Data Collection and Processing

Initial Volume Final Volume Group

6.00 .05mL 16.60 .05mL 1
16.60 .05mL 29.20 .05mL Mass: 1.500 0.001
29.20 .05mL 41.80 .05mL

12.10 .05mL 24.65 .05mL

24.65 .05mL 36.45 .05mL



24.15 .05mL 35.45 .05mL 1
3.95 .05mL 15.35 .05mL Mass: 1.500 0.001
15.35 .05mL 26.70 .05mL

26.70 .05mL 37.45 .05mL

22.50 .05mL 33.4 .05mL


26.70 .05mL 35.45 .05mL 2
35.45 .05mL 44.15 .05mL Mass .601 g
20.25 .05mL 28.95 .05mL

28.95 .05mL 37.95 .05mL

20.50 .05mL 29.15 .05mL

29.15 .05mL 37.80 .05mL

#VALUE!

9.90 0.05 mL 19.10 0.05 mL 3
19.10 0.05 mL 28.75 0.05 mL Mass: 0.614 0.001 g
28.75 0.05 mL 38.8 0.05 mL

38.80 0.05 mL 48.50 0.05 mL

27.35 0.05 mL 36.35 0.05 mL


2.95 0.05 mL 11.70 0.05 mL 4
20.85 0.05 mL 29.45 0.05 mL Mass of egg: 0.603 g
29.45 0.05 mL 37.90 0.05 mL

21.45 0.05 mL 30.10 0.05 mL

30.10 0.05 mL 38.75 0.05 mL


1.50 0.05 mL 9.70 0.05 mL 5
9.70 0.05 mL 17.70 0.05 mL Mass: 0.601 g
17.70 0.05 mL 25.75 0.05 mL

25.75 0.05 mL 33.55 0.05 mL

33.55 0.05 mL 41.45 0.05 mL

27.30 0.05 mL 35.20 0.05 mL


3.20.05mL 14.85.05mL 6
14.85.05mL 26.60.05mL mass = 0.600 g
26.60.05mL 38.30.05mL

5.55.05mL 17.30.05mL

17.30.05mL 28.95.05mL



24.8.05mL 36.2.05mL 7
36.2.05mL 47.7.05mL mass=0.6067g 0.0001
9.60.05mL 21.05mL

21.00.05mL 31.85.05mL

31.85.05mL 42.5.05mL l

Qualitative Data:
Bubbles were formed when adding HCl to eggshells.
Titrated solution turned pink after being neutralized.







Chemical Equations:
2HCl (aq) + CaCO3(s)Ca2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2Cl- (aq)
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Given: 10 0.05 ml of titrated solution (HCl and eggshells)
0.9801 mol dm
-3
HCl
0.0991 mol dm
-3
NaOH
1.500 0.001 eggshell mass














Sample Calculation of Trial 1
Unknown: volume of NaOH of first trial, T1
Equation: Final Volume-Initial Volume
Substitution: (35.450.05ml)-(24.150.05ml)=
Solve: 11.300.10 ml NaOH

Volume of NaOH used in each trial












Find average of volume of NaOH in each group of data
= ]/10
(12.60-10.75)/10
=10.42 0.20 ml NaOH

Initial Volume Final Volume Group
24.15 .05mL 35.45 .05mL
Luke, Hogan, Andrew, Hector, and
Danhs group
3.95 .05mL 15.35 .05mL Mass: 1.500 0.001
15.35 .05mL 26.70 .05mL
26.70 .05mL 37.45 .05mL
22.50 .05mL 33.40 .05mL

6.00 .05mL 16.60 .05mL
16.60 .05mL 29.20 .05mL Mass: 1.500 0.001
29.20 .05mL 41.80 .05mL
12.10 .05mL 24.65 .05mL
24.65 .05mL 36.45 .05mL
Trial 1 11.30 0.10 ml
Trial 2 11.40 0.10 ml
Trial 3 11.35 0.10 ml
Trial 4 10.75 0.10 ml
Trial 5 10.90 0.10 ml
Trial 6 10.60 0.10 ml
Trial 7 12.60 0.10 ml
Trial 8 12.60 0.10 ml
Trial 9 12.55 0.10 ml
Trial 10 11.80 0.10 ml


