Mathematical
Methods CAS
ROBYN WILLIAMS | NICOLAOS KARANIKOLAS | KYLIE BOUCHER
GAYLE ROBERTS | JENNIFER NOLAN | GEOFF PHILLIPS
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
ROBERT CAHN | DOUGLAS SCOTT | HOWARD LISTON
SUPPORT MATERIAL
JOHN DOWSEY | DENNIS FITZGERALD | EMILY HUI | CAROLINE MEWS
VINOD NARAYAN | PETER SWAIN | DAVID TYNAN | IAN YOUNGER
WAYNE YOUNGS | SIMONE RICHARDSON | DINA ANTONIOU | NORRENE HILL
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Contents
2K Using technology to solve quadratic equations
Introduction vi
About eBookPLUS viii
Acknowledgements ix
Exercise 2K 82
2L Simultaneous quadratic and linear equations
Exercise 2L 87
Chapter 1
Linear functions
1H
1
Exercise 1A 3
Rearrangement and substitution 4
Exercise 1B 6
Gradient of a straight line 8
Exercise 1C 10
Sketching linear functions 12
Exercise 1D 14
Simultaneous equations 15
Exercise 1E 17
Finding the equation of a straight line 18
Exercise 1F 20
Distance between two points and midpoint of a
segment 21
Exercise 1G 22
Linear modelling 24
Exercise 1H 25
Summary 27
Chapter review 28
ICT activities 34
Answers 35
Chapter 2
Quadratic functions
2A Polynomials
2B
2C
2D
2E
2F
2G
2H
2I
2J
39
39
Exercise 2A 40
Expanding quadratic expressions 41
Exercise 2B 43
Factorising quadratic expressions 44
Exercise 2C 46
Factorising by completing the square 47
Exercise 2D 50
Solving quadratic equations Null Factor Law 50
Exercise 2E 53
Solving quadratic equations completing the
square 55
Exercise 2F 57
The quadratic formula 58
Exercise 2G 61
The discriminant 62
Exercise 2H 66
Graphs of quadratic functions as power functions
(turning point form) 66
Exercise 2I 68
Graphs of quadratic functions (intercepts
method) 70
Exercise 2J 78
80
83
Summary 90
Chapter review 92
ICT activities 95
Answers 96
Chapter 3
105
Summary 144
Chapter review 146
ICT activities 150
Answers 151
ExAm prACtICE 1
Based on Chapters 13
159
Chapter 4
161
Exercise 4A 162
4B Relations and graphs
Exercise 4B 165
163
161
6E Identities
4D
6F
4E
4F
4G
4H
4I
4J
167
Exercise 4C 170
Types of relations (including functions) 172
Exercise 4D 174
Power functions (hyperbola, truncus and square root
function) 175
Exercise 4E 182
Function notation 183
Exercise 4F 186
Special types of function (including hybrid
functions) 187
Exercise 4G 189
Inverse relations and functions 192
Exercise 4H 193
Circles 193
Exercise 4I 195
Functions and modelling 197
Exercise 4J 197
Summary 200
Chapter review 202
ICT activities 209
Answers 210
6G
6H
6I
Based on Chapters 1 6
Matrices
Summary 243
Chapter review 246
ICT activities 250
Answers 251
309
matrices 309
Exercise 7A 315
7B Multiplying matrices 316
Exercise 7B 318
7C Solving matrix equations 320
Exercise 7C 324
7D Matrices and transformations 325
Exercise 7D 328
217
Summary 330
Chapter review 331
ICT activities 335
Answers 336
ExAm prACtICE 3
Based on Chapters 1 7
Rates of change
8A Identifying rates
8B
8D
8E
255
Exercise 6A 256
6B The unit circle 258
Exercise 6B 261
6C Radians 262
Exercise 6C 264
6D Symmetry 265
Exercise 6D 268
255
339
Chapter 8
8C
Chapter 6
Contents
307
Introduction 217
5A Index laws 217
Exercise 5A 220
5B Negative and rational powers 221
Exercise 5B 224
5C Indicial equations 224
Exercise 5C 226
5D Graphs of exponential functions 227
Exercise 5D 230
5E Logarithms 231
Exercise 5E 233
5F Solving logarithmic equations 234
Exercise 5F 236
5G Logarithmic graphs 236
Exercise 5G 237
5H Applications of exponential and logarithmic
functions 238
Exercise 5H 239
iv
Summary 293
Chapter review 296
ICT activities 301
Answers 302
Chapter 7
Circular functions
273
ExAm prACtICE 2
Chapter 5
269
Exercise 6E 272
Sine and cosine graphs
Exercise 6F 277
Tangent graphs 280
Exercise 6G 282
Solving trigonometric
equations 283
Exercise 6H 287
Applications 288
Exercise 6I 290
8F
8G
8H
341
341
Exercise 8A 342
Constant rates 343
Exercise 8B 345
Variable rates 347
Exercise 8C 348
Average rates of change 349
Exercise 8D 351
Instantaneous rates 353
Exercise 8E 355
Motion graphs (kinematics) 357
Exercise 8F 359
Relating the gradient function to the original
function 364
Exercise 8G 364
Relating velocitytime graphs to positiontime
graphs 365
Exercise 8H 366
Exercise 8I
369
373
11C
Summary 375
Chapter review 377
ICT activities 383
Answers 384
11D
11E
Chapter 9
Differentiation
389
9A Introduction to limits
Exercise 9A
11F
389
392
9C
9D
9E
9F
9G
functions 393
Exercise 9B 395
Differentiation using first principles 397
Exercise 9C 399
Finding derivatives by rule 400
Exercise 9D 405
Rates of change 407
Exercise 9E 410
Sketching graphs containing stationary points 412
Exercise 9F 417
Solving maximum and minimum problems 418
Exercise 9G 421
Summary 423
Chapter review 425
ICT activities 431
Answers 432
11G
11H
11I
Summary 516
Chapter review 518
ICT activities 523
Answers 524
Chapter 12
Combinatorics
12C
Antidifferentiation (integration)
12D
437
10A Antidifferentiation
12E
10B
12F
10C
10D
10E
437
Exercise 10A 439
Deriving the original function from the gradient
function 440
Exercise 10B 442
Approximating areas enclosed by
functions 444
Exercise 10C 448
The fundamental theorem of integral
calculus 452
Exercise 10D 456
Applications of antidifferentiation 457
Exercise 10E 459
12G
12H
565
567
473
Chapter 11
Introductory probability
475
477
541
Summary 557
Chapter review 558
ICT activities 561
Answers 562
Answers
ExAm prACtICE 4
Based on Chapters 1 10
529
ExAm prACtICE 5
Summary 463
Chapter review 465
ICT activities 468
Answers 469
Exercise 11A
529
Chapter 10
478
Exercise 11B 481
Tree diagrams and lattice diagrams 483
Exercise 11C 485
The Addition Law of Probabilities 487
Exercise 11D 490
Karnaugh maps and probability tables 492
Exercise 11E 495
Conditional probability 497
Exercise 11F 500
Transition matrices and Markov chains 501
Exercise 11G 506
Independent events 507
Exercise 11H 511
Simulation 513
Exercise 11I 515
475
Answers
Index
569
573
585
587
Contents
Introduction
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contains:
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Acknowledgements
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Acknowledgements
ix
Chapter 1
Linear functions
diGital doC
doc-9695
10 Quick Questions
Chapter ContentS
1a
1B
1C
1d
1e
1F
1G
1h
A linear equation is one that involves a variable raised to the power of 1 only. Recall that x1 is the same
as x, so a linear equation involving x would contain only xs, and not x , x2, x3, x 1, x 2 and so on. For
8
example, y = 7x 3, ax + by = c and 3 x + 1 = 9 are all linear equations.
1
1
Note that y = is not a linear equation, as the is really x 1.
x
x
To isolate a particular variable known as making x (or whatever the variable is) the subject we
focus on the variable by undoing other terms and operations. Remember to do the same operation to both
sides of an equation, in the reverse order to that originally used to make up the equation.
Though the focus of this chapter is linear equations, some other types of equations will be included
for skills practice.
When there is only one variable involved in an equation, we may attempt to solve and find a numerical
value by rearranging to make the variable the subject.
1
2
Worked example 1
5
4
think
Write
a 7 x 4 = 17
7 x = 21
21
7
x=3
x=
3x 2
+5=1
4
3x 2
= 4
4
Chapter 1 Linear functions
3 x 2 = 16
3 x = 14
x=
14
4 x 1 = 6
5
4x
1 = 3
5
4x
=4
5
c 2
4 x = 20
20
4
x=5
x=
When an equation has variables on both sides, at some stage they must be gathered together on the
same side of the equation.
Worked example 2
Solve:
a 4x 3 = 3(6 x)
9 x + 3 13 x + 7
=
2
3
3 x 9( x + 7)
=
+ 1.
4
10
think
a 4x 3 = 3(6 x)
4x 3 = 18 3x
7x 3 = 18
7x = 21
21
7
x=3
x=
9 x + 3 13 x + 7
=
2
3
LCD = 6
3(9 x + 3) 2(13 x + 7)
=
6
6
3(9 x + 3) = 2(13 x + 7)
Write
27 x + 9 = 26 x + 14
27 x 26 x = 14 9
x=5
c
3 x 9( x + 7)
=
+1
4
10
LCD = 20
5(3 x ) 2 9( x + 7) 20
=
+
20
20
20
5(3 x) = 18(x + 7) + 20
15 5x = 18x + 126 + 20
15 126 20 = 18 x + 5 x
131 =
131
23
23 x
=x
131
x=
23
There is only one solution to a linear equation. For example, the equation 3x + 2 = 8 has the solution
x = 2. The solution to a linear equation can be represented as a single point on a number line. If the
equals sign is replaced with an inequality sign, the solution is a portion of a number line. These
expressions are referred to as linear inequations (sometimes called inequalities).
Worked example 3
Write
a 6x 7 3x + 5
3x 7 5
3x 12
x4
b 3m + 5 < 7
3m
exercise 1a
m>4
1 We1
Solve the following linear equations.
a 3x 19 = 13
b 4x + 25 = 7
12 3 x
=5
3
3 x 1 = 10
h 2
5
2 We2
Solve the following linear equations.
a 2x 9 = 3(2x 11) b 7x 1 = 17(3x 13)
x+2 x5
x + 11 2( x + 14)
=
=
e
f
6
3
3
9
6 x + 7 5x + 1
2 x + 29 x + 44
=
+1
=
+2
i
j
5
4
3
8
3x 1
=5
4
7x + 4
g
8 = 9
3
d
< 12
diGital doC
doc-9696
equation solvers
c 9x + 19 = 2
4x 6
7=3
3
x
i 7 8
= 77
c x + 11 = 2(x + 12)
4 x + 66 13 3 x
=
3
4
7 x 9 21 x
=
18
k
9
3
g
d 3x 7 = 3(35 2x)
x + 10 2(7 3 x )
=
9
5
17 x 49 + 2 x
=
+5
l
2
5
3 We3
d 16 4x < 7(1 x)
1B
e 3x 7 2(35 2x)
19 x
+ 3 > 1
4
4 x 2( x + 1)
f
3
6
c
When there is more than one variable involved in an equation, we may rearrange the equation to make a
particular variable the subject using the same rules of equation solving described in the previous section.
Worked example 4
Rearrange each of the following to make the variable in parentheses the subject.
1
m
a 6x + 8y 48 = 0 (y)
b s = ut + at 2 k(u)
c T = 2
k(k)
2
k
think
a 6x + 8y 48 = 0
6x + 8y = 48
y=
48 6 x
8
y=
24 3 x
4
8y = 48 6x
24 3
x
4 4
3
= 6 x
4
3
=
x+6
4
or y =
s = ut + 12 at 2
s 12 at 2 = ut
2s at 2 = 2ut
Write
2s at 2
=u
2t
2s at 2
u=
2t
c
T = 2
T
=
2
m
k
T2
m
=
4 2 k
4 2 k
=
T2
m
m
k
4 2m
=k
T2
k=
4 2m
T2
Once a variable is isolated, we may substitute values of other variables to calculate various values of
the isolated variable. The following worked example illustrates some practical applications.
Worked example 5
a The formula for converting temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (F) (which is the system used in
5( F 32)
the USA) to degrees Celsius (C ) is C =
.
9
i Make F the subject.
ii What is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit when the temperature measured in degrees
Celsius is 21 C?
b The area (A) of a circle is given by A = r 2, where r is the radius. Calculate the value of r correct
to 2 decimal places when A=20cm2.
think
Write
C=
a i
5( F 32)
9
9C = 5( F 32)
9C
= F 32
5
9C
+ 32 = F
5
9C
F=
+ 32
5
9C + 160
or F =
5
9 21
+ 32
5
189
+ 32
F=
5
F = 37.8 + 32
F=
ii
Evaluate F.
F = 69.8
so 21C = 69.8 F
b
A = r2
A
= r2
r=
If A = 20,
r=
Evaluate r.
20
Worked example 6
Note: In this example, m represents metres, m/s represents metres per second (velocity),
and m/s2 represents metres per second per second (acceleration).
The final velocity, v m/s, of an object that begins with velocity u m/s and accelerates at
am/s2 over a distance of s m is given by the equation v2 = u2 + 2 as.
a Find the value of v when u = 16, a = 2 and s = 36.
b Rearrange the given equation to make s the subject.
c Find the distance travelled by an object that begins with a velocity of 10 m/s and has a final
velocity of 4 m/s while accelerating at 1 m/s2.
think
Write
a v 2 = u 2 + 2as
v = u 2 + 2as
= 162 + 2 2 36
= 256 + 144
= 400
= 20
The final velocity is 20 m/s.
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
v 2 u 2 = 2as
v 2 u2
=s
2a
s=
v 2 u2
2a
c u = 10
v=4
a = 1
exercise 1B
s=
=
v 2 u2
2a
4 2 10 2
2 1
16 100
2
84
=
2
= 42
=
Each of the following is a real equation used in business, mathematics, physics or another
area of science. Make the variable shown in parentheses the subject in each case.
a A=L+P
(P)
b A = lw
(l)
d
(t)
c v=
d C = 2r
(r)
t
1 We4
()
kQq
r2
(r)
g Fd =
(v)
h v = rT
()
(w)
e E = + 2
1 2 1 2
mv mu
2
2
S = 2w(l + h) + 2lh
F=
S = 2r2 + 2rH
(H)
2 We5 Calculate the value of the subject (the first mentioned variable), given the values of the other
variables.
k
a I= 2
d
b E = K + mgh
c D = (n
k = 60, d = 15
K = 250, m = 2, g = 10, h = 5
1
)
2
n = 3, = 2.8
d E = hf0 W
e v = r 2 y2
= 2, r = 1.6, y = 1
Make the variable in parentheses the subject and find its value using the given information.
a A = l2
(l)
A = 60
4
r3
3
(r)
V = 1000
c v = u + at
(a)
v = 25, u = 0, t = 6
(l)
T = 4, g = 9.8
(c)
K = 6.9, = 0.05
b V=
d T = 2
e K=
l
g
c 2
1
4 We6 The perimeter, P, of a rectangle of length l and width w may be found using the equation
P = 2(l + w).
a Find the perimeter of a rectangle of length 16 cm and width 5 cm.
b Rearrange the equation to make w the subject.
c Find the width of a rectangle that has perimeter 560 mm and length 240 mm.
Area
A
b
Figure A
16 m
50 cm
a
62 cm
Area = 2000 cm2
21 m
Figure B
Figure C
r 2
,
100
where A is the amount ($) in the account after two years, D is the initial deposit ($) and r is the
interest rate (%).
a Find the amount in such an account after two years if the initial deposit was $1000 and the
interest rate was 6%.
b Make r the subject of the equation.
c Find the rate required for an initial deposit of $1000 to grow to $2000 after 2 years.
7 The object and image positions for a lens of focal length f are related by
1 1 1
+ = , where u is the distance of the object from the lens
u v f
and v is the distance of the image from the lens.
4
2 3
a Make f the subject of the equation.
b Make u the subject of the equation.
c How far from the lens is the image when an object is
30cm in front of a lens of focal length 25 cm?
b
8 The length of a side of a right-angled triangle can be found using
Pythagoras theorem: c2 = a2 + b2, where c is the length of the longest side, and a and b are the lengths
of the two shorter sides. Find the value of b in the triangle above.
1
9 The volume of a cone is given by the rule V = 3 r2h, where r is the radius of the widest
r
part of the cone and h is the vertical height of the cone. Given that the volume of a
cone is 100 cm3 and its radius at the widest point is 12 cm, find the height of the
h
cone, expressing your answer in terms of .
the formula
diGital doC
doc-9697
Career profile
rick morris vigneron
1C
cone
y
Negative
gradient
Positive
gradient
y
(x2, y2)
Rise
(x1, y1) Run
x
Zero
gradient
Infinite
gradient
Worked example 7
Calculate the gradient of this linear graph using the intercepts shown.
think
1
Write
14
14
2
=7
m=
Worked example 8
Calculate the gradient of the line passing through the points (3, 6) and (1, 8).
think
Write
y2 y1
.
x 2 x1
m=
Simplify.
Cancel if possible.
y2 y1
x 2 x1
8 6
1 3
14
14
=
=
44
7
= 7
= 2
2
m=
If the angle a line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis is known, the gradient may be found
using trigonometry applied to the triangle shown below.
y
rise
run
b Calculate the gradient of the line shown at right. Express your answer
60
to 2 decimal places.
think
Write
a m = tan ()
= tan (40)
= 0.839, correct to
3 decimal places
40
b = 180 60
60
exercise 1C
1 We7
= 120
m = tan ()
= tan (120)
= 1.73
Calculate the gradient of each of the following linear graphs using the intercepts shown.
Without drawing a graph, calculate the gradient of the line passing through:
a (2, 4) and (10, 20)
b (4, 4) and (6, 14)
c (10, 4) and (3, 32)
d (5, 31) and ( 7, 25).
3 We9a Calculate the gradient (accurate to 3 decimal places) of a line making the angle
given with the positive x-axis.
a 50
b 72
c 10
d 30
e 150
f 0
g 45
h 89
2 We8
diGital doC
doc-9698
Gradient of a
straight line
4 We9b
Calculate the gradient of each line below. Give answers to 2 decimal places.
y
43
69
x
28
15
5
4
3
2
1
10
54321 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
C
x
6 mC
a Which of the following lines has a
gradient of 2?
y
5
4
3
2
1
gradient of 3?
5
4
3
2
1
54321 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
B C
54321 0 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
E
7 Burghar plots the coordinates of a proposed driveway on a plan that is shown below. What is the
Garage
way
Drive
2m
17m
8 An assembly line is pictured below. What is the gradient of the sloping section? (Give your answer as a
fraction.)
BOFFO
Made in
Austra
lia
BOFFO
Made in
Austra
lia
BOFFO
Made in
Austra
lia
0.85 m
15 m
9 Determine the value of a in each case so the gradient joining the points is equal to the value given.
a (3, 0) and (5, a), gradient 2
b (2, 1) and (8, a), gradient 5
c (0, 4) and (a, 11), gradient 3
d (a, 5) and (5, 1), gradient 2
10 For safety considerations, wheelchair
diGital doC
doc-9699
SkillSHEET 1.1
Using a gradient to
find the value of a
parameter
11
1d
The general form for linear equations is y = mx + c, where m is the gradient of the line and c is the
y-intercept.
y
ie
ad
Gr
y = mx + c
Gradient
m
nt
y-intercept
x
y-intercept
x-intercept
These lines have identical
gradients (equal m values).
diGital doC
doc-9700
WorkSHEET 1.1
To sketch a graph from a linear equation expressed in general form, follow these steps.
Step 1 Plot the y-intercept on a set of axes.
Step 2 Find and plot a second point on the line. Do this by substituting any value of x into the equation
and finding the corresponding y-value.
Step 3 Join the two points.
Alternatively, you can use a CAS calculator or other graphing technology.
To find the equation of a line given the gradient and y-intercept, simply substitute the values of m and
c into y = mx + c.
To draw a graph, only two points are needed. A line may then be drawn
through the two points, and will include all other points that follow the
given rule. The two points can be chosen at random; however, it is often
easier to sketch a graph using the points where the graph crosses the axes.
These points are called x- and y-intercepts. The x-intercept occurs when
y = 0, and the y-intercept occurs when x = 0.
Worked example 10
Write/draW
If x = 0: y = 1 0 + 6
y= 6
If y = 0: 0 = x + 6
x=6
6)
(6, 0)
y
(0, 6)
(6, 0)
12
(0,
Worked example 11
Write/draW
If x = 0: 3 0 2y = 12
2y = 12
12
y=
2
y = 6
If y = 0: 3x 2 0 = 12
3x = 12
x=4
The graphs of some equations do not have two intercepts, as they pass through the origin (0, 0). Such
equations are of the form y = k x or a x + by = 0.
To sketch graphs of such equations, we use (0, 0) and any other point, for example the point where
x = 1. (We could choose any other non-zero value.)
Worked example 12
Write/draW
4 0 3y = 0
3y = 0
y=0
If x = 0:
tUtorial
eles-1404
Worked example 12
(0, 0)
If x = 1:
4 1 3y = 0
4 3y = 0
4 = 3y
4
y=
3
4
(1, )
3
y
2
(1, 43 )
1
(0, 0)
1
13
exercise 1d
1 Use a CAS calculator or other method to sketch graphs of the following equations on the same set of axes.
a y=x
b y = 2x
c y = 3x
d y = x
e y = 2x
2 In question 1, what is the effect on the graph of the number in front of the x (the x-coefficient or
gradient)?
