D A FTAR

ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN

ii

HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN

iii

KATA PENGANTAR

iv

DAFTAR ISI

DAFTAR GAMBAR

ix

DAFTAR TABEL

xii

BAB I.

PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................

BAB II. KARAKTERISTIK RESERVOIR

2.1. Karakteristik Batuan Reservoir .................................................. 2
2.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Reservoir ................................. 2
2.1.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Batupasir ................................ 2
2.1.1.2. Komposisi Kimia Karbonat ................................. 7
2.1.1.3. Komposisi Kimia Shale ......................................... 7
2.1.2. Sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir .............................................. 9
2.1.2.1. Porositas ................................................................ 9
2.1.2.2. Permeabilitas ...................................................... 11
2.1.2.3. Saturasi Fluida .................................................. 15
2.1.2.4. Wettabilitas ........................................................... 16
2.1.2.5. Tekanan Kapiler ................................................... 17
2.1.2.6. Kompressibilitas .................................................. 18
2.2. Karakteristik Fluida Reservoir ................................................... 19
2.2.1. Komposisi Kimia Fluida Reservoir .................................. 20
2.2.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Hidrokarbon .......................... 20
2.2.1.1.1. Golongan Asiklik ............................... 20
2.2.1.1.1.1. Golongan Hidrokarbon
Jenuh .............................. 20
2.2.1.1.1.2. Golongan Hidrokarbon
Tak Jenuh ........................ 21
2.2.1.1.2. Golongan Siklik ................................. 22
2.2.1.1.2.1. Golongan Naftena ........... 22
2.2.1.1.2.2. Golongan Aromatik ......... 22
2.2.1.2. Komposisi Kimia Non-Hidrokarbon .................. 22
2.2.1.3. Komposisi Kimia Air Formasi ........................... 23
2.2.2. Sifat Fisik Fluida Reservoir ............................................. 23
2.2.2.1. Sifat Fisik Minyak .............................................. 23

D A FTAR I S I
(Lanjutan)
2.2.2.1.1. Densitas Minyak ................................
2.2.2.1.2. Viskositas Minyak .............................
2.2.2.1.3. Faktor Volume Formasi Minyak ........
2.2.2.1.4. Kompressibilitas Minyak ..................
2.2.2.1.5. Kelarutan Gas dalam Minyak ............
2.2.2.2. Sifat Fisik Gas ...................................................
2.2.2.2.1. Densitas Gas ......................................
2.2.2.2.2. Viskositas Gas ...................................
2.2.2.2.3. Faktor Volume Formasi Gas .............
2.2.2.2.4. Kompressibilitas Gas ........................
2.2.2.3. Sifat Fisik Air Formasi ......................................
2.2.2.1.1. Berat Jenis Air Formasi .....................
2.2.2.1.2. Viskositas Air Formasi ......................
2.2.2.1.3. Kelarutan Gas dalam Air Formasi ....
2.2.2.1.4. Faktor Volume Formasi
Air Formasi .......................................
2.2.2.1.5. Kompressibilitas Air Formasi ..........
2.3. Kondisi Reservoir ......................................................................
2.3.1. Tekanan Reservoir ...........................................................
2.3.2. Temperatur Reservoir ......................................................

23
24
25
27
27
28
28
28
29
30
31
31
32
32

2.4. Jenis-jenis Reservoir ..................................................................

2.4.1. Jenis Reservoir Berdasarkan perangkap ..........................
2.4.1.1 Temperatur Reservoir ...........................................
2.4.1.2 Perangkap Struktur.................................................
2.4.1.3 Perangkap Kombinasi............................................
2.4.2. Jenis Reservoir Berdasarkan fasa Fluida Hidrokarbon.....
2.4.2.1 Reservoir Minyak ..................................................
2.4.2.2 Reservoir Gas.........................................................
2.4.2.3 Reservoir Kondensat..............................................
2.4.3. Jenis Reservoir Berdasarkan Mekanisme Pendorong.......
2.4.3.1 Depletion Drive Reservoir ....................................
2.4.3.2 Gas Cap Drive Reservoir ......................................
2.4.3.3 Water Drive Reservoir ...........................................
2.4.3.4 Segregation Drive Reservoir .................................
2.4.3.5 Combination Drive Reservoir ...............................