Number of moles of Total HCl added to each sample
[


] (

)
0.049

Number of moles of HCl left
(vol. of NaOH)(NaOH mol dm
-3
)(1mol HCl/1mol NaOH)
[


]

]



=0.001033 HCl left 2%

[0.001033 mol HCl left 0.00002]*25=0.021 mol HCl left 0.0004
=0.021 mol HCl left 2% (HCl left for the 250 ml titration
solution)


Number of moles of CaCO
3
reacted
=(Total moles of HCl-Excess moles of HCl)*(1 molCaCO
3
/ 2 moles HCl)
=( ) ( )]

=[0.028 0.005 mol HCl reacted]/2= 0.014 0.003 mol CaCO
3

0.014 .30% mol CaCO
3


Percent of CaCO
3

=[(moles of CaCO
3
)*(100.09 g CaCO
3
/mol CaCO
3
)/mass of eggshell]*100%
=[(

)]
=93%

*Note: When calculating for other groups of data, use 20 ml HCl/1000 ml in Number of moles
of Total HCl added to each sample step and multiply the mol HCl left by 10 in Number of
moles of HCl left step. Changes are made to configure with their settings. Other groups had 100
ml of titrated solution instead of ours 250 ml and they also used 20 ml instead of 50ml because
they used around 0.6 grams of eggshell.











Processed Data

Groups Percentage of CaCO
3

1 93%
2 91%
3 83%
4 92%
5 98%
6 67%
7 71%


Average Percentage
[93+91+83+92+98+67+71]/7=85%

Percent Error

(Theoretical experimental)/theoretical *100%=97-85/97 *100= 12%
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-
635X2005000200001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
Propagating Uncertainties

Average NaOH used in our lab

10.42 0.20 ml NaOH (refer to Average NaOH used in our lab to find work of the uncertainty)


*100%= 2% 10.42 2%

Number of moles of Total HCl added to each sample

[


] (

)
0.05dm
3
HCl(0.9801 mol dm
-3
HCl)*

= .005 0.0490.005 mol Total HCl

*100=10% 0.049 10%

Number of moles of HCl left

[


]

]



([10.42ml NaOH/1000ml]*0.0991 mol dm
-3
NaOH)*


=0.00002
0.001033 0.00002 ml HCl left




(0.001033 0.00002)*25 =0.0210 0.0004 ml HCl left (for 250 ml of titrated solution)
=0.0210 0.04%
Number of moles of CaCO
3

0.014 0.003 mol CaCO
3
0.014 .30%
Eggshell Mass
1.500 0.001 g 1.500 0.067%



Conclusion and Evaluation

In our experiment, we attempted to investigate the amount of calcium carbonate is in
eggshells by doing using the titration method. In all of the groups data, my group (Group 1) was
one of the four groups out of 7 that got over 90% CaCO
3
. Overall average was 85% due to two
groups reached around ranging near 70% and three other groups that had about 80%. The
average percent had a 12% percent error, but if only accounting for our own group we would
have only 4 % (the accepted value is 97%). With our experiment containing a percent error of
4%, we can conclude that our experiment was very accurate. Our experiment reaching an
average percentage of 93% was from calculating all of the trials NaOH volume collectively.
Unlike other groups, since two groups had to share 1 conical flask, we had ten trials essentially
to reduce our uncertainty of the NaOH volume. Some errors occurred was that some HCl (total
amount of acid used) was left in the graduated cylinder as droplets and some issues with defining
the volume of NaOH used in each trial. The direction of error with the total HCl volume
remaining in graduated cylinders and other equipment is negative dropping the percentage
NaCO
3
and the visual judgment of several group members can go either direction (positive or
negative) for the percentage.
The design of the lab has some flaws to point out. When sharing data with other groups,
the eggshell should be considered a controlled variable but in this lab there is no enforcement to
control them as one person or possibly more contributed into the eggshell mass for the
experiment. The experiment has no consistency of the same eggshell being used in several
groups; this also follows with the lack of consistency of eggshell properly turned into fine
powder. Some groups could have semi-big chunks of eggshell when making the titration
solution. The equipments are as follows: graduated cylinder, pipette, conical flask, and burette.
Because of the 250ml conical flask and its percent uncertainty of 10%, this caused one of the
calculations to reach that high when calculating the CaCO
3
moles. The other equipment provided
precision in that the calculations allowed even has 0.067% in calculating the eggshell mass. The
significance of HCl remains in graduated cylinder before transfer to the titration solution is small
but shouldnt be ignored as our group had left about 2 drops after each trial. The other error was
that the visual sight of determining is also another error that shouldnt be ignored. Even though
its almost negligible with about ten people to refer for help on x amount of NaOH used, one
person is able to call out the wrong value that deters the percentage of NaCO
3
.
Firstly, the eggshells should be distributed by one donor to all groups and as well crush
them for everyone. By doing so, not only will this allows the eggshell is defined as a controlled
variable for all groups this will also keep it being a standard for each group. The eggshells are
essentially the same for each group like having the same powders fineness and will allow each
group determine other errors that may occur in the experiment besides the eggshell. The HCl
remaining in graduated cylinder can be reduced by using a pipette to extract as much HCl
remains as possible to maximize the percentage CaCO
3
(increase it). One person inspect the
value to keep as a constant instead of multiple people crowding around to tell what the x amount
of NaOH is. Another person could help as well to ensure the validity of the value; this will allow
for another controlled variable as well as keep a defined direction of where the data may go.
Because of random people speak out, the validity is weakened with different values shouting out
(scattered directions either positive or negative).




















