XS> H$amdm.
g_mOm_`{ odZ`mZ{ dmJ`mMr gd` `{H$mcm Agcr, Va Vm{ g_mO g` AmoU
gwgH$V R>aVm{. `mVd Vg{ Ag`mgmR>r Aem oZ`_mMr \$ma Amd`H$Vm Amh{.
]mUjo`m`m Vw XS>: H$m`m} odOmZVm$&

]mU{ gmhg: [yd: jo`{ d{d _`_:$&&276&&
]mU AmoU jo` `m`mV ]mMm]mMr Pm`mM{ g_Oc{ Va `mV ]mUmcm
[ydugmhg hUO{ Xm{Ze{[mg [U AmoU jo`mcm _`_gmhg hUO{ [mMe{[U XS> H$amdm.
]mU gdmMm dm_r Amh{, Aem AWmMr Or dMZ{ $oMV H$m{R>{ Amcr Amh{V Vr
AWdmXm_H$ Amh{V, dmVodH$ ZmhrV h{ `{Wrc XS> H$aUmd$Z cjmV `{V{.
_Zw_oV
[ 435 ]
8 282
odQ>ey `m{ad{ _{d dOmqV oV VdV:$&

N>X{ dO U`Z XS>`{oV odoZ`:$&&277&&
d` ey dm EH$mM dUmVrc `$sMr ]mMm]mMr Pm`mg `m_mU{M (hUO{ d`mcm
Xm{Ze{[mg AmoU eymcm [mMe{[U)XS> H$amdm. H$aU EH$OmVr` Ag`mg emm_mU{ oZU`
`mdm. Ad`d Vm{S>`mMr oejm X{D$ Z`{.
_ZyZ{ ]hYm gd dU AmoU OmoV eX g_mZmWH$ dm[acm Amh{. `md$Z _Zycm
Var dU `dWm O_mda AmYmnaV Aer Ao^{V Amh{ h{ [> hm{V{.
Ef: XS>odoY: m{$m{ dm[m`` VdV:$&

AV D$d d`mo_ XS>[mòZU`_$&&278&&
AmVm da ]mMm]mMr g]Yr oejm H$er mdr V{ gmoJVc{. AmVm _mam_mar g]YrM{
oZ`_ gmJVm{.
`{Z H{$ZoMX{Z qh`m{N>{ >_Ò:$&

N>{ m` VmX{dm` V_Zm{aZwemgZ_$&&279&&
AÒ `m `m AJmZ{ doUH$mda AmKmV H$arc `mM{ V{ V{ AJ Vm{S>md{. Ag{ _ZyM{
AZwemgZ Amh{.
[moU_w` XS> dm [moUN>X{ Z_hoV$&

[mX{Z haH$m{[m[mXN>X{ Z_hoV$&&280&&
(AÒ gVm[mZ{)(doUH$mda) hmV dm H$mhr CJmarc (_marcoh) Va `mMm hmV
Vm{S>mdm. cmW _marc Va [m` Vm{S>mdm.
ghmgZ_o^{gwH$>`m[H$>O:$&
H$Q>m H$Vm>m{ oZdm`: p\$M dm@`mdH$V`V{ $ &&281&&
H$oZ> l{>mgd{ EH$mM AmgZmda ]g`mMm `Z H$arc, Va `m`m H$Q>r^mJr S>mJ
X{D$Z `mMr hmH$mc[>r H$amdr. Hw${ H$m[md{V.
Hw${ H$m[VmZm mU OmUma ZmhrV Aer XjVm `mdr. hr oejm \$maM H$R>m{a Amh{
hUyZ `{W{ Mm`m A`m`mV EH$e{ehmmam`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{`m AmX{emM{ [mcZ H$amd{.
AdoZ>rdVm{ X[mX mdm>m N>X{ `{[ :$&

Ad_y`Vm{ _{T>_deY`Vm{ JwX_$&&282&&
8 282
436 ]
_Zw_oV
H$oZ> l{>mda WwH{$c Va `mM{ Am{R> H$m[md{. _wV{c Va `mM{ qcJ H$m[md{. (dmH$S>m
hm{D$Z) Tw>J XmIdrc Va Tw>JU H$m[md{.
H{$e{fw JVm{ hVm N>X{ `{XodMma`Z$&

[mX`m{XmoT>H$m`m M Jrdm`m dfU{fw M$&&283&&
H{$g, [m`, XmT>r, _mZ, dfU `mVrc H$m{UVmoh Ad`d Y$Z Am{T>rc Va oH$Vr [rS>m
Pmcr `mMm odMma Z H$aVm, A[am`mMm hmV Vm{S>mdm.
d^{XH$: eV XS>m{ cm{ohV` M XeH$:$&

_mg^{mm Vw fpUH$mdm`dpW^{XH$:$&&284&&
H$mVS>rcm dUodUmam, a$ H$mT>Umam, `mZm eâ [U XS> H$amdm. _mg H$m[Umamcm
ghmoZH$ (AWmV gwdUmM{) XS> mdm. ApW^J H$aUmamcm X{emVyZ hmH$cyZ md{.
dZ[VrZm gd}fm_w[^m{J `Wm `Wm$&

VWmVWm X_: H$m`m} qhgm`mo_oV YmaUm$&&285&&
gd dZ[VtMm Om{ Ogm C[`m{J Ag{c, `m_mU{ dZ[VrZm [rS>m X{Um`mcm XS>
H$amdm. Aer YmaUm Amh{.
_Zw`mUm [eyZm M Xw:Im` V{ goV$&

`Wm `Wm _hXX:w I XS> Hw$`mmWm VWm$&&286&&
_Zw` qH$dm [ey `mZm Xw:I hm{Bc qH$dm d{XZm hm{Vrc Agm hma `mM{da H{$cm Va
`mZm hm{Um`m Xw:Im`m d$[m_mU{ `m{` Vm{ XS> H$amdm.
H$m{`moh moU_mmcm Xw:I X{D$ Z`{ hm Y_mMm _yc^yV ogmV Ag`mZ{
Y_emH$mamZr `m`XmZm`m odMmamV [eyMmoh g_md{e H{$cm Amh{. `m`mdaoh A`m` hm{Vm
H$m_m Z`{. Aer >r R>{dcr Amh{. `m_wi{ d{J`m OrdX`m_S>imMr Amd`H$VmM Cac{cr ZhVr.
Amd[rS>Zm`m M mUem{oUV`m{VWm$&
g_wWmZ`` Xm`: gdXS>_Wmo[ dm$&&287&&
AmKmVm_wi{ `m Ad`dmcm Oer [rS>m Pmcr Ag{c, dU Pmcm, a$md Pmcm,
(_m{S>c{ B`moX) Va `m_mUmV `m`m C[MmamgmR>r hm{Umam gd `` ^$Z `mdm. da `m{` XS>
`mdm.
`moU qh`mm{ `` kmZVm{@kmZVm{@o[ dm$&

g V`m{[mX`{mwq> amk{ Xm Vg__$&&288&&
_Zw_oV
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8 294
dVyMr H$iyZ Z H$iyZ _m{S>Vm{S> Pmcr Ag{c Va Vr gd Y`mcm _m` hm{Bc BVH$s
^$Z mdr AmoU V{dT>{M YZ (XS> hUyZ) amOmg md{.
M_Mmo_H$^mS>f{ w H$m>cm{>_`{fw M$&

_y`m[mJwUm{ XS>: [w[_yc\$c{fw M$&&289&&
H$mVS>{, H$mVS>r ^mS>r(dVw), cmHy$S>, _mVr `mMr [m{, \y$c,_yi,\$i `mMm Zme
H$aUmamZ{ `m`m _y`m`m [mM[Q> XS> amOmg mdm.
Y`mMroh hmZr ^$Z mdr Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamM{ _V Amh{ V{ `m{` Amh{.
`mZ` Md `mVw `mZdmo_Z Ed M$&

XemoVdVZm`mh: e{f{ XS>m{ odYr`V{$&&290&&
dmhZ MmcodUmam (gmaWr) YZr `m`m g]YmV [wT>rc cm{H$mV gmoJVc{`m Xhm
Jm{>r dJiyZ BVa odf`mV XS> hm{Vm{.
oN>Zm`{ ^`wJ{ oVòV_wImJV{$&

Aj^{ M `mZ` MH$^{ VWd M$&&291&&
N>X{ Z{ Md `mUm `m{a`m{VWd M$&
AmH$XZ{ Mm`[hroV Z XS> _Zwa]wd rV$&&292&&
d{gU VwQ>cr, Oy _m{S>c{, JmS>r dmH$S>r Pmcr, g_m{aMm _mUyZ [wTy>Z AJmda Amcm,
AmI _m{S>cm, MmH$ VwQ>c{, dhmZmMr BVa H$mhr AJ{ _m{S>cr, VwQ>cr, H$mgam, Mm]yH$ VwQ>cm, ""H$S>{cm
hm'' Ag{ Am{aS>V AgVmZm Hw$Ur V{ E{Hy$Z gaH$cm Zmhr, Va (`m Xhm Jm{>r_wi{ Pmc{cm A[KmV)
XS>mg [m Zmhr Ag{ _Zy hUVm{.
gd Xm{f dmhZ MmcH$mH$S>M
{ Z X{`mMm hm g_Vm{c cjUr` Amh{. dmhZmMr _hdmMr
gmar AJ{ C{oIcr Amh{V.
`m[dVV{ `w` dJw `mmOH$` Vw$&

V dm_r ^d{S>m{ qhgm`m oeV X__$&&293&&
dmhZ H$cS>{c H$m{gi{c AmoU `m A[KmVmV H$m{Umg _ma cmJ{c, Hw$Ur Km`mi
hm{Bc, H$m{UmMr h`m hm{Bc Va (mOH$) dmhZ MmcH$mMm YZr Xw[Q> XS>mcm m hm{Vm{.
mOH M{X^
d{Xm: mOH$m{ XS>_hoV$&
`w`Wm: mOH{$@Zm{ gd} XS>m: eV eV_$&&294&&
8 294
438 ]
_Zw_oV
gmaWr Am (oeojV Ag{c Va) `mcm XS> hm{Bc. gmaWr oeojV Zg{c Va Vm{
dV:, `mcm Zm{H$arg R>{dUmamcm hm{Bc. `m Mmc`m JmS>rZ{ BVa H$m{Umg XwIm[V Pmcr Va JmS>rV
]gc{`m gdmZm `{H$s eâ [U XS> H$amdm.
`m JmS>rV ]gmd`mM{ Vr YS>YmH$Q> AmoU MmcodUmam AZw^dr AoYH$V Amh{ H$s
Zmhr h{ XjV{Z{ [mhU{ dmemM{ H$V` Amh{. V{ Pmc{ Zmhr hUyZ hr oejm.
g M{mw [oW g: [ewo^dm aW{Z dm$&

_m[`{mU^VV XS>m@{ odMmnaV:$&&295&&
dmgmV Jm`rgmaI{ [ew dm Xwgam H$m{Ur aW dmQ>{V AmS>dm Amcm Va (`mcm Q>$a Z
X{`mM{) H$me` gma`mZ{ XmIodc{ Zmhr Va Xwgam H$mhr odMma Z H$aVm gma`mg XS> H$amdm.
_Zw`_maU{ oj MmadpH$p]f ^d{V$ &

mU^gw _hdY Jm{JOm{>h`moXfw$&&296&&
JmS>rdmZm`m Xm{fm_wi{ _Zw` _a{c Va `m Xm{fmZ{ MmcH$mcm (Cm_gmhgmMm)
EH$gh [U XS> H$amdm. Jm`, hmr, CQ>, Km{S>m Ag{ mUr JmS>r_wi{ _aU [mdc{ Va [ydu`m oZ_m
hUO{ _`_gmhg XS> H$amdm. ([mMe{ [U)
jwH$mUm [eyZmVw qhgm`m oeVm{ X_:$&

[mmemw ^d{S>: ew^f{ w _J[ojfw$&&297&&
jw [ey _mac{ OmVrc Va Xm{Ze{[U XS>, ew^H$maH$ [ew[jr (hnaU, [m{[Q>) _{c{ Va
[mg[U XS> H$amdm.
JX^mOmodH$mZm Vw XS>: `m[m_mofH$:$&

_mofH$Vw ^d{S>: gyH$aoZ[mVZ{$&&298&&
JmS>rImcr JmT>d, e{ir, _|T>r, oMaS>cr Va [mM _mofH$ XS> AmoU Sw>$a, Hw$m _{c{
Va EH$ _mf.
h{ _mf hUO{ am` _mf Amh{V Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
^m`m [w Xmg {`m{ ^mVm M gm{Xa:$&

mm[amYmVmS>m: `y adm d{UXw c{Z dm$&&299&&
[Zr, _wcJm, Xmg, oe`, gIm YmH$Q>m ^mD$ `mZr MwH$m H{$`mg `mZm Xm{ar dm
N>S>rZ{ VmS>Z H$amd{.
_Zw_oV
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8 305
[>VVw eara` Zm{m_m{ H$WMZ$&

AVm{@`Wm Vw haZ m: `mmaoH$p]f_$&&300&&
darc cm{H$m`m Xm{fmgmR>r `m`m [mR>rda _mamd{. S>m{`mda H$Yr _m$ Z`{. BVa
_ma oX`mg Mm{amgmaI{ Xm{f cmJVmV.
earam`m [mR>rMm H$Um hUO{ [>XS >mMm _mJMm ^mJ, _mJMr _mS>r [m{Q>`m h{ Ad`d,
`m`m _mgcV{Z{ V{ ]`mM Aer VmS>Zj_ AgVmV AmoU AmKmV ghZ H$$ eH$VmV.
Ag{ _maU{ YmH$ ]g`m`m >rZ{ C[`w$ AgV{. `mMm YmH$ dmQ>V Zmhr `m`m
eXmcm H$mhr _hd ahmV Zmhr. hUyZ H$R>m{a dmQ>c{ Var _wimVM dm__mJmcm Z cmJU{ `mZ{ e`
hm{V{. Y`mJw`m dV:darc AoYH$mamMr OmUrd amhV{. dmJU{ gwYmaV{. S>m{`mdarc AmKmV mU
K{Umam R> eH$Vm{ hUyZ Vm{ d`.
Efm{@oIc{Zmo^hVm{ XS>[mòZU`:$&
V{Z`mV: d`mo_ odqY XS>odoZU`${ &&301&&
_mam_mar, A[KmV `m g]Y rM{ oZ`_ gmoJVc{. AmVm Mm`H $_modf`r `m{` Vm{ XS>odYr
gmJVm{.
[a_ `Z_moV>{ V{ZmZm oZJh{ Z[:$&

V{ZmZm oZJhmX` èm{ am> M dYV${ &&302&&
Mm{ar Z hm{D$ X{`modf`r amOmZ{ \$ma `ZmZ{ Xj Agmd{. Mm{`m Wm]`m H$s amOmM{
è dmT>V{, am` lr_V hm{V{.
A^`` oh `m{ XmVm g [y`: gVV Z[:$&

g nh dYV{ V` gXdm^`XojU_$&&303&&
`m`m am`mV gd H$maMr oZ^`Vm AgV{ Vm{ amOm gdXm [y` R>aVm{. OmajU
OUw EH$ _m{R>m `k Amh{. oZ^`VmoX OUw `m `kmVrc XojUm Amh{.
gdVm{ Y_fS>^mJm{ amkm{ ^doV ajV:$&

AY_mXo[ fS>^mJm{ ^d`` ajV:$&&304&&
OmM{ (gdVm{[na) ajU H$aUm`m amOmcm O{Z{ H{$c{`m Y_mMm ghmdm ^mJ
([w`$[mZ{) o_iVm{. ajU Z H$aUm`m amOmcm AY_mMm ([m[mMm) ghmdm ^mJ o_iVm{.
`XYrV{ ÒV{ `XmoV `XMoV$&

V` fS>^mJ^mJmOm g`^doV ajUmV$&&305&&
8 305
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_Zw_oV
O{Z{ H{$c{cr A``Z, `k, XmZ, [yOm Aer ([w`) H$_} `mMm ghmdm ^mJ amOmcm
Oa Vm{ OmajU `m{àrVrZ{ H$arc Va o_iVm{.
O{M{ gdVm{[na ajU h{M amOmM{ H$V` Amh{. V{ `mM{ [w`H$_ Amh{. `mcm dV:cm
dV[U{ H$mhr oZ`H$_ H$a`mMr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr. O{`m Y_H$`mVrc [w`mMm ghmdm ^mJ
(gmS>{gm{im Q>{$) `mcm Am[m{Am[ o_iVm{. amOm am` Mmcod`mgmR>r _m{H$im amhVm{. gd d{i X{D$
eH$Vm{.
ajY_}U ^yVmoZ amOm ``m KmV`Z

ÒV{@hah`k: gheVXojU:$&&306&&
Om{ amOm O{M{ Y_mZ{ ajU H$aVm{ AmoU O{ A[amYr Amh{V `mZm Xm{fmZwgma _`wXS >oh
`m`mZ{ X{Vm{, `m amOmcm oVoXZr EH$ cj [`mMm _m{R>m `k H{$`mM{ [w` cmJV{.
Vm{ OUw oVoXZr EH$ cmI XojUm X{dodUmam `k `hr H$aVm{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
`m{@aj]oc_mXm{ H$a ewH$ M [moWd:$&

oV^mJ M XS> M g gm{ ZaH$ dOV{ $ &&307&&
O{M{ ajU Z H$aVm O{[mgyZ ]oc, H$a, ewH$, oV^mJ, AmoU XS> K{Vm{ Vm{ amOm
dnaV ZaH$mg OmVm{.
]oc o[H$mMm ghmdm ^mJ.
H$a Am`H$amoX
ewH$ `m[mamg]YrM{ Mm`mVrc ewH$.
oV^mJ Ym`mòVna$ e{V_mcmVrc ^mJ. CXm. \w$c{,\$i{, ^mOr B`moX.
AaojVma_mma ]ocfS>^mJhmnaU_$&
V_mh: gdcm{H$` g_J_chmaH$_$&&308&&
ajUmM{ H$V` [ma Z [mS>Vm, Om{ amOm gJi{ H$a _m gJohV H$aVm{, Vm{ OmOZmMr
gd [m[{ , Xm{f drH$maVm{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
AZd{ojV_`mX ZmpVH$ odcw[H$_$&

AaojVma_mma Z[ odmXYm{JoV_$$ &&309&&
`m`mH$Sy>Z H$m{U`m (em) _`mX{Mr A[{jm ZgV{, Om{ ([acm{H$ Ba
H$_od[mH$ [wZO_ _mZrV Zmhr Agm) ZmpVH$ Amh{,(O{cm) cwQ>Umam Amh{, ajU Z H$aUmam
Amh{, Im]y (^>mMmar) Amh{ Agm amOm AYm{JVrcm OmVm{.
_Zw_oV
[ 441 ]
8 315
AYmo_H$ oo^`mò ZJ
r`m`ZV:$&
oZam{YZ{Z ]Y{Z ododY{Z dY{Z M$&&310&&
AYmo_H$mcm (A[am`mcm) VrZ H$mamZr ( O{ `m` Amh{V) `Z[ydH$ [H$S>md{.
VwJmV Q>mH$md{, ]mYmd{ (]{S>m B`mXrZr) dm hmV[m` B`moX Ad`d Vm{S>`m[mgyZ _`wXS>m[`V
oejm mdr.
oZJhU
{ oh [m[mZm gmYyZm gJh U
{ M$&
oOmVm` Bd{`mo^: [y`V{ gVV Z[m:$&&311&&
oO `m_mU{ `kmoXZr [od hm{VmV, `m[_mU{ amO{oh [mV`mZm XS> X{U{ AmoU
gmZmZm gm^miU{ `m H$m`mZ{ [mdZ hm{VmV.
jV` ^wUm oZ` oj[Vm H$moÙm ZUm_$&

]mcdmVwamUm M Hw$dVm ohV_m_Z:$&&312&&
dV: ohV gmYw BpN>Um`m amOmZ{ Amj{[ K{Uma{ H$mù (dmoXoVdmXr) ]mc, d
AmoU am{Jr `mMr ]m{cUr Z{h_r ghZ H$amdr.
gd dmXoddmXmV S>m{H{$ emV R>{dmd{.
`: ojm{ _f``mVV{Z dJ} _hr`V{$&

`dd`m j_V{ ZaH$ V{Z JN>oV$&&313&&
Xw:oIVmZr K{Vc{c{ Amj{[ (qZXm) Om{ ghZ H$aVm{, Vm{ dJmV _hd [mdVm{. Om{
E{`_XmZ{ gm{erV Zmhr Vm{ ZaH$mV OmVm{.
A`V Xw:Ir H$>r _mUgmMm Vm{c OmU{ dm^modH$ Amh{. amOmZ{ dom g_Vm{cM
amIcr [mohO{.
amOm V{ZZ{ JV`m{ _w$H{$e{Z Yr_Vm$&

AmMjmU{Z VV{`_{dH $_m@p_ emoY _m_$&&314&&
H$Y{ZmXm` _wec cJwS> dm@o[ ImoXa_$&
eq$ Mm{^`VVrUm_m`g XS>_d{ dm$&&315&&
ehm`m Mm{amZ{ amOm[wT>{ H{$g _m{H$i{ gm{Sy>Z gm_m{a{ Omd{. _r h{ Mm`H$_ H{$c{ Amh{.
_cm oejm H$a Ag{ hUmd{. `md{ir Mm{amZ{ dV:`m Immda _wgi, IamM{ XmS>H{$, Xm{hrH$S>{ Yma
Agc{cr VrU eo$ dm cm{IS>r cm] XmS>m K{D$Z Omd{.
8 315
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_Zw_oV
Mm`H$_mMm Vrd [mmm[ Pm`mM{ h{ dVZ Amh{.
emgZmm od_m{jmm V{Z: V{`mo_w`V{$&

Aemogdm Vw V amOm V{Z`mZm{oV oH$p]f_$&&316&&
oejm Pmcr dm amOmZ{ gm{Sy>Z oXc{ Va Mm{a Mm{ar`m Xm{{fmVyZ _w$ hm{Vm{. [U emgZ Z
H$aUm`m amOmcm _m Mm{arM{ [m[ cmJV{.
H{$di A[amYmMm drH$ma H$aU{ [wa{g{ Zmhr.A[amYmM{ d$[ OmUyZ VXZw$[ XS>
PmcmM [mohO{. V{ Z H$aVm gmO` XmIodU{ AZwoMV Amh{. ò$ Eadr MmJcr Amh{, A[amY Vgm
jwH$ Amh{ Ag{ Ag{c VaM gm{Sy>Z md{.
AmX{ Û
y hm _mo> [`m ^m`m@[MmnaUr$&
Jwam oe` `m` V{Zm{ amOoZ oH$p]f_$&&317&&
^yUh`m H$aUmam, `mM{ A ImUmamda, ò^MmnaUr [Vrda, oe` AmoU `kH$V}
Jwda, Mm{a amOmda Am[cr [m[{ Q>mH$VmV.
H$m{UmM{ [m[ H$m{Umg ]mYV{ V{ `{W{ [> H{$c{ Amh{. oe` Am[`m MwH$mM{ [m[ Jwda
Q>mH$Vm{ H$maU `mcm ZrQ> diU cmd`mM{ Xmo`d Jwda Amh{. Ò_mZmM{ MwH$c{ Va [wam{ohVmH$S>{ Xm{f
OmVm{. H$maU H$_ `WmgmJ H$a`mM{, H$adyZ K{`mM{ H$m_ `mM{ Amh{. [Zrcm oZòV R>{d`mM{
H$m_ [VrM{ Amh{. h{ oVK{ Am[m[`m H$V`mg MwH$c{, `mZr cj oXc{ Zmhr, `m{` V{ gmoJVc{ Zmhr,
hm `mMm _m{R>m Xm{f Amh{. ^yUh`m H$aUmamH$S>{ O{dUmam _m AkmZr Agy eH$Vm{. [U [ydu`m
OrdZ[VrV Aer [m[{ ghgm c[yZ amhmV ZgV.
amOo^YV XS>mVw H$dm [m[moZ _mZdm:$&

oZ_cm: dJ_m`mpV gV: gwH$ oVZm{ `Wm$&&318&&
gH$`{ H$aUma{ gmZ Og{ dJmV OmVmV, `m_mU{M [m[{ H$aUma{oh Oa amOmH$Sy>Z
hm{Umar `m{` Vr oejm ^m{J`mZ{ ew hm{D$Z dJmg OmVmV.
`Vw amw KQ> Hy$[ma{om `: [m_$&

g XS> mZw`m_mf V Vp_g_mha{V$ &&319&&
odohardarc Xm{ar, [m{ham Mm{acm, [mU[m{B \$m{S>cr Va `mcm EH$ _mgm (gm{Z{) XS>
H$amdm AmoU Xm{ar [m{ham [aV `mdm. [mU[m{BMr hmZr ^$Z `mdr.
Ym` Xe`: Hw$^{`m{ haVm{@òYH$ dY:$&

e{f@{ `{H$mXeJwU Xm`V` M VZ_$&&320&&
_Zw_oV
[ 443 ]
8 325
Xhm Hw$^ dm `mhZ AoYH$ Ym`mM{ Om{ A[haU H$arc `mMm dY H$amdm. _mU CU{
Ag{c Va Mm{ac{`m Ym`m`m AH$am[Q> XS> H$amdm. H$m{U`moh H$mamV Y`mMr hmZr ^$Z mdr.
VWm Yna__{`mZm eVmXòYH{$ dY:$&

gwdUaOVmXrZm_wm_mZm M dmgg_$&&321&&
H$mQ>mda Vm{c`m OmUm`m gm{Z{ MmXr `mgma`m dVy AmoU Cm_ d{, eâhZ
AoYH$ _mUmV Mm{a`mg `mg dYXS> mdm.
Cm_ d{, a{e_r [rVm]a, emcy, [R>Ur emcr B`mXr.
dYXS> hm `{H$d{ir _`wXS>M AgVm{ Ag{ Zmhr. Q>rH$mH$mamZr ZmH$ H$mZ hmV [m`
]m{Q>{ B`moX Ad`d Vm{S>U,{ AgmM AW ]hVH{ $ oR>H$mUr H{$c{cm Amh{. _`wXS > hr AWmVM AoYH$moYH$
H$R>m{a oejm Amh{.
[mmeVdòYH{$ hVN>X{ Zo_`V{$&

e{f{ d{H$mXeJwU _y`mS> H$[`{V$ &&322&&
[mgm[{jm AoYH$mMr Mm{ar H{$`mg hmV Vm{S>`mMr oejm. `m[{jm Wm{S>mg
_y`m`m AH$am[Q> XS>.
[wfmUm Hw$crZmZm ZmarUm M ode{fV:$&

_w`mZm Md aZmZm haU{ dY_hoV$&&323&&
Hw$crZ [wf, ode{fV: o`m, _wI aZ{ (oham, [mM,Zrc, _moUH$) `mM{ A[haU
H$aUm`mMm dY H$amdm.
_hm[eyZm haU{ emUm_mfY` M$&

H$mc_mgm H$m` M XS> amOm H$[`{V$ &&324&&
_m{R>{ [ey (hmr,Km{S>m, ]c, Jm`) e{, AmfY{, Mm{aUmamg H$mi AmoU H$oV (KQ>Zm)
`mMm odd{H$ H$$Z amOmZ{ XS> mdm.
Jm{fw ]mUgWmgw I>naH$m`md ^{XZ{$&

[eyZm haU{ Md g: H$m`m}@Y[moXH$:$&&325&&
]mUm`m Jm{R>mVrc Jm`r Mm{aU{, JmBM{ ZmH$ Q>m{MU{ (d{gU KmcU{), Jwam`m
_mJ`m [m`mZm AmKmV H$aU{, [ey [iodU{ Aem A[amYmg AYm [m` Vm{S>`mMr oejm mdr.
8 326
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_Zw_oV
gyH$m[mgoH$dmZm Jm{_`` JwS>` M$&

XZ: jra` VH$` [mZr`` VU` M$&&326&&
d{Udw X c^mS>mZm cdUmZm VWd M$&
__`mZm M haU{ _Xm{ ^_Z Ed M $&&327&&
_`mZm [ojUm Md Vc` M KV` M$&
_mg` _YwZd `m`[ewg^
d_$&&328&&
A`{fm Md_mXrZm_mZm_m{XZ` M$&
[$mmZm M gd}fm V_y`moJwUm{ X_:$&&329&&
gyV, H$m[yg, oH$d, e{`m, Jyi, Xhr, VmH$, XyY, [mUr ([mQ>mM{), JdV, ]m]y,
]m]y`m (d{Vm`m) dVy, _rR>, _mVr`m dVy, _mVr, amI, _mg{, [jr, V{c, Vy[, _mg, _Y,
[ey[mgyZ o_iUma{ [XmW (H$mVS>{ XmV B`moX), Im`m`m dVy, ^mV [$m{ `m`m Mm{argmR>r
_y`m`m Xw[Q> XS> H$amdm.
gd H$ma`m Mm{`mV Y`mMr hmZr ^$Z X{U{ hm oZ`_ gd Amh{M.
[w[{fw hnaV{ Ym`{ Jw_drZJ{fw M$&

A`{d[na[yVf{ w XS>: `m[mH$Uc:$&&330&&
\w$c{, ohadr Ym`{ (Am{cr H$Ug{), Jw_, d{cr, PmS>{ BVa dN> Z H{$c{cr (Z
[mIS>c{cr, Ii{ Z H{$c{cr) Ym`{ `m`m Mm{argmR>r (d$[ [mhZ) [mM JwOm (gm{`m`m) XS>
H$amdm.
[na[yVf{ w Ym`{fw emH$_yc\$c{fw M$&

oZad`{ eV XS>: gmd`{@YeV X_:$&&331&&
em{oYV Ym`, ^m`m, _wi{, \$i{, `mMr Mm{ar H$aUmam Y`m`m Zm`mVrc Zg{c Va
`mg eâ[U AmoU g]YmVrc Ag{c Va [mg[U XS> H$amdm.
hm Agm ^{X H$m H$amdm V{ cjmV `{V Zmhr. CcQ>{ AgU{ AoYH$ `m{` R>ac{ AgV{.$oMV
ZmV{g]YmZ{ `mMmoh AoKH$ma AgVm{M Ag{oh JhrV Yac{ Ag{c.
`mgmhg dd`dg^ H$_ `H$V_$&

oZad` ^d{V{` dm[``V{ M `V$&&332&&
H$mhr g]Y Ag`m_wi{ Y`m`m g_m{a ]imZ{ haU H$aU{ h{ gmhg H$_ (S>mH$m)
OmUmd{. Mm{$Z c[yZ H$mhr [iodU{, Z gmJU{, c[odU{ hr Mm{ar hm{V{.
_Zw_oV
[ 445 ]
8 336
`d{Vm`w[cmoZ `moU V{Z`{a:$&

V_m XS>`{ mOm `mq Mm{a`{X JhmV$&&333&&
Om{ gyV B`moX `{ XmZmH$naVm d{Jir R>{dcr AgVm Mm{ar H$aVm{, JhmVrc Ar
[iodVm{ `mcm W_gmhg XS> H$amdm.
XmZmH$aVm H$mT>c{`m dVyH$S>{ AoYH$ AmXamZ{ [mohc{ OmV{. hUyZ oejm Wm{S>r
AoYH$. Vg{M Aohm{`m`m Hw$S>mVrc Ar Zmhrgm hm{U{, h{ `m dVm`m >rZ{ \$ma ]mYH$. `mMr
mòm[ydH$ [whm oV>m[Zm H$aU{ ode{f H$>mM{ hUyZ `mMr Mm{ar ode{f J^ra[U{ K{Vcr [mohO{.
`{Z `{Z `Wm{Z V{Zm{ Zfw odM{>V${ &

VmX{d ha{m` `mX{em` [moWd:$&&334&&
Mm{a `m `m Ad`dmMm C[`m{J H$$Z cm{H$m`m dVy [iodVm{ `mZ{ [wZ: Vg{ H$$
Z`{ hUyZ amOmZ{ `mM{ V{ Ad`d H$m[md{. (`mZ{ Vm{ Ag_W hm{Vm{ AmoU BVamZm YmH$ ]gVm{.)
o[Vm@@Mm`: gw_mVm ^m`m [w: [wam{ohV:$&

ZmXS>m{ Zm_ amkm{@pV `: dY_} Z oV>oV$&&335&&
]m[, Jw, o_, AmB, [Zr, [w dm [wam{ohV `m[H$s Hw$Uroh AY_mZ{ dmJ{c Va `mZm
XS> H$a`mg `m{` _mZyZ amOmZ{ `mZm (oZ`mZ{) XS> H{$cm [mohO{.
dH$s` dm g]oYVmH$S>{ j_m]wrZ{ dm C[{j{Z{ [mh Z`{.
H$mfm[U ^d{S>m{ `m`: mH$Vm{ OZ:$&

V amOm ^d{S>: gho_oV YmaUm$&&336&&
`m A[amYmgmR>r gm_m` `$scm EH$ H$mfm[U ([`m) XS> oXcm OmV Ag{c, Va
Vm{M A[amY Oa amOmH$Sy>Z KS>cm Va `mcm hOma[Q> oejm H{$cr J{cr [mohO{.
_ZyMm hm oZ`_ \$ma _hdmMm Amh{. hm oZ]Y XjV{Z{ H$m`dmhrV AmUcm Va
^>mMmamM{ _wim[mgyZ oZIXZ hm{Bc.
`$sOdi AoYH$ma gmm g[mr gm_` oV>m `m `m _mUmV AoYH$ `m `m
_mUmV `mMr cm{H$mZm o[iyZ ^>mMma H$a`mMr gYr dmT>V OmV{. amOmOdi `m gdM Jm{>r
EH$dQ>c{ `m AgVmV. hUyZ Vm{ H{$dT>moh _m{R>m ^>mMma ghO[U{ H$$ eH$Vm{. `m`m[wT>{ gJi{ gmaI{M
Ag{ da da hUyZ Vg{ dmJod`mg chmZ A[amYr gm[S>VmV, H$maU `mZm [wamd{ c[od`mM{ dm
[mcQ>od`mM{ gmYZ C[cY ZgV{. dna>mZm [wamdm oZ_mUM hm{Uma Zmhr Aer XjVm K{Vm `{V{.
`mgmR>r AoYH$ma[Xmdarc `$sH$S>{ AoYH$ H$R>m{a[U{ [mohc{ [mohO{. [wT>rc cm{H$mV hrM YmaUm
MmJcr JQ> Pmcr Amh{.
8 337
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A>m[m Vw ey` V{`{ ^doV oH$p]f_$&

fm{S>ed Vw d`` mqejo`` M$&&337&&
]mU` MVw:fo>: [yU dmo[ eV ^d{V$ &
oJwUm dm MVw:fo>Vm{fJwUodo g:$&&338&&
`m Mm{argmR>r eymcm AmR>[Q> XS> H$amd`mMm, `mMgmR>r d`mcm gm{im[Q>, jo`mcm
]mrg[Q> AmoU ]mUmcm Mmg>[Q>, eâ[Q> dm EH$e{ A>mdrg[Q> oejm mdr.H$maU ]`m dmBQ>mM{
kmZ `mg MmJc{ AgV{.
hm oZ`_ _hdmMm AgyZ _Zyda K{Vc{ OmUma{ ]mU [j[mVmM{ gd Amj{[ Xya H$aUmam
Amh{.
]mU `mJr V[dr odmZ g`_r AZmg$ Am[`m kmZodm dVZmZ{ cm{H$mZm
gXdVZmMm AmX{e X{Umam, [yU AmXe^yV Agcm [mohO{. Vm{ Oa gdgm_m`m`m [mVirda CV$Z
[m[{ H$$ cmJcm Va `mcm H$R>m{amVrc H$R>m{a emgZ hm{U{ h{M Amd`H$ Amh{. ]mU hUyZ Or
oV>m, Om{ _mZ, Om{ AmXa `mcm mdm Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{, V{ `m`m Cdc Mmna`mgmR>r AmoU
od{gmR>r. `mZ{ H{$c{`m H$>mgmR>r, `mJmgmR>r Amh{. h{ `mM{ Ym{aU gwQ>`mg Vm{ XS>mg [m R>acmM
[mohO{. `m`m JmadmgmR>r Vm{ gm`m OJVmMm dm_r Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ Oa `dhmamVoh Vg{M
_mZc{ Va _J `mZ{ Hw$UmM{ H$mhr haU H{$c{ Va `mcm Mm{a hUVmM `{Uma Zmhr. `{W{ Va `mcm
Mm{argmR>rM EH$e{A>mdrg[Q> oejm gmoJVcr Amh{. hUyZ ]mU gd OJmMm dm_r YZr Amh{
Aem AWmMr dMZ{ AWdmX Amh{ Vr H{$di ]mUdm`m JmadmgmR>r Amh{V h{ `mZmV K{Vc{ [mohO{.
`mZ{ A`moMVdmrZ{ amhmd{. g[mrMm \$ma gJh H$$ Z`{, `m>rZ{ `mMr oecm{N> dom hr AmXe
gmoJVcr J{cr Amh{. Vm{ AmMma^> Ag{c Va `mcm eym_mU{ dmJdmd{. Ag{oh hQ>c{ Amh{. `m
dMZmH$S>{ Xwcj H$$Z MmcUma Zmhr. CcQ> h{ dMZ gdmoYH$ _mU _mZyZ `m H$gm{Q>rdaM ]mUmMr
oV>m Adc]yZ R>{dcr [mohO{. ]mU hUyZ H$m{UVroh gdS> `mcm X{Vm H$m_m Z`{. A[dmX EH$
X{hXS>mMm. Xwg`m _hm`wmV O_ZrM{ gem{YH$ emk A_{naH{$Z{, aoe`mZ{ R>ma _mac{ ZmhrV. `mZm
[rS>moh Z X{Vm [idyZ Z{c.{ `mZm gwImV R>d{ Zy `mH$adr em{Y cmdyZ K{Vc{. [ohcr [ohcr AVami`mZ{
aoe`m H$m` qH$dm A_{naH$m H$m` Xm{hr oR>H$mUr O_Z emkm`m gem{YZmM{M [naUm_ Amh{V.
hUyZ EH$ odZm{X `mH$mir og hm{Vm. aoe`ZA_{naH$Z AdH$me`mZ{ Oa AVamimV EH$_{H$mg
^{Q>Vrc Va H$m{U`m ^mf{V ]m{cVrc ? O_Z ^mf{V ]m{cVrc Ag{ hQ>c{ OmV Ag{.
]mU hm VgmM kmZodkmZg[ AgVm{. `mMm Zme H{$cm hUO{, `mM{ Odirc
_Zw_oV
[ 447 ]
8 343
gdm}[`m{Jr Agc{`m od{MmM Zme hm{Vm{. hUyZ ]mUmcm e`Vm{ _`wXS> X{D$ Z`{. ]YZmV R>{dyZ
`m`m kmZmMm cm^ CR>odU{ h{M g_>r`m C[`m{JmM{ AgV{.
dmZ[` _yc\$c Xmd`W VWd M$&

VU M Jm{`m{ JmgmW_V{` _Zwa]drV$&&339&&
(Hw$ [U Zgc{`m) dZ[Vr, _wi,{ \$i{, `kmH$naVm go_Ym H$m>,{ JmB`m Mm`mgmR>r
JdV H$m{Ur H$m[yZ Z{c{ Va Vr Mm{ar hm{V Zmhr Ag{ _ZyM{ _V Amh{.
gH$_mM{ _hd gd g_mOmcm [Q>md{ hUyZ hm oZ`_ Amh{.
`m{XmmXmo`Zm{ hVmog{V ]mU{ YZ_$&

`mOZm`m[Z{Zmo[ `Wm V{ZVWd g:$&&340&&
H$m{Ur Am[U hm{D$Z `kmoXgmR>r C[`w$ dVy XmZ hUyZ X{Uma Zmhr, [U H$m{Ur Mm{ar
H$$Z `m dVy AmUrc AmoU ]mU `mMm drH$ma H$arc, AmoU `m YZmVyZ `mZ{ `k d A`m[Z
H{$c{ Var `mcm Mm{a g_Omd{.
oOm{dJ: jrUdommodjy { M _ycH{$$&

AmXXmZ: [aj{m XS> XmVw_hoV$&&341&&
dmQ>{Z{ dmg H$aUmam oO Odi H$mhr Im`mgmaI{ Zg`mZ{ Xwg`m`m e{VmVyZ
(`mcm Z odMmaVm [a[a) Xm{Z D$g dm Xm{Z _wi{ (Im`mgmR>r) K{Bc Va `mg XS> H$aU{ `m{` Zmhr.
X{hajUmgmR>r H$mhr ImU{ A[nahm` Amh{. ^yH$ `mgmR>rM cmJV{. Vm{ oZgJ Amh{.
hUyZ V{dT>r ^yH$ ^mJod`m`m>rZ{ Am[c{ Zmhr Aem [a`m`m e{VmVrc Im[XmW ImU{ Xm{fmh
Zmhr hm C{I _hdmMm Amh{. _m h{ Amigmcm Cm{OZ Zmhr. dm H{$hmoh Ag{ odZmg_oV CMcyZ
`md{, Imd{ Agm `mMm AW Hw$Ur H$Yr H$$ Z`{.
AgoXVmZm gXmVm goXVmZm M _m{jH$:$&

XmgmaWhVm M m: `mm{aoH$p]f_$&&342&&
_m{H$i{ MaUma{ [ey ]mYyZ Z{Umamcm dm (ZrQ>) ]mYyZ R>{dc{c{ gm{Sy>Z [iodUmamcm
Vg{M g{dH$ Km{S>{, aW `mM{ A[haU H$aUmamcm Mm{arMm Xm{f cmJVm{.
AZ{Z odoYZm amOm Hw$dmU: V{ZoZJh_$&

èm{@p_mZw`mm{H${ {` MmZwm_ gwI_$&&343&&
Aem arVrZ{ Om{ amOm Mm{arM{ ([yU[U{) oZÙ H$aVm{, `mcm `m cm{H$s è cm^V{
AmoU [acm{H$s Cm_ gwI m hm{V{.
8 344
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_Zw_oV
E{ WmZ_o^{gwè
mj`_``_$&
Zm{[j
{ V{ jU_o[ amOm gmhogH$ Za_$&&344&&
`m amOmcm BmM{ E{` o_imd{ AmoU Am[cr H$soV Aj` AmoU emV oQ>H$mdr
Aer BN>m Ag{c `mZ{ cwQ>m, S>mHy$, ]imZ{ A[amY H$aUma{ `mMr jUâoh C[{jm H$$ Z`{.
Aem ZrM CS>mZm dnaV H$R>m{a oejm Pmcr [mohO{. _Zw_oV OmiU{ j`M Zh{,
Va `m{` _mZ`m`m dmrZ{ AmO Ag{ A[amYr cm{H$ oZdSy>Z `{VmV AmoU g_mOmV oZ` Zd{ Km{a,
Km{aV_ A[amY `m[H$ _mUmV MT>`m dmT>`m arVrZ{ KS>V amhVmV. "am{O _a{ `mcm H$m{U aS>{' `m
`m`mZ{ `mM{ H$m{Umg ode{f dmQ>VM Zmhr.
dmXw>mmH$mamd XS>Z{ d M qhgV:$&

gmhg` Za: H$Vm odk{`: [m[H$m_:$&&345&&
oedrJmi H$aU{, Mm{ar H$aU{, H$mR>r K{D$Z _mam_mar H$aU{ Ag{ H$mhr A[amY
H$aUmam[{jm S>mHy$, cwQ>m h{ _hmZ [mVH$s Amh{V. Ag{ OmUc{ [mohO{.
S>mHy$ ge$, gKoQ>V oZX` Ag`mZ{ gm_m` ò$ `mMm oVH$ma H$$ eH$V
Zmhr. hUyZ gd Xmo`d emgH$mdaM amhV{. `m H$V`mV `mZ{ Hw$MamB H$aVm H$m_m Z`{.
gmhg{ dV_mZ Vw `m{ _fòV [moWd:$&

g odZme dO`mew od{f MmoYJN>oV$&&346&&
amOm, gmhg H$aUmamcm C[{jrc Va `mMm Zme hm{Bc. cm{H$ `mMm {f H$aVrc.
[U `mgmR>r OmZZ gmdY AmoU Xj Agc{ [mohO{V. "OmD$ m H$s, _cm H$m`
`mM{ !' `m dmrM{ Zgmd{V. A`m`mod J>m_V oZ_mU hmd`mg [mohO{. Vg{ hm{V Zmhr hUyZ
A[amYr dmr dmT>V{. AmoU emgZmVoh oVMm ghO oeaH$md hm{Vm{. Aem H$Vèy` emgH$modf`r
g_mOmV {f oVaH$ma Agcm [mohO{. AmoU Vm{ `m{` arVrZ{ dmadma JQ> Pmcm [mohO{.
Z o_H$maUmmOm od[wcmm YZmJ_V$&

g_wgO{gmhogH$mgd^yV^`mdhZ$&&347&&
o_Vm Amh{ hUyZ dm [wH$i [gm o_iVm{ `m H$maUmZ{ amOmZ{ cwQ>m, S>mHy$ `mZm gm{Sy>
Z`{. V{ XadS>{Im{a gdmgmR>rM _hm^`H$a AgVmV.
AJXr gm_m`, gmYZhrZ, [napWVrZ{ JmOc{cm _mUyg S>mH$m Q>mH$`mgmaIr _m{R>r
XwH$`{ H$$M eH$V Zmhr. H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m C[m`mZ{ `mZ{ H$mhrVar gmm g[mr oV>m m
H$$Z K{Vcr Amh{, dV:`m [mR>rer H$mhr chmZer H$m hm{BZ m gKQ>Zm C^r H{$cr Amh{, Agm _mUygM
_Zw_oV
[ 449 ]
8 350
Ag{ A[amY H$arV OmVm{. ]`mM H$mim[`V `mMr Am{iI [Q>V Zmhr. ]m{^mQ>m hm{V Zmhr. `m_wi{
emgH$mer H$mhr cmJ{]mY{oh oZ_mU hm{VmV. `mM{H$Sy>Z amOmcm gH$mam`m$[mZ{ YZmoX m hm{V
AgV{. [U Ama^r Vg{ _hd Z dmQ>`mZ{ dm A[amY c[dyZ R>{d`mMr YyVVm Ag`mZ{ Ag{ cm{H$
amO[nadmamV WmZ o_iodVmV, AmoU oZ^` hm{VmV. _J `mM{H$Sy>Z hm{Umam C[d dmT>V OmVm{. [wT>{
[wT>{ V{ AZmda hm{D$Z amOmcmM Jm{`mV AmUVmV. `md{ir \$ma Cera Pmc{cm AgVm{. hUyZ amOmZ{
A`V gmdY amohc{ [mohO{.
e oOmoVo^Jm
Y_m} `m{[`V{$&
oOmVrZm M dUmZm odcd{ H$mcH$mnaV{$&&348&&
Y_mcm (`m`mcm) AS>Wim `{V Ag{c Va `m`m oVH$mamW oOmZr (]mUmoX
oVKmZr) e C[gmd{. (H$miM Vgm Amh{ hUyZ dW amh Z`{) H$V`[mcZmg dmd amhmV Zmhr.
Agm H$mi emV amh`mMm Zmhr.
_hm^maVmZ{oh `m H$aUr "gd}dUm `{`w: edVm{ (`woYo>a)' H{$di VrZM Zmhr
Va eymgH$Q> Mmaoh dUmZr e YmaU H{$c{ [mohO{ Ag{ AmdOyZ C{oIc{c{ Amh{.
g_mOmV dWVm emVVm amI`mM{ Xmo`d m_w`mZ{ ]mU jo` d` `mM{daM
Amh{. hUyZ `mZr oZ` gmdY amhZ oVH$maj_ amohc{ [mohO{, Pmc{ [mohO{.
e_, X_, oVoVjm, emM, emoV, AmOd h{M `mM{ JwU Amh{V `m ]mUmZ{gwm
Y_ajUmgmR>r (am>m`m) ey`m [mna[`mgmR>r e CMcyZ `w H{$c{ [mohO{.Aohgm Cm_ Iar
oVMm dm[a ^m|Ji[UmZ{ gmdoH$ Pmcm Va Xw>mZm _m{H$oiH$ o_iV{. Om gd H$ma{ [roS>cr OmV{.
Am_Z [namU{ XojUmZm M gJa{$&

rodm`w[[mm M ZY_}U Z XwòV$&&349&&
dV:M{ gajU, XojUm hUyZ (XmZ hUyZ) oXc{`mMm ]imZ{ A[hma, rodmZ
]mU `mM{da `{Uma{Amc{c{ gH$Q> KmcodU{, `mgmR>r oVH$ma H$aVmZm H$m{Ur H$m{Umg R>ma H{$c{ Var
Y_m_mU{M Vm{ Xm{f ZgVm{.
AoXm{ JaXd e[moUYZm[Xm$&

j{Xmam[hVma: fS>V{ { MmVVmo`Z:$&&350&&
OmiyZ _ma`mMm `Z H$aUmam, odf X{Umam, e CJm$Z AJmda `{D$ [hmUmam,
g[mr e{V[Zr,`mM{ A[haU H$aUmam Ag{ ghm A[amYr AmVVm`r g_Omd{.
AmVVm`rMr cjU{ gmJUmam cm{H$ _yi _Zw_oV gohV{VyZ dJicm J{cm Agcm
8 350
450 ]
_Zw_oV
[mohO{. Vm{ H$YrVar AZdYmZmZ{ Jmicm J{cm. Vm{ dog>_VrVyZ `{W{, _yiMm Agcm [mohO{ Vgm
AZwH$_ X{dyZ g_mod> H{$cm Amh{. H$maU `m_wi{ [wT>M{ VrZe{EH$mdVrZe{]md cm{H$ VaM
gwgJV cmJVmV.
Jw dm ]mcdm dm ]mU dm ]hlVw _$&

AmVVmo`Z_m`mV h`mX{dmodMma`Z$&&351&&
Jw, ]mc, d dm MmJcm odmZ ]mU `m[H$s H$m{Uroh AmVVm`r Agcm AmoU
`mM{er [gJ [S>cm Va `mcm _mJMm [wT>Mm odMma Z H$aVm VmH$mi R>ma _mamd{.
h{ Ag{ Xm{fr _J ]mV: H$m{U`moh `m{`V{M{ Agm{V. Agm [mVH$s Jw Agm{ H$s
odmZ ]mU Agm{, d`mZ{ chmZ Agm{ H$s _m{R>m Agm{, Vm{ R>ma _macmM [mohO{. Eadr [a_mXaUr`
hUyZM Ad` Agc{`m ]mUmg gwm `{W{ _`wXS> gmoJVcm Amh{. Eadr `m`mH$S>{ X`m]wrZ{
{_mZ{ [hmd{ `mZm AmXamZ{ dmJdmd{. `mMr H$sd H$amdr, `mM{ H$mVwH$ H$amd{ Ag{ d`mZ{ chmZ dm
oH$Vroh _m{R>{ ,`mM{H$S>{ j_m]wrZ{ [mhmd{ Ag{ ]mcd h{oh Oa AmVVm`r Agc{ Va `mZmoh
VH$mc (gYr o_iVmM) R>ma H$amd{. `mgmR>r `m`mc`mV Om`mMroh Amd`H$Vm Zmhr. Ag{ _Zy
hUVm{.Aem gJr _mZdVmdmX AmR>dU{ h{ gwm A_mZwf Amh{. A_mZdr Amh{ `mgmR>rM AodMma`Z
Agm eX dm[acm Amh{. h{ Oa Iam{IarM `mZmV K{Vc{ J{c{ AgV{ Va qhXwWmZMm BoVhmg H$mhr
d{Jim Pmcm AgVm. H$maU gmV`m eVH$m[mgyZ qhXwWmZmda Amc{c{ Ag{ gma{ AmH$_H$ h{{ gdXm{fg[
AmVVm`rM hm{V{.
ZmVVmo`dY{ Xm{fm{ hVw^d oV H$Z$&

H$me dm@H$me dm _`wV _`w_ N>oV$&&352&&
AmVVm`r `$scm CKS> dm JwarVrZ{ R>ma _maUmamcm H$m{UVmoh Xm{f cmJV Zmhr.
H$maU (OUw) H$m{YX{dVmM `m`m (AmVVm`r`m) H$m{YmMm oVH$ma H$arV AgV{.
AmVH$dmmMm [j K{Umam \$gdm _mZdVmdmX `{W{ Zmhr. Oemg Vg{ "_m`mMmam{ _m``m
]moYV`:' h{M qhXyM{ Y_em. Xw]cV{da [mK$U KmcUmar Xmo^H$ gohUwVm `{W{ Zmhr.
[aXmamo^_e}fw dmmZ Z_hr[oV:$&

C{OZH$aX S>p N>o`dm dmg`{V$ &&353&&
[arMm odZ`^J H$aUmamcm amOmZ{ C{J C[ H$aUm`m oMmZr XoS>V H$$Z X{emVyZ
hmH$cyZ md{.
ZmH$H$mZAm{R> H$m[U{, H$[mimdaJmcmda Im{c S>mJ X{U{ hr oH$ig oVaH$ma
C[ H$aUmar oM{ Amh{V.
_Zw_oV
[ 451 ]
8 358
Vg_wWm{ oh cm{H$` Om`V{ dUgH $a:$&

`{Z _ycham{@Y_: gdZmem` H$[V{$&&354&&
`m [ar [rS>ZmVyZM [wT>{ AY_mMm OZH$ Agm dUgH$a hm{`mMm Ym{H$m dmT>Vm{. Vm{
AY_ OUw _wimdaM Kmd KmcyZ gdZmemcm H$maU hm{Vm{.
dUgH$a hm H$_mZ{ g_mOm`m gdH$ma{ odZmemcm H$maUr^yV hm{Umam _m{R>m Xm{f
Amh{. A[amY Amh{. AZwdemZ{ hm{Um`m cm^mMr `m_wi{ hmZr hm{V{. g_mO`dWm oQ>H$dm`Mr Va
AZwdemM{ ajU H$Q>mjmZ{ H{$c{ [mohO{. Aew ]rOm`m `$sZ{ H{$c{cr Y_H$`{oh oZ\$c hm{VmV
Ag{ Y_em Amh{. H$m{Ur gwYmaH$ r_wo$dmXr H$mhroh oV[moXV Agcm Var r`m [mod`mMm
odMma J^ra[U{ H{$cm J{cm [mohO{M. `mVM Hw$Qw>]`dWm AmoU [`m`mZ{ g_mOam> `mM{ gajU
Amh{. V{M ohVmM{ Amh{.
[a` [`m [wf: g^mfm `m{O`Z ah:$&

[yd_ mjmnaVm{ Xm{f: mZw`m[ydg
mhg_$&&355&&
[arer EH$mVmV g^mfU H$a`mMr gYr cm^mdr Agm `Z Om{ (Jw[U{) H$arc,
`mg [yduM{ (Vg{M )Amam{[ OmUyZ Xm{Ze{[mg[UmMm W_gmhgmMm XS> H$amdm.
`dZmjmnaV: [yd_ o^^mf{V H$maUmV$&

Z Xm{f mZw`mpH$oM oh V` òVH$_:$&&356&&
`mM{ Mna ge`m[X Zmhr Agm [wf `m{` H$maUmZr [arer g^mfU H$arc Va
`mH$S>{ Wm{S>moh Xm{f Zmhr. `mZ{ _`mX{M{ AoVH$_U H{$c{ Ag{oh hUVm `{Uma Zmhr.
[ao` `m{@o^dX{mrW}@a`{ dZ{@o[ dm$&

ZXrZm dm@o[ g^X{ { g gJh U_mZw`mV$&&357&&
Om{ H$m{Ur [wf [arcm (`m{OZm[ydH$) [mUd`mMm _mJ, amZ, XmQ> CM JdV
CJdc{`m WmZr dm ZmM{ gJ_ Aem (m`: oZ_Zw` Agc{`m) WmZr JmRy>Z g^mfU H$arV
amhrc Va _m Vm{ Xm{fr g_Omdm dm oej{g [m OmUmdm.
C[MmaoH$`mH{$oc: [em} ^yfUdmggm_$&

gh IQ>m gZ Md gd gJh U _V_$&&358&&
gmYZ, dVy X{U{ dm cmdU{, W>m odZm{X H$aU{, AcH$ma d{ (AJmdaMr) `mZm
[e H$aU{, EH$m ImQ>{da (AmgZmda) ]gU{ h{ gd odZ`^J H$aUma{ A[amY hm{V.
Aem H$mamVyZM [naM`mcm odH$V diU cmJV{. [waVr g_O Z Amc{`m VUr
Aem C[m`mZ{ ^miyZ \$er [S>VmV.
8 359
452 ]
_Zw_oV
o` [eX{ X{e{ `: [>m{ dm _f`{ m`m$&

[a[a`mZw_V{ gd gJh U _V_$&&359&&
Om{ H$m{Ur [a`m rcm AZwoMV WmZr [e H$arc, r Oa Vgm (Ag`) [e
oZ_yQ>[U{ ghZ H$arc, H$XmoMV Ag{ [eZ EH$_{H$m`m AZw_VrZ{ Pmc{ Agc{ Var Vm{ (Y_m_mU{)
odZ`^J Ag`mMmaM R>aVm{.
VrZe{ A>mdZ, VrZe{ EH$m{UgmR>m`m cm{H$mV doUc{ `m Jm{>r `m rM{ erc MmM[yZ
[mhU{ Amh{. gcJr, cJQ>, dmT>odUm`m `m oH$`m Amh{V. H$m{Ur [mohc{ Var `mV H$mhr ode{f h{Vy
Amh{ Ag{ dmQy> Z`{. ghO[U{ KS>c{ Ag{ BVamZr _mZmd{. Ag{ h{ YyV[U Amh{. EH$ [Mc{ H$s [wT>M{[wT>M{
[mD$c Q>mH$Vm `{V{. AmoU Aer gm{gc{cr cJQ> [oVVV{`m Q>m{H$mg OmD$ eH$V{. V{ H$mQw>o]H$Q>m
AohVH$a Amh{. hUyZ `{>mZr gmdY amhZ `m gcJrcm d{irM Amim Kmcmdm. AmoU o`mZm Aem
dmJ`m`m_mJ{ H$m{UVm Ym{H$m Amh{ V{ ZrQ> g_OmdyZ gmJmd{.
A]mU: gJh U{ mUmV XS>_hoV$&

MVwUm_o[ dUmZm Xmam a`V_m: gXm$&&360&&
BVa dUmM{ [wf ]mUrer AZmMma H$aVrc Va `mZm dYXS> X{U{ `m{` Amh{. r
([Zr) H$m{U`moh dUmMr Agm{, oVM{ gd H$ma{ gajU gXd Pmc{ [mohO{.
`$sM{ g_mOmM{ ode{fV: emgZmM{ h{ A`V _hdmM{ Ag{ H$V` hm{`. V{ Xj
amhZ [ma [mS>c{ [mohO{. r H$m{U`mhr dUmMr Agm{ oVM{ gdVm{[ar gajU h{ Pmc{M [mohO{.
o^jwH$m ]pXZd XrojVm: H$madVWm$&

g^mfU gh ro^: Hw$`wa oVdmnaVm:$&&361&&
o^jm _mJUma{, ^mQ>, MmaU, `kXrjm K{Vc{c{, oe[ (gwVmaJdS>r) H$_ H$aUma{,
Am[Am[`m H$m_m[waV{ H$m{U`moh rer g^mfU H$aVrc Va `mM{ oZdmaU H$a`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
Ag{ H$aU{ hm `m`m `dgm`mMm EH$ ^mJ AgVm{. hUyZ Vm{ Xm{fm[X Zmhr. [U
g`m`m odcmgr dmVmdaUmV KamV amohc{`m oZm{Jr dmgZm[roS>V o`m Aem, ZiH$m_Om{S>H$m_
aJH$m_drOH$m_ H$aUm`mH$Sy>Z Wm{S>mem gcJrZ{oh ^> hm{VmV. hUyZ AmO `m oZ`_mMm
Adc]oh gmdY amhZ gm^miyZM H{$cm [mohO{.
Z g^mfm [aro^: oVof: g_mMa{V$ &

oZofm{ ^mf_mUVw gwdU XS>_hoV$&&362&&
_Zw_oV
[ 453 ]
8 367
g^mfU H$$ Z`{ Ag{ oZf{Y[ydH$ gmoJVc{ AgVmoh Om{ [arer ]m{c{c `mg EH$
gwdU (gm{im_mg{) XS> H$amdm.
Zf MmaUXma{fw odoYZm_m{[Orodfw$&
gm`pV oh V{ ZmaroZJTy >mma`pV M$&&363&&
hm oZ`_ MmaU (H$cmOrdr ZQ>Jm`H$ B`moX o`m) Vg{M X{hodH$`mda OJUm`m
d{`m `m`m g]YmV Zmhr. H$maU h{ cm{H$ (odQ>M{Q>mH$adr) Aem ($oMV dV:`moh) o`mZm
[a[wfmcm JmRy>Z X{VmV AmoU Jw[U{ aoVH$_moX KS>odVmV.
qH$oMX{d Vw Xm`: `mg^mfm VmoâmMaZ$&

`mgw MH$^$mgw ah: doOVmgw M$&&364&&
[amdc]r Agc{cr Xmgr AmoU ]amoJUr `m`mer EH$mVr g^mfU H$a`mMm `Z
H{$cm (AmoU `mV Hw$a]wa Pmcr) Va `m [wfmcm Wm{S>mgm XS> H$amdm.
r Hw$crZ Zgcr, $[mOrdm Agcr Var oV`m BN>{od oV`meroh AZmMma
hm{Vm H$m_m Z`{. hm rdmMm _mZ `{W{ amIcm Amh{. EdrV{dr $[mOrdmM Amh{, oVZ{ AmYr AZw_oV
AmoU _mJyZ ^md Z [Q>`mZ{ Agh_oV oXcr Ag`mMroh e`Vm AgV{ hUyZ Aem d{ir [wfmcm
\$ma _m{R>m A[amYr g_O`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. `mgmR>r oejm gm`.
`m{@H$m_m Xyf`{H$`m g gm{ dY_hoV$&

gH$m_m Xyf`Vw`m{ Z dY mZw`ma:$&&365&&
Om{ H$`{da ]cmH$ma H$arc (AWmV oV`m BN>{od) `mg dnaV _`wXS> mdm.
[U gdU H$`{er oV`m BN>{Z{ aoVH$_ KS>{c Va _`wXS> X{D$ Z`{.
H$`m ÔVr_wH$> Z qH$oMXo[ Xm[`{V$ &

OK` g{d_mZmZm Vw g`Vm dmg`{XJ h ${ &&366&&
H$`m Oa da`m dUm`m MmJ`m [wfmer g]Y R>{drc Va oVcm Wm{S>moh XS> H$$
Z`{. [U H$oZ> dUm`m [wfmer gcJr H$arV Ag{c Va oVcm H$m|Sy>Z R>{dmd{ AmoU (oVMr g_OyV
Kmcmdr) oVcm g`_mMr _hVr [Q>dmdr.
H$m{U`mhr H$ma{ dUgH $a hm{D$ Z`{. oVcm{_ gH$a Va \$maM `m` hUyZ hr XjVm.
Cm_m g{d_mZVw OK`m{ XS>_hoV$&

ewH$ Xmg{d_mZ: g_mo_N>p{ [Vm òX$&&367&&
8 367
454 ]
_Zw_oV
Imc`m dUmMm [wf da`m dUm`m rcm (Vr gH$m_ ZgVm) ^> H$arc Va
dYXS>mg [m hm{Bc. gdU Ag{c AmoU oV`m o[`mZ{ _m`Vm oXcr Va `m [wfmZ{ `m{` V{ ewH$
o[`mg md{.
h{ Xm{hr gJ o[`m`m Z H$iV Pmc{c{ AgVmV. o[`mMr g_Vr Zg{c AmoU H$`m
A[d`rZ Ag{c Va [wf H$mhrgm Xm{fr R>a{c. _y` dmT>dyZ o[`mg gVw> H$aU{ e` Amh{.
Ao^f Vw `: H$`m Hw$`m[}U _mZd:$&

V`mew H$`m Ax`m XS> MmhoV fQ>eV_$&&368&&
Om{ H$`{da Cm_[U{ ]cmH$ma H$arc `mMr ]m{Q>{ Vm{S>mdr AmoU ghme{ [U XS> H$amdm.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ `m{oZjV ]m{Q>mZr H{$`mM{ JhrV Yac{ Amh{. [U Vg{ _mZ`mM{ H$maU
Zmhr. J^YmaU{M{ ^` Q>mi`mgmR>r _m $oMV [a[a hVoH$`{Z{ aoVH$_ H{$c{ OmU{ e` Amh{. [U
Ver pWVr [wT>rc cm{H$mM{d{ir g^dV{. CS> ]cmH$mamM{ d{ir hm odMma H$m{U H$aUma ?
gH$m_m Xyf`Vw`m{ ZmxocN>X{ _mZw`mV$&

oeV Vw X_ Xm`: godoZdm`{$&&369&&
gdU r H$`m gH$m_ AgyZ ^> H{$cr OmBc Va ]m{Q>{ Vm{S>`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. Xm{Ze{
[U XS> H$amdm. hUO{ [wZ: Agm AoV[gJ H$aVmZm YmH$ dmQy>Z KQ>Zm Q>i{c.
H$`d H$`m `m Hw$`mm`m: `moeVm{ X_:$&

ewH$ M oJwU XmpN>\$mdmZw`me$&&370&&
H$`mM Xwg`m H$`{cm (EH$_{H$s`m AZw_VrZ{ dmgZmVrgmR>r) ^> H$arc Va oVcm
Xm{Ze{[U XS> H$amdm. H$`{`m (]m[mcm) Xw[Q> (Mmae{ [U) X{ddmd{V. AmoU oVcm Xhm \$Q>H{$
_mamd{V.
hr g_coJH$ odH$oV Amh{. oVcm odH$V _mZgemmM{ AmYma{ dm^modH$ g_OU{
AohVH$a Amh{.
`m Vw H$`m Hw$`mr gm gm{ _mS>_hoV$&

Ax`m{ad{ dm N>X{ Ia{Um{hZ VWm$&&371&&
Or (mT>) r Hw$_marcm (AjV`m{Zr H$`{cm ]m{Q>mZr) ^> H$arc Va oVM{ dnaV
_wS>Z H$amd{, ]m{Q>{ (oVMr) Vm{S>mdrV. JmT>dmd$Z oVMr qYS> H$mT>mdr.
_mZogH$ odH$VrM{M h{ $[ Amh{ hUyZ C[{jm Z H$naVm A[amYm`m d$[mZwgma
H$m{UVr Var EH$ dm oVhr oejm m`m.
_Zw_oV
[ 455 ]
8 377
^Vma c`{m Vw r kmoVJwUXo[Vm$&

Vm o^: ImX`{mOm gWmZ{ ]hgp WV{$&&372&&
Or r Hw$c$[moX JwUmZr Jod> hm{D$Z ò^Mma H$arc, oVcm amOmZ{ âMmH$mV
gdmg_j Hw$`mH$Sy>Z Imddmdr.
[w_mg Xmh`{[m[ e`Z{ V Am`g{$&

A`mX`w H$m>moZ V X{V [m[H$V$&&373&&
([arer ò^Mma H$aUm`m) `m [m[r [wfmcm cm{IS>m`m Vm[c{`m [`mda
Pm{[dmd{ AmoU cmH$S>mZr `m [mV`mcm [yU PmHy$Z Omimd{.
gdgamoêV` Xw>` oJwUm{ X_:$&

dm``m gh gdmg{ MmS>m`m VmdX{d Vw$&&374&&
EH$ dfmZV a [wZ: (Vg{M) XwH$` H$aUmamcm Xw[Q> XS> H$amdm. [oVV r dm MmS>mcrer
g]Y R>{d`mg AgmM XS> mdm.
`{Wrc Xw[Q> XS> VrZe{gXwf> dm VrZe{ A>mUd `m cm{H$mVrc A[amYmM{ d$[
[mhZ H$amd`mMm Amh{. `{Wrc [oVV (dm`) r VrZe{ ]mg>m`m cm{H$mV dUZ H{$`m_mU{ OmUmdr.
ey Jw_Jw dm OmV dU_mdgZ$&

AJw_gddJw gd}U hr`V{$&&375&&
ey Oa Hw$cdVr oOmoV rer ò^Mma H$arc Va `mM{ Ad`d Vm{S>md{ AmoU
gdd amOV (O) H$amd{. VrM (oO r) dnaUr Ag{c Va `m eymM{ gdd (YZ Kae{V)
V{dT>{ amOV H$amd{.Ad`d Vm{Sy> Z`{.
d`: gddXS>: `mgdgaoZam{YV:$&

gh jo`m{ XS>m{ _mS> _yU
{ MmhoV$&&376&&
ò^Mma H$aUm`m d`mcm EH$ df H$mamJhmV S>m]md{. AmoU `mM{ gdd amOV
H$amd{. hmM A[amY H$aUm`m jo`mcm gh [U XS> H$amdm. AmoU `mM{ _wS>U H$amd{ AmoU `mcm
(JmT>dm`m) _ymZ{ AmKm{i Kmcmdr.
]mUt `Jwm Vw JN>V{ m d`[moWdm$&

d` [meV Hw$`mjo` Vw ghoU_$&&377&&
dnaUr Aem ]mU rer ò^Mma H$aUm`m d`mcm [mMe{ [U XS> H$amdm.
AmoU jo`mcm ( `mM _mXmgmR>r) gh [U XS> H$amdm.
8 378
456 ]
_Zw_oV
C^mdo[ Vw Vmd{d ]m`m Jw`m gh$&

odcwVm eydS>m XY`m{ dm H$Q>moZm$&&378&&
Hw$crZ ]mUrer Hw$H$` H$aUm`m d` jo`mZm eym_mU{ (cm{H$ VrZe{
Mm`mhma) XS> mdm dm JdVmV (H$Q>) [w$Z Omimd{.
gh ]mUm{ XS>m{ Jwm odm ]cmX dOZ$&

eVmoZ [m XS>: `moXN>`m gh gJV:$&&379&&
Hw$crZ ]mUrda ]cmH$ma H$aUm`m ]mUmcm gh [U XS> H$amdm. Hw$H$_ oV`m
AZw_VrZ{ KS>c{ Ag{c Va [mMe{ [U XS> H$amdm.
_mS> mUmVH$m{ XS>m{ ]mU` odYr`V{$&

BVa{fm Vw dUmZm XS>: mUmVH$m{ ^d{V$ &&380&&
(ò^MmamMr oejm hUyZ) ]mUmcm (AmYr) _wS>Z H$$Z (_J) [mU K{Umam
dYXS> X{U{ `m{` Amh{. BVa dUmVrc `$scm H{$di dYXS> mdm.
H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ ]mUmgmR>r _wS>ZmcmM mUXS> g_Omd{ Agm AW H{$cm
Amh{. [U V{ `m{` Zmhr. Ag{ hUmd{ cmJV{. H$maU AmVVm`t`m H$aUmV ]mU d` hUyZ
gmoJVcm Amh{. Vm{ H{$di OmoV]mU Zmhr Va MmJcm odmZ Amh{. _J `{W{ d{Jim AW H$a`mM{
H$maU H$m`?
VrZe{ ehmmam`m cm{H$mV jo`mcm EH$mM A[amYmgmR>r d`m`m Xw[Q> XS>
gmoJVcm Amh{. H$maU ajUmM{ Xmo`d _wimV jo`mM{ Amh{. V{ Z gm^miVm, Vm{M AZmMmamg dm
hm{Bc
Va AoYH$ oej{g [m R>acmM [mohO{. (VrZe{N>omgm`m cm{H$m_mU{) `mM `m`mZ{ ]mUmda
ZoVH$ AmXe amI`mM{ Xmo`d Amh{. Vm{M Oa CcQ> Km{a AZmMma H$arc Va `modf`r AoYH$
oVaH$ma `$ Pmcm [mohO{. hUyZ AmYr _wS>Z H$$Z A[_mZ AmoU _J mUXS> hmM H$_ `m{`.
Z OmVw ]mU h`mgd[m[{do[ pWV_$&

am>mX{Z ]oh: Hw$`mg_JYZ_jV_$&&381&&
]mU gd [m[{ H$aUmam Oar Agcm Var `mcm _`wXS> X{D$ Z`{. `mcm `m`m
gdg[mrgh X{hXS>hr Z H$aVm am`mVyZ VS>r[ma H$amd{.
`{W{ [whm CcQ> odYmZ Amc{ Amh{. V{ AWdmXm_H$ _mZmd{ H$maU ]m` ]mUm`m
Aml`mZ{ amhU{, dU`dW{`m oZ`_m_mU{ AoYH$ g^dZr` AgV{. em{ odm `moh H$V` hUyZ
]mUmZ{M g[mXmd`m`m AgVmV. ]mUmMm dY hUO{ `m`m Aml`mZ{ amhUm`m emmMm
_Zw_oV
[ 457 ]
8 383
AmoU odmMmoh Zme. Vg{ hm{U{ g_mOm`m X{em`m ohVmM{ Zmhr. hUyZ VdV: Vm{ Ad` _mZU{
Amd`H$ Amh{.hUyZ hm `{Wrc ]mU H{$di OmoV]mU Zmhr Vm{ d{Xodmg[ MmJcm ]wo_mZ,
odmZ Agm Amh{.
Xwg`m _hm`wmZVa `mMm `wmer `jA`j g]Y Amcm `m gdmZm aoe`m
AmoU A_{naH$ZmZr H$R>m{a oejm H{$cr. Jm{`m KmV`m. [U `mZr hr1, hr2 ( V1, V2) gmaIr
`mH$mimVrc ^`mZH$ e{ oZo_cr, Ag{ O{ O_Z emk hmVr cmJc{ `mZm Z _maVm Z [rS>m X{Vm
[idyZ Z{D$Z gwImV R>{dc{, AmoU `mM{ H$Sy>Z [mohO{ V{ gem{YZ H$$Z K{Vc{. (`m >rZ{ `md{ir $T>
Agc{cm EH$ odZm{X og Amh{ Vm{ VrZe{AS>oVgm`m cm{H$mdarc ^m`mV ocohc{cm Amh{.)
hUyZ ]mU Ad` hm gm_m` oZ`_ `m VrZe{E|er`m cm{H$mV gmoJVcm Amh{.
ode{f [napWVrV Vm{ ]YZH$maH$ g_O`mM{ H$maU AWmVM Zmhr. ode{fgJr ]mUoh ed`
Amh{ Ag{ _hm^maVmZ{ [>[U{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. EImm ode{f JwU`w$ `$scmM V{dT>{ gJdemV
_`wXS>m[mgyZ Xya amIVm `{Bc.
Z ]mUdYmz`mZY_m} odV{ ^wod$&

V_mX` dY amOm _Zgm@o[ Z oMV`{V$ &&382&&
`m [drda ]mU dYmgmaIm Xwgam AY_ Zmhr hUyZ amOmZ{ ]mUmMm dY H$aU{ h{
_ZmVoh AmUy Z`{.
hm da gmoJVc{`m[_mU{ gm_m` oZ`_ OmUmdm. lram_MmZ{ amdUmcm aUmJUmda
R>ma H{$c{ hUyZ `mcm ]mUdYmM{ [mVH$ cmJc{ Ag{ dUZ H$mhr mMrZ JWmV Amh{. ]mU Ad`
Amh{ `m em oZ`_mM{ kmZ am_mcm ZhV{ Ag{ _mZU{ e` Zmhr. V{ kmZ AgyZ `Z[ydH$ amdUmg
R>ma H{$c{. h{ am_MmM{ dVZ cjmV K{Vc{ [mohO{. amdUmgma`m ZrM amjgmcm oOdV R>{dU{ h{oh
jo`Y_mcm gm{Sy>ZM hm{V{. V{ Va \$ma _m{R>{ [mVH$ Pmc{ AgV{. emgVm{fmgmR>r am_mZ{ amdUdYmcm
VwcZ{Z{ chmZ [mVH$ _mZyZ `mgmR>r mòmoh K{Vc{ Ag{c. hm BoVhmg `{W{oh cjmV R>{dcm [mohO{.
"A`V Hw$dZ eydV ed`:' (_hm^maV emoV[d 65/8) ode{f WmZr
AgUmamcm ode{f gdS> dm `m{` gyQ> Zmhr. Aer emgZ`dWm H$YrM ApVdmV `{U{ e` Zmhr.
AmO cm{H$g^{V _`mda dm ode{f AoYH$ma[Xr AgUmamda Ao^`m{J (IQ>cm) âmd`mMm Ag{c
Va am`[mcmMr AmYr AZw_Vr `mdr cmJV{. hr odf_VmM Amh{.
d`{jo`m Jwm d`m dm jo`m{ dOV{ $ &

`m{ ]m`m_Jwm`m Vmdw^m XS>_hV:$&&383&&
8 383
458 ]
_Zw_oV
d` Hw$crZ jmUrer dm jo` Hw$crZ d` rer Hw$H$_ H$arc dm V{ Xm{K{ dnaUr

]mUrer Hw$H$_ H$aVrc Va `m Xm{KmZm oejm mdr.
gh ]mUm{ XS> Xm`m{ Jw{ Vw V{ dOZ$&

eym`m joòdem{: gmhm{ d ^d{_:$&&384&&
Hw$crZ Aem d`m`m dm jo`m`m rer Hw$H$_ H$aUm`m ]mUmcm EH$ gh
[U XS> H$amdm. Hw$crZ Aem ey rer Hw$H$_ H$aUm`m jo`mg AmoU d`mg EH$gh [U XS>
H$amdm.
eyr`m [mod`mM{oh emmZ{ V{dT>{M gajU H{$c{c{ Amh{.
jo`m`m_Jwm`m d`{ [meV X_:$&

_yU
{ _mS>_N>{ mw jo`m{ XS>_d{ dm$&&385&&
dnaUr jo` rer g]Y R>{dUm`m d`mg [mMe{ [U XS> H$amdm. AmoU VemM
d` rer Hw$H$_ H$aUm`m jo`mg _y cmdyZ _wS>U H$amd{ dm [mMe{ [U XS> H$amdm.
AJw{ jo`md`{ eym dm ]mUm{ dOZ$&

eVmoZ [m XS>: `mgh dÒo`_$&&386&&
dnaUr Aem jo`, d`, ey rer Hw$H$_ H$aUm`m ]mUmg [mMe{ [U XS>
H$amdm. (]mUmZ{) oO`mer Hw$H$_ H{$c{ Amh{ Vr AÒ OmVrMr Ag{c Va EH$gh [U XS>
H$amdm.
`` V{Z: [wa{ ZmpV Zm`rJm{ Z Xw>dmH$$&

Z gmhogH$XS>Zm{ g amOm eH$cm{H$^mH$$&&387&&
`m`m am`mV (ZJarV) Mm{a, [arer Hw$H$_ H$aUmam, oedrJmi H$aUmam, S>mHy$,
cwQ>m$, _mam_mar H$aUmam Ag{ A[amYr cm{H$ ZgVrc Va Vm{ amOm Bcm{H$mg Om`mMm AoYH$mar
hm{Vm{.
EV{fm oZJhm{ amk: [mmZm odf`{ dH{$$&

gm_m`H$gOm`{fw cm{H${ Md èH$a:$&&388&&
darc [mM H$ma`m A[am`mM{ (A[amYmM{) dV:`m am`mV Om{ amOm Cm_ H$ma{
oZÙ H$$ eH$Vm{, (`mZ{ `jmV oZÙ H{$c{ Amh{,) Vm{ amOm BVa amO_S>irV g_mQ>mgmaIm
g_Ocm OmVm{. gd cm{H$mV `m`m èmMr `mVr hm{V{.
_Zw_oV
[ 459 ]
8 391
A[amY KS>V amhU{ h{ emgZ`dW{M{ cmN>Z Amh{. ò^MmamgmaI{ [mVH$ Va

dUgH$aH$maH$, AZwdemZ{ ghO[UmZ{ o_iUm`m JwUmMm hmg H$aUma{ AmoU hrZ Vr`m _mUgmMr
g`m dmT>odUma{ AgV{. V{ g_mOm`m o[T>m_mJyZ o[T>m`m Zmemg H$maUr^yV hm{V{. hUyZ amOmZ{
h{ A[amY oZ[Qy>Z Z> H{$c{ [mohO{V.Mm{ar S>mH$m Ag` CQ> dVZhrAg{M AgV{. emgZmMm YmH$
BVH$m ^mdr Agmdm H$s H$m{Um`m _ZmV Ag{ H$mhr XwH$` H$a`mMr ZwgVr BN>m Oar C[ Pmcr
Var emgH$ `m`m _Zjy[wT>{ C^m amohcm [mohO{. AmoU `m_wi{ AmYrM Km]$Z `m`m hmVyZ Vg{
H$mhr KS>`mMm YraM `mg hm{Vm H$m_m Z`{. H$mocXmgmZ{ Aem EH$m ^mdr amOmM{ dUZ H{$c{ Amh{.
Vm{ hUVm{, "AH$m`qMVmg_H$mc_{d mXw^d Mm[Ya: [waVmV$& AV:eara{do[ `: OmZm_
`moXX{emodZ` odZ{Vm$&&'
F$pdO `Ò{m`m{ `m` MpdÒ{oX$&

e$ H$_`Xw> M V`m{X S>: eV g__$&&389&&
H$mhr Xm{f ZgVmZm AmoU H$_ (Ymo_H$) H$a`mg `m{` AgVm Oa Ò_mZ
Hw$c[wam{ohVmg ZmH$marc dm CcQ> C[m`m` Ò_mZmM{ Y_H$`mg ZH$ma X{Bc Va Xm{KmZmoh eâ
eâ [U XS> H$amdm.
Z _mVm Z o[Vm Z r Z [w`mJ_hoV$&

Ò[oVVmZ{Vmamkm XS>: eVmoZ fQ>$&&390&&
O{ Ymo_H$>m [oVV ZmhrV, Aem AmB]m[[Zr[w `mMm Oa Hw$Ur `mJ H$arc
Va amOmZ{ ghme{ [U XS> H$amdm.
H$`m JhWmda AmB]m[[Zr[w `m`m [mcZ[m{fUmM{ Xmo`d d^mdV:M
AgV{. V{ `mZ{ ZmH$maU{ hm gm_moOH$ A[amY Amh{. `m AmmH$Sy>Z H$mhr ode{f XwH$` KS>c{ Ag{c
Va Vr Jm{> d{Jir.
Aml_{fw oOmVrZm H$m`} oddXVm o_W:$&

Z od]`y m[m{ Y_ oMH$sfphV_m_Z:$&&391&&
(]mUmoX) oO Aml_Y_m`m Q>rZ{ `m{`m`m{` dVZmMr Am[gmV (H{$di ]moH$)
MMm dm oddmX H$arV AgVrc Va dV:M{ ohV [mhUm`m amOmZ{ `m MM}V cwS>]wS> H$$ Z`{. (`mZm
Y_ H$m` `mM{ ehmU[U oeH$od`mg dV: hm{D$Z OmD$ Z`{.) [U V{ H$aU amOm[wT>{ (oZdmS>mgmR>r)
Amc{M Va,
8 392
460 ]
_Zw_oV
`Wmh_V{ mZ`` ]mU: gh [moWd:$&

gmd{Z e_`mXm dY_ oV[mX`{V$ &&392&&
amOmZ{ (dmX H$aUm`m) `m gdmM{ `m{` dmJV H$amd{. gH$ma H$amdm. `mZm gmO`mZ{
emV H$amd{. AmoU _J (odmZ) ]mUm`m ghH$m`mZ{ `mZm `mMm `mMm dY_ g_Odmdm.
amOm emgH$ Amh{. `mZ{ AhH$mamZ{ dV:g \$ma ehmUm g_OyZ Bhcm{H$mer g]Y
Zgc{`m Ymo_H$ dmXmV Vm|S> Iw[gy Z`{. Ymo_H$ odmZmH$S>{M V{ oZU` gm{[dmd{V.gd H$ma`m
MM}M{ VmpdH$ dmXoddmXmM{oh H$mhr _hd Amh{ V{ `{W{ drH$mac{ Amh{.
moVd{`mZwd{ `m M H$`mU{ qdeoVoO{$&