3 Use a CAS calculator or other method to sketch graphs of the following equations on the same set of axes.
a y=x+1
b y=x+2
c y=x+3
d y=x4
diGital doC
doc-9701
linear graphs
4 Use a CAS calculator or other method to sketch graphs of the following equations on the same set of
axes.
a y = 2x + 1
c y = 3x + 6
b y = 2x 7
d y = 3x 5
5 In questions 3 and 4, what is the effect on the graph of the number at the end of the equation (the
y-intercept)?
6
Write the equation of a line having the following properties (where m = gradient and
c = y-intercept).
a m = 2, c = 7
b m = 3, c = 1
c m = 5, c = 2
1
3
2
1
f y-intercept 12, gradient 2
d m= ,c=
e m = 4, c = 2
3
3
Rearrange the following equations and state the gradient and y-intercept for each.
a 2y = 8x + 10
e 21x + 3y = 27
i 15 6y + x = 0
b 3y = 12x 24
f 10x + 5y = 25
j 2y + 7 + 5x = 0
c
g
= 3x 1
2x = 66
d 16 4y = 8x
h 8x + 3y 2 = 0
11y
y
1
2
6
5
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
14
0
1
2
3
4
5
3x
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
x
3
1 10
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9 We10
Sketch graphs of the following linear equations, showing x- and y-intercepts.
a y = 6x + 18
b y = 3x 21
c y = 2x 3
d y = 10 5x
e y = 9x + 30
f y = 2(x 8)
10 We11
Sketch graphs for each of the following equations.
a 2x + 3y = 6
b 4x + 5y = 20
c 6x 3y = 18
d 7x 5y = 35
11 Sketch the graph for each equation.
a 6x + 7y + 42 = 0
c 3x + 4y 16 = 0
12 We12 Sketch the graph for each equation.
a x+y=0
c 2x + y = 0
b 5x 2y + 20 = 0
d y 3x + 6 = 0
b xy=0
2
3
B 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
d 2x + 3y = 1
x1
C 4 and 6
d 4 and 6
e 4 and 6
14 mC
B y = 3x + 3
d x 3y + 9 = 0
e 3x + y + 9 = 0
1e
Simultaneous equations
y
Both graphs have
the same x- and
x y-values here.
Graphical solution
Finding the point of intersection of two straight lines can be done graphically; however, the accuracy of
the graph determines the accuracy of the solution.
Consequently, using a calculator to solve the equations graphically is more reliable than reading the
solution from a hand-drawn graph.
Worked example 13
Write
solve (4x 7y + 8 = 0, y)
4( x + 2)
Result: y =
7
15
f 1(x) = 3x + 5
4( x + 2)
f 2(x) =
7
Solving y = 3x + 5 and 4x 7y + 8 = 0
simultaneously produces the solution
(1.08, 1.76).
algebraic solution
It is possible to solve simultaneous equations without graphs, that is, algebraically. The methods of
substitution and elimination taught in earlier years may be used.
Worked example 14
Write
x
x
+ 3(2x + 5) = 25
+ 6x + 15 = 25
5x + 15 = 25
5x = 10
x=2
Solution: (2, 9)
Check in [2].
LHS = x + 3y
= 2 + 3(9)
= 25
= RHS
y = 2x + 5
+ 3y = 25
[5]
Worked example 15
16
Write
2x + 9y = 5
5x 2y 12 = 0
[1]
[2]
5x 2y = 12
2x + 9y = 5
[3]
[1]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
2 [3] 10x 4y = 24
5 [1] 10x + 45y = 25
[4]
[5]
Eliminate x as shown.
[5] [4]:
Solve for y.
49y = 49
49
y=
49
y = 1
[6]
[7]
1)
Solution: (2,
Check in [2].
LHS = 5x 2y 12
= 5(2) 2(1) 12
= 10 + 2 12
=0
= RHS
Worked example 16
Two shoppers buy the following at a fruit shop, paying the amounts given. What was the cost of
each apple and each banana?
Shopper 1: 4 apples and 3 bananas for $2.59
Shopper 2: 6 apples and 5 bananas for $4.11
think
Write
4a + 3b = 259
6a + 5b = 411
[3]
[4]
[3] [4]: 2a = 62
a = 31
[5]
[6]
Solve for b.
exercise 1e
[1]
[2]
Simultaneous equations
+ y = 4, y = 6x + 5
f 9x + y = 17, x + y = 14
d
3x
diGital doCS
doc-9702
Simultaneous linear
equations
graphical method
17
2 We14
Use the substitution method to solve the following simultaneously.
a y = 3x + 1, y = 2x + 2
b y = 5x + 5, y = x 19
c y = x + 2, 3x 4y = 1
3y = 2, y = 6x + 7
f y = 10 x, 2x + 7y = 5
We15
Use the elimination method to solve these simultaneous equations.
a 9x + 10y = 153, 3x y = 12
b 7x 11y = 13, x + y = 11
c 6x 2y = 10, 2x + 5y = 8
d 3x + y = 8, 4x + 2y = 21
e 7y x = 11, x + y = 10
f x 11y = 15, y + 6x = 9
We16 At the conclusion of a tour of Wonky Willys confectionery factory, Nutrina buys 10 choc
balls and 8 fizz wizzers for $4.30, and her friend purchases 6 choc balls and 9 fizz wizzers for $4.05.
Determine the cost of each type of lolly.
The sum of two whole numbers, x and y, is 41. The difference between them is 3. Write two equations
involving x and y and solve them to find the numbers.
A farmer counts emus and sheep in a paddock, and notes there are 57 animals and 196 feet. Assuming
no animal amputees, how many of each animal are there?
A sports store supplies 24 basketballs and 16 cricket balls to one school for $275.60, and delivers
12 basketballs and 32 cricket balls to another school for $211. If delivery is free, how much did the
supplier charge for each type of ball?
e
5
6
7
d y = 2x + 3, 5x + 2y = 1
4x
8 A businessperson hires a stretch limousine for 2 days and a sedan for 3 days while on an interstate trip.
If the total car hire cost of the trip was $675, and the limousine cost triple the price of the sedan, find
the cost per day of the limousine.
9 mC A manufacturing plant produces square and circular metal panels in fixed sizes. If the mass of a
square panel is 13 kg and that of a circular panel is 22 kg, how many of each panel are there in a truck
loaded with 65 panels of total mass 1205 kg?
The equations to solve are:
a 13s + 22c = 1205, s + c = 65
B 22s + 13c = 1205, s + c = 65
C 13s + 22c = 65, s + c = 1205
d 22s + 13c = 65, s + c = 1205
e 13s + 22c = 1205, s + c = 35
10 mC Which of the following is a solution of 11x + 2y = 121 and 10x + 12y = 222?
a (11, 2)
C (10, 12)
e (6, 10)
B (121, 222)
d (9, 11)
1F
Consider a general linear graph containing the particular points (x1, y1),
(x2, y2) and the general point (x, y) (which could be any point).
Using the first two of these points in the formula for gradient, we have
y2 y1
[1]
m= x x
2
1
Using the first point and the general point in the same formula yields
y y1
[2]
m=
x x1
Putting [2] = [1] gives
y y1 y2 y1
, which may be rearranged to
=
x x1 x 2 x1
y y
y y1 = 2 1 ( x x1 )
[3]
x 2 x1
(x2, y2)
(x, y)
(x1, y1)
x
y2 y1
, equation [3] may be written
x 2 x1
y y1 = m(x x1)
[4]
This last formula may be used to find the equation of a straight line when two points are given or
when the gradient and only one point are given. When two points are given, the gradient m may be found
y2 y1
first using m = x x and substituted into the formula y y1 = m(x x1) along with one of the points.
2
1
Since m =
18
Worked example 17
Find the equation of the line having gradient 34 that passes through (7, 11).
Express your answer in the forms i ax + by + c = 0 and ii y = mx + c.
think
Write
y y1 = m(x x1)
m=
4y 44 = 3(x 7)
4y 44 = 3x 21
3x 4y + 23 = 0
ii
3x + 23 = 4y
3
4
(x1, y1)
(7, 11)
y 11 =
3
4
(x 7)
y= 4x+
23
4
Worked example 18
Find the equation of the straight line containing the points (2, 5) and (3, 1).
Express your answer in the forms i ax + by + c = 0 and ii y = mx + c.
think
Write
(x1, y1)
(2, 5)
m=
(x2, y2)
(3, 1)
y2 y1
x 2 x1
1 5
3 2
6
=
5
=
=
3
6
5
y y1 = m(x x1)
6
y 5 =
6
5
( x 2)
i
ii
y + 5 = 5 ( x 2)
5y 25 = 6(x 2)
5y 25 = 6x 12
5y = 6x + 13
So 6x + 5y + 13 = 0, or
y=
6
5
13
5
perpendicular lines
Perpendicular lines are lines that meet at right angles. The gradients of two perpendicular lines, when
multiplied together, equal 1. Stated mathematically:
m1 m2 = 1
Chapter 1 Linear functions
19
1
Another way to write this relationship is m1 = m . This type of relationship is known as a negative
2
exercise 1F
2
3
is
3
2
Gradient of
equation 1
(m1)
Equation 1
f1(x)
diGital doC
doc-9703
SkillSHEET 1.2
reciprocals and
negative reciprocals
y = 2x + 1
y=
y = 3x 4
y=
y = 4x + 6
y = 5x 3
y=
1
2
1
3
x+2
y = 4x 9
y=
5
2
m1 m2
Gradient of
equation 2
(m2)
Equation 2
f2(x)
x+4
y = 9x + 1
2 Sketch f1(x) and f2(x) for part a above using a calculator or using graph paper with identical scales on
each axis to produce accurate graphs. What do you notice about the graphs?
3 Repeat question 2 for graphs b to e. Do you notice anything special about each pair of graphs?
4 Find the gradient of a line perpendicular to another line that has a gradient of:
a 4
1
7
7
2
1.
5 Find the gradient of a line that is perpendicular to the line with equation:
a y = 5x + 2
d y=
7
6
x2
2
3
b y=x1
c y=
x+1
e 2x + y = 5
f 3x 4y = 7.
Find the equation of a straight line having the gradient given and passing through the point
listed. Express your answer in the forms i ax + by + c = 0 and ii y = mx + c.
a (1, 2)
gradient 3
b (4, 1)
gradient 5
c (3, 2)
gradient 1
d (3, 2)
gradient 1
6 We17
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doc-9704
equation of a
straight line
Find the equation of the line containing each pair of points. Express your answers in the
forms i ax + by + c = 0 and ii y = mx + c.
a (5, 2)
(3, 1)
b (1, 1)
(5, 5)
c (6, 3)
(8, 2)
d (2, 2)
(0, 1)
Find the equation of the line passing through (3, 3) that makes an angle of 45 with the positive x-axis.
Find the equation of the line containing (7, 2) that makes an angle of 71.565 with the positive x-axis.
Find the equation of the line (in y = mx + c form) that:
a is perpendicular to the line with equation y = 3x + 1, passing through (3, 6)
2
b is parallel to the line with equation y = x 9, passing through (4, 7)
5
c is parallel to the line with equation 3x + 6y = 8, passing through (2, 2)
d is perpendicular to the line with equation 6x + 7y 2 = 0, passing through (4, 0)
e has gradient 2, passing through the intersection of the lines with equations y = 3x 5 and y = 2x + 5
3
f has gradient 4 , passing through the intersection of the lines with equations x + 4y = 14 and
5x + 2y = 4.
Find the equation of the line that passes through the point of intersection of the lines whose equations
are 7x 3y 19 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 5 = 0, given that the required line is parallel to the line with equation
5x 2y = 3.
Find the equation of a line containing the intersection of the lines with equations y = 3x + 4 and
5x 3y + 40 = 0 that:
6
2
a has a gradient of 7
b is perpendicular to the line with gradient 3
7 We18
8
9
10
11
12
20
13 A line passes through the points (8, 5), (4, 3) and (a, 12). Find the value of a.
14 The points (2, 7) and (6, 9) lie on the same straight line. Does the point (4, 8) also lie on this line?
15 The height of a particular young pine tree is found to increase in a linear manner each month in the first
year after planting. Find an equation connecting height with time in months after planting, using the
information supplied in the diagram below.
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9705
WorkSHEET 1.2
52 cm
34 cm
After 5 months
After 2 months
The distance, d, between any two points on the Cartesian plane may be
found using Pythagoras theorem applied to a right-angled triangle as
shown at right.
Using Pythagoras theorem: c2 = a2 + b2 or c = a 2 + b 2 and
replacing c with d, a with (x2 x1) and b with (y2 y1),
d
(x1, y1)
y1
(y2 y1)
INTERACTIVITY
int-0260
Distance between
two points
(x2 x1)
we have d = ( x 2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2 .
x1
x2 x
WORKED EXAMPLE 19
Find the distance between the points (3, 7) and (5, 2) correct to 3 decimal
places.
THINK
WRITE
(x1, y1)
(3, 7)
d = ( x 2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
TUTORIAL
eles-1405
Worked example 19
(x2, y2)
(5, 2)
= (5 3)2 + ( 2 7)2
= (8)2 + ( 9)2
= 64 + 81
= 145
= 12.042, correct to 3 decimal places
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_01.indd 21
21
8/05/13 2:27 PM
midpoint of a segment
The middle or midpoint M (xm, ym) of a segment joining two general points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) is
shown on the Cartesian plane below.
y
B (x2, y2)
y2 ym
M (xm, ym)
A (x1, y1)
ym y1
xm x1
x2 xm
E
D
x
x 2 x1
2
ym =
y2 + y1
2
x +x y +y
So the point M has coordinates 1 2 , 1 2 .
2
2
Worked example 20
Find the midpoint of the segment joining (5, 9) and (3, 11).
think
1
Match (5, 9) and (3, 11) with (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
Write
(x1, y1)
(5, 9)
M=
(x2, y2)
(3, 11)
x1 + x 2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
5 + 3 9 + 11
=
,
2
2
2 20
= ,
2 2
= (1,10)
diGital doC
doc-9706
distance between
two points
1 We19
Find the distance between each of the following pairs of points.
a (4, 5) and (1, 1)
b (7, 14) and (15, 8)
c (2, 4) and (2, 3)
2 Calculate the distance between each of the pairs of points below, accurate to 3 decimal places.
a (14, 10) and (8, 14)
b (6, 7) and (13, 6)
c (11, 1) and (2, 2)
3 Find the distance between each of the following pairs of points in terms of the given variable(s).
a (a, 1), (2, 3)
b (5, b), (0, 6)
c (c, 2), (4, c)
d (d, 2d), (1, 5)
22
4 Two hikers are about to hike from A to B (shown on the map below). How far is it from A to B as the
N
50 m
100 m
200 m
100 m
200 m
B (E7, N4)
300 m
Lake Phillios
A (W12, S5)
Grid spacing : 1 km
y (in metres)
(225, 96)
A (320, 148)
x (in metres)
(80, 64)
6 We20 Find the midpoint of the segment joining each of the following pairs of points.
a (1, 3) and (3, 5)
7 Find the midpoint of the segment joining each of the following pairs of points.
a (7, 2) and (4, 13)
b (0, 22) and (6, 29)
c (15, 8) and (4, 11)
8 Find the coordinates of the midpoint of each of the following pairs of points, in terms of a variable or
diGital doC
doc-9707
midpoint of a segment
9 Find the value of a in each question below so that the point M is the midpoint of the segment joining
points A and B.
a A (2, a), B (6, 5), M (4, 5)
23
1h
(1.5, 3.5)
(4.5, 5)
D1
Official tent
D2
(1.5, 2)
START/
FINISH
Coordinates
are in kilometres.
(3, 7)
D3
(13, 8)
linear modelling
Many real-life applications, such as fees charged for services, cost of manufacturing or running a
business, patterns in nature, sporting records and so on, follow linear relationships. These relationships
may take the form of a linear equation; for example, F = 50 + 30t may be used by a tradesperson to
calculate her fee (in dollars) for t hours of work.
Here, F is the fee in dollars, and t the time in hours. The 50 represents an initial fee for simply turning
up, while the 30t is the amount charged for the time spent on the job.
For example, if t = 2 hours, 30t = 60, so the total charge for the work would be $(50 + 60) = $110.
Equations like F = 50 + 30t are sometimes referred to as linear models, a common form of which is:
Total cost = Fixed cost + Cost per unit Number of units.
This is, of course, equivalent to y = mx + c.
y = c + mx.
Worked example 21
A generator company charges a $200 delivery fee, and a rental fee of $1500 per day.
a Find an expression relating total charge to the number of days for which the generator is hired.
b Sketch a graph of the relationship.
c What would be the charge for 4 weeks of rental?
think
Write/draW
b If n = 0, T = 200
T ($)
3200
1700
200
1
24
n (Days)
c If n = 28
T = 200 + 1500 28
= 200 + 42 000
= 42 200
Worked example 22
tUtorial
eles-1406
Worked example 22
Write
Rent-a-Chef
C = 120 + 30t
Greased Lightning C = 65t
[1]
[2]
Notes
1. 0.4hours = 0.4 60 minutes = 24 minutes.
2. An alternative approach would be to use a CAS calculator and find the point at which the
two graphs crossed.
exercise 1h
linear modelling
1 We21
diGital doC
doc-9708
Simultaneous linear
equations
leaflet delivered.
a Write an equation for the total payment she receives.
b Sketch a graph of the relationship expressed in a.
c What would be Colleens pay if she delivers 1650 leaflets along the route?
4 A pay-TV salesperson receives $300 per week plus $20 for every household he signs up to have pay-
TV connected. How much does the salesperson receive for a week in which he signs up 33 households?
5 We22 A computer firm, SuperComputers Inc., offers a back-up plan covering the ongoing service and
troubleshooting of its systems after sale. The cost of signing up for the service plan is $215, and there is an
Chapter 1 Linear functions
25
hourly rate of $65 for the servicepersons time. Purchasers not signing up for the plan are charged a flat rate
of $150 per hour for service. Would it be advisable to sign up for the service plan if you expected to need
3 hours of service assistance during the life of a computer purchased from SuperComputers Inc?
6 Two amusement parks show the following information for school-age tourists in a promotional
brochure. After how many rides does an excursion to Fun World become the cheaper option for the
same number of rides?
A qua Wor ld
$8.00 entry
$2.50 per ride
$12 entry
$1.50 per ride
7 A telephone company, Opus, offers calls to Biddelonia for a connection fee of $14, and thereafter
$1 per minute. Its rival, Elstra, offers calls for $2 per minute (no connection fee) to the same country.
a Compare the cost of a 10-minute call to Biddelonia using each company.
b At what point would it be cheaper to use Opus?
8 It costs you $6 to get into a taxi (the flagfall), and $1.50 per kilometre if you use PinkCabs, while
NoTop taxis charge $8 flagfall, and $1.20 per kilometre.
a How much would it cost with each company to travel 15 kilometres in one of its cabs?
b When would it cost the same to use both companies?
9 Medirank, a health insurance company, charges $860 per year (for a single person) and requires
customers to pay the first $100 of any hospital visit. HAB, on the other hand, charges an annual fee
of $560 and requires its members to pay the first $150 of any hospital visit. Determine the number of
hospital visits in a year for which the cost of health services is the same whichever company insures you.
10 Nifty is a car hire firm that charges insurance of $135 and $50 per day car hire. A competitor, Savus,
simply charges $65 per day and offers free insurance. You are planning a holiday, and would prefer to
use Savus. Under what conditions (days hired) could you justify this choice?
26
Summary
Solving linear
equations and
inequations
Do the same to both sides and remember inverse operations + and , and , and 2.
Aim to get a single variable by itself.
Solve inequations the same way as equations, keeping the original inequality sign at each step,
unless multiplying or dividing by a negative number.
rearrangement and
substitution
Gradient of a straight
line
m=
Sketching linear
functions
Simultaneous
equations
d = ( x 2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
linear modelling
y2 y1
m = tan ( )
x 2 x1
where is the angle the line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis.
x1 + x 2 , y1 + y2
M=
2
2
Total cost (y) = fixed cost (c) + cost per unit (m) number of units (x)
y = c + mx
27
Chapter review
S h ort
anS Wer
3(5 x 4) 6(4 x + 3)
.
=
7
5
7x + 8
= 4 x 9.
2 Find the value of x where 3
10
1 Solve the equation
3( x
1 x
.
4
2
4 The following formula may be used to study planetary motion.
3 Solve the inequality
+ 4)
GmM m 4 2 R
=
R2
T2
Make T the subject of the equation.
1 grid
square = 1 unit
6
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1 0
1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5 6x
y
x
(12, 3)
(4, 10)
7 Find the gradient of the line joining (7, 15) and (2, 6).
8 Find the gradient of the line shown.
y
77
x
9 State the gradient of the line below.
y
28
10 State the gradient and y-intercept (in that order) for each of the following.
a y = 3x 7
b 5x + 3y = 30
b x + 8y = 40
c 2x 4y 8 = 0
and y-intercept 3.
2
5
c 9x 7y 63 = 0
d y + 6x = 0
2x
13 Solve y = 3x + 10 and y =
15 graphically.
a Sketch the solution on a set of axes.
and there are 25 more one-dollar coins than two-dollar coins, how many of each type are there?
