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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
! So"e Defini#ions
$! S#ar# A%a&us and se# #he s#ar#'in folder
(. The )ser *n#erface
+! An E,is#in- .odel
/! A 0Ne10 .odel
2eferences
3 3 3
4e##in- S#ar#ed 5i#h A%a&us
5or6%oo6 7
)ser *n#erface and .odelin- Overvie1
b&
C.8en6a#esh
Preface
)hese Workbooks consist of a series of e*amples presented as a mi*ture of te*t and
images. )he&9re intended to be used along with the :theor&: book in this series , 4e##in-
S#ar#ed 1i#h A%a&us ' Essen#ial Theor9 , and are therefore deliberatel& low on te*t and
rich on images. )he workbooks are self,contained, but &ou ma& want to read the :theor&:
if &ou9re new to the finite element method itself. )he other Workbooks are listed in the
references section at the end of this book.
)he general presentation approach % ha#e used is to write a few lines of te*t then follow
these up with one or more images. )his approach works on all Kindles, e#en the ones
with the smallest black,and,white screens. %t certainl& looks nicer on color de#ices 'such
as Kindle for PC(.
Aba+us9 interface, of course, looks best on a large screen , and Kindles, of course, ha#e
small screens. )he con#enience of bu&ing and reading a book on the Kindle is of no use
if the images are scaled down to the point of illegibilit&. )o get around this, each scaled,
down :large image: is immediatel& followed b& a :clipped: image of the highlighted
area. )his seems like the best solution to the problem. %t does take &ou an e*tra click to
mo#e to the ne*t page, but is worth the added legibilit&.
Wh& not drop the larger images and retain onl& the :zoomed in: ones- ;emember that if
&ou9re reading this book, &ou9re new to Abaqus/CAE. And one of the problems with using
a new software interface is that &ou can9t alwa&s locate that pesk& menu. )he larger
image, then, ser#es to show &ou where the command / menu is located on the o#erall
screen. )he zoomed,in image makes it a little more legible.
%n some cases, though, &ou will find 'at least on the <: Kindles( that &ou will need to
:zoom,in: e#en on the zoomed,in image. )o do this mo#e the Kindle9s cursor to the
image and click on it for the Kindle to rotate the image b& =>,degrees. )hen use the
Kindle9s Bac6 button to restore the earlier #iew and orientation. %9#e tried to preempt this
b& flipping some images in the book itself, which means &ou ha#e to rotate either the
Kindle or &our neck, but % figured this is easier than the clicks,to,zoom,in,and,back. %t9s
harder to rotate a desktop or laptop computer, of course, so this does make things a little
worse on those de#ices.
!inall&, the Kindle lets &ou select &our font size. At larger font sizes, the captions for
some images spill o#er to the ne*t page , and in some cases, are entirel& on the ne*t page.
Please keep this in mind when reading the book.
% recommend that &ou page through the sets of images more than once, then return to the
preceding te*t and re,read it. )his is not a #er& eas& wa& to read on the Kindle, which is
designed more for se+uential paging back and forth. %9#e used a number of h&perlinks to
make it easier to ?ump around between pages. @ou will probabl& use the Kindle9s
:Pre#ious / 1e*t: section controls a lot more than with a :serial: book.
@our goal, of course, is not ?ust to reproduce the illustrated procedures on Aba+us. @ou
should be able to e*tend the documented procedures to &our own scenarios. 1ote that all
the e*amples presented in this series can be worked out using e#en the student #ersion of
Aba+us.
)he models used in this book can be downloaded from www.kfourmetrics.com 7 email
the author if &ou ha#e an& trouble finding the files or using them.

! So"e Defini#ions
)hese are intentionall& brief, and are included as +uick reminders on some common
terms that &ou9ll encounter as &ou work with Aba+us. %f &ou9re new to the finite element
itself, chances are &ou9ll find these terms incomplete. )o fill the gap, look up either the
:theor&: book that accompanies these Workbooks or one of the references listed at the
end of this book.
The *"por#ance of "odelin-
So"e co""on s#a#e varia%les
Tensile S#ress
:ield S#ress
)l#i"a#e S#ress
Tensile S#ren-#h
Proof S#ress
Elas#ici#9 vs. Plas#ici#9
Discon#inui#ies in Da#a and #heir i"pac# on #he FE Solu#ion
Co""on Errors in FE .odels
Consis#en# )ni#s
The *"por#ance of .odelin-
;emember that there are man&, man& methods to model s&stems.
Aost undergraduate courses do not co#er continuum mechanics based approaches.
.oursework usuall& co#ers onl& discrete methods 'of force e+uilibrium( and basic stress,
strain e+uations without co#ering the differential,e+uation forms. %n order to use Aba+us
documentation, it will help if &ou draw the e+ui#alence and the difference between the
two: Aba+us documentation uses differential e+uations e*tensi#el&.
!BA is a wa& to construct mathematical models in which differential e+uations represent
the beha#ior of the s&stem. )o get to grips with anal&sis, &ou need to understand at least
some of applied mathematics and computer science, in addition to the rele#ant
engineering discipline.
)he ne*t images show 6 possible models of a t&pical :framed: structure. )he first model
is of the complete frame. )he second is of a subs&stem 7 a single bar. )he third is of the
region around a ri#eted ?oint.
Which is correct-