35
35
36
37
40
41
42
43
46
47
47
49
50
51
52

vi

32
32
33
33
35

BAB III. LAJU PRODUKSI

3.1. Aliran Fluida dalam Media Berpori .......................................... 54
3.1.1. Persamaan Darcy ............................................................. 54
3.1.2. Laju Produksi Minyak ..................................................... 60
3.1.3. Laju Produksi Gas ........................................................... 62
3.2. Aliran Fluida dalam Pipa ...........................................................63
3.2.1. Persamaan Kesetimbangan Energi .................................. 63
3.2.2. Persamaan Aliran Fluida Satu Fasa dalam Pipa ..............69
3.2.3. Persamaan Aliran Fluida Multi Fasa dalam Pipa ............73
3.3. Distribusi Tekanan dan Temperatur ............................................ 77
3.3.1. Pengukuran Laju Produksi Gas ........................................77
3.3.2. Pengukuran Laju Produksi Minyak ..................................77
3.3.3. Pengukuran Laju Produksi Air .........................................79
3.3.4. Pengukuran Water Oil Ratio ............................................. 79
3.3.5. Pengukuran Gas Oil Ratio................................................. 80
D A FTAR I S I
(Lanjutan)
BAB IV. SCALE
4.1. Mekanisme Pembentukan Scale ................................................. 82
4.2. Jenis-jenis Scale dan Faktor yang Berpengaruh. ........................ 84
4.2.1. Kalsium Karbonat ........................................................... 86
4.2.1.1. Pengaruh CO2 ..................................................... 87
4.2.1.2. Pengaruh.Temperatur ..........................................89
4.2.1.3. Pengaruh pH ........................................................ 90
4.2.1.4. Pengaruh Garam Terlarut .................................... 90
4.2.2. Kalsium Sulfat .................................................................. 91
4.2.2.1. Pengaruh Temperatur .......................................... 92
4.2.2.2. Pengaruh Tekanan ............................................... 92
4.2.2.3. Pengaruh Garam Terlarut .................................... 93
4.2.3. Barium Sulfat ................................................................... 94
4.2.3.1. Pengaruh Temperatur .......................................... 95
4.2.3.2. Pengaruh Tekanan ............................................... 96
4.2.3.3. Pengaruh Garam Terlarut .................................... 96
4.2.4. Senyawa Besi .................................................................. 97
4.2.5. Stronsium Sulfat ............................................................... 99
4.2.6. Sodium Khlorida .............................................................. 99
4.3. Identifikasi Pembentukan Scale ............................................... 101
4.3.1. Analisa Air Formasi ........................................................ 101
4.3.1.1. Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Air Formasi .................... 102
4.3.1.2. Prosedur Pengambilan Sampel .......................... 107
4.3.1.3. Analisa Kuantitatif Air Formasi ........................ 109
4.3.1.3.1. Metode Analisa ................................. 110

vii

4.3.1.3.2. Hasil Analisa .....................................

4.3.2. Perhitungan Kelarutan ....................................................
4.3.2.1. Scale Kalsium Karbonat ...................................
4.3.2.1.1. Metode Langelier .............................
4.3.2.1.2. Metode Ryznar .................................
4.3.2.1.3. Metode Stiff and Davis .....................
4.3.2.1.4. Metode Tompson and Oddo .............
4.3.2.2. Scale Kalsium Sulfat ........................................
4.3.2.2.1. Metode Case .....................................
4.3.2.2.2. Metode Skillman-McDonald-Stiff .. .
4.3.2.3. Scale Barium Sulfat ..........................................
4.3.3. Identifikasi Kualitatif .....................................................
4.4. Penanggulangan Scale ..............................................................
4.4.1. Mencegah Terbentuknya Endapan Scale ........................
4.4.1.1. Menggunakan Zat-zat Kimia Pengontrol Scale
4.4.1.2. Metode Pencegahan Yang Lain ........................

113
115
116
116
118
119
123
126
126
127
130
130
132
132
137
137

D A FTAR I S I
(Lanjutan)
4.4.2. Penanggulangan Endapan Scale ..................................... 140
4.4.2.1. Endapan Scale dalam Pipa ............................... 140
4.4.2.2. Endapan Scale dalam Sumur dan Formasi ....... 142
BAB V. PEMBAHASAN ............................................................................. 144
BAB VI. KESIMPULAN ............................................................................. 153
DAFTAR PUSTAKA

xiv

viii