17 Find the gradient of a line perpendicular to 3x 9y = 7.
18 Find the equation of the line containing (4, 8) and (3, 1).
6
20 Find the equation of the line perpendicular to y = x 5 that passes through (8, 6).
21 The distance between (2, 7) and (a, 2) is
22 Show that the triangle with vertices (3, 7), (3, 3) and (6, 3) is a right-angled triangle.
23 The midpoint of the line joining (k, 2h) and (9k, 6h + 2) is (20, 11). Find k and h.
24 The washing machine repair company Washed out charges $75 to come to your house, as well as an
m U ltip l e
C ho iC e
B 2x 7 = 5
d 2(x + 3) = 10
3 The solution to
a x 10
5x
x + 14
2( x + 2) is:
3
2
B x5
x + 25
=5
6
= 45
C x5
d x
2
5
e x 5
a2 + b2
B a2 = b2 + c2
d a=
c2 b2
e a=b+c
C a2 =
c2 b2
B m = 4, v = 2
d m = 8, v = 1
e m = 1, v = 16
C m = 8, v = 2
1
3
1
2
C 1
d 2
e 3
29
3
2
2
6
3
8 The gradient of the line shown at right is 3. The value of a must be:
a 2
B 1
C 5
d 7
e 11
y
(6, a)
9 The gradient of the line joining (1, 0) and (4, 10) is:
a
d 4
C 2
e 5
(2, 5)
6
?
7
C y
6
6
7 x
6
7
x 1 is:
7
6
7
C 6
2
3
3
2
2
3
d 6
e 7
d 3
e 12
is:
C 2
13 The gradient and y-intercept (in that order) of the line with equation 2x 3y = 7 are:
a 2 and 3
d
2
3
and
B 2 and 7
and
C
7
2
2
3
and 7
c
x
c
30
c
x
e y
x
y
x y
=1
2 5
B 2x y = 4
d 10y x = 2
16 To solve the equations 2x + y = 5 and 3x 6y = 12 graphically on a calculator, you would enter the
a
B
C
d
e
17 Which of the following would be the most effective way to solve the following equations
simultaneously?
y = 2x 13 [1]
y = 7x + 2
[2]
a Multiply [1] by 2 and [2] by 13 and add the newly formed equations.
B Multiply [1] by 7 and put it equal to [2].
C Multiply [2] by 2 and put it equal to [1].
d Multiply [1] by 2 and [2] by 7 and subtract the newly formed equations.
e Put [1] equal to [2].
18 The gradient of a line perpendicular to a line with a gradient of 7 is:
a 1
B 7
d 7
7
1
1
7
5
d 16
+5
is:
16
2)
7x
B 7
e
16
7
16
a y2=x1
B y+2=1x
d x 2y = 3
e 3x 5y = 1
C y+3=x1
(4 3)2 + ( 2 1)2
(4 + 2)2 + (3 1)2
( 2 4)2 (1 3)2
(4 2 + 32 ) ( 22 12 )
31
23 The midpoint of the segment joining (11, 3) and (5, 17) is:
1
1
2
2
1
1
( 2 2 ,8 2 )
a ( 5 , 1 )
B (3, 7)
e (4, 6)
C (6, 14)
24 Bote lives 5 kilometres from the nearest post office. At noon one day he begins cycling (from home) at
20 kilometres per hour in a constant direction away from the post office. At t hours after Bote begins
cycling, the distance, D km, that he is from the post office is given by:
a D = 5t
B D = 20t
C D = 5t + 20
d D = 20t + 5
e D = 20t 5
25 The linear function f : D R, f ( x ) = 6 2 x has range [4, 12]. The domain D is:
a [3, 5]
d
e x t ended
r e SponS e
[14,
B [5, 3]
18]
[18,
C R
14]
Find the coordinates for a point D so that the four points form a
parallelogram.
(4, 2),
1)
C
B
A
14
20
7).
weights are hung from it. Her results are shown in the table below.
a
b
c
d
32
10
12
20
16.5
30
20.5
40
25
50
10
10
16
20
21
30
24
40
28
50
e On the same set of axes you used in part b, plot the results of
the second experiment and join the points with a line of best fit.
f Write an equation that describes the relationship between the
diGital doC
doc-9709
Test Yourself
Chapter 1
33
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DIGITAL DOC
10 Quick Questions doc-9695: Warm up with ten quick questions on
linear functions (page 1)
1A
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9696: Use trial and error to balance an equation and hence
solve for the unknown variable (page 3)
1B
DIGITAL DOC
Career profile doc-9697: Learn how a vigneron uses substitution and
other areas of mathematics in his work (page 8)
1C
DIGITAL DOCS
doc-9698: Calculate the gradient between two given points (page 10)
SkillSHEET 1.1 doc-9699: Practise using the gradient to find the value
of a parameter (page 11)
1D
DIGITAL DOCS
WorkSHEET 1.1 doc-9700: Solve linear equations, use substitution
and calculate gradients of straight line graphs (page 12)
doc-9701: Investigate the effect of changing the gradient and
y-intercept for a linear graph (page 14)
TUTORIAL
WE 12 eles-1404: Watch a tutorial on how to sketch a linear
graph by hand (page 13)
1E
Simultaneous equations
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9702: Use the graphical method to solve simultaneous linear
equations (page 17)
34
1F
DIGITAL DOCS
SkillSHEET 1.2 doc-9703: Practise writing positive and negative
reciprocals of rational numbers (page 20)
doc-9704: Investigate the equations of straight lines (page 20)
WorkSHEET 1.2 doc-9705: Sketch linear graphs, determine equations
of linear graphs and application problems (page 21)
1H
Linear modelling
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9708: Investigate simultaneous linear equations (page 25)
TUTORIAL
WE 22 eles-1406: Watch how to apply linear algebra skills to
determine the conditions for which it would be cheapest to hire a
catering company (page 25)
Chapter review
DIGITAL DOC
Test Yourself doc-9709: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 33)
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_01.indd 34
8/05/13 2:48 PM
Answers CHAPTER 1
linear FUnCtionS
3 a
d
g
4 a
c
5 a
c
6 a
2
7
exercise 1a
7
1
6
e 1
h 10
b 5
d 112
e 12
f
i
c
f
j 4
76
59
9
1 a 2
d
g
2 a
13
b x
3 a x 6
d x < 3
exercise 1B
substitution
31
c x>3
e x 11
f x2
b
5 a
b
6 a
f r=
j H=
b 350
e 2.498
kQq
F
S 2 r 2
2 r
c 224 cm
7
21
y
32
y=x+2
3 ad
y=x+1
10
y=x+3
30
1
x
4
y=x 4
c 18 cm
01
y = 2x 7
x
16
10 a
g 11 ,
1 5
,
6 2
y
4
y = 3x + 6
e y= 4x 2
7 a 4, 5
c 3, 1
e 7, 9
y = 2x + 1
y = 3x 5
c 40 mm
10
1
2
x
y
y = 2x
y=x
4 ad
x5
c 7
25
9 h=
cm
2
5
d y = 6x + 5
f y = 5x
y = 3x
18
x2
9 a
17
300
y = 2x
b y=
8 b=2
4
3
3V
, 6.204
br=3
4
T 2
d l = g
, 3.972
2
A, 7.746
c y=
A
A D
1 = 100
b r = 100
D
D
c 41.4%
fv
uv
7 a f =
b u=
v f
u+v
c 150 cm
2 a 2
1 ae
8 a y = 4x + 2
e y = 2x 1
y = x
v2
h =
rT
vu
, 4.167
t
(1 ) K
c=
, 2622
2
42 cm
P
P 2l
w = l or w =
2
2
240 m2
2A
2 A bh
a=
b or a =
h
h
$1123.60
1 a 2
b 31
d 3
b Yes
c 0.176
f0
A
w
C
d r=
2
E
2
exercise 1C
5
No
exercise 1d
3.078
0.577
57.290
2.61
3.73
C
B
E
b l=
c a=
4 a
b
e
h
b
d
b
d
b
8
rearrangement and
2 a 0.267
d 13 100
9 a
c
10 a
2 Fd + mu 2
g v=
m
S 2lh
i w=
2(l + h)
3 a l=
17
l 7
d
v
e =
9
12
13
5
i 3
1 a P=AL
c t=
1.192
0.577
1
0.93
0.53
D
A
B
f y = 2x + 12
4, 8
2, 4
2, 5
8 2
h
,
3 3
b
d
f
j
5 7
, 2
2
y
6
35
y = 20
11 a
e
x
5
5
4 a
10
5 a 5
( 94 , 47
4)
y = 3x + 5
y
4
16
3
5
y = 6x + 5
0
y = 4 + 3x
x
f 1
1
2
ii y = 2 x + 2
7 a i x 2y 1 = 0
b i xy=0
ii y = 2 x 2
ii y = x
c i x + 2y 12 = 0
ii y = 2 x + 6
d i 3x + 2y 2 = 0
ii y = 2 x + 1
9 y = 3x 23
(1, 1)
7 , 29
( 12
6 )
(1, 1)
y = 17 9x
x
14
17
( 38 ,
109 )
8
y = 14 x
2 a (1, 4)
(1, 2)
13 D
14 E
c (7, 5)
15 A
Simultaneous equations
y
1 a
23 20
(14 , 7 )
3 a (7, 9)
(3, 6)
y = 4x 6
17
9
c
e
1
11 1
x
y = 2x
4
6
7
8
9
(1,
2)
59 21
(8, 8)
9 9
f (13,
3)
b (6, 5)
d
1 19
( 2, 2 )
84 99
( 67 , 67 )
43
14
3
2
x +7
b y= 5x 5
x+3
d y= 6x+ 3
1
2
f y= 4x 2
3
82
12 a y = 7 x + 7
b y=
39
d y= 8 + 4
14 Yes
3 a
b (4, 15)
5 17
d( , )
x+5
13 94
15 H = 22 + 6t
c y = x + 8
y = 6 2x
11 y = 2 x 2
d i x 2y + 7 = 0
2
4
ii y = 3x 1
ii y = 5x 19
ii y = x + 1
y = 10x + 1
6 a i 3x y 1 = 0
b i 5x y 19 = 0
c i x+y1=0
e y = 2x 3
5
36
6
7
c y=
exercise 1e
b 1
10 a y =
(3, 13)
c 7
8 y=x6
12 a
b 9
d 8
y = 7x 4
1
9
9 7
, , 1
7 9
d 5 , 2 , 1
2 5
y
7
b 3, 3, 1
c 4 , 4, 1
y = 3x 5
1 a 2, 2 , 1
, 20 )
( 25
3
20
a2 4a + 8
b 2 12b + 61
2(c 2 6c + 10)
5d 2 22d + 26
4 21.024 km
5 a 216
6 a (2, 4)
c (7, 2)
1
2
1
2
7 a (1 , 5 )
1
c ( 9 2 , 9 2)
8 a (4a, 3a)
c 3 f + g , 2
b 108
b (5, 1)
d (8, 9)
1
b ( 3, 3 2 )
1
d ( 1 2 , 6 2)
b (8, 3c)
2
9 a 5
b 9
10 D1 (1.5, 4.25), D2 (1.5, 1.5), D3 (8, 7.5)
11 y = 5x 7
12 y = 3x + 6
linear modelling
9 Undefined
1 a C = 25 + 5t
10 a 3, 7
b Cost ($)
1
2
35
30
25
3,
22 Teacher to check.
23 k = 4, h = 3
24 a C = 75 + 65t
b C ($)
10
, 2
2
11 y = 5 x 3
12 a
1 2 Time (h)
140
75
24
c $40
2 a C = 60 + 8m
76
68
60
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
8
y
b
1 2 Time (min)
c $100
3 a P = 32 + 0.1n
40
b Payment ($)
34
33
32
c $197
$960
Yes ($410 compared to $450)
After 4 rides
a Opus $24, Elstra $20
b After 14 minutes
8 a PinkCabs $28.50, NoTop $26
2
b After 6.7 km (6 3 km)
9 6 visits
10 Savus would be cheaper for up to 9 days
hire.
13 a
5 a
6 a
3
4
5
c 11
7
7
3
b (5, 5)
y
f(x) = 3x + 10
5
Chapter reVieW
5
(5, 5) 5
f(x) = 2x 15
4 2 R3
or 2 R
R
GM
b 3.873
7
b 11
d
63 33
5
14 ( , 5)
15 ( 10 , 5 )
16
17
18
C
C
B
E
C
B
4
8
12
16
20
24
D
D
A
E
B
D
a parallelogram.
(1, 6)
1
26
3 x 14
3
7
11
15
19
23
4 a C = 250 + 55j
b 13 jumps
5 a 4 cm
b, c, e
A
A
B
B
A
D
4
5
6
7
Short anSWer
2
6
10
14
18
22
D
D
B
D
E
C
A
15
t (h)
extended reSponSe
10 20 Number
of leaflets
GM
mUltiple ChoiCe
b Cost ($)
4 T=
c $302.50
205
19 y = 7 x + 7
8 4.331
20 y = 4x 26
34
21 6
exercise 1h
60
50
40
30
20
Student 1
Student 2
10
0
10 15 20 25
Length of spring (cm)
30
95
is y = 13 x 13 .
f Answers will vary. One possible answer
is y = 2x 10.
g The first spring is stiffer than the second,
as the gradient of its graph is greater
than that of the second spring.
h The graphs intersect at the point
(8.75, 27.5). It is not possible for the
springs to have a negative length, so this
point is not achievable.
37
Chapter 2
Quadratic functions
diGital doC
doc-9710
10 Quick Questions
Chapter ContentS
2a
2B
2C
2d
2e
2F
2G
2h
2i
2J
2k
2l
Polynomials
Expanding quadratic expressions
Factorising quadratic expressions
Factorising by completing the square
Solving quadratic equations Null Factor Law
Solving quadratic equations completing the square
The quadratic formula
The discriminant
Graphs of quadratic functions as power functions (turning point form)
Graphs of quadratic functions (intercepts method)
Using technology to solve quadratic equations
Simultaneous quadratic and linear equations
2a
polynomials
Expressions such as 3x2 4x + , 5x4 + x3 2 x and x 2 + sin (x) + 1 are not polynomials.
x
The general form of a degree n polynomial is given by
P(x) = an x n + an 1xn 1 + . . . + a2x2 + a1x + a0
where n is a positive whole number and an, an 1, . . . a2, a1, a0 are called coefficients (or constants)
provided the leading coefficient an 0.
This chapter will deal with polynomials of degree 2, or quadratics. The general form of a quadratic
polynomial is P(x) = a2x2 + a1x + a0. It is also commonly written as y = ax2 + bx + c when graphing
applications are involved.
In the polynomial equation P(x) = 13x2 x + 1:
x is the variable.
13 is the coefficient of x2 and 13x2 is the quadratic term.
1 is the coefficient of x and x is the linear term.
The constant term is 1.
The degree of the polynomial is 2.
The leading term is 13x2 as it is the term with the highest power of x.
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
39
Value of a polynomial
diGital doC
doc-9711
History of mathematics
variste Galois
A polynomial may be evaluated by substitution of a number for the variable. For example, for the
polynomial P(x) = 13x2 x + 1, the value of P(x) when x = 3 is given symbolically as P(3) and is
found by substitution:
P( 3) = 13( 3)2 ( 3) + 1
= 13 9 + 3 + 1
= 121
This process can be completed on your CAS calculator. A CAS calculator is particularly useful for
performing multiple substitutions simultaneously.
1. Using a CAS calculator, define the polynomial
1. Define t(x) = 3x2 2x + 16.
t(x) = 3x2 2x + 16.
2. To evaluate t(x) for x-values of 3, 2 and 5,
2. t({ 3, 2, 5})
complete the entry line as:
The result is (49, 24, 26.5279).
t({ 3,2, 5})
exercise 2a
1
polynomials
c 2x 8 + 3x2
c cubic?
if it is a polynomial, write P
if it is not a polynomial, write N and circle the term(s) that made it so.
x2
5
+x
a 7x + 6x2 +
b
c 3x 4 2 x 3 3 x 4
9
x
d k
40
+ k 3k 3 + 7
e 2x 8x + 1
c T(x + 1)
7 A sports scientist determines the following equation for the action of a breaststroke swimmer during
2B
A quadratic expression is a polynomial of degree 2. It must contain a quadratic term; any others (a linear
term and a constant term) are optional. Examples of quadratic expressions include:
x2 3x 1
5x
10x2
3t 2 + 1
Quadratic expressions can be produced when two linear expressions are multiplied.
Consider the expansion (4x + 9)(2x 3).
When expanding brackets, multiply everything by everything else as shown
on the diagram at right. That is,
first term everything in the second brackets, then
second term everything in the second brackets.
The results of each part of the expansion are:
2 4x 3 = 12x
1 4x 2x = 8x2
3 9 2x = 18x
Parts 2 and 3 may be combined to give 6x, so we have:
(4x + 9)(2x 3)
3
9 3 = 27
41
Worked example 1
b (2x 9)2
d 2(x 9)(4 x)
c (5x 3)(5x + 3)
think
multiplications.
Write
a
(3x + 5)(6x 7)
= 18x2 + 9x 35
b (2x 9)2
= 4x2 36x + 81
c (5x 3)(5x + 3)
= (5x)2 32
= 25x2 9
d 2(x 9)(4 x)
= 2(x 9)(x + 4)
= 2x2 26x + 72
Worked example 2
42
Write
(x 7)(x + 2) = x2 5x 14
= x2 5x 14 2x2 7x + 4
= x2 12x 10
Worked example 3
Write
Simplify P(1).
P(1) = 1 36
= 35
Simplify.
c P(1) = 2(1)2 33 1
= 2 33
= 35
exercise 2B
b
d
f
h
j
(3x + 1)(4x 3)
(8x 3)(6x 1)
(x + 6)(x + 15)
(5 x)(6 x)
(4x + 21)(x 3)
2 We1b
Expand using the shortcut for perfect squares.
a (2x + 3)2
b (3x 5)2
2
c (6x + 1)
d (7x 6)2
2
e (x 8)
f (x + 13)2
2
g ( 2x + 9)
h (2x + 9)2
2
i (4 3x)
j (6 x)2
3 We1c
Expand (remember the shortcut for difference of squares).
a (2x 6)(2x + 6)
b (3x + 5)(3x 5)
c (6x + 1)(6x 1)
d (2x 9)(2x + 9)
e (11x + 3)(11x 3)
f (x 12)(x + 12)
g (x + 6)(x 6)
h (7 2x)(7 + 2x)
i (1 x)(1 + x)
j (5x + 1)(5x 1)
4 We1d
Expand.
a 2(x + 6)(3x + 5)
c 4(x + 2)(2x 5)
e 8(3x 1)(4x 1)
g 4(4 x)(7 x)
i a(2x + 9)(x 6)
diGital doCS
doc-9712
SkillSHEET 2.1
expanding perfect
squares
doc-9713
SkillSHEET 2.2
expanding differences
of squares
b 3(x 4)(2x + 7)
d 3(4x 9)(2x 1)
f 7(2x + 3)(5x 10)
h 5(7x 4)(2 x)
j b(8 2x)(x + 4)
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
43
b
d
f
h
j
(5x + 2)(12x 5)
(3x + 11)2
(6x 5)2
(x 4)(x + 4)
5(2x + 7)(2x 7)
2C
Factorising is the reverse process to expanding. It involves writing an expression as a product of two or
more factors. Four methods of factorising will be considered.
Factorisation by inspection
A quadratic polynomial of the form ax2 + bx + c is called a quadratic trinomial. It should first be checked
to see if it is a perfect square:
a2x2 2abx + b2 = (ax b)2 or a2x2 + 2abx + b2 = (ax + b)2
If not, factorisation is carried out by inspection or trial and error. This method involves finding
factors of a c that add up to b, i.e. the coefficient of the x term.
perfect squares
a2x2 + 2abx + b2 = (ax + b)2
A test for a perfect square is as follows:
1. Arrange the expression in order of decreasing powers of x.
2. Does first term coefficient last term 2 = middle
term coefficient?
(Coefficients are numbers or variables in front of x2 and
x terms.)
3. If yes, you have a perfect square.
For example:
4x 2 + 20x + 25
Double
2
10
Multiply
(2 5)
ax + b
For example,
44
49x2
)(
Worked example 4
c 6x2 + 28x 48
think
Write
a 6x2y + 15xy
= 3xy(2x 5)
b x2 + 7x + 12
= (x + 4)(x + 3)
c 6x2 + 28x 48
= 2(3x 4)(x + 6)
d 27x2 75
= 3(9x2 25)
= 3(3x + 5)(3x 5)
e 9x2 30x + 25
= (3x 5)2
Worked example 5
Factorise: a (x + 3)2
24
b (x 6)2 + 5(x 6) + 6.
think
Write
squares.
2
(
(
)
second term )
a (x + 3)2 24
= ( x + 3) + 24 ( x + 3) 24
first term
= x +3+2 6 x +32 6
)(
45
b (x 6)2 + 5(x 6) + 6
Let X = (x 6)
X2 + 5X + 6
= [X + 2][X + 3]
Replace X with x 6.
= [(x 6) + 2][(x 6) + 3]
Simplify.
= (x 4)(x 3)
Worked example 6
Write
a 6x2y + 15xy
= 3xy(2x + 5)
=3 xy(5 2x)
or 3xy(2x 5)
Simplify.
= 2(52 (x 4)2)
= 2(5 (x 4))(5 + (x 4))
Simplify.
= 2(5 x + 4)(5 + x 4)
= 2(9 x)(1 + x)
exercise 2C
1 We4a
Factorise the following.
a 5x2y3 + 20xy2
b 8ax2 + 14ax
4
3
2
d 22r s + 11r s
e 5x2 + 10x + 75
2 We4b, c
Factorise the following.
a x2 + 16x + 63
b x2 17x + 66
2
d 3x 6x + 24
e x2 4x + 96
2
g 6x 37x + 45
h 40x2 + 46x + 14
c 2x2 + 22x + 48
f 6x2 11x 35
3 We4d
Factorise the following.
