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UNIKL MSI

SCB 48403
HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN
FORMULAE & DATA BOOKLET


For Examination Purposes only

Note: Please do not scribble on this booklet
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APPENDIX A CONDUCTION

General Conduction Heat Equation (cartesian):
t
T
C q
x
T
k
x

= + +

&
General Conduction Heat Equation (cylindrical):
t
T
C q
r
T
kr
r r

= +

&
1


A-1: THERMAL RESISTANCES

( )
A h
R
hA
R
kL
R
kA
L
R
r
rad
s
conv
cyl
wall
1
1
2
radius inner / radius outer ln
=
=
=
=

4 2 8
. / 10 67 . 5 K m W

=


A-2: LUMPED CAPACITANCE METHOD

i
s
p
hA
VC
t ln

(
(

'

t
VC
hA
T T
T T
p
s
i i

exp













) )( (
2 2
sur s sur s r
T T T T h + + =
where
k
hL
Bi
c
=
Area Surface
Volume
=
c
L
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APPENDIX A CONDUCTION (continued)
A-3: FIN ANALYSIS













fin fin fin
b
fin t
hA Q
R

1
,
= =
&
b b
fin
fin
hA
Q

&
=
b fin
fin
fin
hA
Q

&
=
( )
f
t
f
b t
t
o
A
NA
hA
Q

= = 1 1
&
o t
o t
hA
R

1
,
=

= T T
b b

( )
b nofin
b fin fin unfin
overall fin
hA
A A h

+
=
,
( )
b fin fin unfin
fin unfin fin total
A A h
Q Q Q
+ =
+ =
& & &
,
Table A1
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Table A2
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FIGURE A-3
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APPENDIX B CONVECTION
Convection Parameters:


B-1: EXTERNAL CONVECTION





Parallel Flow Over Flat Plate
Fluid properties are evaluated at film temperature, T
f


Laminar Flow ( Re < 5 x 10
5
):



Turbulent Flow (
7 5
10 Re 10 5 ):



Laminar & Turbulent:

( ) ( )
3 / 1 8 . 0
Pr * 871 Re 037 . 0 = =
k
hL
Nu




Flow Across Cylinders

[ ]
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 2 / 1
cyl
000 , 282
Re
1
Pr) / 4 . 0 ( 1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0 Nu
1
1
]
1

\
|
+
+
+ = =
k
hD



(Churchill & Bernstein, 1977)

n m
C
k
hD
Pr Re Nu
cyl
= =
(Zukauskas, 1972 and Jakob, 1949)
Refer Table B1






k
hL
Nu
c
=
k
C
p

= = Pr

c c
VL VL
= = Re
A V
F
C
D
D
2
2
1

=
( )( )
3 / 1 5 . 0
Pr Re 664 . 0 = =
k
hL
Nu
5 . 0
Re
328 . 1
=
f
C
( )( )
3 / 1 8 . 0
Pr Re 037 . 0 = =
k
hL
Nu
5 / 1
Re
074 . 0
=
f
C
Re
1742
Re
074 . 0
5 / 1
=
f
C
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Table B1
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B-1: EXTERNAL CONVECTION (contd)


Flow Across Spheres

( )
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 2 / 1
sph
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2 Nu

+ + = =

s
k
hD

Flow Across Tube Banks

( ) L S N V m
DL N A
T T
s

=
=
&

=
p
s
i s s e
C m
h A
T T T T
&
exp ) (
( ) ( )
2
2
2

+ =
=
T
L D
T L
S
S S
column N row N N


V
D S
S
V
T
T

=
max

For inline tube arrangement and staggered arrangement (if
T D
A A > 2 )

( )
V
D S
S
V
D
T

=
2
max

For staggered arrangement (if
( )
2
or 2
D S
S A A
T
D T D
+
< < )

D V
max
Re =

25 . 0
Pr
Pr
Pr Re

= =
s
n m
D D
C
k
hD
Nu

C, m and n can be obtained from Table B2


D N D
Nu F Nu
L
=
,


F can be obtained from Table B3
2
2
max
V
f N P
L

=

and can be obtained from Figure B4

P m
P V W
pump

= =
&
& &






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TABLE B2
Nusselt Number correlation for cross flow over tube banks for no. of rows, N
L
>16 and
0.7<Pr<500
In-line Tube Arrangement

Staggered Tube Arrangement


TABLE B3: F, the correction factor to be used for N
L
<16 and Re
D
>1000.