Ahmd^m{O`pdm{ XS>_hoV _mfH$_$&&393&&
drg ]mUmZm (_JcH$m`moZo_m) ^m{OZ Kmcmd`mM{ Amh{. Aemd{ir Ò_mZmZ{
`mV Am[`m e{Omar amhUmam AmoU `m`m [ocH$S>{ (e{Om`m`m e{Omar) amhUmam Aem Xm{KmMm
(V{ `m{` AgVrc Va) g_md{e oZ_oVmV H{$cmM [mohO{. JhW `mZm ^m{OZ Z X{Bc Va EH$
(gwdU) _mf XS> H$amdm.
gm_moOH$ Z{hg]Y amIU{ Amd`H$ H$V` Amh{ h{ `md$Z C_JV{.e{Om`mda {_
H$am `m`mer MmJc{ g]Y R>{dm h{M `{W{ gmnJVc{ J{c{ Amh{. AmoU emgZmZ{ `mV cj Kmcmd{ Ag{
hQ>c{ Amh{.
lm{o`: lm{o` gmYw ^yoVH$`{d^m{O`Z$&

VX oJwU Xm`m{ ha` Md _mfH$_$&&394&&
(Ò_mZ) lm{r` (odmZ, d{Xm``Z H{$c{cm) AgyZ Oa `mZ{ dV:`m Ka`m
_JcH$`mV Xwg`m gXmMmar lm{o`mg ^m{OZmW oZ_oV H{$c{ Zmhr Va (amOmZ{ `mg) Xw[Q> A
(oeYm) `m odmZmg X{ddmd{. AmoU da EH$ gwdU_mf XS> H$amdm.
O{dUmgmR>r H$m{Umcm ]m{cdmd{ hr AmVm H{$di dò$H$ Jm{> _mZcr OmV{. [U
Am_oVmMr g`m odgm`mda AgVm e{OmaY_ AmoU odmZmMm g_mXa `mM{ `m{` arVrZ{ [mcZ
Pmc{ [mohO{ VaM Vm{ _Zw`F$UmVyZ _w$ hm{Vm{. dV:M{ amJcm{^ _`moXV amhVmV. gmO` dmT>V{
[`m`mZ{ g_mO emV, g_mYmZr amhVm{.
AYm{ OS>: [rR>g[u g`m Woda `:$&

lm{o`{f[y Hw$d Z Xm`m: H{$ZoMH$a_$&&395&&
_Zw_oV
[ 461 ]
8 399
AY dm _wH$m (d{S>m), [mJim (KgaV OmUmam), gma dfmdarc d, lm{o`mZm

YZYm`moX od[wc[U{ X{Umam `mM{[mgyZ amOmZ{ H$a K{D$ Z`{.
lm{o` `moYVmmm M ]mcdmdqH$MZ_$&

_hmHw$crZ_m` M amOm g[O
y `{gXm$&&396&&
d{X[maJV odmZ, am{Jr, gH$Q>JV, ]mc, d, [yU[U{ oZYZ, oVo>V Hw$Qw>]mVcr
ò$, gXmMmar _mUyg `mM{ amOmZ{ gXd [yOZ H$amd{.
gH$ma H$amdm. `m`m AS>MUtM{ oZdmaU H$amd{. `mZm `m{` C[Mma o_iVrc,
ghm` o_i{c `mcm AZmW dmQ>Uma Zmhr, dmcm [mohO{ Vgm AmYma cm^{c, Xnam`m A
doZdm`mMr gm{` hm{Bc
. Hw$cdVmcm gmZmcmM g_mZ o_i{c Aer `dWm emgZmV Agmdr.
Umc`{, ]mcJh{, dml_, ]{H$ma^mm, [Xdr [waH$ma h{ AocH$S>rc gd H$ma _Zy`m AmX{emM{M
ZdmdVma Amh{V.
em_cr\$cH{$ cU{ Z{oZ`mZ{OH$: eZ:$&

Z M dmgmog dmgm{oôZha { M dmg`{V$ &&397&&
[aQ>mZ{ gmdar`m IaIarV Zgc{`m (X) \$irda hiwdma[U{ H$[S>{ Ywdmd{V. EH$mMr
d{ Xwg`m dmZr ^$Z X{D$ Z`{V. Xwg`m`m dmMm H$m{Umcm dm[a H$$ X{D$ Z`{.
d{ Am[Qy>Z IaIarV WmZr YwVcr Va cmH$a \$mQ>VmV. dmMm C[`m{J dV: H$aU{
dm H$m{Umcm H$$ X{U{ Vg{M dmMr AmcQ>m[mcQ> H$aU{ \$ma AZwoMV. Aem MwH$m H$aUmam [arQ> EH$
gwdU _mf XS>mg [m hm{Vm{. Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
VVwdm`m{ Xe[c XmX{H$[cmoYH$_$&

AVm{@`Wm dV_mZm{ Xm`m{ mXeH$ X__$&&398&&
odUH$amZ{ Xhm[c ^mamM{ (gyV K{D$Z) AH$am [c ^mamM{ H$m[S> oXc{ [mohO{. Ag{ Z
H$arc (^ma KQ>drc) Va `mg ]mam [U XS> H$amdm.
gyV odUVmZm `mg Ii cmdmdr cmJV{. hUyZ gwVm[{jm H$m[S>mM{ dOZ dmT>V{. gyV
X{UmamMr hmZr ^$Z X{U{ h{ Va Am{KmZ{ Amc{M. Vm{ gm_m` oZ`_ Amh{.
ewH$WmZ{fw Hw$ecm: gd[òdMjUm:$&

Hw$`wa K `Wm[` VVm{ qde Z[m{ ha{V$ &&399&&
ewH$ (`m[mamdarc H$a) oH$Vr H$gm `mMr OmU Agc{c{ AmoU gd H$ma`m
H$òdH$`mV O{ Hw$ec MVwa Ag{ `m[mar _mcmM{ _y` R>aodVrc `m_mU{ `dhma H$aVrc AmoU
cm^ o_idVrc. `mVrc odgmdm Ae (5%) amOmZ{ H$a hUyZ `mdm.
8 400
462 ]
_Zw_oV
amk: `mV^mS>moZ oVofmoZ `moZ M$&

VmoZ oZhaVm{ cm{^mgdhma ha{[ :$&&400&&
amOm`m Amd`H$V{Mm _mc AmoU ]mh{a [mR>od`mg ]Xr H{$c{`m dVy `mMr Om{
cm{^mZ{ oZ`mV H$arc `m `m[m`mM{ gdd amOV H$amd{.
ewH$WmZ [nahaH$mc{ H$òdH$`r$&

o_`mdmXr M g`mZ{ Xm`m{@>JU
w _``_$&&401&&
ewH$WmZ (OH$mVZmH$mK>Hw$Q>r) MwH$dyZ OmUmam, AH$mcr (amrM{ d{ir Jw[Mw[)
_mcmMm H$òdH$` H$aUmam, Im{Q>{ ]m{cUmam (_mcm`m X{`mK{`mV \$gdUmam) `mZm `m`mH$Sy>Z
oZ`_m_mU{ `md`m`m H$am`m AmR>[Q> XS> H$amdm.
AmJ_ oZJ_ WmZ VWm doj`mdw^m$&

odMm` gd[`mZm H$ma`{H$òdH$`m$&&402&&
_mc H$m{R>yZ Amcm, H$m{R>{ Omd`mMm, g^miVmZm (H$m{R>mamV) oH$Vr H$mi [Sy>Z amohcm,
odH$`mV cm^ oH$Vr `m gdmgmR>r oH$Vr `` hm{Vm{ `mMr ZrQ> [arjm H$$Z odH$V K{`mM{ dm
odH$`mM{ ^md amOmZ{ `m[m`mZm ]mYyZ md{.
[mam{ [mam{ [j{ [j{@Wdm JV{$&

Hw$duV Mfm `j_Kg Wm[Z Z[:$&&403&&
(`m[mamV hm{Um`m Mmae{Xm{Zm`m cm{H$mVrc gd KQ>H$mMr) amOmZ{ [mM [mM
oXdgmZr dm _mgr _mgr dV:`m (AoYH$m`m`m) [wT>{ MmJcr [maI H$$Z `mdr AmoU ^md
R>adyZ md{V.
dVy`m d$[mV `m oH$V[V oQ>H$mD$ Amh{V, `mda hm [arjUmMm H$mi Adc]yZ
Amh{. ^mOr[mcm, \$i\$imdi, V{c, Vy[, Ym`{, H$S>Ym`{ `mMm H$mi d{Jim AgU{ `m{` Amh{.
[U `m[mar e{VH$`mcm dm JmhH$mcm \$gdrV,cw]mS>rV Zmhr Zm ? h{ ZrQ>[U{ [mhmd{. `mMm `m[maoh
ZrQ> Mmccm [mohO{ Aer gdmoJU Mm{I `dWm emgZmV Agcr [mohO{.
Vwcm _mZ Vr_mZ gd M `mgwcojV_$&

fQ>gw fQ>gw M _mg{fw [wZa{d [arj`{V$ &&404&&
VmJS>r, VmJS>rda _m{Ocr OmUmar _mgm, Vm{im B`moX _m[{ AmoU oM[Q>r_m[Q>r
Aer [mmZ{ _m{Ocr OmUmar _m[{ AoYH$V (amO) oMmZr `w$ AgmdrV. ghm ghm _mgmZr Vr
[naojcr Omdr.
_Zw_oV
[ 463 ]
8 410
[U `mZ Va{ Xm` [mfm{@Y[U Va{$&

[mX [ew `m{of [mXmY na$H$: [w_mZ$&&405&&
Zmd{VyZ [ma hm{VmZm, naH$m_r JmS>r B`mXr dmhZmgmR>r EH$ [U, Am{P{ K{Vc{`m
[wfm[mgyZ AYm[U, [ey AmoU o`m `m`mH$Sy>Z EH$MVwWme [U AmoU H$mhr Am{P{ Zgc{`m
gS>m [wfmH$Sy>Z EH$A>_me [U Zmd{M{ ^mS>{ Agmd{.
^mS>m[yUmoZ `mZmoZ Vm` Xm`moZ gmaV:$&

na$^mS>moZ `pH$oM[w_mgm[naN>Xm:$&&406&&
JmS>m dmhZ{ gm_mZmZ{ âc{cr AgVrc Va Zmd{Mm ^md VmaV`mZ{ R>admdm. naH$m`m
[{Q>m, [m{Vr, gS>{_m{H$i{ [wf `mM{ H$Sy>Z A[ ^mS>{ `md{.
XrKmdoZ `WmX{e `WmH$mc Vam{ ^d{V$ &

ZXrVra{fw Vomg_w{ ZmpV cjU_$&&407&&
ZXrVyZ Zmd{Z{ dmg H$arV AgVmZm dmgmMm OdiXyaMm H$mi, dmhmMr oXem,
Chmim[mdgmim Ag{ F$Vy `mMm odMma H$$Z ^mS>{ R>admd{. g_wdmgmgmR>r _m H$mhr oZoV
Ag{ oZ`_ H$aVm `{Uma ZmhrV.
g_wdmg $oMV KS>Umam AmoU ]hYm AoVXrKH$mcrZ AgVm{. dmgroh ]hYm
V{M V{M AgVmV. `mM{ OmU{ `{U{, Zmdm, `mM{ ^mS>{ ]hYm ]mYc{c{ AgV{. V{hm `mM{ d$[ `mM{
`mZr R>aodc{c{ AgV{.amOmZ{ `mV AmdOyZ cj Kmc`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
JoÛr Vw o_mgmoXVWm doOVm{ _woZ:$&

]mUm ocoZd Z Xm`mVmnaH$ Va{$&&408&&
Xm{Z _mg Pmc{cr JoÛr, g`mgr, dmZW, ]Mmar, ]mU `mM{H$Sy>Z (V{
d^mdV: AqH$MZ Ag`mZ{) Zmd{M{ ^mS>{ K{D$ Z`{.
`mod qH$oMmemZm oder`}Vm[amYV:$&

Vmead{ XmV` g_mJ` dVm|@eV:$&&409&&
dmemMr Or hmZr ZmdmS>m`m MwH$s_wi{ Pmcr Ag{c, Vr ZmdmS>mZ{ V:`m mrVyZ
^$Z mdr. ZmdmS>r AoYH$ AgVrc Va hr hmZr gdmZr o_iyZ â[mB H$$Z mdr.
Ef Zm`mo`Zm_w$m{ `dhma` oZU`:$&

Xmem[amYVVm{`{ XodH{$ ZmpV oZJh:$&&410&&
8 410
464 ]
_Zw_oV
ZmodH$ `dhmamgmR>r h{ oZ`_ Amh{V. ZmdmS>mMr MyH$ AgVmZm (darc) oZ`_

cmJy Amh{V. [U (dmXimgma`m) Xdr Am[mrV h{ oZ]Y oZ[`m{Jr OmUmd{.
dmoU` H$ma`{ ` Hw$grX H$of_{d M$&

[eyZm ajU Md Xm` ey oO_Zm_$&&411&&
`m[ma, gmdH$mar, e{Vr, [ew[mcZ h{ d`mH$Sy>Z H$admd{. eymZr odUmMr g{dm
H$amdr, Agm AmX{e mdm.
jo` Md d` M ]mUm{ domH$oeVm$&

o]^`mXmZe `{Z dmoZ H$_moU H$ma`Z$&&412&&
jo`, d` Am[Am[`m `dgm`mV H$> [mdc{ AgVrc Va (YZdmZ) ]mUmZ{
H$[U[Um Z YaVm `mZm `mM{ Cm{J H$a`mg ghm` H$amd{.
dVwV: A`moMV dmrZ{ amhUm`m ]mUmOdi Xwg`mg ghm`^yV hmd{ Agm
gJh Zgmd`mMmM. [U _Zw`d^mdmcm Y$Z EImXm ]mU [naJhr Ag{cM Va `mZ{ YZ jo`
d`mgmR>r _w$ hVmZ{ AmoU oZcm}^ ^mdZ{Z{ md{. Ag{ H$aU{ `mM{ H$V` Amh{. Z H$arc Va Vm{
Xm{fr R>a{c. h{ ]mUmgmR>r gmnJVc{ Amh{ h{ `mZr `md{.
Xm` Vw H$ma`m{^mX ]mU: gH$VmpOmZ$&

AoZN>V: m^d`mmkm XS>: eVmoZ fQ>$&&413&&
]mU jo` d` (C[Z`Z Pmc{c{ Ag{) gH$mnaV AgVmZm Oa EImXm (odmZ
AoYH$mar) ]mU `mZm dV:Mr g{dm `m`m BN>{od ]imZ{ dm `mZm ^modV H$$Z H$amd`mg
cmdrc Va amOmZ{ `m (Jod>) ]mUmg ghme{ [U XS> H$amdm.
ey Vw H$ma`{m` H$sV_H$sV_{d dm$&

Xm`m`d oh g>m@{ gm ]mU` d`^dw m$&&414&&
]mUmZ{ (dV:`m [napWVr_mU{) eymH$Sy>Z _y` X{D$Z dm Z X{Vm dV:Mr H$m_{
H$$Z `mdrV. eymMr oZo_VrM _wir ]X{dmZ{ ]mUm`m (Om{ oZH$m_ odmZ AqH$MZ Amh{)
g{d{gmR>r H{$cr Amh{.
Z dmo_Zm oZg>m@{ o[ eym{ Xm`mo_w`V{$&

oZgJO oh Vm` H$V_mmX[m{hoV$&&415&&
Y`mZ{ Zm{H$arVyZ _w$ H{$cm Var eymMm g{dH$[Um Z> hm{V Zmhr. g{dm^md h{ eymM{
dm^modH$ H$V` Amh{ V{ ghOmghOr Z> hm{V Zmhr. Vm{ `mg d{Ji{ H$$ eH$Uma Zmhr.
_Zw_oV
[ 465 ]
8 419
MmVwd` `dW{g]YrMm hm gm_m` oZ`_ gmoJVc{cm Amh{. `mMr BN>m ZgVmZm

H$m{`m `$sZ{ V{ ]imZ{ H$adyZ `md{ Agm `mMm AW Zmhr. g[mda Om`mg _m ]Xr Agmdr hm
^md `{W{ Amh{. [ydu aoe`mV oZ AmVm MrZ_Y{ Og{ H$_Mmar g[mda OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV, V{ d$[
`{Wrc dUZmM{ Amh{. ZH$m{er dmQ>cr Var `{H$mZ{ Am[c{ odohV H$_ H$arV amhU{M g_>r`m ohVmM{
AgV{.
dOmVm{ ^$Xmgm{ JhO: H$sVXo_m$&

[oH$m{ XS>Xmg gV{ Xmg`m{Z`:$&&416&&
`wmV qOH$c{cm, [m{Q>mgmR>r g{dm^md amIUmam ({_mXamZ{ g{dm H$aUmam) KamVrc
g{odH{$`m CXar O_c{cm, (H$XmoMV Xmgr[w. YVam>m`m `w`wgw [_mU{) odH$V K{Vc{cm, XmZ
hUyZ o_imc{cm, doS>cmoOV [a[a{VyZ Amc{cm, oejm hUyZ Xm` H$aUmam Ag{ h{ Xmg[UmM{ gmV
H$ma Amh{V.
`mVrc gJi{M O_mZ{ ey AgVrc Ag{ Zmhr. H$mhr AS>MUrV gm[Sy>Z [napWVrZ{
JmOyZ dm [am^yV hm{D$Zoh XmgVm drH$mamdr cmJc{c{ AgU{ g^dV{.
^m`m [w Xmg ` EdmYZm: _Vm:$&

`m{ g_oYJN>pV `` V{ V` VZ_$&&417&&
[Zr [w AmoU g{dH$ `mZm dV:M{ hUyZ H$mhr YZ ZgV{. O{ H$mhr V{ o_idVrc
`mda `m`m [VrMr o[`mMr Y`mMr gmm AgV{.
h{ EH$ Hw$Qw>]mM{ dm` oQ>H$od`m`m >rZ{ C[`w$ Amh{.
odY ]mU: eymX`m{[mXmZ_mMa{V$ &

Zoh V`mpV qH$oMd ^Vh m`YZm{ oh g:$&&418&&
]mUmZ{ (gJ ode{fr) eymH$S>rc YZ oZ:eH$[UmZ{ `md{. `mM{ dV:M{ hUyZ
H$mhrM ZgV{. `mM{ (XmgmM{) hUyZ O{, V{ gd `mcm [m{gUm`m Y`mM{M AgV{.
`mZ{ YZ `md`mM{ Vm{ ]mU eX Oar gm_m`mMm dmMH$ Agcm Var `m cm{H$mV
ey eXmcm EH$ ode{fVmdmMH$ Agm "^Vh m`YZ' hm eX Om{S>cm Amh{. `md$Z H$m{`moh eymH$Sy>Z
YZ `md{ Agm AW Ao^{V Zmhr. h{ [>> hm{V{. Mmc`m H$mimV g{dH$ hUyZ `mcm [m{gcm, Vm{M
ey, `{W{ JhrV Yacm Amh{. Am[mrV gm[S>c{cm ]mU AmoU g[ eyM `{W{ gmoJVcm Amh{.
dèym `Z{Z dmoZ H$_moU H$ma`{V$ &

Vm oh `wVm dH$_`: jm{^`{Vmo_X OJV$&&419&&
8 419
466 ]
_Zw_oV
d` AmoU ey `mZm Am[Am[cr H$V`H$_} (amOmZ{) `Z[ydH$ H$amd`mg

([mimd`mg) cmdcr [mohO{V. V{ Oa dV:M{ H$V`, Cm{J `dgm` Q>mH$Vrc Va OJVmV jm{^
oZ_mU hm{Bc. OJV V hm{Bc.
d`mZm gajU oX`mZ{ ^mS>dcr gmm oZ_mU hm{V{, Va gm`dmX eymZm gajU
X{U{M Amd`H$ _mZVm{ Amh{. g_mOm`m ohVm`m >rZ{ d` AmoU ey `mM{ H$R>m{a oZ`_Z H{$c{
Zmhr Va g_mOmM{ em{fU H$aUmar, MJidmXmcm m{gmhZ X{D$Z g_mOmMm AY:[mV H$aUmar ^mS>dcr
gmm oZ_mU hm{V{ Va eymMr H$S> K{Umam gm`dmX g_mOmM{ em{fU Hy$a[U{ Va H$aVm{M da Hw$Qw>]gW{da
AmKmV H$$Z gd _mZdr ^mdZm oMaSy>Z Q>mHy$Z _mZdmM{ EH$ OS>` ]ZodVm{. hUyZ dèymgmR>r
H$R>m{a AmoU ]mUm`m >rZ{ [j[mVr dmQ>Vrc Ag{ oZ`_ Y_mZ{ AmdOyZ oZ_mU H{$c{ Amh{V. AmO
`mMrM W>m dm odQ>]Zm H{$cr OmV Amh{.
O{hm O{hm ]mU[j[mV H{$`mgmaI{ dmQ>{c V{ ]hYm AWdmXm_H$ AgV{ H$maU
_mZ, g_mZ, AmXa, gm{`r Ag{ BVam[j
{ m l{> AoYH$ma oXc{c{ AgVmV, V{W{ Vm{ ]mU, ]mUJwUmZr
`w$ AgcmM [mohO{. h{ JhrV Amh{. Agm Om{ Zg{c `m gdmZm eym_mU{M dm `mhZ H$R>m{a[U{
oejm mdr Aer odYmZ{ ` V [>[U{ H{$c{cr Amh{. oVH$S>{ ]wodmmZr gm{o`H$a[U{ Xwcj
H{$c{c{ Amh{.
VWmH$oWV g_mZVm AmU`m`m `ZmV oH$Vr odf_Vm `{V{, h{ AmVm OmU`mMm
cjmV `{D$ cmJc{ Amh{. [U `mMm da jrU Amh{, C[{ojV Amh{. AmoU Mma_m`_{ V{ [wT>{ _mS>`m`m
`Zmg ghH$m` $oMVM X{VmV. e` oVVH$m odam{Y H$aVmV. VH$Q>r VH$dmX AmoU Ag` odYmZ{
H$$Z [a[amJV YmaU{M{ IS>U H$a`mV V[a AgVmV.
_Zy`m Y_emmMm `dhma H$gm Agmdm, AgVm{ dm hm{Vm h{ _hm^maVmd$Z MmJc{
cjmV `{V{. CXmhaUmW `mVrc H$mhr dMZ{ CXYV H$aVm{.
` M H$oMV oOmVrZm ey: ewlyfwamdO{V$&
H$`m V{Z Vw V{ mhdqm Y_odXm{ OZm:$&&
_hm^maV emoV[d 60/34
ey `mMr hUyZ g{dm H$arV Ag{c `m (doUH$mda) oOmda `m eym`m

âU[m{fUmM{ CmaXmo`d AgV{.
`m gkm odohVm cm{H{$ dH{$ ewoZ VWm [em$&
odH$_oU pWV{ od{ g{d gkmM [mS>d$&&
_hm^maV emoV[d 62/5
_Zw_oV
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8 421
`m qZXH$ eXmZr Xmg, Hw$m, cmS>Jm, [ey `mZm g]m{Ymd{ `mM eXmMm C[`m{J
oZof H$_} H$aUm`m ]mUmgmR>r H$amdm.
odmZm `m JoV]mUmZm_$&
`{ Mdm{$mml_m ]mUmZm_$&&
EVV H$_ ]mU`mha`_$&
A`V Hw$dZ eydV ed`:$&&
_hm^maV emoV[d 65/8
d{Xm``ZmoX dH$_ Z H$aUmam ]mUgwm (gJr) eym_mU{M _`wXS>mg [m

Amh{.
`m{ odH$_pWVm{ odm{ Z g g_mZ_hoV$&
_hm^maV emoV[d 65/11
od[arV H$_} H$aUmam ]mU (odmZ Agcm Var) g_mZmg, AmXa XmId`mg [m
ZgVm{.
dH$_oZaV Zg`m`m ]mUmg Ymo_H$ amOmZ{ d{R>rgoh Yamd{ AmoU `mM{ H$Sy>Z
(BVam_mU{) H$aoh `md{V. Ag{oh _hm^maVmV gmoJVc{ Amh{.
(VmZ gdmZ Ymo_H$m{ amOm ]qc odq> M H$ma`{V)
V{hm ]mUmcm gd H$maMr _m{H$irH$ Amh{ Ag{ _wirM Zmhr.Vm{oh gJode{fr
H$m{U`moh H$R>m{a XS>mg [m Amh{.
Ah`h`d{jV{ H$_mVmdmhZmoZ M
Am```m M oZ`VmdmH$amH$m{e_{d M$&&420&&
amOmZ{ oVoXZr (`m`XmZmoX) H$`{, dmhZ{, C[ YZmMm odoZ`m{J (``), ImUr
AmoU H$m{e (IoOZm), `m gdmda XjV{Z{ cj R>{dmd{. (`mg]Yr`m `m{`m`m{`mMm ZrQ> odMma
H$amdm.)
hUO{ hfX _{hVm H$UmIm{a{ `woZQ>Q>Q> Aer H$aU{ oZ_mUM hm{V ZmhrV.
Ed gdmoZ_mamOm `dhmamg_m[`Z$&
`[m{ oH$p]f gd mZm{oV [a_m JoV_$&&421&&
AemarVrZ{ emgZ`dhma MmJ`mH$ma{ MmcodUmam amOm gd [mVH$mVyZ Xya hm{D$Z
Cm_ JVrg OmVm{.
8 421
468 ]
_Zw_oV
dU Aml_ dò$H$ gm_moOH$ odoYoZf{Y [OmM{ ajU Xw>mM{ emgZ _Zw`_mmMm

A`wX` `m gdmZm em_m` diU cmdU{ h{M amOmM{ odohVmMaU Amh{. AmoU `mVM `mM{
H$`mU Amh{.
BBBBB
_Zw_oV
A`m` AmR>dm g[U
y
_Zw_oV
[ 469 ]
93
_Zw_oV
A`m` Zddm
[wf` o`md Y`} d_oZ oV>Vm{:$&
g`m{J{ od`m{J{ M Y_md`mo_ emVmZ$&&1&&
Y_mMaU H$arV AgVm [wf AmoU o`mM{ V{ EH$ dm d{Jd{Ji{ amhmV AgVmZm
dmJ`mM{ oZ`_ H$g{ AgVmV V{ AmVm gmJVm{.
AdVm: o`: H$m`m: [wf: doXdmoZe_$&

odf`{fw M gm`: gWm`m Am_Zm{ de{$&&2&&
[wfmZr Am[`m o`mZm (_mVm, [Zr, H$`m) gXd gajUmV R>{dmd{. `mZm
H$m{U`moh odf`mMr Am{T> d^mdV:M AoYH$ AgV{ hUyZ gXd g`_r amhVrc Ag{ [hmd{.
o[Vm ajoV H$m_ma{ ^Vm ajoV `mdZ{$&

ajpV Woda{ [wm Z r dmV`_hoV $&&3&&
]mc[Ur o[`mZ{ rM{ ajU H$amd{. [VrZ{ VU[UmV gm^mimd{. AmoU [wmZ{
hmVma[Ur r`m ajUmMr XjVm `mdr. r gwaojV Zmhr Aer pWoV H$Yr Agy Z`{.
_Zy`m `mM cm{H$m_wi{ r[j[mVr cm{H$m`m _`{ hcH$m{i _mOcm Amh{. _Zy `m
H$aUr r{>m R>aodcm J{cm Amh{. [oh`m VrZ MaUmMm AW ZrQ> [mohcm hUO{ Mm`m Am{irVrc
dmV` eXmMm AW ZrQ> cmJVm{.
r H$Yroh AgwaojV AgVm H$m_m Z`{. hm `mVrc AW Amh{. r`m BN>{od$
oV`mda ]cmH$ma hm{D$ eH$Vm{. H$maU gdgm_m` r _wimVM gdgm_m` [wfm[{jm Ae$ Amh{.
oVMr earaaMZmoh ]cmH$ma ghOr hmdm Aer Amh{. [wfmMr H$oV `m`m AJXr CcQ> Amh{.
ZmhrVa dm`mWmZ{ ]cmH$ma Q>mi`mgmR>r Agm gJ Amcm Va gai hm{H$ma mdm Ag{ hU`mMm
gJ `{Vm{.
r_wo$AmXm{cZ _S>imZ{ hm{H$ma m oZ ]cmH$ma Q>mim Aem AWmMr [H{$ H$mTy>Z
Am[`m g^mgXmZm `jmV dmQy>Z Vr N>mVrda cmd`mMr `m{OZm H{$cr hm{Vr. Ag{ EH$m gmohp`H$mZ{
Am[`m dmgdUZmV ocohc{ Amh{. dmV` [mohO{{ hU`mMr [naUoV H$m{U`m AYm{JVrV hm{V{ V{
`md$Z cjmV `{V{.
93
470 ]
_Zw_oV
r`m [mod`m_wiM
{ Hw$Qw>] `dWm oQ>H$y Z amhV{. AmoU Hw$Q>>w] `dWm MmJcr amh`mV
g_mOmM{ AmoU am>mM{ dm` gm^mic{ OmV{. A`Wm g_mO g_mO Z amhVm H$i[ hm{Vm{.h{ H$m{U`moh
[napWVrV KmVH$ Amh{ h{ odgaVm `{Uma Zmhr.
H$mc{@XmVm o[Vm dm`m{ dm`mZw[`[oV:$&

_V{ ^Vna [wVw dm`m{ _mVwaaojVm $&&4&&
`m{` d{ir H$`{M{ c Z cmdyZ X{Umam o[Vm qZ R>aVm{. [ZrMr (`m{` Vr) BN>m Z
[waodUmam [oV qZ AmoU _mV{M{ (`mV`m `mV odYdm _mV{M{) ajU Z H$aUmam [w qZ R>aVm{.
H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mam`m _V{ [Zrcm F$VwH$mcr ^m{J Z X{U{ EdT>{M [Vr`m qZ[Umg
H$maU gmoJVc{ Amh{. [U `mV [Vr`m H$V`mMm \ ma gH$m{M hm{Vm{. Vm{ AZmR>m`r Amh{. _ZyZ{M BVa
rer H$g{ dmJmd{ V{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. `m_wi{ Q>rH$mH$mamM{ _V A`mo Xm{f`w$ hm{V{.
_wcJr o_idVr Pmcr H$s AZ{H$ ]m[ _wcr`m cmMm odMma H$arV ZmhrV CcQ>
Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmV. AmoU _J _wcrM{ [mD$c dmH$S>{ [S>`mMm g^d dmT>Vm{.
gy_{`m{@o[ g{`: o`m{ a`m ode{fV:$&

`m{oh Hw$c`m{: em{H$_mdh{àw aojVm:$&&5&&
chmZ ghmZ gJroh r`m ajUmMr XjVm K{Vcr [mohO{ A`Wm gmga, _mh{a
Xm{hr Hw$imda em{H$ H$a`mMm gJ Am{T>d{c.
B_ oh gddUmZm [`Vm{ Y__w m__$&

`VV{ aojVw ^m`m ^Vmam{{ Xw]c
m Ao[ $&&6&&
rM{ gd H$ma{ gajU H$aU{ hm Mmaoh dUmMm Y_ Amh{. Ag{ X>{ (_mZVmV) [oV
([napWoVdemV) Xw]im Agcm Var `mZ{ [Zr`m ajUmgmR>r (e`V{) gd `Z H{$c{ [mohO{V.
Ag{ (VkmM{ _V Amh{).
dm gyqV Mna M Hw$c_m_mZ_{d M $&

d M Y_ `Z{Z Om`m ajoh ajoV$&&7&&
[ZrM{ `Z[ydH$ ajU H$aUmamM dV:M{ gVVrM{ Hw$cmM{, dV:M{ (èmM{)
dY_mM{ ajU H$$ eH$Vm{.
[oV^m`m god` J^m} ^yd{h Om`V{$&

Om`m`mVo Om`md `X`m Om`V{ [wZ:$&&8&&
_Zw_oV
[ 471 ]
9 11
[oV hm [ZrV d{e H$$Z J^$[ hm{D$Z O_mg `{Vm{. [Zrcm Om`m eX `mM
H$maUmZ{ cm^cm Amh{. H$maU [Vr hm ([w$[mZ{) oVM{ R>m`r [whm O_ K{V AgVm{.
aoVH$mir hm{Umam dr`md Ag` [w]rOmZr `w$ AgVm{. `mVrcM EImXXwgam
g[JVrZ{ J^me`m`m _wImVyZ da gaH$V OmVm{. AmoU r]rOmer g`w$ hm{Vm{. `md{ir J^YmaUm
hm{V{. AmoU ZD$ _mgmZVa ]hYm Xhm`m _mgmV gyoV hm{V{. hUyZ d{XmZ{ ]rOmHw$a `m`mZ{ "Am_m
d [wZm_mog' Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
`me ÔV{ oh r gwV gyV{ VWmodY_$&

V_mOmodewX `W o` aj{`ZV:$&&9&&
r `mH$ma`m [wfmer g`m{J H$aV{ `mH$ma`m [wmg O_ X{V{. `mgmR>r
deewrH$arVm o`mM{ ([a[wfg`m{Jm[mgyZ) `Z[ydH$ gajU H$amd{.
AZwdeem MmJ`m H$ma{ cjmV K{Vc{ VaM `m oZ]YmM{ _hd H$i{c.
\$im\w$cmMr ]rO{, Hw$r, Km{S>,{ XwYmi Jm`r B.`m g]Y mV deewrMr XjVm K{Vcr OmV{. _Zw`m`m
H$aUmV Va \$maM Xj amohc{ [mohO{. hUyZ H$R>m{a[Um(AmOH$mcMr H$Qw>Vm) drH$m$Zoh _ZyZ{ hm
dm `m gmaI{ oZ`_ KmVc{ Amh{V. Wm{S>rer oT>cmB Amcr H$s `mM{ [naUm_ Hw$R>da OmVmV, V{ AocH$S>{
H$Wm$[mZ{ Va H$Yr H$Yr `j KQ>Z{`m $[mZ{ CXS>[U{ [hmd`mg o_iV{. gm{Z{ Oa gm{Z{ Amh{ Va
`mZ{ H$S>rHw$cw[mcm H$mamJh _mZyZ MmcUma Zmhr. Vm{ H$mamdmg Zmhr Vr gajU `m{OZm Amh{. `m_wi{M
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AWmVM AZwoMV Amh{. _mUyg hUyZ Vg{ gd gd j{mV `dhmaU{ _wimVM AZgoJH$ Amh{.
rX{hmM{ doe> H$Yroh odg$Z MmcUma Zmhr.
Z H$om{ofV: e$: g [naaojVw_$ &

EV[m``m{J Vw e`mVm: [naaojVw_$ &&10&&
H{$di ]mh{a`m XS>[UmZ{ H$m{Uroh o`mM{ [yU[U{ gajU H$a`mg g_W Agy eH$V
Zmhr. [wT>rc C[m`mZr `mZm JwVdyZ R>{dc{ VaM `mM{ gajU g^dV{.
naH$m_[Um h{ o[emMmM{ Cm{J^dZ hm{V{ h{ Va gdmZm odoXV Amh{M.
AW` gJh { MZm ``{ Md oZ`m{O`{V$ &

emM{ Y_}@[`m M [mnaUm` d{jU{ $&&11&&
9 11
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_Zw_oV
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oeOodU{ AmoU [mnaUmoh hUO{ KamVrc BVa gd gm_mZgw_mZ `mda >r R>{dU{ .`m H$m_mV `mZm
gXd JwVdyZ R>{dmd{.
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dm[amd{ h{ [mhU{ [yU d{i ImUma{ H$m_ Amh{. dN>Vm MmJcr amImd`mMr hQ>c{ Var \$ma gmdY[Um
R>{dcm [mohO{. [cJ H$[mQ>{ _mS>`m `m`mImcr dm _mJ{ H{$a gmRy>Z amhVm{.V{ `mZr K{D$Z dN>Vm
amImdr cmJV{. Im[XmW XjV{Z{ gm^mimd{ cmJVmV. `m gdmMr OmoUd gwJohUr R>{drc Va oVM{
_Z ^cVrH$S>{ OmUmaM Zmhr. Ka Hw$Qw>] Cm_arVrZ{ gm^miU{ hmoh EH$ MmJcm `dgm` Amh{ Ag{
o`m _mZy cmJVrc Vm{ gwoXZ h{M Ia{.ImUmdi MmcodU{ (hmQ>c
{ _ZO
{ _|Q>) oeOodU{ dmT>U({ H{$Q>naJ)
h{ g_mZZr` _mZc{ OmV{M Zm! V{W{ Va AZ{H$mMr _Z{ gm^mimdr cmJVmV. JmhH$m`m Vmcmda
ZmMmd{ cmJV{. JS>r _mUgmMm _mZ H$mhr H$$Z amImdm cmJVm{. VrM H$m_{ KamV H$aU{ Am[`m
_mUgmH$naVm am]U{ oZoVM gm{[{ AmoU Ao^_mZm[X Amh{.
AaojVm Jh{ m: [wfamH$mnao^:$&

Am_mZ_m_Zm `mVw aj{`w Vm: gwaojVm:$&&12&&
Odi`m Zm`mVrc [wfmZr KamV H$m|Sy>Z KmVc{ Var o`m gwaojV hm{VmV Ag{
Zmhr. (odd{H$mZ{) `m dV:M dV:da oZÙ KmcVrc V{hmM `m I`m gwaojV hm{Vrc.
]mh{aM{ dmVmdaU AmoU ]YZ{ dgajUmMr OmUrd amh`mg AmoU _hd [Q>dyZ
X{`mg C[`w$ R>aVmV EdT>{ Ia{ Agc{ Var e{dQ>r dV:M dV:g gmdamd{ cmJV{.
[mZ XwOZ ggJ: [`m M odahm{@Q>Z_$&

dZm{@`J{hdmg ZmargXfy UmoZ fQ>$&&13&&
_[mZ, XwOZmMr gJV, [VrMm ([aX{eJ_ZmXrZr) odah, (EH$Q>rZ{) ^Q>H$U{,
(oXdgm) Pm{[yZ amhU{. (AJoVH$[U{) [a`m`m KamV amhmd{ cmJU{. `m ghm Jm{>r o`mZm XyfU
oZo_Um`m R>aVmV.
ZVm $[ [arjV{ Zmgm dòg gpWoV: $&

gw$[ dm od$[ dm [w_moZ`{d ^wOV{$&&14&&
r $[mH$S>{ [mhmV Zmhr dm d`mMm odMma H$arV Zmhr gwXa Agm{ H$s Hw$$[ (EH$)
[wf hUyZM Vr [wfmcm ^m{JV{. (^m{J X{V{)
[aX{emVrc ode{fV: A_{naH{$Vrc EH$ gd}jU dmM`mV Amc{ hm{V.{ g_V{Mm H{$dT>moh
_Zw_oV
[ 473 ]
9 17
Ym{gam H$mT>cm J{cm Agcm Var `m JQ>mcm VwN> qZ oVaH$mamh _mZc{ OmV{. `m JQ>mVrc oZJm{
rcm ^miUm`m [wfm[{jm oZJm{ [wfmZm de hm{Um`m o`mMr g`m Xw[Q>roV[Q>rZ{ AoYH$ Amh{.
darc cm{H$mVrc Ame`M `m_wi{ `WmW Ag`mM{ cjmV `{V{.
[mM`mcoMmm Z:Z{m d^mdV:$&

aojVm `ZVm{@[rh ^V d{Vm odHw$dV${ &&15&&
[wfmcm [mhZ IcrV hm{V Ag`m_wi{, _Zm`m AoYH$ MMc Ag`m_wi{
d^mdV: {_i Zg`m_wi{, (d`H|$oVV{_wi{ ) gajUmM{ `Z H$arV AgVmZmhr r [Vr`m
odam{YmV OmV{ (ò^Mma H$aV{)
Ed d^md kmdm@@gm Om[oVoZgJO_$&

[a_ `Z_moV>{ [wfm{ ajU oV$&&16&&
g>r`m Ama^m[mgyZ Agc{cm ZgoJH$ Agm o`mMm hm d^md OmUyZ `m`m
gajUmgmR>r (`mZm Y_m`m) _`mX{V amI`mgmR>r [wfmcm \$ma `Z (oZwa[U{) H$amd{ cmJVmV.
e`mgZ_cH$ma H$m_ H$m{Y_ZmOd_$&

m{h^md Hw$M`m M r`m{ _ZwaH$[`V$&&17&&
AWU{, AmgZ{, AcH$ma, `modf`rMr Am{T>, H$m_ H$m{Y Ag`Vm odm{h AmoU
XwdVZ h{ Xm{f o`mM{ R>m`r ghO[U{ AgVmV Aer _ZyMr YmaUm Amh{.
o`m chmZghmZ cm{^ZmZmoh ]ir [S>VmV. Jm{S> dmJ`m ]m{c`mcm ^miVmV
AmoU dVwV: `mMm oVaH$ma H$amdm `m`mgd{ [iyZ OmVmV. e{dQ>r \$er [S>VmV. Ag{ ZJamZJamVyZ
AmT>iV{. h{ _mU AJXrM C[{jUr` Zmhr.
amhV{ Ka gwIgmYZmZr g[ Agmd{ Ag{ rcm ode{farVrZ{ dmQ>V{. `m`m
H$m_dmgZ{Mr Vo cdH$a hm{V Zmhr. `m gVm[r AgVmV. EH$Xm o]Wa`m H$s H$m{U`m Q>m{H$mcm
OmVrc `mMm Z{_ ZgVm{. Ag{ o`m`m g]Yr _mZgemkmZr ocohc{ Amh{.H$m{`moh [wf S>mHy$[{jm
\y$cZ AoYH$ Hy$a oZKmcr hm{Vr h{ gdkmV Amh{.
Xhm`m cm{H$m[mgyZ AmVm[`VM{ dUZ dmMc{ hUO{ rg_mOmcm _ZyMm amJ `{U{
dm^modH$ Amh{ [U _Zy hm _Zmcm naPdUma{ dmL>_` ocohUmam gmohp`H$ Zmhr. Vm{ em gmJV
Amh{. em O{ dmVd V{M [> H$arV AgV{. V{ H$m{Um`m amJmcm{^mMr ojoV ]miJrV Zmhr. `mM{
[wT>{ `>r g_>rM{ ohV V{M `{` AgV{. V{hm `mM{da amJmd`mV AW Zmhr. g` Og{`m Vg{ _m`
H$$Z oZ`_ ]mYmd{ cmJVmV.
9 17
474 ]
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A`V XrK H$mcm[mgyZ qhXy gH$VrZ{ _mZdr _Zmg EH$ H$maM{ Hw$crZ diU cmdc{
Amh{. `m dmVmdaUmV dmT>c{`m gwoeojV qhXy rcm _Zy hm r OmVrda A`m` H$aVm{ Amh{,
]hg` o`m _ZyZ{ gmoJVc{`m `m ^`H$a Xm{fm[mgyZ _w$ Amh{V, Ag{ dmQ>{c AmoU V{ `dhmaV:
Ia{oh Amh{. [U _Zy EHy$U rOmVrodf`r h{ ocohV Amh{. Vm{ gwgH$mnaV rodf`r ]m{cV Zmhr. Va
r`m dm^modH$ Xm{fmMm C{I H$arV Amh{. gVdmL>_`mVoh rM{ dUZ OdiOdi Ag{M H{$c{
Amh{. `m_wi{ AZ{H$ AmYwoZH$ ]wodmmMm gVmdaoh am{f Amh{M. `mgmR>r EH$m O_Z Jwh{a rM{
hUU{ gmJVm{. hUO{ _Zy dm gV ]m{cVmV V{ g_mOmM{ ohV S>m{`m[wT>{ R>{dyZM ]m{cVmV h{ cjmV
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r Jwh{amMr H$Wm gmoJVcr Amh{. 191415 _`{ Pmc{`m [nh`m _hm`wmV hr AZr O_Zr`m
dVrZ{ Jwh{amM{ H$m_ CH$>[U{ H$arV hm{Vr. [wT>{ Vr WH$cr. Jwh{amZm oejU X{`mgmR>r oVMr `m{OZm
Pmcr. V{ oejU X{V AgVmZm Vr Am[`m odm`mZm AmdOyZ gmJ{ H$s,"" AZ{H$ gH$Q>mMr _mocH$m
oZ_mU H$aUmar MrO hUO{ r. r hr MrO \$maM ^`H$a Amh{. hr H$dQ>mirU Vwhmcm {_mMr ^yc
X{D$Z H$Yr ImQ>H$m`m hdmcr H$arc `mMm Z{_ Zmhr. hUyZ `m ^`H$a MrO{[mgyZ AJXr Xya Xya ahm.
gm[ AmoU r `m Xm{Km`m odfmda AmfY Zmhr. hUyZ g[m[mgyZ _Zw` Ogm Xya amhVm{ VVM
r[mgyZ Xya ahm. Ia [mod` h{ H{$hmoh VmaH$M hm{`. `mM{ mUm[ocH$S>{ OVZ H$am. [mod`mM{
A^{ H$dM _`wXS>mcm gwm Vw_`m[mgyZ Xya R>{drc.''([.121) h{ EH$ AZw^dr rM gmJV
Amh{.V{hm gVmZm XyfU{ X{U{ A`m{` Amh{.
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qhXy gH$VrZ{ H{$cm Amh{AmoU Vm{ èdr Pmcm Amh{. BVH$m H$s `m _Zy`m dm`mMm o`mZm amJ
`{Vm{. H$maU o`m Aem _wirM ZgVmV. Ag{ Hw$cdVm`m gwerc _ohcmZm dmQ>V AgV{.[U amJmamJmZ{
_Zycm oPS>H$mac{ H$s o_imc{c{ dmV` daV{V [naUV hm{V{ `mZ{ Hw$Qw>]gW{Mm [m`mM S>J_JVm{.
earamH$mamM{ oMU h{ `dgm` hUyZ AmYwoZH$ rcm AmH$fH$ dmQ>V.{ `m `dgm`mV`m _yi`m
Hw$crZ KamVrc o`m H$m{UVr [mVir JmR>VmV H$m` ]m{cVmV V{ [mohc{E{H$c{ (dmMc{) hUO{ _J
_Zy BV`m H$R>m{a[U{ H$m ocohVm{ `mMr `WmWVm [Q>V{.
ZmpV rUm oH$`m _naoV Y_} `dpWoV:$&

oZnap`m _m o`m{@ZVo_oV pWoV:$&&18&&
_Zw_oV
[ 475 ]
9 23
o`mM{ gH$ma doXH$ _mZr H$$ Z`{V. H$maU `m oZnao` hUO{ g`_aohV
[VZerc Ag`m_wi{ _ `mM{gmR>r dm[$ Z`{V. Aer em_`mXm Amh{.
_ h{ ode{fe$sZ{ `w$ Ag`mZ{ `mMm ^md gm{g{c Ag{ reara ZgV{.
odO{`m dmhmgmR>r Vm]{ eV. BVa YmVyZm dmhH$Vm Agcr Var Vm`mgmaIr
oZam_`Vm Zmhr h{ og Amh{. _mgmR>r r earamM{ Vg{M g_Omd{. l{Z{ _mV gm_` Ag`mM{
_m` H$amd`mM{, emm_m`mZ{ V{ m_m` Hw$Ur dm[amd{ h{ _m ZmH$mamd`mM{ h{ VH$gJV Zmhr.
VWm M lwV`m{ ]m{ oZJrVm oZJ_{do[ $&

dmcj`[arjmW Vmgm eUVw oZH$Vr:$&&19&&
IcZercV{`m e`V{_i
w { C[ Pmc{`m Xm{fm`m oZagZmW [wH$i lwoV(d{X_)
C{oIc{c{ Amh{V. `m lwoV (H$mhr) gmJVm{.
`_{ _mVm cwc^

w { odMa`[oVdVm$&
V_{ a{V: o[Vm dL>$mo_``VoXeZ_$&&20&&
[moVd`m`m (H$R>m{a _`mX{`m) ]mh{a [Sy>Z _mPr _mVm _m{hmcm ]ir J{cr `m_wi{
Xw> Pmc{c{ _mV{M{ r]rO o[`m`m a{VmZ{ [naH$V hm{dm{.
ò^Mma Xm{fm`m (Vm{ H{$di _mZogH$oh Ag{c) mòmmgmR>r `m (_mMm ode{f
gJr Cma H{$cm OmV Ag{.)
`m`òZ> `pH$oM[moUJmh` M{Vgm$&

V`f ò^Mma` oZd: g`Jw`V{$&&21&&
Or r _ZmZ{ (H$m hm{BZm [U) [Vrcm B> Zgc{c{ qMoVV{ `m ò^Mma Xm{fmgmR>r h{
Cm_ mòm Amh{.
`mJwUZ{ ^m r g`w `{V `WmodoY$&

VmJwUm gm ^doV g_wU
{ d{ oZZJm$&&22&&
`m JwUmZr `w$ Aem [Vrgd{ rMm odoYoZ`_mZwgma oddmh hm{Vm{. V{hm g_wmcm
o_iUm`m ZXr_mU{ Vr roh `m JwUmMr hm{V{.
Aj_mcm dog>Z{ g`w $m@Y_`m{oZOm $&

emar _X[mc{Z OJm_m`hUr`Vm_$&&23&&
Imc`m OmVrV O_mcm Amc{cr Aj_mcm doe>mer hr oddmh Pm`mZVa g_mZmh
R>acr dm _X[mcmer c Pm`m_wi{ emaJr hr VerM _mZZr` Pmcr.
9 24
476 ]
_Zw_oV
EVmm`m cm{H${ @p_[H$>gyV`:$&

CH$f `m{ofV: mm: d: d^V J U
w : ew^: $&&24&&
`m Xm{Z VemM Xwg`moh oH$`{H$ o`m H$oZ> dUmVrc AgyZ dna> [wfmer oddmh
Pm`m_wi{ dV:`m [Vr_mU{M ew^JwUmZr g[ hm{D$Z CH$f [md`m.
h{ AgdU oddmh A[dmXm_H$ AgyZ Wm{a AoYH$mar Agc{`m `m `m{`V{`m
[wfm_wi{ Pmc{`m CoMV gH$mamZr `m `m H$oZ> dUmVrc o`m g_mOm_`{ g_mZmh Pm`m. [U
hm A[dmXM Ah{. Vm{ gm_m` oZ`_ Zh{. V{ V{ l{> [wf Am[`m [Zr`m R>m`r Agc{c{ H$oZ>
dUmVrc dm^modH$ JwU dV:`m gm_`mZ{ H{$c{`m gH$mamZ{ gwgH$V H$arV AgV. `m_wi{ `m
o`moh [oV_mU{M _mZZr` _mZ`m OmV. "H$Vwar`m gJ{ _mVr$& ghO [md{ _m{cmoV$&&'
Vg{M h{ Amh{.
Efm{oXVm cm{H$`mm oZ` r[wg

`m{: ew^m$&
{`{h M gwIm{XH$mOmY_mo]m{YV$&&25&&
gXd H$`mUH$maH$ Agm r AmoU [wf `mM{ g]Y rMm cmoH$H$ `dhma (AmVm[`V)
gmoJVcm AmVm Bh[a cm{H$s ohVH$maH$ Ag{ gVVrg]YrM{ Y_ gmJVm{ V{ (ZrQ>)E{H$m.
OZmW _hm^mJm: [yOmhm JhXr`:$&

o`: ol` J{hf{ w Z ode{fm{@pV H$Z$&&26&&
o`m `m oZgJV: gVmZm{[mrgmR>r Amh{V. `mZm H$`mUH$maH$ ,g_mZZr`, KamMr
em{^m `m >rZ{ [hmd{. r AmoU c_r AJXr g_mZ Amh{V.
`{W{ rMr `mdhmnaH$ `m{`Vm gmoJVcr Amh{. o_aMr, cdJ oVIQ> AgV{. hiX
H$Sy> AgV{, AmdiH$mR>r Am]Q>VwaQ> AgV{. V{ `mM{ dm^modH$ JwU Amh{V. [U A[XmW dmoX>
H$a`mM{ dm AmfYr C[`m{JmM{ `mM{ _hd H$mhr ZmH$maVm `{V Zmhr. VrM Jm{> rg]Yr OmUmdr.
`{W{ EH$ _mUyg hUyZM rH$S>{ [mohc{ Amh{. oV`m ^md^mdZm O[`mgmR>rM rcm
C{eyZ JhmMr em{^m "JhXro' hQ>c{ Amh{.
C[mXZ_[`` OmV` [na[mcZ_$&

`h cm{H$`mm`m: `j roZ]YZ_$&&27&&
A[`mZm O_ X{U{ `mM{ [mcZ[m{fU H$aU{ JhW Y_ Cm_naVrZ{ MmcodU{ h{ gd
o`m`mM dmYrZ AgV{.
_Zw_oV
[ 477 ]
9 32
Ag{ dmJ`mVM oV>m Amh{ Ag{ _mZc{ [mohO{. MmJ`m gH$mamZ{, [a[am`m
[mcZmZ{ h{ ghO e` Amh{ H$maU _wimV h{ gd r`m _Zm{aMZ{cm AZwHy$c Amh{. AmVm ]hV{H$
_mZgemk [wf Ag`mZ{ Ag{ ocohVmV Ag{ Oa oV[mXZ H$m{Ur _ohcm H$arV Ag{c Va H$m`
H$aUma? oZgJJV g` Ag{ S>mdcVm `{Uma Zmhr.
A[` Y_H$m`moU ewlfy m aoVm_m$&

XmamYrZVWm dJ: o[VUm_m_Z h$&&28&&
gVoV, Ymo_H$ H$m`}, JhH$`{, aoVgwI `m Jm{Q>r [Zr`mM AmYrZ AgVmV. Vg{M
o[VamZm gXJoV o_iU{ AmoU dV: dJmM{ AoYH$mar hm{U{ h{oh [Zr_wi{M gmYV{.
[qV `m Zmo^MaoV _Zm{dmX{hg`Vm$&

gm ^Vc
m{H$mZmZm{oV go: gmdroV Mm{`V{$&&29&&
_Z dmUr AmoU eara `mMm g`_ H$$Z Or r [Vrer gdVm{[na AZwHy$c hm{D$Z
dmJV{. Vr [Vrgh l{R> cm{H$mg OmV{. `m cm{H$mVoh gmdr hUyZ oVMm Jmad hm{Vm{.
ò^Mmammw ^Vw: r cm{H${ mZm{oV oZVm_$&

eJmc`m{qZ MmZm{oV [m[am{J
[rS>V{$&&30&&
ò^Mmar dVZmZ{ rMr cm{H$mV qZXm hm{V{. dmBQ> am{JmZr Vr [roS>cr OmV{. AmoU
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[w `woXV go: [ydO

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odOò__ [w`_w[`mg oZ]m{YV$&&31&&
[ydu`m _hfuZr [wmg]Yr [wT>{ C{oIc{cm odMma gmoJVcm Amh{. gd OZm`m
>rZ{ Vm{ ohVH$maH$ Amh{.
^Vw: [w odOmZpV lwoVY Vw ^Vna$&

Amh[mXH$ H{$oMX[a{ j{oU odXw:$&&32&&
[ZrM{ R>m`r O_mg `{Umam [w hm [VrMmM AgVm{. Ag{ kmV{ _mZVmV. AmVm
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{ m
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9 32
478 ]
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H$m{UmMm `mM{ Cma r `mMr [Zr Amh{ `m [VrMm. AmO cm{H$g`m dmT>rMm S>m{H{$XwIrMm
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gVoV [VrMrM _mZcr OmV{.
j{^yVm _Vm Zmar ]rO^yV: _V: [w_mZ$&

j{]rOg_m`m{Jmg^d: gdXo{ hZm_$&&33&&
r hr j{mgmaIr (^y_rgmaIr)AgyZ [wf hm ]rOmgmaIm Amh{. X{h YmaU
H$aUm`mMr C[mr hm{V{ Vr gd ]rO AmoU j{ `m`m g`m{JmVyZM hm{V{.
odoe> Hw$oMX ]rO r`m{oZd{d Hw$oMV$&

C^` Vw g_ ` gm gyoV: e`V{$&&34&&
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J{c{ Va YVam> jo` R>acm.
]rO` Md `m{`m ]rO_wH$>_w `V{$&

gd^Vy gyoVoh ]rOcjUcojVm$&&35&&
]rO AmoU j{ `mMm odMma H$aVm gm_m`V: ]rOM _hdmM{ _mZmd{ cmJV{. H$maU
gd C[om H$mamV Og{ ]rO Vg{ \$i Ag{M oXgV{.
dZ[Vrg>rV h{ CKS>[U{M oXgyZ `{V{. _mZdm`m gwgH$V[UmM{ >rZ{ V{M CXmhaU
drH$maU{ emmg `m{` dmQ>V{. j{ AZwHy$c Zgc{ Va `{Uma{ \$i oVVH{$ `m{` amhmV Zmhr. [U
]m{am`m ]rMm A]m hm{V ZmhrM. V{M [wT>{ [> H{$c{ Amh{.
`me Vy`V{ ]rO j{{ H$mcm{[[moXV{$&

VmJmh{ oV Vmp_]rO dòOV JwU: $&&36&&
[{aUrgmR>r og H{$c{`m j{mV (e{VmV) ]rO `mH$maM{ (OmVrM{) Ag{c VerM
CJdU hm{V AgV{. (h{ og Amh{M)
B` ^yo_oh ^yVmZm emVr `m{oZ`V{$&

Z M `m{oZJwUmH$moX]rO [wòV [wo>f$w &&37&&
^y_r h{ gd (dZ[Vr) g>rM{ oZ`mM{ C[mrWmZ Amh{. ^y_r H$m{U`moh JwUmMr
Agcr Var C[mr AmoU dmT> ]rOm_mU{M hm{V AgV{.
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^y_md`{H$H{$Xma{ H$mcm{moZ H$frdc:$&

ZmZm$[moU Om`V{ ]rOmZrh d^mdV:$&&38&&
j{ EH$M Agc{ Var e{VH$`mZ{ `m{`d{ir [{ac{cr ]rO{ Am[Am[`m d^md
Y_m_mU{ ododY H$mamZ{M CJdVmV.
drh`: emc`m{ _wmpVcm _mfmVWm `dm:$&

`Wm]rO am{hpV cewZmZrjdVWm$&&39&&
VmXyi, gmi, _yJ, Vri, CS>rX, Od, cgwU, D$g, `mMr CJdU Og{ ]rO VerM
hm{V{.
Xm{Z AS>rM _mgmV [rH$ Vm{S>Urg `{V{ Vr gmir AmoU `mcm VrZgmS>{VrZ _mg
cmJVmV Vm{ droh [`mcm gmi (gmR>{gmi) Cm_ AgV{, Ag{ Am`wd}XmM{ _V Amh{.
A`Xw OmV_òX`{Vm{[[V{$&
C`V{ ò `rO VmX{d am{hoV$&&40&&
EH$ [{ac{ AmoU Xwga{M CJdc{ Ag{ H$Yr hm{V Zmhr. gd ]rOm_mU{M C[om hm{V
AgV{.
Vmk{Z odZrV{Z kmZodkmZd{oXZm

Am`wH$m_{Z d` Z OmVw [a`m{ofoV$&&41&&
kmZ odkmZ g[ Aem gwOmU `$sZ{ XrKm`w`mMr BN>m AgVmZm [ar`mR>m`r
]rOmam{[U H$$ Z`{.
A JmWm dm`wJrVm: H$sV`pV [wamodX:$&

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m [a[naJh${ &&42&&
mMrZ BoVhmg OmUUm`mZr dm`w (X{dm) Z{ gmoJVc{cr EH$ JmWm (N>Xm{] aMZm)
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Z`Vrfw`W
m@@od: I{ od_ZwodX`V:$&
VWm ZòV d oj ]rO [a[naJh${ &&43&&
EH$mZ{ AmYrM d{Y K{Vc{`m _Jmda Xwg`mZ{ ]mU _macm Var Vm{ `W Amh{ `m_mU{
[ar`moR>H$mUr [{ac{c{ ]rO `W Amh{.
9 44
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_Zw_oV
[Wm{a[r_m [oWdt ^m`m [ydo dXm{ odXw:$&

WmUwN>X{ ` H{$Xma_mh: e`dVm{ _J_$&&44&&
BoVhmgd{m{ [dr hr [WwamOmMr [Zr Amh{ Ag{ R>m_[U{ gmJVmV. `mZ{ PmS>{PwS>w[
H$mTy>Z e{V oZo_c{ Vm{M `m e{VmMm YZr AgVm{. `mZ{ W_ dma H$$Z _J _macm Vm{M `m [maYrMm
AoYH$mar AgVm{.
EVmdmZ{d [wfm{ `mm`m_m O{oV h$&

odm: mhVWm MVm{ ^Vm gm _VmZm$&&45&&
[wfmM{ [wf[U [Zr Om AmoU dV: o_iyZ [na[yU hm{V{. odmZmZr hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s
""Or [Zr Vm{M [oV.''
[oV [Zr o_iyZ EH$d. hUyZ [ydu "AY ^m`m _Zwf` ' Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
Z oZH$òdgJm`m ^Vw^
m`m od_w`V{$&
Ed Y_ odOmZr_: mH$ Om[oVoZo_V_$&&46&&
odH$U{ dm Q>mH$U{ `m_wi{ [Vr`m [mgyZ [Zr gwQ>V Zmhr Agm Y_ ]X{dmZ{ [yduM
gmoJVc{cm Amh{. Vm{M Amhr OmUVm{, _mZVm{.
`m oZ`_mZ{ odMma H$aVm Ag{ oXgyZ `{V{ H$s [Zrcm odH$U{ dm Q>mH$U{ h{ AY_mM{
Amh{. [ZrM{ Xmo`d [Vr H$m{U`moh [napWVrV Q>miy eH$V Zmhr.[U `woYo>amgma`m _hm`mZ{oh
h{ cjmV R>{dc{ Zmhr. VemM gJr ZcmV{ _m Vm{ odd{H$ amIcm `mZ{ X_`Vr [Umcm cmdcr Zmhr.
gH$Xem{ oZ[VoV gH$H$`m Xr`V{$&

gH$Xmh XXmZroV r`{VmoZ gVm gH$V$&&47&&
dmQ>Ur EH$XmM hm{V{. H$`{M{ XmZ EH$XmM hm{V{. _r X{Vm{ Ag{ EH$Xm hUU{oh [wa{g{
AgV{ h{ oVhr gmZmM{ g]YmV Var EH$ EH$XmM hm{V AgVmV.
doS>cmMr g[om Amh{ Vr Xm{Z ^mdmZr EH$Xm dmQy>Z K{Vcr ZVa `m[H$s EH$m ^mdmcm
EH$M _wcJm Pmcm. Xwg`m ^mdmcm Xm{Z dm VrZ _wcJ{ Pmc{. AmVm [wZ: gJ`m ZmVdmZm gmaI{[Um
AmUcm [mohO{ H$maU AmOm{]mMr g[om [whm od^mJyZ oVM{ VrZ od^mJ H$aVm `{Uma ZmhrV. dmQ>Ur
EH$Xm Pmcr Vr Pmcr.
Vg{M rMm oddmhoh EH$XmM hm{Vm{. X{Vm{ Ag{ hQ>`mda eX o\$aodVm `{V Zmhr.
AWmV h{ gmZmM{ dmJU{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
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9 53
`Wm Jm{@m{>Xmgrfw _ohÒmodH$mgw M $&

Zm{[mXH$: Om^mJr VWdm`mZmdo[$&&48&&
Jm` CQ>rU Xmgr hg e{ir _|T>r `m`m R>m`r `mMm YZr ZgUmamZ{ Am[cm diy
B`mXr`m `m{JmZ{ Om C[ H{$cr Var Om Jm` `mMr Amh{ `mMrM hm{V{.V{M o`m`m g]YmV
OmUmd{.
`{@j{oUm{ ]rOdV: [aj{dmo[U:$&

V{ d g`` OmV` Z c^V{ \$c $oMV$&&49&&
O{ j{mM{ YZr ZmhrV [U ]rO `mM{ Amh{ `mZr Xwg`m`m j{mV ]rO [{ac{ Var
`mVyZ hm{Uma{ \$c H$Yroh `mM{ hm{V Zmhr.
`X`Jm{fw df^m{ dgmZm OZ`{N>V_$&

Jm{o_Zm_{d V{ dgm _m{K H$pXV_mf^_$&&50&&
Xwg`m`m Jm`rR>m`r A`m`m diyZ{ a{VqgMZ H{$c{ Ag{ eâd{im Pmc{ Var hm{Umar
dmga{ Jm`t`mM Y`mMr AgVmV. diy`m Y`mMr hm{V ZmhrV.
VWdmj{oUm{ ]rO [aj{[dmo[U:$&

Hw$dpV j{oUm_W Z ]rOr c^V{ \$c_$&&51&&
`m_mU{ [ar`m oR>H$mUr (oZ`m{JmZ{) gVoV C[ H{$cr Var Vr oZ`m{J H$aUmamMr
hm{V Zmhr. Vr r `mMr Amh{ `mMrM Vr gVVr AgV{.
\$c dZo^gYm` j{oUm ]roOZm VWm$&

`j j{oUm_Wm} ]rOmm{oZJar`gr$&&52&&
hm{Uma{ A[` H$m{UmM{ h{ AmYrM oZoV H{$c{c{ Zg{c Va ]rOm[{jm j{ dna> _mZmd{.
oH$`m`w[J_md{VrOmW `Xr`V{$&
V`{h ^moJZm >m ]rOr j{oH$ Ed M $&&53&&
oZ`m{JmZ{ C[ hm{Uma{ A[` (Am[Um Xm{KmM{oh Agmd{ Agm) oZ`_ R>adyZ Pm`mg
_wcmM{ dmYrZdmV Xm{K{oh gh^mJr hm{VmV.
`dhmaV: hm oZ`_ Jm|Yi C[ H$aUmam Amh{. g`, oZH$Q>Mm [naM` dm odoe>
[napWoV AgVmZm h{ g^dV{.
9 54
482 ]
_Zw_oV
Am{KdmVmV ]rO `` j{{ am{hoV$&

j{oH$`d VrO Z dm c^V{ \$c_$&&54&&
OcmMm Am{K dm dmam `m`m_i
w { e{VmV [Sy>Z CJdc{c{ [rH$ `mM{ e{V `mM{M AgV{.
]rO _wimV `mM{ H$Sy>Z Amc{ `mM{ dmo_d o[H$mda `{V Zmhr.
Ef Y_m} Jdm` Xm`w>mOmodH$` M$&

odh_ohfrUm M odk{`: gd oV$&&55&&
hmM oZ`_ Jm`, Km{S>r, Xmgr, C>Q>rU, e{ir, [ojUr, hg `m`m gyoVg]YmVoh
cmJy hm{Vm{.
]rO j{ `mM{odf`r _mJrc 7 8 cm{H$mV Ame`mMr H$mhrer [wZo$ Pmc{cr
Amh{ Vr `m`mc`mVrc oZU`mcm ghm` H$a`mgmR>r Agmdr. hmcdyZ IwQ>m ]iH$Q> H$aVmV Vgm hm
H$ma Amh{.
EV: gma\$Jwd ]rO`m{`m{: H$soVV_$&

AV: [a d`mo_ `m{ofVm Y__m[oX$&&56&&
AemarVrZ{ ]rO AmoU j{mMr VaV_Vm Vwhmg gmoJVcr. AmVm Am[mr`md{ir
rZ{ H$g{ dmJmd{ `mg]YrM{ oZ`_ gmJVm{.
^mVw`}>` ^m`m `m Jw[`ZwO` gm$&

`dr`gVw `m ^m`m Zwfm `{>` gm _Vm$&&57&&
Wm{a`m ^mdmMr [Zr hr YmH$Q>m^mdmg Jw_mV{gmaIr Amh{ AmoU YmH$Q>mMr
[Zr Wm{a`mg gwZ{_mU{ Amh{.
`{>m{ `dr`gm{ ^m`m `dr`mdm@JOo`_$&

[oVVm ^dVm{ Jdm oZ`w$md`Zm[oX$&&58&&
gVVrMm A^md ZgVmZmoh doS>cm`m AZwkZ{ { Wm{acm YmH$Q>m`m [Zrer dm YmH$Q>m
Wm{a`m`m [Zrer aoV H$arc Va V{ Xm{K{oh [oVV ([mVH$s) R>aVrc.
Agm gJ [VrM{ XrKH$mcrZ XwIU{ dm dmgmoX H$maUmZr [wH$i oXdgmMm odah `m
H$maUmZr C[ hm{Um`m dmgZ{Z{ `{Umar AdWVm [mhZ `m rodf`r doS>cYm`mZm dmQ>Um`m
H$Ud{Z{ `{V AgUma.
X{damm go[S>mm o`m gòLZ`w$`m$&

O{pgVm@oYJV`m gVmZ` [naj`{$&&59&&
_Zw_oV
[ 483 ]
9 63
gVVr Zg{c Va dS>rcYm`m`m g_VrZ{ rZ{ oXamer dm oZH$Q>`m (gq[S>) Ammer

A[`m`m BN>{Z{ g]Y R>{dmdm.
O{pgV eXmdZ H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr hm{Uma{ _yc A[{j{ _mU{ Zg{c Va hUO{ _wcJr
Pmcr dm _yc A[J Ag{c Va [wZao[ A[{ojV _yc (A`J [w) cm^{[`V g]Y R>{dmdm Agm AW
H$mT>cm Amh{.
odYdm`m oZ`w$Vw KVm$m{ dm`Vm{ oZoe$&

EH$_w[mX`{[w Z oVr` H$WMZ$&&60&&
doS>cYm`m`m AZwk{Z{ oZ`m{oOc{`m [wfmZ{ AJmg Vy[ \$mgyZ _mZ YmaU H$$Z
H{$di amr `m odYd{er aoV H$amdr. hr gdS> EH$ [w O_mg `{B[`V Amh{. Xwgam [w (Ia{ Va Xwga{
_yc) H$Yroh C[ H$$ Z`{.
AJmcm Vy[ \$mgU{ _mZ R>{dU{ `m Jm{>r, g^m{Jmcm aoVH$sS>{M{ d$[ `{D$ Z`{. V{W{
H{$di A[nahm` Aer H$V` ^mdZm Agmdr, `mgmR>r Amh{V.
oVr`_{H${ OZ _`V{ rfw VoX:$&

AoZdV oZ`m{JmW [`Vm{ Y_VV`m{:$&&61&&
oZ`m{JmMr gyQ>hr H{$di demM{ gmV` A]moYV amhmd{ hUyZ Amh{. EH$M [w Ag{c
Va `mM{ AmH$p_H$ oZYZ Pm`mg degmV`mMm Ca{cM H$maU EH$M [w AgU{ h{ [w
Zg`mgmaI{M Amh{ Ag{ cmoH$H$mV _mZc{ OmV{.
odYdm`m oZ`m{JmW} oZd m{ Vw `WmodoY$&

Jwd Zwfmd dV}`mVm [a[a_$&&62&&
odYd{er odoY[ydH$ oZ`m{J g[ Pm`mZVa ([wm{[om Pm`mda) oV`mer
Jw[Zr_mU{ dm gwZ{_mU{ _`mX{Z{ dmJmd{.
oZ`w$m `m odqY ohdm dV}`mVm Vw H$m_V:$&

Vmdw^m [oVVm `mVm ZwfmJJwV[Jm$&&63&&
oZ`m{JmMr AZwkm Amh{ hUyZ Oa V{ Xra oZ ^mdO` dmgZmVrgmR>r aoVodcmg H$arV
amhVrc Va V{ [oVV hm{Vrc. gwZ{er dm Jw[Zrer g]Y R>{d`m_mU{ [mVH$s hm{Vrc.
YmH$Q>mMr ]m`H$m{ hr gyZ AmoU Wm{a`mMr hr Jw[Zr AgV{ Ag{ gmmdm`m
cm{H$mV gmoJVc{ Amh{M.
9 64
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_Zw_oV
Zm`p_pdYdm Zmar oZ`m{$`m oOmoVn^:$&

A`p_ph oZ`wOmZm Y_ h`w: gZmVZ_$&&64&&
]mU jo` d`mZr rcm Xwg`m [wfmer gJ H$a`mg cmdy Z`{ H$maU [a[wfmer
aVr H{$`mZ{ [moVd` `m l{> Y_mMm (gZmVZ Y_mMm) KmV hm{Vm{.
Zm{mohH{$fw _{fw oZ`m{J: H$s`V{ $oMV$&

Z oddmhodYmdw$ odYdmd{XZ [wZ:$&&65&&
oddmh_mV H$m{R>{oh oZ`m{JmMm C{I Amc{cm Zmhr. Vg{M oddmh odYmZmV H$m{R>{oh
odYd{`m [wZoddmhmMm C{I Zmhr.
A` oOoh odo: [ewY_m} odJohV:$&

_Zw`mUm_o[ m{$m{ d{Z{ { am` emgoV $&&66&&
odmZ oOmZr oZ`m{J hm H{$di [ewY_ _mZcm Amh{ (_mUgmV Vm{ AgU{ MmJc{
Zmhr) dadVZr d{Zm`m AYmo_H$ am`mV hr AoZ> Wm _Zw`mV T> Pmcr.
g _hr_oIcm ^wOZ amOofda: [wam$&

dUmZm gH$a MH${ H$m_m{[hVM{VZ:$&&67&&
amOm_`{ l{> Agc{cm hm d{Z [yU [drda am` H$arV hm{Vm. V{hm `mZ{ H$m_cm{cw[
hm{D$Z dUgH$a H$aUm`m arVrZm m{gmhZ oXc{.
VV: ôV `m{ _m{hm_rV[oVH$m o`_$&

oZ`m{O``[`mW V odJhpV gmYd:$&&68&&
`m d{i[mgyZ cm{H$ _m{hmZ{ odYdm rcm A[`mrgmR>r oZ`m{JmMr g_oV X{D$ cmJc{
[U gmZmZr h{ H$` gdWm oZM _mZc{c{ Amh{.
``m o_`V{ H$`m`m dmMm g`{ H$V{ [oV:$&

Vm_Z{Z odYmZ{Z oZOm{ odX{V X{da:$&&69&&
dmXmZ Pmc{ Amh{ [U oddmh hm{`m[yduM oZ`m{oOV da _{cm Va `m`m ^mdmer
[wT>`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{`m [VrZ{ c cmdmd{.
`WmodòYJ`Zm ewcdm ewoMdVm_$&

o_Wm{ Ô{Vm@@gdmgH$gH$VmdVm$&&70&&
_Zw_oV
[ 485 ]
9 74
(oXamZ{) `m dmXm rer `Wmem oddmh H$amdm AmoU oVcm [mT>ar d{ Z{g`mg
mdr. g`_mZ{ amh`mg gmJmd{ AmoU A[` hm{B[`V `{H$ F$VwH$mcr EH$ EH$ dma oV`mer aoV
H$amdr.
Z Xdm H$òMH$`m [wZXmoMjU:$&

Xdm [wZ: `N>Z nh mZm{oV [wfmZV_$&&71&&
_wcJr EH$mg X{D$Z Pm`mda emh`mZ{ VrM [whm Xwg`mcm X{D$ Z`{. Vg{ H{$c{ Va
[wfmZV Xm{f cmJVm{.
`m_wi{ gh Am ZaH$mV [S>VmV `m [m[mcm [wfmZV Xm{f hUVmV.
oZ`m{J H$amdm, oZ`m{J oZ Amh{ hUyZ Vm{ H$$ Z`{. dmXmZ Pmc{ Var Vr r [Zr[X
[mdc{crM Amh{ V{hm oVM{ Xwg`mer c cmdU{ AeV. cmdc{M Va V{ oZ`m{Jm`m oZ`_mV ]g{c
V{dT>{M _`moXV Agmd{. Aer dUZ{ `{VmV V{hm hm od dMZmMm gJh Amh{. Vm{ j{[m_wi{ Pmcm
Amh{. Ag{ H$mhr ]wodmXr _mZVmV. [U V{ `m{` Zmhr. qhXwWmZ`m odemc j{mV oZaoZam`m arVr
T>r Wm d{Jd{J`m mVmV `dhmamV hm{`m. `mMm hm `mV`m `mV _`mXm oZ_mU H$a`mMm
`mg Amh{. odoYoZf{Y gmJyZ cm{H$mZr `mVrc VmaV` `mZmV `md{. AoYH$ dmBQ>mH$Sy>Z H$_r
dmBQ>mH$S>{ dm dmBQ>mVyZ MmJ`mH$S>{ JVr H$amdr. Ag{ `m [a[aodam{Yr dmQ>Um`m dMZmd$Z cjmV
`md`mM{ AgV{. Vr _wimV odgJoV ZgV{. Va V{W{ l{>H$oZ>Vm VaV_Vm gmoJVc{cr AgV{. g_mO
AZ{H$ WamV od^mJc{cm AgVm{. V{hm h{ Ag{ H$aU{ ohVgmYZm`m >rZ{ Amd`H$M AgV{.
odoYdoVJmo[ Ò{H$`m odJohVm_$&

`moYVm odXw>m dm N>Zm Mm{[[moXVm_$&&72&&
odoYdV oddmh Pmcm Agcm Var (damZ{)qZ Aem H$`{Mm `mJ H$amdm. am{Jr,
[a[wfmda oMm R>{dUmar, oV`m AJr odH$V AJ, AoYH$mJ, B`moX Xm{f cmdyZ oOM{ H$`mXmZ H{$c{
OmV{ Aer `m` g_Omdr.
`Vw Xm{fdVt H$`m_Zm`m`m{[[mX`{V$ &

V` VoVW Hw$`mH$`mXmVwXaw m_Z:$&&73&&
H$`m Xm{f`w$ AgyZ V{ H$Q> H{$`mdmMyZ Om{ H$`mXmZ H$aVm{ Vm{ H$`mXmVm Xwam_m
hm{`. `mM{ XmZ `W H$amd{. (H$`m _mKmar [mR>dmdr)
odYm` dqV ^m`m`m: dg{H$m`dma:$&

AdomH$oeVm oh r Xw`{pWoV_ò[$&&74&&
9 74
486 ]
_Zw_oV
[ZrMr [m{Q>m[m`mMr gm{` H$$ZM H$m`gJr [wfmZ{ dmgmg Omd{. [m{Q>m[m`mMr

gm{` H{$cr Zmhr Va Vr r gwerc Agcr Var AJoVH$V{Z{ ^> hm{D$ eH$V{.
odYm` m{ofV{ dqm Ord{o`__mpWVm $&

m{ofV{ dodYm`d Ord{pN>[aJohV: $&&75&&
[m{Q>m[m`mMr gm{` H$$Z Vr dmgmg J{cm Ag{c Va [ZrZ{ oZ`_mM{ [mcZ H$$Z
amhmd{. [VrZ{ Ver H$mhr gm{` H{$cr Zg{c Va qZ ZmhrV Ag{ H$m_Ym_ (oe[) H$$Z C[OrodH$m
H$amdr.
[Vr Jmdmg J{c{cm AgVmZm `m rcm m{ofV^VH$m hUVmV. oVZ{ eJma H$$ Z`{.
gmYr d{e^yfm H$$Z amhmd{.
da`m cm{H$mV AJdmoXH$mMr gm{` Z H$aVm [wf Jmdmcm J{cm Va H$m` hm{D$
eH$V{ `mMm YmH$ XmIodcm Amh{. Vr H$mhr rcm ^> hm{`mH$naVm oXc{cr gdS> Zmhr. Hw$crZ rZ{
Aem g_`r H$mhr H$m_Ym_ H$$Z Am[`m [m{Q>m[m`mMr gm{` H$amdr. H$amd`mM{ H$m_ _m qZ Agy
Z`{. H$cmHw$ga, âVH$m_, oedUH$m_, d`[mH$,YwUr ^mS>r B`mXtMm Adc] H$amdm. "Ord{V
oe[: AJohV:' hU`mV hm ^md Amh{. Z` ZmQ> earaXeZ(_mS>{qcJ) h{ H$$ Z`{.
m{ofVm{ Y_H$m`mW Vr`m{@>m Za: g_m:$&

odmW fQ> èm{@W dm H$m_mW rVw dgamZ$&&76&&
Y_H$m`m`m oZo_mmZ{ [wf [aX{er J{cm Ag`mg AmR>df}[`V `m`m [aV Kar
`{`mMr dmQ> [mhmdr. ode{fodm o_iod`mgmR>r J{cm Ag`mg ghm df}, èH$soV o_iod`mg
J{cm Ag`mg ghm df}, C[^m{J cmcg{Z{ J{cm Ag`mg (Zm{H$arYm`m oZo_mmZ{) VrZ df}
[VrMr oVjm H$amdr.
Ag{ [wH$i gJ `{VmV. AmOoh `{VmV. JwMr Amkm hUyZ Y_gmamg OmU{,
aUmJUmda `wmgmR>rOmU{, H$mhr VkmZ dm odkmZ o_iod`mgmR>r qH$dm Zm{H$ar Cm{Jm`m oZo_mmZ{
[gm o_iod`mgmR>r AZ{H$ V$U [aX{er OmVmV. Aem [wfmMr H$m{U`m oZo_mmZ{ oH$Vr H$mi dmQ>
[hmdr h{ `{W{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. Vg{ KS>c{ Zmhr Va H$m` H$amd{ V{ `m cm{H$mV [> H{$c{c{ Zmhr. H$mhr
Q>rH$mH$mamZr (`mMm em{Y K{D$Z) `mM{H$S>{ [aV Omd{.Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. [U V{ e` AgV{M Ag{
Zmhr. Aem d{ir dS>rcYm`m _S>it`m Aml`mcm Omd{. _mh{ar [aVmd{. Aer YmaUm R>{dmdr.
gdga Vrj{V ofVt `m{ofV [oV:$&

D$d gdgamd{Zm Xm` dm Z gdg{V$ &&77&&
_Zw_oV
[ 487 ]
9 81
gXd [VrMm odam{Y H$aUm`m rMm, Vr gwYmaV{ H$m [mh`mgmR>r EH$ dfm[`V dmQ>
[mhZ ZVa oVMm `mJ H$amdm. cmM{ d{ir oVcm H$mhr oXc{ Ag{c Va V{ [aV `md{ oV`mer g]Y
R>{dy Z`{.
oV`m A dmMr gm{` _m H$amdr Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ `m{` Amh{.
AoVH$m_{_m `m _m am{JmV_d{ dm$&

gm r_mgm[na`m`m@od^yfU[naN>Xm$&&78&&
[Vr d{S>m, `gZr, _[r, am{Jr, AgVmZm Or r `mMr ewlwfm H$aUma Zmhr oVcm
[oVZ{ (oejm hUyZ) VrZ _mg[`V dmcH$mamoX H$mhr X{D$ Z`{.
oV`mer g]Y R>{dy Z`{. Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
C_m [oVV cr]_]rO [m[am{oJU_$&

Z `mJm{@pV of`m Z M Xm`m[dVZ_$&&79&&
d{S>m, [oVV, Z[wgH$, oZ]uO _hmHw$>mgma`m am{JmZ{ [roS>V Agm [oV Ag`m_wi{
r `mMm {f H$arV Ag{c Var oVMm `mJ H$$ Z`{. AmoU oVcm oXc{c{ YZoh [aV K{D$ Z`{.
hm cm{H$ g`mhmam`m cm{H$mVrc Ame`mer AJXr CcQ> Amh{. _mJ{ Amhr
VmaV`mMm odMma H$am hQ>c{ Amh{ V{ Aem dMZmgmR>rM hQ>c{ Amh{.
_[m@g`dmm M oVHy$cm M `m ^d{V$ &