2
a 4x 9
b 81x2 25
d 18x2 162
e (x + 1)2 4
g 98 2(x + 3)2
h 3(5x 8)2 + 27
c 2x2 32
f (3x 4)2 1
4 We4e
Factorise the following.
a x2 + 14x + 49
b 25x2 10x + 1
12x + 12
2
g 4x 4 5 x + 5
d
3x2
72x2
+ 24x 2
2
h 4x 12 2x + 18
e
5 We5a
Factorise the following.
a (x + 3)2 9
b (x 3)2 16
2
d (3x 2) 81
e 2(x + 1)2 8
2
g 50(3x + 2) 98
h 1 (6 x)2
46
c 7p2q 21p + 7
f 3x2 18x + 6
c 2x2 + 12x + 18
f
x2 + 2 3 x + 3
c 36 (2x + 7)2
f 3(x 4)2 + 48
i 64 (2 3x)2
6 We5b
Factorise the following.
a (x + 7)2 + 9(x + 7) + 20
c (2x + 7)2 9(2x + 7) + 8
B 2(3x 5)(x 6)
e (6x + 5)(x 12)
B (x 6)
C (x 9)
d (6x 9)
e 6x
9 Quadratic polynomials are said to be identical if they have the same factorised forms and the same
expanded forms; the relevant coefficients must be equal. Suppose that P(x) = 5(x + 3)2 + 35(x + 3),
Q(x) = 60 5x2 + kx and R(x) = 5(x + 3)(x + m). Use written algebra to find the values of k and m, if
it is known that the three polynomials are identical. Use a mental arithmetic substitution technique to
verify your answers.
2d
Factorising by inspection works best when whole numbers are involved for example (2x + 3)(x 7).
Sometimes it is clear that it is impossible to find whole numbers to complete a factorisation. For
example, with x2 + 6x 1, there is no pair of factors of 6 that add to 1. In such cases, completing the
square may be used to factorise a quadratic.
The method of completing the square involves manufacturing a perfect square so that an expression
may be factorised as a difference of squares.
Because this method often produces surds, factorising this way is sometimes referred to as factorising
over R, where R is the set of real numbers that includes surds.
Worked example 7
Use the method of completing the square to factorise the following over R.
a x2 + 6x 1
b x2 7x + 8
think
Write
a x2 + 6x 1
x 2 + 6 x + ( 62 )2 ( 62 )2 1
= x2 + 6x + 9 9 1
= (x + 3)2 10
= ( x + 3) + 10 ( x + 3) 10
Simplify.
= x + 3 + 10 x + 3 10
)(
47
b x2 7x + 8
x 2 7x + (
) ( 27 )2 + 8
7 2
2
49
= x 2 7 x + 49
4 4 +8
8
= ( x 72 ) 49
4 +1
2
32
= ( x 72 ) 49
4 + 4
2
= ( x 72 ) 17
4
2
= ( x 72 ) +
= x 72 +
17
2
17
4
( x 7 )2
2
)( x
7
2
)(
17
2
or x 7 2 17 x 7 +2 17
17
4
Worked example 8
Consider the quadratic polynomials represented by P(x) = x2 + bx + 4, where b can be any real
number. Answer the following questions.
a Factorise P(x).
b Find the linear factors of P(x), if they exist for b = 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Discuss the differences in the formats of your answers.
think
Write
a x2 + bx + 4
b2 b2
= x 2 + bx + + 4
2
2
b 2 b2
= x + + 4
2
4
Simplify.
b 2 b 2 16
= x +
2 4
b
b 2 16
b
b 2 16
=x+ +
x+
2
4
2
4
b
b 2 16
b
b 2 16
=x+ +
x+
2
2
2
2
2 x + b + b 2 16 2 x + b b 2 16
=
2
2
48
b 2 16 + b
.
2
2 x + b b 2 16
or
2
b x+
32 16 + 3
2
32 16 =
x+
Simplify.
x+
Simplify.
4 2 16 + 4
2
0 +4
2
=x+2
= x+
52 16 + 5
2
= x+
25 16 + 5
2
9 +5
2
3 + 5
= x+
2
8
2
= x + or x +
2
2
= x + 4 or x + 1
= x+
10
x+
11
Simplify.
62 16 + 6
2
= x+
36 16 + 6
2
= x+
20 + 6
2
= x+
2 5 + 6
2
= x 5+3
12
13
49
exercise 2d
1 We7a Use the method of completing the square to factorise the following over R.
a x2 + 4x 3
b x2 + 10x + 20
2
c x + 6x + 7
d x2 + 2x 7
e x2 + 8x + 13
f x2 4x 1
g x2 12x + 19
h x2 2x 5
2
i x 8x + 10
j x2 6x 4
2 We7b Use the method of completing the square to factorise the following over R.
a x2 + 3x + 1
b x2 + 5x 3
2
c x 7x + 2
d x2 x 1
2
e x + 9x + 4
f x2 + 11x 6
2
g x 3x + 5
h x2 + 5x + 2
2
i x 13x 1
j x2 + x 3
3 mC Which of the following could be added to and subtracted from x2 + 36x + 1 to assist factorising
C 72
d 144
C 16
C
e
( x 3 + 2 )( x 3 2 )
( x + 3 + 7 )( x + 3 7 )
( x + 3 + 6 )( x + 3 6 )
e 324
d 17
x2
B
d
(x + 3 +
(x 3 +
)(
10 )( x 3
289
4
)
10 )
11 x + 3 11
b 2x2 + 10x + 4
d 12x2 + 4x 8
As a quadratic equation is a degree 2 polynomial (highest x power of 2), it will have at most two
solutions.
To solve the quadratic equation x2 4x + 3 = 0, factorise by inspection.
x2 4x + 3 = 0
(x 1)(x 3) = 0
or A B = 0
where A = (x 1) and B = (x 3).
For A B to equal zero, either A or B or both must be zero.
This is known as the Null Factor Law.
That is,
A=0
or
B=0
So
(x 1) = 0
or
(x 3) = 0
Solving these two equations gives:
x1=0
or
x3=0
x=1
or
x=3
50
Worked example 9
b 12x2 11x 15 = 0
d 6x2 = 54
think
Write
a (x + 5)(7x 11) = 0
x+5=0
x = 5
or
or
7x 11 = 0
7x = 11
x = 11
7
or
or
or
3x 5 = 0
3x = 5
x = 53
or
or
x3=0
x=3
b 12x2 11x 15 = 0
(4x + 3)(3x 5) = 0
4x + 3 = 0
4x = 3
x = 43
4x2 + 25 = 20x
4x2 20x + 25 = 0
(2x 5)2 = 0
2x 5 = 0
2x = 5
x = 52
6x2 = 54
Rearrange.
6x2 54 = 0
6(x2 9) = 0
6(x + 3)(x 3) = 0
Solve.
x+3=0
x = 3
Worked example 10
The height of a triangle is 5cm more than its base length. If the area of the
triangle is 18cm2, find the base length and height.
think
1
Draw a diagram.
Write
tUtorial
eles-1407
Worked example 10
51
Area = 12 bh
18 = 12 (x)(x + 5)
36 = x(x + 5)
36 = x2 + 5x
x2 + 5x 36 = 0
Factorise.
(x + 9)(x 4) = 0
Solve.
x = 9 or x = 4
x=4
h=x+5
=9
(as x > 0)
Worked example 11
Write
Equation 1
(2x + 1)(x 3) = 4x
2x2 5x 3 = 4x
Factorise.
(2x 3)(x + 1) = 0
2x 3 = 0
3
x=2
2x2 x 3 = 0
x+1=0
x = 1
or
or
Equation 2
1
25
144
25
144
12 = 0
+ 72
=0
( x ) 25144
(x ) ( ) = 0
5 2
12
5 2
12
52
97
12
97
12
x 12 +
= 0 or x 12
97
12
=0
x2 + 1
.
7
g( x ) =
x 2 + 1 12 + 1 2
=
= 7 = 0.2857
7
7
g( x ) =
x 2 + 1 0.28572 + 1
=
= 0.1545
7
7
g( x ) =
x 2 + 1 0.15452 + 1
=
= 0.1463
7
7
g(x) =
x 2 + 1 0.14632 + 1
=
= 0.1459
7
7
g( x ) =
x 2 + 1 0.14592 + 1
=
= 0.14589
7
7
x = 0.1459 is a solution to x2 7x + 1 = 0.
1 We9a
a (x + 6)(2x + 3) = 0
b (x + 1)(6x 1) = 0
c (x 5)(x + 2) = 0
d (7x + 12)(9x + 2) = 0
e (16x + 8)(2x 6) = 0
g (6 7x)(x + 6) = 0
3x(x
2 We9b
Factorise and solve the following.
a x2 + 6x 72 = 0
b 2x2 7x 4 = 0
d 2x2 + 12x 110 = 0
e 3x2 27 = 0
g 12
h 15x
75x2
3 We9c, d
=0
=1
g 32x2 = 162
j
32x2 16x + 2 = 0
=0
b 6x2 + 7x = 49
e
32x
6x2
+ 10
h 5x2 = 8x
+5
=x
13
6x 2
c 1 + 8x = 16x2
f
i
27 + 12x2 = 36x
10 x
x2 =
2
4 mC
a
B
C
d
e
3x2
c 4x2 + 13x + 10 = 0
diGital doC
doc-9714
Quadratic
expressions
a x2 + 45 = 14x
36x2
(7 + x)(23 x) = 0
1) = 0
53
5 mC
a
2
13
13
2
2
C 13
d 1
e 13
2
The solutions to a quadratic equation are x = 9 and x = 25 . The equation could be:
a (x 9)(x 25 ) = 0
B 5(x 9)(x 2) = 0
C 2(x + 9)(x 5) = 0
d (x + 9)(5x 2) = 0
e (x + 9)(2x 5) = 0
x
7 We10 The width of a rectangle is 3 cm less than its
2
length. If the area of the rectangle is 40cm , find the
length and width.
8 We11 A rectangular piece of metal with length 6 cm and
width 4 cm is to be enlarged by increasing both of these
4 cm
dimensions by x cm as shown at right.
a If the value of x is 2, describe the change in area that
occurs.
b Find the exact dimensions of the enlarged rectangle if its
6 cm
area is (20 2 + 32) cm2.
6 mC
9 The temperature, T (C), in an office follows the equation T = 85 t 2 5t + 30, where t is the time (in
10
11
12
diGital doC
doc-9715
WorkSHEET 2.1
13
14
15
hours) the offices climate control system has been operating. How long does it take the temperature to
reach 20 C?
A number pattern follows the rule n2 + 3n + 2; that is, the number pattern is 6, 12, 20, . . . (found by
substituting n = 1, n = 2, n = 3 into the rule).
a Find the next value by substituting n = 4 into the rule.
b What positive n value gives the number 210 when substituted into the rule?
The diagram at right demonstrates the idea
of rectangular numbers.
The formula N = w(w + 1) gives the value
of a rectangular number based on a shape
with a width of w dots.
w=1
w=2
w=3
a Which rectangular number has a
N=1
N=6
N = 12
width of 6?
b What is the width of the rectangular number 272?
The amount of bending, B mm, of a particular wooden beam under a load is given by
B=0.2m2 + 0.5m + 2.5, where m kg is the mass (or load) on the end of the beam. What mass will
produce a bend of 8.8 mm?
A window washer drops a squeegee from a scaffold 100 m off the ground. The relationship between the
height of the squeegee (h), in metres, and the length of time it has been falling (t), in seconds, is given
by h = 100 5t 2.
a When does the squeegee pass a window 30 m off the ground?
b Exactly how long does it take for the squeegee to hit the ground?
The following equations are already in the form x = g(x). Find a solution using fixed point iteration with
an initial guess of x = 1.
x2 + 6
x2 2
a x=
b x=
5
3
Find a solution to each of the following (correct to 3 decimal places) using fixed point iteration. First
manipulate each equation into the form x = g(x) in a similar way to that shown on page 53.
a x2 9x + 2 = 0
b x2 + 5x 7 = 0
2
c x 4x + 1 = 0
d 2x2 11x + 8 = 0
7 x 1. Does this
form converge using fixed point iteration? If so, state the solution found.
17 Find a manipulation of 4x2 + x 3 = 0 that converges using fixed point iteration. State the solution.
18 Investigate when equations of the form x2 bx + 1 are likely to converge to a solution using
x2 + 1
fixed point iteration with a manipulation of the form x =
.
b
54
Recall that when you cannot factorise quadratics by the method of sensibly guessing whole numbers,
the method of completing the square may be used. Completing the square may also be used to solve
quadratic equations that dont appear to easily factorise.
Worked example 12
tUtorial
eles-1408
Worked example 12
Write
x2 + 10x + 2 = 0
x 2 + 10 x + ( 102 )2 ( 102 )2 + 2 = 0
(x + 5)2 23 = 0
Solve for x.
x2 + 10x + 25 25 + 2 = 0
(x + 5)2 = 23
x + 5 = 23
x = 5 23
b x2 7x + 1 = 0
49
x 2 7 x + 49
4 4 +1 = 0
Partially simplify.
49
4
x 2 7 x + 49
4 4 +4 =0
x 2 7 x + ( 72 )2 ( 72 )2 + 1 = 0
45
( x 2 7 x + 49
4 ) 4 = 0
( x 72 )2 45
4 =0
( x 72 )2 =
45
4
x 72 =
=
45
4
95
4
= 3 25
x = 72 3 2 5
=
73 5
2
55
c x2 8 = 0
x2 = 8
x= 8
= 42
= 2 2
Worked example 13
Use the method of completing the square to solve the following equations, or to explain why there
are no solutions.
a 2(2x 3)2 2(2x 3) 2 = 0
b 3x2 + 6x + 4 = 0.
think
Write
Let a = 2x 3
2a2 2a 2 = 0
a2 a 1 = 0
a2 a +
(a
( ) ( ) 1 = 0
1
2
1
2
a + 4 4 1 = 0
(a )
1 2
2
4=0
(a )
1 2
2
5
4
a 2 =
1
a= 2
5
2x 3 = 2
5
2
5
4
x = 32 + 4
5
4
The solution to
2(2x 3)2 2(2x 3) 2 = 0 is
x=
56
5
2
5
2
2x = 3 + 2
x = 47
5
4
7 5
.
4
3x2 + 6x + 4 = 0
x 2 + 2x + 4 = 0
3
x 2 + 2 x + ( 22 )2 ( 22 )2 + 43 = 0
x 2 + 2 x + 1 1 + 43 = 0
( x + 1)2 + 13 = 0
( x + 1)2 =
diGital doCS
doc-9716
SkillSHEET 2.3
Solving equations
in the complete
square form
doc-9717
SkillSHEET 2.4
Simplifying surds
1 We12a
Solve, giving the solution in exact (surd) form.
a x2 + 8x + 1 = 0
b x2 + 12x + 3 = 0
2
c x + 4x 2 = 0
d x2 6x + 4 = 0
e x2 10x + 18 = 0
f x2 6x + 6 = 0
2 We12b
Solve, giving the solution in surd form.
a x2 + 3x 1 = 0
b x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
2
c x 7x + 5 = 0
d x2 9x 2 = 0
2
e x + 11x + 4 = 0
f x2 x 6 = 0
a x2 = 4x + 1
c 9x 2 = x2
e 2(3x + 5) = x2
When completing the square to solve x2 + 16x + 1 = 0, the perfect square part of the
expression will be:
a 8
B 16
C 64
d (x + 8)
e (x + 8)2
5 mC
6 mC
7 mC
An equation that is being solved using completing the square is at the stage shown below.
(x 9)2 15 = 0
B x = 24
d x = 9 15
C x = 9 15
x = 3 15
8 We13 For each of the following, find exact solutions (if they exist) or prove there are no solutions.
a 5x2 2x + 3 = 0
b 3(2x 5)2 + 6(2x 5) 4 = 0
c 4x2 2x = 6
d 5(4x + 3) = (4x + 3)2 + 9
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
57
2G
An alternative to the methods of factorising by inspection or completing the square is to use the
quadratic formula. The derivation of the formula follows, and is based on the method of completing the
square, but all you have to remember is the formula in the last step.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (where a 0)
Consider the general quadratic equation.
b
c
Divide every term by a.
x2 + x + = 0
a
a
Use the completing-the-square method.
2
2
b
b2
b2 c
b
x2 + x + 2 2 + = 0
Halve and square to get b = b
a
4a
4a
a
a
2a
4a2
and add and subtract it to the equation.
b
b2
b2 c
x2 + x + 2 = 2
Rearrange.
a
4a
4a
a
The left side is now a perfect square. Get
2
2
x + b = b 4 ac
a common denominator on the right side.
2a
4a2
Take the square root of both sides. Remember
b
b 2 4 ac
x+
=
to take both positive and negative square roots.
2a
4a2
x+
b b 2 4 ac
=
2a
2a
b
from both sides.
2a
x=
x=
Subtract
2a
b 2 4 ac
2a
b b 2 4 ac
2a
The following examples show how the quadratic formula may be used.
Worked example 14
58
Write
aa
b
c
3x2 8x 9 = 0
x=
x=
Simplify.
x=
x=
x=
b 2 4 ac
2a
( 8)
+8
( 8)2 (4 3 9)
23
64 + 108
6
8 172
6
8 4 43
x=
6
8 2 43
x=
6
4 43
3
4 + 43
4 43
or x =
3
3
x=
ba
b c
1x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
x=
x=
Simplify.
x=
b 2 4 ac
2a
52 (4 1 6)
2 1
x=
x=
x=
x =
5 25 24
2
2
51
2
5+1
or x =
51
4
6
or x =
2
2
x = 2 or x = 3
5
Worked example 15
Use the quadratic formula to solve 2x2 2kx + 4k = 0, and use your solution to
solve 2x2 + 6x 12 = 0.
think
Write
2x2 2kx + 4k = 0
x2 kx + 2k = 0
a = 1, b = k, c = 2k
x=
k ( k )2 4 1 2 k
2 1
Simplify.
x=
k k 2 8k
2
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
59
2k
= 7 and 4k = 12, so k = 3.
( 3)2 8 3
2
3
9 + 24
x=
2
3
33
x=
2
x=
Worked example 16
Consider the set of quadratic equations in the form 4x2 + bx + 9 = 0, where b is 11, 12 or 13. Use
the quadratic formula to explain the solutions that occur with each b-value.
think
Write
a
b
c
4x2 + bx + 9 = 0
x=
Simplify.
x=
x=
x=
x=
b2 4 4 9
24
b 2 144
8
11
112 144
8
11
121 144
8
11
23
x=
12
122 144
8
12
144 144
8
12
0
x=
8
3
x=
2
x=
x=
x=
x=
x=
60
13
132 144
8
13
169 144
8
13
25
8
13 5
3
2
23
9
10
and x = 1.
exercise 2G
1
Identify a, b and c (the coefficients of x2, x and the constant respectively) in each of the following
quadratic equations.
a x2 + 4x 3 = 0
b x2 7x + 9 = 0
2
c 9 4x + x = 0
d 7 3x 6x2 = 0
2
1
e 2 x 7x + 5 = 0
f (x + 1)2 = 0
g (2x 3)2 = 0
h 5 2(x2 + 2) = 0
6x 2 + 4
i 3x2 10x + 4 + 4x2 11x = 0
j
=0
2
Use the quadratic formula to solve the following (even though the equations may be
factorised by inspection).
a x2 + 9x + 20 = 0
b x2 10x + 16 = 0
c 2x2 13x 24 = 0
d 4x2 + 13x 3 = 0
2 We14
3 We15
Find exact (surd) solutions to each of the following.
a x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
b x2 + 8x + 5 = 0
2
c x + 3x + 1 = 0
d x2 + 10x + 12 = 0
e x2 6x + 2 = 0
f x2 7x + 6 = 0
g x2 4x 2 = 0
h x2 9x 8 = 0
2
i
2x + 3x + 1 = 0
j 4x2 + 12x 1 = 0
2
k 2kx + 4x + 6k = 0
l 2kx2 (k + 1)x + 4 = 0
4 a Use a CAS calculator and your answer for question 3k above to solve x2 + 4x 3 = 0, and write the
b Use a CAS calculator and your answer for question 3l above to solve 62x2 32x + 4 = 0, and write
2
c 10x + 2 = 5x
d x2 = 8x 6
2
e 5 = 9x 2x
f x2 2 = 7x + 4
2
g 5x + 6x + 2 = 0
h x2 + 4x = 8
7 The population of a colony of rare African ants is given by the equation N=x2+2x+300, where N is
the number of ants, and x is the height of the anthill in centimetres. How high could the anthill be when
there are 850 ants in the colony?
8 The profit, $P, made when a particular make of car is manufactured in t hours is given by the equation
P = 40t2 7t 5000. In order to just break even, how long must the manufacturing process take?
9 The position of an item x metres from the start of an assembly line is given by x=4t2 + 20t + 5 where t
is the time in minutes elapsed since the item started on the line. When is the item at position
x = 0 metres on the assembly line?
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
61
2h
xm
4m
xm
Sloppo
Cement Co.
the discriminant
You may have found on occasions that no solutions (or roots) can be found for a quadratic equation.
If you were using the quadratic formula at the time, you would have found the trouble started when you
tried to evaluate the square root part of the formula. The expression under the square root sign is called
the discriminant.
The discriminant is used to determine how many roots of an equation exist and is denoted by the
upper case Greek letter delta ().
b b 2 4 ac
= b2 4ac
2a
The quadratic formula
The discriminant
If < 0 (that is, negative), then no real solutions exist, as we cannot yet evaluate the square root of
a negative value. The word real is used to describe numbers we can deal with at present. The set of
real numbers includes positives, negatives, fractions, decimals, surds, rationals (numbers that may be
expressed as a ratio for example 49 ) and irrationals.