)he :s&stem: , the complete frame

A :sub,s&stem: , a single bar

Another :sub,s&stem: , the neighborhood of a ri#eted ?oint
)he answer of course, is that none of them is "correct$ in the absolute sense. %t depends
on what &oure interested in.
1e*t, since we are #iewing the !B method as a wa& to sol#e differential e+uations, its
useful to remember 'for an& gi#en ph&sics( the #ariables of state, the +uantit& that is
conser#ed 'the flu*(, the conser#ation law and the constituti#e 'i.e. material beha#ior(
law.

B+ui#alence between different :ph&sics:
)he ne*t few pages contain some definitions related to stress and strain. )he
nomenclature can easil& lead to confusion: for instance, what9s the difference between
tensile strength, &ield strength and ultimate strength- And what in the world is a Proof
2tress-
%f &ou recei#e a problem statement in engineering, its a bad idea to work under the
assumption that all parties agree on all nomenclature. %ts far better to ha#e &our
interpretations of a#ailable data confirmed.
Tensile s#ress: "the tensile force per unit area of the original cross section within the
gauge length, carried b& the specimen at an& gi#en moment$.
;emember the difference between true and engineering stress: the former uses the
"instantaneous$ cross,sectional area while the latter uses the initial area.
2ubse+uentl& we will see how to con#ert data into forms that are consistent with Aba+us.

)rue and Bngineering stress,strain cur#es
Tensile S#ress a# :ield '@ield 2tress(: "the first stress at which an increase in strain
occurs without an increase in stress$

)he &ield point , &ield stress
Tensile S#ress a# Brea6 'ultimate stress(: "the tensile stress at which the test specimen
ruptures$.

)he point of rupture , ultimate stress
Tensile S#ren-#h: "the ma*imum tensile stress sustained b& the test specimen during a
tensile test$

Aa*imum stress sustained , no# the same as the permissible stressC
Tensile S#ress a# ,; s#rain: "the stress at which the strain reaches the specified #alue *
e*pressed as a percentage. %t ma& be measured, for e*ample, if the stress,strain cur#e
does not show a &ield point. %n this case * must be defined either in the rele#ant product
standard or as agreed upon b& the interested parties$

Permissible 'or :offset:( stress
7.$; proof s#ress: 1ot all materials show a definite &ield point, so an "offset$ is often
used to define the &ield strength. An offset of .DE strain is widel& accepted.

:Proof: stress
1ow a +uick recap of the difference between elastic and plastic materials.
)his is the stress,strain cur#e for a perfec#l9 elas#ic "a#erial:

Perfectl& elastic material. 1ote the absence of a &ield point.
1e*t, look at the cur#e for a carbon,steel. Fnl& the initial part is close to a "perfectl&
elastic$ material.

A more familiar stress,strain cur#e. o &ou think the &,a*is is engineering stress or true
stress-
Discon#inui#ies in da#a and #heir i"pac# on #he FE Solu#ion
When we draw free,bod& diagrams, we fre+uentl& use representations without being full&
aware of the implications. !or instance, the use of point,loads, step,loads, and sharp
corners is widespread. )his can hurt the !B method. Wh&-
8ecause discontinuities in functions are inherentl& troublesome from a calculus,
perspecti#e 'and we ha#e chosen to #iew !BA from a differential,e+uation perspecti#e(:
such functions ma& not be defined "properl&$, ma& not be differentiable, ma& not be
integrable, etc.
)he nomenclature of continuous functions is a sub?ect in its own right: see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2moothGfunctionH)heGspaceGofG.kGfunctions if &oure
interested in this aspect.
3eres the minimum &ou should know:
A function is con#inuous at an& point if the left limit I right limit I #alue of
function at that point
A differentiable function is one whose deri#ati#e e*ists 'it ma&, of course, be
differentiable onl& within a gi#en domain(
1ot e#er& continuous function is differentiable, though e#er& differentiable
function is continuous
A functions de-ree of con#inui#9 is .
i
if its :i:th deri#ati#e can be e#aluated
%f it is C
7
, that means the function is continuous
%f it is C
that means the functions deri#ati#e is continuous