`moYVm dm@oYd{m`m qhm@WZr M gdXm$&&80&&
_ o[Umar, XwamMaUr, oVHy$c dmJUmar dm am{Jr Aer r Ag{c V{hm, g{dH$mZm
_wcm]mimZm _mahmU H$aUmar, [emMr CYi[>r H$aUmar Aer r Ag{c Va [VrZ{ Xwga{ c H$amd{.
d`m>_@{ oYd{m@X{ Xe_{ Vw _VOm$&

EH$mXe{ rOZZr gdo`dmoXZr $&&81&&
r dmP Ag{c Va AmR> dfmZVa, _wc{ OJV ZgVrc Va Xhm dfmZVa,
gJ`m _wcrM hm{V AgVrc Va AH$am dfmZVa AmoU Zd`mer gXd Ao` ]m{cUmar Ag{c Va
cJ{M oVMm `mJ H$$Z Xwga{ c H$amd{.
`mM odf`m`m g]Y mV "AOmXe_{df} rOm mXe{ Ò{V$ & _VOm [MXe{
gdo`dmoXZr_$&&' Ag{oh EH$ dMZ C[cY Amh{.
_m Ao`dmoXZr eXmMm AW ò^MmnaUr Agm H$amdm. Ag{ AmdOyZ gmoJVc{
Amh{. H{$di oVHy$c ^mfU H$aUmar Agm AW H$$ Z`{. H$oc`wJmV Var ]hVH{ $ o`m VemM AgVmV.
9 81
488 ]
_Zw_oV
hUO{ Xwga{ c H{$c{ Var oVHy$c ]m{cU{ hm Xm{f [H$a`mMm gJ `{Vm{M Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr [> H{$c{
Amh{. hUyZ Amh{ oVcmM g^miyZ K{U{ MmJc{.
`m am{oJUr `mmw ohVm g[m Md ercV: $&

gmZwkm`m@oYd{m`m Zmd_m`m M H$ohoMV$&&82&&
r am{Jr Amh{ [aVw [Vr`m ohVmcm O[Umar d gwerc Amh{.Va oVMr AZwkm K{D$ZM
Xwgam oddmh H$amdm. `m rMm A[_mZ H$$ Z`{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr E`mE|er`m cm{H$mV C{oIc{`m p`mg]Yr `m cm{H$m_mU{ Xwga{
c H$a`m[ydu oVMr g_oV `mdr. oVMr Adh{cZm H$$ Z`{. Ag{ AmdOyZ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
AoYodm Vw `m Zmar oZJN>{ ox fVm JhmV$&

gm g: goam{`m `m`m dm Hw cgoYm$&&83&&
gdV Amc{cr Vr r gyZ ([VrM{) Ka gm{Sy>Z OmD$ hU{c Va oVcm AS>dyZ R>{dmdr.
qH$dm oVcm oV`m _mh{ar [mR>dmdr.
oVf{Y{ o[]{m Vw __`wX`{do[$&

{jmg_mO JN>{ m gm XS>m H$UcmoZ fQ>$&&84&&
Or r ZH$m{ hUyZ gmoJVc{ AgVmoh oddmhmoXH$ CgdmM{ d{ir _meZ H$arc
qH$dm g_wXm`m_`{ (Z`moXH$mgmR>r) OmBc Va oVcm ghm H$Uc XS> H$amdm.
òX dmm[amd odX{a`m{ofVm{ oOm:$&

Vmgm dUH$ _{U `m`R> [yOm M d{_ M$&&85&&
oO gdU dm o^dU o`mer c H$aVrc Va `mZm dUm`m H$_mZr `{>d
dmcH$mamoX md{ AmoU oZdmgWmZ dUm`m H$_mZ{ oXc{ Omd{.
^Vw: earaewlfy m Y_H$m` M Z`H$_$&

dm Md Hw$`mgd}fm ZmdOmoV: H$WMZ$&&86&&
[VrMr earag{dm, Y_H$`{ oZ` d Zo_omH$oh H$m_{ [Vr`m dUmMr Or r Ag{c
oVZ{ H$amdr. Xwg`m dUm`m rZ{ H$$ Z`{.
`Vw VH$ma`{_m{hmgOm`m pWV`m@``m $&

`Wm ]mUMmS>mc: [yd >VWd g:$&&87&&
dV:`m dUmMr r Odi AgVm H$m{Ur _m{hmZ{ (darc H$m_{) A` dUm`m rH$Sy>Z
H$adrc Va Vm{ ]mUmVrc MmS>mc Amh{ Ag{ [ydu`m km`mZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 489 ]
9 93
CH$>m`mo^$[m` dam` gem` M$&

Amm_o[ Vm V_ H$`m XmWmodoY$&&88&&
Am[`m dUmMm Hw$crZ AmMmag[ gwd$[ Agm da o_im`mg _wcJr d`mV
Amcr Zgcr Var, oVMm `m damer odoY[ydH$ oddmh H$amdm.
H$m__m_aUmom>{ h { H$`Vw_ ò[$&

Z MdZ m [`N>{ mw JwUhrZm` H$ohoMV$&&89&&
F$Vw_Vr Pm`mZVaoh H$`{Z{ Am_aU o[`m`m KarM amhmd{. [aVw JwUhrZmcm H$Yroh
H$`m A[U H$$ Z`{.
roU dfm`wXrj{V Hw$_m`V _w Vr gVr$&

D$d Vw H$mcmX{V_moX{V ge [oV_$&&90&&
F$Vy m Pm`mda _wcrZ{ VrZ df}[`V dmQ> [hmdr. `m H$mcmZVa Am[`mcm ge
Aem [VrMr (dV:M) oZdS> H$amdr.
_wcrMm oddmh H$$Z X{`mM{ Xmo`d oV`m o[`mM{ dm A` doS>cYm`m
AmdH$s`mM{ Amh{. [U H$mhr H$maUmZ{ `mZr Am[c{ H$V` `m{`d{ir [ma [mS>c{ Zmhr Va _wcrZ{
F$VwmrZVaMr VrZ df} `m`m âdemda [moh`mZVa dV:M Am[UmgmR>r `m{` da em{YZy oddmohV
hmd{.
ge hU`mV `m{` hUO{ OmoV Hw$c JwU `mZr `m{`, Agm AW Amh{.
AXr`_mZm ^Vma_oYJN>
{ oX d`_$&
ZZ: qH$oMXdmZm{oV Z M ` gm@oYJN>oV$&&91&&
o[Vm B`mXtZr `m{` d{ir oddmh H$$Z oXcm Zmhr Va _wcrZ{ dV: hm{D$Z [Vr o_iodU{
dm Aem _wcrcm `m [VrZ{ drH$maU{ `mV H$m{UVmoh Xm{f Zmhr.
AcH$ma ZmXXrV o[` H$`m d`dam $&

_mVH$ ^mVXm dm V{Zm `moX V ha{V$ &&92&&
dV:Mm [oV dV:M oZdS>Um`m _wcrZ{ o[Vm _mVm ]Yy `m`mH$Sy>Z dmcH$mamXrMr
A[{jm H$$ Z`{. (oXc{ Var K{D$ Z`{) `mZr oXc{`m YZmXtMm drH$ma H$arc Vr _wcJr Mm{a R>a{c.
o[{ Z XmNw>H$ Vw H$`m_V_w Vt haZ$&

g M dm`mXoVH$m_{VyZm oVam{YZmV$&&93&&
9 93
490 ]
_Zw_oV
F$Vw_Vr H$`{er oddmh H$aUm`m damZ{ [Zr`m o[`mcm H$`mewH$ hUyZ H$mhr
X{`mMr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr. _wcrMm `m{` d{ir oddmh Z H$aUmam o[Vm _wcrdarc gd AoYH$mam[mgyZ
`wV hm{Vm{.
qefm} dh{H$`m m mXedmofH$s_$&

`>dfm}@>dfm dm Y_} grXoV gda:$&&94&&
Vrg df} d`m`m damZ{ ]mamdfm`m _Zm{ZHw $y c H$`{er oddmh H$amdm. Mm{drg dfm`m
[wfmZ{ AmR> df} d`m`m _wcrer oddmh H$amdm. JhWY_ drH$ma`mMr KmB H$amdr. A`Wm
Y_mMaUmV oeoWcVm `{V{.
odm`mgmgmR>r d{Xm`m d emm`m g`{cm AZwg$Z EH$ Xm{Z V[mMm H$mi cmJVm{.
`m_wi{ ]Mm`mM{ d` odm``Z H$aVmZm dm^modH$[U{ Mm{drg V{ Vrg dfmM{ hm{V{ hUyZ damMm
hm H$mc gmoJVcm Amh{. JhWY_m`m >rZ{ dYwdam_`{ AoYH$ AVa AgU{ h{ B> Amh{._wcJr
d`mZ{ oOVH$s _m{R>r oVVH{$ gmga`m dmVmdaUmer OwidyZ K{U{ AoYH$ AdKS> OmV{. _wcrM{ d`
chmZ AgVmZm oV`m oR>H$mUr dV:`m dV ò$_dmMr Ap_Vmoh OmJV Pmc{cr ZgV{.
`m_wi{ [Vrer `m`m d^mdAmMma `mZwgma oVcm EH$$[ hm{Un{ h gm{[{ OmV{. da oXc{cr d`m{_`mXm
hr AoYH$mV AoYH$ Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.Am`wd}XmZ{ gwO{gmR>r [wfmM{ d` drg [yU AmoU [ZrM{
gm{im [yU Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
X{dXmm [oV^m`m odXV{ Z{N>`m_Z:$&

Vm gmdt o]^`mo` X{dmZm o`_mMaZ$&&95&&
[Zr X{dmZ{ oXcr VrM o_iV{. dV:`m BN>{Z{ o_iV Zmhr hUyZ X{dmZm o` Ag{
AmMaU H$a`mgmR>r gmdr Aem rM{ A AmN>mXZ B. H$$Z gJm{[Z H$amd{.
OZmW o`: g>m: gVmZmW M _mZdm:$&

V_mgmYmaUm{ Y_: lwVm [`m ghm{oXV:$&&96&&
o`m O{gmR>r AmoU [wf gVVrgmR>r oZ_mU H{$c{c{ Amh{V. hUyZ (JhWmcm odohV)
O{ gmYmaU Y_ `mM{ [Zrgh gXd CgmhmZ{ [mcZ H$amd{.
Om eXmZ{ AoYH$ MmJcr _wc{ Agm AW `md`mMm Amh{. gVVr eXmZ{ H{$di
degmV` JhrV Amh{. `md$Z _wcmda MmJc{ gH$ma H$$Z `mZm g` gwgH$V _mUyg ]Zod`mM{
H$m_ _w`V: o`mM{, _mV{M{ Amh{. h{ drH$mamd{ cmJV{.
_Zw_oV
[ 491 ]
9 103
H$`m`m XmewH$m`m o_`V{ òX ewH$X: $&

X{dam` XmV`m òX H$`m@Zw_`V{$&&97&&
H$`{M{ ewH$ oX`mZVa X{Umam _aU [mdcm Va H$`{`m AZw_VrZ{ ewH$Xm`m`m
^mdmcm Vr mdr.
AmXXrV Z eym{@o[ ewH$ XwohVa XXZ$&

ewH$ oh JHw$V{ N> XwohVodH `_$&&98&&
eymZ{nh H$`{M{ ewH$ K{D$ Z`{. Vg{ K{U{ hUO{ A`j[U{ H$`modH$`
H$a`mgmaI{M Amh{.
EVmw Z [a{ MH$w Zm[a{ OmVw gmYd:$&

`X`` oVkm` [wZa`` Xr`V{$&&99&&
EH$mcm H$`m X{Vm{ Ag{ oVkm[ydH$ gmJyZ Vr Xwg`mcm X{U{ `m{` Zmhr Ag{ mMrZ
AdmMrZ gmZmM{ _V Amh{.
ZmZwel
w _w Omd{V[yd} do[ oh O_gw$&
ewH$gkZ{ _y`{Z N> XwohVodH$`_$&&100&&
gmZ _mUg{ hUVmV H$s Amhr [ydu`m O_mV gwm ewH$m`m oZo_mmZ{ H$`{Mm
odH$` H{$c{c{ E{H$c{ Zmhr.
A`m{``m`^rMmam{ ^d{Xm_aUmpVH$:$&
Ef Y_: g_mg{Z k{`: r[wg
`m{: [a:$&&101&&
Am_aU Xm{{KmZr [a[amer Aò^Mma[U{ EH$oZ>{Z{ amhmd{ hm r[wfmMm Cm_ Y_
Amh{. Ag{ Wm{S>`mV gmJVm `{Bc.
VWm oZ` `V{`mVm r[wg

m Vw H$VoH$`m $&
`Wm Zmo^Ma{Vm Vm od`w$modVa{Va_$&&102&&
oddmohV r[wfmZr d{Ji{ amhZ Am[U [a[a ò^MmaXm{fmZr `w$ hm{D$ Z`{.
`m>rZ{ gVV `Zerc Agmd{.
Ef r[wg
`m{$m{ Y_m} dm{ aoVgohV:$&
Am[[`mo Xm`^mJ oZ]m{YV$&&103&&
[a[am`m Am{T>rZ{ `w$ Agm (oddmohV) r[wfmMm Y_ Vg{M _yc Zg{c Va
A[`mrgmR>r H$m` H$amd{ V{oh gmoJVc{. AmVm Xm`^mJ (dmQ>Urg]Yr oZ`_) gmJVm{. V{ E{H$m.
9 104
492 ]
_Zw_oV
D$d o[Vw _mVw g_{` ^mVa: g__$&

Ô{a[VH $ naW_ZremV{ oh OrdVm{:$&&104&&
]m[ AmoU AmB `m`m _`yZV a `mMr g[om ^mdm^mdmZr Am[gmV gma`m _mUmV
dmQy>Z `mdr. AmB]m[ oOdV AgVm `m g[mrda [wmMm AoYH$ma ZgVm{.
`{> Ed Vw Jr`mp[` YZ_e{fV:$&

e{fmV_w[Ord{``w W
d o[Va VWm$&&105&&
`{> [wmZ{ o[`mMr gd g[om JhU H$amdr. BVa ]YZy r o[`m_mU{ `{>m`m Aml`mZ{
amhZ dV:Mr C[OrodH$m Mmcdmdr.(EH$ Hw$Q>w>]mgmR>r hm oZ`_ OmUmdm)
`{>Z{ OmV_m{U [wr ^doV _mZd:$&

o[VUm_ZUd g V_mgd_hoV$&&106&&
[ohcm [w C[ Pm`mZ{ _mUyg [wdmZ hm{V AgVm{. AmoU o[Vam`m F$UmVyZ _w$
hm{Vm{. hUyZ Wm{acm _wcJm g[mrMm AoYH$mar hm{`mg `m{` Amh{.
`p_U gZòV `{Z MmZ`_ZwV${ &

g Ed Y_O: [w: H$m_OmoZVampdXw:$&&107&&
[ohcm _wcJm O_mcm Amcm H$s o[Vm F$UmVyZ _w$ hm{Vm{. AmoU _m{jmcm [mdVm{.
hUyZ [oh`m [wmcmM V{dT>{ Y_O[w _mZVmV. BVa [w h{ H$m_m{[ H$m_O Amh{V Ag{ OmUmd{.
o[V{d [mc`{[wmZ `{>m{ ^mV`dr`g:$&

[wdmo[ dV}aZ `{>{ ^mVna Y_V:$&&108&&
Wm{a`m ^mdmZ{ YmH$Q>m ^mdmM{ o[`m_mU{ [mcZ H$amd{. YmH$Q>mZ{oh Wm{a`m
^mdmer Am[U `mM{ [w Amhm{V Aem^mdZ{Z{ dmJmd{.
`{>: Hw$c dYòV odZmeòV dm [wZ:$&

`{>: [y`V_m{ cm{H${ `{>: goaJohV:$&&109&&
Wm{acm [w (\$ma JwUdmZ Ag{c Va) Hw$cmMr Ao^do H$aVm{. (XwJwUr Ag{c Va)
Hw$cmMm Zmeoh H$aVm{. cm{H$m_`{ Wm{a`mcmM _mZ oXcm OmVm{. gmZm_`{ Wm{acmM AqZ R>aVm{.
`m{ `{>m{ `{>do m: `m_mV{d g o[V{d g:$&

A`{>do m`Vw `mg g[y `Vw ]YwdV$&&110&&
_Zw_oV
[ 493 ]
9 115
Wm{acm ^mD$ Wm{ac{[UmMr OmUrd R>{dyZ YmH$Q>m ^mdmer dmJVm{ V{hm Vm{
_mVmo[`m_mU{ ([yOZr`) AgVm{. Wm{a`mcm em{^`mgmaI{ `mM{ dmJU{ Zg{c Var YmH$Q>mZr
`mcm doS>cYm`m Amm_mU{ AmXaUr` _mZmd{.
Ed gh dg{`dw m [Wdm Y_H$m``m $&

[WpddYV{ Y_V_m`m [WH$ oH$`m $&&111&&
dmQ>Ur Z H$aVm Aem arVrZ{ gd ^mdmZr EH$ amhmd{, qH$dm H$m_Z{Z{ d{Jd{Ji{ hmd{.
d{Ji{ amoh`m_wi{ `{H$mcm Y_H$`{ H$amdr cmJVmV. `m_wi{ Y_mMr dmT> hm{V{.
`{>` qde Cma: gd`m à_$&

VVm{@Y _`_` `mmwar` Vw `dr`g:$&&112&&
o[`m`m gm_mo`H$ g[mrVyZ EH$ odgme YZ `{>mZ{ `md{. `m`m AY} _Y`mZ{
AmoU YmH$Q>mZ{ `m`m EH$MVwWme `md{.
g[mr`m [mM oVeV ^mJ Wm{a`mZ{ `mdm, AS>rM oVeV > _Y`mZ{ d gdm
oVeV gdmV YmH$Q>mZ{ dmQ>Ur`m AmYr H$mTy>Z `mdm. _J Cac{`m g[mrMr g_mZ dmQ>Ur
H$amdr.
`{>md H$oZ> gha{Vm `Wm{oXV_$&

`{@`{ `{>H$oZ>m`m V{fm `m_`_ YZ_$&&113&&
gdmV Wm{acm d gdmV YmH$Q>m `mZr H$_mZ{ (oVeV [mM AmoU oVeV gdm) da
gmoJV`m_mU{ dmQ>Ur CMcmdr. `m`m_Yc{ O{ ^mD$ AgVrc `mZr (oVeV AS>rM _mU{)
_`_ hUyZ gmoJVc{c{ YZ `{H$mZ{ `md{.
gd}fm YZOmVmZm_mXXrVm`_JO:$&
` gmoVe` qH$oMeVmZw`ma_$&&114&&
gd g[mr[H$s O{ l{R> Ag{c AmoU ode{f H$maM{ JwU dm ode{f H$maU Ag{c Va
`mVrc Xhmdm Ae Wm{a`mZ{ `mdm.
`{>V{`m H$_mZ{ EH$e{]mam`m EH$e{V{am`m cm{H$mV CMcc{`m dmQ>UròVna$
hm Xhmdm ^mJ `md`mMm Amh{. Ag{ g_Omd{.
Cmam{ Z XedpV g[mZm dH$_gw $&

`pH$oMX{d X{` Vw `m`g{ _mZdYZ_$&&115&&
9 115
494 ]
_Zw_oV
gd ^mD$ Am[m[`m H$V`H$_mZ{ g[ AgVrc Va ode{f YZmMm Xhmdm Ae

d{Ji{[UmZ{ Wm{a`mg X{`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. Wm{a`mMm _mZ R>{dU{ `m{` hUyZ `mcm Wm{S>{g{ AoYH$
H$mhr md{.BVH{$M.
Ed g_wV m{ma{ g_mZemH$[`{V$ &

Cma{@ZwV { d{fmo_` `mXeH$[Zm $&&116&&
da gmoJV`m_mU{ g[mrVrc ode{f Ae CMcyZ K{V`mZVa Or g[mr Ca{c Vr
gd ^mdmZr g_mZ _mUm_`{ dmQy>Z `mdr. da gmoJV`m_mU{ Cma H$mTy>Z K{Vcm Zg{c Va od^mJUr
[wT>rc_mU{ H$amdr.
EH$moYH$ ha{`{>: [wm{@`Y VVm{@ZwO:$&

Ae_e `dr`mg BoV Y_m} `dpWV:$&&117&&
Wm{a`mcm Xm{Z Ae `m`m [mR>`mcm XrS> AeAmoU BVa YmH$Q>mZm EH{$H$ Ae
`m_mU{ ode{f dmQ>Ur mdr. h{ Y_mcm Y$Z Amh{.
oVeV [mM, AS>rM qH$dm gdm Agm Cma H$mT>U{ Hw$UmcmM `m{` Z dmQ>`mZ{ hm
Xwgam [`m` Amc{cm Amh{. O_mZ{ m Pmc{`m `{> H$oZ>V{Mr OmUrd C^`[jr amhmdr hUyZ hr
`dWm Amh{.
d{`m|@e{`Vw H$`m`: Xw^m Va: [WH$$&

dmdmXemVw^mJ [oVVm: `waoXgd:$&&118&&
AoddmohV _wctZm `m`m ^mdmZr `{H$s Am[m[`m dmQ>UrVcm EH$ MVwWme ^mJ
mdm.Ag{ Z X{Vrc Va V{ [oVV hm{Vrc.
`{H ^mdm`m dmQ>UrVcm EH$MVwWme `{H$ ]ohUrcm o_imdm Agm `mMm AW
Zmhr. cm{H$ EH$e{Va{ m V{ EH$e{AR>am `mV gmoJV`m_mU{ gd ^mdmV [VH $g[mrMr dmQ>Ur Pm`mZVa
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AmoU ^mD$ AoYH$ AgVrc Va oVcm cm^ [wH$i hm{Bc. [U _wcr AoYH$ AgVrc `md{ir `{H$
^mdm`m dmQ>UrVrc EH$MVwWme EH$ H$$Z `mMr g_mZ dmQ>Ur _wct`m_`{ H$amdr.hm od^mJ
MVwWme Mma oVeV AgU{oh e` Amh{.
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Agm C{I Amcm Amh{. [U _wcrcm dmQ>UrM Zmhr Agm Amam{[ H$aVmV, Vm{ Im{Q>m Amh{. dmQ>Ur`m
_Zw_oV
[ 495 ]
9 121
>rZ{ _wctMm odMma _ZyZ{ Ad` H{$cm Amh{. oddmohV H$`{cm dmQ>UrMm AoYH$ma X{U{ hUO{ _{h`m
_{h`mV ^mS>U cmdyZ X{U{ Amh{.
AOmodH$ gH$e\$ Z OmVw odf_ Ô{V$ &

AOmodH$ Vw odf_ `{>`d odYr`V{$&&119&&
e{`m, _|T>m, Km{S>{, I{Ma{ `mMr g`m odf_ Ag{c Va `mMr dmQ>Ur H$$ Z`{.
odf_ Agc{cr Vr Wm{a`mZ{ `mdr.
h{ [ewYZ g`{Z{ odf_ Ag`m_wi{ g__mUmV dmQ>Vm `{Uma Zmhr. hUyZ V{
Wm{a`mZ{M `md{ Ag{ O{ gmoJVc{ Amh{ V{ `mMr dmQ>Ur Ae` Ag{c `md{i{H$naVm Amh{. dmQ>Ur
hm{V Zmhr hUyZ `m`m odoZ_`mV Xwga{ H$mhr X{D$Z dm [eyZ m odHy$Z dmQ>Ur H$$ Z`{. Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr
hQ>c{ Amh{. [U `dhma _m Agm Zmhr.g__mUmV dmQy>Z Pm`mda O{ Z dmQ>Vm `{`mgmaI{ Ca{c
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`dr`m`{>^m`m`m [w_w[mX`{oX$&
g_V od^mJ: `moXoV Y_m} `dpWV:$&&120&&
YmH$Q>m ^mD$ Wm{a`m ^mdm`m [Zr`m oR>H$mUr (oZ`m{JmZ{) [w C[ H$arc Va
dmQ>Ur g_g_mZ Agmdr AerM Y_mMr `dWm Amh{.
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hUyZ dmQ>UrMm ode{f Ae `mg X{`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. Vg{M o[Vm Zgcm Var o[Vm_hm`m YZmMm `m
ZmVdmcm `m`m Mwc`m_mU{M g_od^mJ o_imcm [mohO{.Ag{oh `{W{ gmoJVc{ J{c{ Amh{. Ag{
OmUmd{.
C[gOZ YmZ` Y_Vm{ Zm{[[V{$&

o[Vm YmZ OZ{ V_m_}U V Ô{V$ &&121&&
(`m cm{H$mVrc Ame` `mVrc eXmd$Z ZrQ>gm cjmV `{V Zmhr hUyZ Q>rH$mH$ma
d A` ^mfmVaH$V} `m`m AmYmamZ{ Vm[`mW gmJV Amh{ h{ EH$H$ma{ EH$e{drgm`m cm{H$m`m
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w { `mcm Agc{cm dmQ>UrMm ode{f Ae CMc`mMm
AoYH$ma `m j{O [wmcm Zmhr.
9 122
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[w: H$oZ>m{ `{>m`m H$oZ>m`m M [ydO

:$&
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]m`H$m[H$s YmH$Q>rcm AmYr _wcJm Pmcm AmoU Wm{a`m [Zrcm `mZVa Pmcm Va
`m`mV dmQ>Ur H$er H$amdr Agm ge` Am`mg H$m` H$amd{ V{ gmJVm{.
EH$ df^_wma gha{V g [ydO

:$&
VVm{@[a{ `{>df mVXyZmZm d_mVV:$&&123&&
Om{ W_ O_mcm Amcm Amh{ (Vm{ H$oZ>{Mm Agcm Var) `mZ{ EH$ MmJcm ]c
AmYr `mdm AmoU _J BVamZr Am[`m _mVm`m AZwH$_mZ{ _`_, gmYmaU H$oZ> Aem `m{`V{M{
]c AZwH$_mZ{ `md{.
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Amc{`m [wmMr. hUyZ W_ [wmZ{ o[`m`m g[mrVrc ]cm[H$s EH$ Vm{ AmYr `mdm _J ]cm`m
VdmarZ{ BVamZr AZwH$_mZ{ Am[m[c{ dmQ>{ CMcmd{.
`{>Vw OmVm{ `{>m`m ha{Xd f ^fm{S>em:$&

VV: d_mVV: e{fm Ô{aooV YmaUm$&&124&&
Wm{a`m [Zr`m oR>H$mUr Oa BVam`m AmYr [w Pmcm Ag{c Va Vm{ dm^modH$[U{
`{> [w hm{`. V{hm `mZ{ [Yam Jm`r AmoU EH$ ]c AmYr `md{V. AmoU _J BVamZr Am[m[`m
_mVm`m AZwH$_mZ{ Am[cr dmQ>Ur CMcmdr.
gerfw OmVmZm [wmUm_ode{fV: $&

Z _mVVm{ `R>_pV O_Vm{ `R>_w`V{$&&125&&
Am[`mM dUm`m r`m oR>H$mUr O{ [w C[ hm{Vrc `mMm O_m`m >rZ{
AZwH$_ cmJVm{. V{W{ _mVmMm oddmhH$_ A[{ojV Zmhr.
O_`{>Z{ MmmZ gw]

`mdo[ _V_$&
`_`m{d J^}fw O_Vm{ `{>Vm _Vm$&&126&&
O_mZ{ Om{ `{> Amh{. `mZ{ `km`m gJr gw]` _mZ{ BmM{ AmdmhZ H$amd{
Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. J^YmaUm EH$H$mocH$ Agcr Var Ow`m_`{ Om{ W_ O_Vm{ Vm{M `{R>
_mZmdm Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 497 ]
9 131
cm{H$m_`{ _m Ow`mVrc _mJyZ O_Vm{, `mcm `{> _mZmd{ Aer YmaUm Amh{ [U
Vr `m{` Zmhr.
A[wm{@Z{Z odoYZm gwVm Hw$duV [woH$m_$&

`X[` ^d{X`m V__ `mdYmH$a_$&&127&&
`mcm [w Zg{c `mZ{ H$`{cm [wm`m oR>H$mUr _mZmd{ AmoU Omd`mer oZ`_ H$amdm
H$s ohcm O{ A[` ([w) hm{Bc V{ _mP{ lmmoXH$, AmdX{ohH$ H$_ H$arc.
`{W{ A[` eXmZ{ [wM JhrV Amh{. H$maU o`mZm doXH$ H$_ H$a`mMm AoYH$ma
Zmhr.AmdX{ohH$moX H$`{ doXH$ AgVrc V{hm Vr [wfmZ{M H$amdrV Ag{ em Amh{ hUyZ hm
AoYH$ma _wcr`m _wc`mcm Amh{ _wcrcm Zmhr.
AZ{Z Vw odYmZ{Z [wam MH${ @W [woH$m:$&

oddX `W dde` d` Xj: Om[oV:$&&128&&
[ydu Xj Om[VrZ{ `mM arVrZ{ Am[`m gJ`m _wctZm dV:`m dem`m drgmR>r
[woH$m _mZc{ hm{V{.
XXm g Xe Y_m` H$`[m` `m{Xe$&

gm{_m` amk{ gH$` rVm_m gqdeoV_$&&129&&
`mZ{ (Xj Om[VrZ{) gVm{fmZ{ g_mZ[ydH $ Am[`m H$`m[H $s Y_mcm Xhm H$`[mcm
V{am AmoU gm{_amOmcm hUO{ Mmcm gmmdrg `m_mU{ A[U H{$`m.
`Wdm_m VWm [w: [wU

{ XwohVm g_m $&
V`m_m_oZ oV>`m H$W_`m{ YZ ha{V$ &&130&&
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od_mZ AgVm oV`mdmMyZ (A[wH$mM{) YZ Xwgam H$gm K{Bc?
_wcrMr `m{`Vm [wV`m[{jm AoYH$ _mZcr Amh{. h{ _hdmM{ Amh{.
_mVwVw `mVH$ V`mHw$_mar^mJ Ed g:$&

Xmoh Ed ha{X[w`moIc YZ_$&&131&&
_mV{M{ O{ rYZ Ag{c Vm{ Hw$_matMm hUO{ AoddmohV H$`H$mMm ^mJ g_Omdm.
Vg{M AmB`m [waohV doS>cmM{ O{ YZ V{ XmohmZ{ hUO{ _wcr`m [wmZ{M `md{.
9 132
498 ]
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Xmohm{ oIc naW_[w` o[Vwha V{ $ &

g Ed XmXm o[S>m o[{ _mVm_hm` M$&&132&&
Xmoh (_wcrMm _wcJm) EHw$cVm EH$ Ag{c Va `mZ{ o[`mMr g[mr `mdr.
AmoU lmmM{ d{ir o[`m`m ZmdmZ{ AmoU _mVm_hm`mAmB`m doS>cm`m ZmdmZ{ Ag{ Xm{hr q[S> md{V.
_mVm_hmM{ gd YZ `m Xmohmcm o_iV Ag`mZ{ AmVm EHw$cVm EH$ Agcm Var
dV:`m o[`mM{ YZ [whm H$m `md{ V{ Hw$cm`m >rZ{ `m`m MwcV^mdmcm o_imc{ [mohO{ Agm
odMma Hw$Ur H$$ Z`{ hUyZ AmdOyZ hm oZ`_ gmoJVcm Amh{. o[`m`m g[mrda [wmMm AoYH$ma
O_OmVM AgVm{. [napWoVdemV `mcm _m_m Zg`mZ{ AmOm{]mM{ YZ (_mVm_hmM{) ghO[U{
m Pmc{ Amh{. `m_wi{ `mcm `m`m dm^modH$ AoYH$mam[mgyZ doMV H$a`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
[mXmoh`m{cm}H${ Z ode{fm{@pV Y_V:$&

V`m{oh _mVmo[Vam g^Vy m V` X{hV:$&&133&&
Y_H$ `m`m >rZ{ [m_wcmMm _wcJm AmoU Xmoh _wcrMm _wcJm, `m`mV H$mhroh
ode{f Zmhr. H$maU EH$mM o[`m[mgyZ [oh`m`m o[`mMm AmoU Xwg`m`m _mV{Mm O_ Pmcm
Ag`mZ{ X{hQ>m `mM{ g]Y gmaI{M Amh{V.
[woH$m`m H$Vm`m Vw òX [wm{@ZwOm`V{$&

g_V od^mJ: `m`{>Vm ZmpV oh o`m:$&&134&&
_wcJm Zmhr hUyZ AmYr H$`{cmM [w _mZc{ [U _mJyZ _wcJm Pmcm Va dmQ>Ur`m
d{ir Xmoh Amag [w `mZm g_mZ dmQ>Ur mdr. H$`{cm `{>V{Mm ode{f _mZ X{`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
[ydu`m cm{H$mVyZ dmQ>Ur H$aVmZm `{> H$oZ> Agm ^{X H$$Z `{>mcm H$mhr ode{f
Ae AoYH$ oXc{c{ Amh{V. V{W{ H$`{cm gmjmV dmQ>Ur oXc{crM Zmhr. hUyZ `{W{ AmVm Xmnhmcmoh
ode{f AoYH$ X{`mM{ H$maU Zmhr.
A[wm`m _Vm`m Vw [woH$m`m H$WMZ$&

YZ V[woH$m^Vm ha{Vd modMma`Z$&&135&&
[woH$m hUyZ R>aodc{cr _wcJr _aU [mdcr Va oVM{ YZ oV`m [Vr`m dmQ>mg
OmBc `{W{ A` odMma H$$ Z`{.
`{W{ gmg`mMr g[om [woH$m oZ`_mZ{ dm^modH$[U{ Omd`mH$S>{ `{V{ [U [woH$moZ`_
Zg{c Va gmg`m`m g[mrMm odoZ`m{J A` arVrZ{oh hm{Bc.
_Zw_oV
[ 499 ]
9 141
AH$Vm dm H$Vm dm@o[ ` odX{V gemgwV_$&

[mr _mVm_hV{Z Xmp[S> ha{Z_$&&136&&
_wcrcm [woH$m$[mZ{ oZò_V H{$c{cr Agm{ dm Zgm{ [U OmdB gdU Ag{c Va oVcm
Pmc{`m [wm_wi{ oVMm o[Vm hUO{ _mVm_h hm [mdmZ hm{Vm{M. `m_wi{ `m XmohmZ{ _mVm_hmM{
lm H$amd{. d `mM{ YZoh `md{.
[wU
{ cm{H$mOòV [mU
{ mZ`_ZwV${ &
AW [w` [mU
{ ]Z`mZm{oV od>[_$&&137&&
[w C[ Pmcm hUO{ Cm_ cm{H$mMr mr hm{V{. [wmcm [w hUO{ ZmVy Pm`m_wi{
Cm_ cm{H$s oMaH$mc ahmVm `{V{ AmoU [wmcm ZmVy hUO{ [UVy Pm`m_wi{ gy`cm{H$mMr mo hm{V{.
[wgVoV hrM YZmMr _w`V: AoYH$mar Amh{ Ag{ `md$Z og hm{V{. Ag{
Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
[wmZm{ ZaH$m_mm`V{ o[Va gwV:$&

V_m[w BoV m{$: d`_{d d`^dw m$&&138&&
[wV Zm_ ([w Zm_) ZaH$m[mgyZ o[`mM{ ajU H$aVm{. hUyZ _wcmcm [w hUVmV Ag{
dV: ]X{dmZ{M gmoJVc{ Amh{.
[mXmoh`m{cm}H${ ode{fm{ Zm{[[V{ $&

Xmohm{@o[ _wZ gVmaòV [mdV$&&139&&
[m AmoU Xmoh `mV `dhmaV: H$mhr ode{f Zg`mZ{ [mm_mU{ hm [woH$m [whr
(_mVm_hmMm) Cma H$aUmam AgVm{.
_mVw: W_V: o[S> oZd[{ [woH$mgwV:$&

oVr` Vw o[VwV`mVVr` Vp[Vw: o[Vw:$&&140&&
XmohmZ{ ([woH$m[wmZ{) W_ AmB`m ZmdmZ{ o[S> mdm. AmoU _J Xwgam q[S>
_mVm_hm`m ZmdmZ{ mdm d oVgam q[S> _mVm_hm`m o[`m`m ZmdmZ{ mdm.
C[[m{ JwU: gd: [wm{ `` Vw Xp_:$&

g ha{Vd VoW gmm{@``Jm{V:$&&141&&
XmH$ [w gd JwUmZr g[ Ag{c Va Vm{ [aJm{mVyZ Amcm Agcm Var `mMm (XmH$
o[`m`m) g[mrda AoYH$ma AgVm{. (hUyZ `mcm `m{` Vr dmQ>Ur o_i{c.)
9 142
500 ]
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Jm{naW{ OZo`VwZ ha{p_: $oMV$&

Jm{naWmZwJ: o[S>m{ `[oV XXV: dYm$&&142&&
XmH$ J{c{`m _wcmcm OZH$ ]m[mM{ Jm{ d YZ o_iV Zmhr. `mcm Jm{ AmoU
g[mrMr dmQ>Ur o_iV{ `mcmM lmmoXH$ H$_ H$a`mMm AoYH$ma AgVm{.
AoZ`w$mgwVd [wo`m X{damV$&

C^m Vm ZmhVm{ ^mJ OmaOmVH$H$m_Om$&&143&&
doS>cYm`m`m AZw_VrdmMyZ [a[wfmH$Sy>Z C[ H{$c{cm [w AmoU [wdVr
AgVmZmoh oXamH$Sy>Z C[ Pmc{cm [w h{ Xm{K{oh g[mr`m AoYH$mamM{ dmQ>{H$ar ZmhrV. H$maU
[ohcm ò^MmamVyZ C[ Pmc{cm Amh{. AmoU Xwgam H$m_dmgZ{Z{ C[ Pmc{cm Amh{.
oZ`w$m`m_o[ [w_mm`m OmVm{@odYmZV:$&

Zdmh: [VH $ naW [oVVm{[moXVm{ oh g:$&&144&&
doS>cYm`mZr AZwkm oXc{cr AgVmZm oZ`m{JmMm Om{ emm{$ odYr Amh{ Vm{ Z
[miVm C[ Pmc{cm (j{O) [w YZod^mJmMm AoYH$mar Zmhr. H$maU Vm{ [oVVm[mgyZ C[ Pmc{cm
Amh{.
ha{m oZ`w$m`m OmV: [wm{ `Wmag:$&

j{oH$` Vw VX ]rO Y_V: [gd g:$&&145&&
doS>cYm`m`m AZwk{Z{ emm{$ oZ`m{JodYrZ{ C[ Pmc{cm [w Amagm_mU{
YZod^mJmMm AoYH$mar hm{Vm{. `mM{ j{ `mM{M ]rO _mZc{ OmV{. AmoU `m C[mrcm Y_mMr
_m`Vm Amh{.
[mS>d am`mM{ AoYH$mar R>ac{ V{ `m_wi{M.
YZ `m{ o]^`mX^m Vw_V ` o`_{d M $&

gm{@[` ^mVw[m Xmm`d VZ_$&&146&&
^mD$ oZ[woH$ _aU [mdcm Ag{c Va `mM{ [ZrM{ oR>H$mUr Xwg`m ^mdmZr
(oZ`m{JodYrZ{) [w C[ H$amdm. AmoU `mcm YZod^mJ mdm. H$maU Vm{ `mMmM AoYH$ma Amh{.
`m oZ`w$m@`V: [w X{damm`dmZw`mV$&
V H$m_O_naWr` dWm{[ MjV{$&&147&&
doS>cYm`mMr AZwkm AgVmZmoh oXamoXH$mH$Sy>Z oZ`m{J[VrZ{ oZ`_ Z [miVm
_Zw_oV
[ 501 ]
9 153
C[ H{$c{cm [w hm H$m_O Amh{. `mMm O_ `W Amh{(AoYH$V Zmhr) hUyZ Vm{ YZod^mJmMm

AoYH$mar Zmhr.
EVoYmZ odk{` nd^mJ`H$`m{oZfw $&

]rfw MH$OmVmZm ZmZmrfw oZ]m{YV$&&148&&
YZod^mJmM{ gmoJVc{c{ h{ oZ`_ gdU r`m R>m`r Pmc{`m [wmZm AZwcjyZ Amh{V.
o^dUm`m o`mM{ R>m`r C[ Pmc{`m [wmZm dmQ>Ur H$m{U`m H$ma{ mdr V{ AmVm gmJVm{ V{
E{H$m.
]mU`mZw[y `}U MVVw òX o`:$&

Vmgm [wf{ w OmV{fw od^mJ{@` odoY: _V:$&&149&&
]mUmcm Mmaoh dUm`m o`m AgVrc Va `mMr dmQ>Ur [wT>{ gmoJVc{`m oZ`_mZ{
H$amdr.
H$sZmem{ Jm{df m{ `mZ_cH$ma d{_ M $&

od`mmnaH$ X{`_{H$me YmZV:$&&150&&
]mUr`m _wcmcm e{Vr H$aUmam JS>r gmS> dmhZ AcH$ma Ka AmoU dmQ>UrMm _w`
Ae mdm.
e{f YZmMr od^mJUr [wT>{ gmoJV`m_mU{ H$amdr.
è Xm`ma{odm{ mdem jo`gwV:$&

d`mO: gmY_d{ me_e
eymgwVm{ ha{V$ &&151&&
VrZ Ae ]mUr`m _wcmcm Xm{Z Ae jo` r`m _wcmcm XrS> Ae d`dUm`m
r`m _wcmcm AmoU EH$ Ae ey{`m [wmcm
gd dm naWOmV VeYm [naH$` M $&

Y` od^mJ Hw$duV odoYZm@Z{Z Y_odV$&&152&&
qH$dm gd g[mrM{ Xhm od^mJ H$$Z Y_kmZ{ `mMr od^mJUr [wT>rc_mU{ H$amdr.
MVwam|@emZ ha{orZemZ jo`mgwV:$&

d`m[wm{ ha{X è_e eymgwVm{ ha{V$ &&153&&
]mUr`m [wmZ{ Mma Ae jmUr`m [wmZ{ VrZ Ae d`r`m [wmZ{ Xm{Z AmoU
eyr`m [wmZ{ EH$ Ae `m_mU{ dmQy>Z `md{.
9 154
502 ]
_Zw_oV
ò[ `mmw g[wm{@`g[wm{@o[ dm ^d{V$ &

ZmoYH$ Xe_mmNy>m[wm` Y_V:$&&154&&
]mUmcm BVa o`m`m oR>H$mUr [w Agm{ dm Zgm{ ey{`m [wmcm Y_m_mU{ H{$di
Xe_memMm AoYH$ma Amh{.
]mUjoòdem eym[wm{ Z naW^mH$$&

`X{dm` o[Vm XmmX{dm` YZ ^d{V$ &&155&&
]mU jo` d` `m`m[mgyZ ey r`m oR>H$mUr C[ hm{Um`m [wmcm dmQ>UrMm
(ZoVH$) AoYH$ma Zmhr. `mMm O_XmVm `mcm O{ CMcyZ X{Bc V{dT>{M `mM{ YZ.
hr dmQ>Ur o[Vm oOdV AgVmZmMr Amh{ AmoU 153 `m cm{H$mVrc od^mJUr hr
o[`m`m _mKmar H$amd`mMr Amh{.
g_dUmgw `{ OmVm: gd} [wm oO_Zm_$&

Cma `m`g{ Xdm Ô{aoVa{ g__$&&156&&
g_mZ dUm`m [Zr`m R>m`r Pmc{`m [wmZm `{> [wmMm ode{f Ae X{D$Z gd
^mdm`m _`{ g[mrMr g_mZ od^mJUr H$amdr.
ey` Vw gdUd Zm`m ^m`m odYr`V{ $&

V`m OmVm: g_mem: `wò X [weV ^d{V$ &&157&&
eymcm gdU rM odohV Amh{. BVa dUmMr r `mcm odohV Zmhr. hUyZ gdU
rM{ R>m`r Pmc{`m eym`m [wmMr dmQ>Ur gdmZm gmaIrM AgV{ _J g`{Z{ oH$Vroh Agm{V AJXr
eâ Agc{ Var.
MmVwd` `dWm drH$ma`m_wi{ AmoU Vr O_mda AmYmnaV Ag`m_wi{ oVM{
doeQ> oQ>H$dyZ R>{d`mgmR>r g[mr`m dmQ>UrV `{> H$oZ>, ]mU ey `mV odf_Vm H{$c{cr
oXgV{. MmVwd` `dW{Mr OmUrd `m KQ>H$mcm oZaoZam`m gX^mV ode{fV{Z{ Agmdr. Vr oQ>Hy$Z
amhmdr hUyZ Aer `m{OZm H$aU{ Amd`H$ Pmc{. g_mOmVrc gd KQ>H$ gma`mM `m{`V{M{ R>aodU{
AmoU R>{dU{ h{ AmOoh H$m{Umcm e` Pmc{c{ Zmhr. H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m d$[mV oZaoZam`m JQ>mMr
dm [XmMr BVam[{jm d{Jir Aer ode{f gm{` AgV{ Ver H$aU{ Ad` hm{V{.
[wmmXe `mZmh ZUm dm`^dw m{ _Zw:$&

V{fm fS>]YwXm`mXm: fS>Xm`mX]mYdm:$&&158&&
_ZyZ{ _Zw`mgmR>r ]mam [w gmoJVc{ Amh{V. `mVrc [ohc{ ghm h{ g[mrM{ dmQ>{H$ar
hm{VmV. AmoU [wT>`m ghmZm Aer dmQ>Ur AoYH$mamZ{ _mJVm `{V Zmhr.
_Zw_oV
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Amag: j{Od Xm: H$o_ Ed M $&

JyT>m{ [m{@[od Xm`mXm ]mYdm fQ>$&&159&&
Amag, j{O, XmH$, H$o_, JyT>m{ [, A[od Ag{ ghm dmQ>UrM{ AoYH$mar Amh{V.
H$mZrZ ghm{T> H$sV: [mZ^dVWm $&

d` Xm em fS>Xm`mX]mYdm:$&&160&&
H$mZrZ, ghm{T>, H$sV, [mZ^d, d`Xm, em Ag{ ghm [w dmQ>UrM{ AoYH$mar ZmhrV.
`m AmagmoX darc Xm{Z cm{H$mVrc C{oIc{`m ]mam [wm`m ZmdmM{ [>rH$aU [wT>{
166 `m cm{H$m[mgyZ oXc{ OmUma Amh{.
`me \$c_mZm{oV Hw$cd: gVaOc_$&

Vme \$c_mZm{oV Hw$[w: gVaV_:$&&161&&
\w$Q>`m Zmd{VyZ [m`mVyZ V$Z Om`m`m `ZmMm Ogm [naUm_ AgVm{ VgmM
[naUm_ j{OmoX AH$am [wm`m cm^mMm AgVm{.
\w$Q>`m Zmd{VyZ [yU gwaojV[U{ ZXr dm gam{damVyZ [ma hm{Vm `{V Zmhr. Zmd{`m
\w$Q>H{$[Um_wi{ H$mhr Zm H$mhr Var Xm{f oZ_mU hm{Vm{ Vg{M j{OmoX [wm_wi{ hm{Vm{. Ia{ [wd Amag
[wm`m oR>H$mUrM AgV{.
`{H$napWZm `mVm_magj{Om gwVm $&

`` `[VH $ naW g VrV Z{Va:$&&162&&
Amag AmoU j{O [w AgVmZm `mZ{ V{ oZ_mU H{$c{, `m`m YZmM{ AoYH$mar
hm{VmV. (`{H$mZ{ Am[m[`m ]rOXm`mM{M YZ `md{) Xwg`mM{ K{D$ Z`{.
cm{H$ 145 _`{ j{Omcmoh Om{ `mM{ j{ `mM{M ]rO g_Omd{ Ag{ O{ hQ>c{
Amh{ V{ Amag [w Zgc{`m AdW{M{ Amh{. `{Wrc dUZ j{Omgd{ Amagoh [w Ag{c Va H$m`
H$amd{ `mg]YrM{ Amh{.
EH$ Edmag: [w: o[`` dgwZ: ^w:$&

e{fmUm_mZe `mW Xmmw OrdZ_$&&163&&
Amag hm EH$Q>mM Iam [w AmoU Vm{M o[`m`m g[mrMm AoYH$mar `mZ{
j{OmòVna$ BVa [wmZm X`miy[U{ A AmN>mXZm[waV{ YZ md{.
Amag AgVmZm j{OmMr Amd`H$Vm H$m dmQ>cr `mg]Yr Q>rH$mH$mamZr H{$c{c{
[>rH$aU Ag{ oddmhmZVa ]arM df} _yc Pmc{ Zmhr hUyZ j{O [w oZ_mU H{$cm. Xd`m{JmZ{ [wT>{
9 163
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Amag [w Pmcm AmVm H$m` H$amd{? `mMm odMmaM `{W{ gmoJVcm Amh{. Amag ZgVmZm j{OmMm
C[omH$_ A`m{` dmQ>`mZ{ XmH$mXrMr `dWm H{$cr.
f> Vw j{O`me Xm[VH $mZmV$&

Amagm{ odÔZXm` o[` [m__{d dm $&&164&&
Amag [wmZ{ [VH$ YZm`m dmQ>Ur`m d{ir EH$ f>me dm EH$[M_me Agm ^mJ
j{Omg mdm.
j{O JwUdmZ Ag{c Va EH$[M_me AmoU Zg{c Va EH$f>me ^mJ oXcm OmBc.
Aer oQ>[Ur Q>rH$mH$mamZr H{$cr Amh{.
Amagj{Om [wm o[VnaW` ^moJZm $&

Xem[a{ Vw H$_em{ Jm{naWme^moJZ:$&&165&&
Amag AmoU j{O h{ o[`m`m g[mrM{ (Am[m[`m AoYH$mam_mU{) AoYH$V
dmQ>{H$ar Amh{V. [wT>M{ O{ Xhm `mZm o[`mM{ Jm{ o_iV{ [U g[mrM{ AoYH$ma AmYrMm dm AmYrM{
ZgVmZm H$_mZ{ [wT>`mg m hm{V{.
dj{{ gH$Vm`m Vw d`_w[mX`{o `_$&

V_mag odOmZr`m[w W_H$p[V_$&&166&&
oddmhmZ{ [naUV Aem gdU [Zr`m oR>H$mUr Om{ [w C[ H{$cm OmVm{ Vm{ Amag.
]mam [wm_`{ hmM _wI hm{`.
`V[O: _rV` cr]` `moYV` dm$&

dY_}U oZ`w$m`m g [w: j{O: _V:$&&167&&
[Vr am{Jr (Z[wgH$) (dm oZ]uO) AgVmZm dm _V AgVmZm oZ`m{JodYr`m [mcZmZ{
`mM{ [ZrM{ oR>H$mUr Om{ [w C[ hm{Vm{ Vm{ j{O.
j{ hm eX [Zrcm C{eyZ dm[acm Amh{.
_mVm o[Vm dm XmVm `_o: [w_m[oX$&

ge roVg`w $ gk{`m{ Xp_: gwV:$&&168&&
gVVrMm A^md Ag`mZ{ gdU Aem Xwg`m Om{S>`m`m [wmM{ {_mZ{ O{ JhU H{$c{
OmV{ `mcm Xo_V XmH$[w Ag{ hUVmV.
Am[cm _wcJm Xwg`mcm oXcm OmVm{. hUyZ `mcm XmH$ hQ>c{ OmV{.
_Zw_oV
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ge Vw Hw$`m JwUXm{fodMjU_$&
[w [wJwU` w $ g odk{` H$o_:$&&169&&
JwUXm{fmMr ZrQ> [arjm H$$Z Am[`m dUmMm Om{ [w JwUmZr `w$ Agm _wcJm dV:Mm
[w hUyZ gm^micm OmVm{ Vm{ H$o_.
[wJwUmZr `w$ hUO{ _mVmo[`mMr AmW{Z{ g{dm H$aUmam.
C[V{ Jh{ `Vw ZM km`{V H$` g:$&

g Jh{ JyT> C[V` `m` V[O:$&&170&&
r [Vr`m Kar AgVmZmoh (ò^Mma H$_mZ{) [w C[ H$arc [U Vm{ H$m{UmMm h{
Z{_H{$ gmJVm `{V Zmhr. V{hm Vm{ JyT>m{[ hm{`.
j{Om_`{ C[ H$aUmamM{ kmZ AgV{. Vm{ oZ`m{JodYrZ{ doS>cYm`m`m g_VrZ{
Pmc{cm AgVm{. AmoU hm JyT>m{[, [ZrZ{ dmgZmVrgmR>r H{$c{`m OmaH$_mVyZ C[ hm{Vm{.
_mVmo[V`m_wg> V`m{a`Va{U dm$&

` [w [naJr`mX[od: g C`V{$&&171&&
O_Xm`m _mVmo[`mZ{ (H$mhr H$maUmZ{) Q>mHy$Z oXc{cm AmoU (X`m]wrZ{) Xwg`mZ{
[w^mdmZ{ drH$mac{cm Om{ Vm{ A[od.
o[Vd{ _oZ H$`m Vw ` [w OZ`{h:$&

V H$mZrZ dX{mZm dm{T>w: H$`mg_wd_$&&172&&
oddmhm[ydu _mh{ar AgVmZm `m H$`{`m oR>H$mUr Mm{aQ>{[UmZ{ Om{ [w C[ hm{Vm{. Vm{
cmZVa `m [VrMm H$mZrZ [w R>aVm{.
`m JoÛr gpH$`V{ kmVm@kmVmo[ dm gVr$&

dm{T>w: g J^m} ^doV ghm{T> BoV Mm{`V{$&&173&&
dYy JoÛr Amh{ h{ R>mD$H$ Agm{ dm Zgm{ `m JoÛr rer `mMm oddmh hm{Vm{
`mMm ([wT>{ gyVrZVa) Pmc{cm _wcJm Vm{ ghm{T> Ag{ hQ>c{ OmV{.
H$rUr`md[`mW _mVmo[m{`_ pVH$mV$&

g H$sVH$: gwVV` gem{@gem{@o[ dm$&&174&&
dV:cm [w hdm hUyZ Xwg`m X[Vrcm _y` X{D$Z `mMm [w odH$V K{Vcm OmVm{.
`mcm H$VH$[w Ag{ hUVmV. Vm{ `m{` `m JwUmZr `w$ Agm{ dm Zgm{.
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`m [`m dm [na`$m odYdm dm d`{N>`m$&

C[mX`{[wZ^y dm g [mZ^d C`V{$&&175&&
[VrZ{ Q>mHy$Z oXc{cr dm odYdm Pmc{cr Or r dV:`m BN>{Z{ [whm oddmh H$$Z
[w C[ H$aV{ Vm{ `m Xwg`m [VrMm [mZ^d [w hm{`.
gm M{XjV`m{oZ: `mV`mJVmo[ dm$&

[mZ^dZ{ ^m gm [wZ: gH$ma_hoV$&&176&&
[Vr g^m{JmZ{ XyofV Z Pmc{cr (AjVm`m{oZ) oddmohV r [Vrcm gm{Sy>Z Xwg`m
[wfm]am{]a oddmh H$arc [U g^m{JmZ{ XyofV Pmc{cr Zg{c Vr H$mhr H$mimZVa [oh`m [VrH$S>{ [aV
`{Bc Va [whm oddmh gH$ma H$amdm. hm [Vr [mZ^d [Vr hQ>cm OmVm{.
[ydu AJXr chmZ[Ur c{ hm{V AgV. F$Vwmr[`V J^mYmZgH$ma hm{V Zg{. `m_wi{
AjV`m{oZ amhmU{ g^dZr` hm{V{. AmVm [whm [oh`m [Vrer c Pm`mZVa `mZm Om{ [w hm{Bc
Vm{oh [mZ^d [w _mZcm OmBc Ag{ H$aUmd$Z oXgV{.
_mVmo[VodohZm{ ``$m{ dm `mXH$maUmV$&

Am_mZ [e`
{ _ d`XmVw g _V:$&&177&&
`mM{ _mVmo[Vm _V Amh{V dm _mVmo[`mZr H$maUmdmMyZ Q>mHy$Z oXcm Amh{ Agm
_wcJm Xwg`m [wfmcm [w^mdmZ{ Vwhr _mPm gm^mi H$am Aer odZVr H$aVm{ AmoU Vr odZVr _m`
H{$cr OmV{. V{hm Vm{ drH$maUm`mMm d`Xm [w hQ>cm OmVm{.
` ]mUVw eym`m H$m_mXw[mX`{gwV_$&

g[ma`{d edV_m[maed: _V:$&&178&&
Om{ ]mU H$m_dmgZ{Z{ ey r`m oR>H$mUr Om{ [w C[ H$arc Vm{M em . `mcmM
[maed Ag{oh hUVmV H$maU Vm{ lmmoX H$_mMm AoYH$mar ZgVm{. hUyZ (oOdV AgVmoh) edVw`
hm{`.
Xm`m dm XmgXm`m dm `: ey` gwVm{ ^d{V$ &

gm{@ZwkmVm{ ha{Xe
o_oV Y_m} `dpWV:$&&179&&
eym[mgyZ Xmgr`m oR>H$mUr dm Xmgm`m Xmgr`m oR>H$mUr Om{ [w C[ hm{Vm{ Vm{
o[`m`m AZwk{Z{ g[mr`m AemMm AoYH$mar hm{Vm{. Aer Y_`dWm oZoV Amh{.
eymMm Xmgr[w hm EH$ H$ma{ eyM Ag`mZ{ Am[`m ey o[`m`m AmagmoX
[wm_mU{ g[mr`m dmQ>UrMm AoYH$mar AgVm{. ]mUm`m ey r`m oR>H$mUr Pmc{`m [wmcm
Agm dmQ>UrMm AoYH$ma Zmhr.
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j{OmXrgwVmZ{VmZ{H$mXe `Wm{oXVmZ$&
[woVoZYrZmh: oH$`mcm{[m_ZrofU:$&&180&&
j{OmoX O{ AH$am [w gmoJVc{ Amh{V, V{ EH$ H$ma{ [wmM{ oVoZoY Amh{V.
AmdX{ohH$ H$_mMm cm{[ hm{D$ Z`{ hUyZ oVoZoY$[mZ{ F$ftZr `mZm _m`Vm oXc{cr Amh{.
` EV{@oôhVm: [wm: gmX`]rOOm:$&

`` V{ ]rOVm{ OmVmV` V{ Z{Va` Vw$&&181&&
Amag [wm`m gJr h{ O{ Xwg`m`m ]rOmZ{ C[ Pmc{c{ [w V{ `m`m ]rOm[mgyZ
Pmc{ `mM{M dmVodH$ [w hm{V `mZm Om{ drH$maVm{ `mM{ V{ Zh{V.
Amag [wmM{ _hd gmJ`mgmR>r darc cm{H$mVrc odYmZ H{$c{c{ Amh{ Ag{
Q>rH$mH$mamZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
AH$am H$ma`m [wmM{ h{ dUZ AmoU `mZm H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m d$[mV C`mAoYH$
_mZmZ{ oXc{cr _m`Vm hr g_>r`m >rZ{ C[`w$ Aer Amh{. `m_wi{ O_mcm Amc{c{ _yc H$m{U`mnh
d$[mV AZmW ahmV Zmhr. `mMr Am]mi hm{V Zmhr. `m`m [mcZ[m{fUmMr ZrQ> gm{` hm{V{. `mM{
nR>H$mUr H$mhr JwU AgVrc Va Am[`m H$VdmZ{ oVo>V hm{`mg `mg AmYma o_iVm{. AmoU
`mMm ^ma g_mOmda [S>V Zmhr.
^mVUm_{H$OmVm_{H${[wdm^d{V$&
gdmVmV{Z [wU
{ [woUm{ _Zwa]drV$&&182&&
EH$mM AmB`m [m{Q>r Amc{`m ^mdmV EH$mM ^mdmcm Oar _wcJm Agcm Var `m
EH$m[wmZ{ V{ gd ghm{Xa ^mV{ [wdmZ hm{VmV. Ag{ _ZyM{ hUU{ Amh{.
_cm _wcJm Zmhr Ag{ g_OyZ H$m{U`moh ^mdmZ{ AàrVrZ{ [w o_iod`mMm `Z
H$$ Z`{. [wV`mM Am[`m gd H$mH$mMm CmamoYH$mar Amh{ Vm{ `m`m g[mrMmoh AoYH$mar Amh{
AmoU _aUm{ma lmmoX H$_ H$$Z Vm{ `m`m gXJVrcmoh `m{àrVrZ{ H$maUr^yV hm{Vm{ Ag{ Q>rH$mH$mamZr
hQ>c{ Amh{, V{ odMmamV K{`mgmaI{ Amh{. `m_wi{ EH$ Hw$Qw>]mMr gwpWoV dmT>V{. AmoU [a[a
oOhmimoh o[T>mo[T>mVyZ oQ>Hy$Z amhVm{.AmO h{ gd Am[Umg `m{` dmQ>V Zmhr. `mcm H$maU
Y_em ZgyZ, dV:`m oR>H$mUr Agc{`m d`H$| oV AhH$mamZ{, Am[`m[waV{M [hm`m`m dmrZ{
_Z]wo gHw$oMV amhV{. AmoU _J Vr XrKH$mcmMm d `m[H$ ohVmMm odMmaM H$$ eH$V Zmhr.
gdmgm_{H$[ZrZm_{H$m M{[woUr ^d{V$ &

gdmVmV{Z [wU
{ mh [wdVr_Z:w $&&183&&
9 183
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EH$m [wfmcm Xm{Z qH$dm AoYH$ o`m Ag`m Var `mVrc EH$scm Oar _wcJm
Agcm Var oV`m gd gdVr [wdVr R>aVmV Ag{ _ZyZ{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
h{oh darc cm{H$mdarc Q>rH{$_mU{ g_Omd{.
l{`g: l{`g
{ m{@cm^{ [m[r`mpaW_hoV$&
]hd{mw gem: gd} naW` ^moJZ:$&&184&&
AmagmoXH$ O{ ]mam [w(cm{H$ EH$e{ EHy$UgmR>EH$e{gmR> _`{) gmoJVc{c{ Amh{V
`mVrc AmYrMm Zg{c Va [wT>Mm [wT>Mm YZmoX dmQ>UrMm AoYH$mar hm{Vm{. AmoU gJi{ ^mD$ o[`mer
gdU AgVrc Va V{ gd YZmXtM{ AoYH$mar hm{VmV.
Z ^mVam{ Z o[Va: [wm naWham: o[Vw:$&

o[Vm haX[w` naW ^mVa Ed M &&185&&
ghm{Xa ^mD$ qH$dm O_XmV{ AmB]m[ h{ EImm [wfm`m (Vm{ _V AgVm) YZmXrM{
AoYH$mar hm{V ZmhrV. `mMm [wM o[`m`m YZm`m AoYH$mar Amh{. [U Vm{ oZ[woH$ Ag{c Va
`m _VmMm o[Vm AmoU ^mD$ `m`m g[mrM{ AoYH$mar hm{VmV.
`mUm_wXH$ H$m` ofw o[S>: dVV${ &

MVwW: gXmVfm [m_m{ Zm{[[V{$&&186&&
o[Vm o[Vm_h AmoU o[Vm_h `mZm [wmZ{ CXH$XmZ H$amd{ AmoU q[S> md{ Vg{M
(Amag [w Zg{c Va) j{OmXtZr Ag{M lmmoXH$ H$_ H$amd{. _J `mZm `m`m H$_mZwgma o[`m`m
g[mrMm dmQ>m m hm{Vm{. (Aem d{ir) Hw$Ur [mMdm AoYH$mar hm{D$ eH$V Zmhr.
AZVa: go[S>mV` V` YZ ^d{V$ &

AV D$d gHw$`: `mXmMm`: oe` Ed dm$&&187&&
_V `$s`m gq[S>mVrc Om{ Om{ Zm`mZ{ OdiMm Vm{ _Vm`m g[mrMm AoYH$mar
hm{Vm{. gq[S> Zg{c Va Hw$cmVrc AoYH$mar hm{Vm{. Vm{oh Zg{c Va `mMm Jw AoYH$mar hm{Vm{. Vm{ Zg{c
Va oe` AoYH$mar hm{Vm{.
gd}fm_`^md{ Vw ]mUm naW^moJZ:$&

odm: ewM`m{ XmVmVWm Y_m} Z hr`V{$&&188&&
darc[H$s Hw$UrM Zg{c Va oVhr d{XmM{ A``Z H$aUma{ [odmMaUmM{ oOV|o`
Ag{ ]mU _Vm`m g[mrM{ (Vm{oh ]mU Ag{c Va) AoYH$mar hm{VmV.
_Zw_oV
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9 194
Ahm` ]mU` amkm oZò_oV pWoV:$&

BVa{fm Vw dUmZm gdm^md{ ha{[:$&&189&&
]mUmM{ (Vm{ _V AgVm) ` amOmZ{ H$Yroh K{D$ Z`{. Ag{ emmM{ odYmZ Amh{.
`m{` CmaXm`r Zg{c Va BVa dUmVrc _VmMm amOm hm AoYH$mar hm{Vm{.
gpWV`mZ[`` gJm{m[w_mha{V$ &

V òWOmV `mmmp_oV[mX`{V$ &&190&&
[Vr _V Pmcm Amh{ AmoU `mMr [Zr hr oZ[woH$ Amh{ Aem d{ir oVZ{ gJm{
`$sH$Sy>Z `mMm _wcJm (XmH$ hUyZ) `mdm. _VmMr g[mroh _J `mcm mdr.
m Vw `m oddX{`mVm m`m OmVm o`m YZ{$&

V`m{`
` o[` `mmg JrV Z{Va:$&&191&&
EImm rcm Xm{Z [wfm[mgyZ Xm{Z [w Pmc{ AmoU g[mrMm oddmX C[ Pmcm Va
Am[m[`m OZH$mM{ YZ `m `m [wmZ{ `md{.
[wdVr rZ{ [Vr`m _`yZVa [wZoddmh H{$`mda [w Pmcm AmoU Vm{oh [Vr _V
[mdcm Va H$m` H$amd{ h{ `{W{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
OZ`m gpWVm`mVw g_ gd} ghm{Xam:$&

Ô{a_mVH$ naW ôJ` gZm^`:$&&192&&
AmB (O_XmVr) _V Pm`mZVa oV`m gd (ghm{Xa) [wmZr AmoU AoddmohV
ôJZrZr _mV{M{ YZ g__mUmV dmQy>Z `md{.
`{W{oh [whm _wcr`m dmQ>UrMm C{I Amh{.
`mVmgm `wXow hVaVmgm_o[ `WmhV:$&

_mVm_m YZmpH$oMX{` roV[ydH $_$&&193&&
]ohUt`m _wctZmoh `m{` `m _mUmV `m`m AmB`m AmB`m hUO{ _mVm_hr`m
YZmVyZ {_mZ{ H$mhrVar md{.
" OZ h{ Vm{ Amh{ oX`mK{V`mM{ ' `m gVdMZm_mU{ H$mQ>wo ]H$ [nadmamVrc Z{hg]Y
MmJc{ ahmd{V `m h{VyZ{ {_mZ{ H$mhrVar md{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
A``mdmhoZH$ Xm M roVH$_oU$&
^mV_mVo[Vm fnSY rYZ _V_$&&194&&
(rH$S>{ YZ Hw$Ry>Z `{V{ V{ AmVm gmoJVc{ OmV Amh{.)
9 194
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oddmhmM{ d{ir o_imc{c{ (Aò), _mh{$Z gmgar OmVmZm (A`mdmhoZH$)

o_imc{c{, [VrZ{ {_mZ{ oXc{c{, (Ag{ VrZ H$maM{ AmoU) AmB]m[ ^mD$ `m`mH$Sy>Z gJode{fr
o_imc{c{ Ag{ ghm H$maM{ rYZ AgV{.
AdmY{` M `m [`m rV{Z Md `V$&

[`m OrdoV dmm`m: Om`mVZ ^d{V$ &&195&&
Vr r _V Pm`mZVa oVMm [oV Oar oOdV Ag{c Var `m rcm gmga_mh{aH$Sy>Z
o_imc{c{ AmoU [VrZ{ ([ydu) {_[ydH$ oXc{c{ O{ gd YZ V{ oV`m A[`mZr dmQy>Z `md{.
[VrMm dm gmga_mh{a`m BVa H$m{UmMm rYZmda AoYH$ma Zmhr.
]mXdmfJmYdmOm[`{fw `gw$&
AOm`m_VrVm`m ^Vwa d{ VoX`V{$&&196&&
]m Xd Amf JmYd mOm[` `m odYrZ{ oddmohV rcm O{ YZ m Pmc{c{ AgV{ V{
oVcm _yc Zg{c Va oV`m _`yZVa oV`m [Vrcm o_iV{.
`d`m: `mZ Xm oddmh{dmgwamoXfw$&

AOm`m_VrVm`m _mVmo[m{VoX`V{$&&197&&
Amgwa amjg AmoU [emM `marVrZ{ oddmohV Pmc{`m rM{ YZ oV`m _`yZVa
oV`m _mVmo[`mZr `md{.[VrMm `mda AoYH$ma Zmhr.
o`mVw `d{om o[m Xm H$WMZ$&

]mUr Va{H$`m VX[`` dm ^d{V$ &&198&&
]mUm`m Mma o`m[H$s ]mU{Va oVKr gVoVaohV AgVrc Va `mM{ rYZ
]mU[Zr`m H$`{Z{ dm `m H$`{`m A[`mZ{ `md{.
Z oZhma o`: Hw$`:w Hw$Qw>]mh_`JmV$&

dH$mXo[ M odmmo d` ^Vwa Zmk`m$&&199&&
Hw$Qw>] _m{R>{ Ag{c Va rZ{ `m`mH$Sy>Z dV:H$naVm (AcH$mamoXH$mgmR>r AmdOyZ)
H$mhr _mJy Z`{. AmoU dV:`m rYZmVyZ [Vr`m AZw_VrdmMyZ H$mhr `` H$$ Z`{.
[`m OrdoV `: roâcH$mam{ YVm{ ^d{V$ &

Z V Ô{aXm`mXm Ô_mZm: [VpV V{$&&200&&
Am[`m oOdV[Ur [VrZ{ rcm [Zrcm O{ AcH$mamoXH$ oXc{ Ag{c V{ Vr r
oOdV AgVmZm oV`m CmamoYH$m`mZr K{D$ Z`{. Vg{ H$aVrc Va [oVV R>aVrc.
_Zw_oV
[ 511 ]
9 204
AZem cr][oVVm Om`Y]oYam VWm$&

C_mOS>_Hy $m `{ H{$oMonap`m:$&&201&&
Z[wgH$, [oVV, O_mY, ]oha{, d{S>{, _yI, _oV_X, _wH{$ Ag{ AmoU cwi{ [mJi{ Ag{
O{ H$m{Ur `mZm o[`m`m g[mrV dmQ>Ur ZgV{.
gd}fm_o[ Vw `m` XmVw e`m _ZrofUm$&

JmgmN>mXZ_`V [oVVm{ XXd{V$ &&202&&
darc cm{H$mV gmoJVc{c{ dmQ>UrM{ AoYH$mar Zgc{c{ O{ `mZm dmQ>UrM{ AoYH$mar
Agc{`mZr Am[U hm{D$Z ehmU[UmZ{ AAmN>mXZ Ad` md{. Z oX`mg V{ (dmQ>UrK{Vc{c{)
[oVV hm{Vrc.
òWVm Vw Xma: `mcr]mXrZm H$WMZ$&

V{fm_w[VVyZm_[` Xm`_hoV$&&203&&
`m Z[wgH$mXr dmQ>Ur`m AZoYH$m`mZm oddmhmMr BN>m hm{D$Z `mZr c H{$c{
AmoU `m r`moR>H$mUr A[` C[ Pmc{ Va `m A[`mcm (`m{`V{_mU{) g[mrMr dmQ>Ur
o_i{c.
`mV cr] hUO{ Z[wgH$, K{U{ `m{` Zmhr Vm{, oZ]uO `m AWmZ{ K{Vm `{Bc. [U
`mcmoh _yc hm{`mMr e`Vm Zmhr hUyZ `{W{ cr]moX cm{H$ cmoH$H$ gm_O`mgmR>r K{Vc{c{ [X
g_Omd{.
dmQ>Ur H$a`mMm hm gJoh W_ dmQ>Ur hm{`m`m [yduMm g_Omdm. H$maU EH$Xm
dmQ>Ur Pmcr H$s [whm dmQ>Ur hm{V Zmhr. Ag{ `mM A`m`m`m 47 `m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{c{ Amh{.
`pH$oMp[Vna {V{ YZ `{>m@{ oYJN>oV$&

^mJm{ `dr`gm V òX odmZw[mocZm_$&&204&&
o[`m`m _`yZVa Wm{acm ^mD$ YmH$Q>m ^mdmgh amhmV AgVmZm dV:M{ O{ YZ
o_idrc `mVrc od^mJ odmg[mXZ H$aUm`m YmH$Q>mg o_i{c.
YmH$Q>m ^mD$ odmg[ Zg{c Va `mcm dmQ>Ur X{D$ Z`{ hm oZ`_ gd dUm`m
g]Y mV cmdmdm. ]mUm[waVm d{Xm`mg emm`mg B. odm AgVrc Va jo`m`m g]Y mV em
od{Vrc oZ[wUVm, d`mM{ `m[maC_ MmVw`, eymM{ o[`m`m `dgm`mVrc H$cmH$me` CXm.
gwVmamM{ cmHy$S>H$m_, cm{hmamM{ cm{IS>H$m_, qe`mM{ oedU B`moX.
9 204
512 ]
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oeojV AmoU AoeojV `mM{gmR>r R>{dc{c{ dmQ>UrVrc AVa h{ [a[amJV od{M{

H$me` m hm{`m`m >rZ{ {aUmXm`H$ Amh{. g[mr \w$H$Q>mV o_imcr Amh{, AmigmV ]gyZ Imd{
h{ MmcUma Zmhr. Ag{ XeodUmar Amh{V.
AodmZm Vw gd}fm_rhmV{Z ^d{V$ &

g_V od^mJ: `mXo[` BoV YmaUm$&&205&&
Z oeH$c{c{ ^mD$ _m{c_Owar H$$Z O{ YZ o_iodVrc V{ [VH$ YZ Zg`mZ{ gdmZr
g__mUmV dmQy>Z `md{ Agm oZ`_ OmUmdm.
o[Vm AgVmZm gd EH$ amhmV hm{V{ o[`m`m _mKmar H$m` H$amd{ `mH$naVm hm
oZ`_. `{W{ odoe>mcm ode{f Ae X{`mMr Amd`H$Vm Zmhr.
odmYZ Vw `` Vm`d YZ ^d{V$ &

_`_mmohH$ Md _mYw[oH$H$_{d M $&&206&&
od{`m ]imda `mZ{ O{ YZ o_iodc{ Ag{c V{ (H{$di) `mM{M hm{Bc. Vg{M
o_mZr oXc{c{ oddmhmM{ d{ir o_imc{c{, AmoU _Yw[H$m`m mam o_imc{c{ h{oh `mM{ `mcmM
amhrc (dmQ>Ur H$aVmZm V{ odMmamV K{D$ Z`{)
^mVUm `Vw Z{hV{ YZ e$: dH$_Um $&

g oZ^m`: dH$mXempH$oMdm{[OrdZ_$&&207&&
^mD$ Am[m[cm `dgm` Xj[U{ H$arV AgVm EImXm ^mD$ Oa e`Vm AgyZoh
^mdm`m Cm{JmV `mZm gm H$aUma Zmhr Va `mcm BVa ^mdmZr dV:cm o_imc{`m dmQ>UrVyZ
C[OrodH{$[waV{ H$mhr md{ AmoU `mcm d{Jim H$mT>mdm.
AZw[Zo[V` l_{U `Xw[moOV_$&

d`_rohVcY VmH$m_m{ XmVw_hoV$&&208&&
o[VYZmMm C[`m{J Z H$aVm O{ dV:`m [nal_mZ{ YZ o_iodc{ Ag{c V{ dH$>moOV
Ag`mZ{ `mMm od^mJ ^mdm^mdmZm X{`mMr BN>m Zg{c Va X{D$ Z`{.
[VH $ Vw o[Vm `_Zdm `XmZw`mV$&

Z V[w^
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o[`mOdi Agc{c{ YZ `m`m o[`mH$Sy>Z `mcm CmamoYH$mamZ{ o_imc{c{ Zg{c,
V{ `mZ{ dV:`m H$>mZ{ o_iodc{ Ag{c Va `m`m [wmMm `mda dm^modH$ AoYH$ma Zmhr.
o[`mMr BN>m Ag{c VaM od^mJ o_i{c.
_Zw_oV
[ 513 ]
9 216
od^$m: gh OrdVm{ odÔ{a[wZòX$&

g_V od^mJ: `m`R> V Z odV{$&&210&&
EH$Xm dmQ>Ur K{D$Z d{Ji{ Pmc{c{ ^mD$ (o_imc{`m YZmgh [whm EH$ amh cmJc{
d ZVa (H$mhr dfmZr) dmQ>Ur H$a`mMm gJ oZ_mU Pmcm Va `m dmQ>UrV `{> ^mdmMm ode{f Ae
AgUma Zmhr.
`{fm `{>: H$oZ>m{ dm hr`{VmeXmZV:$&

o_`V{ m`Vam{ dmo[ V` ^mJm{ Z cw`V{$&&211&&
Wm{acm dm YmH$Q>m ^mD$ Am[`m dmQ>UrM{d{ir H$mhr H$maUmZr C[pWV Zg{c AWdm
_V hm{Bc Var `mMm dmQ>UrMm AoYH$ma Z> hm{V Zmhr.
gm{X`m odÔ{a V g_{` gohVm: g__$&

^mVam{ `{ M gg >m ôJ` gZm^`:$&&212&&
hm ghm{Xa ^mD$ dm ]ohUrZr o_iyZ g_mZ dmQ>Ur H$amdr. `mVoh O{ EH$ amhUma{
AgVrc `mZr g[mr g_mZ[U{ dmQy>Z `mdr.
`m{ `{>m{ odoZHw$drV cm{^mmV`dr`g:$&

gm{@`{>: `mX^mJ oZ`V` amOo^:$&&213&&
Wm{acm ^mD$ cm{^mZ{ YmH$Q>m ^mdmMr dMZm H$arc Va Vm{ Wm{acm ^mD$M Zh{. `m`m
ode{f Aem[mgyZ doMV H$$Z amOmZ{ `mg oejm H$amdr.
gd Ed odH$_Wm ZmhpV ^mVam{ YZ_$&

Z MmXdm H$oZ>{ `m{ `{>: Hw$duV `mVH$_$&&214&&
O{ O{ XwdVZr AgVrc `m gdmZm g[mrMr dmQ>Ur X{D$ Z`{. YmH$Q>m ^mdmMr dmQ>Ur
`mZm oX`mdmMyZ Wm{a`m ^mdmZ{ dV:Mm ^mJ CMcy Z`{.
^mVUm_od^$mZm `wWmZ ^d{gh $&

Z [w^mJ odf_ o[Vm XmH$WMZ$&&215&&
o[`mgh dV_mZ EH$ amhZ `g[mXZ H$aUm`m ^mdmZm o[`mZ{ `yZmoYH$ Z
H$aVm dmQ>Ur mdr.
D$d od^mJmmmVVw o[`_{d ha{Z_$&

gg >mV{Z dm `{ `wodÔ{V g V: gh$&&216&&
9 216
514 ]
_Zw_oV
dmQ>Ur Pm`mZVa [w Pmcm Va `m ZdrZ [wmcm H{$di o[`m`m dmQ>mg Amc{`m

YZmMm V{dT>m AoYH$ma Amh{ [U dmQ>Ur K{D$Zoh `j od^mJ Z H$aVm gJi{ ^mD$ o[`mgh dV_mZ
EH$ ahmV AgVrc Va (o[`m`m _`yZVa) `m ZdrZ [wmgh gdM ^mdmZm gmaIr dmQ>Ur o_i{c.
AZ[`` [w` _mVm Xm`_dmZw`mV$&

_mVò[ M d>mm`m o[Vw_mVm ha{Z_$&&217&&
gVoV Zgc{`m [wmMr g[om(`m`m _`yZVa) `m`m AmBcm o_imdr. AmBoh
_V AgVm o[`m`m AmBZ{ hUO{ o[Vm_hrZ{ V{ YZ `md{.
hr Aer od^mJUr [Zr o[Vm ^mD$ [wV`m h{ H$m{Ur ZgVrc `md{ir H$amd`mMr
Amh{. Ag{ g_Omd{.
F$U{ YZ{ M gdp_od^{$ `WmodoY$&

[mX `{V `pH$oMmgd g_Vm Z`{V$ &&218&&
F$U AmoU g[om `mMr `Wmem od^mJUr Pm`mZVa AmUIr H$mhr g[om Amh{
Ag{ AmT>i`mg `m g[mrMr od^mJUr gdmZm g_mZ Aer H$amdr.
d [_cH$ma H$Vm_wXH$ o`: $&

`m{Jj{_ Mma M Z od^m` MjV{$&&219&&
d{, oZ`m{[`m{Jr ^mS>r, em{^{`mdVy, odhra dm Vi{, Xmgr, Hw$Qw>]m`m H$`mUmMr
qMVm dmhUma{ C[m`m`moXH$ AmoU oZdmgWmZm[`V [m{M`mM{ _mJ `mMr od^mJUr hm{V Zmhr.
A`_w$m{ od^mJm{ d: [wmUm M oH$`modoY: &

H$_e: j{OmXrZm yVY_ oZ]m{YV$&&220&&
g[mr`m dmQ>UrM{ oZ`_, j{OmoX [wmMm drH$ma d H$_mZ{ `mZm o_iUmar dmQ>Ur
`mg]Yr gmoJVc{. AmVm yVmg]YrMr `dWm gmJVm{. Vr E{H$m.
yV g_m` Md amOm amQ>modma`{V$ &

amOmVH$aUmd{Vm m Xm{fm [oWdrojVm_$&&221&&
amOmZ{ Am[`m am`mV yV AmoU m`mMr `w{ (g_m`) hr Xm{hr hm{D$ X{D$
Z`{V. h{ Xm{hr Xm{f Amh{V. AmoU V{ Xm{hr am`mcm KmVH$ R>aUma{ Amh{V.
H$me_{VmmH$` `{dZg_m`m $&

V`m{oZ` VrKmV{ Z[oV`Zdm^d{V$ &&222&&
_Zw_oV
[ 515 ]
8 229
yV AmoU g_m` `m Xm{hr Jm{>r CKS> CKS> Mm` H$_$[ Amh{V. hUyZ amOmZ{ gXd
`m hm{D$ Z`{V `mgmR>r `Zerc Agmd{.
AmoUo^`pH$`V{ Vm{H${ yV_w`V{$&

moUo^: oH$`V{ `Vw g odk{`: g_m`:$&&223&&
cm{H$m_`{ oZOud dVy`m ghm`mZ{ (\$mg{ B`moXH$mZr) [U cmdyZ O{ I{ic{ OmV{
`mZm yV hUVmV. AmoU Xm{Z m`mZm [a[a Q>$a X{D$Z O{ `w I{ic{ OmV{ `mcm g_m` hUVmV.
yV g_m` Md `: Hw$`mH$ma`{V dm$&

