PREAMBULO

\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}
\usepackage[spanish]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb,amsmath}
\usepackage[dvips]{color}
\usepackage{amsthm,mathrsfs,multicol,titlesec}
\usepackage{fancyheadings,graphicx,makeidx,cancel}
\usepackage{enumerate,fancybox,bbding,fancybox,array}
%\usepackage{flafter}
\usepackage{pst-all}
\input xy
\xyoption{all}
\usepackage[shortlabels]{enumitem}
\newcommand{\bigrule}{\titlerule[0.6mm]}
\newcommand{\brule}{\titlerule[0.2mm]}
\newcommand{\srule}{\titlerule[0.6mm]}
\newcommand{\sdrule}{\titlerule[0.2mm]}
\newcommand{\sbrule}{\titlerule[0.6mm]}
\newcommand{\sbdrule}{\titlerule[0.2mm]}
\titleformat{\chapter}[display]%colocar lineas
{\bfseries\Huge}{\filright\huge\chaptertitlename\ \huge\thechapter
:}{0mm}{\filleft} [\vspace{0.1mm} \bigrule]
\titleformat{\section}[display]
{\bfseries\Large} {} {0mm}{\ti} [\vspace{0.1mm} \srule
\vspace{0.7mm} \sdrule \vspace{4mm}]
\titleformat{\subsection}[display]
{\bfseries\large} {} {0mm}{\ts} [\vspace{0.1mm} \sbrule
\vspace{0.7mm} \sbdrule \vspace{4mm}]
\makeindex
\linespread{1.5}%tamao de espacio entre lineas
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-1cm}\addtolength{\textwidth}{2cm}%margen
\addtolength{\voffset}{-1cm}\addtolength{\textheight}{2cm}%maregende la hoja
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} \setlength{\parindent}{0cm}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{1pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{1pt}
\renewcommand{\sin}{\operatorname{sen}}
\renewcommand{\sinh}{\operatorname{senh}}
\renewcommand{\arcsin}{\operatorname{arcsen}}
\renewcommand{\ker}{\operatorname{Ker}}
\renewcommand{\hom}{\operatorname{Hom}}
%\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{\Peace} sirve para cambiar el cuadrito al final de la
demostracin
\newcommand{\arcsinh}{\operatorname{arcsenh}}
\newcommand{\id}{\operatorname{Id}}
\newcommand{\tr}{\operatorname{tr}}
\newcommand{\im}{\operatorname{Im}}
\newcommand{\ob}{\operatorname{ob}}
\newcommand{\gra}{\operatorname{graf}}
\newcommand{\co}{\operatorname{co}}
\newcommand{\mor}{\operatorname{Mor}}
\newcommand{\reg}{\operatorname{Reg}}
\newcommand{\rad}{\operatorname{Rad}}
\newcommand{\car}{\operatorname{car}}
\newcommand{\perm}{\operatorname{Perm}}
\newcommand{\ord}{\operatorname{ord}}
\newcommand{\aut}{\operatorname{Aut}}
\newcommand{\qaut}{\operatorname{qAut}}
\newcommand{\en}{\operatorname{End}}
\newcommand{\ran}{\operatorname{Ran}}
\newcommand{\dom}{\operatorname{Dom}}
\newcommand{\spec}{\operatorname{Spec}}
\newcommand{\diag}{\operatorname{diag}}
\newcommand{\re}{\operatorname{Re}}
\newcommand{\tra}{\operatorname{Trazo}}
\newcommand{\di}{\operatorname{Div}}
\newcommand{\A}{\mathcal{A}}
\newcommand{\B}{\mathcal{B}}
\newcommand{\K}{\mathcal{K}}
\newcommand{\M}{\mathcal{M}}
\newcommand{\mL}{\mathcal{L}}
\newcommand{\mS}{\mathcal{S}}
\newcommand{\mZ}{\mathcal{Z}}
\newcommand{\D}{\mathcal{D}}
\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}
\newcommand{\To}{\longrightarrow}
\newcommand{\st}{\setminus}
\newcommand{\pg}[1]{\left( #1 \right)}
\newcommand{\pin}[1]{\left\langle #1 \right\rangle}
\newcommand{\mb}[1]{\mathbb{#1}}
\newcommand{\mc}[1]{\mathcal{#1}}
\newcommand{\mf}[1]{\mathfrak{#1}}
\newcommand{\xr}[1]{\xrightarrow{#1}}
\newcommand{\ol}[1]{\overline{#1}}
\newcommand{\ul}[1]{\underline{#1}}
\newcommand{\w}[1]{\widehat{#1}}
\newcommand{\ti}[1]{\filleft\thesection\hspace{0.3cm}#1 }
\newcommand{\ts}[1]{\filleft\thesubsection\hspace{0.3cm}#1}
\newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle#1}
\newcommand{\mt}[1]{\mathcal{#1}}
\newcommand{\ms}[1]{\mathscr{#1}}
\newcommand{\nor}[1]{\left|#1\right|}
\newcommand{\cg}[1]{\left[#1\right]}
\newcommand{\set}[1]{\left\{#1\right\}}
\newtheorem{teo}{Teorema}[chapter]
\newtheorem{propo}{Proposicin}[chapter]
\newtheorem{coro}{Corolario}[chapter]
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{defi}{Definicin}[chapter]
\newtheorem{eje}{Ejemplo}[chapter]
\newtheorem{lem}{Lema}[chapter]
\newtheorem{note}{Nota}[chapter]
\newtheorem{ejer}{Ejercicio}[chapter]
\newtheorem*{notac}{Notacin}
\newtheorem{obs}{Observacin}[chapter]
\newtheorem{solu}{Solucin}[chapter]
\newtheorem*{demo}{Demostracin}f