)he <aco%ian .a#ri, is used to represent the partial deri#ati#es of functions that
ha#e more than J independent #ariable , the determinant of the matri* 'often
referred to as :the: Kacobian( is used to check whether the function is
differentiable.
%f &our data is discontinuous, &ou should #iew the results in the immediate neighborhood
with some suspicion , and should probabl& :smear: 'or a#erage( the result o#er the
immediate neighborhood. Lnfortunatel&, there9s no read& formula to define the
:immediate neighborhood:. Aost engineers rel& on 2t.Menant9s principle, which is #alid
onl& for linear problems.
Co""on Errors in FE .odels
8efore we start on the modeling e*ercises, remember that &our ob?ecti#e is to build an
"efficient$ model. %n other words, a high,+ualit& model is one that is :efficient:. 8& this
&ardstick, how can &ou measure the +ualit& of the model-
Fn the one hand, &ou want to minimize the time and cost: of building mode and of
e#aluating the "solution$.
Fn the other hand, &ou want acceptable accurac&: that is, similarit& to the real,world
situation.
Also, &ou want to minimise the sensiti#it& to errors in data. %f &ou cant do this, &ou
should at least be able to +uantif& the sensiti#it&.
)he most common errors in building !B models-
)oo man& elements I )oo much time to sol#e
)oo few elements I 1ot representati#e of ph&sics
Wrong elements I 1ot representati#e of ph&sics
Wrong elements I %ncorrect assemblage of elements, which in turn leads to the
wrong e+uilibrium
Aisrepresentation of conditions on boundar& I Wrong loads, restraints, initial
conditions
Consis#en# )ni#s
!inall&, Aba+us is units,agnostic. @ou "us# ensure that #arious data are consistent 7 size
of geometr&, elastic constants, forces, densit&, etc.
)his is probabl& the most common error beginners make, and it9s pernicious because
problems in d&namics beha#e differentl& than problems in statics. We won9t go into it
here: the :theor&: book contains more details, as does the Workbook on Aode 2hapes.
8ut please do pa& attention to this aspect when building models for Aba+us. %f it9s hard to
teach an old dog new tricks, it9s e#en harder to :unlearn: a bad habit. %t9s far, far better to
get into the habit, right from the start, of using consistent units consistentl&.

2ome options for consistent units
)hat9s it for this brief re#iew of some concept. !or more on "theor&$, see the companion
book 4e##in- S#ar#ed 1i#h A%a&us ' Essen#ial Theor9 or one of the references at the
end of this book.
1ow, onto Abaqus/CAE itself.

$! S#ar# A%a&us and se# #he 0s#ar# in0
folder
)o start Aba+us, use &our 2tart menu. Fn Windows N, this is what &ou should see:

)he :start: menu on Windows N
)o change the "default$ folder where Abaqus/CAE stores its #arious files, right,click on
the shortcut, select its :Properties:, and change the "2tart %n$ folder.
%t9s a good idea to do this since, as we9ll see later, !B anal&ses can create a prett& large
number of files.

)he :start,in: properties of the shortcut
@oull know that Aba+us has "started$ when &ou see the screen below:

)he :splash: screen

(! The )ser *n#erface
Crea#e = 2e#rieve files
The S#a#us %ar
The .enu'#ree and .odelin- con#e,#s
4eo"e#r9 Crea#ion
5irefra"e 4eo"e#r9 = S6e#ches
)he principal ob?ecti#e of these Workbooks is to show how to go from an assembl& to the
simulation results.
%n this Workbook we will co#er the o#erall modeling procedure and the logical
organization of the user,interface of Abaqus/CAE. %n the other Workbooks, we will go
o#er anal&sis,specific modeling procedures, re#iew the organization of files, and look at
post,processing and error estimation.
;ecall that the steps in#ol#ed in creating a finite element model are
2pecif& the region 'or domain( of space 'and time, if things change with time(
that9s of interest
.reate an !B model to reflect the beha#ior of regions in the domain b& selecting
appropriate elements, materials and sections
Appl& loads and restraints
2ol#e
%nterpret and report
2hould &ou do the first task 'creation of the domain( within Abaqus/CAE, or create it
using a .A application-
)hats debatable.
)he answer depends on the problem at hand, the other software a#ailable to &ou, the time
a#ailable and &our skill / comfort with Abaqus/CAE and an& other software a#ailable.
epending on the situation, &ou will ha#e to choose between the following:
create it entirel& within Abaqus/CAE
import the "final$ .A data 'i.e. read& to mesh( to Abaqus/CAE
import .A data and modif& in Abaqus/CAE till it9s read&,to,mesh
Crea#e = 2e#rieve files
When Abaqus/CAE starts, the first thing &ou do is choose whether to create a new file,
open an e*isting file, or select a recentl& opened file. Ff course, once a file is open
'whether its a new file or an e*isting file( &ou can "import$ another file into it if &ou
wish.
)he :splash: screen that &ou see when &ou start Aba+us, shown in the ne*t image,
contains icons that &ou can use to either create a new database 'i.e. file( or retrie#e an
e*isting one.
As the ne*t close,up image shows, there are other options too , &ou can run a :script: 'a
program that9s somewhat like a macro , see the references at the end of this book for
more information on scripts for Aba+us(, or &ou can start doing an :in,built: tutorial.
1ote that the create,database option itself is reall& D options: create a file using
Aba+us/2tandard or Aba+us/B*plicit, or using Aba+us9 .! capabilities. %f &ou9re not
clear which &ou should use, look up the :theor&: book in this series '4e##in- S#ar#ed
5i#h A%a&us ' Essen#ial Theor9( for some guidelines and ad#ice.