VmgdmZ KmV`{mOm eym oOocoZ:$&&224&&
yV AmoU [ew[jm`m PwOr O{ H$aVrc dm H$adVrc, `m gdmZm amOmZ{ emgZ
H$amd{. oO$[mZ{ o_aodUm`m eymgoh oejm H$amdr.
oH$VdmHw$ercdmH{$am[mfS>WmM _mZdmZ$&
odH$_WmZ empS>H$m oj oZdmg`{[wamV$&&225&&
yV I{iUma{, Z`Jm`ZmoXH$mZr cm{H$mZm _m{hodUma{, H$y a dmrM{, d{XqZXH$, [mIS>r,
qZ H$_ H$aUma{, XmS>{ `m gdmZm amOmZ{ VmH$mi hmH$cyZ cmdmd{.
EV{ amQ>{ dV_mZm amk: N>VH$am:$&

odH$_oH$``m nZ` ]mYV{ ôH$m: Om:$&&226&&
darc cm{H$mV doUc{c{ h{ gd Jw[U{ Mm{arM H$aVmV, Ag{ g_Omd{ H$maU V{ qZ
H$_mZ{ MmJ`m OmOZmZmoh \$gdyZ cw]mS>V AgVmV.
yV_{V[wamH$[{ > daH$a _hV $&

V_mX yV Z g{dV{ hm`mW_o[ ]wo_mZ$&&227&&
yV h{ [ydu[mgyZM ewd C[ H$aUma{ Amh{. hUyZ _Zm{odZm{XZmgmR>r gwm ehm`mZ{
yV I{iy Z`{.
N> dm H$me dm Vof{dV{ `m{ Za:$&

V` XS>odH$[: `mW{> Z[V{VWm$&&228&&
Om{ H$m{Ur _Zw` CKS> dm Mm{$Z yV I{i{c `mcm amOmZ{ dV:`m BN>{Z{ dmQ>{c
V{dT>m XS> H$amdm.
jodQ>ey `m{oZVw XS> XmVw_eZwdZ$&

AmZ` H$_Um JN>o{ m{ XmN>Z: eZ:$&&229&&
9 229
516 ]
_Zw_oV
XS> X{`modf`r Ag_W Agc{`m jo` d` ey `mZr `m{` Aer H$m_{ H$$Z
XS>m`m F$UmVyZ _w$ hmd{. ]mUmZ{ XS> hiyhiy \{$S>mdm.
r]mcm{_mdmZm XnamUm M am{oJUm_$&

oe\$modXcadmodX`m[oVX__$&&230&&
o`m, _wc{, d{S>{ , hmVma{, Xnar, am{Jr `mZm amOmZ{ d{cmM{ VUmd{ ]m]y`m N>S>m
B`mqXZr VmS>Z H$amd{ dm Xm{arZ{ ]mYyZ R>{dmd{.
`m `$s Am[`m, H$sd `mdr Aem AdW{Mm cm^ K{D$Z (H$m{Umcm ge` `{Uma
Zmhr `m H$[Z{Z{) A[amY H$aVmV `md{ir h{ emgZ H$amd`mM{ Amh{.
`{ oZ`w$mVw H$m`}fw h`w: H$m`moU H$moÙm_$&

YZm{_Um [`_mZmVmo:dmH$ma`{[ :$&&231&&
emgZmMr oZaoZamir H$m_{ H$a`mgmR>r amOmZ{ oZ`w$ H{$c{cr ò$ oXc{`m H$m_mMm
KmV H$arV Ag{c, hUO{ oV`mH$S>{ gm{[odc{c{ H$m_ `m{` arVrZ{ H$arV Zg{c, (cm{H$mMr H$m_{
H$a`mgmR>r) YZm`m Ame{Z{ H$mgmdrg hm{V Ag{c, H$m_ H$amd`m`m cm{H$mH$Sy>Z cmM K{V Ag{c
Va amOmZ{ `mcm `m`m g[mr[mgyZ doMV H$amd{.
emgZmVrc ^>mMma Zmhrgm H$a`mMm _ZyMm hm gw`m{` Agm XS>H$ Amh{. emgH$s`
g{dH$ cmMImD$ Ag{c Va Vm{ O{cm AS>dUwH$sM{ Ym{aU drH$m$Z ZmZmH$mamZ{ [rS>m X{V AgVm{.
cm{H$mZm o[iyZ K{V AgVm{. OmOZ AJoVH$ AgVm{ V{hm `mcm oZ[m`mZ{ Am[c{ H$m_ H$$Z
K{`mgmR>r H$m_ H$aUm`mcm cmM mdrM cmJV{. d{irM XjVm K{Vcr Zmhr Va ^>mMmamM{ h{ [rH$
Imc[mgyZ da[`V AmoU da[mgyZ Imc[`V H$mQ>{ar VUm_mU{ \$m{\$mdV{. AmoU cm{H$ V hm{VmV.
AgKoQ>V Ag`m_wi{ `mM{ hmVmV oVH$mamgmR>r H$mhroh gmYZ ZgV{ `mgmR>r gdmV dna> Om{ amOm
`mZ{ dm AmO`m cm{H$emhrV [VYmZ, _w`_r, oZaoZam`m Im`mM{ _r, `mM{ gMrd
C[gMrd B`mXrZr dV: m_moUH$ amhZ emgH$s` g{dH$mZm `m`m H$V`mMr `m{` Vr OmUrd ZrQ>
oXcr [mohO{. AmoU H$V``woV Pm`mg `mcm [Xmd$Z H$mTy>Z `mM{ gdd amOV (O) H{$c{
[mohO{.AoYH$mamMr OmoUd gdmZmM AgV{ [U H$V`mM{ ^mZ _m H$m{UrM R>{odV Zmhr, hUyZ hm
oZ`_ H$Q>mjmZ{ H$m`dmhrV AmUcm [mohO{.
Hy$Q>emgZH$V
H$VrZm M XyfH$mZ$&
r]mc]mUZm h`mXnQ>go{ dZVWm$&&232&&
_Zw_oV
[ 517 ]
9 235
AmX{emMr Im{Q>r H$mJX[{ V`ma H$aUma{ (l{>H$oZ>) emgH$s` g{dH$mZm ^> H$aUma{
o\$Vwar _mOodUma{ o`m, ]mcH{$, ]mU `mZm _maUma{, [rS>m X{Uma{, eyer gYmZ ]mYc{c{ Aem
gdmZm amOmZ{ dYXS> mdm.
VrnaV MmZwoe> M ` $MZ `d{V$ &

H$V V_Vm{ odm Vz`m{ oZdV`V{ $ &&233&&
`m`XmZmVrc `dhmamV [wT>{ Amc{c{ H$aU [maIyZ `mg]Yr EH$Xm oZU` K{Vcm
J{cm hUO{ _J V{ H$aU [whm odMmamgmR>r K{D$ Z`{. W_ oXc{cm oZU`M emm_m`mZ{ pWa
d$[mMm Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
AocH$S>{ AoYd`m`m H$me`mZ{ AmoU `m`mc`m`m VrZWar d$[mZ{ oZU`
pWa ahmV Zmhr AmoU `m_wi{ A[amY H$$Zoh A[amYr oejm Z hm{Vm gwQyZ OmD$ eH$Vm{. `m`mg
A`V odc] cmJVm{ AmoU Vargwm oXc{cm `m` `dpWV AgVm{M Ag{ Zmhr. `mgmR>r _ZyMr
gyMZm J^ra[U{ odMmamV K{`mgmaIrAmh{. AWmV H$mhr d{im `m`mMm [wZodMma H$aU{ Amd`H$
hUyZ CoMVoh AgV{. [U Ag{ gJ Wm{S>{ Agmd{V. BVH{$ Var `mZmV K{Vc{M [mohO{.
A_m`m: mS>oddmH$m{ dm `Hw$`w: H$m`_`Wm$&

Vd` Z[oV: Hw$`mmmZ gh M XS>`V{ $ &&234&&
_r `m`moYe (mLoddmH$) h{ `m`mdarc gm{[odc{cr H$m_{ dm oZU` `m{` arVrZ{
H$arV ZgVrc dm K{V ZgVrc Va `mV amOmZ{ dV: cj KmcyZ `m{` Vm{ oZU` mdm. AmoU A`m{`
H$m_ H$aUm`mZm gh[U XS> H$amdm.
h{ H$aU Xm{Ze{EH$oVgm`m cm{H$mV dUZ H{$c{`m[{jm d{Ji{ Amh{. V{W{ OmOZmMr
OmUyZ]wOyZ AS>dUyH$ H$aU{ H$m_ H$$Z X{`mgmR>r cmM K{U{ Agm ZoVH$Q>m _hmZ A[amY Amh{.
`{W{ AH$m`j_ Ag`m_wi{ dm AkmZAZdYmZC[{jm]wo B.H$maUmZr oZU` oXcm OmV Zmhr
hUyZ dYXS> Z gmJVm YZXS> gmoJVcm Amh{. MyH$ AZmdYmZmZ{ Pmcr Agcr Var oV`mH$S>{
j_m]wrZ{ [mhU{ h{ emgZ`dW{V oeoWcVm C[ H$a`mgmaI{ Amh{. `mM{ Xw[naUm_ XrKH$mcrZ
d `m[H$ j{mV hm{V AgVmV. hUyZ XS>mMm C[`m{J H{$cmM [mohO{. OmohVm`m Q>rZ{ hr Jm{> \$ma
_hdmMr Amh{.
]hm M gwam[ VH$am{ JwV[J:$&

EV{ gd} [WJ k{`m _hm[mVoH$Zm{ Zam:$&&235&&
]h`m H$aUmam, _[mZ H$aUmam, Mm{a, Jw[Zrer J_Z H$aUmam, `mVcm `{H$s
_hm[mVH$s Amh{.
9 236
518 ]
_Zw_oV
MVwUm_o[ MVf{ m mòm_Hw$dVm_$&

emara YZg`w $ XS> Y` H$[`{V$ &&236&&
`m Mmaoh _hm[mV`mZr Am[`m [m[mM{ mòm K{Vc{ [mohO{. Vg{ Z H$aVrc Va
`mZm A[amYmZwgma `m{` V{ earaXS> d YZXS> Xm{hroh md{V.
JwV[{ ^J: H$m`: gwam[mZ{ gwamdO: $&

V{`{ M [X H$m` ]hòeam: [w_mZ$&&237&&
Jw[Zrer ò^Mma H$aUm`m`m H$[mimda `m{Zr`m AmH$mamMm S>mJ mdm.
Xm$S>m`m H$[mimda gwamdOm_mU{ S>mJ mdm.gm{Z{ Mm{aUm`m`m H$[mir Hw$`m`m [mdcm`m
AmH$mamMm S>mJ mdm. AmoU ]h`m H$aUmamcm _`wXS> mdm.
Ag^m{`m g`m`m Ag[mR>m@oddmohZ:$&

Ma{`:w [oWdt XrZm: gdY_]ohH$Vm:$&&238&&
darc Mma A[am`mZm oejm oX`mZVaoh `m`mer A`dhma `k`mJmM{ AZw>mZ
d{Xm``Z oddmhg]Y h{ cm{H$mZr H$mhr H$$ Z`{. `mZm gd Y_m[mgyZ ]ohH$V H$amd{. `mZr [drda
XrZ[U{ dmdamd{.
kmoVg]pYo^d{V{ `$`m: H$VcjUm:$&

oZX`m oZZ_H$mamV_Zm{aZwemgZ_$&&239&&
`m S>mJ oXc{`mZm kmoV]mYdmZr dmirV Q>mH$md{. `mMr X`m H$$ Z`{. `mZm AmXaUr`
_mZy Z`{. Agm _ZyMm AmX{eAmh{.
mòm Vw Hw$dmUm: [yd} dUm `Wm{oXV_$&

ZmL`m amkm ccmQ>{ `wXm`mVym_gmhg_$&&240&&
Mmar dUmVrc Hw$Uroh darc [mVH$mM{ `Wmem mòm H$arc Va amOmZ{ H$[mimda
S>mJ X{D$ Z`{. [aVw `mZm gh [U XS> H$amdm.
AmJgw ]mU`d H$m`m} _`_gmhg:$&

oddm`m{ dm ^d{m>mg`: g[naN>X:$&&241&&
darc Mma A[amY H$aUmam Oa JwU`w$ Agm ]mU Ag{c Va `mcm [mMe{[U XS>
H$amdm. AmoU Vm{M hr [m[{ ]wo[ydH$ H$arc Va `mcm `m`m KaXma B`moXgh oZdmogV H$amd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 519 ]
9 246
BVa{ H$VdVVw [m[m`{Vm`H$m_V:$&

gddhma_hpV H$m_VVw dmgZ_$&&242&&
]mU{Va Oa h{ A[amY Amg$sZ{ Zh{ Va _m{hmZ{ H$aVrc Va `mM{ YZXmamoX gdd
haU H$amd{. Amg$sZ{ H$aVrc Va VS>r[ma H$amd{.(AWmV YZ haU H$$Z)
ZmXXrV Z[: gmYw_h m[mVoH$Zm{ YZ_$&

AmXXmZVw Vm{^mm{Z Xm{fU
{ oc`V{$&&243&&
gmZ amOmZ{ _hm[mV`m[mgyZ XS> hUyZ K{Vc{c{ YZoh dV:gmR>r drH$m$ Z`{.
cm{^mZ{ V{ YZ dm[arc Va Vm{oh VgmM [mVH$s R>a{c.
Agw d{` V XS> dUm`m{[[mX`{V$ &

lwVdmm{[[{ dm ]mU{ oV[mX`{V$&&244&&
darc [mV`m`m XS>mM{ V{ YZ [m`mV Q>mHy$Z dUmcm g_[U H$amd{. oH$dm odmm
gXmMma `mZr `w$ Aem ]mUmcm md{.
YZ [m`mV Q>mH$md{ `mMm AW V{ dm`m Kmcdmd{ Agm Z H$aVm e{Vr B`moX cm{H$m{[`m{Jr
H$m_mZm [mUr[wadR>m H$a`mgmR>r `mMm odoZ`m{J H$amdm.gXmMmar odmZ ]mUmZm V{ md{ Ag{
hU`mV odmXmZ H$aUm`m MmJ`m oejUgWmZm V{ md{. Agm Ao^m` OmUmdm.
Bem{ XS>` dUm{ amkm XS>Yam{ oh g:$&

Be: gd` OJVm{ ]mUm{ d{X[maJ:$&&245&&
dU hm XS>mMm dm_r Amh{ amOmcm XS> H$a`mMmoh `mcm AoYH$ma Amh{. d{XmM{
gmJ g[yU A``Z H$aUmam ]mU hm OJVmMm dm_r Amh{.
hUyZ XS>$[mZ{ o_imc{`m YZmMr `dWm H$er H$amdr V{ Xm{Ze{ Md{Mmoigm`m
cm{H$mV gmoJVc{ Amh{.
]mUmcm Agc{c{ dmo_d [ma_moWH$ Amh{ V{ `mdhmnaH$ dm C[^m{` Zmhr. dm_r
am_VrWmZr hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s Jwcm]mM{ \y$c _m`m C[^m{JmgmR>r Amh{ hr ^mdZm `mjUr gm{S>cr
`mjUr OJVmV`m gd Jwcm]m`m ]mJm _m`m _mcH$s`m Pm`m . `m_mU{ ]mU hm OJmMm
C[^m{Jey` dm_r Amh{. O{W{ O{W{ ]mUmcm ode{f gm{` dm ode{f AoYH$ma oXc{c{ Amh{V. Ag{
oXg{c V{W{ V{W{ Vm{ `mM{ kmZ AmoU Mmna` AmXe d$[mM{ Amh{ h{ JhrV Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{.
` dO`V{ amOm [m[H$X`m{ YZmJ__$&

V H$mc{Z Om`V{ _mZdm XrKOrodZ:$&&246&&
9 247
520 ]
_Zw_oV
oZ[V{ M g`moZ `Wm{moZ odem [WH$$&

]mcm Z _r`V{ odH$V Z M Om`V{$&&247&&
`m X{em_`{ amOm [mV`mH$Sy>Z YZ Jm{im H$a`mMr BN>m R>d{ rV Zmhr. `m X{em_`{
g_`mZwgma _mUg{ XrKm`wfr hm{VmV. e{VH$`mZr (d`mZr) Ym`{ Oer [{amdrV `m_mU{ [rH$ MmJc{
`{V{. ]mc_`y KS>V ZmhrV. AmoU Vr _wc{ odH$V qH$dm A[J O_mcm `{V ZmhrV.
]mUm]mY_mZ Vw H$m_mXdadUO_$&
h`modYm{[m`{OZH$aZ[:$&&248&&
]mUmcm(oZcm}^r gXmMaUr odmZmcm) H$oZ> dUmM{ cm{H$ Oa OmUyZ]wOyZ mg
X{Vrc N>iVrc Va `m Xw>mMm amOmZ{ N>iyZ N>iyZ dY H$amdm.
`mZm gajUmMr YZgmmoX A` gmYZ{ C[cY ZmhrV `mM{ `m{` H$ma{ gajU
hmd{ Aem `dW{V `m H$R>m{a oej{Mm Adc] H$aU{ `WmW Amh{. `m_wi{ emgZmMm YmH$ oZ_mU
hm{Vm{. AmoU `m_wi{ _ZmV Amc{, H$amd{g{ dmQ>c{ Var hmVyZ XwH$` KS>V Zmhr. AocH$S>{
_mZdVmdmXm`m ZmdmImcr H$m{U`moh A[amYmH$S>{ AJXr Hy$a AmVH$dmmH$S>{oh gmO`mZ{
j_mercV{Z{, X`m]wrZ{ [hmd{ Ag{ CXKm{fyZ Mmac{ OmV{. gdgm_m` _mUgmcm Vg{ dmJU{
gmZ[Umcm em{^V{ Ag{ dmQ>V{ [U [naUm_V: g_mOmV Hy$a A`mMmamcm D$V `{Vm{.(AmO`m ^mf{V
`mMm o]hma hm{Vm{.) oZa[am`mMr h`m, ]cmH$ma, cyQ>mcyQ>, XadS>{, Omi[m{i Ag{ A[amY KS>V
amhVmV. AmoU V{ oZ_yQ>[U{ [hmV ]g`mòVna$, ZwgV{ hihi`mòVna$ gm_m`m`m hmVmV
H$mhr CaV Zmhr. " YmH$mZ{M OJm_mOr g_mJu dVVr OZ' h{ cjmV R>{dmd{M cmJV{. _m``m`
oZ_mU hm{D$ Z`{ Ag{ dmQ>V Ag{c Va A[am`mcm H$R>m{a oejm oXcr J{crM [mohO{. h{M g_>r`m
ohVmM{ Amh{.emgZ `dWm `mgmR>rM oZo_cr Amh{. A[amY chmZ dm _m{R>m H$gmoh Agm{ [U
`mMr C[{jm Z hm{Vm Xm{fmZw$[ oejm PmcrM [mohO{.
`mdmZd`` dY{ Vmdmd`` _m{jU{ $&

AY_m} Z[V{X >m{ Y_Vw odoZ`N>V:$&&249&&
`mcm _`wXS> X{U{ `m{` Zmhr `mMm dY H$aU{ AmoU `mcm R>ma H{$c{M [mohO{
`mcm gm{Sy>Z X{U{ h{ Xm{hroh gmaI{M AY_ Amh{V. A[amYmZwgma `m{` oejm X{Um`m amOmcm Y_mMm
cm^ hm{V AgVm{.
CoXVm{@` odVaem{ o_Wm{ oddX_mZ`m{: $&

A>mXegw _mJ}fw `dhma` oZU`:$&&250&&
_Zw_oV
[ 521 ]
9 255
F$U X{U{ K{U{ B`moX AmoWH$ `dhma AR>am H$maM{ Amh{V. `mg]YmV dmXr AmoU
oVdmXr `m`mVrc ^mS>UmMm `m` H$gm H$amdm oZU` H$m{UVm mdm Vm{ odf` odVmamZ{ gmoJVcm
J{cm Amh{.
Ed Y`moU H$m`moU g`w$d_hr[oV:$&

X{emZcYmog{V cYm [na[mc`{V$ &&251&&
g`L>oZod>Xe
{ Vw H$VXwJ
emV:$&
H$Q>H$m{aU{ oZ`_moV>
{ Z_wm__$&&252&&
Om{ amOm Ag{ h{ gd `dhma em_`mX{Zwgma H$arV AgVm{ `m amOmcm Z cm^c{c{
j{ cm^V{ AmoU O{ cm^c{ Amh{ `mM{ `m{` arVrZ{ [mcZ hm{V{. amOmZ{ Am[c{ am` gd>rZ{ MmJc{
hm{Bc Aer BN>m ]miJmdr. emoZoX> [VrZ{ JS>H$m{Q>mXtMr gajU `dWm H$$Z Agmd{ AmoU
O{cm ZmZmH$ma{ [rS>m X{Uma{ O{ H$m{Ur `mZm ]YZmoXH$mZr oZÙmV R>{dU{ dm Z> H$aU{ `modf`r
gmj{[mZ{ `Zerc Agmd{.
ajUmXm`d mmZm H$Q>H$mZm M em{YZmV$&

Za{mooXd `mpV Om[mcZV[am:$&&253&&
O{ gmZ Amh{V `mM{ ajU H$aU{, O{ [rS>m X{Uma{ Amh{V Xw> Amh{V `mZm hS>Hy$Z
H$mTy>Z oejm X{U{ `marVrZ{ Om{ amOm O{M{ [mcZ H$a`mV V[a Amh{ `mcm dJmMr mo hm{V{.
AemgVH$am`Vw ]qc JmoV [moWd:$&

V` jw`V{ am> dJm [naoh`V{$&&254&&
Om{ amOm VH$amM{ emgZ H$arV Zmhr. O{[mgyZ H$a _m Jm{im H$aVm{ `m amOm`m
odam{YmV am`m_`{ AgVm{f Vg{M jm{^ oZ_mU hm{Vm{. AmoU Vm{ dJm[mgyZ doMV hm{Vm{.
oZ^` Vw ^d{` amQ> ]mh]cmolV_$&

V` VYV{ oZ` og`_mZ Bd x_:$&&255&&
`m`m gajU gm_`m_wi{ am> gdoXemZr [yU[U{ oZ^` hm{V{ V{ am> [mUr oXc{`m
djm_mU{ gXd dqJV hm{V{.
am>ajUmodf`r gajU`dWm A`V g_W AmoU gwgm Aer gXd Agcr [mohO{.
H$m{U`moh H$ma`m AmH$_UmMm CS>V{Mm (JwS>oJarMm) A`m`mMm oVH$ma VjUr Pmcm [mohO{.
AmoU [whm Vg{ hm{Uma Zmhr Aer `dWm XjV{Z{ H{$cr [mohO{. XwXdmZ{ AmO`m Am[`m emgZmV
`mVc{ H$mhr \$mag{ Cac{c{ Zmhr Ag{ I{XmZ{ hUmd{ cmJV{. "_cm AmdS>V Zmhr' hUyZ _Zw_oV
9 255
522 ]
_Zw_oV
Omi`m`m dm Vg{ H$aU{ `m{` _mZUmam`m _Zm{dmrMm hm dm^modH$ [naUm_ Amh{. Ag{ I{X[ydH$
hUU{ ^mJ Amh{. H$maU _ZyZ{ gmoJVc{c{ oZ`_ [yU[U{ C[{ojc{ J{c{.
oodYmVH$ampdm[a`m[hmaH$mZ$&
H$memmH$mem MmaMjw_h r[oV:$&&256&&
[a`mM{ A[haU H$aUma{ VH$a Xm{ZH$maM{ AgVmV. H$mhr hm A[hma CKS>[U{
H$aVmV Va H$mhr Jw[UmZ{ ghO cjmV `{Uma Zmhr Aem Vh{Z{ H$arV AgVmV. `mMr OmUrd R>{dyZ
amOmZ{ JwMam`m mam h{ gd _mhrV H$$Z K{Vc{ [mohO{ `mgmR>rM amOmcm Vm{ MmaMjy Agcm [mohO{
Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
AocH$S>{ AZ{H$ oR>H$mUr ZmZmH$maM{ XJ{ CJ ^`mZH$ Aem d$[mV hm{V AgVmV.
g[om cwQ>cr OmV{, Omi[m{i hm{V.{ _m{R>m _mUmV qhgm hm{V.{ `mMm oVH$ma H$a`mV emgZ Aèdr
hm{V{. hV]c hm{V{ AmoU _J gmmYmar hUVm{ H$r h{ gd gwoZ`m{oOV hm{V{ `md$Z [> hm{V{ H$s JwMa
od^mJ `m{` arVrZ{ H$m_ H$arV Zmhr hUO{ emgH$ AmYim Amh{. `mcm OdiM{ AmoU XyaM{ `m{àrVrZ{
oXgV Zmhr.
_Zw_VrVrc 253, 254, d 256 `mM{ kmZ gmm drH$maUm`mcm AmoU
OmOZmZmoh `m{` H ma{ AgV{ Va cm{H$ 255 _`{ dUZ H{$`m_mU{ l{`mMr mo Pmcr AgVr.
H$medmH$mV{fm ZmZm[`m{[OrodZ:$&
N>dmH$md{V{ `{ V{ZmQ>odH$mX`:$&&257&&
ododY H$ma`m `m[mamVyZ H$òdH$`mVyZ cm{H$mZm \$gdyZ cw]mS>U{ h{ CKS> Mm{ar
H$aUma{ AmoU Aa`moXH$m`m Aml`mZ{ c[yZ cwQ>mcyQ> H$aUma{ V{ JwMm{a.
AmO`m [napWVrMm odMma H$aVm _ZyZ{ doUc{`mCKS> AmoU JwMm{amMr `m`m
dmJ`m`m >rZ{ CcQ>m[mcQ> H{$cr [mohO{Ag{ dmQ>V{. _ZyZ{ CKS>[U{ `{Vm{ AmoU c[yZN>[yZ `{Vm{
`m>rZ{ dJdmar H{$cr Amh{.
CH$m{MH$mm[oYH$m dmH$m: oH$VdmVWm$&

_cmX{edmm ^m{joUH$: gh$&&258&&
Ag`$mnaUd _hm_mmooH$gH$m:$&
oe[m{[Mma`w$m oZ[wUm: [``m{ofV:$&&259&&
cmM ImUma{ ^` XmIdyZ cw]mS>Uma{ (Am[moYH$) yVmM{ oZaoZami{ H$ma Adco]Uma{,
_ZmgmaI{ KS>{c Ag{ ôd` dVdyZ \$godUma{ Xmo^H$ (^) hmV [mhZ ôd` gmJUma{ (BjoUH$)
_Zw_oV
[ 523 ]
9 265
hmr Km{S>{ B`moX d BVa [ew[jr `mM{ I{i H$$Z C[OrodH$m H$aUma{ (_hm_m) oMoH$gH$, oMH$cm
Im{XH$m_ ZojH$m_ H$aUma{(oe[m{[Mma`w$) AmoU d{`m, h{ gd [a`mMm A[hma H$a`m_`{
oZ[wU AgVmV.
H{$di _Zm{aOZ H$aUma{ ZVH$, ZQ>, Jm`H$, cocV c{IH$, I{imSy> h{ H$m{Q>rZ{ YZ
o_iodVmV `m`m [{jm _m{R>{ VH$a H$m{Ur ZmhrV.
Ed_mmpdOmZr`mH$memm{H$H$Q>H$mZ$&
oZJyT>MmnaUm`mZZm`mZmòcoZ:$&&260&&
VmpdoXdm gwMnaVJTy > VH$_H$mnao^:$&
MmamZ{H$gWmZ: m{gm Xe_mZ`{V$ &&261&&
da gmoJVc{`m `m ò$ g_mOm_`{ CKS>[U{ dmdaVmV. H$mhr g` d{fmV amhZ
cm{H$mMr \$gdUyH$ H$aVmV. amOmZ{ JwMam`m mam `m`mda ZrQ> cj R>{dyZ amhmd{ cmJV{. h{
H$a`mgmR>r CKS>[U{ dmdaUma{ qH$dm oZaoZam`m d{fmV dm Cm{JmV Jw[U{ dmd$Z H$[Q> hS>Hy$Z
H$mT>Uma{ Ag{ g{dH$ Z{_md{. `m`mH$Sy>Z `m \$g`mMr H$`{ CKS>H$sg AmUmdr AmoU `mZm `m{`
`m oejm X{D$Z oZÙmV R>{dmd{.
V{fm Xm{fmZo^`m` d{ d{ H$_oU VdV:$&

Hw$duV emgZ amOm g`H$ gmam[amYV:$&&262&&
JQ> d AJQ>[U{ dmdaUma{ O{ Mm{a V{ H$m{UH$m{U`m H$ma{ cm{H$mZm \$godVmV V{
O{_`{ JQ> H$$Z (Xm{hr H$ma`m) Mm{amZm amOmZ{ A[amYmcm AZwg$Z XS> mdm.
Z oh XS>mV{ e`: H$Vw [m[odoZJh:$&

V{ZmZm [m[]wrZm oZ^V MaVm ojVm $&&263&&
[mVH$s dom R>{dUma{ h{ Mm{a cm{H$m_`{ (Z_Vm B`moX YmaU H$$Z) Mm{$Z c[yZ
dmdaVmV. `m`m `m H$[Q>r A[amYmM{ oZÙ H$R>m{a oejm H{$`mdmMyZ hm{U{ Ae` Amh{.
`mM{ X` [mcQ>Vm `{Bc hm odmg ^m|Ji[UmMm Amh{.
g^m[m[y[emcmd{e_modH$`m:$&
MVw[Wm`djm: g_mOm: {jUmoZ M $&&264&&
OrUm}mZmà`moZ H$mH$md{eZmoZ M $&
ey`moZ Mm`JmamoU d`m`w[dZmoZ M $&&265&&
9 266
524 ]
_Zw_oV
EdodYm[m{ X{emJw_: WmdaO_:$&

VH$aoVf{YmW Mmam`ZwMma`{V$ &&266&&
g^mJh{, [mU[m{`m, C[hmaJh{, Xm$M{ Jwm{, ImZmdir, MhmQ>{, _hmdjmM{ Aml`,
MmdS>m, {jmJh{, [S>rH$ CmZ{, Aa`{, odUH$m_H$m{ard H$m_ B`moX hVH$me`mMr H$m_{
H$aUm`m`m J`m, Am{gmS> Ka{, dZm{[dZ{ Aem oR>H$mUr ZrQ> cj R>{d`mgmR>r, amOmZ{ Mm`m
[hma{ ]gdmd{V. V{W{ qhS>V{ o\$aV{ Amajr Z{_md{. JwMamMroh `m{OZm H$amdr. Mm{amM{ oZdmaU H$a`mgmR>r
h{ gd Amd`H$ Amh{.
VghmàZwJVZmZmH$_d{oXo^:$&
odmXwgmX`{d oZ[wU: [ydV H$a:$&&267&&
Mm{amZm Amhr Vw_`mVc{M Ag{ XmIdyZ `m`mgd{ `m`m H$`mV gh^mJr hm{D$Z
JwMamZr Mm{amZm [H$S>md{.h{ JwMa Mm{ar`m gd `w`m `w`m OmUUma{ Ag{ [oeojV Agmd{V `m
JwMamV [ydu VH$ar H$aUma{ [U AmVm ([mmm[mZ{ eaU `{D$Z) amOmM{ g{dH$ Pmc{c{ `mMmoh g_md{e
Agmdm. `mZr (JwMamZr) Mm{amZm [H$Sy>Z md{. AmoU amOmZ{ `mZm oejm H$amdr.
Amhmcm H$[Zm ZhVr Ag{ hUU{ emgH$mcm cmN>Zm[X Amh{.
^`^m{`m{[X{e
]mUmZm M XeZ: $&
em`H $_m[X{e
Hw$`w V{fm g_mJ__$&&268&&
Mm{amZm CKS>H$sg AmUyZ emgZm`m dmYrZ H$a`mH$naVm JwMamZr [wT>rc `w`mMm
Adc] H$amdm. `mZm Im`mo[`mgmR>r `md{. (_Zm{aW [yU H$aUm`m H$m{`m) gmYyMr JmR> KmcyZ
X{Vm{ hUmd{, _`wmoX em`mMr {jUr` H$`{ [mh`mg OmD$ `m hUyZ gmJmd{.
`{ V Zm{[g[}`_w c
y oUohVm `{$&
Vmg Z[m{ h`mgo_kmoV]mYdmZ$&&269&&
O{ YyV VH$a `m `w`mZm ]ir [S>Uma ZmhrV. JwMamZm Am{iIVrc `mZm
[H$S>`mgmR>r amOmZ{ ]imMm C[`m{J H$$Z `m Mm{am`m o_mZm OmoV]mYdmZmoh emgZ H$amd{.
Am{>mZm hm{Um`m `m mgm_wi{ V{ dV:M Mm{amMm R>mdoR>H$mUm gmJVrc dm
`m`mdarc Z{hmZ{ `mMm N>i MwH$mdm hUyZ Mm{a dV:M emgZm`m dmYrZ hm{Bc. Mm{am`m
Am{>mZmoh AJXr _m{H$i{, gm{Sy>Z C[`m{Jr Zmhr.
AmVm [wV`m h`{Mm Amam{[r oZ H$mH$m am`mMm _w`_r Aer pWoV Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 525 ]
9 273
Z hm{T>Z{ odZm Mma KmV`{mo_H$m{ Z[:$&

ghm{T> gm{[H$aU KmV`{XodMma`Z$&&270&&
Mm{am[mer Mm{arMm [wamdm [wa{gm gm[S>`modZm Ymo_H$ amOmZ{ Mm{amcm oejm H$$ Z`{.
Mm{arM{ ` dm Mm{arM{ gmYZ gm[S>`mda _m Mm{amMm KmV H$a`mg _mJ{[wT>{ [mh Z`{.
Jm_{do[ M `{ H{$oMmamUm ^$Xm`H$m:$&

^mS>mdH$meXmd gdmVmZo[ KmV`{V$ &&271&&
Mm{amcm OmUrd[ydH$ ^m{OZ d[m oZdmgWmZ B`mqXZr ghm` H$aUma{ O{ H$m{Ur
JmdmVrc cm{H$, `mZmoh amOmZ{ oejm H$amdr.
[moH$VmZr AmVH$dmXr VH$a `mZm H$m{Ry>Z Aml` o_iVm{ V{ AJXrM Jw Zmhr [U
`mZm oejm H$a`m`m H$aUr Vw>rH$aU AmS> `{V AgV{. ghm`H$ cm^`m dmMyZ EH$Q>m A[amYr
\$mag{ H$$ eH$V Zmhr h{ CKS> Amh{. `mVd ghm`H$mZmoh Xm{frM _mZyZ Vg{M dmJc{ [mohO{.
am>f{ w ajmoYH$Vmgm_Vmd Mm{oXVmZ$&

A`mKmV{fw _`WmpN>`mmamoZd wV_$&&272&&
OmOZm`m gajUmH$naVm Z{_c{c{ AoYH$mar dm O{M{ ohV gmYyZ X{`mM{ H$m_
`m`mda gm{[odc{ Amh{ Ag{ gm_V h{ Oa Am[c{ H$m_ `m{àrVrZ{ H$aUma ZmhrV CXmgrZ amhVrc
Va `mZmoh Mm{am_mU{ VH$mc oejm H$amdr.
Ag{ Pm`mg ^>mMmamM{ _yiM CIS>c{ OmBc, A[amY g`m EH$X_ KQ>{c.
`mo[ Y_g_`m`wVm{ Y_OrdZ:$&

XS>Zd V_`m{fV{ dH$m_mo od`wV_$&&273&&
Y_ h{M `mM{ OrdZ Agmd`mM{ Vm{ Oa Y_m`m _`mXm [miUma Zmhr Am[`m
H$V` H$_m[mgyZ Om{ `wV hm{Bc `mcmoh amOmZ{ Vm{ Xw:oIV hm{Bc Agm XS> H$amdm.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ Y_OrdZ `mMm AW Y_m_mU{ dmJUmam H$m{Uroh _mUyg Agm Z
H$aVm ÒZ`mOZ oVJhmoX fQ>H$_} H$aUmam ]mU Agm AW H{$cm Amh{. Vm{ CoMV AgmM
Amh{.`md$Z ]mUmcm `m gm{`r gdS>r dm BVam`m _mZmZ{ ode{f AoYH$ma oXc{ Amh{V Ag{ oXgV{
Vm{ H{$di O_mZ{ ]mU Zmhr Va e_X_V[[mod` (gXmMaU), j_mercVm, gai[Um (oZH$[Q>Vm),
kmZg[Vm, BaoZ>m Aem JwUmZr Om{ `w$ Vm{ ]mU JhrV Yacm Amh{. V{hm _Zy ]mUdmXr Amh{
hUO{ ]mU [j[mVr Amh{, BVamda Vm{ A`m` H$aVm{ Ag{ O{ hQ>c{ OmV{ V{ `m{` Zmhr. Var ]mUmgh
gdM `{W{ JhrV YaU{ AoYH$ `m` R>a{c.
9 274
526 ]
_Zw_oV
Jm_KmV{ ohVm^{ [oW _m{fmo^XeZ${ &

eo$Vm{ Zmo^YmdVm{ oZdm`m: g[naN>Xm:$&&274&&
JmdmMm Zme hm{Vm{ Amh{ dmQ>{V Mm{amMr JmR> [S>cr Amh{ Aem d{ir V{W{ Amg[mg
Agc{cr _mUg{ Oa `Wmeo$ `m A[amYmMm oVH$ma H$a`mgmR>r YmdyZ `{Uma ZmhrV Va `m gdmZm
amOmZ{ `mZm YZ[nadmamgh X{emVyZ VS>r[ma H$amd{.
A[amY hm{Vm{ Amh{ Ag{ O{ oZ_yQ>[U{ [mhVmV, `Wmeo$ `m XwH$`mMm oVH$ma
H$a`mgmR>r Am[U hm{D$Z [wT>{ `{V ZmhrV Aer _mUg{ OmOZ hm{`m`m `m{`V{Mr ZmhrV `mZm
oZdmogV H$amd{.hm _ZyMm oZ`_ `{H$ `$sZ{ `mZmV R>{d`mgmaIm Amh{. "_cm H$m` `mM{" OmD$
m H$s Ag{ hUU{ `$s[waV{ $oMV R>rH$ Amh{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Var g_>r`m >rZ{ hr dom KmVH$
Amh{.O{ O{ dmBQ> KS>V{, oZXeZmgoh `{V{ V{ dmBQ> Amh{, KSy> Z`{ Ag{ _Zm[mgyZ dmQ>V{oh Aem d{ir
`m`m odam{YmV C^{ amohc{M [mohO{. `{W{ "eo$V: Ao^YmdV:'Agm ]hdMZr `m{J H{$cm Amh{.
`md$Z h{ Ag{ odam{Y gKoQ>V[U{ oZ[QyZ H$mT>`mgmR>r gm Pmc{ [mohO{.h{oh cjmV `{V{. [U Hw$Ur
gKoQ>V hm{V Zmhr. A`m` Jm{> _m{Sy>Z H$mT>`mgmR>r EImXm [wT>{ gagmdcm Va `md{ir Xwgam H$m{Ur
ghm`mg `{V Zmhr hUyZ EH$Q>mZ{oh [wT>mH$ma K{D$ Z`{ Ag{ _m dmJy Z`{. `mcm O{ e` Amh{ V{
`mZ{ H$amd{ hm g_mOohVmMm ogmV Oa `{H$ ò$ cjmV R>{drc Va gKQ>Zmoh Wm{S>mem l_mZ{
hm{D$ eH{$c. `m g_mOmV _cm H$m` `mM{ hr dom Amh{ Vm{ _m{R>m g`{Z{ Agcm Var [mMm{`m`m
oT>JmgmaIm ghO Z> H$aVm `{Vm{. CYiyZ cmdVm `{Vm{ OmiVm `{Vm{,qhXy `$sZ{ Ag{ gm_moOH$
Xmo`d H$Yr \$mag{ cjmV K{Vc{ Zmhr, hUyZ BVa >rZ{ gd H$maMr g_o AgVmZm qhXwWmZM{
XwXd Am{T>odc{. AOyZoh Am[U gmdY Pmcm{ AgVm{ Va Am[c{ ^c{ gmYy eH$cm{ AgVm{, Am_`m
gXm{f dVZm_wi{M H$m{Um amOmZ{ Zh{ Va oZ`VrZ{M Amhmcm Am_Xm{fm_wi{ gwI, emVVm, E{`m[mgyZ
oZdmogV H{$c{ Amh{. AQ> BO S>{pQ>Zr Ag{ BJOrV hUVmV. Am[U H$_od[mH$ _mZVm{M.
amk: H$m{fm[hVw
oVHy$c{fw M pWVmZ$&
KmV`{oodYX S>a arUm Mm{[Om[H$mZ$&&275&&
amOmMm YZH$m{e cwQ>Uma{, gXd amOm`m odam{Yr dVZ H$aUma{, amOm`m eyZ m ghm`
H$aUma{ O{ H$m{Ur AgVrc `mZm amOmZ{ (A[amYmZwgma) ZmZm H$ma{ XS> H$amdm.
AmO Am[U cm{H$gm{V amhVm{ Amhm{. O{ ]hg `mH$ V{M dmVodH$ gmmYmar hm{`m`m
`m{`V{M{ Amh{V. [U [aH$r`mZr H{$c{`m ]woZmem_wi{ AmoU dada MmJc{ dmQ>Um`m gÀqhg{`m,
^m|Ji VdkmZm_wi{ Am[U ZmZmH$maMr gH$Q>{ AZw^drV Amhm{V.A`m`mM{ d$[, gm_moOH$,
_Zw_oV
[ 527 ]
9 279
`m[H$ j{mV KS>Uma{ A`V CJ, Hy$a Ag{ AgVmZmoh Am[U dV:[waV{ gwaojV Amhm{ `m H$[Z{Z{
o^D$Z dW amhVm{. emgH$oh Am[UM oZdSy>Z oXc{cm Ag`mZ{ Vm{oh dmWmZ{ J>m_Vmda >r R>{dyZ
]hg ` O{cm oV`m `m` AoYH$mam[mgyZ doMV H$a`mV IV _mZrV Zmhr.AmoU _J dam`mVoh
`m ]hg`{cm dV:`m AoYH$mam[mgyZ doMV Xw:Ir H$>r Ag{ amhmd{ cmJV{. AmVH$dmXr Mm{$Z
c[yZ amhZ Hy$a XwH$`{ H$a`mg g_W hm{VmV h{ `mZm H$m{UrVar WmoZH$ ò$ ghm`H$ AgV{
hUyZ. Ag{ dX{eey oQ>[yZ oZdSy>Z H$mT>c{ [mohO{V. [U V{ hm{V Zmhr.Am_`mVrc ]wrdmXrM
eyMm [j drH$m$Z gm_m`mMm ]wo^{X gmV`mZ{ H$arV AgVmV. `mMm [naUm_ hUyZ gm_m`
OZ CXmgrZ amhVm{. H$V` V[a hm{V Zmhr. cm{H$ 272274 `mVrc ]m{Y cjmV K{D$Z dmJc{ Va
qhXwWmZ AmOoh EH$ g_W am> hUyZ gwI emVVm g_o ^m{Jrc,Ao^_mZmZ{ C^m amh eH{$c.
gqY o^dm Vw `{ Mm` amm Hw$dpV VH$am:$&

V{fm oN>dm Z[m{ hVm VrU{ eyc{ oZd{e`{V$ &&276&&
gajU `dWm Vm{Sy>Z O{ Mm`H$_ H$aVmV Aem VH$amZm [H$Sy>Z amOmZ{ `mM{ hmV
Vm{S>md{V. (A[amYmZwgma) gwimdahr MT>dmd{.
AxcrJp W^{X` N>X{ `{W_{ Jh{ $&

oVr`{ hVMaUm VVr`{ dY_hoV$&&277&&
dmMr JmR> gm{Sy>Z (oIgm H$m[yZ) Mm{ar H$aUmamcm [oh`m A[amYmgmR>r ]m{Q>{
Vm{S>`mMr oejm mdr. Aer Mm{ar Vm{ Xwg`mXm H$arc Va `mM{ hmV[m` Vm{S>md{ Ag{ H$` Vm{
oVg`md{ir H$arc Va `mcm dYXS> mdm.
AoXm^$Xmd VWm emdH$meXmZ$&

goZYmV
_m{f` h`mmao_d{a:$&&278&&
Mm{amcm Ar, A, e{, amh`mgoh Wi B`moX X{D$Z Mm{arMr dVy Odi ]miJyZ
O{ H$m{Ur Mm{amcm gm H$aVmV `mZmoh Mm{am_mU{M oejm mdr.
VS>mJ^{XH$ h`mXgw ewdY{Z dm$&

`mo[ oVgHw$`mm`Vym_gmhg_$&&279&&
O{ Vir \$m{Sy>Z [m`mMm Zme H$aVmV `mZm [m`mV ]wS>dyZ dm BVa H$ma{ R>ma H$amd{.
[U V{ Oa Vi{ [whm ZrQ> ]mYyZ X{`mg og hm{Vrc Va `mZm (_`wXS> Z X{Vm) EH$ hOma [U XS>
H$amdm.
9 280
528 ]
_Zw_oV
H$m{>mJmam`wYmJmaX{d{VmJma^{XH$mZ$&
hàWhV
h`mX{dmodMma`Z$&&280&&
YZYm`mMr H$m{R>ma{ emJma{ cwQ>Uma{, X{dVmMr _oXa{ [mS>Uma{, hmr, Km{S>,{ aW [idyZ
Z{Uma{ `mZm, H$m{U`moh odMmamV Z [S>Vm (VjUr) dY XS> mdm.
AmO`m ^mf{V Ym`YZmMr H$m{R>ma{ AmoU `m`mgh [{T>m. (]H$m) cwQ>Uma{ Ag{
JhrV Yamd{.
`Vw [ydo Zod>` VS>mJ`m{XH$ ha{V$ &

AmJ_dm`[m o^mg Xm`: [ydg
mhg_$&&281&&
Vi{ Z \$m{S>Vm Om{ `mVrc [mUr V{dT>{ dmWmgmR>r [idVm{ dm [m`mM{ [mQ> \$m{S>Vm{
`mcm Xm{Ze{[mg [U XS> H$amdm.
chmZ JmdmVyZ Ag{ A[amY gVV hm{VmV Pm{[S>[>rdmc{ Zi \$m{S>VmV [U _Vm`m
_m{hmZ{ h{ A[amY Xwcojc{ OmVmV. da e{Vr Agc{cm Imc`m e{Vmcm OmUmam [mQ> \$m{Sy>Z dV:M{M
e{V ^$Z K{Vm{. `mMm Hw$`m [wT>m`mer g]Y Ag`mZ{ `m`m A[amYmMr Zm|Xoh K{Vcr OmV Zmhr.
g_mOmVrc AZ{H$mZm `m_wi{ [rS>m gm{gmdr cmJV{.
g_wgO{ mO_mJ} `d_{`_Zm[oX $&

g m H$mfm[Um XmX_{` Mmew em{Y`{V$ &&282&&
Ver _hdmMr Am[om ZgVm Om{ H$m{Ur amO_mJmda KmU H$arc, H{$aH$Mam Q>mH$sc,
`mcm Xm{Z [U XS> H$amdm. AmoU V{ Wi dnaV dN> H$a`mg cmdmd{.
AocH$S>{ aV{ h{ OUy emMHy$[ dm H$Mam Hw$S>m Pmc{`m Amh{V. ZJa[mocH$m, dN>
H$a`mM{ Am[c{ _hdmM{ H$m_ Q>mHy$Z oejUgWm Mmcod`mVM ^yfU _mZVmV. cm{H$mZmoh a`m`m
ZrQ>Z{Q>H{$[UmMr, dN>V{Mr qMVm ZgV{. `m_wi{ gm_moOH$ Amam{`M Ym{`mV `{V{.[aX{emV Aem
A[am`mZm `mM Wcr _m{R>m YZXS> H$a`mV `{Vm{. hUyZ Am[`m[{jm Vr Vr WmZ{ cI oZ_i
AgVmV.
Am[Vm{@Wdm dm JoÛr ]mc Ed dm$&

[na^mfU_hpV V em{ò_oV pWoV:$&&283&&
am{Jr, JoÛr, ]mcH$ h{ Oa Aer KmU H$aVrc Va `mZm [whm Vg{ Z H$a`mMr
M{VmdUr mdr. AmoU KmU H$mTy>Z Q>mH$`mg cmdmd{. Agm oZ`_ Amh{.
darc cm{H$mVrc Am[mr H$m{UVr V{ `{W{ [> H{$c{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 529 ]
9 288
oMoH$gH$mZm gd}fm o_`m MaVm X_:$&

A_mZwff{ w W_m{ _mZwff{ w Vw _`_:$&&284&&
dH$ emmM{ H$mhr kmZ ZgVm oMoH$gH$ ]ZyZ O{ AmfY{ dJa{ X{VmV `mZm `mZr
[eyMr oMoH$gm H{$`mg AS>rMe{ [U AmoU _Zw`mMr oMoH$gm H{$`mg [mMe{ [U XS> H$amdm.
gH$ _dO`>rZm oV_mZm M ^{XH$:$&

[oVHw$`m Vgd [m XmN>VmoZ M $&&285&&
aVm, dmh Am{cmSy>Z Om`mMr gmYZ{ ([yc) am>dOAmYmamgmR>r oXc{c{ Im],
H$mhr oV_m (_yVu VrH{$) `mMr Om{ Vm{S>\$m{S> H$arc `mcm AS>rMe{ [U XS> H$amdm. Pmc{cr hmZr
^$Z `mdr.
AXyofVmZm `mUm XyfU{ ^{XZ{ VWm$&

_UrZm_[d{Y{ M XS>: W_gmhg:$&&286&&
MmJ`m dVyV Om{ ^{gi H$arc, aZ{,_m{Vr `mZm [cy [mS>U{ dm oN> H$aU{ `mV MyH$
H$arc Va `mcm AS>rMe{ [U XS> H$amdm. AmoU hmZr ^$Z X{`mg cmdmd{.
hmZr ^$Z X{`mg cmdU{ hm oZ`_ gd H$m`dmhrV AmUcm [mohO{. J^ra
A[amYm`m H$aUmV dm H$m{U`moh chmZ_m{R>m A[amYmV H{$di j_m _mJyZ dm Wm{S>mem XS>mda
A[am`mMr gwQ>H$m hm{Vm H$m_m Z`{. h{ _hdmM{.
g_oh odf_ `Vw Ma{ _y`Vm{@o[ dm$&

g_mZw`m_ [yd Zam{ _`__{d dm$&&287&&
JmhH$mcm dVy X{`mV dm dVyM{ _y` gmJ`mV Om{ H$m{Ur `m[mar odf_Vm Adc]rc
`mcm AS>rMe{ dm [mMe{ [U XS> H$amdm.
EH$M _y` K{D$Z EH$mcm MmJcr dVy X{U{ d Xwg`mcm H$_r VrMr dmBQ> dVy X{U{
qH$dm EH$mM dVyM{ _y` Xm{Kmg d{Jd{Ji{ gmJU{ hm `m[ma H$a`m`m >rZ{ A[amY Amh{.
]YZmoZ M gdmoU amOm _mJ} oZd{e`{V$ &

Xw:oIVm ` `{apdH$Vm: [m[H$mnaU:$&&288&&
A[am`mZm md`mM{ gd H$maM{ XS> CKS>mda md{. gd gm_m`mZm `mMr Xw:I{
`mMr XwXem OmVm `{Vm >rg [S>cr [mohO{.
A[amY H$aUm`mcm H$R>m{a oejm oXcr OmV{ Ag{ [hmd`mg o_imc{ hUO{ Vg{
H$a`mMr ]wo H$m{Umg hm{V Zmhr.
9 289
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_Zw_oV
mH$ma` M ^{mma [naImUm M [yaH$_$&

mamUm Md ^L$ma oj_{d dmg`{V$ &&289&&
VQ> \$m{S>Uma{, IXH$ ]wOodUma{, Xma{ Vm{S>Uma{ `mZm oZdmogV H$amd{.
Ao^Mma{fw gd}fw H$V`m{ oeVm{ X_:$&

_ycH$_oU MmZm: H$`mgw ododYmgw M$&&290&&
Ao^MmaH$_ H$aUma{ (^mZ_Vr, M{QyH$, _yR> _maU{ B`moX) `mZm Xm{Ze{ [U XS>
H$amdm.derH$aUmM{ `m{J H$aUm`mZm dm `mgmaIm OmXyQ>m{Um H$aUm`mZmoh VgmM XS> H$amdm.
A]rOodH$`r Md ]rOm{H$m VWd M $&

_`mXm^{XH$Md odH$V mZw`mY_$&&291&&
AHw$naV Z hm{Umar ]rO{ odH$Umam dm MmJ`m dmBQ> ]rOmMr ^{gi H$$Z odH$Umam
H$m{U`moh H$maM{ AoVH$_U H$aUmam `mZm (`m`m A[amYmZwgma) odH$V H$aU{ dm _`wXS> X{U{
Aem oejm H$am`m.
odH$V H$aU{ hUO{ ZmH$ H$mZ H$m[U{, hmV[m` Vm{S>U{, S>m{`mda [mM [mQ> H$mT>U{ `m
oejm m`mV. e{VH$`mOdi dV: ]rO{ Cacr ZmhrV `m_wi{ Ag{ A[amY dmadma KS>VmZm oXgyZ
`{VmV. emgH$ ]hYm Xwcj H$naVmV.
gdH$Q>H$[mo[> h{_H$ma Vw [moWd:$&

[dV_mZ_`m`{ N>X{ `{IS>e: jwa: $&&292&&
gd VH$am_`{ gm{Zma hm A`V [m[r Amh{ Vm{ Oa A`m` H$_} H$arc Va `mM{
gwarZ{ VwH$S>{ VwH$S>{ H$amd{V.
hm XS> \$maM CJ Amh{.Vm{ AWdmXm_H$ _mZmdm. gm{`mMr Mm{ar H$aU{ h{ _hm[m[
_mZc{ Amh{. gm{Zma XmoJZ{ KS>odVmZm gm{`m_`{ C`mAoYH$ _mUmV hrU o_giyZ gm{`mM{ _m[
OemgVg{ XmIodVm{. Aer Mm{ar Vm{ ]hYm `{H$ XmoJZm KS>odVmZm H$arV AgVm{ hUyZ JmhH$mZr
`m odf`mV A`V Xj Agc{ [mohO{. H$maU H$cmH$me`mZ{ `w$ Ag{ XmoJZ{ A`V Mm{I gm{`mM{
hm{VM ZmhrV. Mm{I gm{Z{ h{ `m_mZmZ{ \$ma _Xw AgV{. XmoJ`m`m Hw$garcm oQ>H$mD$[Um `{`mgmR>r
gm{`mV Vm]{ o_gimd{ cmJV{. VaM gm{Z{ Wm{S>{ H$oR>U hm{D$Z XmoJ`mdarc H$cm nQ>H$odV{. `mV VrZ
oVeVmZ{ ^mJV Ag{c Va gm{Zma `mV [mM qH$dm AoYH$ oVeV o_giVm{. hUyZ `mcm [mo[>
hQ>c{ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
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9 298
grVm`m[haU{ emUm_mfY` M $&

H$mc_mgm H$m` M amOm XS> H$[`{V$ &&293&&
e{Vrg]YrMrAmOma{, e{, AmfY{ `mMr Mm{ar H{$cr J{cr AgVm amOmZ{ H$mi d
H$VrM{ d$[ `mMm odMma H$$Z XS>mMr `m{OZmH$amdr.
dm`_m`m [wa am> H$m{eXS>m gwmWm $&

g H$V`m{ {Vm: gm am`_w`V{$&&294&&
amOm, _r, amOYmZr, am> YZH$m{f, XS> (`m``dWm) AmoU o_[nadma m amOm`m
gmV H$Vr hm{V. hUyZ am`mcm gmJ Ag{ hUVmV.
gmZm H$VrZm Vw am``mgm `WmH$__$&

[yd [yd JwVa OmZr`mgZ _hV$&&295&&
gmVm[H$s [yduM{ AJ AoYH$moYH$ _hdmM{ _mZmd{. gH$Q>m`m d{ir ajUm`m >rZ{
`m H$_mMm odMma H$amdm.
gm`{h am`` od>Y` oXS>dV$&

A`m{`JwUde{ `m qH$oMXoVna`V{$&&296&&
darc cm{H$mV doUc{c{ _V h{ EH$s` _V AgyZ JwUmMm H$_ cjmV `{`mgmR>r V{
Zm|Xodc{ Amh{.) `dhmamV hr gmVoh AJ{ oVdB`m VrZ [m`m_mU{ gajUm`m>rZ{ gmaIrM
_hdmMr _mZcr [mohO{V. `mV CU{ AoYH$ H$mhr _mZy Z`{.
V{fw V{fw Vw H$`{fw VmX odoe`V{$&

`{Z `gm`V{ H$m` Vmp_Z l{>_w `V{$&&297&&
Am[m[`m j{mV `m `m AJmM{ doeQ> AgV{. hUyZ `mcm `m `m j{m[waV{
l{R> Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
_hmm X{`mg]YrMm hm oZ`_ gdXm cjmV K{`mg `m{` Amh{.
Mma{Um{gmh`m{JZ{ oH$``d M H$_Um_$&

deq$ [aeq$ M oZ` odmV [am_Zm{:$&&298&&
JwMag{Z{Vrc Y`wgmh, `m{OZmM{ [naUm_ `m`md$Z amOmZ{ dV:Mr d eyMr
eo$ gXd Vm{cyZ [hmdr.
9 299
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[rS>ZmoZ M gdmoU `gZmoZ VWd M $&

Ama^{V VV: H$m` goM` JwcmKd_$&&299&&
oZaoZam`m H$maMr gH$Q>{, OmOZm`m H$m_H$m{YmoX dmr `mVrc VaV_Vm cjmV
K{D$Z amOmZ{ Am[c{ Ym{aU R>aodc{ [mohO{.
AoVdo>, AZmdo>, ^yH$[ am{Jm`m gmWr,eyM{ AmH$_U hr am>mda `{Umar
gH$Q>{.O{Vrc oZaoZami{ JQ> Am[`m[waVm odMma H$$Z amOmH$S>{ Am[m[`m _mJ`m gmXa H$aVmV
`mMr [yVV m Pmcr Zmhr hUO{ gVm[yZ Midir H$aVmV, CN>mX _mS>VmV, EH$m JQ>mcm gVw > H$amd`mg
Omd{ Va Xwg`m JQ>mda A`m` hm{Vm{. AmoU Vm{ jwY hm{`mMr e`Vm AgV{. gdmZm EH$md{ir gVw>
R>{dU{ h{ m`: Ae` Amh{ hUyZ amOmZ{ ohV d `m` `m Xm{Z Jm{Q>tMm ZrQ> odMma H$$Z H$g{ dmJmd{
V{ R>aodc{ [mohO{. AmO`m _oU[ya AmoU ZmJ^y_r `m`mVrc jm{^md$Z h{ cjmV `{D$ eH{$c.
Ama^{Vd H$_moU lmV: lmV: [wZ: [wZ:$&

H$_m`ma^_mU oh [wf lroZfd{ V{$&&300&&
daM{da MmJ`m `m{OZm AmIyZ `m H$m`dmhrV AmU`mMm gmV`mZ{ `Z H{$cm
[mohO{. `mV l_ Pmc{, è Amc{ Zmhr, Var Z H$Q>miVm daM{da AoYH$ CgmhmZ{ `Z H{$c{
[mohO{V. H$Vr H$a`mV Agm Om{ Cgmhr AmoU `Zerc AgVm{ `mMrM c_r hr g{odH$m hm{V{.
amOmZ{ H$Yroh Xd, [napWoV `mM{ oZo_m gmJy Z`{. [wT>rc cm{H$mV h{ [Q> H{$c{
Amh{.
H$V {Vm`wJ Md m[a H$oca{d M $&

amkm{ dmmoZ gdmoU amOm oh `wJ_w`V{ $&&301&&
H$V, {Vm, m[a, AmoU H$cr hr `wJ{ amOm`m dmJ`md$ZM R>aV AgVmV. amOm hm
dV:M `wJ Amh{.
Am[`m [a[a{_`{ H$V`wJ h{ gdmV Cm_. `m `wJmV _mUg{ [yU[U{ gXdVZr oZ[h
AmoU _`mXerc[UmZ{ Am[U hm{D$Z dmJVmV. `mZm ]mh{a`m XS>[UmM{ d cm{^ZmM{ `m{OZ
ZgV{.H$_mZ{ _mUgm`m _Zm{d mrVrc, dmJ`mVrc MmJc
w [Um CUmdV OmVm{. AmoU dmBQ> V{dT>{ dmT>rg
cmJV{. `m dmBQ>mMm H$f H$oc`wJmV hm{Vm{. `md{ir _mUg{ dmWu, cm{^r, Hy$a, KmVH$s Aer hm{V
OmVmV. `m_wi{ g_mOm_`{ gKf AmoU Adm` ZmXV{. amOm `m gW{Mr oZo_VrM _wir MmJ`mM{
gajU, gdYZ AmoU dmBQ>mM{ oZÙ dm Zme H$a`mgmR>r Pmc{cr Amh{. V{hm amOmZ{ [napWoV
AerM Amh{, _mUg{ Aer dmJmd`mMrM Ag{ hUyZ dV: H$Yroh CXmgrZ[U{ amhVm H$m_m Z`{.
amOmM (emgZ`dWm) [napWoV KS>odVm{. KS>dy eH$Vm{. MmJc{ `dhmamV AmUy eH$Vm{.
_Zw_oV
[ 533 ]
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H$oc: gwm{ ^doV gOmJX m[a `wJ_$&

H$_d`wV{Vm odMaVw H$V `wJ_$&&302&&
amOm Pm{[yZ amohcm Va Vm{ H$cr, H{$di OmJm amohcm Va Vm{ m[a, Vm{ `Zerc
hm{Bc V{hm {Vm, AmoU emoZ>m, odd{H$, gmj{[, `ZercVm `mZr `w$ hm{D$Z dmJ{c Va Vm{
(V{M) H$V`wJ.
amOmM{ Pm{[yZ amhU{ hUO{ O{`m ohVmgmR>r `m{`d{ir `m{` Vr H$`{ H$a`mMm
H$Q>mim H$aU{,CXmgrZ amhU{, H{$di OmJ{ amhU{ hUO{ H$m` hm{V{ `mMr ZwgVr Zm|X K{Vm{, MmH$em
H$aVm{, KQ>Z{_mJMr H$maU{ em{YVm{, Am`m{J Z{_Vm{ [U `j H$Vr _m H$mhr H$arV Zmhr. qH$dm \$maM
Wm{S>r, Ceram AmoU [yU odd{H$ Z XmIodVm H$aVm{. (g`mMr Am[cr amOdQ> ]hYm AerM Amh{)
B`mH$` dm`m{M `_` dU` M $&

M`m{: [oW`m V{Om{d m Z[a{V$ &&303&&
B gy` dm`y `_ d$U M Ar [dr `mMr doeQ>{ cjmV K{D$Z amOmZ{ Am[c{
dVZ R>{dc{ [mohO{.
dmofH$mVwam{ _mgm`W{m{@o^dfoV$&
VWmo^df}d am> H$m_nadV MaZ$&&304&&
B dfmVrc Mma _ohZ{ [O`d>r H$$Z YZYm`mMr g_o H$aVm{. amOmZ{ `m Bm`m
dVmM{ AZwgaU H$$Z Am[`m am`mV OmOZmM{ `m{` V{ _Zm{aW [na[yU H$amd{V.
A>m _mgm`WmoX`Vm{` haoV ap_o^:$&

VWm ha{H$a amQ>mo`_H$dV oh VV$&&305&&
gy` Am[`m oH$aUmZ{ AmR> _ohZ{ [mUr em{fZy KVm{. `m_mU{ amOmZ{ O{H$Sy>Z H$a^ma
`mdm h{M gy`dV.
od` gd^Vy moZ `Wm MaoV _mV:$&

VWm Mma: d{>` dV_{Vo _mV_$&&306&&
dm`y `m_mU{ gd moU_mmV d{e H$$Z gMma H$arV amhVm{ . `m_mU{ amOmZ{
gd O{_`{ JwMamam gJi{ H$mhr OmUyZ `md{. h{ dm`ydV.
`Wm `_:o`{`m m{ H$mc{ oZ`N>oV $&

VWm amkm oZ`V`m: OmVo `_dV_$&&307&&
9 307
534 ]
_Zw_oV
ey Agm{ H$s o_ Agm{ `_ Ogm `m{` d{ir _`y$[mZ{ oZ`_Z H$aVm{ `m_mU{
amOmZ{ gd O{M{ emgZ H$amd{.h{ `_dV.
dU{Z `Wm [me]

Edmo^`V{$&
VWm [m[moJr`mX dV_{Vo dmU_$&&308&&
Am[`m [memZ{ ]mYU{ h{ dUmM{ doeQ>. `m_mU{ amOmZ{ [m[r _mUgmZm ]mYyZ
R>{dmd{ YmH$mZ{ oZòV H$amd{. h{ dUdV.
[na[yU `Wm M Q>m `pV _mZdm:$&

VWm H$V`m{ `p_g MmdoVH$m{ Z[:$&&309&&
[yU Mmcm [mhZ _mUg{ Oer AmZoXV hm{VmV `m_mU{ amOm`m dmJ`m]m{c`mcm
[mhZ Om AmZoXV Pmcr [mohO{. h{ MdV.
Vm[`w$V{Odr oZ` `m[m[H$_g$w &

Xw>gm_Vqh VXm{` dV _V_$&&310&&
Ar Ogm gdXm XmhH$ JwUmMm AmoU V{Odr AgVm{, _`mXmoVH$_U H$aUm`mcm
^mOyZ H$mT>Vm{. OmiVm{. amOmZ{ `m_mU{ [m[r, Xw,> YZXmS>J{, gmm[Xmda Agc{c{ `mZm Z> H{$c{
[mohO{. h{ ArdV.
`Wm gdmoU ^yVmoZ Yam Yma`V{ g__$&

VWm gdmoU ^yVmoZ o]^V: [moWd dV_$&&311&&
[dr Oer gd Wmda OJ_ ^yV_mmcm YmaU H$aV{, AmYma X{V{, Vg{ amOmZ{
j_merc amhZ gd OmOZmZm Aml` oXcm [mohO{. `mM{ âU [m{fU H{$c{ [mohO{. (`mM{ gajU
H{$c{ [mohO{) h{ [drdV.
EV[mà` `w$m{ oZ`_VpV:$&

V{ZmZ amOm oZJr`mdam>{ [a Ed M $&&312&&
amOmZ{ oZ` Amig gm{Sy>Z gmdY amhZ `m dm Aem BVa C[m`mZr Am[`m am`mVrc
dm ]mh{$Z Am[`m am`mV `{Vrc Aem Mm{amM{ `m{` V{ emgZ H$amd{.
Mm{a h{ `{W{ C[cjU _mZmd{.gd H$maM{ A`m` H$$Z OmOZmcm O{ A`V [rS>mH$a
hm{VmV. h`m, cyQ>, ]cmH$ma, \$gdUyH$ H$arV amhVmV. V{ gd chmZ_m{R>{ A[amYr, Hy$a, Xw `{W{
Mm{a eXmZ{ Ao^{V Amh{V.
_Zw_oV
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9 318
[am_`m[X mm{ ]mUm H$m{[`{V$ &

V{ {Z Hw$o[Vm h`w: g: g]cdmhZ_$&&313&&
H{$dT>rnh _m{R>r AS>MU Amcr Var amOmZ{ ]mUmZm gVm[ `{Bc Ag{ dmJy Z`{.V{ Oa
amJmdc{ Va `m`m H$m{Ym_wi{ amOmMm g[nadma Zme hm{D$ eH$Vm{.
AWmV `{W{ V[dr, oZ[h, odmZ, AgmM ]mU JhrV Amh{. qH$dm `m eXmZ{
gVgmZ JhrV Amh{.
`: H$V: gd^`m{@oa[{` _hm{XoY:$&

j`r Mm`mo`V: gm{_: H$m{ Z Z`{H$m{` VmZ$&&314&&
`mZr Am[`m gm_`mZ{ Arcm gd^jH$ ]Zodc{,g_wmcm [mUr o[`mg A`m{`
H{$c{, jrU hm{Um`m Mmcm [w> H{$c{, V{hm `m`m H$m{YmZ{ odZme hm{Uma Zmhr Agm H$m{U Amh{?
`m cm{H$mMm AmYma [wamUH$Wm Amh{. ^JyZ{ Arcm em[ X{D$Z gd H$mhr ImUmam
]Zodc{. dS>dm_wI Zmdm`m F$frZ{ g_wmcm em[ X{D$Z `mM{ [mUr o[`mg A`m{` Ag{ ImaQ> H{$c{.
XjmZ{ jrU Pmc{`m Mmg [whm [w>r oXcr.
cm{H$mZ`mgO`{ `w } cm{H$[mcm H$m{o[Vm: $&

X{dmHw$`wa X{dm H$: ojdVmg_Zw`mV$&&315&&
]mU Am[`m gm_`mZ{ Zdr g>r, Zd{ cm{H$[mc oZ_mU H$$ eH$Vrc. X{dmM{
X{dd H$mT>yZ K{D$ eH$Vrc, Aem eo$g[ ]mUmZm mg X{D$Z H$m{U d^dg[ hm{Uma?
`mZw[mol` oV>pV cm{H$m X{dm gdXm$&

] Md YZ `{fm H$m{ qh`mmmoOOrodfw:$&&316&&
]mUm`m AmYmamZ{M gd cm{H$ ([oW`moX) AmoU X{d pWa[X hm{VmV. d{XmM{ kmZ
h{M `mM{ EH$_m YZ Amh{, oOdV amh`mMr BN>m H$aUm`mZr Aem ]mUmZm [rS>m X{D$ Z`{.
Aodmd odm ]mUm{ XdV _hV$&

UrVmUrV `WmoXdV _hV$&&317&&
odmZ Agm{ H$s AodmZ Agm{, ]mU h{ [a_ XdV Amh{. _[ydH$ AmYmZ H{$c{c{
Agm{ H$s Zgm{, Ar h{ _m{R>{ XdV Amh{. Vg{M ]mUmM{ g_Omd{.
_emZ{do[ V{Odr [mdH$m{ Zd XwòV$&

hy`_mZ `k{fw ^y` Edmo^dYV${ &&318&&
9 318
536 ]
_Zw_oV
_emZmVrc Aroh A[od hm{V Zmhr. `kmVrc AmhoV drH$maUmam Ar Va

AoYH$M dqJV hm{Vm{.
Ed `òZ>f{ w dVV{ gdH$_g$w &

gdWm ]mUm: [y`m: [a_ XdV oh VV$&&319&&
hUyZ ]mU Oar ZH$m{V Vr H$_} H$arV Agcm Var ]mU gdWm [y`M _mZmdm.
H$maU Vm{ [a_XdV Amh{.
Oar ]mU Pmcm ^>$& Var oVhr cm{H$s l{>$& Ag{ lrVwH$m{]mam`M hUVmV. h{
AWdmXm_H$ Amh{. [ydu `mMr _r_mgm H{$cr Amh{.
j`moVd` ]mUmoV gde:$&

]d goZ`V `mj oh ]g^d_$&&320&&
]mUm`m >rZ{ jo` gmmg[mrZ{ oH$Vroh g_ Agcm Var ]mU `mM{ oZ`_Z
H$$ eH$Vm{. jo`mMr C[mr ]mUmZVa (]mUm[mgyZ) Pmcr Amh{.
AX`m{@o]
V: j__Zm{ cm{h_wpWV_$&
V{fm gdJ V{O: dmgw `m{oZfw emòV$&&321&&
[m`m[mgyZ Ar oZ_mU Pmcm Amh{. ]mUm[mgyZ jo` oZ_mU Pmc{ Amh{V.
XJS>m[mgyZ cm{IS> C[ Pmc{ Amh{. hUyZ Ar, jo` AmoU cm{IS> Am[m[`m j{mV oH$Vroh
g_W Agc{ Var Am[`m C[omWmZr `mM{ V{O e_Z [mdV{.
Zm] j_Zm{oV Zmj ] dYV${ &

] j M g[ $mo_h Mm_w dYV${ &&322&&
]mUmdmMyZ jo` dm jo`mdmMyZ ]mU H$Yroh g_ hm{V Zmhr. ]mU AmoU
jo` EH$m{`mZ{ ZmXVrc VaM Bh[acm{H$s H$`mU [mdVrc.
`m Mmcy dUZmVrc hm cm{H$ H$irMm Amh{. Ag{ g_Omd{. `dhmaaWmMr Xm{Z MmH{$
]mU d jo` hr hm{V. [a[a gh`m{JmdmMyZ amQ>, am`, g_mO `mM{ H$`mU hm{U{ e` Zmhr. [U
Xm{Km`m [napWVrV AVa Amh{. ]mU kmZodkmZg[ Agcm Var `mZ{ oZ[h, g`_r AmoU
j_merc Ag{M OrdZ OJc{ [mohO{. `mcm H$m{U`moh H$ma{ gm{M{ dm g[mrM{ AoY>mZ Zmhr.
`mMm cm{ôh Zmhr. `m_wi{ cm{H$mZm ^modV H$$Z oZòV H$a`mM{ gm_` `mM{ Odi dVwV:
ZgV{. gmmg[mr `m Xm{Z Jm{>r g_mOmV dm^modH$[U{ oV>m m H$$Z X{Um`m AgVmV. oV>m
o_imcr H$s AhH$ma [w> hm{U{, C_m hm{U{oh dm^modH$ AgV{. gmm g[mrdmZ Oa C_m hm{Bc Va
_Zw_oV
[ 537 ]
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Vm{ g_mOmcm ZmZm H$ma{ [rS>m X{D$ eH$Vm{. oZdSy>Z `{`m[ydu gmYr, gai, gmOèrc ò$ oZdSy>Z
`{VmM H$er dmJV{, ]m{cV{ V{ Am[`m MmJ`m [naM`mM{ Amh{. ]mUmcm _ZyZ{ gmmg[mr[mgyZ
AmdOyZ doMV R>{dc{c{ Amh{. `mcm AmXa AmoU g_mZoh o_imcm Zmhr Va `mcm gm_m`V:
`m`m dY_mV oZ>Z{ { amh`mMr {aUmM CaUma Zmhr. hUyZ `mcm Vm{ H$gmoh Agcm Var AmXaUr`
_mZmd{ Ag{ _ZyZ{ hQ>c{ Amh{. hUyZ darc gd ]mU[j[mVr Ag{ AmX{e Vm[`mZ{ `md{. H$maU
_Zw_VrV BVa AmoU _hm^maVmVoh A[m ]mUmcm eydV _mZmd{ Ag{ AZ{H$Xm gmoJVc{ Amh{.
Xdm YZVw od{`: gdXS>g_wpWV_$&

[w{ am` g_mg` Hw$duV mÙ aU{$&&323&&
amOmZ{ dmdW{V H$am`m $[mZ{ Jm{im H{$c{c{ dV:Odirc YZ odmZ ]mUmZm
XmZ md{. am` [wm`m dmYrZ H$amd{. AmoU dV: oZ_Zw`> Aem WmZr Am_aU oZdmg H$amdm.
H$ma^mamVyZ oZdm hmd{. dd Amc{ Var [Xmg oMH$Qy>Z amh`mMm _m{h Zgmdm.
Ed MagXm `w$m{ amOY_}fw [moWd: $&

ohV{fw Md cm{H${ `: gdm^`mo`m{O`{V$ &&324&&
Aem arVrZ{ amOmZ{ amOY_mM{ oZ>{Z{ [mcZ H$amd{. AmoU gd chmZ_m{R>{ AoYH$mar
O{M{ ohV gmYyZ X{`mV V[a amhVrc Aer `m{OZm H$amdr.
Efm{@oIc: H$_odoY$m{ amk: gZmVZ:$&

B_ H$_odqY odmH$_em{ dèy`m{:$&&325&&
amOmMr emV H$V`H$_} Aem arVrZ{ g[yU[U{ gmoJVcr Amh{V. AmVm H$_mZ{ d`
eymMr H$V`{ OmUmdrV.
d`Vw H$VgH$ma: H$dm Xma[naJh_$&

dmVm`m oZ``w$: `m[eyZm Md ajU{$&&326&&
C[Z`Z gH$ma Pmc{`m d`mZr oddmh H$$Z Cm{JYmg cmJmd{ AmoU
[ew[mcZmodf`roh gXd V[a Agmd{.
Om[oVoh d`m` gQ>m [naXX{ [eyZ$ &

]mUm` M amk{ M gdm: [naXX{ Om:$&&327&&
Om[VrZ{ [ey C[ H$$Z [mcZ[m{fUmgmR>r d`m`m dmYrZ H{$c{ Amh{V. AmoU
O{cm (_Zw` g_mOmcm) ajU, Ao^do B`mXrH$naVm ]mU d jo` `mM{ dmYrZ H{$c{ Amh{.
9 328
538 ]
_Zw_oV
Z M d`` H$m_: `m aj{` [eyoZoV$&

d`{ M{N>oV Zm`{Z aojV`m: H$WMZ$&&328&&
_r [eyM{ [mcZ H$aUma Zmhr Ag{ d`mZ{ _ZmVoh AmUy Z`{. d` [ewajUmM{oh H$m_
H$arV AgVmZm BVamZr V{ H$m` dV:H$S>{ K{D$ Z`{.
_oU_w$mdmcmZm cm{hmZm VmVd` M $&

JYmZm M agmZm M odmXK]cm]c_$&&329&&
aZ{, _m{Vr, [m{di{, YmVy, d{, gwJYr `{, gYdmoX ag`{ B`mXtMr `m{` [maI
H$$Z d`mZr `m{`V{_mU{ dVyM{ _y` R>admd{.
]rOmZm_wood `mj{Xm{fJwU` M $&

_mZ`m{J M OmZr`mmwcm`m{Jm gde:$&&330&&
]ro]`mU{ H$m{UV{, H$g{ [{amd{, e{V H$m{U`m JwUXm{fmZr `w$ Amh{, oZaoZam`m _m[mM{
_mU AmoU Vm{cyZ R>aod`mV `{Umar _m[{ `m gdmM{ MmJc{ kmZ d`mg Agmd{.
gmamgma M ^mS>mZm X{emZm M JwUmJwUmZ$&

cm^mcm^ M [`mZm [eyZm [nadYZ_$&&331&&
^`mZm M ^qV odmmfm ododYm ZUm_$&
`mUm WmZ`m{Jm H$òdH$`_{d M $&&332&&
Y_}U M `dmdmoV>
{ Z_wm__$&
Xm gd^Vy mZm__{d `ZV:$&&333&&
odH$md`m`m dVyMr Vdmar, O{W{ `m[ma H$am`Mm `m X{emM{ JwUmdJwU, `m[mamVrc
cm^ d hmZr, [eyM{ gdYZ H$g{ H$amd{ `mM{ kmZ, H$_Mm`mZm md`mMr _Owar, oZaoZam`m ^mfm
(`m[mamcm `m{` Aem dVy), `{ H$m{Ry>Z H$er AmUmdr, H$er R>{dmdr, `mMm H$òdH$` H$gm
H$amdm, Y_mMr _`mXm amIyZ YZmMr Ao^do H$er H$amdr `m gd Jm{>r d`mZ{ Cm_H$ma{ OmUm`m
AmoU `dhmam`m >rZ{ gXd `Zerc Agmd{. gd moU_mmcm [m{fU`m{` A `dpWV[U{
[m{M{c Ag{ `Z d`mZ{ AmdOyZ H$amd{.
odmUm d{XodXwfm JhWmZm èpdZm_$&

ewlfy d Vw ey` Y_m} Z:l{`g: [a_$&&334&&
d{Xd{`m ]mUmMr AmoU èdr JhWmMr g{dm H$aU{ hm eymMm A`V
H$`mUH$maH$ Agm Y_ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 539 ]
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ewoMH$>ewlyfw_XwdmJZhH$V:$&
]mUmml`m{ oZ`_wH$>m OmoV_wV${ &&335&&
gXmMaUr, g{d{Vrc H$me` m H{$c{cm, _Xw^mfr, oZahH$mar ]mUmoXH$m`m
AmYmamZ{ amhUmam Om{ ey Vm{ (Am[`m) OmVrV l{> R>aVm{.
Vm{ [wT>`m O_r l{> dUmV O_mg `{Vm{ Agmoh AW Q>rH$mH$mamZr H{$cm Amh{.
CH$> ewlyfm eXmZ{ dò$H$ g{d{gd{M gwVma, qe[r, JdS>r, cm{hma,Mm^ma B`moX
JhrV Amh{V.
g{dm H$aU{ hm eymMm Y_ Amh{. `m eXmZ{ dVwV: o]MHy$Z Om`mM{ H$maU Zmhr
g{dm eXmZ{ `{W{ Jwcm_oJar Ao^{V Zmhr. Ac{PmS>a]am{]a Amc{`m _{JW{oZgZ{ "qhXwWmZmV
Jwcm_Wm Zmhr.' Ag{ AJXr [>[U{ ocohc{ Amh{. Xwg`m`m C[`m{JmMr H$m_{ earal_mZ{ H$aU{
EdT>mM AW g{dm eXmV Amh{. AmOoh amO[oV AoYH$m`m`m g]YmVoh g{dm `mM AWmM{ eX
dm[ac{ OmVmV. Vm{ eX H$V`H$_mMm dmMH$ Amh{. CXm. I.C.S. , I.A.S.
Efm{@Zm[oX dUmZm_w$: H$_odoY: ew^:$&

Am[mo[ oh `V{fm H$_eVo]m{YV$&&336&&
gd gm_m`[U{ Am[mr ZgVmZm Mmar dUm`m cm{H$mMr H$`mUH$maH$ H$V`H$_}
gmoJVcr. AmVm Mmar dUmM{ Am[XY_ gmoJVc{ OmV Amh{V. V{ AdYmZ[ydH$ E{H$m.
BBBBB
540 ]
_Zw_oV
A`m` Zddm g[U
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[ 541 ]
10 4
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A`m` Xhmdm
AYr`ra`m{ dUm: dH$_Wm oOmV`:$&
]`y mXm Ud{fm Z{VamodoV oZ`:$&&1&&
Am[m[`m H$V`H$_mV V[a amhZ doUH$mZr d{Xm``Z H$amd{. `mVrc H{$di
]mUmcmM A`m[Z H$a`mMm AoYH$ma Amh{. BVamZm Vm{ Zmhr Aer em_`mXm Amh{.
gd}fm ]mUm{ odmXd `w[m`mZ `WmodoY$&

]`y moXVa{`M d` Md VWm ^d{V$ &&2&&
]mUmZ{ gd dUm`m C[OrodH{$Mr gmYZ{ emm`m >rZ{ `m{` Vr `m dUmVrc
cm{H$mZm C[X{emdr AmoU dV:oh emmZwgma dVZ R>{dmd{.
de{ `mH$oVlR>mo`_` M YmaUmV$&

gH$ma` ode{fm dUmZm ]mU: ^w:$&&3&&
JwUdoeQ>, C[mrM{ _yi H$maU, g`_moX oZ`_ AmoU gH$mamM{ doeQ> `m_wi{
]mU hm gd dUmMm oZ`m_H$ Amh{.
]mU hm l{> _mZcm OmVm{. `mM{H$S>{ gdmZm oZòV H$a`mM{ _mJXeZ H$a`mM{
Xmo`d gm{[odc{ OmV{ V{ H{$di O_mZ{ ]mU Amh{ hUyZ Zh{ Va e_,X_,[mod`, j_mercVm
gai[Um, d{XmM{ d oZaoZam`m odmM{ kmZ `m_wi{ Vm{ g_mZZr` d AmXaUr` R>aVm{. _mJXeZ
AemM `$sM{ Agmd{ cmJV{ AmoU oZ`_Z H$a`mMm AoYH$maoh `mZmM mdm cmJVm{. O_V:
]mU Agc{`mcmoh Hw$R>{ Hw$R>{ ode{f gm{`r C[cY H$$Z oXc{`m oXgVmV. `m_mJ{ _w` h{Vy
AZwdem`m ewrM{ ajU, o[T>mZwo[T>mVyZ ghOV{Z{ `{Um`m JwUg_w`mM{ [mcZ gai[U{ hm{U{
hm Amh{.
]mU: jo`m{d ``m{ dUm oOmV`:$&