In comparison with the standard value, the experiment value of all of the data was 71%. The
difference between this and the theoretical value is 26%; the experimental value is being much
lower than 97% (http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-
635X2005000200001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en). The decrease in comparison is displays that
the eggs have a less calcium carbonate than the standard value. Some reasons may include the
inconsistency of determining the amount of NaOH needed to neutralize the solution, remaining
titration solution on equipment, and excess mass of eggshell needed for the lab. Our groups data
was not included in the overall average percentage due to these weaknesses mainly the excessive
amount of eggshell heavily shifted our values negatively compared to our classmates (this is why
our result was about 30% instead of potentially 70% where everyone else were at). Another
systematic error to note is that the moles of HCl was significantly lower than intended as all of
the values were decreased (in lab we used 10 ml of 0.9801 mol dm
-3
HCl instead of the
recommended 20 ml). Some uncertainties to note was the equipment having 0.154% in dealing
with volume while 0.067% with mass these are inevitable but can be improved. The data
represents less percentage CaCO
3
than it should because of the relevant errors above.
The weaknesses that hindered the lab were inconsistency of visual judgment of the
amount of NaOH needed to neutralize the solution, remaining titration solution left on
equipment, excess mass of eggshell used, and lower moles of HCl used. Though we had about 8
people to observe the amount of NaOH used for neutralization, this error can potentially
happened that can either sway into result of higher or lower percentage of CaCO
3
. The remaining
titration solution after transferring the solution from graduated cylinder into the volumetric flask
will cause the results to have a lower percentage due to not having the true amounts of HCl
present in the experiment that should be reacting with NaOH rather than in the graduated
cylinder (small drops in observation). The biggest systematic error carried out in our groups was
the excess mass of eggshell. We used 1.5 grams that which should have been 0.6 grams. Due to
using 2.5 times the amount told by our instructions, this caused us to have a drastically lower
percentage because of dividing the mass of CaCO
3
with a larger number instead 0.6 grams.
Another systematic error carried forward was the lower use of HCl. Instead of using 20 ml of
0.9801 mol dm
-3
HCl than 10 ml, the results yields a reduction because of less HCl used means
less CaCO
3
that could have reacted.
Some suggestions to reduce the amount of error made in the experiment are as
follows. The biggest errors contributing to the datas values are the use the correct mass of
eggshells and moles of HCl. By removing both systematic errors, the product, CaCO
3
, increases
the percentage. First reason is using a smaller mass yields a higher result as mentioned in
previous paragraph, and the other reason being more HCl allows more CaCO
3
to react. The
random error of titration solution remaining in graduated can be reduced by using a pipette to
extract as much as possible to allow more HCl to be used creating more CaCO
3
in reaction
(increasing percentage). To improve the procedure, all of the data from all groups should be used
from the same donor. Using the same eggs from the same person results in less random
uncertainty of different types of eggs used (like brown eggs mixing with white eggs data is
inconsistent). Another is to ensure all eggshells have removed membranes and dried
appropriately. There is no true evidence if all of the membranes have been taken off nor if they
have been baked, so the same donor must do so to keep constant variables instead of random
errors.