Fptions on the :splash: screen
Close-up image on the next page

)o select an option, click on the corresponding icon or link
Close-up of image on the previous page.

2eferences
A !irst .ourse in !inite Blements
<.Fish> T.Bel9#sch6o, Kohn Wile& and 2ons
)his is a comprehensi#e te*t,book and is a good addition to &our reference,shelf.
.hances are &ou won9t read it completel& unless it9s a te*t,book for a course &ou9re doing.
8ut if &ou do choose to pursue a career in !BA, chances are #er& good that &ou 1ill end
up reading e#er& bit of it sooner, rather than later.
An Anal&sis of the !inite Blement Aethod
5.4.S#ran-> 4.<.Fi,, Wellesle&,.ambridge Press
While not directl& related to Aba+us, this is an outstanding book b& an outstanding
teacher '&ou can, and should, #iew r.2trang9s #ideo lectures off the A%) website(.
%mmensel& readable, in#aluable, well worth the price of purchase and the time to read it.
P&thon 2cripts for Aba+us. 4earn b& B*ample
4.Puri, Wellesle&,.ambridge Press
.onsidering %9m writing for Aba+us,beginners, wh& am % recommending a book on
scripting 'i.e. customising or programming( Aba+us- )he book does re+uire that &ou
know a fair deal about Aba+us. 3owe#er, the author has created some nice #ideos on
some common applications. @ou could do worse than check these out.
)he 62 :.ommunit&: , http://iam.6ds.com
4icensed users can access paid support, but how about academic users or others- )his is a
recent 'Kune D>JJ onwards( attempt b& assault and / or 2imulia to address such needs.
@ou can use an& email address to create an account, then 'in theor&( tap into the wisdom
of the crowds. Fnce &ou login, &our browser is redirected 'at the time this book was
published( to https://sw&m.6ds.com.
)here are some tutorials, etc. so perhaps &ou9ll find what &ou want. 8ut % suspect the
password,protected approach is too hea#&,handed for light,fingered internet users
)he @ahoo,group for Aba+us
)his is a relati#el& li#el& 'b& .AB standards( group, a#eraging a few posts a da&. %t
doesn9t seem to ha#e an& affiliations with assault, but does ha#e some prett& erudite
members. 3owe#er, on the downside, man& of the +uestions tend to be ad#anced: well
be&ond the profile of the intended reader of this book. Also, perhaps because of their
erudition, some of the gurus can be +uite acid at times. :2tupid: +uestions are sometimes
snapped at, sometimes ignored. 8ut if &ou do &our homework and establish this fact
when &ou ask &our +uestion, chances are &ou9ll get an answer.
!inall&, there are the other books in this 4e##in- S#ar#ed 5i#h A%a&us series 'clicking
on a link takes &ou to the corresponding Amazon page(:
Bssential )heor&
Workbook J: 4inear 2tatic Anal&ses and 8asic Aesh Oeneration
Workbook D: )hermal and )hermo,mechanical Anal&ses
Workbook 6: Aode 2hapes
Workbook 5: 1on,linear Anal&ses
Workbook P: B*plicit Anal&sis
Cop9ri-h#
)his book was created b&, and is cop&right to, KFour .e#rics
'http://www.kfourmetrics.com(.
A%ou# #he Au#hor
..Menkatesh li#es in 3&derabad, %ndia. 3is email address is
venkatesh@kfourmetris.om

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that means the functions deri#ati#e is continuous

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