MVwW EH$OmoVVw eym{ ZmpV Vw [m_:$&&4&&
]mU, jo`, d` `m VrZ dUmZm oOmVr hUVmV.MmWm dU Vm{ ey. hm EH$OmVr
Amh{.[mMdm dU Zmhr.
_Zy`m H$mir oZfmX hm [mMdm dU ApVdmV ZhVm. [wT>{ Vm{ oZ_mU Pmcm. hUyZ
10 4
542 ]
_Zw_oV
g_mOmcm [MOZ Ag{oh Zmd m Pmc{. [m{Q>OmVr _mUmZ{ ghmdYr Amh{V. `moh _Zy`m _mZmZ{
AdmMrZM Amh{V. X{eH$mc[napWoV `dgm` AmoU gH$a `m_wi{ [m{Q> OmVr oZ_mU Pm`m
Amh{V. `m_wi{ `dgm`mM{ oZÙ Pmc{.Cm{Jm_`{ OrdK{`m [Ym C[ Pm`m ZmhrV. AmoU
O_mcm Amc{`m _Zw`mMr Am]mi Pmcr Zmhr. Jm_`dhmamV gdOmVrV gm_O` amhrc,Aer
`dWm hm{Vr. VaV_Vm amohcr [U oVcm m Pmc{c{ oVaH$mamh qZ Aem odf_V{M{ d$[ _wgc_mZr
AmH$_UmZVa `{D$ cmJc{. H$_mZ{ V{ dmT>V J{c{. BJOmZr `m ododYV{Mm cm^ K{D$Z OmVrOmVr_`{
gKf [{Q>od`m`m `m{OZm AmI`m.eymM{ Cm{J Zmhrg{ H{$c{ `mZm Xmna Amc{ AmoU XwXdmZ{
Am_`mVc{ ]wodmXr dm gwYmaUmdmXr BJOm`m Hw$oQ>cV{cm ]ir [S>c{ hUyZ H$Yr ZhVm Vm{
OmVr`dmX AmO ]m{H$mic{cm oXgVm{.
gddU}fw Vw`mgw [ZrdjV`m{oZfw$&

AmZwcm{`{Z g^Vy m Om`m k{`mV Ed V{$&&5&&
gd dUm_`{ g_mZ dUm`m AjV`m{oZ r`moR>H$mUr g_mZdUm`m [wfm[mgyZ
oddmhodYrZ{ Or gVoV oZ_mU hm{Bc Vr Am[m[`m _mVmo[`m`m dUmMrM Ag{c.
rdZVaOmVmgw oO[moXVmgwVmZ$&
gemZ{d VmZmh_mVX m{fodJohVmZ$&&6&&
doUH$mZr Am[`m ZVa`m dUm`m r`m oR>H$mUr Or gVoV oZ_mU H{$cr OmV{.
Vr o[Vge Agcr Var _mV{`m Xm{fm_wi{ o[`m[{jm oZH$> _mZcr OmV{.
AZVamgw OmVmZm odoYa{d gZmVZ:$&

X`{H$mVamgw OmVmZm Y` odmoX_ odoY_$&&7&&
cJ{M`m BVa dUm`m r`m oR>H$mUr C[ Pmc{`m gVVrM{ d$[ gmoJVc{.
AmVm EH$ qH$dm Xm{Z dUmM{ AVa r`m oR>H$mUr Ag`m_wi{ Or gVoV oZ_mU hm{Bc V{hm H$m`
g_Omd{. V{ gmJVm{.
]mUm`H$`m`m_]>m{ Zm_ Om`V{$&

oZfmX: eyH$`m`m `: [maed C`V{$&&8&&
]mUm[mgyZ d`H$`{`m R>m`r Pmc{cm Vm{ A]> AmoU ey H$`{`m oR>H$mUr Pmc{cm
Vm{ oZfmX! `mcm [maed Ag{oh hUVmV.
jo`mNy>H$`m`m H$y amMmaodhmadmZ$&

jeyd[wO VwJm{ Zm_ Om`V{$&&9&&
_Zw_oV
[ 543 ]
10 14
jo`m[mgyZ eyH$`{`m R>m`r Pmc{cm Vm{ CJ. hm j AmoU ey Aem o[Vm

_mV{_wi{ `m`m d^mdmMm AgyZ `mM{ dmJU{ ]m{cU{ Hy$a AgV{.
od` ofw dU}fw Z[V{dU

` m{` m{:$&
d`` dU} MH$p_fS>V{ @{ [gXm: _Vm:$&&10&&
]mUm[mgyZ jo`moX VrZ dUmVrc rM{ oR>H$mUr jo`m[mgyZ d` AmoU ey
r`m oR>H$mUr d`m[mgyZ ey r`m oR>H$mUr Or _wc{ C[ hm{VmV Vr A[gX Zmdm`m ghm JQ>mV
_m{S>VmV.
]mUm[mgyZ VrZ, jo`m[mgyZ Xm{Z AmoU d`m[mgyZ EH$ Ag{ h{ ghm H$maM{
A[gX. `mMr `m{`Vm H$_mH$_mZ{ CVaVr AgV{. hr gVVr AZwcm{_ hm{`. [wT>`m cm{H$mVyZ oVcm{_
gVVrMm C{I Amh{.
jo`moH$`m`m gyVm{ ^doV OmoVV:$&

d`m_mJYdXh{ m amOodmZmgwVm$&&11&&
jo`m[mgyZ ]mU rcm hm{Vm{ Vm{ gyV. d`m[mgyZ jo` rcm hm{Vm{ Vm{ _mJY
AmoU ]mU rcm Pmcm Vm{ dX{h.
eymXm`m{Jd: jmm MS>mcmY_m{ ZUm_$&

dàmOòdmgw Om`V{ dUgH $am:$&&12&&
eym[mgyZ d` rcm Pmcm Vm{ Am`m{Jd.jo` rcm Pmcm Vm{ jmm, AmoU ]mU
rcm Pmcm Vm{ _Zw`mVrc AY_ MmS>mi . Ag{ h{ dUgH$amM{ H$ma hm{V.
AZwcm{_ AmoU oVcm{_ h{ Xm{hr dUgH$aM. [U AZwcm{_m[{jm oVcm{_ AoYH$
oZH$> _mZcm OmVm{.
EH$mVa{ dmZwcm{`mX]>mJ{ m `Wm _Vm$&

jmwdX H$m VmoVcm{`{@o[ O_oZ $&&13&&
EH$ dUm`m AVamZ{ AZwcm{_mZ{ Pmc{c{ O{ A]> AmoU CJ `mZm Og{ _mZc{ OmV{
Vg{M oVcm{_mZ{ O_c{c{ jmm AmoU dX{h `mZmoh _mZc{ OmV{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ "_mZc{ OmV{' eXmZr [` ([emcm `m{`) Agm ^md Ao^{V
Yacm Amh{.
[wm `{@ZVarOm: H$_{Um{$m oO_Zm_$&

VmZZVaZmZVw _mVXm{fmMjV{$&&14&&
10 14
544 ]
_Zw_oV
oOmZm cJ{M [wT>`m dUm`m r[mgyZ Or _wc{ hm{VmV `mZm _mVXm{fmZ{ AZVa
hQ>c{ OmV{.
hm cm{H$ `mM A`m`mVrc ghm`m cm{H$m`m [wadUrgmaIm Amh{.
]mUmXwJH $`m`m_mdVm{ Zm_ Om`V{$&

Am^ram{@]>H$`m`m_m`m{J`m Vw oYdU:$&&15&&
]mUm[mgyZ CJ OmVr`m rcm Pmc{cm Om{ Vm{ AmdV. A]> OmVr`m rcm
Pmc{cm Vm{ Am^ra. Am`m{Jd rcm Pmc{cm Vm{ oYdU `m ZmdmZ{ Am{iIcm OmVm{.
Am`m{Jd jmm M MS>mcmY_m{ ZUm_$&

moVcm{`{Z Om`V{ eymX[gXm`:$&&16&&
Am`m{J d jmm d gdmV H$oZ> Agm MmS>mc h{ VrZ oVcm{_mZ{ `mVoh eym[mgyZ
Pmc{c{ Amh{V hUyZ `mZm [wmMm AoYH$ma m hm{V Zmhr.
d`m_mJYdXh{ m jo`mgyV Ed Vw$&

Vr[_{V{ Om`V{ [a{@`[gXm`:$&&17&&
d`m[mgyZ Pmc{c{ _mJY AmoU dXh{ jo`m[mgyZ Pmc{c{ gyV h{oh oVcm{_mZ{ Pmc{c{
Ag`m_wi{ o[VH$m` H$a`mg AoYH$mar AgV ZmhrV.
o[VH$m` hUO{ lmmoXH$mMm AoYH$ma AgU{ d o[`m`m g[mrV dmQ>{H$ar hm{U{.
OmVm{ oZfmXmNy>m`m Om`m ^doV [wH$g:$&

eymmmVm{ oZfmm Vw g d Hw$w$Q>H$: _V:$&&18&&
oZfmXm[mgyZ ey rcm Pmc{cm Vm{ [wH$g>. eym[mgyZ oZfmX rcm Pmc{cm Vm{
Hw$w$Q.
jmwOmVVWm{Jm `m [mH$ BoV H$s`V${ &

dXh{ H{$Z d]R>m_w[m{ d{U C`V{$&&19&&
jo`m[mgyZ CJ rcm Pmc{cm Vm{ [mH$. dX{hm[mgyZ A]> rcm Pmc{cm Vm{ d{U.
oOmV`: gdUmgw OZ``dVmVw `mZ$&

Vmgmodr[na^>mdm`moZoV odoZoXeV{ $ &&20&&
oO [wf gdU r`m oR>H$mUr Om{ [w C[ H$aVm{ `mM{ Oa C[Z`Z Pmc{ Zmhr Va
`mcm Jm`rMm AoYH$ma ahmV Zmhr.d `mcm dm` Ag{ hUVmV.
_Zw_oV
[ 545 ]
10 27
dm`mmw Om`V{ odm[m[m_m ^yOH $Q>H$:$&

Amd`dmQ>YmZm M [w[Y: eI Ed M $&&21&&
dm` ]mUm[mgyZ ]mU rcm Om{ [w hm{Vm{ Vm{ [m[m_m _mZcm OmVm{. `mcm
^yOH$Q>H$ hUVmV. `mcmM Amd`, dmQ>YmZ, [w[Y, eI Aer Zmd{ X{e^{XmZ{ Amh{V.
Pcm{ _ amO`mXdm `mooN>oda{d M $&

ZQ> H$aUd Igm{ odS> Ed M $&&22&&
dm` jo`m[mgyZ jo` rcm Pmc{cm Vm{ P. `mcmM _, oZpN>dr, ZQ>, H$aU,
Ig,odS> Aer X{e^{XmZ{ Zm_mVa{ Amh{V.
odS> hm d{Jim de (a{g) Zmhr BVH{$ Var `md$Z og hm{Bc.
d`mmw Om`V{ dm`mgwYdmMm` Ed M $&

H$mf odO_m M _: gmdV Ed M $&&23&&
dm` d`m[mgyZ d` rcm Pmc{cm Vm{ gwYdmMm`. `mcmM X{e^{XmZ{ H$mf,
odO_m,_, gmdV Aer Zmd{ Amh{V.
gwYdmMm` h{ Zmd Var g_mZZr` dmQ>V{.
ò^Mma{U dUmZm_d{md{XZ{Z M $&

dH$_Um M `mJ{Z Om`V{ dUgH $am:$&&24&&
dUm_`{ ò^Mma, A`m{` rer oddmh AmoU dH$_mMm `mJ `m H$maUmZr dUgH $a
hm{Vm{.
H$m_, _m{h, cm{^ hr `mMr _mZogH$ H$maU{.
gH$sU`m{Z`m{ `{ Vw oVcm{_mZwcm{_Om:$&
A`m{`òVf$m Vmd`mè{fV:$&&25&&
oVcm{_ AmoU AZwcm{_ `m`m [a[a g]YmZ{ O{ gH$sU`m{Zr O_mg `{VmV `mM{
d$[ gmJVm{.
gyVm{ dXh{ H$d MS>mc ZamY_:$&

_mJY: jmOmoV VWm@@`m{Jd Ed M $&&26&&
EV{ fQ> gemdUmOZ`pV d`m{oZfw$&
_mVOm`m gy`V{ damgw M `m{oZfw$&&27&&
10 27
546 ]
_Zw_oV
gyV, dX{hH$, MmS>mc, _mJY, jmm, AmoU Am`m{Jd, h{ Am[`m OmVr`m

r[mgyZAmoU AmB`m OmVr`m r[mgyZ Or _wc{ oZ_mU H$aVmV Vr `m`mM OmVrMr g_OmdrV.
`Wm `mUm dUmZm `m{am_m@` Om`V{$&

AmZV`md`m{`m Vw VWm ]m{do[ H$_mV$&&28&&
]mUm[mgyZ jo` dm d` rM{ R>m`r Pmc{cm [w oO hm{Vm{. Vg{M jo`m[mgyZ
d`rM{ R>m`r hm{Umam [woh oOM hm{Vm{.
V{ Mmo[ ]mmgw]h VVm{@òYH$XyofVmZ$&

[a[a` Xma{fw OZ`pV odJohVmZ$&&29&&
Am`m{JdmoX ghm [a[a OmVt`m rM{[mgyZ dV:[{jm oZH$> [w oZ_mU H$aVmV.
`Wd eym{ ]m`m ]m OVw gy`V{$&

VWm ]mVa ]mmVwd `} gy`V{$&&30&&
ey Ogm ]mU r[mgyZ A`V oZH$> gVoV oZ_mU H$aVm{ `m_mU{ hm dJiyZ
Q>mH$c{cm MmS>mcoh Mmar dUm`m r[mgyZ dV:hZ oZH$> Aer gVoV oZ_mU H$aVm{.
oVHy$c dV_mZm ]mm ]mVam[wZ:$&

hrZm hrZmgy`V{ dUm[mXed Vw$&&31&&
MmVwdUm`m X>rZ{ O{ oZH$> AmoU oZH$>Va [wf oVcm{_mZ{ dV: hm{D$Z dna
>OmVr`m oR>H$mUr Am[U hm{D$Z hrZ AmoU hrZVa Aer gVoV oZ_mU H$aVmV. Vr `{H$s [Yam
H$maMr AgV{.
MmS>mc, ey r[mgyZ Am[UmhZ hrZ Agm [w oZ_mU H$aVm{. MmS>mc jo` rM{
R>m`r AmoU ]mU rM{ R>m`r EH$mhZ EH$ AoYH$ hrZ Ag{ [w oZ_mU H$aVm{.
`m_mU{M jmm d Am`m{Jd h{oh Cmam{ma dUm`m r[mgyZ hrZm[mgyZ hrZ Ag{ [w
C[ H$aVmV.
MmS>mc, jmm, Am`m{Jd `m oVKm[mgyZ ]mam AmoU h{ MmS>mcmoX VrZ o_iyZ [Yam
dU C[ hm{VmV. `m_mU{M d`m{[ [Yam jo`m{[ [Yam AmoU ]mUm{[ [Yam Ag{ EHy$U
gmR> dU hm{VmV. d _yiM{ Mma o_iyZ Mmf> dU hm{VmV Ag{ _{YmoVWr `m Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
_ZyZ{ dUm}ZmpVh [M_: Ag{ hQ>c{ Agc{ Var AZwcm{_, oVcm{_, AmoU `mMm
[a[a gH$a `mMr Zm|X `mdrM cmJcr. oVMm C{I Q>rH$mH$mamZr ew Mma AmoU gH$naV gmR> Agm
_Zw_oV
[ 547 ]
10 36
H{$cm Amh{. `mVrc ImcM{ImcM{ oVcm{_ gH$a EH$ H$$Z `mMmM oZfmX Agm [mMdm dU [wT>{
drH$macm J{cm h{ C[`w$ Pmc{.
gmYZm{[Mmak_Xmg XmÒrdZ_$&
gnaY dmJwamdqm gyV{ X`wa`m{Jd{ $&&32&&
X`y [wf Am`m{Jd r[mgyZ gaY Zm_H$ [wmcm C[ H$aVm{. hm H{$eaMZmoX
gmYZH$_ H$aUmam AmoU Xmg ZgyZoh XmgH$_mZ{ C[OrodH$m H$aUmam qH$dm _J`{da OJUmam Agm
AgVm{.
_{`H$ Vw dX{hm{ _mYyH$ ggy`V{ $&

ZegÒ `m{ KQ>mVmS>m@{ Um{X`{$&&33&&
dXh{ H$ hm Am`m{Jd rM{ [mgyZ _`{ H$ Zm_H$ [wmcm oZ_mU H$aVm{, Vm{ _Ywa ^mfUmZ{
cm{H$mZm g H$aU{ KQ>moX dm{ dmOdyZ oVoXZ Z[mimXtZm OmJV H$aU{ Aer H$m_{ H$$Z C[OrodH$m
gmYVm{.
oZfmXm{ _mJd gyV{ Xmg ZmH$_OrodZ_$&

H$dVo_oV ` mham`mdVoZdmogZ:$&&34&&
Am`m{Jd rM{ [mgyZ oZfmXmcm Pmc{cm Vm{ _mJd ZmdmS>mMm YXm H$aVm{, `mcm
Xme Ag{oh hUVmV. Am`mdVmVrc cm{H$ `mcm H$dVH$ Ag{ g]m{oYV.
_Vd^dZm`mgw JohVmmeZmgw M $&

^d`m`m{Jdrd{V{ OmoVohZm: [WH$ `:$&&35&&
`m Am`m{Jd o`m _VmMr d{ dm[aU{ qZ (C>{) A ImU{ Aem Jm{>r H$aVmV.
`mZm AZm` _mZc{ OmV{. `m Am`m{Jd o`m`m [mgyZ o[`m`m d{Ji{[UmZ{ gnaY, _{`H$,
_mJd Aem VrZ hrZ OmVr C[ hm{VmV.
`{W{hr AZm` eX de (a{g) dmMH$ Zmhr. h{ [> hm{V{.
H$mamdam{ oZfmXmmw M_H$ma: gy`V{$&

dXo{ hH$mXK_X{ m ]ohJm_ oVl`m $&&36&&
oZfmXm[mgyZ dX{hH$ rcm H$mamda ZmdmMm Mm^mamMm YXm H$aUmam [w hm{Vm{.
dX{hH$m[mgyZ H$mamda rcm AY,nZfmXrcm _{X Ag{ [w hm{VmV. `m Xm{KmZr (AY d _{XmZr)
Jmdm`m ]mh{a dVr H$amdr.
10 37
548 ]
_Zw_oV
MS>mcm[mSw>gm{[mH$dgma`dhmadmZ$&
AmohpS>H$m{ oZfmX{Z dX
{ m_{d Om`V{$&&37&&
MmS>mc dX{hr r[mgyZ [mSwgm{[mH$ ZmdmMm [w C[ H$aVm{ Vm{ ]m]y`m dVy H$$Z
[m{Q> âVm{. oZfmXmcm dX{hr r[mgyZ Pmc{cm [w O{hm VwJ B`mXtMm ajH$ hUyZ H$m_ H$aVm{ V{hm
`mcm AmqhoS>H$ hUVmV. `mg AohVwoS>H$ Ag{oh hUVmV.
MS>mc{Z Vw gm{[mH$m{ _yc`gZdom_mZ$&

[wH$`m Om`V{ [m[: gXm gmZJohV:$&&38&&
MmS>mimcm Hw$$g r[mgyZ Om{ [w hm{Vm{ `mcm gm{[mH$ Ag{ hUVmV. `mZ{ _`wXS >mMr
oejm H$m`dmhrV AmUmd`mMr AgV{. ^cr _mUg{ `mcm [m[r AmoU qZ g_OVmV.
oZfmXr Vw MS>mcm[w_`mdgmo`Z_$&
_emZJm{Ma gyV{ ]mmZm_o[ JohV_$&&39&&
MmS>mcm[mgyZ oZfmX rcm hm{Um`m [wmcm A`mdgm`r hUVmV. `mZ{ _emZmV
amhZ V{Wrc H$m_{ H$$Z C[OrodH$m H$amdr hm MmS>mcmoXH$mhZoh hrZ _mZcm OmVm{.
gH$a{ OmV`d{Vm: o[V_mVXoeVm:$&

N>m dm H$mem dm d{oXV`m: dH$_o^:$&&40&&
AmB AmoU ]m[ `m`m OmoVode{fm_wi{ C[ hm{Um`m `m gH$a OmoV H$WZ H{$`m
Amh{V. `mM{ O_ AkmV AgVrc V{hm d^md AmoU H$m_{ `md$Z `mZm Am{iIy eH$U{ g^dV{.
gOmoVOmZVaOm: fQ> gwVm oOYo_U:$&

eymUm Vw gY_mU: gd}@[dgOm: _Vm:$&&41&&
Am[`mM OmVr`m r[mgyZ Pmc{c{ AmoU oZH$Q>`m OmVr`m r[mgyZ Pmc{c{
Ag{ doUH$mM{ ghm [w C[Z`Z gH$mamg `m{` hm{V AmoUA[dgZ hUO{ oVcm{_mZ{ oZ_mU
Pmc{c{ [w. h{ gd ey hm{V.
da`m dUmMm [wf AmoU Imc`m dUmMr r `m`m gVVrcm AZwcm{_ gVVr
hUVmV. da`m dUmMr r d Imc`m dUmMm [wf `m`m gVVrcm oVcm{_ gVVr hUVmV.
oVcm{_ gVVr AoYH$ hrZ _mZcr OmV{. hUyZ oVcm C[Z`Z gH$ma Zmhr.
V[m{]rO^mdVw V{ JN>pV `wJ{ `wJ${ &

CH$f Mm[H$f M _Zw`{pdh O_V:$&&42&&
_Zw_oV
[ 549 ]
10 45
doUH mM{ gdU oddmhmZr Pmc{c{ [w AmoU `mMr AZwcm{_ gVVr hr `wJm`wJmVyZ
CH$fmcm qH$dm A[H$fmcm m hm{V{. h{ CH$f AmnU A[H$f V[mMm ^md, ]rOmMm ^md `mda
Adc]yZ AgV{.
_ZmV Amc{H$s cJ{M dUmVa hm{V Zmhr. XrKH$mcmM{ `Z ode{fV: AZwdemM{
_hd `mZmV K{D$Z H$amd{ cmJV{.
eZH$Vw oH$`mcm{[moX_m: joÒmV`:$&

dfcd JVm cm{H${ ]mUmXeZZ{ M $&&43&&
[wT>`m cm{H$mV gmoJVc{`m `m jo` OmVr ]mUmM{ _mJXeZ Z cm^`mZ{
dH$_mMm cm{[ hm{D$Z hiyhiy ey Pm`m.
[wS>H$mmS>odS>m: H$m]m{Om `dZm: eH$m:$&

[maXm [cdmrZm: oH$amVm XaXm: Iem:$&&44&&
[mS>H$ ,AmS> ,odS> ,H$m]m{O, `dZ, eH$, [maX, [hd, MrZ, oH$amV, XaX ,Ig
`m `m eyd [mdc{`m OmVr hm{V.
_wI]mh[mmZm `m cm{H${ OmV`m{ ]oh:$&

c{N>dmMm`dmM: gd} V{ X`d: _Vm:$&&45&&
Bam`m _wI ]mh Aem Ad`dm[mgyZ _wimV oZ_mU Pmc{`m Mma OmVr `m`m[mgyZ
`m{`gH$ma Z Pm`mZ{, gH$amZ{ C[ Pmc{c{ Mma dUm`m ]mh{a Agc{`m OmVrVrc cm{H$ c|N>
^mfm ]m{cUma{ dm Am`^mf{Mm C[`m{J H$aUma{ Ag{ H$m{UV{oh Agm{V V{ gd X`y hUyZM Am{iIc{
OmVmV.
434445 `m cm{H$md$Z [> hm{V{ V{ Ag{ H$s, Am` h{ qhXwWmZmV ]mh{$Z
Amc{c{ ZmhrV. CcQ> `mZm Am[U AocH$S>{ JrH$ am{_Z, eH$, _Jm{cdemM{ hUyZ Am{iIVm{ V{ gd
_wimV MmVwd` `w$ Ag{ Am`M hm{V{. `j qhXwWmZmVyZ H$mhr Zm H$mhr H$maUmZ{ V{ [o_ Cma [yd
Aem qhXwWmZ`m oVhr oXemZr ]mh{a [S>c{.
``mVr`m [mM _wcm[H$s am`cm^ H{$di [wcm Pmcm. `Xy hm qhXwWmZ gm{Sy>Z J{cm
Zmhr. [U X{d`mZrMm Vwdgy AmoU eo_>{M{ AZw AmoU xx Ag{ oVK{ ]mh{a [S>c{. `mZr Am[`m
[amH$_mZ{ [o_{M{, Cma{M{ X{e [mXmH$mV H{$c{ V{W{ Am[cr am`{ Wmo[cr AmoU `m_wi{ _yi`m
^maVr` gH$VrMmoh V{W{ Mma Pmcm, ^md [S>cm. H$XmoMV `m`m AmYroh `m X{emV H$m{Ur
doXH$ Am` H$mhr oZo_mmZ{ dm am`mMr do H$a`m`m oZo_mmZ{ J{c{ AgVrc. `mM{ odf`r E{Hy$ZM
10 45
550 ]
_Zw_oV
ZVa Zm|X Pmc{c{ Zna`VmoX J{c{ AgUma. [U _yi CJ_m[mgyZ Xwamd`m_wi{ Y_ gH$Vr`m MmamM{
AmoU gajUmM{ Xmo`d `m`mda hm{V{ `m ]mUm[mgyZ h{ ]mh{a J{c{c{ cm{H$ o[T>mZ o[T>m
Xwamdc{.`m_wi{ hiyhiy (eZH$:) V{Wrc g_mOmdarc doXH$ Am` dm qhXygH$VrM{ gH$ma cw hm{D$
cmJc{. `mZm d{Ji{ diU cmJc{ AmnU `m OmVr H$_mH$_mZ{ ey Pm`m. `mZm X{e[ad{ [mS>H$,`dZ
eH$, ]hd, MrZ Aer OmVrdmMH$ Zmd{ m Pmcr. `m`m ^mf{Voh AVa [S>V J{c{ AmoU Am`m`m
>rZ{ Aew, A[>(]m{]S>r)Ag{ d$[ `m`m ]m{cr^mf{cm Amc{. H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m Var d$[mV
`mMm g]Y qhXwWmZer amohcm. `mMr ^mfm ]arMer ew hUO{ Am`^mfmM amohcr.
]mh{a OmD$Z gm_m` oZ_mU H$aUm`m_`{ `Xy`m VrZ [wm[_mU{M `m`mhr AmYr
_ZyMmM Zna`V ZmdmMm _wcJm qhXwWmZ`m ]mh{a J{cm. eH$mMm _yi [wf Vm{M.Am[U `m JrH$mZm
`dZ hUyZ g]m{oYVm{ V{ gd VwdgwMr gVVr hm{V. (Vwdgm{`dZm: _Vm:) Ag{ dMZ Amh{.
gJ`m OJVmV EH$ doXH$ gH$VrM odVmac{cr hm{Vr Ag{M AmMdc ,[w. Zm
Am{H$ AmoU lr. X. Hw$cH$Uu (^r_) `mgma`m odmZmZr gem{YZ[ydH$ oV[moXc{ Amh{. Am[cr
[a[amJV YmaUm VrM Amh{. _Zy`m darc VrZ cm{H$md$Z Vr oXgyZ `{V{.
qhXwWmZ`m ]mh{a Pmc{`m _{pgH$m{, X. Amo\$H$m, BS>m{Z{oe`m, MrZ Aem X{emVyZ
Pmc{`m CIZZmV JU{e_yoV oedqcJ{ `kHw$S>{ gm[S>`mM{ og Pmc{c{ Amh{. `md$Z darc _V
[yU[U{ og hm{V{.
`{ oOmZm_[gXm `{ Mm[dgOm: _Vm:$&

V{ oZpXVdV ` `{ ow OmZm_{d H$_o^: $&&46&&
doUH$m[mgyZ Pmc{c{ O{ AZwcm{_O dm oVcm{_O Ag{ [wf `mZr oOmVrcm C[`w$
[U hc`m [VrMr Aer [wT>{ gmoJVc{cr H$`{ Am[m[`m C[OrodH{$gmR>r H$amdr.
gyVmZm_gma`_]>mZm oMoH$gZ_$&
dXh{ H$mZm rH$m` _mJYmZm doU[W:$&&47&&
gyVmZr gma` H$amd{. A]>mZ r am{JoMoH$gm H$amdr. dXh{ H$mZr o`mZm C[`w$ Aer
H$m_{ H$amdrV. _mJYmZr o\$aV{ `m[ma H$amd{V.
_`KmVm{ oZfmXmZm do>dm`m{Jd` M $&

_{XmKMwmw_zZm_ma`[ewqhgZ_$&&48&&
oZfmXmZr _mg{ [H$S>md{. Am`m{JdmZr cmHy$S>H$m_ H$amd{._{X, AY, MMw, _XJw `mZr
[maY H$amdr.
_Zw_oV
[ 551 ]
10 54
]mUm[mgyZ dX{hH$ rcm hm{Umam Vm{ MMy AmoU jo`m[mgyZ ey rcm Pmc{`m
H$`{`m oR>H$mUr Om{ C[ hm{Vm{ `mcm _XJw hUVmV.Ag{ ]mYm`ZmM{ _V Amh{.
jwJ[ w H$gmZm Vw o]cmH$m{dY]YZ_$&

oYdUmZm M_H$m` d{UmZm ^mS>dmXZ_$&&49&&
jmm, CJ, Hw$$g `mZr o]imV amhUma{ mUr [H$Sy>Z _m$Z C[OrodH$m H$amdr.
oYdUmZr Mm_S>m`m dVy H$a`mM{ `dgm` H$amd{V.d{UmZr _XJmoX dm{ dmOod`mMm `dgm`
H$amdm.
M`x__emZ{fw ecf{ [y dZ{fw M $&

dg{àw V{ { odkmVm dV`V: dH$_o^:$&&50&&
gH$naVmVrc oZfmXmoX H$oZ> OmVr `mZr JmdmOdiM{ _hmdj, _emZ{, S>m|Ja
Q>{H$S>m, Aa`{ Aem oR>H$mUr H$Q>[U{ amhmd{. AmoU Am[m[`m H$_mZ{ C[OrodH$m H$amdr.
MS>mc[MmZm Vw ]ohJm_ moVl`: $&

A[[mm H$V`m YZ_{fm JX^_$&&51&&
dmgmog _VMcmoZ o^^mS>f{ w ^m{OZ_$&
H$mUm`g_c>ma: [nad`m M oZè:$&&52&&
MmS>mc [M `mZr Jmdm`m ]mh{a amhmd{. `mZr dm[ac{cr ^mS>r BVamZr C[`m{JmV
AmUy Z`{V. Hw$r JmT>d{ hr `mMr g[om hm{`. `mZr _VmMr d{ dm[amdrV. \w$Q>`m ^mS>mV ^m{OZ
H$amd{. cm{IS>mM{ AcH$ma dm[amd{V. AmoU oZ` o\$aV{ amhmd{.
Z V: g_`_odN>{ [wfm{ Y__mMaZ$&

`dhmam{ o_WV{fm oddmh: ge: gh$&&53&&
Y_mM{ AmMaU H$aUm`m [wfmZ{ `m`mgh amh Z`{. X{`mK{`mM{ `dgm` AmoU
oddmhg]Y h{ `mZr (gH$a OmVtZr) Am[m[gmVAm[`m OmVrVM H$amd{.
A_{fm [amYrZ X{` `mo^mOZ{$&

amm Z odMa{`w V{ Jm_{fw ZJa{fw M $&&54&&
`m MmS>mcmqXZm A md`mM{ V{ g{dH$mH$adr md{. `m`mM [mmV `mZm dmT>md{.
`mZr JmdmVyZ d ZJamVyZ amr qhSy> o\$$ Z`{.
10 55
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_Zw_oV
oXdm Ma{`:w H$m`mW oMoVm amOemgZ: $&

A]mYd ed Md oZha`{ nw aoV pWoV:$&&55&&
`m MmS>mcmZr dV:Mr OmV BVamZm Am{iIVm `{Bc Aer H$mhrVar IyU amOmk{Z{
YmaU H$amdr. AZmW {VmZm dmhZ `md{.
`m_wi{M _S>H$s J`mV ]mYU{, H$Q>rcm H{$agwUr ]mYU{ Aem Xw> H$[Zm H$a`mg
dmd o_imcm.`jmV V{ H$Yroh H$m{R>o{ h KS>cc
{ { ZhV{. [ydu lr.`.Z.H{$iH$a AmoU `m_mZmZ{ AcrH$S>{
lr.OrdZ Hw$cH$Uu `m Xm{Z odmZmZr `marVr`m o_`m MmamM{ [wam`mgh `Wm`m{` arVrZ{ IS>Z
H{$c{ hm{V{. [U A[Mmam`m Ywam`mV `mMr C[{jmM Pmcr.
d`m h`w: gVV `Wmem Z[mk`m $&

d`dmgmog Jr`w: e`mmâUmoZ M $&&56&&
`mZm _`yXS>mMr oejm Pmcr Amh{ `mMm dY amOmk{Z{ H$amdm. AmoU `m
doYc{`mMr d{,e`m, AmâU{ B.drH$mamdrV.
dUm[V{ _odkmV Za H$cwf`m{oZO_$&

Am`$[o_dmZm` H$_o^: dod^md`{V$ &&57&&
Mmar dUmhZ d{Ji{ Agc{c{ gH$ar[mgyZ O_c{c{ gmZmMm d{f YmaU H{$`m_wi{
dVwV: AZm` AgyZ O{ AZm` hUyZ Am{iIVm `{Uma ZmhrV. `mZm qZ Aem `m`m ([wT>`m
cm{H$mV) dmJ`m]m{c`md$Z `mMr OmV H$m{UVr V{ Am{iImd{.
AZm`Vm oZw>aVm H$y aVm oZpH$`m_Vm$&

[wf Ò`Vrh cm{H${ H$cwf`m{oZO_$&&58&&
gmO` ZgU{, oZw>aVm, H$y aVm, odohV H$_mMm `mJ h{ JwU oOW{ oXgVrc V{W{ dUgH $a
Amh{ Ag{ OmUmd{. AmO `m cjUmda OmV Am{iIU{ g^dZr` Zmhr. V{W{ CcQ>gwcQ>hr oXgyZ `{V{.
o[` dm ÔV{ erc _mVwdm}^`_{d dm$&

Z H$WMZ Xw`m}oZ: H$qV dm oZ`N>oV$&&59&&
[w o[`mMm dm _mV{Mm dm C^`VmMm d^md JhU H$aVm{. gH$aOmoV _Zw` H$m{U`moh
H$ma{ Am[cm d^mdJw R>{dy eH$V Zmhr.
Aer [maI H$a`mMm MmUmj[Um AmoU JmdH$sVrc gao_gi `dhma `mM{ kmZ
Agmd{ cmJV{.
_Zw_oV
[ 553 ]
10 64
Hw$c{ _w`{@o[ OmV` `` `mm{oZgH$a:$&

g l``{d VN>rc Zam{@[_o[ dm ]h$&&60&&
ò^Mma Xm{fm_wi{ l{> Hw$imV C[mr Pmcr Agcr Var `mM{ oR>H$mUr C`m AoYH$
_mUmV ]rOXm{fmM{ JwU `{VmVM.
` d{V{ [nadgm mm`V{ dUXfy H$m:$&

amo>`: gh Vm> oj_{d odZòV$&&61&&
`m am>m_`{ dUmcm XyofV H$aUma{ Ag{ h{ KmVH$s O_mcm `{VmV V{ am> `mVrc
g_mOmgh cmH$aM Zme [mdV{.
am{_Z gm_m` `m dUgH$am_wi{M Z> Pmc{ Ag{ BoVhmg VkmZr Am[c{ _V Zm|Xodc{
Amh{.
]mUmW} JdmW} dm X{h`mJm{@Zw[H$V:$&

r]mcm`w[[mm M ]mmZm ogoH$maU_$&&62&&
Ag{ h{ dU]m cm{H$ ]mU, Jm`, o`m, chmZ_wc{ `m`m[H$s H$m{UmM{ Var
gajUmgmR>r oZH$m_ ^mdZ{Z{ _aU [H$aVrc Va V{ `m`m CmamM{ gmYZ hm{Bc.
AZ{H$ OmVtMr A[`Vm OmD$Z V{ [` _mZc{ OmD$ cmJc{, `mZm `m`m [ydO
mZr
H{$c{cr gH$`{M H$maU Pmc{cr Amh{V.
Aqhgm g`_V{` emMo_pòZJh:$&

EV gm_mogH$ Y_ MmVwd `}@]dr_Zw:$&&63&&
Aqhgm g` Mm{ar Z H$aU{ [mod` amIU{ Bo` AmdaU{ hm Mmaoh dUmH$naVm Agc{cm
gm_m` Y_ _ZyZ{ gj{[mZ{ gmoJVcm Amh{.
ey `m Md`m dUmV gH$a OmVtMm g_md{e hm{V Ag`mZ{ hm AqhgmoX gm_m`
Y_ gdmgmR>rM Amh{. _mZdmcm _mZd[U `m_wi{M cm^V AgV{.
eym`m ]mUmmmV: l{`gm M{Om`V{$&

Al{`mZ l{`gt OmqV JN>`mg_mwJmV$&&64&&
ey r[mgyZ ]mUmcm Pmc{cr ([maedr)H$`m oV`mer [whm ]mU oddmh H$arc,
`mZm Pmc{`m H$`{er [whm ]mU oddmh H$arc AmoU `m H$_mZ{ CoV hm{V OmBc V{hm gmV`m
o[T>rV V{ _yc ]mU hm{V{.
10 65
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eym{ ]mUVm_{oV ]mUoV eyVm_$&

jo`mmmV_{d Vw odm`mmWd M $&&65&&
`mM H$mamZ{ ey ]mU hm{Vm{ qH$dm ]mU ey hm{Vm{. jo`m[mgyZ dm d`m[mgyZ
Pmc{`m gVVr`m gX^mV Ag{M g_Omd{.
H$oZ> OmVrcm l{R>d m hm{`m`m >rZ{ hm C[m` gmoJVcm J{cm Amh{. Vm{ _hdmMm
Amh{. AZwdeemQ>moh hr gwYmaUm l{`H$a _mZcr [mohO{.
dUgH $amM{ oZaoZami{ H$ma AmoU gH$am`m d$[m_mU{ O_ [mdc{`mMr `dWm
emH$mamZr AZwdemMr ewo amI`mgmR>r EH$ H$V` hUyZ H$R>m{a[U{ H{$cr Amh{. V{hm MyH$ Pmcr
AmoU Vr [yU[U{ j` _mZcr Va deewrMm AmJhM Z> hm{Bc. V{ B> Zmhr. hUyZ gH$amM{ ^{X
[m{Q>^{X odVmamZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{V. AmoU `m `m A[`mMm Zme H$amdm Ag{ Hy$a[U{ hQ>c{c{ Zmhr.
H$m{U`m Zm H$m{U`m H$ma{ `m`m C[OrodH{$Mr gm{òh emmZ{ cmdc{cr Amh{.
Ia{ Va h{ emmM{ AmXm` Amh{. gwYmaH$ hUodUm`m VWmH$oWV ]wodmmZm h{
[Q>U{ H$R>rU Amh{. [U emmM{ odMma h{ dVwpWVrda AmYmac{c{ AgVmV. H$m{Um`m [Q>`m Z
[Q>`mer `mMm g]Y ZgVm{. [Y}V YmdUma{ Km{S>{, dmgmd$Z _mJ H$mT>Umar Hw$r, XwYmi Jm`r
`mMr deewo H$Q>mjmZ{ amIcr OmV{. AmoU _Zw`m`m gX^mV _m emm`m _`mX{M{ CKZ H$aU{
[JVrM{ cjU _mZc{ OmV{ h{ AZwoMV Amh{.
AZm`m`m g_w[m{ ]mUmmw `XN>`m $&

]m`m_`Zm`mmw l{`d {$oV M{d{V$ &&66&&
`N>{Z{ (Ia{ Va Z AmdaUm`m _m{hmZ{) ]mUm[mgyZ ey rM{ oR>H$mUr Or gVoV
oZ_mU hm{V{ CcQ> ]mUrM{ R>m`r eymH$Sy>Z gVVr hm{V{ Va `m Xm{Km_`{ l{> H$m{U Aer eH$m C[
hm{D$ eH$V{.
eH$m C[ hm{`mM{ H$maU Ag{ H$s [oh`m H$mamV ]rOmM{ l{>dAgV{ Va Xwg`m
H$mamV j{mM{ l{>d AgV{. Am[m[`m [arZ{ Xm{KmMmoh [naUm_ A[`mda hm{V AgVm{. hUyZ
oZ` H$aVm `{V Zmhr. `mda emH$mamZr R>m_[U{ Cma oXc{c{ Amh{.
OmVm{ Zm`m_Zm`m`m_m`mXm`m} ^d{U

x : $&
OmVm{@`Zm`mXm`m`m_Zm` BoV oZ`:$&&67&&
hrZ OmVr`m rM{ oR>H$mUr l{> OmVr[mgyZ C[ Pmc{cr gVVr hr l{> OmVr`m
r`m oR>H$mUr H$oZ> OmVr`m [wfm[mgyZ C[ Pmc{`m gVVr[{jm l{> AgV{. Agm emmMm
oZU` Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 555 ]
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Vmdw^md`gH$m`modoV Y_m} `dpWV:$&

dJw `mm_V: [yd Cma: oVcm{_V:$&&68&&
dVwV: V{ Xm{K{oh (]mU[mgyZ ey{cm dm eym[mgyZ ]mUrcm Pmc{c{) C[Z`Z
gH$mamcm `m{` ZmhrV. Aer Y_mMr `dWm Amh{. [oh`mcm j{Xm{fm_wi{ gH$ma ZmhrV. Xwgam
oVcm{_O Ag`m_wi{ gH$mamcm `m{` Zmhr.
gw]rO Md gwj{ { OmV g[V{ `Wm$&

VWm@@`mmmV Am`m`m gd gH$ma_hoV$&&69&&
]rOoh MmJc{ oZ j{oh MmJc{ Ag{ O{hm AgV{. V{hm \$i MmJc{ o_iV{. `mM
`m`mZ{ gdU[wfm[mgyZ gdU r`m oR>H$mUr Pmc{cr gVVr l{> AgV{. VrM `m `m dUmcm `m{`
Ag{ gH$ma H$a`m`m `m{`V{Mr AgV{.
]rO_{H${ egpV j{_`{ _ZrofU:$&

]rOj{{ VWdm`{ V{` Vw `dpWoV:$&&70&&
H$mhr odmZ ]rOmcm l{> hUVmV Va H$m{Ur [nS>V j{mcm _hd X{VmV. Va Xwga{
H$mhr OmUH$ma ]rO oZ j{ `m Xm{KmMroh YmZVm oV[moXVmV. `modf`r `dWm [wT>rc cm{H$mV
gmoJVcr Amh{.
Aj{{ ]rO_wg>_Vad odZòV$&

A]rOH$_o[ j{ H{$dc WpS>c ^d{V$ &&71&&
j{ `m{` Zg{c Va [S>c{cr ]r dm`m OmV{ AmoU j{ MmJc{ AgyZ ]r o_imc{ Zmhr
Va V{ Am{gmS> R>aV{.
`_mrO^md{U oVÒm F$f`m{@^dZ$&

[yoOVm eVm V_mrO e`V{$&&72&&
]rO ^mdm_wi{ oV``m{Zr`m j{mVoh O_c{c{ [wT>{ F$fr Pmc{. gdmZr `mZm oVo>V
AmoU [yOZr` _mZc{ hUyZ ]rO _hdmM{.
AZm`_m`H$_mU_m` MmZm`H$o_U_$&
gYm`m]d rmVm Z g_m Zmg_modoV$&&73&&
O_mZ{ ey AgyZ oOmVrMr H$_} H$aUmam AmoU O_mZ{ doUH$ AgyZ eymMr H$_}
H$aUmam `m Xm{Kmg]Yr odMma H$aVmZm V{ g_hr ZmhrV AmoU Ag_oh ZmhrV. Ag{ ]X{dmZ{ hQ>c{
Amh{.
10 73
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_Zw_oV
g_hr ZmhrV AmoU Ag_oh ZmhrV hU`mM{ H$maU Ag{ H$r, ey _wimV oOmVrMr
H$_} H$arc V{hm Vm{ _mZZr` R>a{c [U doUH$m`m _wcrer oddmh H$a`m`m `m{`V{Mm R>aUma Zmhr.
hUO{ `dhmamV g_Vm d ]rOewo gmR>r Ag_Vm Vg{M doUH$ O{hm eymMr H$m_{ H$arc V{hm
`mcm hrZ g_Oc{ OmBc. hr `mMr oOmVrer Ag_Vm. [U `mMr H$`m doUH$ `WmH$_
oddmhmgmR>r `m{` _mZVrc hr g_Vm. g`m g_V{Mm AmoU Ag_V{Mm hm odMma `jmV Mmcy
Amh{.`m_wi{ `dgm`m`m >rZ{ dUmMm d OmVrMm odMma Hw$Uroh H$arV Zgc{ Var oddmhg]YmV
_m OmV[m{Q>OmV AmdOyZ cjmV K{Vcr OmV{.h{ gOmVr` oddmhmM{ _mU [a[am od Mmam`m
^mdmVoh AOyZoh ZdX [MmUd oVeV Amh{.
]mUm ]`m{oZWm `{ dH$_`dpWVm:$&

V{ g`Jw[Ord{`:w fQH$_moU `WmH$__$&&74&&
O{ O_mZ{ ]mU AmoU dmrZ{oh ]mU V{ A``ZA`m[Z `modf`r V[a AgVmV.
`mZr [wT>rc ghm H$_} AZwH$_mZ{ `Wmem H$amdrV. AmoU `mda Am[cr C[OrodH$m
H$amdr.(Mmcdmdr)
A`m[Z_``Z ÒZ `mOZ VWm$&

XmZ oVJhd fQH$_m`JO_Z:$&&75&&
d{X AmoU BVa em{ oeH$U{, `mM{ oejU K{Vc{ V{ oeH$odU{ dV: `k`mJmoX H$aU{
BVamH$Sy>Z H$aodU{ XmZ K{U{ AmoU XmZ K{U{ hr ]mUmgmR>r (C[OrodH{$cm C[`w$) Aer ghm H$_}
hm{V.
fUm Vw H$_Um_` roU H$_moU OrodH$m$&

`mOZm`m[Z{ Md odewm oVJh:$&&76&&
`m ghmVrc `kmoX H$aodU{, oeH$odU{, AmoU ew `$sH$Sy>Z XmZ K{U{, hr VrZ
_w`V: ]mUmMr C[OrodH$m MmcodUmar H$_} Amh{V.
`m{ Y_m oZdVV{ ]mUmjo` oV$&

A`m[Z `mOZ M VVr` oVJh:$&&77&&
(darc fQ>H$_m[H$s) d{X oeH$odU{ `k H$aodU{ AmoU XmZ K{U{ h{ VrZ jo`mcm
d` Amh{V.
jo` d{X AmoU BVa emmM{ A``Z H$$ eH$VmV. [U d{XmM{ A`m[Z `mZ{ H$$
Z`{. gajUmcm C[`w$ Aer em odm AmoU H$cm `m Jm{>r `mZ{ oeH$od`mg `dm` Zmhr.
`kmoX H$_} dV: H$aU{ XmZ X{U{ `m Jm{>tMm Adc] `mZ{ `Wme` Ad` H$amdm.
_Zw_oV
[ 557 ]
10 83
d` oV VWdV { oZdV}aooV pWoV: $&

Z Vm oV ohVmY_m_Zwamh Om[oV:&&78&&
jo`m_mU{M d`mcmoh A`m[Z `mOZ AmoU oVJhU hr VrZ H$_} d`
Amh{V.jo` d`mZr hr VrZ H$_} d` H$$ZM C[OrodH$m Mmcdmdr. Ag{ _ZyZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
em^d j` doe[ewH$ ofode:$&

AmOrdZmW Y_Vw XmZ_``Z òO:$&&79&&
em{ YmaU H$aU{ h{ jo`mgmR>r, `m[ma, [ewgd YZ e{Vr h{ d`mgmR>r C[OrodH{$M{
gmYZ Amh{.A``Z H$aU{, `k H$aU{ d XmZ X{U{ hm `mMm (l{` o_idyZ X{Umam)Y_ Amh{.
d{Xm`mgm{ ]mU` jo`` M ajU_$&

dmVmH$_d d`` odoe>moZ dH$_g$w &&80&&
d{Xm``Z h{ ]mUmM{ (cm{H$mM{ ) gajU H$aU{ h{ jo`mM{ AmoU `m[ma h{ d`mM{
(`m`m `m`m odohV H$_mVoh) _hdmM{ H$_ Amh{.
AOrdVw `Wm{${ Z ]mU: d{Z H$_Um $&

Ord{jo`Y_}U g ` `ZVa:$&&81&&
dV:`m H$_mZ{ ]mUmcm OJU{ Ae` hm{Bc V{hm `mZ{ OdiMm dU AgUm`m
jo`mM{ H$_ H$$Z OJmd{.
C^m`m_ÒrdVw H$W `moXoV M{d{V$ &

H$ofJm{aj_mWm` Ord{ `` OrodH$m_$&&82&&
dV:`m jo`m`moh H$_mZ{ ]mUmcm OJU{ Ae` hm{Bc. V{hm `mZ{ Jm{ajU d
e{Vr h{ d`mM{ `dgm` H$$Z C[OrodH$m gmYmdr.
d`d`m@o[ OrdVw ]mU: jo`m{@o[ dm $&

qhgmm`m [amYrZm H$qf `Z{Z dO`V{ $ &&83&&
d`dmrZ{ OJ`mMm gJ Amcm Var ]mUmZ{ dm jo`mZ{ e{Vr H$aU{ `Z[ydH$
Q>mimd{. e{Vr H$a`mV H$o_H$sQ>H$mMr qhgm hm{V{ AmoU V{W{ [amYrZVmoh AgV{.
^y_r ZmJaU{,dIaU{,VU H$mTy>Z Q>mH$U{, o[H$mdarc H$sS> Z> H$aU{ `mgmR>r
H$o_H$sQ>H$mMr qhgm H$amdr cmJV{. AmoU e{Vr H{$di dV:`m earal_mZ{ hm{V Zmhr. `mV ]c
B`mXtMm g_md{e ZmZmH$ma{ C[`m{J H$amdm cmJVm{. hr [amYrZVm.
10 84
558 ]
_Zw_oV
H$qf gmpdoV _`V{ gm dom: goJohVm$&

^yo_ ^yo_e`md hpV H$m>_`m{_I
w _$&&84&&
e{Vr H$aU{ Cm_ Ag{ H$mhr cm{H$ _mZVmV [U Vm{ `dgm` gmZmZr qZ _mZcm
Amh{. H$maU ZmJa, Hw$Xi B`moX gmYZmZr ^y_r AmoU ^y_rW Ord `mMm Zme hm{Vm{.
82 `mcm{H$mV Am[_ hUyZ e{Vr H$a`mg gmoJVc{ Amh{. 83 `m cm{H$mV
qhg{M{ H$maU gmJyZ e{Vr `Z[ydH$ d` H$amdr Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{ . AmoU 84`m cm{H$mV EH$s`
_VmZ{ e{Vr H$aU{ MmJc{ Ag{ Zm|XdyZ [whm 83 `m cm{H$m_mU{ e{Vr H$a`mVrc Xm{f [> H{$c{
Amh{V. Aem d{ir odgJoV Q>mi`mgmR>r H$mhr cm{H$ oj _mZ`mMr EH$ [oV Amh{. Vr `m{`
Zmhr.Am[_mVoh Cm__`_ H$oZ> hm H ma Agy eH$Vm{. H$oVode{fmZ{ dm [napWoV gm[{jV{Z{
`mZr `mZr Am[cm odMma H$amdm. e{Vr AmoU Jm{[mcZ h{ gd _mUgm`m OJ`mM{ AoY>mZ Amh{.
hUyZ `mZm `m` Z _mZVm AoYH$ drH$m` _mZmd{. Ia{ C[mXH$ Ag{ h{M Xm{Z Cm{J Amh{V.
BX Vw domdH$`mÒVm{ Y_Z[ U
w _$&
odQ>[`_wV m{ma odH${ ` odmdYZ_$&&85&&
Am[XY_ hUyZ C[OrodH{$gmR>r dY_mMm `mJ H$$Z ]mU jo`mZ{ YZ o_idyZ
X{Umam d`mMm `m[ma H$aU{ hm Y_ drH$macm Var [wT>rc (86 V{ 89)[`V`m cm{H$mVrc dVyMm
H$òdH$` H$$ Z`{.
gdmagmZ[m{hV{ H$Vm M oVc: gh$&

A_Zm{ cdU Md [edm{ `{ M _mZwfm:$&&86&&
gd M VmVd a$ emUjm_modH$moZ M $&
Ao[ M{`waa$moZ \ c_yc{ VWmfYr:$&&87&&
A[: e odf _mg gm{_ JYm gde:$&
jra jm XoY KV Vc _Yw JwS> Hw$emZ$&&88&&
Ama`m [eygdmXo>U d`mog M $&
Z Zrct M cmjm M gdmH $e\$mVWm$&&89&&
_YwamoX ag`w$ `{, og H{$c{c{ Im[XmW, XJS> (\$aem gJ_ada B`moX) _rR>
[ey, _Zw` (Xmg) Vm]S>r d{, Vm`m[mgyZ odUc{c{, a{e_r cm{H$arM{ Aer d{(aJodc{cr Zgcr
Var) \$i{ _wi{, AmfYr dZ[Vr, [mUr, e{, odf, _mg, gm{_dr, gd H$maMr gwJYr `{
(H$m[ya H{$ea B`moX) XyY, _Y, Xhr, Vy[, V{c, _{U, (_Yy)Jyi, X^, d`[ey, qh [ey, [jr, _
_Zw_oV
[ 559 ]
10 95
Vri, cmI, Km{S>m, JmT>d, I{Ma (EH$ e\$) m Aem dVy Am[V Y_ hUyZoh ]mU jo`mZr
odHy$ Z`{V.
H$m__w[m H$`m Vw d`_{d H$frdc: $&

odoH$UrV oVcmZ ey>mY_mW_ oMapWVmZ$&&90&&
e{Vr H$aUm`mZr dV: Vri o[H$odc{ AgVrc Va \$ma oXdg gmR>dyZ Z R>{dVm
AmoU ^{gi Z H$aVm Y_mgmR>r (XmZmgmR>r)Y_H$`mgmR>r dnaV odH$md{.
h{ odYmZoh ]mU jo`mgmR>r Amh{.
^m{OZmÒZmmZmX`Hw$V{ oVc:$&
H$o_^yV: od>m`m o[Vo^: gh _moV$&&91&&
ImU{ CQ>Ur cmdU{ AmnU XmZ X{U{ `mdmMyZ BVa H$m_r Om{ H$m{Ur oVimMm C[`m{J
H$arc Vm{ oH$S>m hm{D$Z dV:`m o[Vamgh Hw$`m`m od>{V ]wS>{c.
g: [VoV _mgZ{ cmj`m cdU{Z M $&

`h{U eym{ ^doV ]mU: jraodH `mV$&&92&&
_mg, cmI AmoU _rR> `mMr odH$s H{$`mZ{ ]mU VH$mi [oVV hm{Vm{. XyY odH$Umam
]mU oVg`m oXder ey hm{Vm{.
BVa{fm Vw [`mZm odH$`moXh H$m_V:$&

]mU: gam{U d`^md oZ`N>oV$&&93&&
]mU OmUyZ ]wOyZ oZof dVyMm odH$` H$arc Va Vm{ gmV oXdgmV d` hm{Vm{.
agm agoZ_mV`m Z d{d cdU ag:$&

H$Vm MmH$Vm{Z oVcm Ym`{Z Vg_m:$&&94&&
EH$ ag Xwg`m agm`m odoZ_`mZ{ `mdm.o_R>mgmR>r _m agmMm odoZ_` H$$ Z`{.
og A H$`m AmZ{ (Ym`mZ{) AmoU Vri `m`mgma`m Xwg`m Ym`mZ{ odoZ_`mV `md{V.
YZcm^mH$naVm `mMm H$òdH$` H$$ Z`{. h{ Ia{ [U `mVrc AZ{H$ dVy XoZH$
C[`m{Jm`m AgVmV V{dT>m[waVm odoZ_` H$$Z `m o_idm`m.
Ord{XV{ Z{ amO`: gd}Um`Z` JV:$&

Z d{d `m`gt dom_o^_`{V H$ohoMV$&&95&&
Am[mr`m d{ir jo`mZ{ gdM dVyMm H$òdH$` H$arV d`dmrZ{ OJmd{. [aVw
C[OrodH{$gmR>r l{> dmrMm ( ]mU dmrMm ) Adc] H$a`mM{ _ZmVoh AmUy Z`{.
10 96
560 ]
_Zw_oV
`m{ cm{^mXY_m{ Om`m Ord{Xw H$>H$_o^:$&

V amOm oZYZ H$dm oj_{d dmg`{V$ &&96&&
Imc`m OmVrMm Om{ H$m{Ur da`m OmVr`m H$_mZr C[OrodH$m H$arc `mcm amOmZr
`m`mOdiM{ gd YZ H$mTy>Z K{D$Z `mcm dnaV oZdmogV H$amd{.
da dY_m} odJwU: [aY_mdoYo>VmV$&

[aY_}U Ordph g: [VoV OmoVV:$&&97&&
dV:Mm Y_ gm{`rMm dmQ>cm Zmhr Var Vm{M l{> Amh{ Ag{ _mZmd{. [aY_ gm{`rMm
dmQ>cm Var Vm{ drH$m Z`{. [aY_mZ{ OJUmam OmVrVyZ dnaV ^> hm{Vm{.
d`m{@OrddY_}U eyd`m@o[ dV`V{ $ &

AZmMaH$m`moU oZdV}V M eo$_mZ$&&98&&
d`mZ{ qZH$_} gm{Sy>Z ey`m `dgm`mZ{ OJmd{ AmoU dY_mZ{ OJ`mM{ gm_`
m hm{VmM ey dmrMm `mJ H$$Z [whm dY_mV `md{.
AeZwd Vw ewlfy m ey: H$Vw oO_Zm_$&

[wXmam`` mm{ Ord{H$mH$H$_o^:$&&99&&
oOmVrMr g{dm H$$Z OJVm `{V Zg{c Va r[wmoXH$mM{ [m{fU H$a`mgmR>r eymZ{
H$mhr hV `dgm` ( H$mH$ ) H$$Z [m{Q> âmd{.
`: H$_o^: MnaV: ewly `V{ oOmV`:$&

VmoZ H$mH$H$_moU oe[moZ ododYmoZ M $&&100&&
Or H$_} H{$cr AgVm OrdmMr g{dm KS>{c Aer H$mH$ H$_} qH$dm d{Jd{J`m H$maMr
oe[{ ( oMH$cm _yoVH$cm ) `mMm Adc] H$amdm.
oe[ h{ oh H$mH$ H$_M Amh{.
d`dom_ZmoV>]mU: d{ [oW pWV:$&

AdomH$nfV: grXo_ Y_ g_mMa{V$ &&101&&
dY_mV oZ>{Z{ amhUmam d`dmrMm Adc] Z H$aUmam Agm ]mU C[OrodH{$`m
A^mdmZ{ [roS>cm OmV Ag{c Va `mZ{ [wT>{ gmoJV`m_mU{ dmJmd{.
gdV: oVJr`mX]m UdZ` JV:$&

[od Xw`Vr`{V_Vm{ Zm{[[V{$&&102&&
_Zw_oV
[ 561 ]
10 108
Am[mrV gm[S>c{`m ]mUmZ{ (d`md` Z OmUVm) gdm[mgyZ oVJh H$amdm.

Om{ _yiMmM [od Amh{ `mcm Xm{f cmJV Zmhr. Ag{ Y_mZ{M oV[moXc{ Amh{.
Zm`m[ZmmOZmm JohVmm oVJhmV$&

Xm{fm{ ^doV odmUm dcZm]wg_m oh V{ $&&103&&
d{X oeH$odU{,`k H$aodU{ AmoU qZ `$s[mgyZ XmZ K{U{ `m H$_m[mgyZ ]mUmcm
Xm{f m hm{V Zmhr.H$maU ]mU hm Ao AmoU CXH$ `m_mU{ (d^mdV:M [od) AgVm{.
AWmVM hm gdmoJU oZ`_ Zmhr. Am[_ hUyZM hr _m`Vm Amh{. H$m{Ur ohUdy
Z`{ hUyZ Jmad.
OrodVm``_m[m{ `m{@_om VVVV:$&

AmH$meo_d [>Z{ Z g [m[{Z oc`V{$&&104&&
OJ`mM{M gH$Q> [S>`mda Hw$Ry>Zoh m Pmc{c{ A drH$mac{ Var `mcm [m[mMm
c{[ cmJV Zmhr. Og{ AmH$memcm oMIc oMH$Q>V Zmhr.
AOrJV: gwV hVw_[w mg[X] ^

w ow jV:$&
Z Mmoc`V [m[{Z jwVrH$ma_mMaZ$&&105&&
^wH{$Z{ [roS>c{`m AOrJVZ{ Am[cm _wcJmoh ]ir X{`mgmR>r oXcm H$maU `mM{ H$_
(Hw$Qw>]m`m ) jwY{Mm oVH$ma H$a`mgmR>r Ag`mZ{ `mcm [m[ cmJc{ Zmhr.
_mgo_N>mVm}@mw Y_mY_odMjU:$&
mUmZm [naajmW dm_X{dm{ Z ocdmZ$&&106&&
Y_ AY_ `mMr MmJcr OmU AgUmam dm_X{doh mU aoj`mgmR>r jwY{Z{ [roS>V
Pm`mda Hw$`mM{ _mg Im`mg Cw$ Pmcm. `mcmoh [m[mMm c{[ cmJcm Zmhr.
âmO: jwYmVVw g[wm{ odOZ{ dZ{$&

]rJm: oVOJmh dYm{VUm{ _hmV[m:$&&107&&
[wmgh ^wH{$Z{ `mHw$i Pmc{`m A`V V[dr Aem ^mamOmZ{ oZ_Zw` Aa`mV
dYy Zmdm`m gwVmam[mgyZ [wH$i Jm`r XmZ K{V`m.
jwYmVmmw_`mJmomo_: OmKZr_$&
MS>mchVmXmXm` Y_mY_odMjU:$&&108&&
odmo_oh Y_AY_ `mMr MmJcr OmU Agc{cm hm{Vm. [U `mZ{nh ^wH${ Z{ `mHw$i
Pm`mda MmS>mim`m hmVmVrc Hw$`mMr VJS>r Im`mgmR>r AmUcr.
10 109
562 ]
_Zw_oV
oVJhmmOZmm VWdm`m[ZmXo[ $&

oVJh: `da: {` od` JohV:$&&109&&
oVJh K{U{, `k H$aodU{ AmoU `m{` `$scm (ewH$ K{D$Z)oeH$odU{ h{ oVhroh
AZwoMVM Amh{V. [U `mVoh A`m{`mH$Sy>Z XmZ K{U{ AoYH$ oZH$> Amh{. `mZ{ [acm{H$s hmZr hm{V{.
`mOZm`m[Z{ oZ` oH$`{V{ gH$Vm_Zm_$&

oVJhVw oH$`V{ eymX`Ò_Z:$&&110&&
C[Z`Z Pmc{`mcm d{X oeH$odU{ AmoU BVa oOmVtH$Sy>Z `k H$aodU{ h{ ]mUmM{
oZ`H$_M Amh{. [U oVJh hm eymoX H$oZ> OmVtH$Sy>Zoh H{$cm OmVm{.hUyZ Vm{ AoYH$ oZH$>
Amh{.
O[hm{_a [`{Zm{ `mOZm`m[Z: H$V_$&

oVJhoZo_m Vw `mJ{Z V[gd M $&&111&&
A`m[Z AmoU `k H$aodU{ `mVyZ O{ Xm{f C[ hm{VmV `mMm oZamg O[,hm{_ B`mXrZr
hm{Vm{. [U XmZ K{V`m_wi{ O{ [m[ cmJV{ `mgmR>r K{Vc{`m dVyMm gddr `mJ H$aU{ dm V[ H$aU{
`m (AdKS> Jm{{Q>r) H$am`m cmJVmV.
necm{N>_`mXXrV odm{@Ord`VVV:$&
oVJhmpN>c: l{`mVVm{@`wN>: e`V{$&&112&&
C[OrodH$m H$a`mg Ag_W Agc{`m ]mUmZ{ Hw$Ry>Zoh e` hm{Um`m oec AmoU
CN> `mMm drH$ma H$amdm. XmZ K{`m[{jm oec l{> d oecm[{jm CN> l{>.
grXo: Hw$ò_N>oYZ dm [oWdr[oV:$&

`m`: `mZmVH$oda oXg`mJ_hoV$&&113&&
Am[mrV gm[S>c{`m JhWml_r ]mUmZ{ amOm Odi YZ _mJmd{.`mZ{ oXc{ Zmhr
Va `m am`mV amh Z`{.
Am[mrV H$m{U`moh Imc`m [mVirda OmD$Z XmZ drH$mamd{.Ag{ cm{H$ 102 V{
108 `m_`{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. AmoU 109 V{ 113 [`V oVJh hm H$gm `m` Amh{, gXm{f Amh{,
`m_wi{ [m[ cmJV{ `mM{ dUZ Amh{.
`{W{ odgJoV dmQ>V{ [U ZrQ> odMma H{$cm Va Iam{IarM mUmVmMm gJ Am{T>odUmar
XmnaX`mZ{ C[ hm{Umar Aer Am[om Ag{c VaM H$mhroh Imd{ Hw$Ry>Zoh XmZ `md{ h{ j` Amh{.
CR>gyQ> Am[mrM{ JmhmU{ JmV oVJhmg dm hm{D$ Z`{. Agm h{Vy `m dUZm_mJ{Amh{. AJoVH$[U{
_Zw_oV
[ 563 ]
10 117
oVJh H$amdm cmJcm Va `m`m oZamgmWoh `mJ V[`m Aer H$oR>U dV{ gmoJVcr Amh{V. Vroh
XmZ K{`mH$S>{ ghgm dom hm{D$ Z`{ `mgmR>rM Amh{V. ]mU hm Iam{IarM A`V oZ[h d{X[maJV
AZ{H$ odmMm emmMm OmUH$ma [odmMaUr Agm Ag{c Va `mM{ OrdZ g_mOm`m >rZ{ ]h_m{c
Amh{. hUyZ H$mhroh H$$Z `mM{ ajU Pmc{ [mohO{.
dm_X{d ^mamO odmo_ `m`m [wamUm{$ H$WmMm C{I `mgmR>rM H{$cm Amh{.H$maU
h{ _hfu A`V V[dr kmZodkmZ g[ AmoU gd^yVohV{aV hm{V{.
AH$V M H$Vmj{mXJmaOmodH$_{d M $&

oha` Ym`_ M [yd [yd_ Xm{fdV$&&114&&
[{ac{`m e{VmhZ Z [{ac{c{ e{V XmZ hUyZ drH$maU{ AoYH$ MmJc{ . Jm` e{ir _|T>r
gm{Z{ Ym` AmoU og A `m dVy XmZmV K{V`m OmVmV `mVrc [wT>`m [wT>`m dVy[{jm _mJMr
_mJMr dVy XmZ hUyZ K{U{ AoYH$moYH$ oZXm}f Amh{.
g odmmJ_m Y`m Xm`m{ cm^: H$`m{ O`:$&

`m{J: H$_`m{J goVJh Ed M $&&115&&
YZmrM{ gmV _mJ Y_mZ{ gmoJVc{ Amh{V. CmamoYH$ma, Am{>mH$Sy>Z o_imc{cr
X{UJr, odH$V K{U{, qOHy$Z o_iodU{, gmdH$mar, `m[ma AmoU oZXm}f d$[mM{ XmZ drH$maU{ h{ V{
gmV _mJ hm{V.
odm oe[ ôV: g{dm Jm{a` od[oU: H$of:$&

YoV^ ` Hw$grX M Xe OrdZh{Vd: $&&116&&
odm,oe[, _Owar, Zm{H$ar, Jm{ajU, `m[ma, e{Vr, A`moMV o^jm,gmdH$mar `m
Xhm Jm{>r OrodH{$gmR>r gmYZ^yV Amh{V.
`m YZmOZm`m [VrVyZ Q>rH$mH$mamZ{ MmVwd`mMm odMma H$$Z H$m{UV{ H$m{Umcm
AoYH$ eV V{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. CmamoYH$mamZ{ o_imc{c{ Am{>mZr gVm{fmZ{ oXc{c{ AmoU odH$V
K{Vc{c{ h{ gdmZm gmaI{M drH$m` Amh{. qOHy$Z o_iodU{ h{ jo`mcm Y`, oZXm}f XmZ K{U{ h{
]mUmcm Y` AmoU e{Vr, `m[ma, Jm{ajU h{ d`mcm Y`. oe[, g{dm h{ eymcm Y`. Am[mr`m
d{ir [arpWoV_mU{ h{ gdmgmR>rM odohV g_Omd{.
]mU: jo`m{ dm@o[ dq Zd `m{O`{V$ &

H$m_ Vw Icw Y_mW Xm[m[r`g{@p[H$m_$&&117&&
]mU qH$dm jo` `mZr `mOmZ{ F$U X{`mMm `dgm` H$$ Z`{ gJ [S>`mg
10 117
564 ]
_Zw_oV
H{$di Y_H$m`mgmR>r H$oZ{R> OmVr`m cm{H$mZm F$U X{D$Z Wm{S>{g{ `mO `md{.
`mO K{`mMr hr gdS> H{$di Ymo_H$ H$m`mgmR>r Amh{. dV:M{ dm Hw$Qw>] mM{ [mcZ[m{fU
H$a`mgmR>r `mMm odoZ`m{J H$$ Z`{.
`m cm{H$mV eymoVeymZm C>{eyZ [m[r Agm eX`m{J H{$cm Amh{. `mMm H$mhr
cm{H$mZm amJ `{U{ dm^modH$ Amh{. [U emH$mamZm Am[cr ^yo_H$m cm{H$m`m[wT>{ gd>rZ{ [>
hmdr hUyZ Ag{ AoVa{H$s eX`m{J H$amd{ cmJVmV. dUgH $a ZaH$Vw` _mZcm OmV Ag{. JrV{d$Z
V{ [> oXgV{ hUyZ dUgH$amodf`rMm oVQ>H$mam _mZdmg_mOm`m _ZmV oZ_mU H$a`mgmR>r gH$aO
O{Mm C{I [m[r, [mVH$s, oZpXV Aem eXmZr H{$cm OmVm{. gdM emH$ma Am[m[`m _Vm`m
[>rH$aUmgmR>r Ag{ oedr`m d$[mVc{ `m{J H$aVmV AJXr gV _S>iroh `mcm A[dmX ZmhrV.
gVmZm ^$sMm [waH$ma H$amd`mMm hm{Vm. g_mOmV Vr T> hmdr hr `mMr gd^yVohV{aV Aer T>
^mdZm hm{Vr. AmoU _J Om{ ô$_mJmH$S>{ diV Zmhr, X{dmM{ Zmdoh K{V Zmhr, `m A^$mcm `mZr
_m{OyZ oe`m KmV`m,AJXr AmB_mBMroh qZXm H{$cr. `mVyZ l{>dUmMm ]mUoh gwQ>c{cm Zmhr.
AZwdeQ>mM dUgH$a hm KmVH$ Ag`mZ{ V{ g_mOm`m _Zmda q]]dmd{ hUyZ emH$ma Ag{
qZXmÒH$ eX dm[aVmV.
MVwW_ mXXmZm{@o[ jo`m{ ^mJ_m[oX$&

Om aj[a e`m oH$p]fmoV_w`V{$&&118&&
amOmZ{ Am[H$mcr O{[mgyZ C[mMm MmWm ^mJ H$a hUyZ `mdm. [U gd eo$
[Umcm cmdyZ O{M{ ajU H$amd{. hUO{ `m AoYH$ K{Vc{`m H$am`m Xm{fmVyZ `mMr _w$Vm hm{V{.
amOmZ{ Z{h_r C[mMm ghmdm ^mJ H$a hUyZ `md`mMm Amh{ Vm{ gm_m`V: gm{im
oVeV hm{Vm{.BW{ hm [Mdrg oVeV hm{Vm{. Odi Odi ZD$ oVeV AoYH$ hm{V{ h{ `m{` Zmhr.
hUyZ hr dmT> H{$di Am[VH$mcm[waVr Amh{. `mMr oZH$oV OmajUmZ{ hm{Uma Amh{. amOmda gm{[odc{c{
h{ Xmo`d \$ma _hdmM{ Amh{.
dY_m} odO`V` Zmhd{ `m[amL>_I

w :$&
e{U d`mX aojdm Y`_mhma`{X] oc_$&&119&&
`wm_`{ odO` o_iodU{ hmM amOmMm Y_ Amh{. amOmZ{ H$Yroh `wm[mgyZ od_wI
hm{D$ Z`{. amOmZ{ d` dJmM{ dV:`m e]cmZ{ gajU H$amd{ AmoU _JM `m{` Vm{ H$a `mdm.
hr amOZrVr A`V _hdmMr Amh{. amOm`m gm_`mMm YmH$ gr_mdVu am`mZm,
Mm{a cwQ>m$Zm, KmV[mVmMr H$`{ H$aUmamZm, AmVH$dmmZm, ^>mMm`mZm `m{` H$ma{ ]gcmM [mohO{.
_Zw_oV
[ 565 ]
10 123
hUO{M V{ AmH$_U, h`m, cyQ> B`moX[mgyZ [amdm hm{Vrc.