(In further studies of maths, you will learn about a way of dealing with square roots of negative
numbers using what are known as imaginary numbers.)
If > 0, then the discriminant can be evaluated, and its square root can be added and subtracted in the
quadratic formula (see above) to produce two real solutions.
If = 0, then there is nothing to add or subtract in the quadratic formula, and so there is only one real
solution to evaluate.
x=
62
Worked example 17
Write
3x2 5x + 2 = 0
a = 3, b = 5, c = 2
= b2 4ac
= (5)2 4(3)(2)
Evaluate.
= 25 24
=1
Worked example 18
Write
7x2
= b2 4ac
= (3)2 4(7)(1)
Simplify.
= 9 28
= 19
+ 3x 1 = 0
a = 7, b = 3, c = 1
Worked example 19
tUtorial
eles-1409
Worked example 19
Write
x2
= b2 4ac
= (2k)2 4(1)(9)
Simplify.
= 4k2 36
+ 2kx 9 = 0
a = 1, b = 2k, c = 9
So
4k2 36 > 0
4k2 > 36
k2 > 9
|k| > 3
k > 3 or k < 3
63
4k2 36 = 0
4k2 = 36
k2 = 9
|k| = 3
k = 3 or k = 3
k = 3
So
4k2 36 < 0
4k2 < 36
k2 < 9
|k| < 3
3 < k < 3
So
Worked example 20
Write/draW
2x2 + 2kx + (k + 4) = 0
a = 2, b = 2k, c = k + 4
= b2 4ac
= (2k)2 4(2)(k + 4)
= 4k2 8(k + 4)
= 4k2 8k 32
= 4(k2 2k 8)
= 4(k + 2)(k 4)
>0
32
6
64
>0
=0
<0
So k < 2 or k > 4.
So k = 2 or k = 4.
So 2 < k < 4.
Worked example 21
Find an expression for the discriminant of the equation x2 + (2k +1)x + 4k = 0. Use this
result to:
a find exact and approximate values of k for which the equation has no solution
b explain the result obtained in part a through substitution of appropriate k-values into the
equation.
think
Write
x2 + (2k + 1)x + 4k = 0
a = 1, b = 2k + 1, c = 4k
= b2 4ac
= (2k + 1)2 4 1 4k
Simplify.
= 4k2 + 4k + 1 16k
= 4k2 12k + 1
we require < 0.
12 ( 12)2 4 4 1
24
12 144 16
=
8
12 128
=
8
k=
Simplify.
k=
12 8 2
8
k = 32 2
4
b = 4k2 12k + 1
Let k = 2
= 4(2)2 12 2 + 1
= 16 + 24 + 1
= 41
> 0, so there are two solutions.
Let k = 1
= 4(1)2 12 1 + 1
= 16 + 24 + 1
= 7
< 0, so there are no solutions.
3
If k = 2 2 , = 0, so there is one solution.
65
exercise 2h
the discriminant
c 5x2 + 6x 7 = 0
f x2 2x 6 = 0
i 3x2 = 5
2 We18 How many real solutions are there to the following equations?
b x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
e 2x2 8x 8 = 0
h 6 6x = x2
a 5x2 + x + 2 = 0
d 3x2 + 6x + 3 = 0
g 5x2 = 2 x
c 3x2 3x + 1 = 0
f 9 x2 + x = 0
i 12x = 9x2 + 4
distinct solutions?
a 20 and 3
B 0 and 20
C 4 and 5
d 6 and 5
iii
c
f
i
e 0 and 5
no solutions?
x2 + 4kx + 4 = 0
6x2 + 4kx + (k + 3) = 0
(k 1)x2 (k + 1)x + 2 = 0
6 We21 Assume k = 1 in each of questions 5 ai. Use substitution and your previous answers to
question 5 to complete the following table. (There is no need to actually solve the equations.)
Question
Equation after
substitution k=1
Number of solutions
Reasoning
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Quadratic functions are also power functions. Power functions are functions of the form f (x) = xn, n R.
The value of the power, n, determines the type of function. When n = 1, f (x) = x, the function is linear.
When n = 2, f (x) = x2, the function is quadratic.
Other power functions will be discussed later.
Under a sequence of transformations of f (x) = xn, n R, the general form of a power function is
f (x) = a(x b)n + c (where a, b, c, and n R).
All linear and quadratic polynomials are also linear and quadratic power functions, because all linear
and quadratic functions are transformations of f (x) = x and f (x) = x2 respectively.
When a quadratic function is written in turning point form, it is written in power form. For example,
the quadratic function y = x2 + 4x + 6 can also be represented as the power function y = (x + 2)2 + 2.
66
In previous years work, you will have discovered the following connections between a quadratic
function in turning point (TP) form, and its graph.
Summary of the sequence of
transformations
y = a(x b)2 + c
a is the dilation factor from the x-axis.
If a > 1, the graph gets thinner or
narrower.
If 0 < a < 1, the graph gets wider.
If a < 0, the graph is turned upside down
(or, reflected in the x-axis).
x-coordinate of turning
point (horizontal shift)
y-coordinate of turning
point (vertical shift)
Minimum value of y
for shape graphs
Maximum value of y
for shape graphs
a positive, increasing
y
x
Turning point (b, c)
x
Worked example 22
Write/draW
y = 3(x + 2)2 1
TP x-coordinate: b = 2. TP y-coordinate: c = 1
i TP (2, 1)
ii Thinner
y
x
(2, 1)
13
67
If a quadratic function is not in power form or turning point form, it must be manipulated in order to
answer questions like those posed in the previous example. To do this, we use the method of completing
the square as demonstrated in the following example.
Worked example 23
Convert the function y = x2 6x + 1 to power form. State the coordinates of the turning point and
the maximum or minimum value of y.
think
Write
y = x2 6x + 1
y = x2 6x + 9 9 + 1
y = (x2 6x + 9) 8
y = (x 3)2 8
a = 1, b = 3, c = 8
Worked example 24
Identify the coordinates of the turning point of the graph of y = 2x2 + x 4 using
algebraic methods.
think
Write
y = 2x2 + x 4
1
= 2[ x 2 + 2 x 2]
Half of
shown.
32
1
= 2[( x + 14 )2 16
16
]
= 2( x + 14 )2 33
8
1
2
1
1
= 2[( x 2 + 12 x + 16
) 2 16
]
33
= 2[( x + 14 )2 16
]
1 We22 State the turning point coordinates for each of the following.
a y = (x 5)2
b y = (x + 7)2 + 3
2
c y = (x 2) 7
d y = (x 1)2 + 8
e y = 2(x + 3)2 4
f y = 6(x 2)2 + 2
68
2 We22
For each of the following:
i state the turning point coordinates
ii describe the width of the graph as same width, thinner or wider than y = x2
iii state whether the graph is a minimum () or maximum () type, and state the maximum or
minimum value of y
iv find the y-intercept
v sketch the graph (x-intercepts are not required).
a y = (x 4)2 + 2
c y = (x + 5)2 8
b y = (x 2)2 3
d y = (x 1)2 1
e y = 2(x + 5)2 9
g y = 65 (x + 1)2 12
h y = 7(x 3)2 + 3
y = (x 8)2 9
y = 13 (x 4)2 + 4
y = (1 x)2 + 20
3 Sketch graphs having the following properties, but do not show intercepts.
a Turning point (2, 5), dilation factor of 3 from the x-axis
b Turning point (1, 3), dilation factor of 1 from the x-axis
c Turning point (0, 4), dilation factor of 2 from the x-axis
d Turning point (6, 0), dilation factor of 1 from the x-axis
e Turning point (7, 7), dilation factor of 4 from the x-axis
f Turning point (0, 2), dilation factor of 12 from the x-axis
4 Determine the function rules of the following graphs, given that they are all of the power function form
(1, 5)
8
(2, 4)
(2, 5)
d
(3, 1)
y
7
x
8
(6, 6)
x
30
(3, 2)
a
c
e
g
i
b
d
f
h
y = x2 6x + 17
y = x2 + 8x + 13
y = x2 + 7
y = 2x2 12x + 22
69
8
6
4
2
0
What is the effect on the graph of increasing k in the equation y = k(x 2)2 + 1?
The graph is:
a raised
B lowered
C thinned
d widened
e translated left
F translated right
10 mC
What is the effect on the graph of increasing k in the equation y = (x + k)2?
The graph is:
a raised
B lowered
C thinned
d widened
e translated left
F translated right
11 mC What is the effect on the graph of increasing k in the equation y = (x + 1)2 k?
The graph is:
a raised
B lowered
C thinned
d widened
e translated left
F translated right
9 mC
diGital doC
doc-9719
WorkSHEET 2.2
In this section we will consider graphs of quadratic functions of the form y = ax2 + bx + c.
When we talk about sketching a graph, we mean drawing a diagram showing the main features not
a true scale graph showing every point plotted accurately using a computer package or other means.
To sketch a quadratic graph, the following features should generally be apparent or labelled.
1 the y-intercept
y-intercept
c
x
70
y
x-intercepts
c
d
Axis of symmetry
x-intercepts
y-intercept
b
c
= a x 2 + x +
a
a
b
b 2 b 2 c
= a x 2 + x + +
2a 2a
a
a
Turning point
b
b2
( 2a
, c 4a
)
b 2 b2 c
= a x + 2 +
a
2a
4a
b 2 b2
+c
= a x +
2a
4a
b 2
b2
= a x + + c
2a
4a
You may recognise this form as turning point form. In this case, the coordinates of the turning
point are
b2
b
2a , c 4 a
Using xt and yt for the coordinates of the turning point, we have
b
b2
and yt = c
2a
4a
If a quadratic function has two x-intercepts, the x-coordinate of the turning point may be found by
averaging them.
xt =
d+e
If there is only one x-intercept, then it is the x-coordinate of the turning point.
y
The y-coordinate of the turning point may be found using the general turning point form above, by
completing the square from scratch or by substituting the x-coordinate into the original equation.
Recall also the two main types of parabolas:
y
Minimum parabola
y = ax2 . . . (a > 0)
Maximum parabola
y = ax2 . . . (a < 0)
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
71
Worked example 25
Sketch the graphs of the following, showing all intercepts and the turning point in each case.
a y = x2 4x 32
b y = x2 + 10x + 25
c y = 2x2 + 11x 15
think
Write/draW
a y = x2 4x 32
If x = 0, y = 32
y = (x + 4)(x 8)
If y = 0, 0 = (x + 4)(x 8)
x = 4 or x = 8
TP
7
8
, b = 4, a = 1
2a
( 4)
= 2(1)
=2
xt =
yt = 22 4(2) 32
= 4 8 32
= 36
TP (2, 36)
(2, 36)
b 1 Write the rule.
b y = x2 + 10x + 25
If x = 0, y = 25
y = (x + 5)(x + 5)
= (x + 5)2
If y = 0,
TP
0 = (x + 5)2
x = 5
xt =
, b = 10, a = 1
2a
10
=
2(1)
= 5
yt = (5)2 + 10(5) + 25
= 25 50 + 25
=0
TP
(5, 0)
y
25
(5, 0)
72
c y = 2x2 + 11x 15
If x = 0, y = 15
If y =
TP xt =
0, 0 = (2x 5)(x 3)
2x 5 = 0 or x 3 = 0
2x = 5 or x = 3
5
x = 2 or x = 3
b
2a
, b = 11, a = 2
11
=
=
6
yt = 2
11
4
(or 2.75)
( ) + 11( ) 15
2
11
4
242
+
16
242
= 16 +
2
= 16
1
= 8 (or
11
TP
2( 2)
11
4
121
15
4
484
240
16
16
0.125)
( 4 , 8 )
y
5
2
, 1 )
(11
4 8
15
Dont be put off if asked to sketch a quadratic graph whose equation doesnt have 3 terms. Such cases
are easier to sketch, as the following example shows.
Worked example 26
Write/draW
a y = x2 16
If x = 0, y = 02 16
= 16
y = (x + 4)(x 4)
If y = 0,
So
0 = (x + 4)(x 4)
x = 4 or x = 4
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
73
xt =
, b = 0, a = 1
2a
0
xt =
2(1)
=0
yt = 02 16
= 16
TP (0, 16)
y
(0, 16)
b 1 Write the rule.
b y = 2x2 + 14x
If x = 0, y = 2(0)2 + 14(0)
=0
y = 2x(x 7)
If y =
So
xt =
=
Substitute into the original rule to find the
y-coordinate of the turning point.
b2
We could also use yt = c .
4a
14
4
7
2
(or 3.5)
( ) + 14 ( )
2 ( ) + 49
yt = 2
=
=
=
b
, b = 14, a = 2
2a
14
xt =
2( 2)
=
0 = 2x(x 7)
x = 0 or x = 7
0,
7
2
49
4
49
2
49
2
TP
7
2
98
2
(or 24.5)
7 49
,
2 2
y
7 49
,
2 2
74
Worked example 27
Write/draW
a y = 3x2 + 6x 1
If x = 0, y = 1
If y = 0, 0 = 3x2 + 6x 1
b
b 2 4 ac
2a
a = 3, b = 6, c = 1
x=
x=
=
=
=
=
62 4(3)( 1)
2(3)
36 + 12
6
6 48
6
6 16 3
6
64 3
6
32 3
3
x = 0.155 or
=
x = 2.155
xt =
, b = 6, a = 3
2a
6
xt =
2(3)
= 1
5
yt = 3(1)2 + 6(1) 1
=361
= 4
TP (1, 4)
y
2.155
0.155 x
1
(1, 4)
b 1 Write the rule.
2
b y = 2x2 + x 7
If x = 0, y = 2(0) + (0) 7
= 7
75
If y = 0, 0 = 2x2 + x 7
b 2 4 ac
2a
a = 2, b = 1, c = 7
1
x=
No x-intercepts
xt =
b
2a
1
2( 2)
1
4
1
4
(or 0.25)
yt = 2 ( 14 ) + 14 7
2
1
= 2 ( 16
) + 14 7
1
8+
1
= 8 +
55
= 8
55
12 56
4
12 4( 2)( 7)
2( 2)
55
x=
1
4
2
8
7
56
8
(or 6.875)
y
)
( 14 , 55
8
Worked example 28
Write
a y = x2 5x + 9
a = 1, b = 5 and c = 9
= (5)2 4 1 9
= 25 36
= 11
b y = x2 5x + c
a = 1, b = 5
= (5)2 4 1 c
= 25 4c
25 4c = 0
c = 6.25
y = x2 5x + 6.25
y = x2 5x + 9.
c Axis of symmetry =
b = 5, a = 1
Axis of symmetry =
2a
( 5)
2 1
5
=
2
= 2.5
The turning point is at x = 2.5.
13 2 = 6.5
2.5 + 6.5 = 9 and 2.5 6.5 = 4
The x-intercepts must be 9 and 4.
y = (x + 4)(x 9)
y = x2 5x 36
The y-intercept is 36; the answer is correct
as the first two terms are identical to those in
the previous functions.
9 (36) = 45
The original parabola must be lowered by
45 units.
77
y
x
x
x
>0
2 x-intercepts
=0
1 x-intercept
<0
No x-intercepts
diGital doCS
doc-9720
Quadratic graphs
general form
doc-9721
Quadratic graphs
turning point form
a y = x2 + 9x + 2
d y = 6 x2
a
d
g
j
a
c
e
g
c y = 4x2 + 2x
f y = 1 x x2
c y = (x + 5)(x + 1)
f y = (3 x)(4 x)
i y = (x + 9)2
b y = (3x + 1)(x + 2)
d y = (x + 1)(6 5x)
f y = 3x(x + 4)
Use the quadratic formula to find exact values (if possible) for the x-intercepts of:
b y = x2 + 7x 7
d y = 10 3x + 3x2.
a y = 4x2 2x + 3
c y = 2x2 9x 1
5 We25a, b Sketch graphs of the following, showing all intercepts and the turning point in each case.
a
c
e
g
i
k
b
d
f
h
j
l
y = x2 + 2x + 1
y = x2 + 12x + 35
y = x2 + 2x 63
y = x2 5x + 6
y = x2 + 14x + 49
y = x2 + 8x 153
6 Sketch the following graphs, showing all intercepts and the turning point in each case.
a y = 3x2 + 2x 8
b y = 5x2 + 18x 8
c y = 3x2 4x 15
d y = 4x2 8x + 3
e y = 8x2 10x + 3
f y = 7x2 + 18x 9
2
2
g y = 15x + 48x + 9
h y = 9x 2x 7
i y = 2x2 + x 28
2
2
j y = 3x + 5x + 2
k y = 2x 3x 9
7 We25c Sketch the graphs of the following.
a y = x2 8x + 33
b y = x2 + 2x + 3
2
d y = x + 18x 81
e y = 4x2 + 12x 5
78
c y = x2 18x 45
f y = 8x2 6x + 5
c y = x2 + 1
f y = 3x2 + 12
i y = 5x2 10x
2
j y = 3x + 17
k y = 4x2 5x
c y = x2 + 8x + 3
f y = x2 3x + 1
i y = 3x2 9x 5
If a and b are positive numbers, which of the following graphs could be that of
y = (ax + 1)(x + b)?
10 mC
a
x
x
x
y
x
x
If k and p are positive numbers, which of the following could be the graph of
y = x2 2kx + p?
11 mC
12
y
x
Without sketching, determine how many x-intercepts each of the following graphs have.
b y = 3x2 4x + 8
d y = 4x2 + x + 9
f y = 4x2 + 72x + 324
a y = x2 + 37x + 208
c y = 9x2 + 78x 169
e y = x2 12x 35
13 Consider the value of the discriminant in deciding which graph matches which equation below.
a y = 5x2 + x + 1
b y = 6x2 2x 1
c y = 7x2 x + 2
d y = 4x2 + 8x 4
a
y
x
y
x
x
14 We28b Use a CAS calculator and written algebra to find how many units and in which direction the
graph of y = 2x2 3x 2 should be translated vertically so that it has exactly one x-intercept. Also, state
the function rule for this new parabola in both expanded and turning point forms.
15 We28c Use a CAS calculator and written algebra to find how many units and in which direction the
graph of y = 3 (x + 2)2 4 should be translated vertically so that its x-intercepts are exactly 4 units
apart. Also, state the function rule for this new parabola in both expanded and turning point forms.
79
Quadratic expressions, equations and functions are linked closely, as you have previously seen. Study
the following table carefully.
Classification
Characteristics
Examples
Quadratic expression
4x2 3.4x + 2
(x 7)(x + 3)
x2 + 5x 6
Quadratic equation
4x2 3.4x + 2 = 19
(x 7)(x + 3) = 0
x2 + 5x 6 = 4
Quadratic function
y = 4x2 3.4x + 2
y = (x 7)(x + 3)
y = x2 + 5x 6
Note: The solutions (also known as the roots) of a quadratic equation (say, 3x2 4.3x 1.68 = 0) are
identical to the x-intercepts of its related parabola (here, the sketch of y = 3x2 4.3x 1.68). They are
also known as the zeros of the related expression (here, 3x2 4.3x 1.68).
Can you see why the solutions of x2 + 5x 6 = 4 become the x-intercepts of the parabola given by
y = x2 + 5x 2?
Worked example 29
Consider the expressions x2 8x + 12, x2 10x + 21, and x2 12x + 32. Use written algebra
and/or a CAS calculator to:
a find the zeros and factors of the expressions
b find the turning points of their related parabolas
c use the patterns seen in these answers to predict the next three and previous two quadratic
expressions, along with the features of their related parabolas.
Now consider a general quadratic function (variable x) whose graph is an upright parabola with a
dilation factor from the x-axis of 1. Its x-intercepts are j and k.
d Find the rule for this quadratic function.
e Find the function rule for a second parabola that has been translated 3 units to the left
of the original parabola.
f Verify your results for d and e (algebraically and graphically) by letting j = 5 and k=2.
think
a 1 Factorise x2 8x + 12.
a x2 8x + 12 = (x 2)(x 6)
(x 2)(x 6) = 0
x2=0
or
x=2
or
x2 10x + 21 = (x 3)(x 6)
(x 3)(x 7) = 0
x3=0
or
x=3
or
x2 12x + 32 = (x 4)(x 8)
(x 4)(x 8) = 0
x4=0
or
x=4
or
80
Write/draW
x6=0
x=6
x7=0
x=7
x8=0
x=8
2+6
=4
2
For x2 10x + 21,
3+ 7
TP x-value =
=5
2
For x2 12x + 32,
4+8
TP x-value =
=6
2
TP x-value =
For x2 8x + 12,
42 8 4 + 12 = 4
For x2 10x + 21,
52 10 5 + 21 = 4
For x2 12x + 32,
62 12 6 + 32 = 4
c (x 5)(x 9)
(x 6)(x 10)
(x 7)(x 11)
(x 1)(x 5)
(x 0)(x 4)
Expression
Zeros
TP
Factors
x2 4x
0, 4
(2, 4)
(x)(x 4)
x2 6x + 5
1, 5
(3, 4)
(x 1)(x 5)
x 8x + 12
2, 6
(4,
4)
(x 2)(x 6)
x2 10x + 21
3, 7
(5, 4)
(x 3)(x 7)
x2 12x + 32
4, 8
(6, 4)
(x 4)(x 8)
x2 14x + 45
5, 9
(7, 4)
(x 5)(x 9)
x2 16x + 60
6, 10
x2 18x + 77
7, 11
y = (x j)(x k)
Expand.
y = x2 ( j + k)x + jk
b For x2 8x + 12,
y = (x ( j 3))(x (k 3))
Expand.
y = x2 ( j + k 6)x + ( j 3)(k 3)
f y = (x + 5)(x 2)
y = x2 + 3x 10
j 3 = 5 3 = 8
k 3 = 2 3 = 1
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
81
y = (x + 8)(x + 1)
y = x2 + 9x + 8
y
(TP)
y = x2 + 9x + 8
y = x2 + 3x 10
(TP)
2
c x + 4x = 2
d x2 = 8x 8
2
e x + 12x + 9 = 0
f 3x2 + 5x 1 = 0
diGital doC
doc-9722
Simultaneous,
quadratic and linear
equations
d=47.9t2 + 0.03t 908.7, where t is the number of hours since the comet was first discovered
on 28 June 2001. At what value of t will the comet reach this moon?