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B-2: INTERNAL CONVECTION

Fluid properties are evaluated at bulk mean temperature, T
b


|

\
|
=
2
N/m
2
2
m
V
D
L
f P



(W)

P m
P V W
pump

= =
&
& &


c m
A V m = &

Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes (Re < 2300)

Pr Re 05 . 0
Pr Re 05 . 0
=
=
h
t
L
D L


For fully developed flow:










For entrance region:








Re
64
= f

constant If , 36 . 4 Nu = = =
s
q
k
hD
&

constant If , 66 . 3 Nu = = =
s
T
k
hD



( )
( ) [ ]
constant If
Pr . Re 04 . 0 1
Pr . Re 065 . 0
66 . 3 Nu
3 / 2
=
+
+ =
s
T
L D
L D


|
|

\
|
|

\
|
=
s
b
L
D

3 / 1
. Pr . Re
86 . 1 Nu

Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes (valid for both fully developed region & entrance region)
Re > 10,000



D L
t
10 =

( )
2
64 . 1 Re ln 790 . 0

= f

( )( )
( ) ( )
Gnielinski ,
1 Pr 8 7 . 12 1
Pr 1000 Re 8 /
Nu
3 / 2 5 . 0
+

= =
f
f
k
hD


Colburn Chilton , Pr Re 125 . 0 Nu
3 / 1
= = f
k
hD



If the difference between surface and
fluid temperature is large.
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B-2: INTERNAL CONVECTION


Boelter Diltus
k
hD
n
= = , Pr Re 023 . 0 Nu
8 . 0


Heat Transfer & Temperature Determination:
For constant surface heat
flux
( )
( ) ( )
i
p
e
i m i s s e m e s s
i e p
T
C m
Q
T
T T hA T T hA Q
T T C m Q
+ =
= =
=
&
&
&
&
&
, , , ,



For constant surface
temperature
( )
( )

=
=
=
p
s
i s s e
s
i e p
C m
hA
T T T T
T hA Q
T T C m Q
&
&
&
&
exp
ln

=
i s
e s
e i
T T
T T
T T
T
ln
ln


B-3: NATURAL CONVECTION


Natural Convection over Surfaces


( )
2
3

c s
L
L T T g
Gr

=

Pr
L L
Gr Ra =

n
L
c
CRa
k
hL
Nu = =








C and n can be found from Table B5







(n = 0.4 for heating and 0.3 for cooling)
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Table B5
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B-3: NATURAL CONVECTION


Natural Convection over Finned Surfaces

( )
2
3

S T T g
Gr
s
S

=

Pr
s s
Gr Ra =

3
3
S
L
Ra Ra
c
s L
=


For vertical isothermal parallel
plates:

( ) ( )
5 . 0
5 . 0 2
/
2873
/
576
Nu

1
]
1

+ = =
L S Ra L S Ra k
hS
S S


If fin thickness t <<< S,

25 . 0
25 . 0
3
714 . 2 714 . 2
L S
opt
Ra
L
Ra
L S
S =

=
307 . 1 Nu = =
k
hS
opt


( )

= T T LH
S
W
h
s
2 Q
&
















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APPENDIX C RADIATION




Radiation

4
T E
b
=
Stefan Boltzman constant K W/m 10 670 . 5
2 8
=




Crossed String Method:



Radiation of black surfaces:




Radiation to or from diffuse & gray surfaces

( )
i i bi i i
G E J + = 1
i
i bi
i
R
J E
Q

=
&

i i
i
i
A
R

=
1


Radiation between any two surfaces

=
N
j j i
j i
i
R
J J
Q
1
&

j i i
j i
F A
R

=
1



Radiation in 2-surface enclosure







( ) ( )
( ) i surface string
strings uncrossed strings crossed
F
j i

2
( )
4 4
1 1
j i
N
j
j i i
N
j
j i
T T F A Q Q = =

=

& &
( )
2 2
2
12 1 1 1
1
4
2
4
1
12
1 1 1

A F A A
T T
Q

+ +

=
&
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TABLE C1
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TABLE C2
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FIGURE C3
(a) View factor between two aligned parallel rectangles of equal size.

















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(b) View factor between two perpendicular rectangles with a common edge.












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FIGURE C4




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FIGURE C5
Radiation heat transfer between two surfaces for common geometries.





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APPENDIX D HEAT EXCHANGERS


HEAT EXCHANGERS

o o
i
o
i i
total
A h kL
D
D
A h
R
1
2
ln
1
+

+ =

T A U T A U T UA
R
T
Q
o o i i
= = =

=
&


( ) ( )
out c in c c out h in h h
T T C T T C Q
, , , ,
= =
&


ph h h
c m C & =

pc c c
c m C & =


lm
T UA Q =
&

=
2
1
2 1
ln
T
T
T T
T
lm

Parallel Flow
out c out h
in c in h
T T T
T T T
, , 2
, , 1
=
=

Counter Flow (CF)
in c out h
out c in h
T T T
T T T
, , 2
, , 1
=
=


For cross flow & multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers

CF lm lm
T F T
,
=
(F can be found from Figure D1)




Effectiveness NTU
method

max
Q Q
& &
=

( )
in c in h
in c in h
T T C Q
T T T
, , min max
, , max
=
=
&

(Effectiveness, can be found from Table D2 and Figure D3)


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FIGURE D1
Correction factor F charts for common shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchangers.

























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TABLE D2
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FIGURE D3 Effectiveness for heat exchangers.