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      !  "     
   #
     $          P GCD(M, N )
P P CM (M, N ) = M N 



 
   % &     '    (& 

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0   
            
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+  # 
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/ 0 a = 01 '       (& 
 0 
0 b = c = d = 01 0      '   0 
2   p =

c
a

b2
3a2 1

q=

2b3
27a3

bc
3a2

+ da  f = 4p3 + 27q 2

b
( 0 f = 01 '        x1 = x2 = x3 = 3a
0 f < 01 '   (    x1 1 x2 1 x3

 
3q
1
  l = 4p


=
arccos
3
3
pl

b
x1 = l cos

 ()2 3a b
 (      
x = l cos  + 3 3a
2
b
3a
x3 = l cos 2
3

0  3f > 041 '       x1      
 5
 x2 ix3 

    r =

q
2

f
108

 r0 +   .

 r > 0   r0 = r1/3
 r = 0   r0 = q 1/3
 r < 0  r0 = (r)1/3
b
x1 =r0 3rp0 3a

x2 = 12 r0 + 3rp0
#   .

x3 = 3 r0 + p
2

b
3a

3r0

 
  
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    81  
            
   f   $  [a, b]
 8    ;      $   .
T1,1
T2,1
.
.
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.

T1,2
T2,2

T1,3
T2,3

TN 2,1
TN 1,1
TN,1

TN 2,2
TN 1,2

TN 2,3

T1,4
T2,4

T1,5
T2,5

. .
.
. . T2,N 1

T1,N

& 
  8  %           
 
"        $  < =  .

T1,1 = h2 [f (a) + f (b)] , h = b a
2m1
T1,m+1 = 12 T1,m + h k=1 f (a + (2k 1) h) , h = ba
2m
2

      8   


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     :   .
Tn+1,m = Tn,m+1 +

Tn,m+1 Tn,m
4n 1

   8  %   N N 1        


   
    : 8
 TN,1 

  
  
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k
fk (x) = i=1 sin[(2i1)x]
, k = 1...N bCb   x [0, ]
(2i1)
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2    $    8     1    $
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3N bP ts4      +    >
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1...N bP ts    '  8 k (k = 1...N bCb)
:&
 
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