4 The number of marine organisms, N, in a marine research organisations testing tank is found to follow
the equation (or model) N = 0.0751h2 + 0.69h + 200, where h is the number of hours since the tank
was supplied with nutrient and stocked with 200 organisms. How long after being fed could the colony
survive without further food before none were left?
82
5 A diver follows a parabolic path from the diving board to the water, given by the function below. What
is the horizontal distance travelled by the diver from leaving the diving board to entering the water?
(h represents the height of the diver above the water for a distance, d, from the diving board in the
equation shown. Both h and d are in metres.)
h = 0.5d2 + 2d + 5
6 We29 As part of a Year 11 Maths extension activity, Harry and Christine were each asked by their
teacher to come up with a quadratic expression whose zeros had a sum of 10.25 (or as close to that
as possible). The coefficient of the linear term had to be 5. When they returned to class the next day,
Harry announced his expression was 0.48x2 5x 2.3, and Christine said hers was 0.49x2 5x + 1.9.
Who was closest, and by how much?
7 One of the solutions of the equation 10x2 + 11x = k (where k is a constant) is 1.6.
a Find the value of k.
b Find the other solution to the original quadratic equation.
In previous studies you have dealt with pairs of simultaneous linear equations and solved these using
algebra. The solution could also be represented graphically. The same is true when we have one linear
and one quadratic equation as a pair of simultaneous equations.
Consider the following pair of simultaneous equations:
y = x2 + x 2 and y = 3x + 1
If x = 3 is substituted into the first equation, y = 32 + 3 2 = 10 is obtained.
If x = 3 is substituted into the second equation, y = 3 3 + 1 = 10 is obtained. That is, the coordinate
pair (3, 10) fits both equations, so it is a solution.
If x = 1 is substituted into the first equation, y = (1)2 + (1) 2 = 2 is obtained.
If x = 1 is substituted into the second equation, y = 3(1) + 1 = 2 is obtained. That is, the coordinate
pair (1, 2) is also a solution.
To illustrate the situation graphically, the related linear and quadratic functions must be sketched on
the same set of axes. As shown below, there are three possible relationships:
no points in common (hence, no solutions)
one point in common (hence, one solution)
two points in common (hence, two solutions).
interaCtiVitY
int-0261
Simultaneous
quadratic and
linear equations
83
One
solution
No solution
x
x
Two
solutions
When a linear equation and a quadratic equation are solved simultaneously, a new quadratic equation
is formed, as you will see in the following examples.
The number of solutions relates to the discriminant (positive = 2 solutions; negative = no solutions;
zero = one solution) of the new quadratic.
Worked example 30
required.
think
Write/draW
a y = x2 + x 2
[1]
[2]
y = 3x + 1
x2 2x 3 = 0
Factorise if possible.
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
Solve for x.
If x = 3, y = 3(3) + 1 = 10
If x = 1, y = 3(1) + 1 = 2
x2 + x 2 = 3x + 1
x2 + x 2 3x 1 = 0
x = 3 or x = 1
b For y = 3x + 1,
if x = 0,
if y = 0,
y=1
0 = 3x + 1
1 = 3x
1
x= 3
For y = x2 + x 2,
if x = 0,
y = 2
if y = 0,
0 = x2 + x 2
so
0 = (x + 2)(x 1)
and
x = 2 or x = 1
y (3, 10)
13
2
(1, 2)
84
1
1
2
Worked example 31
Write
y = 0.5x2 4x + 2
11x + 2y = 6
[1]
[2]
2y = 11x + 6
y = 5.5x + 3
0.5x2
[3]
4x + 2 = 5.5x + 3
Simplify.
Multiply by 2.
When x = 2,
y = 5.5(2) + 3
= 8
When x = 1,
y = 5.5 + 3
= 2.5
0.5x2
+ 1.5x 1 = 0
x2 3x + 2 = 0
(x 2)(x 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = 1
Worked example 32
is not required.
think
Write/draW
a y = x2 8x + 12
[1]
[2]
y = 6x + 11
x2 8x + 12 = 6x + 11
x2 2x + 1 = 0
Factorise if possible.
(x 1)(x 1) = 0
Solve for x.
If x = 1,
x2 8x + 12 + 6x 11 = 0
x = 1 only
y = 6x + 11
y = 6(1) + 11
y = 6 + 11
y=5
b For y = 6x + 11,
if x = 0,
if y = 0,
y = 11
0 = 6x + 11
6x = 11
5
x = 11
6 or 1 6
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
85
For y = x2 8x + 12,
if x = 0,
y = 12
if y = 0,
0 = x2 8x + 12
so
0 = (x 6)(x 2)
and
x = 6 or x = 2
y
12
11
Tangent
point
(1, 5)
11
Worked example 33
required.
think
Write/draW
a y = x2 + 3x + 18
x2
(x )(x ) = 0?
= b2 4ac
= (1)2 4(1)(4)
= 1 16
= 15
+ 3x + 18 = 4x + 22
0 = x2 3x 18 + 4x + 22
x2 + x + 4 = 0
b For y = 4x + 22,
if x = 0,
if y = 0,
y = 22
0 = 4x + 22
22 = 4x
x=
x=
86
[1]
[2]
y = 4x + 22
22
4
11
2
or 5 2
For y = x2 + 3x + 18,
if x = 0,
y = 18
if y = 0,
0 = x2 + 3x + 18
x2 3x 18 = 0
so
(x 6)(x + 3) = 0
and
x = 6 or x = 3
22
18
11
2
Worked example 34
The graphs with equations y = x2 + 4 x + 33 and y = mx + 24 intersect once only. Find the possible
values of m.
think
Write
y = x2 + 4x + 33
y = mx + 24
x2 + 4x + 33 = mx + 24
+ 4x mx + 9 = 0
x2 + (4 m)x + 9 = 0
[3]
= (4 m)2 4(1)(9)
= 16 8m + m2 36
= m2 8m 20
= 0 for one solution only.
(m 10)(m + 2) = 0
m = 10 or m = 2
[1]
[2]
x2
b y = x2 + 5x 6 and y = 8x 8
d y = x2 7x + 10 and y = 11x + 6
f
h
j
l
n
p
2 State how many points of intersection exist with each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
a y = x2 + x 6 and y = 9x 31
b y = x2 16 and y = 6x + 11
c y = x2 + 3x + 4 and y = 7x + 25
d y = x2 6x + 5 and y = 2x 12
Chapter 2 Quadratic functions
87
3 We34 The graphs of equations y = x2 14x + 49 and y = mx + 48 intersect once only, at x=1. Find
the value of m.
4 The system of equations y = x2 4x + c and y = 7x + 8 has two solutions, one at x=1 and another at
x = 4. Find the value of c.
5 The graphs of y = x2 + bx 14 and y = 9x + c intersect at (1, 8) and (3, 10). Find the values
of b and c.
6 Using a CAS calculator, find the points of intersection, in exact form, for each of the following systems
of equations.
a y = x2 + 5x 3 and y = 2x 2
b y = 2x2 + 7x 8 and y = 3x + 4
c y = 3x2 2x + 12 and y = 4x + 8
d y = 5x2 2x 5 and y = 43 x 5
y
y=
x2
+5
2
y = x4 +2
Proposed road
Entrance
of tunnel
88
3
8
x 2 + 3 x 5 do not intersect.
Sea level
y = kx 2
ax
+a
2
A pole 11 metres high is firmly secured to the ground. A parabolic arch is to be attached to the
pole 3 metres above the ground as shown in the diagram below. A metal rod will run directly from
the top of the pole straight to the ground so that it just touches the arch in one position only. Let
y be the height above the ground in metres and x be the distance along the ground from the foot of
the pole in metres.
y
(0, 11)
(0, 3)
0
89
Summary
polynomials
expanding quadratic
expressions
To expand:
2
1. First term everything in the second brackets, then
1
2. Second term everything in the second brackets.
(4x + 9)(2x 3)
Perfect squares
(ax + b)2 = a2x2 + 2abx + b2
3 4
Difference of squares
(ax + b)(ax b) = a2x2 b2
Expand brackets first, then multiply if there is an external factor in expressions like
k(ax + b)(cx + d).
Factorising quadratic
expressions
Factorising by
completing the square
Solving quadratic
equations null Factor
law
Factorise.
Set each factor equal to zero.
Solve two mini-equations.
Solving quadratic
equations completing
the square
the discriminant
Graphs of quadratic
functions as power
functions (turning point
form)
90
b 2 4 ac
.
2a
(b, c)
x
Graphs of quadratic
functions (intercepts
method)
Axis of symmetry
x-intercepts
x
Turning point
b
b2
( 2a
, c 4a
)
4. Find the y-coordinate of the turning point by substituting xt into the equation for y, or by
using
b2
or by completing the square.
yt = c
4a
5. Combine all the information and sketch it. Functions with a positive x2 coefficient are
shaped, and those with negative x2 coefficients are shaped. If the information you have
gathered doesnt seem to fit, check for calculation errors.
Simultaneous quadratic
and linear equations
91
Chapter review
S h ort
anS Wer
1 Expand:
a (7x + 8)(7x 8)
2 Factorise:
a 25x2 + 110x + 121
b (2x 9)2
c (5 x 3)(5 x + 3)
b 6x2 + 37x + 6
c 12x2 37x + 21
d 36x2 49
3 Factorise x2 6x 14.
4 Solve the following.
a (4x + 1)(3x 9) = 0
b 3x2 40x 75 = 0
5 Solve:
a 4x2 5 = 0
b x2 14x + 42 = 0
6 Solve x2 + 6x 2 = 0.
7 Use the quadratic formula to solve 5x2 7x + 1 = 0.
8 Evaluate the discriminant for 4x2 3x + 9 = 0.
9 Find the value(s) of k for which the equation 2x2 + 3kx + 6 = 0 has:
a no solution
b one solution
c two solutions.
10 Sketch the following, showing the turning point and y-intercept in each case (x-intercepts not required).
a y = 4(x + 1)2 + 2
b y = 6x2 1
11 Convert y = x2 + 8x + 3 to turning point form.
12 Sketch the following.
a y = (x 6)(x 14)
b y = x2 + 2x 80
c y = 3x2 26x + 48
d y = 2x2 5x 3
13 Find any points of intersection of the line y = 2x 6 and the parabola y = x2 + 7x + 12.
14 Solve 4kx2 5x + 3k = 0 for x.
m U lt ip l e
C h oiCe
B 3x2 7x 35
e 4x 2
B x2 8x + 16
e (x2 + 7)2
B a difference of squares
e a factorised expression
B (6x 7)2
e (9x + 7)(4x 7)
C 3x2 2x 35
C x2 25
C a negative quadratic
C (6x + 7)(6x 7)
a (x + 6)2
B (x + 6)(x 10)
d ( x 2 + 2 2)( x 2 + 2 2)
C (x 2 + 4)(x 2 4)
6 Which of the following gives all solutions of the equation (2x 7)(x + 4) = 0?
a x = 7, 4
d x=
7
2
B x = 2, 1
,4
x=
C x = 2, 1
7
, 4
2
B x = 3, +3
e No real solution
C x=3
B x = 5+
C x = 7+ 5
92
7+
7
5
x=
5+
7
7
9 If the equation 3x2 = 9 + x is to be solved using the quadratic formula, which set of values should be
B a = 3, b = 1 and c = 9
e a = 9, b = 1 and c =
C a = 3, b = 9 and c = 1
10 The quadratic formula, which can be used to solve equations of the type ax2 + bx + c = 0, is given by:
a x=
d x=
b2
b 2 4 ac
2a
b 4 ac
2a
B x=
x=
b b 2 4 ac
2a
b
C x = b
b 2 4 ac
2a
b 4 ac
2a
B 7
e 41
C 25
12 For a quadratic equation to have at least one real solution, the discriminant could be:
a negative
d either positive or negative
B zero
e a perfect square
B (1, 2)
e (2, 1)
C positive
C (2, 1)
B 4
d 8
y = + 5x 30
y = x2 11x + 30
y = x2 + 11x + 30
y = x2 + 11x + 30
y = x2 + 11x 30
x2
30
6
B 7
7
2
d 7
e 14
at right has:
a no solutions for x
B one solution for x
C one positive and one negative solution for x
d two negative solutions for x
e insufficient information for us to find a solution
B (0, 1)
d (3, 5)
93
e x tended
r e Sp onS e
1 A 100 m length of steel cable is threaded through a series of posts in order to construct
(3, 0)
(3, 0)
3 Find the equation of a parabola that goes through the points listed in each case.
(Hint: Assume equations of the form y = ax2 + bx + c and form simultaneous equations by substituting
coordinate values.)
a (0, 1), (1, 0) and (2, 3)
b (0, 1), (1, 4) and (2, 15)
c (0, 5), (1, 11) and (1, 3)
d Find the equations of two parabolas that form a path similar to the one below depicting a proposed
water slide, given the x2 coefficient of each curve is 1 or 1.
y
(8, 8)
(4, 4)
x
4 a Using written algebra, sketch the graphs of the quadratic equations y = x2 6x + 8 and
diGital doC
doc-9723
Test Yourself
Chapter 2
94
ICT activities
Chapter opener
diGital doC
10 Quick Questions doc-9710: Warm up with ten quick questions on
quadratic functions(page 39)
2a
polynomials
diGital doC
History of mathematics doc-9711: Learn about the life of Galois, a
19th century mathematician(page 40)
2B
diGital doCS
SkillSHEET 2.1 doc-9712: Practise expanding perfect squares (page 43)
SkillSHEET 2.2 doc-9713: Practise expanding differences of squares
(page 43)
2e
tUtorial
We 10 eles-1407: Watch how to apply quadratic algebra skills to
determine the dimensions of a triangle(page 51)
diGital doCS
doc-9714: Apply the Null Factor Law to solve quadratic equations
(page 53)
WorkSHEET 2.1 doc-9715: Expanding brackets and factorising
quadratic expressions (page 54)
2h
the discriminant
tUtorial
We 19 eles-1409: Watch how to find the possible values of an
unknown constant in a quadratic equation with zero, one and two
solutions (page 63)
diGital doC
doc-9718: Observe the discriminant and the number of solutions to a
quadratic equation (page 66)
Chapter review
diGital doC
Test Yourself doc-9723: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 94)
95
Answers CHAPTER 2
QUadratiC FUnCtionS
exercise 2a
1 a
d
2 a
d
3 a
b
c
4 a
d
5 a
c
e
6 a
b
c
7 a
b
c
d
polynomials
3
b1
c 2
6
e 5
x
bt
c x
x
e u
Polynomial 1b
Polynomial 1c
Polynomial 1a
5
N;
bP
c N; 3 x
x
N; k 2
e N; 2x
3
bx
3
d5
Coefficient of the quadratic term
1
19
2x2 + x + 2
6
t
0.9937; she is swimming 0.9937 m/s
at 0.2 s.
1.818 m/s
20x2 245
2x2 7x 34
12x2 + 25x 55
4x2 24x 62
g x2 3
6 a
c
e
i
7 a
b
c
d
96
4x2
+ 9x +
7
2
18x2 14x + 5
2x2 18x 159
23x2 114
h 12x2 + 2 x 2
5
j 15x2 24x
b
d
f
4a2 + 8a + 2ab + 4b
3x2 10y2 + xy
49c2 56c + 12
u2 + 8uv + 16v2
e
f
g
h
exercise 2C
Factorising quadratic
expressions
1 a 5xy2(xy + 4)
b 2ax(4x 7)
2
c 7(p q 3p + 1)
d 11r2s(2r2s2 + 1)
e 5(x2 + 2x + 15)
f 3(x2 + 6x 2)
2 a (x + 9)(x + 7)
b (x 11)(x 6)
c 2(x + 3)(x + 8)
d 3(x 2)(x + 4)
e (8 x)(x + 12)
f (3x + 5)(2x 7)
g (2x 9)(3x 5)
h 2(4x + 1)(5x 7)
3 a (2x + 3)(2x 3)
b (9x + 5)(9x 5)
c 2(x + 4)(x 4)
d 18(x + 3)(x 3)
e (x + 3)(x 1)
f 3(x 1)(3x 5)
g 2(x + 10)(4 x)
h 15(x 1)(5x 11)
4 a (x + 7)2
b (5x 1)2
c 2(x + 3)2
d 3(x 2)2
e 2(6x 1)2
f (x + 3)2
2
g (2x 5)
h (2x 3 2)2
5 a x(x + 6)
b (x + 1)(x 7)
c (2x + 1)(2x + 13) d (3x + 7)(3x 11)
e 2(x 1)(x + 3)
f 3x(8 x)
g 6(5x + 1)(15x + 17)
h (x 5)(x 7)
i 3(x + 2)(10 3x)
6 a (x + 11)(x + 12)
b (3x 4)(2x 5)
c 2(2x 1)(x + 3)
d (9x 31)(12x 53)
7 a 3(x 9)(x + 1)
b (5x + 1)2
c (x 14)2
d (x 14)2
e 3 x ( 2 x 2)
f 5(2x + 1)(6x + 1)
g 5x(12x 1)
h 9(1 xy)(1 + xy)
i 7x(5x 4)
j 2(6x + 7)(x 7)
8 a C
b E
c A
9 k = 5, m = 4
exercise 2d
Factorising by completing
9
65
9
65
x + 2 + 2 x + 2 2
11
145
11
145
x + 2 + 2 x + 2 2
No real factors
5
17
5
17
x+
h x+ +
2
2
2
2
1
13
1
13
x + 2 + 2 x + 2 2
3 E
4 E
5 B
6 C
7 a 3( x 3 + 10)( x 3 10)
j
b
c
d
1 a
2 a
6, 12
b 4,
5, 11
e 3, 3
2 2
,
5 5
h 0, 5
3 a
5, 9
( x + 1 + 2 2)( x + 1 2 2)
( x + 4 + 3)( x + 4 3)
( x 2 + 5)( x 2 5)
( x 6 + 17)( x 6 17)
( x 1 + 6)( x 1 6)
( x 4 + 6)( x 4 6)
( x 3 + 13)( x 3 13)
1
5
1
5
x 2 + 2 x 2 2
h 0, 1
1
b 1,
6
, 6
7
( x + 3 + 2)( x + 3 2)
7
41
7
41
x 2 + 2 x 2 2
6,
5
37
5
37
x + 2 + 2 x + 2 2
4(3x2
12 2
,
7 9
( x + 5 + 5)( x + 5 5)
5(x
3
5
3
5
x + 2 + 2 x + 2 2
5
17
5
17
2 x + +
x+
2
2
2
2
the square
1 a ( x + 2 + 7)( x + 2 7)
2 a
13
173
13
173
x 2 + 2 x 2 2
1 1
, 6
6
9 9
4
,3
1
2
7 7
,
2 3
5, 1
3
h 0,
8
5
c 5, 2
f 7, 23
5
c 2,
4
c
f
1
4
1
4
3
2
i 2,
5
2
5 1
,
3 2
4 D
5 E
6 D
7 Length = 8 cm, width = 5 cm
8 a The area is doubled.
b
Length = 20 2 + 33 + 1 cm
Width = 20 2 + 33 1 cm
9 4 hours
10 a 30
11 a 42
b 16
12
9
2
b 13
or 4.5 kg
13 a 3.7 s
b 2 5
14 a x = 1.998 using fixed point iteration.
b x = 0.562
15 a 0.228
b 1.140
c 0.268
d 0.863
16 Answers will vary.
17 Answers will vary.
18 Answers will vary.
1 a
c
e
5 7
2 a
c
e
3 a
b 6
15
13
7 29
2
11
d 3
f 3
9 89
2
f 2, 3
2
2 5
b 3
9 73
2
3 19
17
105
33
11
65
75 2
2
15 201
f
2
h No solutions
4 a
14
b 6
2 3
d 3
5
6
7
8
exercise 2G
c 1, 4, 9
d 6, 3, 7
1
e
, 7, 5
f 1, 2, 1
2
4, 12, 9
7, 21, 4
4, 5
8,
h
j
b
2,
0, 1
3, 0, 2
2, 8
b 4 11
d 5 13
f 6, 1
9
113
2
2
2 6
3
17
4
4
3
j
2
2
k
l
4 a
x=
3k 2
+1 +1
k
k + 1 k 2 30 k + 1
x=
4k
2
7; k =
1
2
8 2
b
; k = 31
31
2 a
d
g
3 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
4 D
5 a
1
4
d 3,
13
2
2
3
5
c
2 2
e 3 7
3 a
exercise 2h
13
g
i
2 a
12
1 a
E
C
D
7
8
9
10
6.317, 0.317
b 1.854, 4.854
d No real solutions
3.637, 0.137
f No real solutions
0.123, 8.123
1.472, 7.472
b 1.121, 3.121
d 7.162, 0.838
0.225, 1.775
3.851, 0.649
f 7.772, 0.772
No real solutions h No real solutions
22.5 cm
11.3 hours
5.2 minutes
a 1 metre
b At t = 0.2 seconds
c At t = 1.2 and 2.3 seconds
a 1.2 m
b She will need to buy an extra 5.25 m2
of pavers.
c She will have 3 m2 of pavers left over.