EH$_mJu gKfodam_mMm Adc] H$aU{ h{ am`H$`mM{ Xm]` Amh{.em` Y`m`m
A^mdmM{ m{VH$ Amh{. V{ H$mhr gmO`mM{ cjU Zmhr.[U am`H$V} dV:`m [Xcm{c[w V{gmR>r OmJoVH$
`mVrH$naVm, dmQ>Uma{ ^` c[od`mgmR>r gmO`mMm AmoU gohUwV{Mm Amd AmUrV AgVmV.
`m` _mJUm`m OmOZm`m AmH$m{emH$S>{ Xwcj H$aVmV AmoU `mZr AoYH$ JS>]S> H{$`mg
`m`mda cmR>r_ma AlwYya `mMm oZw>a [`m{J H{$cm OmVm{. `mZm ]imZ{ CMcyZ VwJmVoh S>m]c{
OmV{.
Ym`{@>_ qdem ewH$ ode H$mfm[Umda_$&

H$_m}[aH$aUm: eym: H$mad: oep[ZVWm$&&120&&
Ym`m`m `m[m`m[mgyZ amOmZ{ EH$A>_me H$a `mdm. gwdUmoX BVa `m[mam`m
cm^mVyZ EH$odgme H$a `mdm.l_Ordr, hVH$me`mMm `dgm` H$aUma{, `m`m[mgyZ odoe>
_mUmV Vr Vr H$m_{ H$$Z `mdrV.
eymXr[mgyZ h{ O{ H$m_ H$$Z `md`mM{Amh{. `mM{ d{VZ `mZm md`mM{ Zmhr. BVa
_oh`mVyZ EH$ oXdg h{ H$m_ `md{ Agm C{I Amh{. `mcm d{>r qH$dm d{R> Ag{ hUVmV. eym`m
dUm}oMV `dgm`mda amOmZ{ H$a cmXy Z`{.
eyVw dom_mH$mj_mamY`{oXoV$&
YoZZ dm@@`w[mam` d` eym{ oOOrodf{V$ &&121&&
C[OrodH{$gmR>r eymZr jo`mMr dm YoZH$ d`mMr g{dm H$amdr.
dJmW_ ^
w `mW dm odmZmamY`{mw g:$&
OmV]mUeX` dm ` H$VH$`Vm$&&122&&
odmZ ]mUmMr g{dm H$aU{ h{ eymcm Bh[acm{H$s cm^Xm`H$ Amh{. odmZ V[dr
Aem ]mUm`m g{d{Z{M ey H$VmW hm{Vm{.
odg{dd ey` odoe> H$_ H$s`V${ &

`XVm{@ò Hw$V{ Vd`` oZ\$c_$&&123&&
odmZ ]mUmMr g{dm H$aU{ h{M eymM{ _w` H$V` Amh{. V{ gm{Sy>Z Vm{ BVa H$mhr
H$arc Va V{ oZ\$i hm{V{.
H$m{UmM{oh H$V`H$_ hrM `mMr C[mgZm hm{V{. "H$mXm _wim ^mOr hrM odR>m]mB
_mPr$&' Ag{ lrgmdV{]wdm hUVmV `m_mJ{ hrM ^yo_H$m Amh{.
10 124
566 ]
_Zw_oV
H$` V` Vdo m: dHw$Qw>]mWmhV:$&

eq$ Mmd{` Xm` M ^`mZm M [naJh_$&&124&&
doUH$mZr `mMr g{dm H$aUm`m eym`m g{dM
{ { d$[ `modf`rMr XjVm B`mXtMm
odMma H$$Z `mM{ `m`m [nadmamgh `Wm`m{` âU[m{fU H$amd{.
[aX{emV AgV{ Ver Jwcm_oJar `{W{ ZhVr h{ cjmV `md{.
CpN>>_ XmV` OrUmoZ dgZmoZ M $&

[wcmH$md Ym`mZm OrUmd [naN>Xm:$&&125&&
g{dm H$aUm`m eymcm Cac{c{ A, dm[ac{cr d{, Ym`m`m H$`m, AWU
[mK$U, ]R>H$sM{ gmoh` Aem Jm{>r m`mV.
CpN>> eXmMm AW H$aVmZm O{dVmZm [mZmV Q>mH$c{c{ C>{ Agm H{$cm OmVm{. Vgm
Zmhr. KamVrc gdmMr O{dU{ Pm`mZVa Cac{cm Om{ d`[mH$ Vm{ g{dH$mcm mdm Agm Ame` Amh{.
Z ey{ [mVH$ qH$oM M gH$ma_hoV$&

Zm`moYH$mam{ Y_}@pV Z Y_moVf{YZ_$&&126&&
eymcm [mVH$ hUyZ H$mhr ZgV{. `mM{ C[Z`Zoh H$$ Z`{. doXH$ _mZr hm{Um`m
Y_H$`mMm `mcm AoYH$ma Zmhr. [U Y_mMaU `mcm d` Zmhr. [U X{d[yOm, [mH$`k Vm{ H$$
eH$Vm{.
_hm^maVmV [OdZ Zm_H$ eymZ{ _m{R>m `k H{$`mMm C{I Amh{. AWmV `mgmR>r
[mamoUH$ odYrMm Adc] H{$c{cm Amh{.
eymcm H$m{UV{oh [mVH$ Zmhr `mMm AW `mZ{ Mm{ar h`m B`moX Jm{>r H{$`m Var
`mcm oZa[amY _mZmd{. Agm _wirM Zmhr. Aqhgm, AV{`, g`_ B`moX Y_mM{ AVaJ d$[
eymcmoh AmMaUr` Amh{M [aVw ]mUm`m _mJ{ O{ gm{d`mAm{d`mM{ cMmS> Amh{, oZ`Zo_omH$
H$_H$mS>mMm Om{ `m[ Amh{, Im`mo[`mVrc odoYoZf{YmMm Om{ oZ]Y Amh{. `mMm Vm[ eymcm
Zmhr.H$mXm cgyU ImD$ ZH$m{,ZmZmdmMyZ O{dy ZH$m{, _c_yodgOZmZVa hmV BVH{$ d{im Yy. B`moX
gm{di{ `mZm ]YH$ Zmhr EdT>mM. [mVH$ Zmhr `mMm AW Amh{. `mM{ H$>H$ar OrdZ AmoU
hVH$me`mM{ `dgm` h{ H$m_ AJâ Ag`mZ{ da C{oIc{cr H$_} H$a`m`m ]YZmVyZ `mcm
_m{H$oiH$ oXc{cr Amh{. hUyZ lrkmZ{a_hmamOmZr"" oO fQ>H$_} H$ar & ey `mV{ Z_H$mar$& Xm{Kmgoh
gam{âr $& oZ[O{ `mJw$&& Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. `mM{ gma Ag{ H$s `kH$`mMm `j IQ>mQ>m{[ H$a`m[{jm
`kmcm d `kH$`mcm ZwgVm Z_H$ma H{$cm Var `kH$`mcm O{ [w` o_iV{ V{ eymcmoh cm^V{.
X{dXeZ ,Zm__aU, VrW`mm, XmZY_, gXJWmM{ dmMZ B`mXr Y_H$`{ `mcm d` ZmhrV.
_Zw_oV
[ 567 ]
10 130
Y_}gdVw Y_km: gVm Y__Zwo>Vm:$&

_dO Z Xw`pV egm mZwdpV M $&&127&&
eymcm gdS> Amh{, e`Vm Amh{ AmoU H$mhrVar Ymo_H$ H$`{ Am[`m hmVyZ KS>mdrV
Aer BN>m Amh{. Va `mZ{ doXH$_ dJiyZ B> Vr Y_H$ `{ H$amdrV. `mV Xm{f Zmhr. CcQ> cm{H$m_`{
`mcm egmM m hm{Bc.
`Wm `Wm oh gm_moV>`Zgy`H$: $&

VWm VW{_ Mm_w M cm{H$ mZm{òZpXV:$&&128&&
ey `m `m _mUmV oZ_ga dmrZ{ dmJ{c, gXmMmar amhrc `m `m _mUmV `mM{
Bh[acm{H$s H$`mU hm{Bc. g_mOm_`{oh `mcmAmXa cm^{c.
oZ]Y, XwamJh, XS>[U Zgc{ Var eymcmoh gXmMaU hUyZ H$mhr Amh{M.
e{$Zmo[ oh eyU
{ Z H$m`m} YZgM`: $&
eym{ oh YZ_mgm ]mUmZ{d ]mYV{$&&129&&
YZ o_id`mM{ gm_` AgVmZmoh eymZ{ YZmMm gJh H$$ Z`{ (lr_VrMm _m{h
Y$ Z`{) lr_V ey ]mUmcm ]mYH$ hm{D$ eH$Vm{.
eymM{ O{ `dgm` Amh{V V{ JS>r JdS>r gwVma cm{hma gmir _mir V{cr Vm]m{ir
`mgmaI{ g_mOm`m oZ` C[`m{Jr [S>Uma{ AmoU `dhmamV Amd`H$ Ag{ Amh{V. `m gd `dgm`mV
_w`V: H$me`mgd{ earaH$> C[gmd{ cmJVmV. lr_Vr Amcr H$s emarnaH$ H$> ZH$m{g{ dmQ>VmV.
gwIodcmgmV OrdZ a_V{.AmoU Vg{ Pmc{ Va g_mO V hm{Vm{. ]mU hm `{W{ C[cjU hUyZ
JhrV Yacm Amh{. eymMr g`m g_mOmV \$ma _m{R>r AgV{. `m`mVM MJidmX ]m{H$micm Va V{
\$maM dmBQ>. Vg{ Va gwIodcmgmMr MQ>H$ H$m{Umcmoh Agcr Var V{ dmBQ>M [U Amd`H$ `m
Jm{>toh hm{BZmem Pm`m H$s _J g_mOm_`{ Adm` dmT>y> cmJV{. hUyZ hm oZ`_ gmoJVcm Amh{.
AmO hmVmImcr JS>rJdS>r, gwVma, cm{hmamqXZm K{D$Z R>{`mda ]mYH$m_{ H$$Z lr_V Pmc{`mMr
_Zm{dom, dmJUyH$ [mohcr H$s, _yi ogmVmM{ _hd cjmV `{D$ eH$V{.
EV{ MVwUm dUmZm_m[_m: H$soVVm:

`mg`JZwoV>Vm{ dOpV [a_m JoV_$&&130&&
Ag{ h{ Mmar dUmZm C{eyZ Agc{c{ Am[_ gmoJVc{ Amh{V. `mM{ `m{àrVrZ{
[mcZ H{$c{ Va Vg{ dVZ H$aUm`mZm [a_JVrMr mr hm{V{.
10 131
568 ]
_Zw_oV
Ef Y_odoY: H$ZmVwd `` H$soVV: $&

AV: [a d`mo_ mòmodqY ew^_$&&131&&
MmVwd`modf`rMm hm Y_g]YrMm AmMma g[yU[U{ gmoJVcm Amh{. AmVm `mZVa
ew^H$maH$ Agm mòmmMm odYr gmJVm{.
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_Zw_oV
A`m` Xhmdm g[U
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_Zw_oV
[ 569 ]
11 5
_Zw_oV
A`m` AH$amdm
gmVmoZH$ `__mU_dJ gddX{ g_$&
JwdW
o[V_mW dm`m`m`[w Vmo[Z:$&&1&&
ZdVmZmVH$mpdmX]mUmY_o^jwH$mZ$&
oZ:d{`m{ X{`_{V{ `m{ XmZ odmode{fV:$&&2&&
gVmZmrM{ gmYZ Agm oddmh H$$ BpN>Umam, `k H$$ BpN>Umam, dmQ>g$,
`kmV gdd A[U H$$Z oZYZ Pmc{cm, JwXojU{H$naVm YZ BpN>Umam, _mV{`m oZ o[`m`m
oZdmhmgmR>r, A``Z H$a`mgmR>r, AAmN>mXZmMr gm{` hmdr hUyZ qhS>Umam Ag{ O{ ZD$,
`mZm ]mU ZmVH$mgmaI{ g_Omd{.`mM{ _mJU{ h{ Y_g_ V Amh{. `mgmR>r `mZm (`Wmeo$) YZmXtM{
XmZ H$amd{.
XmZ h{ gd [mVH$mgmR>r EH$ gm_m`g{ mòm Amh{. hUyZ mòm odYrgmR>r
Agc{`m `m A`m`mV Ama^rM XmZmMr [mVm H$m{Umcm V{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
EV{`m{ oh oOm`{ `m{ X{`_ gXojU_$&

BVa{`m{ ]ohd}oXH$Vm X{`_w`V{$&&3&&
[ydm}$ ZdmVrc O{ ]mU `mZm XojU{gh d{Xr`m AmV A md{. BVamZm d{Xr`m
]mh{a md{.
gdaZmoZ amOm Vw `Wmh oV[mX`{V $&

]mUmd{XodXwfm{ `kmW Md XojUm_$&&4&&
amOmZ{ d{Xd{`m ]mUmcm `Wm`m{` arVrZ{ XojUm hUyZ gd aZ{ mdr. `kmgmR>r
da AmoUH$ XojUm mdr.
H$VXmam{@[amXmampôjdm `m{@oYJN>oV$&
aoV_m \$c V` `XmVwVw gVoV:$&&5&&
EH$ [Zr AgVmZm o^jm _mJyZ Om{ Xwgar [Zr H$arc `mcm Xwg`m [Zr[mgyZ
H{$di aoVgwI o_i{c oVcm hm{Um`m gVVrda `mZ{ oddmhmgmR>r ` oXc{ `mMm AoYH$ma amhrc.
11 6
570 ]
_Zw_oV
`` dmofH$ ^$ [`m ^`dm`{$&

AoYH$ dm@o[ od{V g gm{_ [mVw_hoV$&&6&&
gd Hw$Qw>]mM{ [m{fU H$a`mg [wa{g{ Ag{ VrZ dfm[waV{ dm `mhZ AoYH$ YZ `mM{
Odi Ag{c `mZ{ gm{_`mJ H$amdm.
AoYH$mMm gJh H$$ Z`{ `mgmR>r hm AmX{e.
AV: d[r`ng `{ `: gm{_ o[]oV oO:$&

g [rVgm{_[ydm}@o[ Z V`mZm{oV V\$c_$&&7&&
VrZ df} [wa{c Ag{ YZ `mM{Odi Zmhr Vm{ gm{_`mJ H$a`mMm `Z H$arc Va
`mcm gm{_`mJmM{ \$i o_iUma Zmhr.
e$: [aOZ{ XmVm dOZ{ Xw:IOrodoZ $&

_d[mVm{ odfmdmX: g Y_oV$[H$:$&&8&&
dH$s`mZm [m{g`mM{ gm_` AgVmZmoh `mZm Xw:Ir R>{dyZ Om{ Xwg`mcm XmZ X{Vm{
`mMm Y_ X{Im`mMm AgVm{. `mM{(è H$soV$[mZ{ o_iUma{) [naUm_ _Ywa dmQ>c{ Var AVr V{
odfmgmaI{ KmVH$ hm{VmV.Ag{ H$aUm`mcm dJmo Z hm{Vm ZaH$mMr mo hm{V{ Ag{ Q>rH$mH$ma hUVmV.
"Z VmZ egoV `{Z domod[V{' Ag{ ewH$mMm` hUVmV `mcm _ZyMm AmYma
Amh{.
^`mZm_w[am{YZ{ `H$am{`mdXo{ hH$_$&

Vd`gwIm{XH$ OrdV _V` M$&&9&&
`mM{ [m{fU H$aU{ Amd`H$ Amh{ `mZm Z [m{gVm, Om{ [acm{H$mVrc gwI,
o_iod`mH$naVm `kXmZmoX H$`{ H$aVm{, `mM{ [naUm_ Bhcm{H$s oZ [acm{H$roh Xw:IXm`H$M hm{VmV.
`k{oV: `mX{H${ Zm{Z `dZ:$&

]mU` ode{fU
{ Ymo_H${ goV amOoZ$&&10&&
`m{ d`: `mh[ewhuZH$Vwagm{_[:$&
Hw$Qw>]mm` VXX `_mha{kog`{$&&11&&
Ymo_H$ amOm`m amOdQ>rV ode{fV: ]mUmM{ `kmV H$mhr CUrd oZ_mU hm{V Ag{c
Va `mZ{ lr_V [U `k`mJmoX Y_H$`{ Z H$aUm`m d`mH$Sy>Z `km`m gmJV{[waV{ YZ h>mZ{oh _mJyZ
AmUmd{.
_Zw_oV
[ 571 ]
11 17
Amha{roU dm { dm H$m_ ey` d{_Z:$&

Z oh eyX ` `k{fw H$oXpV [naJh:$&&12&&
AYm dm VrZ MVwWme `k gmYZmdmMyZ A[yU ahmV Ag{c Va `mgmR>r eym`moh
KamVyZ [mohO{ oVVH{$ X` `md{. eymcm `kmoX H$_ H$am`M{M ZgV{. (`mgmR>r)
`m`m `mMm odoZ`m{J `kmgmR>r Pm`mg V{ `mcm [w`H$maH$M hm{V{.
`m{@ZmohVmo: eVJwa`kM ghJw:$&

V`m{ao[ Hw$Qw>]m`m_mha{XodMma`Z$&&13&&
eâ Jm`r ]miJUmam, [U Aohm{ Zgc{cm. hOma Jm`r Odi AgyZ H$m{UV{oh
ode{f d$[mM{ `k `mJ Z H$aUmam, `m`mH$Sy>Z `km`m gmJV{gmR>r H$m{UVmoh odMma Z H$aVm YZ
AmUmd{.
`{W{ hm ]mU Amh{. g[ eym_mU{ `mM{oh YZ ]imZ{ AmUmd{.
AmXmZoZ`mmXmVwamha{X`N>V:$&
VWm èm{@` WV{ Y_d dYV${ &&14&&
XmZ drH$maVm{ [U XmZ X{V Zmhr, _moJVc{ Var md`mg og ZgVm{ `m`mH$Sy>Z
(`km`m gmJV{gmRr ) H$m{U`moh $[mZ{ YZ o_idmd{. `m_wi{ è o_iV{ AmoU Y_ dmT>Vm{.
hm oh ]mUM Amh{ h{ cjmV `md{.
VWd g_{ ^{$ ^$moZ fS>ZVm$&

AVZodYmZ{Z hV` hrZH$_U:$&&15&&
VrZ oXdgmMm C[mg `mcm KS>cm Amh{ `mZ{ hrZ H$_} H$aUmamH$Sy>Zoh EH$ oXdgm[waV{
A H$m{U`moh H$mamZ{ o_idmd{.
Icmj{mXJmamm `Vm{ dm`w[c`V{$&

Am`mV` Vw Vm_ [N>V{ òX [N>oV$&&16&&
I`mVyZ, e{VmVyZ, KamVyZ O{W{ H$m{R>{ o_i{c V{WyZ (darc_mU{ EH$ oXdgm[waV{M
A) Amd`H$ Va Mm{$Z N>[yZoh AmUmd{. Y`mZ{ odMmac{M Va "hm{` Z{Vm{ Amh{' Ag{ gmJmd{.
]mUd Z hV` jo`{U H$XmMZ$&

X`woZpH$``m{Vw d_OrdhVw_ hoV$&&17&&
jo`mZ{ ]mUmM{ YZ H$Xmo[ haU H$$ Z`{. [U A`V Am[mrV H$[Q>mZ{ dmJUmam
AmoU odohVH$_mMm `mJ H$aUmam, Aem ]mUmH$Sy>Z Ad` ` haU H$amd{.
gm{` gyQ> gdS> H$m{U`m `m{`V{`m ]mUmcm V{ `{W{ [whm [> Pmc{ Amh{.
11 18
572 ]
_Zw_oV
`m{@gmYw`m{@W_mXm` gmYw`: g`N>oV$&

g H$dm cd_m_mZ gVmaòV Vmdw^m$&&18&&
dY_mMaU Z H$aUm`mH$Sy>Z YZ K{D$Z V{ Om{ dY_oZ>mZm X{Vm{ Vm{ `m Xm{KmZmoh
Vm$Z Z{Um`m Zmd{gmaIm hm{Vm{.
`Z `kercmZm X{dd VoXw]Y

w m:$&
A`dZm Vw òm_mgwad VXw`V{$&&19&&
`kmoX Y_H$`{ H$aUm`mM{ O{ YZ V{ X{dYZ AmoU `kmoX Y_H$`{ Z H$aUm`mM{ YZ
V{ AmgwaYZ hm{` Ag{ Vk hUVmV.
Amgwa h{ gXd ew[jmVM AgVmV V{W{ gmO` H$m` H$m_mM{?
Z Vp_Yma`{S> Ymo_H$: [oWdr[oV:$&

jo`` oh ]moc`mX]m U: grXoV jwYm$&&20&&
Ymo_H$ amOmZ{ Ag{ YZ AmUUmamcm oejm H$$ Z`{. amOm (jo`) Iwi{[UmZ{ dmJ{c
Va ]mU ^wH{$Z{ [roS>c{ OmVrc.
V` ^ÒZ kmdm dHw$Qw>]m_oh[oV:$&

lwVerc{ M odkm` dqm Y`m H$[`{V$ &&21&&
]mU AmMmag[ AmoU odmZ Ag{c Va `mM{ âU[m{fUmM{ Xmo`d dV:daM
Amh{ Ag{ OmUyZ amOmZ{ dò$H$ YZmVyZ `mMr Y_mZwgma C[OrodH$m Mmcdmdr.
H$[o`dm` dqm M aj{XZ{ g_VV:$&

amOm oh Y_fS>^mJ V_mmZm{oV aojVmV$&&22&&
]mUmMr AmN>mXZmMr gm{` H$$Z amOmZ{ `mM{ gdVm{[na ajU H$amd{. Agm
]mU Or Y_H$`{ H$arc `mMm ghmdm ^mJ ajU H$aUm`m amOmcm o_i{c.
Z `kmW YZ eymom{ o^j{V H$ohoMV$&

Ò_mZm{ oh oôjdm MS>mc: {` Om`V{$&&23&&
]mUmZ{ `kmoXH$naVm eymH$S>{ YZ _mJy Z`{. Vg{ H{$`mg `kH$Vm [wT>`m O_r
MmS>mi hm{Vm{.
`kmW_W oôjdm `m{ Z gd `N>oV$&

g `moV ^mgVm od: H$mH$Vm dm eV g_m:$&&24&&
_Zw_oV
[ 573 ]
11 29
`kmH$naVm _mJyZ AmUc{c{ YZ gd`mgd `kmH$naVm d{MrV Zmhr Vm{ ]mU

_`yZVaMr eâdf} H$mdim qH$dm ^mg[jr hm{V amhVm{.
]mUmZ{ H$m{U`moh pWVrV gXmMmar AmoU oZ[hM Agc{ [mohO{. Vg{M Y_H$ `mM{
Zmd gmJwZ cm{H$mMr \$gdUyH$ `mZ{ H$naVm H$m_m Z`{.
X{dd ]mUd dm cm{^Z{ m{[ohZpV `:$&

g [m[m_m [a{ cm{H${ JYm p{ N>>Z{ OrdoV$&&25&&
Om{ _mUyg X{dmM{ YZ qH$dm ]mUmM{ YZ cm{^mcm ]ir [Sy>Z cw]mS>Vm{ `m [mV`mcm
_aUm{ma oJYmS>m`m CQ>mda OJmd{ cmJV{.
X{dWmZmMm [gm cw]mS>Um`m odVmZr h{ Ad` cjmV R>{dc{ [mohO{. hUO{
X{dWmZ{ ââmQ>Vrc.
Bq> dmZat oZ` oZd[X{ [``${ &

cmZm [ewgm{_mZm oZH$`W_g^d{$&&26&&
ZdrZ dfm`m Ama^r H$amd`mM{ O{ [ew`mJ d gm{_`mJ H$aU{ Ae` Pmc{ Va `m`m
oZH$VrgmR>r dmZa X{dV{cm C{eyZ H{$cr OmUmar B>r H$amdr.
Am[H [{Z `m{ Y_ Hw$V{@Zm[oX oO:$&

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11 29
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gmoJVcmAmh{.
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[ 575 ]
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ZaH{$ oh [V`{V{ OwV: g M `` VV$&

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11 42
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11 52
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11 52
578 ]
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A ^jU H$aU{, `m` A ImU{ h{ Xm{f Xm o[`mg_mZ Amh{V.
oZj{[`m[haU ZamaOV` M $&

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_Zw_oV
[ 579 ]
11 62
Jm{dYm{@`m`g`m` [maXm`m_odH$`m:$&
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11 62
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odf`mM{ c{IH$, eya `mMr g`m ZJ` Amh{. Ag{ g_O`mM{ H$maU Zmhr. [U O{ Hw$Ur Amh{V V{
g_mOm`m [wT>{ R>{dc{ OmV ZmhrV. gd Mma _m`_{ ^S>H$ ]mV`m ^>mMma A[KmV AmoU ZQ>ZQ>m
I{imSy> `mMm Jmad `mZrM âc{cr AgVmV. `mMr oM{ [m_w`mZ{ PiH$VmV. V{dT>m AmH fH$
_Zw_oV
[ 581 ]
11 67
D$R>md amOH$s` Z{`mZmoh o_iV Zmhr. `m_wi{ VUVUt`m [wT>{ Xwga{ AmXeM C^{ ahmV ZmhrV.
1920 [`V `m ZQ>mZm Jm`H$mZm EdT>m _mZg_mZ o_iV Zg{. H$m{hQ>H$a `m A`V X{I`m
Ao^Z`Hw$ec d MmJ`m Vr`m Jm`H$ Agc{`m ZQ>mMm C{I g_mOm_`{ "^mdS>m H$m{hQ>H$a'
`m ZmdmZ{ H{$cm OmV Ag{. mMrZ H$miroh AerM oWoV hm{Vr.
H$mocXmgmZr EH$m amOdQ>rM{ dUZ H$aVmZm hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s Am[m[c{ H$m`H$_ gmXa
H$$Z [aVc{`m Jmo`H$m, ZoVH$m a`m`m H$S>{cm Pm{[c{`m AgV. [U `mMm odZ`^J H$a`mM{
gm_` dm`mVoh ZhV{. _J Xwgam H$m{U `m`m dmcm [e H$a`mgmR>r Am[cm hmV gagmdrc!
`mMm AW Agm H$s `mZm a`m`m H$S>{cm Pm{[md{ cmJV Ag{. `mMr H$m{UVroh [MVmamoH$V gm{`
ZhVr. `m`m H$m`H$_mcm `m`m JwUm_mU{ _mUgmMr XmQ>r hm{V Ag{cM. [U `m`m ^m{dVr
Eadr aogH$mMm Km{iH$m O_m hm{V Zg{. `mMm Hw$Ur ^$ (\$Z) Zg{.
[oS>VamO amO{aemr odS> `mM{ oZYZ Pmc{ V{hm H$mhr Wm{S>m dm[mV EH$m
V^m`m 810 Am{irV Vr dmVm Amcr. `mZVa EH$Xm{Z AmR>dS>mVM EH$ ZQ> _m`m AoV`m{JmZ{
`H$V o]KSy>Z _{cm V{hm dm[m_`{ `m`modf`r [mZ{ â^$Z dUZ{ H{$cr J{cr. AmoU [wT>{oh
`mMr [mojH$_mogH$ lm{ dm[{ g_ma^mZ{ KmcrV hm{Vr. hr pWoV MmJcr Zmhr. h{ Xya>rZ{
OmUyZM emH$mamZr _Zm{aOZmgmR>r H$mhr _mUmV C[`m{Jr [S>Um`m `m H$cmZm C[[mVH$mV Q>mHy$Z
`mM{ WmZ g_mOmV H$m` Agmd{ V{ [> H{$c{ Amh{.
Ym`Hw$`[ewV{` _[roZf{dU_$&
reyodQ>jdYm{ ZmpV` Mm{[[mVH$_$&&65&&
Ym` IoZO{ [ey Mm{aU{, _[mZ H{$c{`m rer g_mJ_ H$aU{, reyd`jo`
`mMr h`m H$aU{, Ba Zmhr Aer YmaUm ]miJU{ hr gd C[[mVH{$ Amh{V.
]mU` O:H$` KmoVaK`{ _`m{:$&

Oh M _WZw [ow g OmoVê
H$a _V_$&&66&&
]mUmcm [rS>m X{U{, XwJYr CJJYr dVy _ h{ hJU{, H$[Q>mZ{ dmJU{, JwX_WwZ H$aU{
hr [mVH{$ `moVê H$aUmar Amh{V.
`m [mVH$m_wi{ `$s OmVrVyZ dmi Q>mH$`mg `m{` R>aV{.
Iamm{>_J{^mZm_OmodH$dYVWm$&
gH$arH$aU k{` _rZmoh_ohf` M $&&67&&
11 67
582 ]
_Zw_oV
JmT>d, Km{S>m, CQ>, hnaU, hmr, ]m{H$S>, _|T>m, _mg{, g[, a{S>m `mMm dY H$aU{ hr
[mVH{$ gH$arH$aU H$aUmar Amh{V Ag{ OmUmd{.
hr [mVH{$ hrZVm C[ H$aUmar OmUmdr.
oZpXV{`m{ YZmXmZ dmoU` eyg{dZ_$&

A[mrH$aU k{`_g`` M ^mfU_$&&68&&
qZ `$sH$Sy>Z YZ K{U{, d`mòVna$ BVamZr `m[ma H$aU{, eymMrg{dm H$aU{,
Im{Q>{ ]m{cU{, hr [mVH{$ A[mrH$a OmUmdr. (Vr `m{`Vm AoYH$ma Z> H$aUmar Amh{V.)
H$o_H$sQ> d`m{h`m _mZwJV^m{OZ_$&

\$cY:Hw$gw_V{`_Y` M _cmdh_$&&69&&
H$o_H$sQ>H$ [jr _maU{,_ o_gic{c{ [XmW ImU{, \$i{ cmH$S>{, \w$c{ Mm{aU{,
CVmdri[UmZ{ dmJU{ hr [m[{ _ocZrH$a g_Omdr.
Vr AewVm C[ H$aUmar Amh{V.
EVm`{Zmog gdmnU `Wm{$moZ [W[WH$$&

``d V a [m{V{ VmoZ g`L>oZ]m{YV$&&70&&
hr [mVH{$ H$m{U`m mòmmZr Xya hm{Vrc V{ d{Jd{Ji{ gmJVm{. ZrQ> E{H$m.
]hm mXeg_m: Hw$Q>r H$dm dZ{ dg{V$ &

^jm`m_odewW H$dm edoeam{dO_$&&71&&
]h`m H$aUmamZr Am[`m [m[oZagZmgmR>r ]mam df[`V Pm{[S>r ]mYyZ Aa`mV
amhmd{. o^jm _mJyZ Imd{. AmoU Pm{[S>rda H$dQ>rM{ oMh Q>mJmd{.
c` e^Vm dm `moXwfmo_N>`m_Z:$&
m`{Xm_mZ_Jm dm go_{ oadmpeam:$&&72&&
dV:`m BN>Z{ { Hw$ec eYm`mH$Sy>Z dV:da AmKmV H$$Z `md{V.dm S>mH{ ${ Imcr
H$$Z ArZ{ dV:cm VrZ d{im ^mOyZ `md{.
Ò{V dm@_{YZ{ doOVm Jm{gd{Z dm$&

AoôOooOm dm odVmow>Vm@o[ dm &&73&&
AWdm A_{Y, doOV, Jm{gd, AoôOV, odoOV, odV, Aow>V, `mVrc
H$m{UVm Var EH$ `k H$amdm.
_Zw_oV
[ 583 ]
11 77
O[dm`V_ d{X `m{OZmZm eV dOV{ $ &

]h`m[Zm{Xm` o_V^wL>oZ`V{p`:$&&74&&
qH$dm oOV{p` hm{D$Z Wm{S>{ ImD$Z d{XmM{ [mamÙ H$arV Mmae{ H$m{g Mmcmd{.
V{dT>r VrW j{mMr `mm H$amdr.
gdd d{XodXwf{ ]mUm`m{[[mX`{V$ &

YZ oh OrdZm`mc Jh dmg:[naN>X_$&&75&&
qH$dm d{Xd{`m ]mUmcm gddmM{ XmZ H$amd{. qH$dm dV:M{ Am`w` Amh{ Vm{da
d{Xd{`m ]mUmcm `mMr C[OrodH$m Mmcod`m`m >rZ{ Ka, YZ Ym` Jhm{[`m{Jr gmoh` `mMm
[wadR>m H$arV amhmd{.
hod`^wdm@Zwga{V oVm{V: gadVr_$&

O[{m oZ`Vmhmaod d{X` gohVm_$&&76&&
qH$dm hod`(JmBM{ XyY, X{d^mVmoX VUYm` ) AmM{ g{dZ H$arV gadVr`m
_wIm[mgyZ CJ_m[`V H$S>{H$S>{Z{ `mm H$amdr. qH$dm VrZ d{im d{Xm`m gohV{M{ A[mhmamda amhZ
[mamÙ H$amd{.
`{W{ dmhm`m CcQ> hUO{ gadVr ZXr`m _wIm[mgyZ CJ_m[`V MmcV Omd`mg
gmoJVc{ Amh{. hUO{ gadVrMm dmh _Zw_Vr`m H$mir ApVdmV hm{Vm. Vm{ AIS> dmhVm
hm{Vm. h{ [> hm{V{. gadVr hrA`V [od ZXr _mZcr OmV Ag{ `m_wi{ [m[e_ZmW h{ mòm
gmoJVc{ Amh{. gadVr hr _hm^maVH$mirM cw Pmcr hm{Vr. hUyZ oVcm odZeZ hUV AgV.
gadVr`m cw hm{`mMm hm H$mi ^yo_emk `yZmoV`yZ Xhm hOma dfmMm _mZVmV. H$mhtZr cw
hm{`mMm hm H$mi eH$[yd Vrg gh dfmMm _mZcm Amh{. _Zw_Vr`m H$mir gadVr ApVdmV
hm{Vr `md$Z _Zw_VrMm H$mi AmO`m E{oVhmogH$ H$[Z{Z{oh oZXmZ Xhm hOma df} _mJ{ OmVm{.
Am[`m YmaU{_mU{ Va Vm{ [wH$iM mMrZ Amh{.H$maU d{X hUyZM _m`Vm Agc{`m ]mU
JWmV _ZyMm C{I [Q>[U{ `{Vm{. _Zy O{ gmJVm{ V{ AmfYmgmaI{ ohVH$a AgV{. Ag{ V{W{ hQ>c{
Amh{._]mU`m{d}X: h{ dMZ Va ogM Amh{.
H$Vdm[Zm{ oZdg{XJ m _mV{ Jm{dO

@{ o[ dm$&
Aml_{ dj_yc{ dm Jm{]m
UohV{ aV:$&&77&&
_wS>Z H$$Z Hw$Q>rV amhmd`mM{ V{ JmdmM{ e{Omar, Jm`t`m H$i[mV, [od j{r,
PmS>m`m Imcr amhmd{. dom Jm{]mUmM{ ohV gmYyZ X{Umar Agmdr.
11 78
584 ]
_Zw_oV
]mUmW} JdmW} dm g: mUm[naÒ{V$ &

_w`V{ ]h`m`m Jm{m Jm{]m U` M$&&78&&
]mU dm Jm` `m`m gajUmgmR>r dV:`m mUmdaoh CXma hmd{.Jm{]mUmM{
ajU H$aUmam ]h`{[mgyZ _w$ hm{Vm{.
`da oVam{m dm gdd_doO` dm$&

od` Voo_m{ dm mUmcm^{@o[ _w`V{$&&79&&
]mUmM{ cwQ>c{c{ YZ, Mm{amer `w H$$Z [aV o_idmd{.([oh`md{ir gmYc{ Zmhr
Va) VrZ d{im gmj{[mZ{ `Z H$amd{V qH$dm cwQ>r`m Vw` dV:M{ YZ ]mUmg md{. `m_wi{oh
]h`{`m [mVH$m[mgyZ _w$Vm hm{V{.
Jm`r ]mU `m`m ajUmgmR>r mU J{cm Va `mZ{hr _w$Vm hm{V{.
Ed T>dV m{ oZ` ]Mmar g_mohV: $&

g_m{ mXe{ df} ]h`m `[m{hoV$&&80&&
Jmdm]mh{a Pm{[S>rV amhmd`mM{ V{ ]mamdf} [`V ]M`dVmZ{ amhmd{. ]hmmam`m
cm{H$mV gmoJV`m_mU{ gd dVmM{ T>V{Z{ [mcZ H{$`mg ]mam dfmZVa ]h`{`m [mVH$m[mgyZ
gwQ>H$m hm{V{.
oeQ>m dm ^yo_X{dmZm ZaX{dg_mJ_{$&

d_{Zm{@d^WZmVm{ h`_{Y{ od_w`V{$&&81&&
qH$dm A_{Y `km_`{ F$pdO ]mU AmoU Ò_mZ Agm amOm `mZm Am[c{
(]h`{M{) [mVH$ gmJyZ `m`mgh dV_mZ `m `kmVrc Ad^W ZmZ H$amd{. hUO{oh ]h`{M{
[m[ Xya hm{Bc.
Y_` ]mUm{ _yc_J amO` C`V{$&

V_mg_mJ_{ V{fm_{Zm{ od`m` ewX òV $&&82&&
]mU hm Y_mM{ _yi Amh{. AmoU amOm hm Y_mM{ oeIa Amh{. `m`m[wT>{ hmVyZ
KS>c{c{ [m[ `$ H{$c{ AgVm [mVH$s ew hm{Vm{.
]mU: g^d{Zd X{dmZm_o[ XdV_$&

_mU Md cm{H$` ]md oh H$maU_$&&83&&
]mU hm O_mZ{M "X{dmZmoh [y` Amh{' cm{H$mZm Y_emmodf`r Vm{M d{Xm_mU{
_mU Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 585 ]
11 87
V{fm d{XodXm{ ]`y

w `m{@`{Z: gwoZH$oV_$&
gm V{fm [mdZm` `m[od odXwfm oh dmH$$&&84&&
odmZ ]mUmVrc oVKmZr EImm [m[modf`r O{ mòm gmoJVc{ Ag{c V{ H{$`mZ{
[mVH$mMr ewo hm{V{. odmZmMr dmUr [od AgV{. d Vr [mdZ H$aV{.
AVm{@`V__mWm` odqY od: g_mohV:$&

]h`mH$V [m[ `[m{h`m_dm`m$&&85&&
da gmoJVc{`m mòmm[H$s H$m{UV{oh EH$ mòm emm{$arVrZ{ H$amd{ AmoU
eara_Z]wrM{ `Wm`m{` oZÙ H$$Z Am_dmZ hmd{. V{UH{ $$Z g_mYmZ [mdmd{.Aem arVrZ{ ]mU
]h`{`m [m[mVyZ _w$ hm{Vm{.
E$mhmam`m cm{H$m[mgyZ `m [MmE|er`m cm{H$m[`V ]h`{Mm Xm{f Zmhrgm
H$a`mgmR>r mòm{ hUyZ AZ{H$ Jm{>r gmoJV`m Amh{V.`mV H$mhr \$maM H$R>ma{ Amh{V CJ Amh{V,Va
H$mhr `m_mZmZ{ [wH$iM gm` Amh{V. H$mhr Va H{$di AmoWH$ XS>m`m d$[mMr Amh{V. hr Or
ododYVm Amh{ Vr h`m Hw$UmMr H{$cr, H$m{U`m H$maUmZ{ H{$cr, AmoU H$aUmamM{ d$[ H$m` `m
odMmamda Adc]yZ Amh{. oZ]Ym[wT>{ (H$m`m[wT>{) gJi{ gmaI{ hr g_V{Mr Km{fUm \$gdr Amh{.
`m_wi{ chmZghmZ A[amYr oZ]Ym`m H$MmQ>mV ghO[U{ gm[S>VmV. AmoU ]S>r Y|S>{ gwQ>yZ OmVmV.
H$maU `m ]S>mZm [wamd{ C^{ H$aU{,cmM X{U{ , dgm_`mgmR>r ]wo_mZ dmXHw$ec AmoU oZ]Y[Qy>
AoYd$m X{U{ ghO e` AgV{. BVaoh AZ{H$ H$mamZr `mZm `m`mc`mMr H$m`dmhr XrKH$mi[`V
cm]odVm `{V{. cQ>H$V R>{dVm `{V{. Y_emmMm odMma Agm dada g_V{Mm ZgVm{.V{ A[amYmM{
_y`_m[Z cmoH$H$ AmoU ZoVH$>rZ{ H$aV{. AmO`m oZ]YmVoh ]mV: EH$mM d$[m`m
A[amYmgmR>r oZaoZami{ oZH$f dm[$Z oej{M{ d$[ H$mhr _mUmV Var chmZ_m{R>{ hm{V{.
hdm J^_odkmV_{VX{d dV Ma{V$ &

amO`d`m M{OmZmdm{`r_{d M o`_$&&86&&
OmUrd[ydH $ J^[mV H$aU{, jo`mcm d`mcm R>ma _maU{, Am{`r (F$Vw_Vr) rMr
h`m H$aU{ `mgmR>roh [ydm}$ ]h`{gmR>r Agc{`mVrc mòm{ H$amdrV.(H$m{UV{oh EH$)
Cdm MdmZV gm`{ oV` Jw VWm$&

A[` M oZ:j{[ H$dm M rgwY_$&&87&&
Im{Q>r gmj X{U{, Jw$da Amj{[ K{U{, R>{d cw]mS>U{, r AmoU o_ `mMm dY H$aU{
hrhr [m[{ ]h`mVw` g_Omdr.
11 88
586 ]
_Zw_oV
B` odewooXVm _m`mH$m_Vm{ oO_$&

H$m_Vm{ ]mUdY{ oZH$oVZ odYr`V{$&&88&&
hr Or mòm{ gmoJVcr Amh{V Vr ZH$iV Pmc{`m ]dYmgmR>r Amh{V. `m{OZm[ydH $
H{$c{cr ]h`m `mcm Ia{ Va mòm Zmhr.
mòm ZgU{ h{ gm_m` mòm Zmhr `m AWmZ{ Amh{, _`wXS> dm `mgmaIr CJ
mòm{ ZmhrV Agm `mMm AW Zmhr. H{$di h`{`m gX^mV Zh{ Va gdM A[amYm`m gX^mV
`m{OZm[ydH$ Pmc{cm dm Am[mVV: KS>c{cm Agm ^{X H$$Z `m` X{U{ h{M `m`m`m emr` ^yo_H{$cm
Y$Z AgV{.
gwam [rdm oOm{ _m{hmXodUm gwam o[]{V$ &

V`m g H$m`{ oZXY{ _w`V{ oH$n]fmmV:$&&89&&
]mU _m{hmZ{ _ meZ H$arc Va `mZ{ MmJcr Vm[dc{cr (CH$iVr) Xm$
`mdr.CU Xm$Z{ `mM{ AJ Oic{ hUO{M Vm{ _meZm`m Xm{fmVyZ _w$ hm{Vm{.
Jm{_y _odU dm o[]{XXw H$_{d dm$&

[`m{ KV dm@@_aUmm{eH$g_{d dm$&&90&&
Jm{_y, [mUr, XyY, Vy[, Jm{_`mMm ag h{ V H$$Z _`y `{B[`V meZ H$amd{.
H$Umdm ^j`{XX o[`mH$ dm gH$ooe$&

gwam[mZm[Zw`W dmcdmgm OQ>r dOr$&&91&&
amr EH$d{i H$`m dm oVimMr [|S> ImD$Z amhmd{. (OmS>r âS>r) cm{H$arMr d{
[naYmZ H$amdr. OQ>m dmT>dm`m. _[r Ag`mM{ oMh YmaU H$amd{._`mM{ h{ mòm Amh{.
gwam d _c_mZm [m_m M _c_w`V{$&

V_mX]m UamO`m d` Z gwam o[]{V$ &&92&&
_ hm AmMm _i Amh{. _imcm [m[ hQ>c{ OmV{.hUyZ ]mU jo` d` `mZr
_mM{ meZ H$$ Z`{.
JmS>r [>r M _mdr M odk{`m oodYm gwam$&

`WdH $m VWm gdm Z [mV`m oOm{m_:$&&93&&
Jwim[mgyZ hm{Umar, o[R>m[mgyZ Pmc{cr, _Ym[mgyZ H{$c{cr Ag{ _mM{ VrZ H$ma
Amh{V. `mVrc H$m{UV{oh EH$ dm gd H$maMr _{ ]mUmZ{ _wirM o[D$ Z`{V.
_Zw_oV
[ 587 ]
11 100
`jaj:o[emMm _ _mg gwamgd_$&

VX]m U{Z Zmm` X{dmZm_Vm hod:$&&94&&
_, _mg AmoU \$cagm[mgyZ H{$c{cr Xm$ h{ `j amjg o[em `mMr A{ Amh{V.
hUyZ `kmMm gmX g{dZ H$aUm`m ]mUmZ{ `mM{ g{dZ H$$ Z`{.
_[mZ ]mUmgmR>r gdWd `m` BVamgmR>r Vm{ AmXe.
A_{`{ dm [V{_mm{ doXH$ dm`wXmha{V$ &

AH$m`_`Hw$`mm ]mUm{ _X_m{ohV: $&&95&&
_m`m YwXrVrc ]mU A[od WmZr [S>{c. d{Xm{maUoh H$arc dm A` XwH$`
AmMarc ( Va h{ A`m{` Amh{)
`` H$m`JV ] _{Zmcm`V{ gH$V$&

V` `[oV ]m` eyd M g JN>oV$&&96&&
]mU Xm `m`cmAgVm Vr Xm `m`m earamVrc d{Xmcm `m[V{ `m_wi{ `mM{
]m` Z> hm{V{. AmoU Vm{ eydmcm m hm{Vm{.
Efm odoMm@oôhVm gwam[mZ` oZH$oV:$&

AV D$d d`mo_ gwdUV{òZH$oV_$&&97&&
Aem arVrZ{ _[mZmMr ododY mòm{ gmoJVcr.AmVm `mZVa gwdUMm`mMr
mòm{ gmJVm{.
gwdUV{`H$om{ amOmZ_o^J` Vw$&

dH$_ `m[`Z ]`y m_m ^dmZZwempdoV$&&98&&
gm{Z{ Mm{aUm`m ]mUmZr amOmH$S>{ OmD$Z Am[cm A[amY gmJmdm.AmoU Am[U
_mP{ emgZ H$amd{ Ag{ hUmd{.
Jhrdm _wgc amOm gH$`mmw V d`_$&

dY{Z ewòV V{Zm{ ]mUV[gd Vw$&&99&&
amOmZ{ _wgi K{D$Z EH$Xm `mM{ VmS>Z H$amd{.(VmS>Z __u ]gyZ) _{cm Va ew hm{Vm{.
Eadr ]mU V[mZ{ ew hm{Vm{.
V[gm@[ZwZw gwVw gwdUV{Ò _c_$&

Mradmgm oOm{@a`{ Ma{X]
hUm{ dV_$&&100&&
11 100
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_Zw_oV
gwdU Mm`mM{ [m[ Xya H$a`mgmR>r dH$c{ Z{gyZ Aa`mV amhZ ]h`{H$naVm
gmoJVc{c{ V[ H$amd{.
EVdV a [m{h{ V{ [m[ V{`H$V oO:$&

JwrJ_Zr` Vw dVa o{ â[mZwXV{ $ &&101&&
`m C[m`mZr Mm{ar_wi{ oZ_mU Pmc{c{ [m[ Xya hm{V{. Jw[Zrer g^m{J H$a`mZ{ oZ_mU
Pmc{c{ [m[ [wT>rc C[m`mZr Zmhrg{ hm{V{.
JwVò^^m`ZV[{ d`mX`m{_`{$&
gy_v dcVt dmpc`{_`wZm g odewX òV$&&102&&
Jw$ `m [ZrV J_Z H$aUm`mZ{ Am[c{ [m[ JQ> H$$Z cm{IS >mMm OmS> [m Vm[dyZ
`mda oZOmd{. cm{IS>mMr cmQ> Vm[dyZ oVcm AmqcJZ md{. `mZ{ _V Pmcm AgVm Vm{ ew hm{Vm{.
d` dm oedfUmdwH$`mYm` MmOcm $&

ZF$ Vt oXe_moVR>X{ moZ[mVmXoOJ:$&&103&&
dV:M dV:M{ dfU d oe Vm{Sy>Z Am|OirV `md{. AmoU ZF$` oXe{Z{ gai
H$m{gi{[`V Mmcmd{. `mZ{oh Jw[ZrJ_ZmM{ [m[ Zmhrg{ hm{V{.
IQ>m r Mradmgm dm _lwcm{ odOZ{ dZ{$&

Om[` Ma{H$N>__{H$ g_mohV:$&&104&&
qH$dm oZOZ Aa`mV XmT>r OQ>m dmT>dyZ amhmd{. dH$c{ Z{gmdrV d ]mO{Mm Iya K{D$Z
dmdamd{. AmoU g_mYmZmZr (Z dVmJVm) EH$ df[`V mOm[` dV H$amd{.
MmmÙ dm r_mgmZ``{o`V{p`:$&
hod`{U `dmdm dm JwV[m[Zwm`{$&&105&&
qH$dm oOV|o` amhZ VrZ _hrZ{[`V MmmÙ dV H$amd{ qH$dm oZdmamoX VUYm`mMr
`dmJy ([mVi _D$ ^mV) meZ H$$Z(VrZ _hrZ{) amhmd{. `mZ{oh Jw[Zrg]YrM{ [m[ Xya hm{V{.
EVdV a [m{h`{ _w h m[mVoH$Zm{ _c_$&

C[[mVoH$Zd{d_{o^ZmZmodYdV:$&&106&&
Aer gmoJVc{cr mòm{ H$$Z _hm[mV`mZr Am[cr _crZVm Ywdmdr. C[[mVH$s
`$sZ{ ([wT>{ gmoJV`m_mU{) ZmZmH$maMr dV{ H$$Z [m[_w$ hmd{.
_Zw_oV
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C[[mVH$g`w $m{ Jm{Zm{ _mg `dmp[]{V$ &

H$Vdm[m{ dg{m{>{ M_Um V{Z gdV :$&&107&&
Jm{h`m H$aUmamZ{ EH$ _mg[`V VmXimMr H$h{ar meZ H$$Z amhmd{. _wS>Z H$amd{.
_mac{`m JmBM{ H$mVS>{ Z{gmd{. AmoU JmB`m Jm{R>mV amhmd{.
MVwWH $mc_r`mXjmacdU o_V_$&

Jm{_y U
{ mMa{ZmZ m _mgm oZ`V{p`:$&&108&&
Jm{h`{M{ [mVH$ H$aUmamZ{ Jm{_ymZ{ ZmZ H$amd{. oOV{p` amhZ Xm{Z_mg[`V `{H$
Mm`m ^m{OZm`m d{ir o_R>mdmMyZ A[ Amhma `mdm.
oXdmZwJN>{ mVmVw oV>y d aO: o[]{V$ &

ewloy fdm Z_H$` amm dramgZ dg{V$ &&109&&
qH$dm oXdgâ JmB`m_mJyZ qhS>md{.(Jm`r`m [mdcmZr) CS>mc{cr Yyi g{dZ H$amdr.
(Mmam[mUr X{D$Z) Jm`rMr g{dm H$amdr.oVcm Z_H$ma H$amdm. AmoU amâ dramgZmV ]gmd{.
oV>VrdZwoV>{ mw dOVrd`ZwdO
V{ $ &
AmgrZmgw VWmgrZm{ oZ`Vm{ drV_ga:$&&110&&
Bo`{ Amd$Z _m{H$`m _ZmZr Jm`r qhSy> cmJ`m H$s `m`m_mJyZ qhSy> cmJmd{.
`m Wm]`m H$s Am[U Wm]md{. `m ]g`m H$s dV:hr ]gmd{. `m oH$`mMm C]J _mZy Z`{.
AmVwam_oêVm dm Mma`mKmoXo^^`:
[oVVm [>cm dm gdm}[mòd_m{M`{V$ &&111&&
Jm` am{Jr AgVm Mm{a, dmK, B`mqX`m ^`mZ{ [rS>cr AgVm, Imcr [S>cr Va,
oMIcmV $Vcr Va, gd H$maM{ C[m` mU[UmZ{ H$$Z Jm`rcm `m Am[mrVyZ gm{S>dmd{.
CU{ dfoV erV{ dm _mV{ dmoV dm ê_$&

Z Hw$duVm_ZmU Jm{aH$dm Vw eo$V:$&&112&&
D$Z, [mD$g, WS>r, d{JmZ{ dmhUmam dmam `m`m[mgyZ Jm`rM{ gajU H$amd{. Vg{ Z
H$aVm dV:M{ EH$Q>mM{ ajU H$$ Z`{.
Am_Zm{ òX dm@`{fm Jh{ j{@{ Wdm Ic{$&

^j`Vt Z H$W`{p[]V Md dgH$_$&&113&&
Jm` dV:`m dm Xwg`m`m Kar, e{VmV qH$dm I`mda Ym`moX ImV Ag{c Va V{
Hw$Umg gmJy Z`{. Vg{M (_m{H$i{ gwQ>c{c{) dmg$ Jm`rg [rV Ag{c Va V{oh gmJy Z`{.
11 114
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_Zw_oV
AZ{Z odoYZm `Vw Jm{Zm{ Jm_ZwJN>oV$&

g Jm{h`mH$V [m[ oo^_mg `[m{hoV$&&114&&
`m arVrZ{ Jm{h`m H$aUmamZ{ 3 _ohZ{[`V Jm`rMr g{dm H$amdr. hUO{ Jm{h`{`m
[m[m[mgyZ _w$Vm hm{V{.
df^H$mXem Jm XmgwMnaVdV: $&

Aod_mZ{ gdd d{Xodm{ oZd{X`{V$ &&115&&
mòm{ H$$Z Pm`mda ew Pmc{`mZ{ EH$ gmS> d Xhm Jm`r XmZ H$am`m. V{ e`
Zg{c Va OdiM{ gd H$mhr d{Xd{`m ]mUmcm A[U H$amd{.
EVX{d dV Hw$`w [[mVoH$Zm{ oOm:$&

AdH$soUd` ewX `W MmÙ_Wmo[ dm $&&116&&
AdH$sUr gm{S>yZ (EH$e{drgm`m cm{H$mV doUcc
{ m) BVa C[[mV`mZr hrM mòm{
`mdrV. AWdm MmmÙ dV H$amd{.
AdH$sUu Vw H$mU{Z JX^Z{ MVw[W{$&

[mH$`kodYmZ{Z Ò{V oZF$qV oZoe$&&117&&
AdH$sUu Ag{c Va `mZ{ MhmQ>mda amr oZF$V X{dV{cm C{eyZ EH$ S>m{`m`m
JmT>dmMm `k H$amdm.
hdmm odoYdm{_VV g_{`Mm$&

dmV{JwdrZm Owh` mgo[fm@@hVr:$&&118&&
`Wm`m{àrVrZ{ (JmT>dm`m d[mXtMm) hm{_ H$$Z ZVa "g_mogmVw _V:' `m F$M{Z{
_VB]h[oV Ao `mZm C{eyZ KVm`m AmhoV m`m.
H$m_Vm{ a{Vg: g{H$ dVW` oO_Z:$&

AoVH$_ dV`mhY_ k
m ]dmoXZ:$&&119&&
Om{ ]M`ml_mV AgVmZm d{N>{Z{ ewH$mMm md H$arc Va `mZ{ dVoZ`_mM{ CKZ
H{$c{ (Vm{ AdH$sU Pmcm) Ag{ Y_emd{m{ hUVmV.
_mV [whV M Jw [mdH$_{d M$&

MVwam{ doVZm{@`{oV ]m V{Om{@dH$soUZ:$&&120&&
Aem AdH$sUuM{ ]mV{O _VBAo]h[oV `m MmKmV oeaV{.
_Zw_oV
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11 127
EVp_{Zog m{ dogdm JX^moOZ_$&

gmJmama{j
dH$_ [naH$sV`Z$&&121&&
]M`ml_mV a{VIcZ H{$`mg cmJc{c{ [m[ Zmhrg{ hm{`mgmR>r Am[c{ XwH$`
[JQ> H$amd{. JmT>dmM{ H$mVS>{ [mKamd{ AmoU gmV Ka{ o^jm _mJyZ OJmd{.
V{`m{ cY{Z ^jU

{ dV`{H$H$mocH$_$$&
C[[eo fdU dX{Z g odewoV$&&122&&
o^jm _mJyZ AmUc{`m AmVyZ EH$M d{im ^m{OZ H$amd{. gH$mi, Xw[ma, g`mH$mi
Ag{ oH$miZmZ H$amd{. Aem arVrZ{ EH$ df[`V dVW amhmd{.
OmoVê
H$a H$_ H$dm`V_o_N>`m$&
Ma{gmV[Z H$N> mOm[`_oZN>`m$&&123&&
OmoVê
H$aUmar Or H$`{ Amh{V `mVrc OmUyZ ]wOZy H{$c{`m [m[mgmR>r "" gmV[Z
H$N >'' H$amd{. ZH$iV Pmc{`m [mVH$mgmR>r mOm[`dV H$amd{.
gH$am[mH$`mgw _mg em{YZ_Xd:$&

_ocZrH$aUr`{fw V: `mmdH$`h_$&&124&&
gH$arH$aU AmoU A[mrH$aU `mVrc EImX{ [mVH$ KS>`mg `mZ{ EH$ _ohZm[`V
MmmÙ dV H$amd{. _ocZrH$aU JQ>mVrc [m[{ KS>`mg `mZ{ VrZ oXdg[`V OdmMr H$h{ar ImD$Z
amhmd{.
Vwar`m{ ]h`m`m: jo`` dY{ _V:$&

d`{@>_mem{ dmW{ ey{ k{`Vw fm{S>e:$&&125&&
jo`mMm dY H{$`mg ]h`{`m EH$MVwWme hUO{ VrZ df}[`V mòm H$amd{.
d`dYmgmR>r EH$A>_me hUO{ XrS> df d eydYmodf`r EH$gm{ime hUO{ ZD$ _ohZ{ mòm
H$amd{.
AH$m_VVw amO` odoZ[m` oOm{m_:$&

df^H$ghm Jm XmgwMnaVdV:$&&126&&
AkmZmZ{ jo`mMm dY Pm`mg ( `WmodYr mòm H$$Z ) gXmMaUmZ{ amhZ EH$
]c d hOma Jm`tM{ XmZ H$amd{.
`X Ma{m oZ`Vm{ OQ>r ]hUm{ dV_$&

dgXyaVa{ Jm_mj_ycoZH{$VZ:$&&127&&
11 127
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_Zw_oV
qH$dm VrZ df}[`V OQ>m dmT>dZy Jmdm[mgyZ Xya H$m{R>V{ ar PmS>mImcr amhZ ]h`{gmR>r
gmoJVc{cr dV{ H$amdrV.
EVX{d Ma{XX mòm oOm{m_:$&

_m` d` dmW XmH$eV Jdm_$&&128&&
d`dYmgmR>r ]mUmZ{ Ag{ dV EH$ df}[`V H$amd{. qH$dm 101 Jm`r XmZ H$am`m.
EVX{d dV H$Z f_mgmZ eyhm Ma{V$ &

df^H$mXem dmo[ Xmom` Jm: ogVm:$&&129&&
eydYmgmR>r ghm_ohZ{[`V Ag{M dV AmMamd{. AmoU [mT>`m aJmMm EH$ ]c d
VemM aJm`m Xhm Jm`r XmZ H$am`m.
_mOaZHw$cm hdm Mmf _Sy>H$_{d M$&

Jm{Ym{cHy $H$mH$m eyh`mdV Ma{V$ &&130&&
_mOa, _wJyg, Mmg[jr, ]{Sy>H$, Hw$m, Km{a[S>, Kw]S>, H$mdim `mVyZ Hw$Um EH$mcm
R>ma H{$c{ Va ghm_mg MmmÙ dV H$amd{.
[`: o[]{oam dm `m{OZ dm@dZm{ dOV{ $ &

C[[`{d`m dm gy$ dmXdV O[{V$ &&131&&
qH$dm VrZ oXdg XyY o[D$Z amhmd{. qH$dm VrZ oXdg oVoXZr Mma Mma H$m{g Mmcmd{.
qH$dm VrZ oXdg ZXrV ZmZ H$amd{. qH$dm VrZ oXdg[`V "Am[{oh>m' `m gy$mMm O[ H$amdm.
Aq^ H$mUm`gt Xmg[ hdm oOm{m_:$&

[cmc^maH$ fT>{ ggH$ MH$_mfH$_$&&132&&
gm[mMr h`m Pm`mg cm{IS >mMr Hw$Xi XmZ H$amdr. Z[gw H$mcm R>ma H{$c{ Va H$S>`mMr
_m{R>r [|S>r d EH$ _mgm oeg{ XmZ H$amd{.
KVHw$^> damh{ Vw oVcm{U Vw oVomam$&

ewH${ ohm`Z dg H$mm hdm ohm`Z_$&&133&&
Sw>H$amcm _mac{ Va Vw[mMm Hw$^ mdm. oVoma [jmcm _mac{ Va gm{im e{a Vri md{V.
[m{[Q> _macm Va Xm{Z dfmM{ Jm`rM{ dmg$ AmoU H$mM [jr _ma`mg VrZ dfmM{ Jm`rM{ dmg$ XmZ
md{.
hdm hg ]cmH$m M ]H$ ]ohU_{d M$&

dmZa `{Z_mgm M [e`X{ ] m Um` Jm_$&&134&&
_Zw_oV
[ 593 ]
11 141
hg ]Jim _m{a dmZa ggmUm ^mg[jr `mVyZ Hw$UmMr h`m KS>`mg ]mUmcm EH$
Jm` XmZ mdr.
dmgm{ Xm` hdm [m ZrcmdfmJO_$&

AO_{fmdZSdmh Ia hdH$hm`Z_$&&135&&
Km{S>m _macm Va dmM{ XmZ H$amd{. hmr _macm Va [mM ZrcdU ]c md{V. ]m{H$S>
qH$dm _|T>m _macm Va EH$m ]cmM{ XmZ H$amd{. JmT>dmcm _ma`mg EH$ dfmM{ dmg md{.
H$`mXmVw _Jmhdm Y{Zw Xm[`pdZr_$&

AH$`mXmdgVar_w> hdm Vw H$Uc_$&&136&&
_mg^jH$ [eyZ m _ma`mg XwYmi Jm`tM{ XmZ H$amd{. VU^jH$ [eyM
r h`m Pm`mg
_m{R>m H$mcdS>rM{ XmZ H$amd{. CQ> _ma`mg EH$ JwO gm{Z{ XmZ md{.
OrZH$m_wH$]Vrdr[WXmoew`{$&
MVwUm_o[ dUmZm Zmarhdm@ZdpWVm:$&&137&&
Mmar dUmVrc H$m{`mhr EH$m ò^MmnaUrMr h`m H{$`mg H$mVS>{ YZw` ]m{H$S> _|T>m
`mM{ XmZ H$amd{.
XmZ{Z dYoZU}H$ g[mXrZm_eZwdZ$&

EH$H$ea{H$N> oO: [m[m[Zwm`{$&&138&&
g[mXtMr h`m Pm`mda emm{$ arVrM{ XmZ X{U{ Ae` Ag{c Va EH{$H$m h`{gmR>r
"" mOm[` H$N>' H$amd{.
ApW_Vm Vw gdmZm gh` _m[U{$&

[yU} MmZ`ZZm Vw eyh`mdV Ma{V$ &&139&&
ApW`w$ dm ApWaohV Aem jw OrdmMr h`m [wH$i _mUmV H{$cr Va ZD$
_oh`mM{ dV [mimd{.
qH$oMX{d Vw odm` XmXpW_Vm dY{$&

AZZm Md qhgm`m mUm`m_{Z ewX òV$&&140&&
ApW`w$ jwOrdm`m h`{gmR>r ]mUmcm H$mhrVar Wm{S>{g{ md{. AmoU hmS>{
Zgc{`m jwOrdmMr h`m Pm`mg mUm`m_ H$amdm.`mZ{ ewVm `{V{.
\$cXmZm Vw djmUm N>X{ Z{ O`_H$ eV_$&

Jw_drcVmZm M [wp[VmZm M drYm_$&&141&&
11 141
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_Zw_oV
\$i{ X{Uma{ _m{R>{ dj, Jw_ d{cr, \$i{ X{Um`m d{cr `mM{ N>{XZmoX H{$c{ Ag`mg
eâ F$MmMm O[ H$amdm.
AmOmZm gdmZm agOmZm M gde:$&

\$c[w[m{dmZm M KVmem{ odem{YZ_$&&142&&
A, JwimgmaI{ [XmW, \$i{ `mV C[ hm{Um`m H$_rH$sQ>H$m`m h`{gmR>r KVmM{
AmM_Z H$amd{.
H$>OmZm_m{fYrZm OmVmZm M d` dZ{$&

dWmc^{@ZwJN>J{ m oXZ_{H$ [`m{dV :$&&143&&
e{VrVrc [rH$ dm C[`w$ dZmfoY `mZm H$maUmdmMyZ Vm{S>`mg EH$ oXdg XwYmda
amhmd{. AmoU Jm`rMr amIU H$amdr.
EVdV a [m{ `mX{Zm{ qhgmg_wd_$&

kmZmkmZH$V H$Z lUVw mZm^jU{$&&144&&
H$iV Z H$iV KS>c{`m qhg{gmR>r [ydu C{oI`m_mU{ dV{ H$amdrV. AmVm qZ
[XmWmM{ ^jU H{$`mg H$m` H$amd{ V{ E{H$m.
AcrH$S>{ oZaoZam`m m`mM{gmR>r A^`ma`{ oZ_mU H{$cr OmVmV. moUemk
gm[mcmoh _m Z`{ hUVmV. _ZyZ{ `m gd h`{cm [mVH{$ _mZyZ `mgmR>r mòm{ gmoJVcr Amh{V.
`m_wi{ oZgJmMm Vm{c d^mdV: oQ>Hy$Z amhVm{.
AkmZmmUt [rdm gH$ma{Ud ewX òV$&

_oV[yd_ oZ}` mUmpVH$o_oV pWoV:$&&145&&
ZH$iV XmM{ meZ KS>`mg [wZ: gH$ma H$amdm. (C[Z`Z) AmoU OmUrd[ydH$
_ meZ H{$`mg _`ydmMyZ Or mòm{ gmoJVcr Amh{V. (`mUdm`m cm{H$m_mU{) Vr H$amdrV.
Ag{ em Amh{.
A[: gwam^mOZWm _^mS>pWVmVWm$&

[mam o[]{[rdm e[w[rlV [`:$&&146&&
Xm`m ^mS>mV R>{dc{c{ dm XmMm dmg `{Uma{ [mUr o[`mV Am`mg [mM oXdg
eI[w[r dZ[VrZ{ ew H{$c{c{ Ag{ XyY `md{.
[Q>m Xdm M _oXam odoYdoVJ M $&

eym{pN>>m [rdm@@[: Hw$edmna o[]{`h_$&&147&&
_Zw_oV
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_mcm [e H{$cm,_ Hw$Umcm oXc{, _mMm drH$ma H{$`mg, eymZ{ o[D$Z Cac{c{
[mUr meZ H{$c{ Va `mgmR>r VrZ oXdg X^mM{ [mUr `md{.
]mUVw gwam[` JY_mKm` gm{_[:$&

mUmZgw oam`` KV m` odewòV$&&148&&
AJXr gm{_`mJ H{$c{cm ]mU Agcm Var `mZ{ Oa _`m`m _wImMm dmg K{Vcm
Var `mZ{ [m`mV >C^{ amhZ VrZ d{im mUm`m_ H$amdm. AmoU KV meZ H$amd{ hUO{ ew hm{Vm{.
AkmZmm` od_y gwamg[Q>_ d{ M $&

[wZ: gH$ma_hpV `m{ dUm oOmV`:$&&149&&
Z H$iV od>m _y Im`mV Amc{, dm XmMm [e Pmc{c{ A ^jU H{$c{ Va `m
Xm{fm`m ZmemgmR>r doUH$mM{ [wZ: C[Z`Z H$amd{.
od>m ^jU _ymeZ (ode{fV: dV:M{) Ag{ H$aU{ hr H$mhrZr gmYZm hUyZ
gmoJVcr Amh{. `m_wi{ H$XmoMV cm{H$mZm cw^modUm`m ^wcodUm`m jwogr o_iV AgVrc [U
[a_mWm`m, A`m_m`m >rZ{ Vr _m{R>r odH$Vr Amh{. V{ [mVH$ Va Amh{M Amh{.
d[Z _{Icm XS>m{ ^`M`m dVmoZ M$&

oZdVV{ oOmVrZm [wZ:gH$maH$_oU$&&150&&
_m `m C[Z`ZmM{ d{ir _wS>Z, _mOr]YZ,XS>YmaU,o^jm _mJU{, dm ]Mm`mgmR>r
gmoJVc{cr BVa dV{ AmMaUmV AmUmd`mMr ZgVmV.
A^m{`mZm Vw ^wdm@ reym{pN>>_d{ M $&

Odm _mg_^` M gam `dmp[]{V$ &&151&&
`mM{ A ImD$ Z`{ `mM{ A Im{, o`m d eymM{ CpN>> ^jU H{$c{, A[od
Ag{ (A^`) _mg Im`mV Amc{ Va gmV oXdg[`V OdmMr H$h{ar o[D$Z amhmd{.
`kmVrc _mg [od _mZc{ OmV{. `mMm C[`m{J `kmH$naVm H{$cm Zmhr V{ _mg A[od,
Im`mg A`m{`.
ew$moZ M H$fm`m [rdm _{`mò[ oO:$&

Vmdd``Vm{ `mdm dO`Y:$&&152&&
Am]dc{cr `{, H$mhr H$mT>{ h{ Oar [od Agc{ Var `mM{ meZ H{$`mda `mM{
[MZ hm{B[`V Vr ò$ "A`V' hUO{ dadVZ H$aUm`m_mU{ Aew _mZcr OmV{.
11 153
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_Zw_oV
odSamhIam{>mUm Jm{_m`m{: H$o[H$mH$`m{: $&

m` _y[warfmoU oOmmÙ Ma{V$ &&153&&
Sw>$a,JmT>d, CQ>, H$m{hm, dmZa, H$mdim `mMr od>m dm _y Im`mV Amc{ Va `mZ{
MmmÙ dV H$amd{.
dm__mJu VmoH$mV Ag{ H$mhr H$ma AgVmV Ag{ E{H$Vm{.
ewH$moU ^wdm _mgmoZ ^m_moZ H$dH$moZ M $&

AkmV Md gyZmW_{VX{d dV Ma{V$ &&154&&
dmic{c{ _mg, ^y_rV CJdc{cr N>mH{$, (Ami]r qH$dm Hw$`m`m N>`m)AmoU _V
[eyM{ _mg (gyZmW) H$m{U`moh [eyM{ Agc{ Var h{ Im`mV Am`mg h{M MmmÙdV H$amd{.
H$`mXgyH$am{>mUm Hw$w$Q>mZm M ^jU{$&

ZaH$mH$IamUm M VH$N> odem{YZ_$&&155&&
qh [eyM{ _mg qH$dm Sw>$a, CQ>, H$m|]S>m, _Zw`, H$mdim, JmT>d `mM{ _mg Im`mV
Amc{ Va "V H$N>' ZmdmM{ mòm H$amd{.
_mogH$m Vw `m{@r`mXg_mdVH$m{ oO:$&

g r`hm`w[dg{XH{ $mh Mm{XH{$ dg{V$ &&156&&
Om{ ]Mmar _mogH$ lmmM{ A ImBc `mZ{ VrZ oXdg C[dmg H$amdm. AmoU
`mVrc EH$ oXdg [m`mV C^{ amhmd{.
dVMmar Vw `m{@r`m_Yw _mg H$WMZ$&

g H$dm mH$V H$N> dVe{f g_m[`{V$ &&157&&
]Mmar H$m{U`moh H$maUmZ{ _ qH$dm _mg ^jU H$arc Va mOm[`H$N> mòm
hUyZ H$amd{. AmoU _J ]M` dVmMm Cac{cm H$mi g`_mZ{ amhmd{.
o]S>mcH$mH$mIypN>> Odm ZHw$c` M $&

H{$eH$sQ>md[ M o[]{X]
gwdMcm_$&&158&&
_mOa, H$mdim, CXra, Hw$m, _wJyg `mVrc Hw$UmM{oh Vm|S> cmJc{c{ [XmW Im`mV
Amc{ Va "]gwdMcm' Zmdm`m AmfYrZ{ og H{$c{c{ [mUr `md{.
]gwdMcm hUO{ Jm{I. H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr [mT>`m \w$cmMr gyò`m (gy`\y$c?)
Agm AW H{$cm Amh{.
_Zw_oV
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11 165
A^m{`_ Zmm`_m_Z: ewoo_N>Vm$&

AkmZ^w$ Vymm` em{{ ` dm`mew em{YZ:$&&159&&
dV: ew amhmd{. [od amhmd{. Aer BN>m AgUmamZ{ H$Yroh oZof A ImD$
Z`{. MwHy$Z Im`mV Am`mg Am{Hy$Z Q>mH$md{. AmoU mòm H$amd{.
Efm{@ZmmXZ`m{$m{ dVmZm ododYm{ odoY:$&

V{`Xm{fm[hVU
m dVmZm ly`Vm odoY:$&&160&&
oZof [XmW A[od [XmW Im`mV Am`mg H$m{UVr mòm{ H$amdrV `mM{ ododY
H$ma gmoJVc{ . AmVm Mm{ar `m [mVH$m`m oZagZmW mòmmM{ H$ma ldU H$am.
Ym`mYZMm`moU H$dm H$m_mXnOm{m_:$&

dOmVr`JhmX{d H$N>mX{Z odewòV$&&161&&
]mU Am[`mM OmVr`m KamVyZ Ym`, A, YZ Mm{arc Va EH$ dfm[`V mOm[`
H$N> H$amd{. hUO{ ew hm{Vm{.
_Zw`mUm Vw haU{ rUm j{Jh` M $&

Hy$[dm[rOcmZm M ewommÙ _V_$&&162&&
_Zw`,o`m,e{V, Ka `mM{ haU H{$`mg dm chmZ_m{R>m odoharVrc [mUr Mm{ac{ Va
MmmÙdV H$amd{. `m_wi{ ewVm `{V{.
`mUm_[gmamUm V{` H$dm@`d{_oZ$&

Ma{gmV[Z H$N> Vo`m`m_ew`{$&&163&&
A[_y`mMr `{ Mm{acr AgVm _yi Y`mcm Vr `{ [aV H$$Z [m[_w$sgmR>r
gmV[ZdV H$amd{.
^`^m{`m[haU{ `mZe`mgZ` M $&

[w[_yc\$cmZm M [mJ` odem{YZ_$&&164&&
Im[XmW, dmhZ{, AWU{, AmgZ{, \w c{, _wi{, \$i{ `m`m Mm{argmR>r [MJ`
`md{.
VUH$m>_x mUm M ewH$m` JwS>` M$&

M{cM_mo_fmUm M oam `mX^m{OZ_$&&165&&
JdV, cmH$S>{, PmS>{, Ym`{, `mM{ [rR>, Jyi,H$[S>{, H$mVS>{, _mg `mVyZ H$m{UV{oh
Mm{ac{ Var VrZ oXdg C[dmg H$amdm.
11 166
598 ]
_Zw_oV
_oU_w$mdmcmZm Vm_` aOV` M $&

A`:H$m`m{[cmZm M mXemh H$UmVm$&&166&&
aZ{ _m{Vr, [m{di{, Vm]{, MmXr, cm{IS>, H$mg{, XJS> `m`m Mm{argmR>r ewo hUyZ
]mam oXdg[`V H$`m oeOdyZ Im`mV.
H$m[mgH$sQ>Om{UmZm oe\$H$Iwa` M $&

[ojJYmfYrZm M admd `h [`:$&&167&&
H$m[yg, a{er_, cm{H$a, `mMr d{, JmB, Km{S>{, [jr, gwJYr `{, AmoU Xm{aIS>{
`m`m Mm{arM{ [m[ Z> hm{`mgmR>r VrZ oXdg XwYmda amhmd{.
`m`mH$S>{ Mm{ar H{$cr `mcm `mM{ Mm{ac{c{ ` AmYr [aV H$amd`mM{ qH$dm
A`$[mZ{ `mMr [yU[U{ â[mB H$$Z md`mMr Amh{. AmoU _JM mòm `md`mM{ Amh{. AmoU
hr Jm{> `$sM{ gXmMaU amIU{ d gKf C[ hm{D$ Z X{U{ `mgmR>r A`V _hdmMr Amh{.
EVdVa[m{h{V [m[ V{`H$V oO:$&

AJ`mJ_Zr` Vw dVa o{ â[mZwXV{ $ &&168&&
Mm{ar`m [m[mH$naVm H$amdr cmJUmar mòm{ AmVm[`V gmoJVcr. oOmZr
(doUH$mZr) Am[c{ Xm{f `m mòmmZ{ `Wm`m{àrVrZ{ Xya H$amd{. AmVm `m rer cqJH$ g]Y
R>{dU{ qZ Amh{, `m` Amh{ oV`mer Vg{ g]Y R>{d`mg H$m` H$amd{ V{ gmJVm{.
JwV[dV Hw$`mV{ : ogdm d`m{oZfw $&

g`w: [w` M rfw Hw$_mardÒmgw M $&&169&&
gIr ]hrU,o_mMr [Zr, AoddmohV r, AmoU AÒ OmVrMr r `m`mer
_WwZH$` KS>`mg Jw[ZrJ_ZmM{ mòm H$amd{.
[V dg{`t ôJZt dr`m _mVwad{ M $&

_mVw ^mVwam` Jdm MmmÙ Ma{V$ &&170&&
AmV{ ]hrU,_mdg]hrU, _m_{]hrU `m`mer _WwZ KS>{c Va MmmÙ dV H$amd{.
EVmpVVw ^m`mW} Zm{[`N>{ mw ]wo_mZ$&

kmoVd{ZmZw[`{ mVm: [VoV x[`Y:$&&171&&
darc cm{H$mV gmoJVc{`m oVhr H$ma`m ]hrUt]am{]a OmU`m [wfmZ{ oddmh
H$$ Z`{V. H$maU `mM{ oR>H$mUr O_V:M Amd Ag`mZ{ `m (_WwZmg A`m{`)AJ` Amh{V.
Oa Hw$Ur Vg{ H$a{c Va Vm{ [oVV hm{Bc.
_Zw_oV
[ 599 ]
11 178
A_mZwfrfw [wf CX`m`m_`m{oZfw$&

a{V: ogdm Oc{ Md H$N> gmV[Z Ma{V$ &&172&&
[ewOmVrVrc o`m, aOdcm r, drMroh `m{ZròVna$ BVa AJ{ [mUr `m`m
oR>H$mUr Oa Hw$Ur [wf ewH$[mV H$arc Va `mZ{ gmV[ZdV H$amd{.
_WZw Vw g_mg{` [wo g `m{ofoV dm oO:$&

Jm{`mZ{@gw oXdm Md gdmgm: ZmZ_mMa{V$ &&173&&
JwX_WwZ H$aUm`mZ{, oXdgm rJ_Z H$aUm`mZ{,JmS>rV, Zmd{V _WwZ H$aUm`mZ{
gd dmgh ZmZ H$amd{.
Aer H$`{ H$aUma{ ZamY_ AmT>iVmV. _Zy gdk IamM.
MS>mcmò`m{ Jdm ^wdm M oVJ M $&

[V`kmZVm{ odm{ kmZmgm` Vw JN>oV$&&174&&
]mU Z{UV{[Ur MmS>mc r, c|N> r, `m`mer _WwZ H$arc,`mM{ A ImBc,
`mM{H$Sy>Z XmZ K{Bc, Va Vm{ [oVV hm{Vm{. `mM Jm{>r Vm{ OmUrd[ydH$ H$arc Va Vm{ dV: MmS>mc
hm{Vm{.
odXw>m o` ^Vm oZ`mX{H$d{_oZ $&

`[wg
: [aXma{fw VZm Mma`{Xd V _$&&175&&
d{N>{Z{ ò^Mma H$aUm`m rg H$m|Sy>Z R>{dmd{. AmoU [wfmcm ò^MmamgmR>r O{
[mVH$ gmoJVc{ Amh{. V{M oV`mH$Sy>Z H$adyZ `md{.
gm M{[wZ: Xw`{mw ge{Zm{[_pVm$&

H$N> MmmÙ Md VX`m: [mdZ _V_$&&176&&
Hw$Ur \y$g cmdyZ `m rH$Sy>Z [wZ: ò^Mma KS>drc Va mOm[` H$N> AmoU
MmmÙ dV `m rH$Sy>Z H$admd{. hr dV{ `m rcm [mdZ H$aUmar Amh{V.
`H$am{`{H$am{U dfcrg{dZmXnO:$&
Vj^wO[o` oo^df `[m{hoV$&&177&&
doUH$ EH$M am eyrer J_Z H$$Z O{ [m[ H$aVm{, `m`m ZmemgmR>r , VrZ
df}[`V oVoXZr o^j{M{ A ImD Z O[ H{$`mZ{ `m [m[mMm Zme hm{Vm{.
Efm [m[H$Vm_w$m MVwUm_o[ oZH$oV:$&

[oVV: g`w$mZmo__m: lwUVw oZH$Vr:$&&178&&
11 178
600 ]
_Zw_oV
Aem arVrZr Mma H$ma`m [m[mMr m`pMm{ gmoJVcr. AmVm [oVVmer g[H$
R>{d`mZ{ hm{Um`m [mVH$mMr mòm{ gmJVm{ E{H$m.
gdga{U [VoV [oVV{Z ghmMaZ$&

`mOZm`m[ZmmZm Vw `mZmgZmeZmV$&&179&&
`m{ `{Z [oVV{Zf m ggJ `moV _mZd:$&
g V`d dV Hw$`mmggJodew`{$&&180&&
[oVVmgh EH$ dfm[`V `mZ, AmgZ, ^m{OZ, Agm g[H$ Amcm Va Vm{ g[H$ R>{dUmam
[oVV hm{Vm{. [U [oVVmM{ `k H{$c{, `mcm oeH$odc{ qH$dm oddmhmoX g]Y H{$c{ Va Agm _Zw`
VH$mi [oVV hm{Vm{.
[m`mgh g]Y R>{dUmamZ{ `m [mV`mcm gmoJVc{`m mòmm`m (H$mcQ>m)
VrZMVwWme mòm H$amd{.
[oVV`m{XH$ H$m` go[S>] mYd]o h:$&

oZpXV{@hoZ gm`m{ km`pdJwgoZYm$&&181&&
[oVVm`m gq[S> ]mYdmZr qZ oXder Jmdm]mh{a OmD$Z dOmVrVrc cm{H$,[wam{ohV,
Jw `m`mgmjrZ{ [wT>rc cm{H$mV gmoJV`m_mU{ OcH$_ H$amd{.
Xmgr KQ>_[m [yU [``{{Vd[Xm$&

Ahm{am_w[mgraemM ]mYd: gh$&&182&&
XmgrH$Sy>Z [m`mZ{ âc{cm KQ> AmUdmdm. Vm{ XojU{H$S>{ Vm|S> H$$Z Oo_Zrda R>{dmdm
AmoU Vm{ [m`mZ{ cdSy>Z mdm. VXZVa gq[S> ]mYdmZr EH$ Ahm{am AemM [mimd{.
oZdV}a
V_mmw g^mfUghmgZ{$&
Xm`m` XmZ M `mm Md oh cmoH$H$s$&&183&&
`mZVa `m [oVVmer g^mfU, EH$mgZmda ]gU{, EH$m [$scm O{dU{, YZ X{U{ h{
gd cmoH$H$ `dhma `m` g_Omd{V.
`{>Vm M oZdV}V `{>mdm` M `gw &

`{>me
mZw`mm` `dr`mJwUVm{@oYH$:$&&184&&
[oVVmcm `m`m ^mdm_`{ `{> hUyZ o_iUma{ gd AoYH$ma CaV ZmhrV.`{>mM{
V{ gd Ae [oVV Zgc{`m YmH$Q>m ^mdmg m hm{VmV.
_Zw_oV
[ 601 ]
11 190
EH$e{E`mE|er`mcm{H$m[mgyZ gmoJVc{c{ h{ gd H$ma [oVV dV: mòm K{`mg

og Zg{c V{hm H$amd`mM{ Amh{V.
mòm{ Vw MnaV{ [yUH $w ^_[m Zd_$&

V{Zd gmY m`{`:w Zmdm [w`{ Ocme`{$&&185&&
[oVVmZ{ `m{` V{ mòm K{V`mda `m`m ]mYdmZr [od VrWmV ZmZ H$amd{
AmoU ZdrZ Hw$^ [m`mZ{ ^$Z Vm{ [m`mZ{ CcWdmdm, mòm K{Vc{`mZr Vm{ KQ> Ocm_`{ odgoOV
H$amdm. AmoU dV:`m Kar OmD$Z [ydu_mU{ kmoVg]Y R>{dmd{V.
g dgw V KQ> m` od` ^dZ dH$_$&

gdmoU kmoVH$m`moU `Wm[yd g_mMa{V$ &&186&&
EV_{d odqY Hw$`mm{ofgw [oVVmdo[$&
dm[mZ X{` Vw dg{`
w JhmpVH{$$&&187&&
[oVV rgmR>r h{M mòm H$amd{. ZVa oVcm Kam`m Odi amh`mg WmZ X{D$Z
oVMr Ad[mZmMr gm{` H$amdr.
EZodoâoZoU$ ZmW qH$oMghmMa{V$ &

H$VoZU}OZmd Z OwJw g{V H$ohoMV$&&188&&
mòm K{D$Z ew hm{B[`V [mV`mer `m`m ]mYdmZr H$m{UVmoh g]Y R>{dy Z`{.
AmoU Vm{ mòm K{D$Z ew Pm`mda Hw$Uroh `mM{odf`r oVaH$ma qZXm h{ ^md ]miJy Z`{V.
]mcZm H$VZm odewmZo[ Y_V:$&

eaUmJVhV
rhV
Z gdg{V$ &&189&&
]mch`m H$aUma{, C[H$ma H$aUm`mda CcQ>Uma{, eaUmJVmcm R>ma _maUma{, rdY
H$aUma{ h{ mòm K{D$Z ew Pmc{ Var g_mOmZ{ (OmoV]mYdmZr) `m`mer g]Y R>{dy Z`{V.
eaUmJVmcm R>ma _m$ Z`{, `mcm A^` md{ hm oZ`_ am>mM{ O{ ey Amh{V
`m`mg]YmV [mi`mgmR>r Zmhr. dò$H$ d$[mM{ da Ag{c `m d{i{[waVm hm oZ`_ Amh{. Vg{M
eaUmJVmcm A^` md{ hm oZ`_ gmO` AmXm` `m>rZ{ dada CoMV dmQ>cm Var am>ohV cjmV
R>{dyZ `mMm C[`m{J H{$cm [mohO{. Ag{ Z H{$`mg [dramO MmhmZ _mU{ XwXem hm{V{.
`{fm oOmZm gmodr ZmZy`{V `WmodoY$&

Vmmao`dm rH$N>m`Wmod`w[Zm``{V$ &&190&&
11 190
602 ]
_Zw_oV
`m doUH$mMm `m{àrVrZ{ C[Z`Z gH$ma Pmcm Zmhr `mMH{ $Sy>Z W_ VrZ mOm[`
H$N>{ H$amdrV. ZVa `mM{ `WmodYr C[Z`Z H$amd{.
mòm oMH$sfpV odH$_WmVw `{ oOm:$&

]mUm M [na`$mV{fm_`{VXmoXe{V$ &&191&&
oZof H$_} H$aUma{ d{Xm``Zm[mgyZ Xwamdc{c{ Ag{ O{ doUH$, `mZm mòm H$amd{g{
dmQ>c{ Va `m`mgmR>rnh darc VrZ mOm[`mMm AmX{e Amh{. Ag{ g_Omd{.
òhVZ{ mO`pV H$_Um ]mUm YZ_$&

V`m{gJ}U ewpV O`{Z V[gd M $&&192&&
oZof _mJmZr YZ o_iodc{`m ]mUmZr `m YZmMm `mJ H$$Z O[ AmoU V[
`m`m `m{JmZ{ ew hmd{.
H$m{U`mhr arVrZ{ YZ o_iod`mMr _m{H$irH$ ]mUmcmoh Zmhr.
Oo[dm roU gmod`m: ghmoU g_mohV:$&

_mg Jm{>{ [`: [rdm _w`V{@goVJhmV$&&193&&
EH$ _mg [`V XwYmhmamda Jm{R>mV amhZ Jm`rMm VrZ gh O[ H$amdm.hUO{
`m`mH$Sy>Z XmZ K{D$ Z`{,`m`mH$Sy>Z XmZ K{`m`m Xm{fmVyZ _w$Vm hm{V{.
`{W{ VrZ gh O[g`{odf`r Q>rH$mH$mamZr _V^{X dm odH$[ C[pWV H{$cm Amh{.
O[g`m oVoXZr VrZ gh H$s EH$m _mgmV VrZ gh hm Vm{ odH$[. EH$ gh Jm`r _m`m
O[mcm gm_m`V: XrS> Vmg cmJVm{. oXdgmH$mR>r mòm hUyZ MmS>{Mma Vmg O[ H$aU{ hr H$mhr
\$ma AdKS> Jm{> Zmhr. EH$e{AmR> O[ Va am{O`m g`{V H$aUma{ AZ{H$ cm{H$ Amh{V. mòmmgmR>rhr
V{dT>rM g`m JhrV YaU{ h{ gdS>em Pmc{. oVoXZ VrZ gh EH$ _mg[`V h{M g`mZ `m{`
Amh{.
C[dmgH$e V Vw Jm{dO
m[wZamJV_$&
UV oV[N>`{ :w gm` gm`{N>groV oH$_$&&194&&
gderc gXmMmar Aem BVa ]mUmZr C[dmg H$$Z H$e Pmc{`m Jm{R>mV`m
oZdmgm[mgyZ [aVc{`m Aem ]mUmg odMmamd{ H$s ^`m _mUgm! AmVm Var Vy Am_`mgmaIm
dmJerc H$m`?
odMmaUma{ ]mU gmpdH$ AmoU Y_mMaUr Amh{V. AWmVM V{ oZof d$[mM{
XmZ K{Uma{ ZmhrV. YZ o_iodUma{ ZmhrV. hUyZ V{ odMmaVmV H$s Am_`mgmaIm dmJerc H$m`?
_Zw_oV
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11 200
g`_wdm Vw od{fw odoH$a{dg Jdm_$&

Jm{o^: doVV{ VrW} Hw$`w V` [naJh_$&&195&&
]mUm`m [wT>mV " hm{`, _r g` gmJVm{ H$s `m[wT>{ AgV [naJh H$aUma Zmhr' Ag{
hUyZ Jm`rcm JdV Kmcmd{.Jm`r `m_mJmZ{ [m`mda OmVmV V{W{ Omd{ (ZmZ H$amd{) AmoU BVamZr
V{W{M `mMm drH$ma H$amdm.
dm`mZm `mOZ H$dm [a{fm_`H$_ M $&

Ao^Mma_hrZ M oo^: H$N> `[m{hoV$&&196&&
gH$mahrZ `$sM{ [mam{oh` BVamM{ AmdX{ohH$ OmaU_maU H$aU{, AhrZ ZmdmMm
`k H$aU{,`m[H$s qZ Jm{> `mZ{ H{$cr Ag{c Vm{ VrZ H$N>mZr (mOm[` dVmZ{) ew hm{Vm{.
eaUmJV [na`` d{X odcm` M oO:$&

gdga `dmhmaV[m[_[g{YoV $&&197&&
eaUmJVmM{ ajU Z H$aU{, A`m{`mg d{X oeH$odU{, `m_wi{ cmJUma{ [m[ EH$ df[`V
OdmMm Amhma H$$Z amh`mZ{ Z> hm{V{.
gJmcIaX m{ Jm`: H$`moa{d M $&

Zamm{>damh mUm`m_{Z ewoV$&&198&&
Hw$m, H$m{hm, JmT>d, _mOa, _Zw`, Km{S>m, CQ>, Sw>$a, `m[H$s Hw$Ur Mmdm K{Vcm
Ag`mg `m `$sMr mUm`m_mZ{ ewVm hm{V{.
f>mH$mcVm _mg gohVmO[ Ed dm$&

hm{_m emH$cm oZ`_[mL`mZm odem{YZ_$&&199&&
`mZm [$sV ]g`mMm AoYH$ma Zmhr. `mZr ghm`m d{ir ^m{OZ H$$Z EH$ _ohZm
gohV{Mm O[ H$amdm. AmoU oVoXZr AmR> _mMm hm{_ H$amdm.hUO{ [o$[mdZ hm{Vm{.
ghm`m d{ir ^m{OZ H$aU{ hUO{ Xm{Z oXdg C[dmg H$$Z oVg`m oXder g`mH$mir
^m{OZ H$amd{. _ X{dH$V`Zgm{@dÒZ_og..... B`moX.
C>`mZ g_m Ia`mZ Vw H$m_V:$&