0.711 m
2 2
a y=
x + 4x
95
b 190 m
c 190 m
5 a
c
e
6 a
c
e
g
the discriminant
73
b 20
71
e 37
229
h 193
0
b 2
1
e 1
2
h 2
a2 4
4 12a
36 4a
b2 4a
4m2 4m
m2 + 2m 11
m2 + 4m + 16
k2 8k + 8
i
iii
i
iii
i
iii
k > 4 or k < 4
4<k<4
k<4
k>4
k > 1 or k < 1
1 < k < 1
Question
c 176
f 20
i
c
f
i
k < 4.05
ii
k > 4.05
e
k<3
ii
k>3
f
k > 3 or
ii
k < 1.5
iii 1.5 < k < 3
ii
g i No values of k
iii No values of k
h i k<1
ii
iii k > 1
i
i k < 3 or k > 3
ii
iii No values of k
6 (See table bottom of page)
d
60
0
2
1
k = 4
ii
k=4
ii
k = 1
Equation after
substitution
k = 1
k = 4.05
k=3
k = 1.5 or k = 3
All values of k
k=1
k=3
d (1, 8)
c (2, 7)
f (2, 2)
e (3, 4)
2 a i (4, 2)
ii Same
iii Minimum y = 2
iv 18
ii
i
iii
i
iii
i
(0, 18)
(4, 2)
x
3)
i (2,
iii Minimum y = 3
v y
ii Same
iv 1
1
x
(2, 3)
Number of
solutions
Reasoning
= k2 16 = 15
x2
x+4=0
x2 4x 1 = 0
= 16 4k = 20
x2
4x + 4 = 0
= 16k2 16 = 0
18x + 20 = 0
x2 4x = 0
= 12 4k = 16
4x + 2 = 0
= 16k2 24k 72
= 32
d
e
x2
6x2
4x2
12x 9 = 0
= 144k2 144k2
=0
3x2 + 10x + 5 = 0
= 20 20k = 40
= k2 6k + 9 = 16
2x2
+2=0
97
i
ii
iii
iv
v
(5, 8)
Same
Minimum y = 8
17
i (3, 3)
iii Maximum y = 3
y
v
ii Thinner
iv 60
y = (x 2)2 + 4
y = (x + 1)2 + 5
y = (x 2)2 5
y = (x + 3)2 + 1
y = (x 6)2 + 6
y = (x + 3)2 2
5 a 6
b 7
6 a (2, 5) minimum y = 5
b (3, 8) minimum y = 8
c (6, 1) minimum y = 1
d (4, 3) minimum y = 3
e (2, 9) minimum y = 9
f (0, 7) minimum y = 7
g (9, 81) minimum y = 81
h (3, 4) minimum y = 4
i (2, 3) minimum y = 3
1 2
7 a i( , )
ii (0.33, 0.67)
3 3
4 a
b
c
d
e
f
(3, 3)
y
17
60
x
(5, 8)
i
ii
iii
iv
v
(1, 1)
Same
Minimum y = 1
0
y
73
(1, 1)
i
ii
iii
iv
v
ii Same
iv 73
(8, 9)
i (8, 9)
iii Maximum y = 9
y
v
(5, 9)
Thinner
Minimum y = 9
41
i
ii
iii
iv
v
8
9
10
11
12
(1, 20)
Same
Minimum y = 20
21
y
(1, 20)
3 a
i ( 5 , 7)
4
8
ii (1.25, 0.875)
i ( 1 , 35 )
4
8
ii (0.25, 4.375)
y = (x 5)2 + 9
C
E
B
b n
a h
d M
e 2Mh
3 a
d
x
(5, 9)
i (4, 4)
iv
(1, 3)
28
3
c
x
28
d
5 a
y
(6, 0)
(4, 4)
(1, 12)
iii Minimum y = 12
y
v
iv
54
5
1, 6
5
a b
7
2
9
4
98
73
4
No x-intercepts
y
(7, 7)
54
(1, 12)
1
3
3 1
21
2
1
3
(2, 1)
b , 2
(0, 4)
ii Thinner
5
, 1
2
,
A B
4 a No x-intercepts
(2, 5)
ii Wider
iii Minimum y = 4
v y
c M
f Mh2 + n
21
41
(0, 2)
x
(1, 0)
c 9,
9
4
f 0, 4
3
1
12
12
4
2
(3, 1)
1
2
x
, 169
)
(11
2
3
2
(1, 1)
y
3
35
49
1
2
(7, 0)
3
4
( 5 , 1 )
8
7 5
(6, 1)
y
3
7
x
3
64
y
x
(8, 0)
12
)
( 9 , 144
17
2
(4, 4)
9
153
(4, 169)
6 a
1
5
)
( 8 , 147
5
(1, 64)
63
y
6
)
( 1 , 64
9
)
( 9 , 121
5
4
3
7
2
15
3
( 5 , 1 )
2
5
( 3 , 1 )
2
2
2
4
3
)
( 1 , 25
3
3
28
x
)
( 2 , 49
3
3
)
( 1 , 225
4
99
( 3 , 4)
12
2
1
2
5
2
2
3
1 )
( 5 ,
6
12
)
( 3 , 49
8
g
5
)
( 5 , 25
2
4
8 a
5 x
5
9
1
2
3 x
)
( 3 , 81
8
7 a
(4, 49)
y
(4, 16)
25
33
b
11
11
11 x
0
(1, 5)
y
(1, 4)
121
(3, 36)
1
6
1 x
(9, 36)
15
)
( 7 , 147
2
45
3 x
(9, 0)
x
81
100
9 a
3
18
3.828
1.828
7
(1, 8)
0.479
0.268
3.732
3.479 x
1 a
(3, 32)
(2, 21)
)
( 3 , 47
(2, 3)
j
0.395
11
3 2
(0, 17)
3
7.606
(2, 8)
2.380 x
2.380
(4, 13)
)
( 1 , 13
4 4
5
4
0.651
1.151 x
y
(9, 80)
17.944
0.056
1 x
10 D
12 a 2
b 2
c 1
d 0
e 2
f 1
13 a C
b A
c D
d B
14
25
8
)
( 5 , 25
8
(1, 0)
16
11 B
14
5
(3, 4)
(2, 28)
y = 3(x + 2)2 + 12
10
6
exercise 2k
1
0.382
2.618
( 3 , 5 )
2
7.275 x
0.275
2
)
( 7 , 57
2
2.781
0.719
)
( 7 , 17
4
8
11
1
6
(3, 70)
40
28
(4, 0)
7
101
16
16
9
6.13 metres
|AB| = 2.67 metres (approx)
= 2 2 m (exact)
49x2 64
b
25x2 3
d
(5x + 11)2
b
(3x 7)(4x 3) d
3 (x 3 + 23)(x 3
8 x
(1, 21)
4 a 3,
4 3
16
5 a
7
y
9
4
(9, 39)
5
b 15,
4
5
2
b 7
4 3
3
<k<
b k=
c k>
(6, 16)
4 3
3
10 a
or k <
(1, 2)
4 3
3
3
4
5
6
3
2
11
(5, 16)
7 x
54
13
6 8
(3, 15)
48
54
(2, 80)
102
d 0
3 13
, 5 13 and
3 + 13
, 5 + 13
c 2
4
b = 5, c = 17
6 a
21
(2, 9)
b2
12
2
4
(2, 0)
2 a
4 3
3
10
4 3
3
24
7
29
10
10
135
9 a
3
6
4x2 36x + 81
8x2 70x + 117
(x + 6)(6x + 1)
(6x + 7)(6x 7)
23)
6 3 11
34
d (8, 5)
1 a
c
2 a
c
12
4
(3, 9)
b=
Short anSWer
(1, 20)
Chapter reVieW
b a=5
(8, 20)
17
x = a + a 2 + 24
(4, 20)
61
17
4
10 a
36
3 3 < a <3 3 + 9
(1, 7)
(5, 14)
(0, 1)
11 y = (x + 4)2 13
y
12 a
( 1 7, 1 3 7) and
84
( 1 + 7, 1 + 3 7)
c
1 13 4(5 + 13)
3 ,
and
3
1 + 13 4(5 13)
3 ,
11
20
6
14
(10, 16)
433
and (0, 5)
80
8 x
10
x2
, (2, 2) and (2, 2)
2
80
(1, 81)
7
10
13
16
19
48
8
3
( 13
,
3
)
25
3
32
8
11
14
17
B
A
D
D
9
12
15
18
B
C
C
D
extended reSponSe
1 a
b
c
d
( 5 , 1 )
4 8
C
A
E
E
A
100 = 2l + 2w
l = 50 w
A = w2 + 50w
Area
d
e
3 a
b
c
d
4 a
13
14 x =
0) and
5
2
4
(3, 1)
6)
8k
2B
5E
3 B
6 E
(50, 0)
Area = 625 m2
l = 25 m, w = 25 m
l = w: the paddock is a square.
Parabola 1: (2, 0) and (0, 0),
parabola 2: (2, 0) and (0, 0)
b y = 2x2 4x, y = 2x2 + 4x
c h = 2 units
e
f
g
2 a
25 48 k 2
mUltiple ChoiCe
1A
4C
(0, 0)
(6,
x 0, 0 x 2
y = x2 + 6x + 9, y = x2 6x + 9
y = 2x2 3x + 1
y = 3x2 + 2x 1
y = x2 7x + 5
y = x2 + 5x, y = x2 11x + 32
(25, 625)
(3,
b
, so is a whole number if b is a
is
2a
multiple of 2a.
b
103
ChapTer 3
ChapTer ConTenTS
3a Expanding
3B Long division of polynomials
3C Polynomial values
3d The remainder and factor theorems
3e Factorising polynomials
3F Sum and difference of two cubes
3G Solving polynomial equations
3h Cubic graphs intercepts method
3i Quartic graphs intercepts method
3J Graphs of cubic functions in power function form
3k Domain, range, maximums and minimums
3l Modelling using technology
3m Finite differences
3a
expanding
If we expand three linear factors, for example, (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 7), we get a cubic polynomial
(a polynomial of degree 3) as the following worked example shows.
Worked example 1
Expand:
a x(x + 2)(x 3)
Think
WriTe
a x(x + 2)(x 3)
= x(x2 3x + 2x 6)
= x(x2 x 6)
= x3 x2 6x
b (x 1)(x + 5)(x + 2)
= (x 1)(x2 + 2x + 5x + 10)
= (x 1)(x2 + 7x + 10)
= x3 + 7x2 + 10x x2 7x 10
= x3 + 6x2 + 3x 10
105
Note: Just as there is a shortcut for expanding perfect squares, there is also a shortcut for expanding
cubes. We can find the shortcut by expanding (a + b)3 as usual.
(a + b)3 = (a + b)(a + b)(a + b) = (a + b)(a2 + 2ab + b2)
= a3 + 2a2b + ab2 + a2b + 2ab2 + b3
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
= a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3
Similarly, (a b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3.
Worked example 2
WriTe
(x 4)3
= x3 3 x2 4 + 3 x 42 43
Simplify.
(x 4)3
= x3 12x2 + 48x 64
Worked example 3
WriTe
2x(x
+ 5)(x 12)
exercise 3a
expanding
1 We1a
Expand each of the following.
a x(x + 6)(x + 1)
b x(x 9)(x + 2)
e 3x(x 4)(x + 4)
f 5x(x + 8)(x + 2)
i (5x)(6x)(x + 9)
j 7x(x + 4)2
2 We1b
Expand each of the following.
a (x + 7)(x + 2)(x + 3)
b (x 2)(x + 4)(x 5)
d (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
e (x + 6)(x 1)(x + 1)
g (x + 11)(x + 5)(x 12)
h (x + 5)(x 1)2
j (x + 1)(x 1)(x + 1)
3
d 2x(x + 2)(x + 3)
h 2x2(7 x)
c (x 1)(x 4)(x + 8)
f (x 7)(x + 7)(x + 5)
i (x + 2)(x 7)2
b (x + 5)(3x 1)(x + 4)
e (1 6x)(x + 7)(x + 5)
h (6x + 5)(2x 7)2
4 We2
Expand the following using the appropriate rule for expanding cubes.
a (x + 2)3
b (x + 5)3
c (x 1)3
3
3
d (x 3)
e (2x 6)
f (3x + 4)3
5 We3 Expand each of the following.
a (x + 5)(x 11)(x + 2)
b 3x(x + 6)(x 1)
d
106
(x
+ 5)(x
12)2
x(x
10)2
c
f
(x
3B
The reverse of expanding is factorising (expressing a polynomial as a product of its linear factors).
Before learning how to factorise cubics, you must be familiar with long division of polynomials. You
may remember in earlier levels doing long division questions.
Consider 745 3, or 3 745
The process used is as follows.
3 into 7 goes 2 times. Write 2 at the top.
2 3 = 6. Write down the 6.
Subtract to get 1.
2
3 745
6
14
Divisor
248
3 745
Quotient
Dividend
6
14
12
25
24
1
Remainder
or x 3 x3 + 2x2 13x + 10
x3
x3
x2
+ 2x2 13x + 10
(x3 3x2)
5x2 13x
Subtract.
(x3 x3 = 0, 2x2 3x2 = 5x2)
Bring down the 13x.
x into 5x2 goes 5x times. Write + 5x at the top.
5x (x 3) =
5x2
15x
Divisor
x2 + 5x + 2
+ 2x2 13x + 10
Quotient
Dividend
(x3 3x2)
5x2 13x
(5x2 15x)
2x + 10
(2x 6)
16
Remainder
x3
x3
107
Worked example 4
Perform the following long divisions and state the quotient and remainder.
a (2x3 + 6x2 3x + 2) (x 6)
b (x3 7x + 1) (x + 5)
Think
WriTe
x2
2 2 + 18xx + 105 Q
2x
x 6
+ 6x2 3x + 2
3
(2
(2x 12x
12 2)
18x2 3x
(18x2 108x)
105x + 2
(105x 630)
632 R
The quotient is 2x2 + 18x + 105; the remainder is 632.
2 3
2x
TUTorial
eles-1412
Worked example 4
x2 5x + 18 Q
x + 5 + 0x2 7x + 1
(x3 + 5x2)
5x2 7x
( 5x2 25x)
18x + 1
(18x + 90)
89
R
The quotient is x2 5x + 18; the remainder is 89.
x3
Worked example 5
WriTe
x3 5x2 + 12x 24
x + 2 3x3 + 2x2 + 0x 8
(x4 + 2x3)
5x3 + 2x2
( 5x3 10x2)
12x2 + 0x
(12x2 + 24x)
24x 8
(24x 48)
40
x4
Worked example 6
108
WriTe
x2 3x 10
x 1 4x2 7x 5
(x3 x2)
3x2 7x
(3x2 + 3x)
10x 5
(10x + 10)
15
x3
exercise 3B
1 We4a
Perform the following long divisions, and state the quotient and remainder.
3
2
a (x + 6x + 3x + 1) (x + 3)
b (x3 + 4x2 + 3x + 4) (x + 2)
c (x3 + x2 + x + 3) (x + 1)
3
2
3
2
d (x + x + 4x + 1) (x + 2)
e (x + 2x 5x 9) (x 2)
f (x3 + x2 9x 5) (x 2)
3
2
3
2
g (x 5x + 3x 8) (x 3)
h (x 9x + 2x 1) (x 5)
i 3x3 x2 + 6x + 5, x + 2
3
2
3
2
j 4x 4x + 10x 4, x + 1
k 2x 7x + 9x + 1, x 2
l 2x3 + 8x2 9x 1, x + 4
2
Divide the first polynomial by the second, and state the quotient and remainder.
b 6x3 + 23x2 + 2x 31, 3x + 4
c 8x3 + 6x2 39x 13, 2x + 5
3
2
e 3x + 5x 16x 23, 3x + 2
f 9x3 6x2 5x + 9, 3x 4
a 6x3 7x2 + 4x + 4, 2x 1
d 2x3 15x2 + 34x 13, 2x 7
3
a
c
x3
6 x 2 7 x 16
x +1
2x3
+ 9 x 2 + 17 x + 15
2x + 1
3x 3
+ 7 x 2 + 10 x 15
x3
4 x 3 20 x 2 + 23 x 2
2
x+3
4 We4b
State the quotient and remainder for each of the following.
a (x3 3x + 1) (x + 1)
b (x3 + 2x2 7) (x + 2)
3
d ( x 7x + 8) (x 1)
e (5x2 + 13x + 1) (x + 3)
3
g ( 2x x + 2) (x 2)
h (4x3 + 6x2 + 2x) (2x + 1)
5 We5
Find the quotient and remainder for each of the following.
a (x4 + x3 + 3x2 7x) (x 1)
b (x4 13x2 + 36) (x 2)
c (6x4 x3 + 2x2 4x) (x 3)
6 We6 Calculate the quotient and remainder for each of the following.
a (x3 + 9x2 + 11x + 25) (x + 15)
b (2x3 18x2 + 5x 9) (x 31)
3
c (12x + 32x 9) (3x + 4)
d (18x4 + 3x3 + 45) (2x + 7)
3C
polynomial values
Worked example 7
Replace x with 1.
Simplify.
c P(a)
d P(x + 1).
WriTe
a P(x) = 2x3 + x2 3x 4
109
Replace x with 2.
Simplify.
P(x) = 2x3 + x2 3x 4
P(2) = 2(2)3 + (2)2 3(2) 4
= 2(8) + (4) + 6 4
= 16 + 4 + 6 4
= 10
c P(x) = 2x3 + x2 3x 4
P(a) = 2a3 + a2 3a 4
Replace x with a.
No further simplification is possible.
P(x) = 2x3 + x2 3x 4
P(x + 1) = 2(x + 1)3 + (x + 1)2 3(x + 1) 4
= 2(x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1) + x2 + 2x + 1 3x 3 4
= 2x3 + 6x2 + 6x + 2 + x2 x 6
= 2x3 + 7x2 + 5x 4
Worked example 8
WriTe
Simplify.
Replace x with y + 7.
exercise 3C
polynomial values
1 We7
If P(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 2x + 10, determine the following.
a P(0)
b P(1)
d P(3)
e P(1)
h P(a)
g P( 3)
j P(x + 2)
k P(x 3)
c
f
i
l
2 We8 Determine the following considering P(x) = 16x4 + 3x3 22x + 17.
b P(102)
a P(11)
c P(2x + 9)
d P(x3 + 2)
110
P(2)
P(2)
P(2b)
P(4y)
P(x)
P(1)
P(2)
P(1)
P(2)
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
Rem.
when
when
when
when
divided divided divided divided
by
by
by
by
(x 1) (x 2) (x + 1) (x + 2)
a
b
c
d
diGiTal doC
doc-9725
Cubic valuer
the table.
6 Find the remainder when each polynomial in question 2 is divided by (x + 1) and complete column 8 of
the table.
7 Find the remainder when each polynomial in question 2 is divided by (x + 2) and complete column 9 of
the table.
8
Copy and complete the following sentences, using your answers to questions 3 to 7 to find the
pattern.
a A quick way of finding the remainder when P(x) is divided by (x + 8) is to calculate
b A quick way of finding the remainder when P(x) is divided by (x 7) is to calculate
c A quick way of finding the remainder when P(x) is divided by (x a) is to calculate
3d The remainder
The remainder theorem
.
.
.
diGiTal doC
doc-9726
WorkSHEET 3.1
and
13 = 4 3 + 1.
Similarly, if P(x) =
is 15. That is,
x3
x2
15
and
x2
(x3 + x2 + x + 1) = (x2 + 3x + 7)(x 2) + 15.
(x3 + x2 + x + 1) (x 2) = x2 + 3x + 7 +
In general, if P(x) is divided by (x a), the quotient is Q(x), and the remainder is R, we can write
R
P(x) (x a) = Q(x) +
and
( x a)
P(x) = (x a)Q(x) + R.
ChapTer 3 Cubic and quartic functions
111
Without actually dividing, find the remainder when x3 7x2 2x + 4 is divided by:
a x3
b x + 6.
Think
WriTe
R = P(3)
= 33 7(3)2 2(3) + 4
= 27 7(9) 6 + 4
= 27 63 6 + 4
= 38
b R = P(6)
Worked example 10
The remainder when x3 + kx2 + x 2 is divided by (x 2) is equal to 20. Find the value of k.
Think
WriTe
Solve for k.
Worked example 11
Apply the factor theorem to determine which of the following is a factor of x4 4x3 43x2 + 58x + 240.
a (x + 2)
b (x 1)
Think
WriTe
exercise 3d
= 1 4 43 + 58 + 240
= 252
1 We9
Without actually dividing, find the remainder when x3 + 3x2 10x 24 is divided by:
a x1
b x+2
c x3
d x+5
e x0
f xk
g x+n
h x + 3c.
diGiTal doC
doc-9725
Cubic valuer
2 Find the remainder when the first polynomial is divided by the second without performing
long division.
a x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4, x 3
c x3 + 3x2 3x + 1, x + 2
e 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 3, x + 5
g x3 + x2 + 8, x 5
i x3 + 8, x + 3
b
d
f
h
j
x3 4x2 + 2x 1, x + 1
x3 x2 4x 5, x 1
3x3 2x2 + x + 6, x + 1
x3 3x2 2, x 2
x3 + 2x2, x 7
3a
b
c
d
e
f
We10
4 We11 Apply the factor theorem to determine which of the following are factors of x3 + 2x2 11x 12.
a (x 1)
b (x 3)
c (x + 1)
d (x + 2)
5
Prove that each of the following are linear factors of x3 + 4x2 11x 30 by substituting values
into the cubic function: (x + 2), (x 3), (x + 5).