Zmdm Vw odm{ oXdmgm: mUm`m_{Z ewoV$&&200&&
CQ> qH$dm JmT>d Om{S>c{`m dmhZmV ]mU OmUrd[ydH$ ]g{c Va `mZ{ Z hm{D$Z
ZmZ H$amd{. ZVa mUm`m_ H$amdm. hUO{ ew hm{Vm{.
11 201
604 ]
_Zw_oV
odZm@oagw dm@`mV: emara goZf{` M $&

gMcm{ ]ohamcw` Jm_mc` odewoV$&&201&&
emMm`md{ir [mUr dm[aUma Zmhr dm d{J Z Amda`mZ{ [m`mV _c_y odgOZ
H$arc Va `mZ{ Jmdm]mh{a OmD$Z Ocme`mV gMc (dmgh) ZmZ H$amd{. AmoU Jm`rcm [e
H$amdm hUO{ Vm{ ew hm{Vm{.
d{Xm{oXVmZm oZ`mZm H$_Um g_oVH$_{ $&

ZmVH$dVcm{[{ M mòm_^m{OZ_$&&202&&
d{XmZ{ odohV hUyZ gmoJVc{cr g`moX oZ`H$_} Z H$aU{ dm ZmVH$ dVmMm cm{[
hm{U{ `m Xm{fmgmR>r EH$ oXdg C[dmg H$aU{ h{ mòm hm{`.
hH $ma ]mU`m{dm dH$ma M Jar`g:$&

Zmdm@ZZh:e{f_o^dm gmX`{V$ &&203&&
]mUmcm C{eyZ VwN>VmXeH$ CXJma H$mT>U{. dV:[{jm od{Z{ l{> Agc{`mcm
VwH$mamZ{ g]m{YU{ `m Xm{f[nahmamgmR>r ZmZ H$amd{, `mMm Ad_mZ Pmcm `mcm Z_H$ma H$$Z
Vm{fdmd{ AmoU `m oXder O{dy Z`{.
VmS>o`dm VUZ{ mo[ H$R>{ dm]` dmggm$&

oddmX{ dm odoZoO` oU[` gmX`{V$ &&204&&
Hw$Umcm JdVmZ{oh _mac{, J`mV d KmcyyZ ]mYc{ dm oddmXmV [am^yV H{$c{ Va
`mg Z_H$ma H$$Z g H$amd{.
dmXmVrc odO`mMm AhH$ma o_ady Z`{. `mH$naVm oOVmcm Z_Z H$amd{ Agm oZ`_.
AdJy` dXeV gh_o^h` M $&

oOKmg`m ]mU` ZaH$ oV[V{$&&205&&
]mUmMm dY H$a`m`m BN>{Z{ `mda H$mR>r CJmacr Var 100 df} AmoU H$mR>rZ{
AmKmV H{$cm Va gh df} ZaH$dmg KS>Vm{.
em{oUV `mdV: [mgy gJ

moV _hrVc{ $&
Vmd`ghmoU VH$Vm ZaH{$ dg{V$ &&206&&
hma H{$`m_wi{ earamVyZ dUma{ a$ ^y_rda [S>c{ Va `mZ{ oOVH{$ _mVrM{ H$U
oÔVrc oVVH$s ghdf} AmKmV H$aUmam ZaH$mV ahmVm{.
_Zw_oV
[ 605 ]
11 212
h{ gd `m{` H$maUmdmMyZ KS>Uma{ Amh{. CoMV Ag{ H$maU Agc{ dm AmVVm`r Agcm
Va `mcm R>ma _ma`mV Xm{f Zmhr.Ag{ _ZyZ{ [ydu gmoJVc{ Amh{M.
AdJy` Ma{H$N>_oVH$N> oZ[mVZ{ $&

H$N>moVH$N>m Hw$duV od`m{[m em{oUV_$&&207&&
]mUmda XS> CJmacm AgVm H$N> mòm H$amd{. AmKmV H{$cm AgVm AoVH$N>
H$amd{. AmoU AmKmVmZ{ a$md Pmcm Va H$N> AmoU AoVH$N> Aer Xm{hr H$amdrV.
AZw$oZH$VrZm Vw [m[mZm_[Zwm`{$&
eq$ Mmd{` [m[ M mòm H$[`{V$ &&208&&
`m [mVH$mgmR>r mòm{ gmoJVcr ZmhrV `mgmR>r [m[mM{ chmZ_m{R>{[U AmoU
H$aUmamMr ghZeo$ [mhZ mòm{ `m{OmdrV.
à`w[màZ{ mog _mZdm{ `[H foV $&

Vmdm{@`w[m`md`mo_ X{dofo[Vgo{ dVmZ$&&209&&
`m C[m`mZr [mVH$mMm Zme hm{Vm{ Ag{ X{d F$of o[Va `mZr g{dZ H{$c{c{ C[m`
gmJVm{.
`h mV`h gm` `h_mX`moMV_$&

`h [a M Zmr`mmOm[` MapO:$&&210&&
VrZ oXdg gH$mir EH$Xm VrZ oXdg gm`H$mir EH$Xm O{dZy ZVaM{ VrZ oXdg A`moMV
dmrZ{ amhZ d [wT>M{ VrZ oXdg [yU C[dmg H$$Z amohc{ AgVm mOm[` ZmdmM{ dV hm{V{. Ag{ h{
mOm[` dV dm H$N> EHy$U ]mam oXdgmM{ Amh{.
Jm{_y Jm{_` jra XoY go[: Hw$em{XH$_$&

EH$amm{[dmg H$N> gmV[Z _V_$&&211&&
Jm{_y, Jm{_`, JmBM{ XyY, Jm`rM{ Xhr, Jm`rM{ Vy[ AmoU Hw$em{XH$ EH$ H$$Z
[oh`moXder Imd{. AmoU Xwg`m oXder C[dmg H$amdm. `mcm gmV[Z H$N> hUVmV.
EH$H$ Jmg_r`m`hmoU roU [ydd V$&

`h Mm{[dg{X`_oVH$N> MapO:$&&212&&
mOm[`dVmV gmoJV`m_mU{ [ohc{ VrZ oXdg EH{$H$ Kmg ImD$Z amhmd{. [wT>M{
VrZ oXdg g`mH$mir EH{$H$ Kmg ImD$Z amhmd{. ZVaM{ VrZ oXdg A`moMVmZ{ o_imc{`mVyZ EH{$H$
Kmg AmoU e{dQ>r VrZ oXdg C[dmg H$amdm.`m mòmmg AoVH$N> hUVmV.
11 213
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VH$N> Mapdm{ OcjraKVmoZcmZ$&

oV`h o[]{Xw UmH$Zm`r g_mohV:$&&213&&
VH$N [wT>rc_mU{ AgV{. oVoXder EH$Xm ZmZ H$amd{. [mUr,XyY,Vy[, dm`y
`mVrc H$_mZ{ VrZ VrZ oXdg Vr Vr `{ CU CU Aer g{dZ H$amdrV. h{ gd g_mYmZr _ZmZ{
H$amd{.
`Vm_Zm{@_m` mXemh_^m{OZ_$&
[amH$m{ Zm_ H$N>m{@` gd[m[m[Zm{XZ:$&&214&&
Bo`{ oZòV H$$Z XjV{Z{ amhZ ]mam oXdg[`V ^m{OZ H$$ Z`{. `mcm [amH$H$N>
hUVmV.hm C[m` gd [mVH{$ Xya H$aUmam Amh{.
EH$H$ mg`{p[S> H$U{ ewc{ M dY`V{ $ &

C[[eo fdU_{VmmÙ _V_$&&215&&
[yoU_{[mgyZ `m dVmMm Ama^ H$amdm. `{H$ oXder oH$mi ZmZ H$amd{. [yoU_{`m
oXder [Yam Kmg Imd{V. [wT>{ oVoXder EH{$H$ Kmg CUm H$arV H$UMVwXer`m oXder EH$M Kmg
Imdm. A_md`{cm C[m{fU H$amd{. ZVa ewcoV[X{cm EH$ Kmg ImD$Z [wT>{ `{H$ oXder EH$EH$
Kmg dmT>drV [yoU_{cm [Yam Kmg Imd{V. `mcm MmmÙ dV hUVmV.
EV_{d odqY H$Z_mMa{Vd_`_{$&

ewc[jmoXoZ`VammÙ dV_$&&216&&
dVmMm Ama^ A_md`{`m oXder C[m{fU H$$Z H$amdm. [wT>rc gd MmmÙ
dVm_mU{ `mcm `d_` MmmÙdV hUVmV.
A>md>m g_r`mp[S>m_òXZ{ pWV{$&

oZ`Vm_m hod`mer òVMmmÙ MaZ$&&217&&
_m`mH$mir `{H$ oXder AmR> AmR> Kmg K{D$Z ^m{OZ H$arV EH$ _ohZm amhmd{.
oOV|o` Agmd{. Imd`mM{ A hod`m Agmd{. `m dVmcm òVMmmÙ dV hUVmV.
MVwa: mVar`mp[S>mpd: g_mohV:$&

MVwam{@Vo_V{ gy`} oeewMmmÙ _V_$&&218&&
Mma Kmg gH$mir Mma Kmg amr `m_mU{ EH$ _ohZm amhmd{. `m dVmcm
oeewMmmÙdV hUVmV.
_Zw_oV
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`WmH$WoMp[S>mZm oVm{@erVr: g_mohV:$&

_mg{Zmhod`` MòV gcm{H$Vm_$&&219&&
EH$ _mgm_`{ hod`mmM{ Xm{Ze{Mmirg Kmg H$m{U`moh H$ma{ Imd{V. `m_wi{ Vr
ò$ Mcm{H$mV OmV{.
EVwmVWmoX`m dgdmMadV_$&
gdmH$w ec_m{jm` _V _hofo^:$&&220&&
hr MmmÙdV{ [ydu AmoX` dgw _V h{ X{d AmoU _hof `mZr AmMnacr hm{Vr.
MmmÙdV{ gd [mVH$mMm Zme H$a`mg g_W Amh{V.
_hm`moVo^hm}_: H$V`: d`_dh_$&

Aqhgm g`_H$m{Y_mOd M g_mMa{V$ &&221&&
oVoXder dV: _hm`mVtZr KVm`m Amh`m m`m,Xwg`mcm [rS>m Z X{U{ Z
amJmdU{,g`mMm Adc] H$aU{, gai[UmZ{ dmJU{, h{ JwU AmMaUmV AmUmd{V.
H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr hm oZ`_ H$m{U`moh H$maM{ mòm K{UmamgmR>r gmoJVcm Amh{.
hm oZ`_ gdgm_m`mgmR>rM Amh{ Ag{ g_Omd{. `mVrc hdZ gm{S>c{ Va ]mH$sM{ gd JwU gm_m`
Y_m`m AJ^yV Ag`mM{ AZ{H$mZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
oaooZem`m M gdmgm Oc_mode{V$ &

rey[oVVmd Zmo^^mf{V H$ohoMV$&&222&&
oXdgm VrZ d{im d amr VrZd{im Ag{ dmgohV ZmZ H$amd{. r ey AmoU [oVV
`m`mer ]m{cy Z`{.
hm oZ`_ mòm `m{` Aem gdmgmR>r .
WmZmgZm`m odha{Xe$m{@Y: e`rV dm$&

]Mmar dVr M `mxX{doOmMH$:$&&223&&
(mòm H$aUmamZ{)(amoXdg) C^{ amhmd{. dm ]gmd{. Ae$ Ag{c Va `mZ{ H{$di
^y_rda Pm{[md{. ]Mmar dVW ò$ Jw X{d ]mU `mMr [yOm H$amdr.
`mMr [yOm H$amd`mMr Amh{ V{ [wT{ Amc{,ghO ^{Q>c{ Va hm [yO{Mm C[Mma H$amd`mMm
Amh{.
gmodt M O[{o` [odmoU M eo$V:$&

gd}d{d dV{ d{d mòmmW_mV:$&&224&&
11 224
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_Zw_oV
mòm O{ H$amd`mM{ V{ {_mXamZ{ H$amd{ AmoU `m H$mimV Jm`r O[, [od H$aUm`m
dVy `mMm drH$ma Ad` H$amdm.
[od dVyMm drH$ma H$amdm hUO{ X^ Vwcgr[ o]d[ YmaU H$amd{.AK_fU
gy$ [d_mZgy$ [wfgy$ B`moX doXH$ gy$mMm O[ H$amdm.
`mZm d{X_mMm AoYH$ma Zmhr, `mZr dm AmOH$mc ]hV{H$gdmZr odUwghZm_,
lr_X^JdXJrVm, B>X{dVmMr Vm{{ `mMm [mR> H$amdm.
EVoOmV`: em{`m dVa modH$VZg: $&

AZmodH$V[m[mVw _hm}_
em{Y`{V$ &&225&&
`mMr [mVH{$ JQ> Pmcr Amh{V Aem doUH$mgmR>r [ydm}$ mòm{ gmoJVcr
Amh{V. `mMr [m[{ Jw Amh{V `m`m ewV{gmR>r _ O[ hm{_ `mMm Adc] H$amdm.
`m[Z{ZmZwVm[{Z V[gm@``Z{Z M $&

[m[H$_w`V{ [m[mmWm XmZ{Z Mm[oX$&&226&&
[m[ JQ> H$a`mZ{, [mmm[mZ{, V[mZ{, A``ZmZ{ dm Am[H$mcr XmZ X{`mZ{, _Zw`
Am[`m [mVH$mVyZ _w$ hm{Vm{.
`Wm `Wm Zam{@Y_ d` H$dm@Zw^mfV{$&

VWm VWm dM{dmohV{ZmY_}U _w`V{$&&227&&
dV:Mr XwH$`{ _Zw` `m `m _mUmV JQ> H$arc `m `m _mUmV Vm{ [mVH$mVyZ
_w$ hm{Bc. gm[ H$mV Q>mH$Vm{ Vg{ h{ g_Omd{.
`Wm `Wm _ZV` XwH$V H$_ JhoV$&

VWm VWm eara Vm{ZmY_}U _w`V{$&&228&&
_Zw`mM{ _Z Om{ Om{ XwH$`mMm oVQ>H$mam H$arc Vm{ Vm{ `mM{ eara [mVH$m[mgyZ _w$
hm{V OmBc.
H$dm [m[ oh gV` V_m[m[m_w`V{$&

Zd Hw$`m [wZnaoV oZd`m [y`V{ Vw g:$&&229&&
hmVyZ [m[ KS>c{, `mMm [yU [mmm[ Pmcm AmoU Ag{ _r [wZ: H$aUma Zmhr Aem
oZ`mZ{ Vm{ dmJcm Va `mMr [m[mVyZ _w$Vm hm{V{. Vm{ [od hm{Vm{.
Ed goM` _Zgm {` H$_\$cm{X`_$&

_Zm{dmL>_oy VoôZ` ew^ H$_ g_mMa{V$ &&230&&
_Zw_oV
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11 235
_aUm{ma [acm{H$s MmJ`m dm dmBQ> H$_mM{ \$i o_iUma Amh{. Aer _ZmMr YmaUm
H$$Z gXd earadmUr _ZmZr MmJ`m H$_mM{M AmMaU H$amd{.
AkmZmoX dm kmZmH$dm H$_ odJohV_$&

V_mo_wo$_pdN>pVr` Z g_mMa{V$ &&231&&
OmUyZ qH$dm Z{UyZ oZof H$_} KS>cr Va `m[mgyZ _w$ hm{`mMr BN>m AgUmamZ{
[wZ: Vg{ XwH$` H$aVm H$m_m Z`{. h{ oZoV[U{ cjmV R>{dmd{.
`p_H$_`` H$V{ _Zg: `mXcmKd_$&

Vp_Vmdm[: Hw$`mmdmwo>H$a ^d{V$ &&232&&
gmoJV`m_mU{ mòm H$$Zoh _ZmM{ g_mYmZ Pmc{ Zmhr Va gVm{f hm{B[`V V{M
mòm [wZ: H$amd{.
V[m{_c
y o_X gd Xd_mZwfH$ gwI_$&
V[m{_` ]wY: m{$ V[m{@V d{XXoeo^:$&&233&&
gwI X{dmM{ Agm{ dm _Zw`mM{ Agm{ `mM{ _yi V[`}V Amh{. gwImM{ ApVdoh
V[mda Adc]yZ Amh{. AmoU gwImMm còh V[mVM Pmcm [mohO{.Ag{ d{Xd{`m F$ftZr gmoJVc{
Amh{.
]mU` V[m{ kmZ V[: j` ajU_$&

d`` Vw V[m{ dmVm V[: ey` g{dZ_$&&234&&
kmZ h{ ]mUmM{, ajU H$aU{ h{ jo`mM{, `m[ma H$aU{ h{ d`mM{ AmoU g{dm H$aU{
h{ eymM{ V[ Amh{.
`mMm `mMm dY_ m_moUH$ oZ>{Z{ [miU{ h{M `mM{ V[mMaU hm{`. _m dY_
eX `{W{ MmJ`m gmpdH$ AWmZ{ Amh{. `m_wi{ Xwg`mcm [rS>m hm{Bc dm oXcr OmBc Vm{M Am_Mm
Y_ Amh{ Ag{ hUyZ _yoV \$m{S>U{, o`m [iodU{, `m`mda A`mMma H$aU{, cwQ>mcyQ> H$aU{, h`m
H$aU{ hmM Am_Mm dY_ Amh{ Ag{ _m Hw$Ur CS>[U{ hUy Z`{. amdU hUmcm hm{Vm hU{ H$s,
"amjgmUm A` Y_: [aXmamo^_fU_' Xwg`m`m ]m`H$m [iodU{ hmM Amhm amjgmMm Y_ Amh{.
V{hm lram_M cJ{M hUmc{ AgVrc H$s, "VXm@_mH$ ^d{XY_:aj:Hw$c odZmeZ_$&' V{hm amjg
Hw$imMm ghma H$aU{ hmM Am_Mm Y_ Ag{c.
F$f`: g`Vm_mZ: \$c_ycmoZcmeZm:$&

V[gd [`pV cm{` gMamMa_$&&235&&
11 235
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_Zw_oV
F$ftZr g`_, \$c_yc `mMm Amhma $oMV dm`w^jU B`moX V[m`m ]imZ{M
oVhr cm{H mVrc gd Wmda OJ_mM{ kmZ H$$Z K{Vc{ Amh{.
AmfYm`JXm odm Xdr M ododYm pWoV:$&

V[gd og`pV V[V{fm oh gmYZ_$&&236&&
AmfY{ odfZmeH$ `{ ZmZm H$ma`m odm (H$cm) Xdr ogr `mMr mo V[mZ{M
hm{V{. V[ h{M `mM{ EH$_m gmYZ Amh{.
`{W{ V[ eXmMm AW `m[H$ Amh{. `m{J_ B`moX gmYZmZr Oem ogr m hm{VmV
AmfYmqXM{ kmZ hm{V{, Vg{M gm_m` `dhmamgmR>r `Z[ydH$ H{$`m OmUm`m "[nal_mcmoh' V[
_mZmd{. g_W am_Xmg dm_tZr Va Vgm AmX{eM oXcm Amh{. `ZmMm cm{H$ ^m`mMm $& `Z{drU
XnaVm $&& `Z Vm{ X{d OmUmdm$& B`moX
`wVa `xam[ `xJ ` XwH$a_$&

gdVV V[gm gm` V[m{ oh XwaoVH$__$&&237&&
`mVyZ V$Z OmU{ H$oR>U, O{ o_iod`mg H$oR>U, O{W{ [m{MU{ H$oR>U, O{ H$aU{
H$oR>U, V{ gd V[m_wi{ gm` hm{V{ V[mM{ gm_` AO{` Amh{.
_hm[mVoH$Zd e{fmmH$m`H$mnaU:$&
V[gd gwV{Z _w`V{ oH$p]fmmV:$&&238&&
]h`moX _hm[mVH{$ H$aUma{ qH$dm BVa H$maMr XwH `{ H$aUma{ h{ gd Cm_ H$ma{
AmMaUmV AmUc{`m V[m`m ]imda [mVH$mVyZ _w$ hm{VmV.
H$sQ>mmoh[Vm [ed d`mog M $&

WmdamoU M ^yVmoZ oXd `mpV V[m{]cmV$&&239&&
oH$S>{, gm[, [VJ, [ey, [jr,djmoXH$ Wmda ^yV{ h{ V[m`m ]imdaM gXJVrcm
OmVmV.
hr V[mMr VwoV Amh{. `m `m O_mV [yd_ ZwÒ_mM{ _aU H$mhr [w`]imZ{ Ag{c
Va _m Ag{ Agy eH$V{.
`pH$oMX{Z: Hw$dpV _Zm{dm$_oÔZm: $&

Vgd oZXh`mew V[gd V[m{YZm:$&&240&&
eara dmUr _Z `mZr _mUg{ Or H$mhr [mVH{$ H$aVmV Vr Oa V[ h{M `mM{ OrdZ Amh{
hUO{ Om{ V[m{YZ Pmcm Amh{ Va Vm{ Am[`m V[m`m ]imda H{$c{`m gd [m[mZm OmiyZ Q>mH$Vm{.
_Zw_oV
[ 611 ]
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V[gd odew` ]mU` oXdmH$g:$&

B`m oVJpV H$m_mgdY`pV M $&&241&&
Om{ ]mU V[mMaUr Ag`m_wi({ d^mdV:) ew Amh{. dm ew Pmcm Amh{. `mZ{M
H{$c{`m `kmVrc hod^mJ X{dVm drH$maVmV. AmoU `mM{ _Zm{aWoh [yU H$aVmV.
Om[oVnaX em V[gdmgO^w:$&
VWd d{XmZf`V[gm oV[{Xa{$&&242&&
]X{dmZ{ V[`}`m ]imZ{M h{ em oZ_mU H{$c{ F$ftZm V[m_wi{M d{XmMr mo
Pmcr.
`X{Vm[gm{ X{dm _hm^m` MjV{$&

gd`m` [`VV[g: [w`_wm__$&&243&&
`m OJVmVrc gd O{ H$mhr [w` Amh{ V{ V[m_wi{M C[ hm{V{. h{ OmU`m_wi{
_hm^m`mMr mroh V[m_wi{M hm{V{ Ag{ X{d (AmdOyZ) gmJVmV.
d{Xm`mgm{@dh e`m _hm`koH$`m j_m$&

Zme``mew [m[moZ _hm[mVH$Omò[$&&244&&
Am[m[`m e$s`m AZwgma [U m_moUH$[U{ d{XmM{ A``Z H{$c{ _hm`k H{$c{,
ghZeo$ YmaU H{$cr.hUO{ j_merc Pmc{ Va _hm[mVH$m_wi{ C[ Pmc{cr [mVH{$oh dnaV Z>
hm{VmV.
`WYV{Ogm do: m oZXhoV jUmV$&

VWm kmZmoZm [m[ gd XhoV d{XodV$&&245&&
`m_mU{ Ao Am[`m XmhH$V{Z{ H$m>mXrZm OmiyZ Q>mH$Vm{.`m_mU{ d{Xd{mm ]mU
kmZ$[r ArZ{ gd [m[{ OmiyZ Q>mH$Vm{
B`{VX{Zgm_w$ mòm `WmodoY$&

AV D$d ah`mZm mòm oZ]m{YV &&246&&
Aem arVrZ{ [mVH$mgmR>r mòm{ gmoJVcr AmVm Jw [m[mg]Yr mòm{ gmJVm{
V{ E{H$m.
g`moVUdH$m: mUm`m_mVw fm{S>e$&

Ao[ Û
y hU _mgm[wZ`hah: H$Vm:$&&247&&
11 247
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`mVtgh <H$ma`w$ Ag{ 16 mUm`m_ oVoXZr EH$_mg[`V H{$`mg ^yUh`{M{

[m[hr Zmhrg{ hm{V{.
H$mg Odm[ B`{Vmog> M Vr`M_$&

_moh ewd` gwam[m{@o[ odewòV$&&248&&
Hw$g$[r dog> F$of `mM{ >{ Amh{V `m_mU{M _mohgy$ ewdoVgy$ `mMm
O[ H{$cm AgVm _g{dZmM{ [m[oh Xya hm{V{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `m gy$mM{ ma^rM{ H$mhr eX C{oIc{ Amh{V.
Hw$ggy$ A[ Z: em{ewMXK_$&
dog>gy$ oVVm{_{o^F$fg_ dog>m:$&
_moh gy$ _ohrUm _dm{@Vw ewdVr EVm{ZqdVdm_$&
`m Mma gy$m[H$s H$m{U`moh EH$mMm O[ H$aU{. H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mamZr EH{$ oXder `m
Mmar gy$mMm O[ H$amdm Ag{ gmoJVc{ Amh{. O[mMm H$mcmdoY EH$ _mg JhrV Amh{.
gH$mdm@` dm_r` oedgH$[_{d M $&

A[` gwdU Vw jUmdoV oZ_c:$&&249&&
F$d{XmVrc A`dm_` gy$ AmoU Òwd}XmVrc oedgH$[gy$ `mMm EH$dma O[
H{$`mZ{ gwdUm`m Mm{arM{ [m[ jUmV Z> hm{V{.
Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{oh O[ H$mcmdoY EH$ _mgmMm gmoJVcm Amh{.
hod`mVr`_`` Z V_ h BVroV M $&

Oo[dm [mf gw$ _w`V{ JwV[J:$&&250&&
hod`mVr` ZV_hm{ BoV dm BoV AmoU [wfgy$ `m`m O[mZ{ Jw[ZrJ_ZmM{ [m[
Z> hm{V{.
EZgm Wycgy_mUm oMH$sf[Zm{XZ_$&

Ad{`M O[{XX `pH$M{Xo_VroV dm$&251&&
chmZ _m{R>r Or BVa [mVH{$ Vr Zmhrer H$a`mgmR>r Ad{V h{im{ dU Z_m{o^: `pH$oMX{X
dU X{` OZ{ `m EH{$H$ F$Mm AmoU "BoV dm BoV _{ _Zm{' h{ gy$ `mMm oVoXder EH$ d{i `m_mU{
dfâ O[ H$amdm.
oVJmoVJm ^wdm Mm odJohV_$&

O[Vag_Xr` [y`V{ _mZd`hmV$&&252&&
_Zw_oV
[ 613 ]
11 258
qZ dVyM{ XmZ K{Vc{ AgVm dm qZoXV A Im{ AgVm," VaV g_oX YmdoV' `m
gy$mMm VrZ oXdg O[ H$amdm.
gm{_mam Vw ]{Zm: g_m_`` ewòV $&

d`m_mMaZmZ_Ùmo_oV M VM_$&&253&&
`m`m hmVyZ ]arM XwH$`{ KS>cr AgVrc `mZ{ ZXr_`{ ZmZ H$$Z
"gm{_mmYma`{Wm_gw`m_' h{ gy$ "A`_U dU o_ M ' `m VrZ F$Mm `mMm EH$_mg[`V O[
H$amdm. hUO{ Vm{ ew hm{Vm{.
AXmWo_Xo_`{VX{Zdr gH$ O[{V$ &

AeV Vw H$dm@gw _mg_mgrV ^j^wH$ $&&254&&
AZ{H$ H$ma`m [mVH$mgmR>r "Bo_dU_q' `m gmV F$MmMm O[ ghm _mg H$amdm.
CXH$m_`{ _y[wnafmM{ odgOZ H{$`mg EH$ _mg [`V o^jm g{dZ H$$Z amhmd{.
_: emH$chm{_rà hdm KV oO:$&

gwJdw `[h`{Zm{ Odm dm Z_ B`M_$&&255&&
EH$ df[`V emH$chm{_mV gmoJVc{`m "X{dH$V`Zgm{dÒZ_og' `m AmR> _mZr
KVmMr AmhVr mdr. AWdm " Z_B`' `m F$M{Mm O[ (df[`V) H$amdm. `m_wi{ _m{R>r [mVH{$hr
Z> hm{VmV.
_hm[mVH$g`w $m{@ZwJN>{ m: g_mohV:$&

A``mX [md_mZr^jmhmam{ odewòV$&&256&&
`mM{ hmVyZ _hm[mVH{$ KS>cr AgVrc `mZr EH$ df[`V Jm`tMr g{dm g_mYmZmZ{
H$amdr AmoU o^jm g{dZ H$arV [d_mZgy$mMm oZ` O[ H$amdm hUO{ Vm{ ew hm{Vm{.
Aa`{ dm oa`` `Vm{ d{XgohVm_$&

_w`V{ [mVH$: gd: [amH$: em{oYVoo^:$&&257&&
AmYr VrZ [amH$ H$N>{ H$$Z ZVa d{XgohV{M{ [mamÙ H$arV Aa`mV amhmd{ [mamÙ{
VrZ H$amdrV.`m_wi{ gd [mVH$mVyZ _w$Vm hm{V{.
`h Vy[dg{w $oam{@`w[`[:$&
_w`V{ [mVH$: gdoOo[dm@K_fU_$&&258&&
VrZ oXdg C[dmg H$amdm.oH$mc ZmZ H$amd{. OcmV C^{ amhZ "F$V M g`' `m
AK_fU_mMm VrZ d{im O[ H$amdm.
11 259
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`Wm_{Y: H$VwamQ> gd[m[m[Zm{XZ:$&

VWm@K_fU gy$ gd[m[m[Zm{XZ_$&&259&&
`m_mU{ `kmMm amOm Agm A_{Y gd [mVH$mMm Zme H$aUmam Amh{ `m_mU{M
AK_fU gy$oh gd [mVH{$ Z> H$aUma{ Amh{.
hdm cm{H$mZ[r_mrZo[ `VVV:$&

F$d{X Yma`pdm{ ZZ: mZm{oV oH$mZ$&&260&&
oVhr cm{H$mMm Oar KmV H{$cm Agcm Hw$R>{oh H$gc{oh A Im{ Agc{ Var F$d{XmM{
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gmZm dm gah`mZm gd[m[: _w`V{$&&261&&
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VWm XwnaV gd d{X{ odoV _moV$&&262&&
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[ 615 ]
11 264
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11 264
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[ 617 ]
12 5
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12 5
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[ 619 ]
12 14
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[ 621 ]
12 27
òX Vw mèm{@Y_ g{dV{ Y__[e: $&

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gd kmZ$[ Amh{ V_ AkmZ$[ Amh{. AmoU aO amJ{fmZr `w$ Amh{. gdmoX
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V `roVg`w $ qH$oMXm_oZ cj`{V$ &

emVo_d ewm^ gd VXw[Yma`{V$ &&27&&
12 27
622 ]
_Zw_oV
dV:`m oR>H$mUr O{hm roV,emVVm,ew H$me, (`WmW kmZ) AZw^dmg `{V{

V{hm Vm{ gdJwUmMm [naUm_ Amh{. Ag{ OmUmd{.
`mw Xw:I g_m`w$_roVH$a_m_Z:$&

VOm{@[oV[ odmgVV hV X{ohZm_$&&28&&
O{hm dV:M{ oR>H$mUr Xw:I AgVm odf`mMr Am{T> AZw^dmg `{V{ V{hm Vm{
Y_od Agc{`m aOmMm [naUm_ AgVm{.
`mw `m_m{hg`w $_`$ odf`m_H$_$&

AV`_odk{` V_VXw[Yma`{V$ &&29&&
O{hm _m{h VH$Xw>Vm odf`mgo$ AkmZ AZw^dmg `{V{ V{hm Vm{ V_mMm JwU Amh{ Ag{
OmUmd{.
`mUm_o[ MVf{ m JwUmZm `: \$cm{X`: $&

A`m{ _`m{ OK` V d`mè{fV:$&&30&&
`m VrZ JwUmM{ Cm_, _`_, AY_ Ag{ [naUm_ hm{V AgVmV. V{ gd gmJVm{.
d{Xm`mgV[m{ kmZ emMo_pòZJh:$&

Y_oH$`m@_oMVm M gmpdH$ JwUcjU_$&&31&&
d{Xm`mg, V[`m, `WmWkmZ, ewdVZ, Bo`mMm g`_, Y_mZw>mZ, `mZmXtMr
AmdS> hr cjU{ gmpdH$ JwUmMr g_OmdrV.
AmaôMVm@Y`_gH$m`[naJh:$&
ndf`m{[g{dm MmO amOg JwUcjU_$&&32&&
ZmZmH$maMr H$_} Am{T>yZ AJmda K{U{, AYra[Um, XwH$`mMm drH$ma, gVV
odf`m{[^m{J h{ JwU aOm_wi{ C[ hm{VmV.
cm{^: dZm{@YoV: H$m` ZmpV` o^domVm$&

`moMUwVm _mX Vm_g $JwUcjU_&&33&&
cm{^,Pm{[yZ amhU{, ^`, H$m`,ZmpVH$Vm,Km`Hw$V{[Um , _mJ`mMr dom, XjV{Mm
A^md h{ [naUm_ V_m{JwUmM{ OmUmd{V.
`mUmo[ MVf{ m JwUmZm ofw oV>Vm_$&

BX gm_mogH$ k{` H$_em{ JwUcjU_$&&34&&
_Zw_oV
[ 623 ]
12 39
h{ VrZ JwU(Am[m[`m JwUmZw[) VrZ H$ma`m earamV amhVmV. `mM{ d$$[ H$_mZ{
Wm{S>`mV OmUmd{ V{ Ag{ .
`H$_ H$dm Hw$d H$na`d cmoV$&

Vk{` odXwfm gd Vm_g JwUcjU_$&&35&&
O{ H$_ H{$`mda, H$arV AgVm dm H$amd`mM{ AgVm cmO dmQ>mdr Ag{ AgV{. V{
Vm_gr Amh{. Ag{ emh`mZ{ OmUmd{.
`{Zmp_H$_Um cm{H${ `moVo_N>oV [wH$cm_$&

Z M em{M`g[mm Vok{` Vw amOg_$&&36&&
Or H$_} H{$cr AgVm `moV o_i{c Ag{ dmQ>V{ [U Vg{ KS>c{ Zmhr Va `mM{oh
_hd dmQ>V Zmhr hm aOm{JwU OmUmdm.
h{ Xwga{ cjU Wm{S>{ g_OyZ K{Vc{ [mohO{. EH$m H$`m_wi{ A[{ojV cm^ Pmcm Zmhr
Va V{ VwN>VZ{ { cJ{M Q>mHy$Z X{U{ AmoU d{J`mM Ao^cmf{Z{ d{J`mM H$_mMm Ama^ H$aU{ h{ aOm{JUw mM{
cjU Amh{. aOm`m MMcV{Z{ H$m{U`moh H$_modf`r `mMr oZ>m m_moUH ZgV{. oMmdom MMc
AgV{.
`gd}U{ N>oV kmVw ` cmoV MmMaZ$&

`{Z VwòV Mm_m@` VgdJwUcjU_$&&37&&
O{ H$_ H$amd`mM{ Amh{, `m`modf`r gdmoJU kmZ m H$$Z K{U{, `mMr cmO
dmQ>Uma Zmhr, Aer H$_} AmMaUmV AmUU{, AV:H$aU g hm{Bc AerM H$`{ oZdS>U{ hr gmpdH$
cjU{ Amh{V.
V_gm{ cjU H$m_m{ aOgdW C`V{$&

gd` cjU Y_: lR>_{fm `Wm{ma_$&&38&&
H$m_mMr Am{T> hm V_m{JwU.YZmMr Ao^cmfm hm aOm{JwU,Y_mMr AmdS> AgU{ hm
gdJwU. h{ Cmam{ma l{> Amh{V.
H$m_m[{jm AW l{R> AWm[{jm Y_l{> hm ^md `m cm{H$mVyZ `$ hm{Vm{.
`{Z `mVw JwUZ{ f m ggmamoV[V{$&

Vmg_mg{Z d`mo_ gd`m` `WmH$__$&&39&&
`m JwUmZr `m H$ma`m `m{ZrMr mo hm{V{ V{ Wm{S>`mV H$_mZ{ gmJVm{.
12 40
624 ]
_Zw_oV
X{dd gmpdH$m `mpV _Zw`d M amOgm:$&

oV`d Vm_gm oZò_`{fm oodYm JoV:&&40&&
gmpdH$ JwUmMr _mUg{ X{dd m H$$Z K{VmV. aOm{JwUmMr _Zw``m{Zrcm OmVmV d
Vm_gr dmrM{ cm{H$ h{ [ew[`m`m O_mcm OmVmV. oZ`_mZ{ m hm{Um`m `m VrZ JwUm`m JVr
Amh{V.
oodYm oodYfm Vw odk{`m JmoUH$s JoV:$&

AY_m _`_m`m M H$_odm ode{fV:$&&41&&
VrZ JwUm`m `m `m VrZ JVr Amh{V `mV [wZ: `{H$s JwUm`m VmaV`mZ{ Or H$_}
KS>VmV `m_wi{ `{H$s Cm_, _`_, AY_ Ag{ H$ma JVtM{ hm{VmV.
Wmdam: H$o_H$sQ>m _`m: g[m: gH$N>[m:$&

[ed _Jmd OK`m Vm_gr JoV:$&&42&&
PmS>,PwSw[{, H$_r H$sQ>H$, _mg{, gm[, H$mgd, JmT>dmgmaI{ [ey AmoU _J hr AY_
Vm_gJoV hm{`.
hpVZ VwaJ m eym c{N>m JohVm:$&

oghm `mKm damhm _`_m Vm_gr JoV:$$&&43&&
hmr, Km{S>m, ey, qZXZr` Ag{ c{N>, dmK, qgh, amZSw> a hr _`_ Vm_gJoV
hm{`.
ey eXmZ{ `{W{ jw, VwN>, `m` ò$ Ao^{V Amh{. H$maU [wT>{ aOm{JwUmVoh ey
OmVr`mMm C{I Amh{.
MmaUm gw[Um [wfmd Xmp^H$m:$&

ajmog M o[emMm Vm_grfym_m JoV:$$&&44&&
MmaU, J$S>, Xmo^H$ [wf, amjg, o[emM, hr V_m{JwUmMr Cm_ JoV Amh{.
MmaU eXmZ{ ^mQ> VwoV[mR>H$ `mMm C{I g_Omdm.odH$V K{Vc{c{ dm odH$c{ OmUma{
odmZ `mM JQ>mVrc g_Omd{V.
Pm _m ZQ>md [wfm: edm`:$&

yV[mZg$m OK`m amOgr JoV:$$&&45&&
P, _, ZQ>, em{[Ordr, yVmMr AmdS> AgUma{, _[r hr AY_ Aer amOg
JoV hm{`.
_Zw_oV
[ 625 ]
12 51
P AmoU _ `m Xm{hr gH$aOOmoV Amh{V. P hUO{ cmR>r H$mR>r dm[aUma{ d

_ hUO{ ]mh`w I{iUma{. ZQ> eXmZ{ _Zm{aOZ H$aUma{ ZQ>ZVH$ g_Omd{V.
amOmZ: jo`>md amkm Md [wam{ohVm:$&

dmX`wYmZm _`_m amOgr JoV:$$&&46&&
amO{ gm_V [wam{ohV dmXoddmXmMr AmdS> AgUma{ `wmo^_wI hr _`_ Aer amOgr
JoV hm{`.
JYdm JwH$m `jm od]wYmZwMam `{$&

VWdmgag: gdm amOgrfym_m JoV:$$&&47&&
JYd, JwH$, `j, odmYa, Agam hr Cm_ amOgr JoV hm{`.
Vm[gm `V`m{ odm `{ M d_moZH$m JUm:$&

ZjmoU M X`m W_m gmpdH$s JoV:$$&&48&&
V[dr, g`mgr, ]mU, od_mZmVyZ gMma H$aUmar X{d`m{oZ, Zj{, AmoU X` hr
[ohcr gmpdH$ JoV hm{`.
X` hm amjg Zh{. mX, odam{MZ, ]cr h{ gJi{ X` Hw$crZ Amh{V. `mVoh
mX l{>, ]cr _`_, odam{MZ H$oZ>
`dmZ F$f`m{ X{dm d{Xm `m{Vtof dgam:$&

o[Vad gm`m oVr`m gmpdH$s JoV:$$&&49&&
`k H$aUma{ F$fr, X{d, d{Xd{m{, V{Odr Vma{, df AmoX H$mcm`m AoY>mr X{dVm `m
Xwg`mVrMr gmpdH$ JoV Amh{V.
]m odgOm{ Y_m} _hmZ`$_{d M $&

Cm_m gmpdH$s_{Vm JoV_mh_Z rofU:$&&50&&
]X{d, Om[oV, Y_, _hVVd, H$oV `m gdm`m l{>V_ JVr Amh{V. Ag{
odMmadVmZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
OmMr oZo_Vr H$aUma{ O{ _aroM B`moX gmV F$of V{ `{W{ Om[oV eXmZ{ Ao^{V
Amh{V.
Ef gd: g_wo>o:H$ma` H$_U:$&

oodYoodY: H$Z: ggma: gmd^moVH$:$&&51&&
Aem arVrZ{ H$_mM{ VrZ H$ma VrZ JwUm`m oodY JVr AmoU VXZwgma Agc{cm
12 51
626 ]
_Zw_oV
gd ^moVH$ [M `WmdV dUZ H{$cm Amh{.

H$_mM{ VrZ H$ma hUO{ X{h dmUr _ZmZ{ hm{Uma{ H$ma.
gdaOV_ hr JwUmMr oodYVm AmoU gdmXtMr `{H$s Cm_, _`_, AY_Vm.
Bp`mUm g{Z Y_`mg{dZ{Z M $&

[m[mg`mpV ggmamZodmgm{ ZamY_m:$&&52&&
AY_VrMr kmZey` _mUg{ Bo`m`m odf`modf`r`m A`V Amg$sZ{ Y_mMm
`mJ H$aVmV AmoU [m[$[ Aem ggmamVrc O__aUJVrcm [mdVmV.
`m `m `m{qZ Vw Ordm{@` `{Z `{Zh{ H$_Um $&

H$_em{ `moV cm{H${ @p_Vmgd oZ]m{YV$&&53&&
`m `m H$_m`m `m{JmZ{ Ord `m OJVmV `m `m `m{ZrV O_ K{Vm{ V{ gd H$_mZ{
gmJVm{ V{ E{H$m.
]hdfJUmKm{amaH$mm` Vj`mV$&
ggmamoV[V{ _hm[mVoH$Zpd_mZ$&&54&&
O{ _hm[mVH$s Amh{V V{ XrKH$mc[`V Km{a Aem ZaH$mV amhZ [mVH{$ jrU Pm`mZVa
ggmamcm m hm{VmV.
gyH$aIam{>mUm Jm{Omod_J[ojUm_$&
MS>mc[w$gmZm M ]hm `m{oZ_N>oV$&&55&&
O{ ]KmVH$s Amh{V V{ Hw$m,Sw>$a, JmT>d, CQ>, ]c, ]m{H$S>, _|T>m, harU, [jr,
MmS>mc, [w$g `m[H$s H$mhr hm{VmV.
H$o_H$sQ>[VmZm odS>Ô
w m Md [ojUm_$&
qhmUm Md gdmZm gwam[m{ ]mUm{ dOV{ $ &&56&&
Xm o[Umam ]mU, H$o_, H$sQ>H$, [VJ, od>m ImUma{ [jr, qh [ey `m`m `m{ZrV
O_ K{Vm{.
[ydu`m m`pMm H$aUmV [m[mMm C{I H$aVmZm AmoU `{W{oh ]mU od Aem
eXmMm C{I AmdOyZ H{$cm Amh{. AmoU `mM{ A`V Km{a Ag{ [naUm_oh gmoJVc{ Amh{V.mòm{
gmoJVcr Amh{V.Vroh H$R>m{a Amh{V. AmoU Ag{ AgU{ h{ `m`mcm Y$Z Amh{, CoMV Amh{. MmJc{
gai gmZ[UmZ{ dmJU{, h{ `{H$ _Zw`mcmM odohV Agc{ Var gXdVZmMm AmXe KmcyZ X{`mM{
Xmo`d ]mUmdaM Ag`mZ{ emH$ma ]mUmodf`r `mH$aUr AoYH$M H$R>m{a hm{VmV.hm AmXe
_Zw_oV
[ 627 ]
12 62
oQ>H$od`mMr {aUm ]mUm`m oR>H$mUr gmV`mZ{ oZ`_mZ{ C[ hmdr hUyZ ]mUmcm AWmV
$oMV OmoV]mUmcmoh [U m_w`mZ{ odmZ gXmMaUr ]mUmcm _mZg_mZ mdm. AmoU `m`m
gajUmMr ode{f `dWm Agmdr. Aer `m{OZm H{$cr J{cr Amh{.
cyVmohgaQ>mZm M oVam Mm]wMmnaUm_$&

qhmUm M o[emMmZm V{Zm{ od: ghe:$&&57&&
]mU Mm{ar H$arc Va Vm{ Cdm,gm[, gaS>{, jw [ey, OcMa,qhgH$, o[em `m`m
`m{ZrV O_ K{Vm{.
VUJw_cVmZm M H$`mXm Xo>Um_o[$&

H$y aH$_H$ Vm Md eVem{ JwV[J:$&&58&&
Jw[Zrer J_Z H$aUmam JdV, PwS>y[,{ d{cr, _mgmhmar mUr, H$y a H$_} H$aUma{, `m`m
`m{ZrV eVmdoYd{im O_ K{Vm{.
qhm ^dpV H$`mXm: H$_`m{@_{`ôjU:$&

[a[amoXZ: V{Zm: {Vm@`roZf{odU:$&&59&&
g`m{J [oVVJ dm [a`d M `m{ofV_$&
A[` M odd ^doV ]amjg:$&&60&&
qhgm H$aUma{ _mg^jH$(oJYmS> H$mdi{) `m`mO_mcm OmVm{. A^` ^jU H$aUma{
oH$S>{ hm{VmV.Mm{a h{ _memgma`m [a[amZm ImUm`m`m O_mcm OmVmV. MmS>mcrer _WZw H$aUma{
o[emM hm{VmV. [oVVmgh g]Y R>{dU{, [arer J_Z H$aU{, ]mUmM{ YZ Mm{aU{ hr [mVH{$ H$aUmam
"]amjg' hm{Vm{.
_oU_w$mdmcmoZ dm cm{^Z{ _mZd:$&

ododYmoZ M aZmoZ Om`V{ h{_H$Vf w $&&61&&
Ym` dm ^d`mIw: H$m` hgm{ Oc cd:$&
_Yw Xe: [`: H$mH$m{ ag m ZHw$cm{ KV_$&&62&&
_mUH$mgmaIr aZ{, _m{Vr, dmi, `mMr cm{^mZ{ Mm{ar H$aUmam gm{Zmam`m OmVrV
O_mcm `{Vm{. Ym`mMr Mm{ar H$aUmam CXra hm{Vm{. H$mg{ Mm{aUmam hg, [mUr Mm{aUmam [mUH$m|]S>m,_Y
Mm{aUmam S>mg, T>{Hy$U, JmYrc _mer `m`mgmaIm MmdUmam oH$S>m, XyY Mm{aUmam H$mdim, ag`w$
dmoX> [XmW Mm{aUmam Hw$m AmoU Vy[ Mm{aUmam _wJyg hm{Vm{.
12 63
628 ]
_Zw_oV
_mg JYm { d[m _xVc Vc[H$: IJ:$&

MrardmH$Vw cdU ]cmH$meHw$oZXoY $&&63&&
_mg Mm{aUmam oJYmS> hm{Vm{. d[m (AmVS>mM{ d{Q>Z) Mm{aUmam ]XH$ hm{Vm{. V{c Mm{aUmam
Vc[H$ ZmdmMm [jr hm{Vm{. _rR> Mm{aUmam amVoH$S>mgmaIm _m{R>mZ{ oH$aoH$aUmam H$sQ>H$ hm{Vm{. Xhr
Mm{aUmam ]Jim hm{Vm{.
H$me`{ oVomnadm jm_ dm Vw XXwa : $&

H$m[mgVmVd H$mmm{ Jm{Ym Jm dmJwXm{ JwS>_$ &&64&&
a{e_r d Mm{aUmam oVoma hm{Vm{. Aier B`mXt`m Ym`mMr d{ Mm{aUmam ]{Sw>H$
hm{Vm{. H$m[gmMr d{ Mm{aUmam H$aH$m{Mm hm{Vm{. Jm`tMr Mm{ar H$aUmam Km{a[S> hm{Vm{. Jyi Mm{aUmam
dmJwX ZmdmMm [jr hm{Vm{.
Nw>Nw>Xna: ew^mJYm[emH$ Vw ]ohU: $&

modH$Vm ododY_H$Vm Vw e`H$:$&&65&&
gwJY r `mMr Mm{ar H$aUmam oMMw r hm{Vm{. [mc{^m`m Mm{aUmam _m{a hm{Vm{. oeOodc{c{
A Mm{aUmam gmiB hm{Vm{. VmXyi, Jhy Ag{ Z oeOodc{cr `{ Mm{aUmam e`H$ hm{Vm{.
]H$m{ ^doV dm@q JhH$mar x[H$a_$&

a$moZ dm dmgmog Om`V{ OrdOrdH$:$&&66&&
Ao [idUmam ]Jim hm{Vm{. Jhm{[`m{Jr dVy Mm{aUmam JhH$mar, aJodc{cr d{
Mm{aUmam MH$m{a hm{Vm{. (OrdOrdH$)
JhH$mar eXmMm AW `w[mrQ>m Ka H$aUmam EdT>mM Amh{. KaQ>r ]mYUma{ gJi{M
[jr `mV `{D$ eH$Vrc. PmS>mda cQ>H$Vr odac{cr gwXa KaQ>r ]mYUmam gwJU ZmdmMm [jr Agmoh
`mMm AW H$aVm `{Bc. Kam`m q^Vrda Xmam`m MmH$Q>rda _mVrMr AJXr chmZ Ka{ ]mYUmar dmidr
Agm AW Q>rH$mH$mamZr H{$cm Amh{.
dH$m{ _J^
{ `mKm@{ \$c_yc Vw _H$Q>:$&
r_j: Vm{H$H$m{ dmna `mZm`w>: [eyZO:$&&67&&
_J oH$dm hmr Mm{aUmam cmS>Jm hm{Vm{. Km{S>m Mm{aUmam dmK hm{Vm{.\$i{ AmoU _wi{
Mm{aUmam _mH$S> hm{Vm{. o`m [iodUmam Adc hm{Vm{. [mUr Mm{aUmam MmVH$ [jr hm{Vm{. dmhZ{
Mm{aUmam CQ> hm{Vm{. [ey Mm{aUmam ]m{H$S> hm{Vm{.
_Zw_oV
[ 629 ]
12 73
_mJ{ ]mg>m`m cm{H$mV [m`m`m Mm{arMm C{I Amh{. BW{oh [wZ: Vm{M A[amY
C{oIcm Amh{. Q>rH$mH$mamZr `{W{ Wm{S>{g{ [mUr (o[`m[waV{) Agm AW H{$cm Amh{.
`m Vm [a`_[` ]cma:$&
Ad` `moV oV`d Odm MdmhV hod:$&&68&&
Xwg`mM{ H$m{UV{oh BH$S>M{ oVH$S>M{ YZ dm dVy ]imZ{ Mm{aUmam _Zw` [ew B`moX
oV`H$ `m{Zrcm OmVm{. `kmVrc hod`{ ode{fV: [wam{S>memoXH$ Mm{$Z ImUmamcmoh [ew`m{ZrM m
hm{V{.
o`m{@`{VZ{ H$[{Z dm Xm{f_dmZw`:w $&

EV{fm_{d OVyZm ^m`md_w[`mpV Vm:$&&69&&
da C{oIc{cr [mVH{$ O{hm r H$aV{ V{hm Vr `m `m `m{ZrVrc H$o_H$sQ>H$m`m
[ew[`m`m _Yrc r (_mXr) hm{V{.
d{`: d{`Vw H$_``wVm dUm Zm[oX $&

[m[mgg ` ggmam{`Vm `mpV ewf$w &&70&&
dV:`m odohV H$_m[mgyZ ^> Pmc{c{ Mmar dUmVrc cm{H$ `m [mVH$mMm [naUm_
hUyZ [wT>{ gmoJV`m_mU{ `m `m `m{ZrV O_ K{D$Z ([m[j`mZVa) _Zw` hUyZ O_VmV.V{hm
X`yM{(S>mH$VH$a `mM{ ) Xmg hm{VmV.
dmVm`wH$m_wI: {Vm{ odm{ Y_mdH$m`wV:$&

A_{`Hw$U[mer M jo`: Hy$Q>[Vy Z:$&&71&&
dY_m[mgyZ ^> Pmc{cm ]mU dmpV (CcQ>r) ImUmam CH$m_wI ZmdmMm o[em
hm{Vm{. ^> Pmc{cm jo` KmU{aS>{ [XmW AmoU {VmM{ _mg ImUma{ H$Q>[yVZ ZmdmM{ o[em hm{Vm{.
_moj`m{oVH$: {Vm{ d`m{ ^doV [y`^wH$ $&

McmeH$ ^doV eym{ Y_mdH$m`wV:$&&72&&
^> d` [y`^jr Ag{ _mj `m{oVH$ ZmdmM{ o[em hm{Vm{. dH$_^> Agm ey
"McmeH$' ZmdmM{ o[em hm{Vm{.
McmeH$ eXmZ{ dmXt`m Aml`mZ{ amhUm`m {Vode{fmMm C{I Q>rH$mH$mamZr
H{$cm Amh{.
`Wm `Wm oZf{dV{ odf`mZ ndf`m_H$m:$&

VWm VWm Hw$ecVm V{fm V{f[y Om`V{$&&73&&
12 74
630 ]
_Zw_oV
V{@`mgmH$_Um V{fm [m[mZm_[]w`:$&

gmZwdpV Xw:ImoZ Vmgw Vmpdh `m{oZfw$&&74&&
odf`m`m Am{T>rZ{ Om{ Om{ AoKH $_mUmV V{ V{ odf` g{dZ H{$c{ OmVmV Vm{ Vm{ _mUg{
`m `m odf`mV AoYH$ AoYH$M a__mU hm{VmV. [wZ:[wZ: `mM odf`mM{ aJyZ OmD$Z g{dZ H$aUma{
_X]wrM{ cm{H$ H{$c{`m [m[m_wi{ `m `m ZrM`m{ZrV OmD$Z ZmZmH$maMr Xw:I{ AZwôdVmV.
Vmo_moXfw Mm{Jf{ w ZaH{$fw oddVZ_$&

Aog[dZmXroZ ]YZN>X{ ZmoZ M $&&75&&
A`V Km{a Aem [mVH$mMm [naUm_ hUyZ _Zw`mcm ^`H$a Aem Vo_ Zmdm`m
ZaH$mV A`V Xw:I ^m{Jmd{ cmJV{. Aog[dZmoX ZaH$mV ]mYyZ [S>U{, Ad`d Vm{S>c{ OmU{ Aer
Xw:I{ ^m{Jmdr cmJVmV.
ododYmd g[rS>m: H$mH$m{cHy $M ^jU_$&

H$a^dmcwH$mVm[mHw$^r[mH$m XmUmZ$&&76&&
ZaH$m_`{ H$mdi{, Kw]S>{ `m`mH$Sy>Z Im{ OmU{ , Vm[c{`m oMIcmV dm dmiyV
cm{iU{, [w$Z K{U{, Hw$^r[mH$mV oeOodc{ OmU{ Aem H$ma`m A`V [rS>mXm`H$ `mVZm ^m{Jm`m
cmJVmV.
g^dm od`m{Zrfw Xw:Im`mgw oZè: $&

erVmV[mo^KmVm ododYmoZ ^`moZ M $&&77&&
Xw:I]hc Aem H$o_H$sQ>H$moX ZrM `m{ZrV O_ [mdU{ erVCU `m`m[mgyZ hm{Umar
[rS>m gm{gU{, AZ{H$ H$ma`m ^`mZ{ `mHw$i hm{U{, hr gd [mVH$mMr \$i{ Amh{V.
AgH$XJ^dmg{fw dmg O_ M XmU_$&

]YZmoZ M H$>>moZ [a{`d_{d M $&&78&&
[wZ:[whm J^mV dmg H$aU{, O_m`m d{ir ZmZm H$maMm mg hm{U,{ H$>Xm`H$ ]YZmV
amhmd{ cmJU{, [aXm` H$[mir `{U{, h{oh H{$c{`m [mVH$mM{M [naUm_ AgVmV.
]Ywoòd`m{Jm gdmg Md XwOZ : $&

`mOZ M Zme M o_mo_` MmOZ_$&&79&&
o` Aem Am{>mMm od`m{J hm{U{, XwOZm`m gJVrV amhmd{ cmJU{, ` o_iodVmZm
H$> hm{U{, o_iodc{c{ ` Zmhrg{ hm{U{, MmJc{ o_ Z o_iU{, d`mer JmR> [S>U{ hr [m[\$i{M
Amh{V.
_Zw_oV
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12 81
Oam MdmVrH$mam `moYo^m{[[rS>Z_$&

c{em ododYmVmVm_`w_d{ M XwO` _$&&80&&
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`{Umam (hmchmc H$aUmam) Agm _`y `{U{ h{ ^rfU H$> _Zw`mcm `m`m hmVyZ KS>c{`m [mVH mM{
[naUm_ hUyZ ^m{Jmd{ cmJVmV.
`me{Z Vw ^md{Z `H$_ oZf{dV{$&

Vme{Z eara{U Vm\$c_w[mZwV${ &&81&&
`m `m ^mdmZ{ O{ O{ H$_ _mUgmH$Sy>Z KS>V{ V{hm `mcm Vr Vr \$i{ ([naUm_)
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12 81
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_mZ`mda Adc]yZ ZgV{. g` H$m` Amh{ V{ cjmV K{D$ZM OrdZmMr dmQ>Mmc gmdY[U{ H$amdr
cmJV{.d^mdmcm Vg{ diU cmdmd{ cmJV{. hmVyZ O{ MmJc{ KS>c{ `mM{ MmJc{ \$i AmO Zm Cm,
`m O_r Zmhr Va [wT>`m O_r cmÛmaM Amh{. hm AmemdmX _mUgmcm gXmMaUmV pWa amI`m`m
>rZ{ \$ma C[`m{Jr [S>Vm{ Vg{M hmVyZ O{ H$mhr Hw$H$_ KS>c{ Ag{c `mM{ Xw[naUm_ AmO Zmhr Va Cm
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V{hm [wZO_mMr YmaUm hr gm_moOH$Q>m hm{Um`m [naUm_mMm odMma H$aVm
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A[`M Amh{. h{ `mZmV R>{dyZ dmJU{M ohVmM{ AgV{. h{ odg$Z MmcUma Zmhr.
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Amh{.
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\$cz[ Pmc{ ZmhrV hUO{ o_`m Amhma odhma d `moY `mMm g]Y Zmhr.Ag{ Og{ hUVm `{V Zmhr,
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_Zw_oV
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C[oZfXmVyZ [Mmoodm `m ZmdmZ{ [wZO_mMr EH$ MmJcr _r_mgm H{$c{cr Amh{.

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ode{fdmZ{ gmJmd`mMr Jm{> Aer H$s$ `m mMrZV_ H$miroh [Mmoodm hUO{ [wZO_mM{ kmZ
jo`mZm AdJV hm{V.{ ]mUmZm oVM{ kmZ ZhV{. ]mUmZr Vr odm jo`mZm eaU OmD$Z o_idcr
Amh{. C[oZfXm_`{ _mUgmMm [wZ: _mUygM hm{Vm{ `m H$[Z{cm Wmam Zmhr. V{W{ Hw$H$_} H{$cr Va
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`mZ{ Vg{ `md{ Ag{oh emmZ{ hQ>c{c{ Zmhr. CcQ> odohVH$_ gXmMaU CXmaVm [am{[H$ma B`moX
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H$amdm cmJcm H$s H$_od[mH$mcm AZwg$Z Agc{c{ [ydO_ AmnU [wZO_ _m` H$amd{ cmJVmV.
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AW ZgVm{. emH$ma H$m{UmM{oh ey dm o_ AgV ZmhrV. `mZm H$m{UmM{ Vw>rH$aU H$amd`mM{ ZgV{.V{
H$m{UmH$S>{ oVaH$mamZ{ dm {f]wrZ{ [mhVnh ZmhrV.
g`mMm gmjmH$ma Pmc{c{ h{ Wm{a _hm[wf _mZdmM{ `m[H$ ohV cjmV K{D$Z
odoYoZf{Y gmJVmV. `m`m [naUm_mMr MMm H$aVmV. `mVyZM [mVH$mMr _r_mgm `mH$naVm H$amd{
cmJUma{ mòm, mòm Z H{$c{ Va ^m{Jmd{ cmJUma{ Xw[naUm_ `mMr dUZ{ (emmVyZ) H$Yr
gj{[mZ{ Va H$Yr odVmamZ{ Amc{cr AgVmV. `mMm odMma H$$Z dmJU{ h{ `{H$mM{ H$V` Amh{.
V{M `mM{ ohV gmYyZ X{Uma{ Amh{.
Ef gd: g_wo{>: H$_Um d: \$cm{X`: $&

Z:l{`gH$a H$_ od`{X oZ]m{YV$&&82&&
H$_mZw$[ \$i{ H$m{UVr AmoU H$er hm{VmV V{ gmoJVc{ . AmVm _m{jmcm gmYZr^yV
hm{Uma{ ]mUmM{ H$_ H$m{UV{ V{ gmJVm{.
d{Xm`mgV[m{kmZo_o`mUm M g`_:$&
Aqhgm Jwg{dm M oZ:l{`gH$a [a_$&&83&&
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d{XmM{ A``Z V[`m kmZ Bo`mMm g`_ Aqhgm JwMr g{dm hr _m{j o_idyZ
X{Umar Cm_m{m_ gmYZ{ Amh{V.
gd}fm_o[ MVf{ m ew^mZmo_h H$_Um_$&

qH$oMN>`{ H$aVa H$_m}$ [wf oV$&&84&&
hr Or gmYZ{ AmVm gmoJVcr Vr gJir ew^H$a Amh{V `m_`{ [wfmcm AoYH$
l{`H$a Ag{ H$_ H$m{UV{?
gd}fm_o[ MVf{ m_m_kmZ [a _V_$&

VX`` gdodmZm m`V{ _V VV:$&&85&&
(`mM{ Cma Ag{ H$s) hr Or _m{jX gmYZ{ gmoJVcr `m gdm_`{ Am_kmZ h{ l{>
Amh{ Ag{ hQ>c{ OmV{. H$maU V{M gd odm_`{ _yY` Amh{ AmoU `m_wi{M O__`y Q>miUm`m
A_V_` Aem _m{jmMr mo hm{V{.
fUm_{fm Vw [ydf} m H$_Um {` M{h M $&

l{`H$aVa k{` gdXm H$_ doXH$_$&&86&&
d{Xm`mgmoX ghm gmYZ{ gmoJVcr `m_`{ Bhcm{H$s AmoU [acm{H$s gmaI{M l{`H$a
Agc{c{ Ag{ doXH$ H$_M l{R> Amh{. Ag{ OmUmd{ (H$maU doXH$ H$__mJm_`{ oZaoZam`m oH$`m`m
gJmV BVa [mMoh gmYZmMm H$_mH$_mZ{ AV^md hm{Vm{.)
doXH{$ H$_`m{J{ Vw gdm`{Vmè{fV:$&

AV^dpV H$_eVp_Vp_pH$`modYm $&&87&&
ZmZm H$maMr [yOmhdZmoX doXH$ H$_} H$arV AgVmZm d{Xd{XmJ{ `mMm AV^md `m
`m d{i`m oH$`m_`{ `WmH$_ arVrZ{ hm{V AgVm{.
gwIm`wXo`H$ Md Z:l{ògH$_{d M $&

dm M oZdm M oodY H$_ doXH$_$&&88&&
doXH$ H$_ h{ dom AmoU oZdmrcm AZwg$Z Bhcm{H$s gwImMm A`wX` gmYyZ
X{Uma{ AmoU oZ:l{`g (_m{j) o_idyZ X{Uma{ hm{V{.
domhr A`wX`YmZ dom Amh{. `mgmR>r ZmZmH$maMr H$_} oZacg[U{ H$arV amhmdr
cmJVmV. oZdom hr dam` YmZ Amh{. `mgmR>r oZ[hVm Bo`mM{ e_ X_ `mMr Amd`H$Vm AgV{.
hr kmZYmZ dom Amh{. AmoU Vr _m{jmM{ gmYZ Amh{.
_Zw_oV
[ 635 ]
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H$oV^{XmZ{ `m dom oZdmrMm g_d` g_w` dm EH$_mJu drH$ma `$s`$sZ{

H$aU{ `m{`.
Bh Mm_w dm H$m` dm H$_ H$s`V{ $&

oZH$m_ kmV[yd Vw oZdm_w[oX`V{$&&89&&
dmrcm AZwg$Z hm{Uma{ H$_ h{ Bhcm{H$s dm [acm{H$s gwI o_iod`m`m H$[Z{Z{
H{$c{ OmV{. oZdmrcm AZwg$Z AgUma{ H$_ h{ kmZ[ydH$ AmoU oZH$m_ ^mdZ{Z{ H$amd`mM{ AgV{.
Ag{ VkmZr C[X{oec{ Amh{.
dm H$_ gg{ ` X{dmZm_{oV gm`Vm_$&

oZdm g{d_mZVw ^yVm``{oV [m d$&&90&&
dom$[ H$_m`m AZw>mZmZ{ X{dcm{H$mMr mo hm{V{. AoYH$ma^{XmZ{ X{dmer gm`Vm
o_iV{. oZdom$[ H$_mZ{ [M_hm^yVm`m ]YZmVyZ _Zw` [ma hm{Vm{.
eara h{ [M^yVm_H$ AgV{. AmoU V{M O__`y`m \{$`mV JwVodV{ . kmZ[ydH$
H{$c{`m oZH$m_ C[mgZ{Z{ [M^yVmMr ]YZ{ CaV ZmhrV. AmoU _J d^mdV: eara YmaU H$a`mMm
gJM `{V Zmhr. `m_wi{ O_ `mdm cmJV Zmhr. O_ Zmhr AWmVM _`y Zmhr.
gd^Vy f{ w Mm_mZ gd^Vy moZ Mm_oZ$&

g_ [`m_`mOr dmam`_oYJN>oV$&&91&&
gd ^yV_mm`m oR>H$mUr Am_kmZ$[mZr _rM Amh{. AmoU gd ^yV{ (_m`m)
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AmoU Vm{ dam`mcm m hm{Vm{.
]$[ hm{Vm{.
`Wm{$mò[ H$_moU [nahm` oOm{m_:$&

Am_kmZ{ e_{ M `m{Xm`mg{ M `ZdmZ$&&92&&
d{Xm{$ H$_} [wH$i Agcr Var `m gdmMm(`Wm`m{` arVrZ{) `mJ H$$Z ]mUmZ{
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`Zerc Agmd{.
EVo O_gm\$` ]mU` ode{fV:$&

m`VH$VH$`m{ oh oOm{ ^doV Zm`Wm$&&93&&
hmM _mJ hUO{ kmZ_mJ ]mU jo` d` `mZm OrdZmMr H$VH$`Vm o_idyZ
12 93
636 ]
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o[VXd{ _Zw`mUm d{Xjw: gZmVZ_$&

Ae` Mm_{` M d{Xemo_oV pWoV:$&&94&&
X{d o[Va _Zw` `mM{ emV H$`mU gmYyZ X{`m`m >rZ{ d{X h{M EH$_m _mU
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{ r H$m`H$maU
_r_mgm hr gdgm_m`mZm ) AJ` Amh{.
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dam`,oZahH$ma, odd{H$ercVm h{ JwU _Zw`m`m oR>H$mUr CH$Q>V{Z{ Agmd{ cmJVmV. H$oVdom
[napWoV `mMr C`m AoYH$ _mUmV Var AZwHy$cVm cmJV{. Cgmh AmoU Y` H$m{U`moh H$maUmZ{
CUmdUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm `mdr cmJV{. h{ gd AdKS> Ag`mZ{ d{Xmcm A_{` dm AJ` _mZc{
OmV{.
`m d{X]mm: lV`m{ `m H$m Hw$>`:$&

gdmVm oZ\$cm: {` V_m{oZ>m oh Vm: _Vm:$&&95&&
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>rZ{ oZ\$i Amh{V. `m`m_wi{ V_m{JwUmMr dmT> hm{V{. Ag{ _hfuM{ oV[mXZ Amh{.
C[V{ odZ`pV`m`Vm{@`moZ H$moZoMV$&

Vm`dm$mocH$V`m oZ\$cm`ZVmoZ M $&&96&&
d{Xmcm gm{Sy>Z AdmMrZ H$mcr AZ{H$ [wfmZr (dV:`m _Vmcm AZwg$Z) AZ{H$
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oZ$[`m{Jr Amh{V. AmoU odgZr` ZmhrV.
AmO Va Aem Aemr` d`^y _VmZm OUy D$V Amcm Amh{. Om{ Vm{ ]wrM gmJVm{
Ag{ Pmc{ Amh{.
MmVwd ` `m{ cm{H$mdmaml_m: [WH$$&

^yV ^dV ôd` M gd d{XmogòV$&&97&&
d{Xm`m Aml`mZ{M Mma dU dJmoX oVhr cm{H$ Mma Aml_ ^yV ôd` dV_mZ
`mM{ kmZ h{ gd C[ hm{V{. AmoU nQHy$Z amhV{.
_Zw_oV
[ 637 ]
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eX: [e $[ M agm{ JY [m_:$&

d{XmX{d gy`V{ gyoVJwU
H$_V:$&&98&&
eX [e $[ ag JY `mM{ `WmW kmZ d{Xm_wiM
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gd aO V_ `m JwUmda AmYmnaV Amh{V.
o]ôV gd^Vy moZ d{Xem gZmVZ_$&

V_mX{V[a _`{ `mVm{a` gmYZ_$&&99&&
d{Xem h{ oZ`ZyVZ Amh{. gd^yVmZm YmaU H$aUma{ Ag{ Amh{. _Zw`mgmR>r V{M
A`V l{> Ag{ gmYZ Amh{.
gdm`m H$`mUmMr ohVmMr gdH$maMr gmYZ{ CH$>arVrZ{ AoYH$ma^{XmZ{ d{XmZ{M
gmoJVcr Amh{V. hUyZM d{X gdl{> gmYZ Amh{.
gZm[` M am` M XSZ{V d_{d M $&

gdcm{H$moY[` M d{XemodXhoV$&&100&&
d{XmM{ em Om{ Cm_arVrZ{ OmUVm{ `mcm g{Z{M{ gMcZ H$g{ H$amd{ am`H$ma^ma
H$gm Mmcdmdm Cm_ `m`[oV H$er H$m{UVr Agmdr cm{H$m`mda AoYH$ma H$gm m H$$Z `mdm
h{ `Wm`m{àrVrZ{ H$iV{.
d{X h{ H{$di [acm{H$mM{M _mJXeZ H$aUma{ em ZgyZ Bhcm{H$s`m OrdZmV g[[U{
oZam_àrVrZ{ XrKH$mcm[`V H$g{ amhVm `{Bc. V{oh oejU d{Xm`m d VXZwHy$c emm`m A``ZmZ{
m hm{V{. h{ `{W{ [> eXmV JQ> H{$c{ Amh{.
`Wm OmV]cm{ doXh`mmZo[ x_mZ $&

VWm XhoV d{Xk: H$_O Xm{f_m_Z:$&&101&&
]cdmZ Pmc{cm Ao Am{`m cmH$S>mZmoh OmiyZ Q>mH$Vm{. `m_mU{ d{Xd{`m
_mUgm`m hmVyZ KS>Um`m Xm{fmMm Zme H$aVm{.
XwH$`{ H$m{Umcm hUmdrV ? AmoU AkmZmZ{ _m{hmZ{ XwamMaU KS>c{ Va `mVyZ H$g{
_w$ hmd{ ?AV:H$aUmcm H$emZ{ ewVm m hm{V{ `mM{ `WmW kmZ d{Xemm`m A``ZmZ{ hm{V{.
d{XemmWVdkm{ ` Vml_{ dgZ$&

Bhd cm{H${ oV>g ]^y`m` H$[V{$&&102&&
d{X d{XmZwHy c em{ `mM{ Vd `Wm`m{` arVrZ{ OmUUmam H$m{U`moh Aml_mV AgUmam
Agcm Var Vm{ Bhcm{H$mVM ] hm{`mMr `m{`Vm o_iodVm{. Ord_w$ hm{Vm{.
12 103
638 ]
_Zw_oV
Ak{`m{ JpWZ; l{>m JpW`m{ YmnaUm{ dam:$&

Ymna`m{ kmoZZ: l{>m kmoZ`m{ `dgmo`Z:$&&103&&
AoeojVm[{jm JWmM{ A``Z H$aUmam l{>. `m[{jm `mMr JWmMr YmaUm MmJcr
Amh{ Vm{ l{R>. JW YmaH$m[{jm JWmM{ `WmW kmZ Pmc{cm l{> AmoU JWmM{ kmZ `m`m dVZmV
CVac{ Vm{ `m`m[{jm l{>. gdmV l{> Vm{M `mM{ kmZ AmMaUmV CVaV{.
V[m{ odm M od` oZ:l{`gH$a [a_$&

V[gm oH$p]f hpV od`m@_V_ZwV${ &&104&&
]mUm`m >rZ{ V[`m AmoU odm``Z h{M A`V oZ:l{`H$a Amh{. V[`}Z{
Hw$dmgZmMm XwH$_mMm Zme hm{Vm{ AmoU od{Z{ hUO{ Am_kmZmZ{ A_VmMr _m{jmMr mo hm{V{.
`j MmZw_mZ M em M ododYmJ__$&
` gwodoXV H$m` Y_eow _^rgVm$&&105&&
`j, AZw_mZ AmoU ododY Aem d{X_ycH$ emmVyZ hm{Uma{ eXkmZ hr VrZ
`WmW kmZ H$$Z X{Umar _mU{ Amh{V. Y_AY_ ( odoYoZf{Y`m`Jm) `mM{ `m{` kmZ
hmd{ Aer BN>m AgUmamZ{ hr VrZ _mU{ d `mMm `m{` Vm{ C[`m{J MmJ`m H$ma{ Am_gmV
H$amdm.
Amf Y_m}[X{e M d{Xemm@odam{oYZm$&

`VH}$UmZwgY
m{ gY_ d{X Z{Va:$&&106&&
d{Xemmcm AZwg$Z `m`m odam{YmV Z OmVm F$ofUrV Aem Y_m`m C[X{emM{
Vd Am[`m VH$]wr`m ]imda `WmWarVrZ{ OmUyZ `md{. Ag{ Om{ H$aVm{ `mcmM Y_mM{ __
H$iV{. BVamZm V{ AdJV hm{V Zmhr.
VH$ dV Zgmdm. oZamYma Agc{`m H{$di VH$mZ{ H$m{UVroh Jm{> MmJcr Vr dmBQ>
AmoU dmBQ> Vr MmJcr R>aodVm `{V{. AmO V{M Mmcc{ Amh{. hUyZ `m{` H$m` V{ emmYma{ gmJmd{
cmJV{.
Z:l{`go_X H$_ `Wm{oXV_e{fV:$&

_mZd`m` em` ah`_w[X{`V{$&&107&&
_m{jmcm gmYZr^yV hm{Umar H$_} Vwhmcm g[yUV{Z{ C[X{oecr. AmVm `m _ZwUrV
emmM{ ah` gmJVm{.
_Zw_oV
[ 639 ]
12 113
AZmZmV{fw Y_}fw H$W `moXoV M{d{V$ &

` oe>m ]mUm ]`y :w g Y_: `mXeo>V:$&&108&&
`m odf`mV Y_emmMm [Q> AmX{e ZgVm{ V{W{ V{ kmZ emm``Z H{$c{c{ gXmMmar
oZ[h Ag{ ]mU O{ gmJVrc Vm{M Y_ Amh{ Ag{ oZ:eH$[U{ OmUmd{.
Y_}UmoYJVm{ `Vw d{X: g[na]hU

: $&
V{ oe>m ]mUm k{`m: lwoV`jh{Vd:$$&&109&&
`mZr d{X `m`m AJm{[mJmgh `m{àrVrZ{ Am_gmV H{$cm Amh{. `mZmM ]mUmVrc
oe> g_Omd{. JQ> dm AJQ> Agm d{XmMm C[X{e V{M `j[U{ OmUy eH$VmV.
Xemdam dm [naf Y_ [naH$[`{V$ &

`dam dm@o[ dmWm V Y_ Z odMmc`{V$ &&110&&
Y_kmZmgmR>r `m{` dVZr Aem XhmMr dm oVKmMr [nafX oZ_oV H$amdr AmoU Vr
g^m Om{ oZU` X{Bc Vm{ _mZmdm. `mM{ AoVH$_U H$$ Z`{.
hr go_Vr pWa d$[mMroh Ag{c qH$dm Amd`H$V{_mU{ amOmZ{ dm `m `m
X{eod^mJm`m _wImZ{, ZmJnaH$mZr, dm Jm_WmZr gKoQ>V H$amdr. oV`m[wT>{, [S>c{c{ C[
Pmc{`m eH$m _mS>m`mV AmoU go_Vr X{Bc (]h_VmZ{) Vm{ oZU` AZ_mZ Z H$aVm drH$mamdm.
odm{ h{VHw $VH$s Z$m{ Y_[mR>H$:$&

`mlo_U: [yd} [naf`memdam $&&111&&
go_Vr O{hm XhmMr Ag{c V{hm oV`m_`{ VrZ d{XmM{ A``Z H{$c{c{ VrZ
Z`mo`H$, _r_mgH$, oZ$mMm A`mg H{$c{cm Y_em (_Vr) A`mogc{cm Ag{ Mma AmoU
]Mmar, JhW, dmZW `mVrc EH{$H$ o_iyZ VrZ Ag{ V{ Xhm Agmd{V.
F$d{XodOwod gm_d{XodX{d M $&

`dam [nafk{`m Y_ge
òZU`${ &&112&&
go_Vr oVKmMr Ag{c V{hm F$d{X, Òwd}X, gm_d{X `mM{ OmUH$ma oV`m_`{
Agmd{V. Y_odf`H$ ge`mM{ oZamH$aU `m`m H$adr OmUmd{.
EH$m{@o[ d{Xod_ ` `d`{oXOm{m_:$&

g odk{`: [am{ Y_m} ZmkmZm_woXVm{@`wV: $&&113&&
d{XmM{ Cm_ kmZ Agc{cm EH$ gwm oOm{m_ Y_oZU`mgmR>r [wa{gm Amh{. AoeojV
Aem ghmdYtZr Oar H$mhr (AJXr EH$_VmZ{) oV[moXc{ Var V{ `W Amh{.
12 113
640 ]
_Zw_oV
hUyZ cm{H$gmm drH$mam`Mr Ag`mg BNw>H$mMr AmoU _VXm`mMr [mVm

`m{àrVrZ{ oZoV H{$cr [mohO{.
AdVmZm__mUm OmoV_mm{[OrodZm_$&
ghe: g_{VmZm [nafd Z odV{$&&114&&
dVmMaUr Zgc{c{ d{Xm`mg Z H{$c{c{ H{$di OmVr`m ]imda C[OrodH$m H$aUma{
ghmdYr Oar EH$ Pmc{ Var `m`m g_yhmcm [nafX hUVm `{V Zmhr.
`{W{ [whm OmoV]mUmcm `m` R>aodc{ Amh{.
` dXpV V_m{^Vy m _yIm Y__VoX:$&

V[m[ eVYm ^ydmV$ZZwJN>oV $&&115&&
V_m{JwU ]cdmZ Agc{c{ _yI, Y_mM{ `WmW kmZ ZgVmZm H$V` hUyZ O{ H$mhr
gmJVrc V{ Xm{f`w$ AgV{. `m_wi{ `m_mU{ dmJUmamcm V{ ]mYV{M. [U V{ gmJUmamcm eV[Q>
Xm{f`w$ hm{D$Z ]mYV{.
h{ g` H$mhr d{im Var AZw^dmg `{V{. [a[amJV lmMr, ogmVmMr, odMmamMr
d$d[yU ^mf{Z{ gVV Q>a CS>odUm`m _hVmcm e{dQ>r hmchmc hm{D$Z _`y Amcm
EVm{@oôhV gd oZ:l{`H$a [a_$&

A_mX`wVm{ od: mZm{oV [a_m JoV_$&&116&&
_m{j o_idyZ X{Uma{, l{`H$a, H$`mUH$a Ag{ O{ H$mhr Amh{, V{ gmoJVc{. Om{ ]mU
_mX Z H$aVm `m C[X{em_mU{ AmMaU H$arc Vm{ [a_JVrcm m hm{Vm{.
Ed g ^JdmX{dm{ cm{H$mZm ohVH$m``m $&

Y_` [a_ Jw __{X gd_w $dmZ$&&117&&
_hof ^Jw hUVmV, gd cm{H$m`m ohVmMr BN>m H$aUm`m ^JdmZ _ZyZ{
[a_Vdd$[ Ag{ h{ Y_em _cm C[X{oec{ Amh{. (V{M _r Vwhmcm gmoJVc{ Amh{.)
gd_m_oZ g[`{gmg g_mohV: $&

gd m_oZ g[`mY_} Hw$V{ _oV_$&&118&&
]a{ dmBQ> gd H$maM{ OJV Am`mVM g_mod> Amh{ Ag{ EH$mJ hm{D$Z AZw^dmd{.
Om{ gJi{ H$mhr Am`mVM [mhVm{, `m`m _ZmVoh AY_mMaU H$a`mM{ `{V Zmhr.
Am_d X{dVm: gdm: gd_m_`dpWV_$&

Am_m oh OZ``{fm H$_`m{J earnaUm_$&&119&&
_Zw_oV
[ 641 ]
12 123
Am_m hrM EH$_m X{dVm Amh{. gdH$mhr `m Am`m`mM Aml`mZ{ amhV{.

_Zw`mH$Sy>Z O{ H$mhr hm{V{ V{ Am`m`mM gm{Z{ hm{V{.
d goZd{e`{I{fw M{>Z[eZ@{ oZc_$&

[o$Q>m{: [a V{O: Z{h@{ [m{ Jm M _yoVfw $&&120&&
_ZgrXw oXe: lm{{ H$mV{ odUw ]c{ ha_$&
dm`q o__wgJ} OZ{ M Om[oV_$&&121&&
earamVrc AmH$me h{ ]m AmH$memV g_mod> H$amd{. gd H$ma`m hmcMmcr
H$aUmam earamVrc mU ]mdm`yV crZ H$amdm. OR>amr AmoU S>m
{ `mVrc V{O ]m V{OmV o_idmd{.
earamVrc pZY`{, d `{ ]m Ocmer o_gimdrV. earamVrc [moWd `{ ]mh{a`m [dr
Vdmer EH$$[ H$amdrV. `m_mU{M _ZmM{ R>m`r M, H$mZmV oXem, [m`mV odUy, ]cm_`{ eH$a,
dmUr_`{ Ar, JwXm_`{ o_, C[Wm_`{ Om[oV `mMr YmaUm H$amdr.
emogVma gd}fm_Ur`mg_Um{ao[ $&

_m^ dZYrJ` odmm [wf [a_$&&122&&
Om{ AUw[j
{ moh AUy Amh{ (gy_mhZ gy_ Amh{ _hVmhZ _hmZ Amh{), Om{ gd odmM{
oZ`_Z H$aVm{. Om{ gwdUm_mU{ ew AmoU V{Odr Amh{.
Pm{[{M{ kmZ oOcm hm{V{ oVcmM H{$di `mM{ kmZ hm{D$ eH$V{ `m [a_[wfmcm OmUyZ
`md{. Pm{[{M{ kmZ oOcm hm{V{ Vr ]wo. hUO{ g_moY AdW{V pWamdc{`m [wfmMr ]wo. ]wrcm
Pm{[{Vrc h{ ode{fU X{`mM{ H$maU Ag{ H$s `md{ir gd Bo`m`m dmr AV_wI Pmc{`m AgVmV.
hUyZM Pm{[{Vrc Am`m`m Aemcm mk Aer gkm C[oZfXmZ{ oXcr Amh{.
EV_{H${ dX`q _Zw_`{ Om[oV_$&

B_{H${ [a{ mU_[a{ ] emV_$&&123&&
`m [a_[wfmcmM H$m{Ur Ao, H$m{Ur _Zy, H$m{Ur Om[oV, H$m{Ur B, H$m{Ur mU
Xwga{ H$m{Ur emV AZmoX AZV ] Ag{ hUVmV.
`{H$ [wfmMr H$Vr dmr[napWVr d{Jd{Jir AgV{. N>m`mV KmcyZ H$mT>c{ `m
_yoV_mU{ H$m{UmMroh AmdS>, d^md, gH$ma {aUm EH$$[ ZgVmV. hUyZ C[mgZ{gmR>r oZdS>md`mM{
Vd _mUyg Am[`m ]wr_mU{ oZdS>Vm{ d oVMr `Wmeo$ C[mgZm H$aVm{. hr C[mgZm Oa m_moUH$
EH$oZ> gmV`mZ{ AmoU gdeo$oZer H{$c{cr Ag{c Va Vr gd _mUg{ AVr EH$mM WmZr OmD$Z
12 123
_Zw_oV
642 ]
[m{MVmV. hUyZ Am[`mH$S>{ VdV: H$m{R>{oh EH$$[V{Mm XwamJh Yac{cm Zmhr.EH$M Vd C[mgH$
Am[`m AmdS>rZ{ ododY X{dVm`m Zm_$[mV [mhVm{. `m oZ>{Z{ Vm{ V$Z OmVm{.
Ef gdmoU ^yVmoZ [mo^`m` _yoVo^:$&

O_dojòZ` ggmaòV MH$dV$&&124&&
hm [a_[wfM [M_hm^yVmZm `m[yZ ZmZmH$maMr eara{ oZ_mU H$aVm{. AmoU C[om
pWoVc` Aem d$[mV MH$JVrZ{ ggma MmcdVm{.
Ed `: gd^Vy f{ w [``m_mZ_m_Zm$&
g gdg_Vm_{` ]m`{oV [a [X_$&&125&&
Aem arVrZ{ Om{ [wf gd^yVmM{ oR>H$mUr AgUm`m Am`mcm Am_d$[mV [mhVm{
`mcm gdmer g_Vm m hm{V{ AmoU Vm{ [a_[X Aem ]mcm m H$$Z K{Vm{.
B`{V_mZd em ^Jw m{$ [R>pO:$&

^d`mMmadmo` `W{>m mZw`mXJoV_$&&126&&
^JyZ{ gmoJVc{`m `m _Zw_VrM{ Om{ oO (]mU jo` d`) A``Z H$aVm{ AmoU
`m_mU{ oZ` gXmMaUr amhVm{ Vm{ BpN>V JVrcm OmVm{.
&& BoV e_ $&&
_Zw_oV _hrdar gH$c _mZdm _mCcr

ohVmohV oZd{XZw r Yna H$[m_`r gmdcr$&
^m COidr oVMr gw^J _mJ cm{H$moV$
oVcm Zo_V AmXa{ daXZX hm ^maVr$&&
demI d EH$mXer eH{$ 1923
H$cmg Aml_, CmaH$mer
BBBBB
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y
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AZ{H$ KQ>Zm cj d{YyZ K{V hm{`m. `mMm X{eohV-g_mOohV cjmV K{CZ AW H$m` Agmdm, H$gm
cmdmdm `m odf`roh qMVZ gmV`mZ{ hm{V Amc{. Am[cr gH$Vr AoVmMrZ. d{Xm_`{ oVMm CJ_.
_Vr_`{ oVMr ]mYUr. am_mÙ- _hm^maV- [wamU{, `mVyZ oVMm g_mOm{_wIr odVma. `mVyZ `$
hm{Uma{ gH$Vr odf`rM{ l{>d, Y_ oZ gH$oV odf`rMr l{>Vm, `mVyZ `$ Agm odmg T>mdcm
Amh{. Am[`m Y_mMr dm gH$VrMr AZ{H$ AJm{[mJ{ Amh{V. `mVrc H$mhr Wyc Amh{V. Va H$mhr
gy_ Amh{V. `mda [wH$i AmKmVoh Pmc{c{ Amh{V. BJOm`m amOdQ>rV Va ]wo^{X H$a`mMm
AmdOyZ `Z H{$cm J{cm. AmoU `m_wi{ Y_odam{Yr ]wo_VmMr EH$ [a[amM Am[`mH$S>{ oZ_mU
Pmcr. XwXd mZ{ MmamMr AmYwoZH$ _m`_{ ]her Y_odam{YH$m`mM dmYrZ Ag`m_wi,{ gd gm_m`
g_mOm[`V Y_mM{ d$[ Og{ Agmd`mg [mohO{ hm{V,{ Vg{ amohc{ Zmhr. EdT>m KZKm{a AmKmVmVyZoh
Y_mM{ H$_H$mS>m_H$ ]mmJ [wH$ig{ oQ>Hy$Z amohc{. V{M Am[`m oMdQ>[UmM{ doeQ> Amh{. [U
gm_moOH$ dm`m`m Q>rZ{ V{dT>{ [wa{g{ Zmhr. `mgmR>r Y_ d gH$Vr `mV g_mod> hm{Um`m gd
od^mJmMm AmoU `m`m AJm{[mJmMm Vd AmoU AmMma, `m >rZ{ ]m{Y hm{U{ `{H$ gw]
w ZmJnaH$mcm
Amd`H$ dmQ>c{ [mohO{. `m >rZ{ Am[c{ qMVZ JQ> H$amd{ `m C{emZ{ h{ c{IZ hmVmV K{Vc{ Amh{.
VdkmZ>m [ma_moWH$ gmm, `mdhmnaH$ gmm AmoU moV^mogH$ gmm `m Jm{>r
Oem odMmamV `m`m cmJVmV VemM A`mp_H$, AmoYXodH$ `m Jm{>tMmoh odMma H$amdm cmJVm{.
VdqMVZmMmM hm ^mJ Amh{. [U `mMm odMma ZVa H$$.
_Zw` OrdZmV AoYXodH$mcm EH$ d{Ji{ _hd Amh{. AmoU V{ _mUgmM{ doe>oh
Amh{. _Zw`{Va g>rV hm o>H$m{U A[memZ{oh oXgyZ `{V Zmhr. AoYXdVm_`{ Ag{ lm[ydH$
_mZc{ OmV{ H$s Aer H$mhr Var EH$ AX^wV e$s Amh{, Or g>r`m ^`m]w`mM{ oZÙ H$arV
AgV{. Vr e$s g Agcr Va ]a{ hm{V{. > Pmcr Va Xw:I{ ^m{Jmdr cmJVmV. `m e$scm g
H$a`mgmR>r H$mhr V-_mMm Adc] H$amdm cmJVm{. Vr e$s [ey-[jr, dj-d{cr, XJS>-cmHy$S>-
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A[U H{$c{ OmVmV. AJXr AS>mUr d _mJmgc{`m oJarOZmVoh Aem [yO{`m [Vr $T> Amh{V.
doXH$ AmoU [wam{ohV

doXH$ Y_ _mZdr g`V{`m dm gH$Vr`m [a_m{ AdW{Vrc Ag`m_wi{ V{W{
`m AoYXodH$odf`H$ l{M{ A`V J^$[ ApVdmV Amh{. \$ma [ydu `k-`mJmoXH$m`m $[mZ{
AoYXdVmMr [yOm H{$cr OmV Ag{. Vg{M oddmhmoX gH$mahr AoYXdVm`m AmYmamZ{ gH$V (gH$mnaV)
H{$c{ OmV. AmO AmoYXdVmM{ [yOZ ]hemZ{ _yoV`m VrH$mV hm{V{. `mgmR>r V-_mMm MmJcm
OmUH$ma [wam{ohV Amd`H$ AgVm{. AJXr [ydu [yOmoX AZw>mZ{ H$aUmam Ò_mZ _-VmV dV:M
drU Ag{. odmZ ]mU H{$di gmjr Ag{. $oMV Vm{ Ò_mZmcm _-VmM{ `Wm`m{` d$[
R>{d`mg Vm{ [yaH$mgmaIm C[`m{Jr [S>V Ag{. AocH$S>{ [wH$imZm H$mhr Y_H$`{ hmVyZ KS>mdr,
oddmhmoX gH$ma emm{$ [VrZ{ hmd{V Ag{ _Zm[mgyZ dmQ>V AgV{. [U `m `$scm `mM{
H$mhroh kmZ ZgV{. `m_wi{ `mcm gddr [wam{ohVmdaM Adc]yZ ahmd{ cmJV{. `mgmR>r [wam{ohVmda
Y_m`m ajUmM{ _m{R>{ Xmo`d dm^modH$[U{M `{D$Z [S>c{c{ Amh{.
[wam{ohV _-VmV MmJcm oZUmV Agcm [mohO{. gd odYr emm{$ar`m `WmgmJ
hm{Bc Agm H$Q>mj `mZ{ R>{dcm [mohO{. [`m` em{Ymd`mMm Pm`mg Vm{oh emmcm dm XrKH$mcrZ
[a[a{cm g_V AgmM Agcm [mohO{. H$erVar ^mJdm^mJdr H$$Z [yOm[mR> dm oddmhmoX gH$ma
KmBKmBZ{ CaHy$ Z`{V. H$m{U`m H$_H$mS>mcm gmoh` AmoU Vk `m >rZ{ H$m` H$m` cmJ{c, `mcm
oH$Vr d{i cmJ{c Vg{ X{U{ Amd`H$ H$m, h{ Amd`H$ Va [wam{ohVmZ{ Ò_mZmcm AmYr ZrQ> g_OmdyZ
md{. _mMm Cma [>, ew, dUò$ H$aUmam Agm Agmdm. V ZrQ>[U{ gm^mimd{.
Ymo_H$odYr_`{ dV:Mm d{f Ymo_H$V{cm AZwHy$c AmoU [a[amJV Agm Agmdm. Vg{M Ò_mZmZ{oh
d{e^yfm Ymo_H$V{cm AZwHy$c R>{dmdr, Agm AmJh Yamdm. [wam{ohVmZ{ dV:M{ AmMaU ew R>{dmd{.
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[naoe>
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15
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gw^mofV cjUr` Amh{.
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hm{D$ Z`{. `m`m ohVmg Wm{S>mgmoh Y$m ]gy Z`{ h{ Ym{aU `mZ{ H$Q>mjmZ{ Adco]c{ [mohO{. hUO{
[naoe>
16
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X{Uma{ Agc{ [mohO{.
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dmT>dyZ `mdr AmoU oZdSy>Z Am`mda gd >r dV:Mm dmW gmY`mda R>{dmdr. g_mOg{d{M{
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gd odH$mg `m{OZm H{$di XeZ R>aV{. odH$mg`m{OZ{gmR>r H$mT>c{`m `mVrc [MmE{er oVeV
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Wm{S>moh cm{^ Zgmdm. AZoVH$V{[mgyZ, `gZmYrZV{[mgyZ `mZ{ [yU[U{ Xya amohc{ [mohO{. ^>mMmamMm
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_Zw_oV
17
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hm odf` oMaVZ hm{D$ Z`{. cm{Q>cm hmM H$mi \$ma XrK Amh{. Vm{ `{`m [Yamdrg dfmV Var [yU[U{
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V{ `m `m d{ir `m odf`r Pmc{`m MM}Mm gma ^mJ Amh{. `mcmoh H$m{R>{ Zm H$m{R>{ AmYma
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[wH$i_mUmV hm{Vr. V{W{ _Zw_Vrcm gdm} _hd oXc{ OmV hm{V{. AmoU _Zy`m odYmZmcm
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_.H$m.od.[.56
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d `mM{ Y_em `mMr `m{`Vm g_O`mg _XV hm{Bc.
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hm{V{. d `mMr gVoV oZH$> XOmMr oZ[OV{. Aem o_l oddmhmM{ Xw[naUm_ ode{fV: o`mZm d
`m`m gVVrcm ^m{Jmd{ cmJVmV.'
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o>H$m{ZmVyZ A`m{`M Amh{V.
_.g.gm. [> 8
_Zw_VrM{ _y`_m[Z H$aVmZm Vr `mH$mir ocohcr J{cr `m H$mimM{ ^mZ Am[U

Z{h_rM R>{dc{ [mohO{. AS>rMhOma dfm[ydu`m JWmH$S>{ g[yUV: AmO`m M`mVyZ [hmU{ hm `m
JWmda AmoU JWH$`mda H{$c{cm A`m`M Amh{.
_.g.gm. [> 9
_Zy H{$di dUmMmM odMma H$arV Zmhr. Vm{ g[yU g_mOmM{ gy] dJuH$aU H$aVm{.
`{H$ dUmgmR>r AJXr ]maH$m`mgh AmMmagohVm V`ma H$aVm{ Amh{. [aVw BW{M Wm]V Zmhr. `m
òVar$ amOm, amOY_, H$m`Xm, gw`dWm, `m`mc` `mMm X{Irc odMma H$aVm{. `m odMmamZm
[whm A`m_mMr ]R>H$ X{Vm{... [aVw XwXdmZ{ dUml_odam{Yr Q>rH{$`m JXmam{imV _ZyM{ BVa _ycJm_r
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Xwcj H{ c{c{ oXgV{.
_.g.gm. [> 9
amèmmMm gIm{c odMma H$aUmam [ohcm ^maVr` odMmadV hUyZ Am[`mcm

oZoVM _ZyMm oZX}e H$aVm `{Bc.
_.g.gm. [> 11
`wZrVrMm _ZyMm A`mg [mhZ _Z pVo_V hm{V{. oedmOr_hmamOm`m A>YmZ

_S>im`m H$[Z{Mm OZH$ _Zy Amh{ h{ `{W{ _wm_ Z_yX H{$c{ [mohO{.
_.g.gm. [> 11
AmO X{Irc qhXy H$m`m_`{ Am[`mcm _ZyZ{ H{$c{c{ H$m`X{ AmYma^yV hUyZ Yac{c{
oXgVmV.
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_Zy _Zw_Vr_`{ g]Y Am`mdVm`m cm{H$mMm odMma H$aVm{. gd ^maVr`m]am{]a

`dZ AmoU eH$ `mZmX{Irc Am[`m g_mO`dW{V gm_mdyZ K{`mMm AmQ>m{H$mQ> `Z H$aVm{.
A^maVr`mZm X{Irc g_mO `dW{V gm_mdyZ K{Umam _Zy ]wY_r`mZm gm_mdyZ K{`mMm `Z H$aUma
Zmhr h{ e` Zmhr.
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70
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]wmcm _ZyMm ]m`dmX _mhrV Amh{ [U _Zycm ]w _mohV Agc{cm oXgV Zmhr.
AmoU hUyZM _cm dmQ>V{ H$s _Zw_oV hr BgdrgZ[yd ghm`m eVH$m`m [ydmYmV ocohcr J{cr...
eVH$mZweVH{$ _Zw_oV Am[cr oV>m, [y`Vm AmoU _m`Vm oQ>H$dyZ Amh{. Y_emH$mam_`{ _Zy
hm Z{h_rM gdl{ >Y_Z{Vm hUyZ _mZcm J{cm Amh{.
_.g.gm. [> 29
_Zw_oV hm JW Y_,ZrVr,amèm AmoU `m`gWm `m d{Jd{J`m odf`mdarc

odH$m{fM Amh{.
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H$mhr oejUemkm`m _V{ oejUmMm h{Vy odoe> g_mOmMr C^maUr H$aU{ hm Amh{.
Va H$mht`m _V{ oejUmMm h{Vy `$sMr odoe> H$maMr KS>U H$aU{ hm Amh{. ..._Zy Am[`m
oejU[Vrmam `m Xm{hr CrQ>mMm [mR>[wamdm H$a`mMm `Z H$aVmZm oXgVm{. _Zycm EH$m AmXe
g_mOmMr C^maUr H$amd`mMr Amh{. `mM]am{]a oejUmma{ _mUgmcm AoV_ g`mM{ XeZ KS>dyZ
Vm{ _m{jmV H$gm OmBc h{ X{Irc [hmd`mM{ Amh{.
_.g.gm. [> 88
_ZwUrV oejU [Vr AZ{H$ ]m]VrV AmXe AerM Amh{. I`m AWmZ{
odm`m`m ò$_dmMm g[yU odH$mg hmdm `mgmR>r _ZyMr Vi_i Amh{. AmoU hUyZ Vm{
oejU[VrMr Img AmIUr H$aVm{. AmoU H$mhr AdYmZ{hr [miVm{.
_.g.gm. [> 92
_ZyMr oH$`mg]YrMr _V{ dmMyZ _amR>mMm XoX`_mZ BoVhmg PaH$Z dmMH$m`m

_Z:[Q>cmd$Z gaH$cm Va Am` dmQ>md`mg ZH$m{. _ZyM{ `wodf`H$ kmZ [mhZ `wemmMm AmOMm
odmWuX{Irc W$ hm{Vm{.
_.g.gm. [> 100
"amO{emhr`m MmH$Q>rV Agc{cr cm{H$mmhr' Ag{ _Zw_VrVrc am``dW{M{ dUZ

H$amd{ cmJ{c.
_.g.gm. [> 113
[m` hm A`V _hdmMm Ad`d Amh{. V{ ZgVrc Va earamMm aW MmcUmaM Zmhr.

_mS>m, ]mhy, Vm|S> `mMr emZ [m`mdaM Adc]yZ Amh{. `m_wi{M `mZm JVr o_iV{. [m` _O]yV
AgVrc VaM BVa Ad`dmZm _hd. [m` _O]yV hUO{ ey g_ [mohO{. earamMm g[yU ^mJ
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[mohO{V. _mS>mZr âU[m{fUmgmR>r Amd`H$ Agc{cm a$[wadR>m [m`m[`V [m{hm{Modcm [mohO{.
AmoU _wImZ{X{Irc `mda H$Vk]wrZ{ \w H$a KmVcr [mohO{.
( h{ gd [yU[U{ drH$V AmoU _m` [U _mUyg Mmc`mgmR>r C^m amohcm H$s [m`
gdmV Imcr AmoU _wI gdmV da Aer pWVr amhUmaM. AmoU _J ^ma ghZ H$aU{, R>{Mm cmJU{,
MmcyZ WH$U{ `m Jm{>r [m`mcm drH$mam`m cmJUmaM. g_mOaMZ{V h{hr AoJH$mac{ [mohO{.)
_.g.gm. [> 174175
qH$Oc{ S>{hrg AmoU oS>]Q> _ya h{ Xm{Z g_mOemk odf_V{M{ `dhmam{X^`r

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AgcrM [mohO{.
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_.g.gm. [> 162
]mY_mMm daM_m Agc{`m O[mZ_`{ X{Irc OmoV`dWm Amh{. `m

OmoV`dW{V A[` OmVhr Amh{. `m`mH$S>{ [a[a{VyZ A[`Vm Amcr Amh{. BVa OmVrer
`mM{ ddmohH$ g]Y g^dV ZmhrV.
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_m{R>m Y$m ]gcm. AmO Va O[mZ A_{naH{$`m diUmda OmD$Z C[^m{JdmXr, damMmar hm{D$ cmJcm
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_.g.gm. [> 174
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[mBH$ ZgyZ `m ^yVcmda mgm{mg H$aUm`m `{H$ gwgH$V _mUgm`m OrdZmVrc {aH$ e$s
Amh{.
_.g.gm. [> 178
8.. g>r aMZm

odm`m C[mrg]Yr mMrZAdmMrZ odZmM{ EH$_V Zmhr. od Amh{ Vg{M
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72
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gmV`mZ{ Amh{. od Am[m{Am[ Pmc{. od EH$m _hmZ \$m{Q>mVyZ oZ_mU Pmc{. V{ ghmdoY
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CcQ> odmMm gH$m{M hm{V Amh{, Ag{oh H$mhr odmZmZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
AocH$S>`m odkmZd{`m_`{ odmMr oZo_Vr AmoU Ordg>rMm odH$mg `m odf`mV
S>modZM{ _V gm_m`V: _mU _mZc{ OmV{. S>modZ oZaradmXr hUyZ og Amh{. [U [wT>{ [wT>{
`m`m _VmV [nadVZ Pmc{ Agmd{. B.g.1881_`{ ocohc{`m `m`m EH$m [mV `mZ{ "X `woZhg
BO ZmQ> X naPQ> Am\$ Mmgod h{ H{$di EH$m AmH$p_H$ KQ>Z{Mm [naUm_ Zmhr' Aer dV:Mr
oZoVr Pm`mM{ _V `mZ{ `$ H{$c{ Amh{. `mZ{ Am[`m EH$m S>M odm`mcm ocohc{ H$s h{ ^`
d Am`H$maH$ od AmH$p_H$ar`m CX^dc{ h{ oZ`mZ{ og H$aU{ Ae` Amh{. BamM{ ApVd
og H$a`mgmR>r EdT>m [wamdm [wa{gm Amh{.
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_wcmZ{ og H{$c{ Amh{, `mV `mZ{ "Am[c{ dS>rc _wirM AZradmXr ZhV{' Agm C{I H{$cm
Amh{.
^m.B.m.[.12
S>modZMm odH$mgdmX gmJVm{ H$s AmO AmT>iyZ `{Um`m goOdm`m gd oô^

OmVr Ama^r`m H$m{U`m Var EH$m amgmòZH$ `gM`mVyZ H$m{U`m Var AkmV g`m{JmZ{ dm H$maUmZ{
AH$_mV[U{ C[ Pmc{`m EH$m EH$H$m{er` (`woZg{`ycaAo_]m) goOdm[mgyZ [màr[màrZ{
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^m.B.m./29
EH$H$m{er` gOrdmVyZ odH$mgmMr hr H$[Zm A`V [m{H$i AmoU AVmoH$H$ Amh{.

gOrdm`m oZo_VrV AZwdemcm \$ma _m{R>{ _hd AgV{. `m_wi{ H$_mH$_mZ{ dm [màr[màrZ{ gdWm
o^ OmVr EH$H$m{er` odH$mgm`m gymV Jm{dU{ ew X^mMma Amh{. Ag{ hUmd{ cmJV{.
`m [drda Ordm{[mr H$er Pmcr h{ [> H$aUma{ EH$oh dkmoZH$ oV[mXZ Am[
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oZamYma Aem VH$m`m d$[mV AgVmZm S>modZ`m Zmdmda `mMm CXm{CXm{ H{$cm OmVm{. OUw H$mhr
S>modZMm hm ogmV EH$ dkmoZH$ g` Amh{ Aem d$[mV emim, odmc`{, _hmodmc`{, `mVyZ
odm`m`m _mWr _macm OmVm{.
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73
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odH$mgdmXmV AmamgmòZH$ `gM`mV hm{Umar EH$H$m{er` gOrdmMr Or C[mr

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EH$H$m{er` gOrdm`m C[mrMm g^d Xhm`m MmirghOma[Q>rV H{$di EH$ BVH$m AoVA[ `{Vm{.'
`m _VmMm odMma H{$cm Va [dr`m gm`m ApVdmMm odMma H$$Zoh EH$H$m{er` gOrdmMr C[om
^ dZr` Zmhr. _J EH$H$m{er`m`m VwcZ{Z{ AOmdYr[Q>rZ{ OQ>rc earaaMZm AgUm`m gVZ m`mMr
Jm{>oh H$mT>md`mg ZH$m{. AmH$p_H$ KQ>Zm VrM H$s Or H$m{Q>mdoY, AOmdoY, IdmdoY dfmV
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eH{$c [U V{ e{dmiM Ag{c. V{ eIqe[mH$dS>m `mM{ d$[ H$g{ YmaU H$arc? EH$H$m{er`
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[S>md{ BVH{$ `m[H$ Va XwgarH$S>{ gy_moVgy_ Amh{ AmoU V{ gwoZòV Amh{, `m{OZm] Amh{. h{
oZÙ H$a`mM{ gm_` AmoU hr `m{OZm AmI`mBVH$s ]wo `m`m Odi Amh{ Vm{M `m odmMm
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dkmoZH$m`m cjmV `{V Zmhr. `m_wi{ g>rM{ JyT> `m`m>rZ{ AoYH$moYH$ JyT>M hm{V OmV{ Amh{.
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kmZ H$$Z K{`mM{ gmYZoh C[cY Amh{. BamZ{ _yi MV`, AV:H$aU MVw>` AmoU [M_hm^yVm`m
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^mJdV [wamUmZr hr H$[Zm _m{R>m H$m`_` eXmV [U A`V [>arVrZ{ _mS>cr
Amh{.
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g>r oH$Vroh odcjU AX^wV, Am`H$maH$ Aer Agcr Var `m oZo_VrH$S>{ [mhZ hmd{ Vg{
g_mYmZ Pmc{ Zmhr. _J `mZ{ ]mcm em{YZy H$mT>`mM{, ]mcm [mh`mM{ AgmYmaU gm_` Agc{cr
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doeQ> Amh{. BVa Ordg>rV Aer em{YH$ ]wo Zmhr. Or H$mhr Amh{ Vr AJXr mWo_H$ d$[mMr
Amh{. AmhmaoZm^`_WwZm[waVrM Amh{.
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gaS>m_mU{ (S>m`Zm{gmag) Zm_e{f hm{`mM{ ^` C[ Pmc{ Amh{.
_Zw` Bam`m _yi h{Vy_mU{ Iam{IarM "]mdcm{H$oYfU' Pmcm Va ^`mZH$
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Cmdc H$$ eHy$ `mV eH$m Zmhr.
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A`V JV Aem gJUH$ AmoU AVami`mZ{ `m`m H$mimV dkmoZH$oh Genid H$m` Amh{ ?
[oW`mH$ma [XmW AmoU [oW`mH$ma [XmW H$m` Amh{ Va Genid (O{oZS>J{oZS>J{Zm`S>) Aer
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h{ AoYH$mamoVH$_U Amh{ H$s Zmhr!
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gmJy eH$Vm{. [U [a_mUw AmoU `mM{ aMZmode{f, Vg{M AmH$meJJm AmoU `m [ocH$S>M{ V{Om{_{K
(X{d`mZr gmaI{), AmoU Xya Xya [gac{`m eVmdoY, ghmdoY AmH$meJJm dm H$Uodda{ (cH$
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odMma qMVZ
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goXY Amh{. H$maU `mM{ ApVdhrZV{er gm` Zmhr. _J V{ Z$s H$m` Amh{? dkmoZH$mOdi `mM{
Cma Zmhr.
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Var Amh{. qH$dm YyVdmWu `$sZr Am[`m cm^mgmR>r dm [wT>mar[U oQ>H$od`mgmR>r h{Vw[waga
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qhXy Y_mMr dUml_m_H$ `dWm `m>rZ{ `yZmoV`yZ Xm{f`w$, d AoYH$mVAoYH$ JwUg[ Amh{.
dUml_`dWm Am[`mbm [wamVZH$mim[mgyZ kmV Ag`mZ{ oV`modf`r "AoV[naM`mXdkm'
dmQ>V{. V{ oZami{! Am[cm Va ]woê Pmcm Amh{. Vm{ AmdOyZ H{$cm J{cm Amh{. h{ BJOmM{, ode{fV:
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KmVH$ R>ac{c{ Amh{.
dUml_ `dW{Z{ kmZ,gmm,g[mr AmoU l_H$me` `m g_mOYmaU{gmR>r gd
>rZr A`md`H$ Agc{`m Mma eo$WmZmM{ odH|$rH$aU H{$c{c{ Amh{. `m_wi{ g_mO `wJm`wJmVyZ
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K{Vcr Amh{. dUml_ `dW{V `{H$mcm AoYH$ma Amh{V. [U â Amh{ Vm{ H$V`[mcZmda. Am[m[cr
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l{`H$a Amh{. Aer OmUrd Odi Odi ZgoJH$ {aUm`m BVH$s _Zw`m`m X`mV ghO[U{
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H$arV ZmhrV.
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ghO[U{ drH$macr OmV{. AmoU _Z]wo gm`mM{ g_mYmZ VXZwfJmZ{ gwIgVm{f AZw^dy eH$V{.
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H$$Zoh \$mg_`{ g_Vm Wmo[V Pmcr, Ag{ hUVm `{Uma Zmhr. Z{[m{oc`ZgmaIm gm_m`dmXr
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_mS>c.{ Vm{ [am^yV Pmcm Vm{ `m`m AoVgm_m` cmcg{ZM
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pWoV qhXyY_m`m g_mO`dW{V H$Yr oZ_mU Pmcr Zmhr.
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g_mOm`m W`mgmR>r g_mOmV 1) Am`mp_H$ 2) [amH$_r 3) C_erc 4)

l_Hw$ec Ag{ JQ> Agmd{ cmJVmV. V{ H$m`j_ Agmd{ cmJVmV. `mM{ JwU AmoU H$m`j_Vm XrK
H$mcm[`V gmV`mZ{ oQ>H$mdr cmJV{ AZwdemMm gh^mJ `mV _m{R>m Amh{. MmVwd` `dW{V h{ gd
ghO[U{ Amh{.
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`md$Zoh O_OmV `dW{M{ _hd Agmd{, h{ [> hm{V{. OZ{Z O_Zm [w:, o[V_V, [_`,
gwOoZ_mZ:, ewd O_, oVO`moZ, gO`m B`moX e [mohc{ hUO{ O_mM{, Hw$imM{ _hd
cjmV `{V{.
[wamU [a[a{Z{oh X` AmoU XmZd h{ H$`[mMrM gVoV AgyZ V{ AoXVr[mgyZ O_
Pmc{`m X{dmM{ H{$di gmd ^mD$ hm{V{. h{ CKS> Amh{. `md$Zoh deo^V{Mr H$[Zm A`WmW
Amh{ h{ oXgyZ `{V{.
d{X h{ _wimV g_mOemmdarc JW ZgyZ V{ _w`V: mWZm_ Amh{V qH$dm `mV
`kmoX H$_H$mS>mZm C[`m{Jr Aem _mMm gJh Amh{. V{hm d{XmV BoVhmg `dWm g_mOaMZm
`m`mg]Yr godVa dUZ{ gwgJV[U{ gm[S>U{ gdWm Ae`M Amh{. Ver A[{jm H$aU{oh MwH$sM{
Amh{. _ya gma`m ZmR>mi c{IH$m`moh hr Jm{> cjmV Amcr Amh{. [U Vm{M `m oZ`_mMr C[{jm
H$$Z BVa Am[`m H$[Z{M{ Vma{ Vm{S>rV XS>[yZ hd{ Vg{ ocohVm{.
Mm.dm.V.[.96
"Ad`d{ `m{ dnad: H$Um{oV ]U{ amOm V_doV X{dm:' (F$d{X 4.50.9 )Om{ amOm
Ad`w (ajUr`) Aem ]mUmcm YZg[ H$aVm{, `m amOmM{ X{d gajU H$aVmV. `m _mV ]mU
Ad`w hUO{ ajUr` AgVm{. AmoU amOmZ{ `mMm [M MmJ`m arVrZ{ [mhU{ Amd`H$ Amh{. V{
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amOmM{ H$V` Amh{. h{ [wT>rc"X{d `mM{ ajUH$aVmV' `m emd$Z [> hm{V{.

Om{ gdmer g_]wo oZcm}^r, AH$m{YZ Agm AgVm{. `mM{M gajU H$a`mH$naVm
emgZmMr Amd`H$Vm AgV{. emgH$mda V{ Xmo`d Amh{. V{ `mM{ H$V` Amh{. Ag{ ajUr`d
o_idmd`mM{ Va ]mUmda emV, g`_r, amh`mMm H{$dT>m VmU [S>V Ag{c `mMr H$[Zm H{$c{cr
]ar. Am[U hm{D$Z Ag{ Ad`wdd H$m{Ur [H$aUma Zmhr. V{ gm{[{hr Zmhr. V{hm V{W{ [ydO [a[a{Z{
Amc{c{ erc amImd`mM{ AmoU `m_wi{ g_mOmH$Sy>Z ghmZw^yoV, AmXa, oV>m ode{f$[mZ{ o_iV
Ag{. [a[a{dmMyZ `mM{ gmV` oQ>H$Uma{ Zmhr.
Mm.dm.V.[.91
"Jm{]mU oV[mcH$' h{ amOmM{ C[[X hm{V{. [Xdr hm{Vr. oedN>[oV[`V Vr [a[am

oQ>Hy$Z hm{Vr. ]mUmcmoh amOmcm Ag{ ode{fU X{`mV `yZJS> dmQ>V ZhVm. "Jm`r`m EH$m [ey`m
Om{S>rcm Amhmg H$m ]godc{?' Agm Hw$Uroh ]wodmXr ]mUmZ{ odMmacm ZhVm. ][w e
d{XmV `{Vm{. `md$Zoh O_mZ{ dU oXgVm{.
odMma qMVZ
]mUmMm BVa Am`mda AmoU AZm`mdaoh Om{ _m{R>m odO` hUyZ _mZ`mV `{Vm{. Vm{
H$Yroh em`m dm emgH$s` gm{`m ]imda ZhVm. Vm{ hm{Vm od{`m, _m`m C[mgZ{`m AmoU
Mmna`m`m ]imda! oZ:e, ajUr`,dmdra, Agm ]mU H$cmgm[mgyZ H$`mHw$_mar[`V AmoU
maH{$[mgyZ AUmMc__Yrc [aewam_Hw$S>m[`V ([ydm}ma gr_m) gd oV>m [mdVm{. g_mZZr`
AgVm{. gJ`m qhXwWmZmcm Y_, AmMma, `{`{ `mZm amèmgZ{ ododY AgVmZmoh gmH$oVH$Q>m
EH$ am> hUyZ ]mYyZ R>{dVm{ hr KQ>Zm Am`H$maH$ Amh{. Ao^_mZm[Xoh Amh{.
Mm.dm.V.[.102
Vm{ gJ`m odmcm gH$VrZ{ l{R> ]Zod`mM{ `{` ]miJVm{. `mcm `m _mUmV
[wH$i è `{V{. "doXH$ gH$oV gd ^yJm{câ mMrZ H$mcmV [gac{cr hm{Vr', Ag{ AocH$S>rc
gem{YH$mZroh og H{$c{c{ Amh{. JU{egy` oed `m`m _yoV dm `m`m _oXamM{ Ade{f MrZ,
BS>m{Z{oe`m, A_{naH$m, X.Amo\$H$m `{W{ gm[S>c{ Amh{V. BcS>_Yrc Q>{Zh{O h{ gy`_oXa hm{V{ Ag{
hUVmV. h{ gd qhXygH$VrMr `m[H$Vm og H$aUma{ Amh{. AmoU `mMr _yi {aUm VrZMma eVme
AgUm`m ]mUmMr Amh{.
]mUm_mU{M jo`mcmoh "YVdVm: jo`m:' Ag{ ode{fU[ydH$ C{oIc{ Amh{.
h{ gd dU O_moYo>V hm{V{ h{M og H$aUma{ Amh{.(F$d{X 8.25.8)
odMma qMVZ
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^md oZ_mU hm{Vm{M hm{Vm{. ]mU oZ[h amhZ odmXmZ H$aUma, Amd`H$ V{hm ò$`$scm
_mJXeZ H$aUma, Mmna`g[ amhUma Va `mcm _mZ o_iU{ dm^modH$ Amh{. jo` emgZ
MmcdUma, ajU H$aUma, dV:M{ mU [Umcm cmdyZ ò$ dm g_mOm`m Am[omM{ oZdmaU H$aUma.
Va Vm{oh g_mZmMm, AmXamMm odf` hm{UmaM. [U ]mUmM{ H$m` oZ` Amh{, Va jo`mM{ H$m`
Zo_omH$ Amh{. V{hm ]mUm`m VwcZ{Z{ `mcm o_iUm`m _mZg_mZmMr Vdmar Wm{S>r CUmdUmaM.
[U `mgd{M `m`m em`mMm AmoU [amH$_mMm YmH$oh ò>g_r>`m _Zmda H$mhr _mUmV Var
amhU{ dm^modH$ Amh{. d` hm g[, OrdZm`m oZ`m{[`m{oJ Aem dVyMm `m[ma H$aUmam,
AS>rAS>MUrcm AmoWH$ ghm` H$aUmam, AYm`, XwYXw^V{ `mM{ C[mXZ H$aUmam, Agm oVoXZr
_hdmMm R>aUmam dJ. V{hm Vm{oh g_mOmV [oVo>V AgU{ ZgoJH$ Amh{. gm`dmXmMm XwamJhr,
EH$mJr ^md dmT>{>[`V d`dJmMr, gmhgmdH$mamMr, g_mOmV gZ_mZZr` pWoV hm{Vr. ey dJmV
gwVma, cm{hma, Vm]Q>, JdS>r B`mXrMm g_md{e Ag{. h{ Hw$ec H$m_H$ar AmoU `mZm H{$di l_mZ{
ghm` H$aUma{ H$m_H$ar. `mMroh C[`w$Vm oZa[dmX Ag`m_wi{ g_mOmV `m`modf`r Am[wcH$s
Ag{. H$mhr Wm{S>{ AhH$mar _Xm{_m gm{S>c{ Va g_mOmV Hw$UrM Hw$UmMm A[_mZ H$arV Zg{. gd
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aJ ewc hUyZ gmoJVcm Amh{. Va H$mR>H$ gohV{V d`mMm aJ ewc AmoU jo`mMm Yy_ Ag`mM{
dUZ Amh{. _hm^maVmV ]mU, jo`, d`, ey `mM{ dU H$_mZ{ ewc, a$, [rV, H$U Ag`mMm
C{I Amh{. [aVw _hm^maVH$mamZrM h{ ewcmoX dU dM{M{ ZhV{ Ag{oh [>[U{ gmoJVc{ Amh{.
V{hm dU eXmV "d' hm oZdS> H$aU{ daU{drH$maU{ `m AWmMm YmVw _yiMm _mZU{ h{M gdr>Z{
l{`H$a oXgV{.
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gdr>Z{ [na[yUVm Amcr. [U h{ gd d{XH$mcmVM Pmc{c{ Amh{.
Mm. dm. V. d$Z [. 114115
l{>H$oZ>Vm hr ]mUm[mgyZ oZfmXm[`V EH$m r>Z{ CVaVr Agcr Var hm CVma

gcJ gmaIm H$YrM AgU{ e` ZhV{. `mV oZXmZ ò$`$s`m r>Z{ Var, odmm Mna`
gmm [amH$_, g[om AmXm`, hVH$me` l_ H$> ghZercVm, B`moX ghO[U{ [am{[H$mar
hm{D$ eH$Um`m gXJwUm_wi{ CVa`m ^mOUrVoh oV>{Mr g_mZoeIa{ C[ hm{V. AmoU `m `m
dJmcm Ao^_mZ dmQy>Z gd g_mOmV _mZg_mZmMm g_Vm{c [wH$i_mUmV dm^modH$[U{M oQ>Hy$Z
amhr.
Ag{ JwUmoY` Zg{, CcQ> AdJwU XwJwU oXgyZ `{V{ `m `md{ir ò$ò$Mr
Adh{cZm, qZXmoh hm{B. oVaH$ma $oMV ]ohH$maoh `m ò$`m dmQ>mg `{B. ]mUjo`m`m
gX^mV _ZyM{ Ym{aU `m]m]VrV \$maM H$S>H$ oXgV{. _hm^maVoh dUmcm Z em{Ûm`m JwUm`m
H$aUmV Ag{M H$R>m{a Amh{. ]]Yy, amO`]Yy, d`]Yw, ][w, gyV[w, h{ Ag{ eX `m `m
dUmcm dm OmVrcm C{eyZ dm[ac{ OmV, V{ Adh{cZ{M{M m{VH$ AgV.
odMma qMVZ
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Amh{V Ag{ h{ ]mU hm{V{. h{ cjmV `{V{. ]mh_U OmoVZ{ hm ^{X JohV Ya`mdmMyZ hm ^{X H$aVm
`{Uma Zmhr. F$d{Xm`m gmV`m_S>cmVrc 103 `m gy$mV ]mUmMr ]{S>mH $mer VwcZm H$$Z `m`m
dmJ`mMm C[hmg H{$cm Amh{.d{XmV ]mU X{dVw` AgVmV l{> AmMmamZ{ `w$ AgVmV, Ag{ Og{
dUZ Amh{ Vg{M ]{S>H$mgma`m jw oOdmer `mMr VwcZm H$amdr Ag{oh ]mU `mM d{ir hm{V{
Ag{oh [> oXgV{. ]mUm`m odf`rMr hr l{> H$oZ>Vm O_mZ{ ]mU JhrV Ya`mdmMyZ gwgJ V[U{
cmJU{ e` Zmhr.
Mm. dm. V. d$Z [. 11617
H{$di Y_ Y_ hUyZ jo`m{oMV[U{ Z dmJUm`m `woYo>amcm Hw$ VrZ{oh AW Z H$iVm

d{XF$Mm Km{H$Um`m ]mUmMr C[_m X{D$Z ohUdc{ Amh{. AWmV ]mUmV g_mZZr` AmoU
C[hmgm[X Ag{ dJ hm{V{ `md$Zoh dU OmVrd$Z R>aodc{ OmV h{ oZoV hm{V{.
odMma qMVZ
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(F$d{X8.46.32) Agm C{I `{Vm{. X{d AmoU B h{ `mM{ ajU H$arV Ag`m_wi{ ey qH$dm Xmg
AmZXmV amhVmV. Agm `m dMZmMm B`W. `md$Z eyoh BVa doUH$m_mU{M X{dVm`m H$[{cm
[m AgV Ag{ CKS> hm{V{.
Mm. dmV. d$Z [. 124
Xmgm`m odam{YmVoh H$mhr dMZ{ d{XmV `{VmV AWmVM O{ AYmo_H$ Amh{V, `kmXtZm
odam{Y H$aVmV, V{ Xmg BW{ Ao^{V Amh{V. hUyZM "h{ Bm ! XmgmZm Am` H$a.' Aem AWmM{oh
dMZ `{V{.
ey [m{Q>m[m`mgmR>r _Owar H$arV dm ZwgVr g{dm H$arV amhV Ag{ Zmhr. "eyW
dmmm, ewlyfm oOmZm H$m H$_ M' Ag{ dMZ Ao_oV 1/15 `{W{ `{V{.
Mm. dm. V. [ . 126
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H$arV Ag{, `m_wi{ gJi{M ey YZhrZ, Xnar AWmVM [amdc]r hm{V{ Ag{ hUU{ `m{` Zmhr.
odMma qMVZ
jo`mM{ ]mU Pm`mMr H$mhr CXmhaU{ [wamUmoX JWmVyZ Amh{V. odmo_ h{ `mM{
gJ`mV _m{R>{ CXmhaU. [U Aer CXmhaU{ \$ma Wm{S>r Amh{V. AJXr Im{XyZ Im{XyZ em{Ycr Var
]mam[Yam[{jm AoYH$ g`{Z{ gm[S>Uma ZmhrV.
[ameamZm _`JY{[mgyZ Pmc{cm [w `mg h{ ]mU JoUc{ J{c{ [U `mZmM EH$m
Xmgr[mgyZ Pmc{cm [w odXwa `mcm H$m{Ur ]mU _mZc{ Zmhr. Vm{ jmmM amohcm. V{hm AZwcm{_$
oVcm{_ dUgH$amVoh AJXr VwaiH$ A[dmX gm{S>c{ Va gH$aO gVVrMm g_md{e dV OmVrV dm
H$oZ> OmVrV H{$cm OmV Ag{. _mV{`m dm o[`m`m dUmV `m gH$naVmMm g_md{e H{$cm OmV Zg{.
dU`dWm AZwdemZ{ ew amI`mMm hm `Z _hdmMm Amh{. AmoU AZwdemZ{ gmoJVc{`m
JwUXm{fmMm odMma H$aVm hr XjVm A`V `m{` Amh{ AmoU Amd`H$ Amh{, Ag{M hQ>c{ [mohO{.
`mkd` _VrV "gdU}`: gdUmgw Om`V{ oh gOmV`: AqZ{fw oddmh{fw [wm: gVmZdYZm:$& '
Ag{ dMZ Amh{. `mV gdU oddmhmcmM AoZ hQ>c{ Amh{. AmoU `mMr gVVrM gOmVr` AgV{
Agm [> oZX}e Amh{.
odMma qMVZ
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oVKmZm Am[`mV o_idyZ K{D$Z _J EH$mM{ Mma Pmc{,' Agm AW H$a`mgmaIm H$m{UVmoh [wamdm
C[cY Zmhr. ]hXma`H$ C[oZfXmV EH$m ]mZ{M d^dg[{VnaVm Mma dU C[ H{$c{ Ag{ [>[U{
hQ>c{ Amh{. V{ X{dm`m g_mOmVrc Mma dU hm{V{. Ag{ Oar V{W{ hQ>c{ Agc{ Var C[cjUmZ{ V{
_Zw`g_mOmH$naVmoh `mM H$maUmH$naVm C[ Pmc{ Ag{ hQ>c{ [mohO{.
JrV{Zo{ h MmVwd `m`m gX^mV `mMr C[om "JwUH$_e:' H{$cr Ag{ Mm`m A`m`mV
hQ>c{ Amh{ AmoU AR>am`m A`m`mV "H$_moU od^$moZ d^md^dJwU:' Ag{ dMZ Amc{
Amh{. [U `m Xm{hr oR>H$mUr Mma od^mJ H{$c{ dm Mma od^mJ Pmc{ AgmM AW Amh{. oZaoZam`m
oR>H$mUM{ VrZ AmUyZ Om{S>c{ AmoU _J Mma Pmc{ Agm AW Zmhr. ]hXma`H$ C[oZfXmV ]mZ{ Mma
dU C[cY H{$c{ Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{, Va JrV{V "MmVwd` _`m g>' Ag{ ^JdmZ lrH$U hUVmV.
H$maU JrV{_mU{ ] AmoU lrH U EH$M Amh{V.
AWmV H$UmZ{ _hm^maVH$mir MmVwd` C[ H{$c{ Agm AW Zmhr. Va AoV[wamVZ
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AH$Vma Ao[ odo' Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. `mVrc "A``' hm eX dm^modH$[U{M ]mMm dmMH$
Amh{. AmoU `m`m [mgyZ g>rM{ C[om pWoV c` hm{VmV V{ ], Ag{ ]mM{ cjU. `md$Z
dU `dW{M{ AoVmMrZd JhrV YaU{ ^mJ hm{V{ hUyZ d{XH$mc H$mhr Ag{c Va dU `dWm hr
`m H$mim[mgyZ Amh{ Ag{ _mZmd{ cmJ{c.
Mm. dm. V. d$Z 1323
F$d{XmV o_l OmoV _wirM ZmhrV Ag{ Zmhr. oH$Vd, dfc, o^fH$ h{ eX o_l
OmVrM{M m{VH$ Amh{V. dfc hm Va A[òh Amh{. Òwd}XmV o_lOmVrM{ C{I [wH$iM Amh{V.
`m H$miroh gdU rer oddmh hm Y` AmoU AZwcm{_ AgdU rer c h{ H$m` Amh{, Aer
pWVr hm{Vr. AWmV Aem H$m` oddmhmMr g`m `mH$miroh A[M AgUma. `m_wi{ o_l gVVrM{
C{Ioh \$mag{ AmT>iV Zmhr. `md$Z MmVwd` O_OmV _mZ`mdmMyZ [wfgy$mVoh "[X`m eym{
AOm`V' Agm C{I Amh{. [oh`m VrZ dUm`m C[mr`m gX^mV "`XYw' Agm eX Amh{.
`md$Z ]mU C[ Pmc{ ZmhrV, V{ `m odamQ> [wfmM{ _wI hm{V{ jo` ]mh hm{V{, d` _mS>m`m
oR>H$mUr hm{V{. Ag{ dUZ Amh{. hmoh C{I EH$mM{M VrZ dm Mma ^mJ H{$c{ Agm Amh{. oZaoZam`m
oR>H$mUM{ CMcyZ AmUyZ Om{S>c{ Aem AWmMm Zmhr. Vomar` gohV{V ]mUm`m gX^mV gwm "V_mV
V{ _w`m: _wIVm{ oh Ag`V' Agm oZo_VrMm C{I Amh{.
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R>aV Ag{ AmoU JwU AZwdemZ{ `{VmV hm gd_m` ogmV hm{Vm h{ [> hm{V{.
_hm^maVmVoh ^Jw ^mamO gdmXmVoh "H$m_^m{Jo`m: VrUm: H$m{YZm: o`gmhgm:
`$dY_m: a$mm V{ oOm: jVm JVm:' Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{. hUO{ `{W{oh _wimV "gd ]modX'
Agc{c{ OJV, JwU^{XmZ{ od^mJ`w$ Pmc{. `m eXmZr EH$mM{M AoYH$ od^mJ [S>c{ h{ og hm{V{.
odMma qMVZ
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h{ ]hYm BamUr, [maer, gXm`mVrc MmVwd` Agmd{V.
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H{$cr. `m ^mdmZ{ Vm{ am{J_w$ Pmcm hUyZ `mZ{ _Xra oZ_mU H$$Z `mV gy`mMr Wm[Zm H{$cr. d
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oZ_mU H{$c{`m _oXamM{ [wam{ohV Z{_c{ Agm C{I [wamUmVyZ `{Vm{.
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Wm{S>`mV Agm A`V mMrZH$mir H$mhr cm{H$ qhXwWmZmV ]mh{$Z Amc{. V{ Jm{a{ hm{V{. Am[Umg
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dmar H{$cr d qhXwWmZ qOH$c{. `md{i{g `{W{ ahmUm`m cm{H$mZm V{ Xmg qH$dm X`w `m ZmdmZ{
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_g_ya `m og [mo_m` Vdkm`mZ{ Am`ZodS>r>`Z ogmV oV[mXZ

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^mfmem qH$dm ZmH$, H$dQ>rMr _m[{ `mcm AZwg$Z Agc{c{ deem `md$Z
MmVwd` qH$dm OmoV `m`mg]Yr H$m{UVmoh EH$ oZU` K{U{ h{ gdWm Ae` Amh{. EH$_{H$m[mgyZ
A`V Xya Agc{`m dUmV d OmVrVoh ZmH$ AmoU erf_m[Z `m`m>rZ{ gmaI{[Um AmT>iVm{.
d.Om.[.[.80
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[naUm_ _Zw`mM{ _Z gwgH$mnaV hm{`mV ghO[U{ hm{V Ag{. V{hm H$V`[mcZ dm H$V`mg]YrM{
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odam{YmV Midir H$aUm`m gKQ>Zmoh `m ^m{Jcm{cw[m`m C`m ahmV Amh{V. ò$dmV`, \$gdm
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w r gkmImcr `m H$V``wVr`m XwdmrM{
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1882 [mgyZ hiwhiw oZdmg H$a`mg Ama^ H{$c{`m `yM{ dV am>, g`w$am>m`m EH$m R>amdmZ{
1948 _`{ "Bm`c' ZmdmZ{ ApVdmV Amc{. V{hm H$>a _wcr_ Agc{cr Aa] am>{ Mmar oXemZr
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Vr H{$di am>m`jm`m oZÙmImcr Ag{. BVa H$m{U`moh emgH$s` `dW{er oVMm g]Y ZhVm.
1960 V{ 1970 h{ XeH$ _m{gmXZ{ Am[`m Agm_m` H$VdmZ{ Ajae: JmOodc{. ohQ>ca`md{ir
O_ZrV `yM{ oeaH$mU H$aUmam AS>m\$ AmBH$_Z `mcm AO~oQ>ZmVyZ `m _m{gmX`m h{amZrM Jw[U{
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oej{`m odam{YmV oZXeZ{ H{$cr. AmJhr oejU Q>miUm`m EH$m Bm`cs Jm`H$mcm ([m[ gJrV)
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odam{Y H$a`mV H$mhrM AW Zmhr.
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ogmV Amh{. V{hm Vr ogmV[r `dWm ]mOyg Q>mH$Vm `{Uma Zmhr. `mVrc AkmV AW d gm_`
em{YyZ H$mTy>Z g_mOm`m H$`mUm`m H$m_r V{ cmdc{ [mohO{ dUY_mV _ycV: A_Jc H$mhr ZgyZ
dUY_mV KwgS>c{c{ CZrMdmM{ VdkmZ h{M Ia{ Ana> Amh{ h{ Am[U [mohc{M.
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_r `Z H$arV AgVm{. _mPr Aer lm Amh{ H$s AmÒmVrZ{ oZ_mU H{$c{cr AmoU hOmam{ df}[`V
AZw^dc{cr hr AZ`gmYmaU gWm JmSy>Z Q>mH$`m`mM `m{`V{Mr Zmhr.
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hm{V{.
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OmVrMr g`m ghmdYtZr _m{O`mgmaIr Agcr Var H{$di OmV hUyZ EH$m
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Om,Cgd _hm{gd, AmR>dS>mM{ ]mOma Aem d{ir [em[emMm \$magm odMma Z H$aVm gJ`m
OmVrM{ cm{H$ [a[amer gm_m{[MmamZ{ d I{ir_{irZ{ dmJV. OmVrOmVrV H$mhr Wm Aem hm{`m H$s
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g[oh AgV{. _`X{emV cg_ma^mV ewôMh hUyZ Zdarcm Hw$^mam`m Kar Z{VmV. Hw$^mamMr
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OmVrV Vm{ coh cmdVm{. OJmW[war `m [yd{H$S>rc og Ym_mV OJmWm`m X{dimVrc [wOmar EH$
hmdr AgVm{. Zd{oh Vm{M oeOdVm{. gmX hUyZ ]hYm gdOU `mM{ g{dZ H$aVmV. d{hmi
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e{V^y_r`m gr_{`m ^mS>UmV A[`m`m gmjrcm d oZU`mcm _hd AgV{.
d. Om. [. [. 58
g_mOoV>{`m H$[Zm gdOU emV_ZmZ{ drH$marV AgV. `m_wi{ oZaoZam`m

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XojU{Vrc Jm_gWm MmJ`m ââmQ>c{`m hm{`m. Ag{ lr Kw`} `mZr Am[`m
"H$mQ> AS> a{g BZ BoS>`m' `m [wVH$m`m [> 25 da hQ>c{ Amh{.
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H$aVmZm lr. _m{. od. [Q>dYZ hUVmV H$s "I{S>{JmdmVrc gm_wXmo`H$ OrdZmV gdmZm g_mZ
`m{`V{Z{ dmJdc{ OmV Ag{. OmoVY_ d Hw$iY_ `mg]YmV `{H$ OmVrcm Am[c{ ZroVoZ`_ dm
oZ]Y ( H$m`Xm ) R>aod`mM{ d V{ `jmV AmU`mM{ g[yU dmV` hm{V{. hm cm^ `{H$ OmVrV
hm{Vm. _J Vr OmV ]mUjo`dèyhnaOZ `m[H$s H$m{UVroh Agm{. `m_wi{ g[yU g_mOmV
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odf_Vm XZo XZ dmJUwH$sV Z> hm{V Ag{. d gdmZm g_mZVmdmV`gmd^m_d `m ^mdmMm C[^m{J
K{Vm `{V Ag{. AmO`m [mm` cm{H$gm{Voh h{ `m _mUmV oXgyZ `{V Zmhr.'
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Var H$Yr oXc{ Amh{V H$m`? `mMm odMma H$aU{ Amd`H$ Amh{. hUyZM oZJm|er, Jwcm_mer qhXyVrc
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AS>Wim, XojU{Vrc ââmQ>rV Agc{`m Jm_gWmV `{V ZhVm.
d.Om.[.[.56
I{S>J{ mdmVrc cm{H$mZr o_iyZ oZdS>cc

{ r hr EH$ [Mm`V Ag{. oV`mdVrZ{ `mòZdmS>m
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`mMr X{dK{d gamg Mmcy Ag{.
d.Om.[. [ 55
I{S>{JmdmVrc cm{H$mM{ gdgmYmaU OrdZ e{VrdaM Adc]yZ AgV{ d `m_wi{ V{W{

Vm{M EH$ _w` YXm AgVm{. e{Vr`m `m Ymg BVa oZaoZam`m C[YmMr Amd`H$Vm Ag`mZ{
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d.Om.[. [ 51
Jm_gWm hr chmZ dV JUam`mgmaIr AgyZ oVcm cmJUm`m gd dVy oV`m

dV:`m [X{emVM o_i`mMr `dWm H{$c{cr AgV{. Amg[mg gd odZme Am{T>dcm Agcm Var
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gajU`dWm C^maVmV. ...._`Var H$mhr df} cyQ>_ma d h`m `m`m_wi{ I{S>mV amhU{ Ae`
Pm`mg [amJXm Pmc{c{ I{Sy>V emVVm Wmo[V Pm`mda [aV o\$aVmV... [amJXm hmd`m`m d{i{g
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d.Om.[.[.52
OmoVgWm d Vr `mda Adc]yZ Amh{ V{ MmVwd` `m`m C[mrMm [mm` ogmV

Wm{S>`mV Agm A`V mMrZH$mir H$mhr cm{H$ qhXwWmZmV ]mh{$Z Amc{. V{ Jm{a{ hm{V{. Am[Umg
V{ Am` hUdrV. doXH$ dmL>_` `mZr C[ H{$c{ V{ gd cm{H$ Am` demM{ hm{V{. `mZr qhXwWmZmda
dmar H{$cr d qhXwWmZ qOH$c{. `md{i{g `{W{ ahmUm`m cm{H$mZm V{ Xmg qH$dm X`w `m ZmdmZ{
g]m{oYV. EV{er` cm{H$ H$mi{ hm{V{. Jm{a{ Am` d H$mi{ Xmg `m`m aJmVrc AVa, h{M OmoV^{XmM{
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d.Om.[.[.6768
H$mVS>rMm aJ hr Jm{> pWa amhUmar Zmhr. dmVmdaUmMm AmoU [napWVrMm H$mhr

H$mimZVa dM{da [naUm_ hm{Vm{. AmoU _J Vm{ [naUm_ AZwdemZ{ XrKH$mi[`mV Mmcy eH$Vm{. m.
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[ydu A`V H$mir hm{Vr.
d.Om.[.[.73
_g_ya `m og [mo_m` Vdkm`mZ{ Am`ZodS>r>`Z ogmV oV[mXZ

H$a`mV W_ \$maM _m{R>m dmQ>m CMccm hm{Vm. [U ZVa emr` em{YZmMr â [S>`mda `mZ{
Am[c{ [ohc{ _V [yU[U{ [mcQ>c{. d Am[U drH$mac{`m _{`m`m od oV[mXZ H{$c{. _g_wa
hUVm{ "_r daM{da oV[mXZ H{$c{ Amh{ H$s O{hm _r Am` hm eX dm[aVm{ V{hm _r Vm{ a$, ApW,
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AgV{.'
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^mfmem qH$dm ZmH$, H$dQ>rMr _m[{ `mcm AZwg$Z Agc{c{ deem `md$Z
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A`V Xya Agc{`m dUmV d OmVrVoh ZmH$ AmoU erf_m[Z `m`m>rZ{ gmaI{[Um AmT>iVm{.
d.Om.[.[.80
Cma X{emMr pWVr OmUyZ K{Vcr [mohO{. hm X{e AYm`mM{ gw[rH$ Im{a{, OUy
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`mZm JmddmS>mV OmJm hm{Vr. ... dZdmgroJnadmgr Va gwI{Zd AmoX_ H$mimVrc OrdZ _VrV
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Ag{ hQ>c{ Amh{.
Y.H$m.B.[. 113
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H$arV ZmhrV. Vg{M Am[`m OmVr`m `dgm`mdmMyZ Xwgam `dgm`hr H$arV ZmhrV. (`mcm [ydu[mgyZ
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Y.H$m.B.[. 117
Om{ amOm ]mUmg_m{a odZ_ AgVm{. Vm{ Am[`m ey[{jm AoYH$ eo$emcr hm{Vm{.
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Z`mVm{Q>m]c `m ^mJrXmar_`{ AmYrM H$ama R>mac{cm Ag{. _m gmWmVrc gd `m[mar `m
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ghH$m` H$$Z `m[ma H$a`mgmR>r oZKV AgV, `m`m `m[mamcm AZwcjyZ ^mf{V g^y`g_wWmZ
Agm AdWH$ eX`m{J MocV Pmcm Agmdm. Am[c{ ghH$m`g] Y Om{S>`mM{ dmV` `m[m`mZm
hm{V{ ( ^yo_H$m [ 17)
doXH$ gmoh`mV gmWdmh eX gm[S>V Zmhr [aVw [oU Zm_H$ `m[mar d dmoU`
`mM{ dUZ Amh{. ^mS>dc `mAWu dm[acm OmUmam qhXrVrc "JW ' hm eX JW eXmM{ ( mH$V)
$[ Amh{. doXH$ gmoh`mV JoWZ eX ^mS>dcXma `m AWmZ{M dm[acm Amh{. (gmWmVyZ) dmg
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cm{H$ AgV. aV{ ]mY`mH$S>{ d gwaojV R>{d`mH$S>{oh ]a{M cj oXc{ OmV Ag{. g]Y gmWm`m
gajUmM{ Xmo`d gmWdmhmda Ag{. Aa`mVyZ dmg H$aVmZm d` cm{H$mM{ [wT>mar dmem`m
gwaojVV{Mr H$miOr K{V. `mZm AQ>dr[mc hUV. `mgmR>r `mZm H$mhr YZoh oXc{ OmV Ag{.
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Am_`mer `w H$aVrc, V{ Am_M{ ey Vw`m H$[{Z{ ghO[U{ qOH$c{ OmVrc. Vw`m ghm`mZ{ Amhr
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Am_`m gJ`m eyMm Zme H$aVm{.
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Amh{. "Amg_Vo_U: dpV ewVy`m` ]hVr__Ym_$& ``m Xmgm`m`moU dm H$am{ dOrZ
gwVwH$mZmXwfmoU$&&' h{ Bm! Vy Amhmcm eyMm Zme H$a`mgmR>r [wH$i AmoU Z g[Umar Aer g[mr
X{. oO`m `m{JmZ{ Xmg h{ Am` hm{dm{V AmoU ewd H$aUma{ g]Yr _mac{ Omdm{V. (F$Jd{X.6.22.10)
`md$Z oZoV hm{V{ H$s Am` qH$dm Xmg EH$mM gH$VrM{ KQ>H$ hm{V{. Xmg eX
AYmo_H$ dm `k Z H$aUmam ZmpVH$ Am`mZmM C{eyZ dm[acm Amh{.
odMma qMVZ
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cm{H$mMr Vm|S>{ ]X H$$ [hmVmV. [U `m ]wodmmZm CmaYwd Am`mM{ _yi dgoVWmZ hm{V{ h{ oQ>iH$mM{
_V A_m`M Amh{. V{ Am`mM{ _ycWmZ Amoe`m AmoU `wam{[ `m`mgYrda Hw$R>{Var Agc{ [mohO{
Ag{ hUVmV. dmVodH$ XrKamr AmoU XrKCfm `m AWmMr d{XmVrc dMZ{ Am`mMm CmaYwdmer
g]Y og H$aUmar Amh{V. CmaYwd h{ Am`mM{ _ycWmZ oZoVM Zmhr. [U Vm{ Am`mMm C[oZd{e
(H$mcZr) Agy eH$Vm{.
d{Xm_`{ Mmar oXemZm XrKH$mc `m[yZ AgUm`m CfmMm Ogm C{I Amh{, VgmM
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Cf{Mm dO `{H$ dVycm H$moeV H$aVmZm oXgV Amh{. hr pWVr oZoVM CmaYwdmdaMr Zmhr.
Am[`m Hw$R>`moh mMrZ dmL>_`mV Am` ]mh{$Z Am`mMm C{I dm Vg{ hUVm`{Bc Agm [wamdm
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odMma qMVZ
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cm{.oQ>iH$ d BVa odmZm`m >rg h{ H$g{ [S>c{ Zmhr `mM{ Am` dmQ>V{.'
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ocohc{ Amh{ "qhXwWmZ hm EH$ odamQ> X{e Amh{. `mV d{Jd{J`m OmVrM{ [wH$i cm{H$ ahmVmV.
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[aH$s`mMm EH$oh C[oZd{e (H$mcZr) Zmhr.
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EH$e{ VrgMmirg dfm[ydu [{edmB`m e{dQ>`m H$mimV Eco\$Q>Z hm _hmam>mV,

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AgVm H$m_m Z`{.
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oV.[.R>{.149150151 `m AmYma{.
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qhXy EH$m_ odMma [oV (g^yoV)
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qhXy _mZd hUO{ emarnaH$, _mZogH$, ]moH$, A`mp_H$ `mM{
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qhXy gJhmcm _`mXm. A[naJh hm AmXe. `moXe{Z{ H$moher Am{T>.
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h{M OrdZ.
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_m gmV`mZ{ R>{dU{.
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dmT>V{ Amh{ Ag{ [mhZ g Pmc{cr [dr$[r Jm` EImm H$[cV{_mU{ g_rMr gd H$maMr
\$i{ gVm{fmZ{ X{Bc.'
AmYwoZH$ _S>ir qhXy AWemmg]Yr [yU AZo^k Amh{V. `mZm am>dmmM{ hUU{
AmoU H$oV `mMm A`V VwN>V{Z{ C[hmg H$amdmgm dmQ>Vm{. am>dmXr `m j{mV `m_mZmZ{ Z`mZ{
CVac{ Amh{V h{ Ia{, [U X{emVrc gd ]wo_m{Mm _$m `m [o_r odMmamda AmYmac{`m odMmadVmZm
H$m{Ur oXcm? Am`mV H{$c{`m ]wo_m{`m `m XcmcmMr ]wo_mm Zh{ Va H{$di CQ>[Um ohM
_hdmMr O_{Mr ]mOy Amh{. [o_r AW`dW{_`{ dàm{OJmamM{ cm{H$m`V j{ _mZc{ J{c{ ZhV{.
[mo_m`mOdi dàm{OJmamMr H$[Zm [> H$aUmar H$m{UVroh a{Ird UmcrM ZhVr. am>r`
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d{VZ am{OJma hm EH$M [`m` C[cY Amh{. `m_wi{ BVa gd "Zmoh a{' `m j{mV g_mod> hm{VmV.
[U O{hm aoe`m, MrZ, hJ{ar `m gm`dmXr X{emZr Jhm{m{J hm Z]oYH$ H{$cm V{hm [o_mic{`m
S>m`m AWVkmMm H{$dT>m _wI^J Pmcm Ag{c, `mMr H$[ZmM H{$c{cr ]ar. ^maVr` _OXya gKmMr
Cm{JYm`m l_dUV{Mr (c{]am`P{eZ) H$[Zmoh `m`m [oT>H$ AmH$cZm [ocH$S>MrM hm{Vr.
qhXy AWemmZ{ d{VZoZ> am{OJma H$[Z{Voh _mcH$_Oya `mM{ gw`m{` arVrZ{ oZòV H{$c{c{ g]Y
`m S>m`m odMmadVmZm Ae` dmQ>c{. ^maVr` _OXya gKmZ{ oVdmXmgmR>r ewH$ZrVr_Yrc AZ{H$
oZ`H$ (YZrg{dH$ g]Y r`m) `m{OZm og H{$`m, `mda h{ S>m`m odMmagaUrM{ ]wo_V hUmc{
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H$s,"AmYwoZH$ H$mim`m gX^mV ^maVr` _OXya gKm`m H$m`H$`mZr `m gd VaVwXr _amR>rV dm

qhXrV ocoh`m AgVrc, `mZVa S>m.dU}H$amgma`mH$Sy>Z gH$Vm_Yrc gohV{_mU{ `m aMyZ
K{V`m AgVrc, AmoU H$XmoMV `jmV H$YrM O_mcm Z Amc{`m ewH$mMm`m`m Zmdmda
I[od`m AgVrc.' H$mcod[`mgmMm hm EH$ `Z Amh{. ... [o_r AWemr` Umcr`m H$j{V
[na[yU am{OJmam`m pWVrMr H$[Zmoh Ae` Amh{. [o_r [m^y_rda JoR>V H{$c{`m Amm{oJH$
g]Ym`m oZ`_m[{jm ewH$ dm A` qhXy godYmZH$mamZr gmoJVc{c{ oZ`_ VwcZ{Z{ JwUm_H$V{`m
>rZ{ AoYH$ daMT> Amh{V. H$moQ>`m`m AWemmdarc Mm`m AoYH$aUm`m Xwg`m H$aUmV
Amc{`m JmhH$mcm gajU X{`m`m `m{OZm `mZmV K{`m`m _Z:pWVrV h{ S>md{ odMmadV ZmohV.
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B`mXt`m _oV `mV `m[mamVrc Ja`dhmam[mgyZ JmhH$mcm gajU X{`m`m H$m`X{era VaVwXr_wi{
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Km{fUm oh "JmhH$mZm{! gmdYmZ!!' Aer AgV{. Va qhXy AWZrVr_`{ "`m[m`mZm{! gmdYmZ!!'
Agm Km{f AgVm{. Ia{ Va _yòdf`H$ Ag{ oZoV Ym{aU mMrZH$mir ApVdmVM ZhV{.
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H$s d{VZ AmoU `mO `m`m mMrZ OJVmVrc A^mdm_wi{ qH$_Vodf`H$ Ym{aU Ag{ H$moh AgU{
e`M ZhV{. oH$_Vr `m C[mXZ_y`mda R>aod`m OmV. AmoU Jwcm_mda Vm]m Agc{`m Kam_`{
C[mXZ_y` ` d$[mV ApVdmVM Zg{.
Jmc]{W`m[wT>{ AW{g[mgyZ `y`mH$[`V [o_r OJ O{dT>{ hm{V{. [U qhXy`m[wT>{
Agc{c{ OJ `m gmJam[mgyZ `m gmJam[`V odVmac{c{ hm{V{.
[o_mic{`m odMmadVmZm qhXy AWem h{ `dhmamV AmU`m`m `m{`V{M{ Ag{
C[`w$ Amh{ h{ [Q>VM Zmoh. H$maU `m`m_V{ O{ [o_r [Umcrcm Y$Z Zmoh, AmoU O{ [o_r
[VrMm Adc] H$arV ZmohV V{ AmYwoZH$ OJmV [yUV: A`dhmar Amh{V. `mMr oh Xmg _Zm{dom
AmoWH$ j{m[waVrM AgV{ Ag{ Zmoh. O{hm lr_oV BoXam JmYrZr 1972`m Q>mH$hm{_ `{W{ âc{`m
OmJoVH$ [`mdaU [nafX{_`{ gmoJVc{ H$s AWdd{XmV [`mdaUm_H$ XyfUmM{ oV]YH$ C[m`
gmoJVc{ Amh{V. V{hm `m S>m`m odmZmMm C{J C\$miyZ Amcm. `m`m ]moH$ Am`mcm Ag
Q>m{cm oXcm Vm{ "`woZhg Am\$ d{XmV' hm JW ocohUm`m lr.]m.Zr. X{e[mS>mZr, AmoU VmdZm
ocohUm`m `mM{ gmga{ AgUm`m lr.S>m`mZr!
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]ZmS> em `mZr hQ>c{ Amh{.
S>p{ hS> _{H$mS> amBQ> `mZr hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s AmoWH$ JVrgmR>r H$maUr^yV hm{Uma{ _yc^yV
KQ>H$ h{ AWm[{jm d{Ji{ dm A^moVH$ d$[mM{M AgVmV. Ia{ Va Am_mM earamMr OS>UKS>U
H$aVm{.
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[mR>[wam`mE{dOr A`mp_H$ odH$mg gmYU{ h{M AWemmM{ Co> Agc{ [mohO{.
S>p{ hS> A]mh_ `mZ{ _mS>c{ `m gymMm AW Agm H$s Ymo_H$ d ZoVH$ dmVmdaUmVrc
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. `m_mUmV JwmZm
(A[am`mZm) Amim ]gy eH$Vm{.
oV.[.R>{. 178179
BoS>`Z BpQ>Q>yQ> Am\$ _Z{O_|Q>M{ Eg. H{$. MH$dVu `mZr H$m_ hUO{ H$m` ? H$m_
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gH$[Z{`m Ao^{V AWm`m AZwfJmZ{ H$m_ hm EH$ `kM Amh{. AerM H$m{U`moh H$m_modf`rMr
YmaUm Ag`modZm gKQ>Zm_H$Q>m, am>r`Q>m dm AmVaam>r`XQ>m H$m{U`moh H$ma{ cm{H$gJh
H$aU{ e` hm{Uma Zmhr. H$m_m`m ]moYcH$sgmR>r `mJmBVH$m CXmm Agm H$m{UVmoh A` gX^q]Xy
Agy eH$V Zmhr. BoS>`Z BpQ>Q>yQ> Am\$ gm`gM{ H{$. Aa` .dmg `mZr hQ>c{ Amh{ H$s dkmoZH$
AmoU VdkmoZH$ H$m`dmhr`m `m{OZm V`ma H$a`mMr Amd`H$Vm Amh{. [U `m ZrVrM{ dm `m{OZ{M{
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H{$di dX{er odkmZ MidirZ{M Am[c{ am>r`d g\$c hm{Bc, Jm_rU OrdZmM{ gd gwaojV
amhrc, Am[cr gH$oV OVZ H{$cr OmBc AmoU `m_wi{M g[yU odmMroh g{dm KS>{c.
oV.[.R>{. 182
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oV`mda Y_mM{ oZÙ Ag{. amOm AXS> ZhVm. Y_XS > hm{Vm. AmO _m cm{H$gm{`m ZmdmImcr
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H$m{Um`mVar AZw_VrMr Amd`H$Vm cmJV{. AmoU Var "`m`m[wT>{ gJi{ gmaI{' Aer Km{fUm
cm{H$gm{V H{$cr OmV{. Y_gm{V hm ^m|Ji[Um Zmhr. `{W{ Om{ Om{ [XmoYH$ma _m{R>m Vm{ Vm{ `mcm `m
_mUmV AoYH$ CJ oejm X{`mM{ odYmZ Amh{. "...V amOm ^d{S>: gho_Vr YmaUm$&&'
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cJ{M CRy>Z amOm`m Immcm dV:`m hmVmVrc [igm`m N>S>rMm [e H$$Z hU{ "Y_XS >m{@og
' Vw`mda Y_mMm XS>, Y_mM{ oZÙ Amh{.
amOmMr oZdS> cm{H$ H$arV "dm odoe dUVm am`m`' (AWdd{X 3/20). "Om
Vwcm am` H$a`mgmR>r drH$mam{', Agm `mMm AW. am`{ ]hYm de[a[a{Z{ MmcV Agcr Var O{`m
_Vmcm \$ma _hd Ag{. AmoU O{`m AZwHy$c oVHy$c _VmMr MMm gd hm{B. emgZ H$$
BpN>UmamZm `mMm YmH$ ]miJmdm cmJ{. hUyZ Va Xw`m}YZ [mS>dm`mod Oi\$iV Ag{. O{cm
`woYo>a `m`m gXJwUm_wi{ `wdamO hUyZ hdm hm{Vm. Vg{ AOyZoh KS>V Zmhr hUyZ cm{H$ YVam>mMr
AmoU ^r_mMroh qZXm H$arV hm{V{. `mM{M aS>JmU{ Xw`m}YZmZ{ "dm AZm` ^r_ M [oVo_N>pV
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dmBQ>dmBQ> ]m{cVmV. Vw_Mm AmoU ^r_mMmoh AmXa R>{odV ZmhrV.'
odMma qMVZ
dmp_H$s am_mÙmVoh am_mcm `wdam`mo^f{H$ H$amd`mM{ R>aodc{ V{hm XeaWmZ{

OmOZmMr g^m ]m{cmdcr, `m`m[wT>{ am_m`m `mdam`mo^f{H$mMm Vmd R>{dcm. O{Z{ am_mM{
JwUdUZ H$$Z cJ{M _m`Vm oXcr. V{hm XeaW odZm{XmZ{ hUmcm "_r AmVm hmVmam Pmcm{ Amh{.
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V{ cjmV `{V{.
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gXmMmar, Xwg`mda A`m` Z H$aUma{, AmoU \$mag{ ^m{Jcm{cy[ Zgc{c{, Ag{ AgVrc V{hm Xwamdm
dm gKf `mZm dmdM ahmV Zmhr. [U `mgmR>r C^`[jr H$V`mMr OmoUd AoYH$, AmoU AoYH$mamM{
^mZ `m` _`mX{`m AmV Agmd{ cmJV{. `m Xm{oh Jm{>r AV:H$aUmVyZ JQ> hm{Um`m Agm`m
cmJVmV. [U `mgmR>r Y_mM{ oZÙ emgH$ AmoU emogV Aem Xm{KmZmhr gVm{fmZ{ _m` Agmd{
cmJV{. oZXmZ emgZ Var `m`r, oZ:[j[mVr AmoU g_W Agmd{ cmJV{. A`Wm H$m{UVroh
emgZ`dWm ^>mMmar, AmoU O{M{ C[rS>Zem{fU H$aUmar AerM hm{Uma. amOgm{V V_yacJ
AmoU Xwgam ]mOramd emgH$ hm{VmV. AmoU cm{H$gm{V "\y$cZ'gmaIr cwQ>mar S>mH$sU oZdSy>Z `{V{.
AmoU hOmam{ H$m{Q>tM{ Km{Q>mi{ H$aUma{ C_Q>[UmZ{ _w`_r[Xmda oMH$Qy>Z amhVmV.
odMma qMVZ
qhXwWmZ`m XwXdmZ{ oQ>iH$mZm d`m`m Mmg>m`m dfu _`w Amcm. V{ AmUIr$

Xhm]mam df} OJV{ Va qhXwWmZM{ ôdV` Cdc R>ac{ AgV{. BoVhmgmcm Oa Va cmd`mV H$moh
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KS>c{`m KQ>Zm`m _mJrc Ym{aUmcm Oa "OaVa' cmdc{ Zmhr Va BoVhmgmMm, ôd` MmJc{
KS>od`mgmR>r, H$mohM C[`m{J hm{Uma Zmhr h{ cjmV R>{dc{ [mohO{.
MmU`mM{ AWem, _hm^maVmVrc amOemr` odMma, _Zw_VrVrc emgZ
`dWm hr amOH$maUr Z{`mZr A`mgmM{ odf` _mZc{ [mohO{V. Ym{aU R>aodVmZm `mVrc VdmM{
_mJXeZ T>Vm[ydH$ drH$mac{ [mohO{. lrH$UMmUòedmOroQ>iH$ `mMr amOZroV Oa
qhXwWmZr Z{`mZr gXd Adco]cr AgVr Va qhXwWmZM{ Iam{IarM ^c{ Pmc{ AgV{. [U Vg{
KS>c{ Zmhr.
amOH$s` Z{`mZm oedmOr AmoU MmU` Am[c{ AmXe dmQ>V ZmhrV. AocH$S>{M
JwOamW_`{ O{ H$aU KS>c{, ^m.O.[. gma`m am>oZ> [jmV \y$Q> [S>cr. H{$ew^mB [Q>{c `mZm
_w`_r[Xmd$Z CVamd{ cmJc{. `mMr H$maU_r_mgm H$aVmZm H{$ew^mB [Q>{c hUmc{
"_cm oedmOr AmoU MmU` `m`mgmaI{ amOH$maU H$amd`mM{ ZhV{. _r gai
gmpdH$ _mUyg Amh{. _m`m KamV _r S>m.h{S>J{dma AmoU lr.Jm{idcH$a JwOr `m`m e{Omar
odd{H$mZXmM{ oM cmdrZ. oedmOrM{ cmdUma Zmhr.' ([mMO` 15/10/1995)
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R>mD$H$! h{ MVwa Va ZgVmVM [U m_moUH$[U{ gmY{oh ZgVmV. _J O{hm `mM{ amOH$maU hH$V{
V{hm V{ hUVmV,"Amoh VdoZ> Amhm{' AmoU O{hm `mMr VdoZ>m V{ oQ>H$dy eH$V ZmhrV V{hm
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o>H$m{UmVyZ EH$m [wT>m`mZ{ _Zw_oV Omi`mV ^yfU o_aodc{.
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dmV` `{H$mcm Agc{M [mohO{. Ag{ hUUm`m ]wodmmZr "_Zw_oV hm EH$ odMma Amh{' h{
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_VmM{ JW OmiU{ hr qhXwWmZMr [a[am Zmhr.Vr [oV oZmMr Amh{, ode{fV: _wgc_mZmMr
Amh{. qhXy`m ghZerc [a[a{V ZmpVH$, d{XqZXH$, Ymo_H$ odqYMr Q>dmir H$aUm`m MmdmH$mMr
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`m X{emVM O_mcm Amc{`m EH$mZ{ _Zw_oV Omimdr AmoU Xwg`mZ{ _Zw_oV OmiU{ h{M H$g{
CoMV Amh{ h{ dmH$Mm[`m`m ]imda [Q>dyZ X{`mMm `Z H$amdm h{ [mohc{ H$s Am` dmQ>V{. I{X
hm{Vm{. ]mUmodf`r`m [S>`m H$mimV ]mU Ag`m_wi{ dV:`m dmQ>mcm Var C[hmg, Adh{cZm
`{D$ Z`{ `m ^`m[m{Q>r h{ odmZ Ag{ "^mS>mZ{ OmD$Z ^mQ>mMr ^yo_H$m' K{VmV H$s H$m` Z H$i{! A`Wm
_Zw_Vrer gh_V ZgyZoh _Zw_Vr Omi`m`m Aodd{H$s H$VrM{ g_WZ `mZr H{$c{ ZgV{.
odMma qMVZ
OrdZmMm EH$m_ d g_J odMma h{ qhXy OrdZ>rM{ doeQ> Amh{. `m_wi{M EHy$U
g_mOmMr YmaUm, g_mOmM{ McZdcZ (gd H$maM{ `dhma) `mM{ dm` AmoU gwaojVVm `m
gdmM{ Xmo`d H{$di amOgm{gma`m OrdZm`m EImmM AJmda AgU{ h{ qhXy OrdZ>rV ]gV
Zmhr. amOgm{`m Zh{ Va cm{H$e$s`m mamM `m gd Jm{>r gm^mi`m OmU{ h{ Am[`m gH$Vrcm
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Ao^{V Amh{.
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dm EH$mM `$s`m oR>H$mUr oZaHw$e Ag{ gdmoYH$ma EH$dQ>c{c{ Agmd{V Aem d[mMr H$Yroh
ZhVr. amOm hm Y_ajH$, Xdr g[mrMm oVoZYr, amOm hUO{ `j odUyM, amOoghmgZ [od d
gdmoYH$ma Agc{c{ Ag{ gdgm_m`[U{ _mZc{ OmV AgVmZmoh mMrZ ^maVmVrc amOgm{M{ d[
[oe`Z am{_Z `wam{[mVrc AoYZm`H$dmXr am`{ `m`mer H$m{U`moh H$ma{ ^maVr` amOZrVrM{ gm`
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amOgm{[{jmoh gmd^m_ Ag{ WmZ Y_mcm, g_mOm`m ZoVH$, Ymo_H$ OrdZmcm
hm{V{. Aem Y_mV _Z_mZr T>dimT>di H$a`mMm Agm H$m{UVmoh AoYH$ma ^moVH$ gm{cm ZhVm....
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