6 Use the factor theorem to show that the first polynomial is exactly divisible by the second (that is, the
b x3 7x2 x + 7, x 7
d x3 + 2x2 9x 18, x + 2
f x3 + x2 + 9x 9, x 1
h 3x3 + 22x2 + 37x + 10, x + 5
ChapTer 3 Cubic and quartic functions
113
B 2
C 0
d 2
e 5
a (x 1)
B (x 2)
C (x + 3)
d (x 5)
e (x + 4)
a 3
B 2
C 1
d 0
e 1
d (x + 5)
e (x + 7)
diGiTal doC
doc-9727
SkillSHEET 3.1
reviewing the
discriminant
B (x + 2)
x3
i P(1)
ii P
( 12 )
iii P
( )
2
3
3e Factorising
Using long division
polynomials
Once one factor of a polynomial has been found (using the factor theorem as in the previous section),
long division may be used to find other factors.
Worked example 12
WriTe
P(x) = x3 19x + 30
P(x) = x3 + 0x2 19x + 30
x2 5x + 6
x +5
+ 0x2 19x + 30
3
(x + 5x2)
5x2 19x
(5x2 25x)
6x + 30
(6x + 30)
0
P(x) = (x + 5)(x2 5x + 6)
TUTorial
eles-1413
Worked example 12
x3
Note: In this example, P(x) may have been factorised without long division by finding all three values of
x that make P(x) = 0, and hence three factors, then checking that the three factors multiply to give P(x).
Consider P(x) = x3 + 2x2 13x + 10. Using the factor theorem, we can find that (x 1) is a factor of P(x).
So, P(x) = (x 1)(ax2 + bx + c).
Actually, we know more than this: as P(x) begins with x3 and ends with +10, we could write:
P(x) = (x 1)(x2 + bx 10)
Imagine expanding this version of P(x). Our x2 terms give 1x2 + bx2.
Since P(x) = x3 + 2x2 13x + 10, we need +2x2. That is, we need 1x2 + 3x2. To get this, the bx must
be 3x, as when x in the first bracket is multiplied by 3x in the second bracket, +3x2 results. That is, we
have deduced
P(x) = (x 1)(x2+ 3x 10).
Factorising the second bracket gives
P(x) = (x 1)(x + 5)(x 2)
Worked example 13
WriTe
P(x) = x3 5x2 2x + 24
P(x) = (x + 2)(ax2 + bx + c)
= (x + 2)(x2 + bx + 12)
P(1) = 0
So (x + 1) is a factor.
x3 + 0x2 13x 12
x + 1 + x3 13x2 25x 12
(x4 + x3)
0 13x2 25x
(13x2 13x)
12x 12
( 12x 12)
0
Q(x) = x3 13x 12
= (x + 3)(x2 3x 4)
x4
115
Worked example 14
WriTe
x = 1: P(1) = 2 9 2 + 24 0
x = 2: P(2) = 16 36 8 + 24 = 0
So x 2 is a factor.
P(x) = (x 2)(ax2 + bx + c)
(x)ax2 = ax3
= 2x3
Therefore a = 2.
(2)c = 2c
= 2c
Therefore c = 12.
Rewrite P(x).
+ bx2 = 9x2
bx2 = 5x2
Therefore b = 5.
2bx
Write P(x).
10
exercise 3e
1 We12
4x2
12x = 22
2bx = 10x
b = 5
Factorising polynomials
a x + 1 x3 + 10x2 + 27x + 18
b x + 2 x3 + 8x2 + 17x + 10
c x + 9 x3 + 12x2 + 29x + 18
d x + 1 x3 + 8x2 + 19x + 12
e x + 3 x3 + 14x2 + 61x + 84
x + 7 x3 + 12x2 + 41x + 42
g x + 2 x3 + 4x2 + 5x + 2
h x + 3 x3 + 7x2 + 16x + 12
k x x3 + 7x2 + 12x
x + 5 x3 + 10x2 + 25x
x x3 + 13x2 + 40x
m x + 1 x3 + 6x2 + 5x
116
n x + 6 x3 + 6x2
2 We12,13
Factorise the following as fully as possible.
a x3 + x2 x 1
b x3 2x2 x + 2
3
2
d x + x 8x 12
e x3 + 9x2 + 24x + 16
3
2
g x + 2x x 2
h x3 7x 6
3
2
j x +x +x+6
k x3 + 8x2 + 17x + 10
3
2
m x x 8x + 12
n x3 + 9x2 12x 160
4
3
2
p x + 3x 6x 28x 24
q x4 + 6x3 + 8x2 6x 9
c
f
i
l
o
r
x3 + 7x2 + 11x + 5
x3 5x2 4x + 20
x3 + 3x2 4
x3 + x2 9x 9
x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 4x 4
x4 5x3 17x2 + 21x
diGiTal doC
doc-9728
polynomials zero
search
3
2
3
2
d 2x 12x 18x
e 6x 6x
f x3 7x2 12x
3
2
3
2
g x 3x + x + 3
h 2x + 10x 12x
i 6x3 5x2 + 12x 4
3
2
5
4
3
2
j
5x + 24x 36x + 16 k x x + 21x + 49x 8x 60
l 24x4 53x3 71x2 + 152x + 20
4
a
d
g
j
3F
c
f
i
l
Two special cases of cubic polynomials, called sum of cubesand difference of cubes, are discussed in
this section. There are shortcuts for factorising such cubic expressions. Examples of each are shown in
the table below.
Sum of cubes
x +
3
23
Difference of cubes
x3 27
125 + 64b3
x3
81y3
1000
x3y3 + 1
w6 1
(2x + 1)3 + 8
216 (uv)3
TUTorial
eles-1414
Worked example 15
WriTe
a x3 1000y3
= x3 (10y)3
Simplify.
a = x, b = 10y
117
b 2(x + 6)3 + 16
= 2[(x + 6)3 + 8]
= 2[(x + 6)3 + 23]
Simplify.
exercise 3F
a = (x + 6), b = 2
1 Identify a and b (as used in the above sum and difference of cubes expressions) in each of the following
b 8y3 + z3
d 1 64h3
2 We15a
a x3 125
g
j
+ 8p3
729
s3t3
e3g3
t3
u3
216
d 27x3 + y3
x3
1 3
8c
c (x + 5)3 + 27
64t3 216u3
h 27r3 1
x3 1
(3k)3 1
8
g6
1)3
c
a
x=b+
xb=
c
a
Unlike a square root, a cube root can be only positive or negative, not both; for example,
3
8
118
+= 2, 3 8 = 2.
Worked example 16
WriTe
WriTe
x4 = 16x2
x4 16x2 = 0
x2(x + 4)(x 4) = 0
x = 0, x + 4 = 0 or x 4 = 0
so x = 0, x = 4 or x = 4
x2(x2 16) = 0
P(1) = 2 11 + 18 9
=0
So (x 1) is a factor.
2 2 9x + 9
2x
x 1 2x
2 3 11x2 18x 9
22x3 2x
2 2
9x2 + 18x
9x2 + 9x
9x 9
9x 9
0
P(x) = (x 1)(2x2 9x + 9)
P(x) = (x 1)(2x 3)(x 3)
x 1 = 0, 2x 3 = 0 or x 3 = 0
3
so x = 1, x = 2 or x = 3
119
Polynomial equations can also be solved using a CAS calculator, which is useful when the solutions
are not rational. The solutions can be found by using the solve function on a calculator page, or by
constructing a graph.
Worked example 18
WriTe
Enter
solve (x3 + 3x2 8x 5 = 0, x)
into the CAS calculator.
x = 4.524 04 or
x = 0.536 396 or
x = 2.060 43
exercise 3G
1 We16
a 2(x
250 = 0
c (x 4)3 1000 = 0
e 2(x 5)3 2 = 0
g (2x + 3)3 27 = 0
b 3(x + 2)3 + 81 = 0
d (x + 7)3 8 = 0
f (x + 3)3 + 1 = 0
h 4(3x 1)3 + 500 = 0
1)3
2
3
(x + 1)3 + 18 = 0
k (x 5)3 = 343
1
2
(5 x)3 32 = 0
l 4
4
5
(x + 8)3 = 104
2
a
c
e
g
i
k
m
(x 1)(x 2)(x 5) = 0
(x 5)(x + 2)(x 9) (x 1) = 0
(3x + 12)(x 4)(x + 4) = 0
(x + 5)(x 8)2 = 0
x2(x + 1)(x 1) = 0
(6 x)2 (2 + x) = 0
x(5x 6)(2x + 3) (6 7x) = 0
3 We17a
a
d
g
j
m
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
(x + 3)(x + 4)(x + 7) = 0
(2x 4)(x + 1)(x 3) (x + 2) = 0
(2 x)(x + 2)(1 x)(1 + x) = 0
(x 1)3 = 0
3x(x 9)3 = 0
x2(2x + 7) = 0
(3 4x)2(5x 1) = 0
x3 4x = 0
3x4 + 81 = 0
4x3 + 8x = 0
x4 5x3 + 6x2 = 0
9x2 = 20x + x3
b
e
h
k
n
x3 16x = 0
x3 + 5x2 = 0
12x3 + 3x2 = 0
x3 8x2 + 16x = 0
x3 + 6x = 4x2
c
f
i
l
2x4 50x2 = 0
x3 2x2 = 0
4x3 20x4 = 0
x3 + 6x2 = 7x
4 We17b Use the Null Factor Law to solve the following equations.
a x3 x2 16x + 16 = 0
b x3 6x2 x + 30 = 0
3
2
c x x 25x + 25 = 0
d x3 + 4x2 4x 16 = 0
3
2
e x 4x + x + 6 = 0
f x3 4x2 7x + 10 = 0
4
3
2
g x 3x 7x + 15x = 18
h x4 + 2x3 13x2 + 10x
3
2
i 2x + 15x + 19x + 6 = 0
j 4x3 + 16x2 9x 9 = 0
3
2
k 2x 9x 7x + 6 = 0
l 2x3 + 4x2 2x 4 = 0
5 We18 Use a CAS calculator to find all solutions to the following equations.
a x3 17x2 56x + 1153 = 0
b x3 + 12x2 49x 588 = 0
3
2
c x + 17x + 65x 1521 = 0
d x3 48x2 + 768x 4096 = 0
120
e x3 + 6x2 6x + 2 = 0
g 3x2 + 2x + 1 = x3
i x4 + 4x3 5x2 + 15 = 0
f x3 14x2 4x + 13 = 0
h 2x3 3x2 + 2x + 0.5 = 0
j 2x4 + 25x3 + 17x = 9
B 4
e 2
C 2
7 mC A solution of x3 9x2 + 15x + 25 = 0 is x = 5. How many other (distinct) solutions are there?
a 0
d 3
3h
B 1
e 4
C 2
diGiTal doC
doc-9729
WorkSHEET 3.2
y
Turning
points
A positive cubic
A negative cubic
For positive cubic graphs, as positive values of x become larger and larger, y-values also become
larger.
For negative cubic graphs, as positive values of x become larger and
y Point of inflection
larger, y-values become smaller.
Sometimes, instead of two turning points, there is a point of inflection,
where the graph changes from a decreasing gradient to zero to an
increasing gradient (or vice versa). When this occurs, there is only one
x-intercept.
Consider the general factorised cubic f (x) = (x a)(x b)(x c).
x
The Null Factor Law tells us that f (x) = 0 when x = a or x = b or x = c.
The y-intercept occurs when x = 0; that is, the y-intercept is
f (0) = (0 a)(0 b)(0 c)
= abc
y
abc
121
Worked example 19
WriTe/draW
a y = (x 2)(x 3)(x + 5)
y-intercept: if x = 0,
y = (2)(3)(5)
= 30
Point: (0, 30)
x-intercepts: if y = 0,
x 2 = 0, x 3 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = 2, x = 3 or x = 5
Points: (2, 0), (3, 0), (5, 0)
30
5
b 1 The graph is a negative cubic
x
b y = (x 6)2(4 x)
y-intercept: if x = 0,
y = (6)2(4)
= 144
Point: (0, 144)
x-intercepts: if y = 0,
x 6 = 0 or 4 x = 0
x = 6 or
x=4
Points: (6, 0), (4, 0)
y
144
4
c 1 Positive cubic.
122
c y = (x 2)3
y-intercept: if x = 0,
y = (2)3
= 8
x-intercept: if y = 0,
x2=0
x=2
y
2
8
If a cubic function is not in the form f (x) = (x a)(x b)(x c), we may try to factorise to find the
x-intercepts. We can use the factor theorem and division of polynomials to achieve this.
Worked example 20
TUTorial
eles-1415
Worked example 20
WriTe/draW
y-intercept: if x = 0,
y = 20
Point: (0, 20)
P(1) = 2 13 11 12 + 7 1 + 20
= 2 11 + 7 + 20
= 18
0
P(1) = 2 (1)3 11 (1)2 + 7 (1) + 20
= 2 11 7 + 20
=0
So (x + 1) is a factor.
x-intercepts: if y = 0,
x = 1, 52 , 4
y
20
5
2
123
Worked example 21
Sketch the graph of y = 3x3 + x2 2x + 5 using a CAS calculator. Find all intercepts and
stationary points.
Think
WriTe/draW
f1(x) = 3x3 + x2 2x + 5
(0, 5) B
(1.51, 0)
exercise 3h
1 We19
Sketch the following, showing all intercepts.
a y = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
c y = (x + 8)(x 11)(x + 1)
e y = (4x 3)(2x + 1)(x 4)
2
a y = (2 x)(x + 5)(x + 3)
c y = x(x + 1)(x 2)
e y = 4x2(x + 8)
b y = (x + 8)(x 8)(2x + 3)
d y = 3(x + 1)(x + 10)(x + 5)
f y = (6x 1)2(x + 7)
3 We20
a
c
e
g
b y = (x + 6)(x + 1)(x 7)
d y = (2x 5)(x + 4)(x 3)
f y = (x 3)2(x 6)
y = + 2x2 x 2
y = x3 + 7x2 + 14x + 8
y = x3 3x2 25x 21
y = 6x3 17x2 + 6x + 8
x3
b
d
f
h
y = x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
y = x3 x2 14x + 24
y = 3x3 + 17x2 + 28x + 12
y = 2x3 18x2
4 We21 Sketch the following using a CAS calculator. Find the intercepts and the coordinates
a
b
c
d
124
1
2
2 x
y
3
1
2
3 x
3 x
x2(x
1
2
3 x
1
2
diGiTal doC
doc-9730
Cubic graphs
general form
B y = (x +
d y = (x 2)2(x + 2)
2)3
8
7 mC The graph below has the equation:
y
6
a y = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
d y = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3)
B y = (x + 1)(x 2)(x + 3)
e y = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
C y = (x 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
8 mC If a, b and c are positive numbers, the equation of the graph shown below is:
a y = (x a)(x b)(x c)
d y = (x + a)(x + b)(x + c)
B y = (x + a)(x b)(x + c)
e y = (x a)(x + b)(x c)
C y = (x + a)(x + b)(x c)
9 mC Which of the following has only two distinct x-intercepts when graphed?
a y = x(x + 1)(x + 2)
d y = (x + 1)(x + 2)2
10 a
b
c
d
B y = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)
e y = x(x + 1)(x 1)
C y = x3
125
3i
y = (x a)3(x b)
y
(2, 16)
0
a
repeated factor
(x a)3
x
a
d x
y
abcd
d x
Worked example 22
WriTe/draW
y = (2)(1)(1)(3)
=6
Point: (0, 6)
x-intercepts: if y = 0,
x 2 = 0, x 1 = 0, x + 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 2, x = 1, x = 1 or x = 3
Points: (2, 0), (1, 0), (1, 0), (3, 0)
Shape:
6
3
126
1 0
b y = (x 3)2(x + 1)(x + 5)
y = (3)2(1)(5)
= 45
Point: (0, 45)
x-intercepts: if y = 0,
x 3 = 0, x + 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = 3, x = 1 or x = 5
Points: (3, 0), (1, 0), (5, 0)
Shape:
y
45
1 0
y = (1)(1)3
= 1
Point: (0, 1)
x-intercepts: if y = 0,
2x 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 12 or x = 1
Points: (1, 0) and (1, 0)
2
x4
Shape:
1
2
Follow the instructions in worked example 21 to draw quartic graphs using a CAS calculator.
exercise 3i
1 We22
Sketch the following graphs, showing all intercepts.
a y = (x 3)(x 2)(x + 1)(x + 2)
b y = (x 2)2(x + 1)(x + 2)
3
c y = (x + 5)(x 1)
d y = (x 1)4
If a = b:
a find a possible equation for the quartic graph
b sketch the graph, labelling all intercepts.
127
shown is:
a y = (x + a)2(x + b)(x + c)
C y = (x + a)2(x b)(x + c)
e y = (x a)2(x + b)(x c)
B y = (x a)2(x b)(x c)
d y = (x a)(x + b)(x c)
abc
Remember the power form or turning point form for quadratic graphs y = a(x b)2 + c, which was related
to transformations of the basic parabola? The same understanding of transformations can be used to sketch
cubic functions.
Cubic functions can be power functions. Power functions are functions of the form f (x) = xn, n R.
The value of the power, n, determines the type of function. When n = 1, f (x) = x, and the function is
linear. When n = 2, f (x) = x2, and the function is quadratic. When n = 3, f (x) = x3, and the function is
cubic. When n = 4, f (x) = x4, and the function is quartic.
Other power functions will be discussed later.
Under a sequence of transformations of f (x) = xn, n R, the general form of a power function is
f (x) = a(x b)n + c (where a, b, c and n R).
Although all linear and quadratic polynomials are also linear and quadratic power functions, this is not
the case for cubic functions (or quartic functions). For example, a cubic power function in the form of
f (x) = a(x b)n + c has exactly one x-intercept and one stationary point of inflection. A cubic polynomial
in the form f (x) = ax3 bx2 + cx + d can have one, two or three x-intercepts and is therefore not always a
power function.
For example, the cubic function y = 2(x 3)3 + 1 is a polynomial and a power function. It is the graph
of y = x3 under a sequence of transformations.
A cubic power function has a stationary point of inflection at (b, c). A stationary point of inflection is
where a graph levels off to have a zero gradient at one point with the same sign gradient either side.
y
y = x3
y = x3 y
Stationary point
of inflection
Summary of transformations
y = a(x b)3 + c
y
(b, c)
Dilation factor
from the x-axis
(y-stretch)
128
x-translation
y-translation
Stationary point
of inflection
x
y = 2x3
y = x3
y = 12 x3
y = 2x3
y
y = x3
y = 12 x3
Positive a
Negative a
intercepts
Intercepts may be found by substituting x = 0 (to find the y-intercepts) and y = 0 (to find the x-intercepts)
into the equation.
Worked example 23
Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing the stationary point of inflection and intercepts.
a y = 3(x 2)3 + 3
b y = 2x3 + 54
c y = 2(1 2x)3 16
Think
WriTe/draW
a y = 3(x 2)3 + 3
If x = 0,
If y = 0,
Shape:
y = 3(0 2)3 + 3
y = 3(8) + 3
y = 21
0 = 3(x 2)3 + 3
2)3 = 3
(x 2)3 = 1
x 2 = 1
x=1
3(x
(2, 3)
21
b 1 Manipulate into y = a(x b)3 + c form.
2
b y = 2x3 + 54
y = 2(x 0)3 + 54
129
If x = 0,
If y = 0,
y = 2(0) + 54
y = 54
0 = 2x3 + 54
2x3 = 54
x3 = 27
x=3
y
(0, 54)
c y = 2(1 2x)3 16
= 2[2(x 1)]3 16
2
= 2[8(x 12)3] 16
= 16(x 12)3 16
2
If x = 0,
y = 16( 2 )3 16
= 2 16
= 18
0 = 16( x 2 )3 16
If y = 0,
16 = 16( x 2 )3
1
1 = ( x 2 )3
1=x
3
2
=x
3
2
18
( 12, 16)
130
3
c y = 2(x 6) 8
d y = 7(x + 4)3 + 1
3
e y = (x 9) + 4
f y = x3 7
1
2
g y = (x + 1)3 1
y=
k y=
i
1
4 (x
1 3
x
3
h y = 2 (x + 2)3
3)3 + 2
j
l
y = 4x3
y = 2x3 2
Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing the stationary point of inflection and
intercepts.
a y = 2(x 2)3 + 2
b y = 3(x + 3)3 + 81
3
c y = 4(x 4) 32
d y = 5(x 1)3 + 5
3
e y= x 8
f y = x3 1
1
3
g y = (x + 2) + 27
h y = (x + 5)3 32
2
2 We23
y=
k y=
m y=
1
3
3 (x 3) 9
1
(x + 2)3 + 25
5
5x3
1
4
y=
(x + 1)3 + 2
y = 2x3
n y = 3x3 3
3 Sketch the following, showing the stationary point of inflection. Intercepts are not required. Use a
b y = 3(5 x)3 3
d y = 5(3 2x)3 + 1
y = 17 (3 4x)3 2
h y = (9 5x)3 7
j y = 2(5 2x)3 1
e y = 5 (1 x)3
g y = (4 x)3 + 3
i
diGiTal doC
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Cubic graphs basic
form
y = 83 (6 x)3 + 4
4 mC The basic cubic graph y = x3 undergoes a dilation factor of 6 from the x-axis and is translated
right 4 units and down 3 units. The equation for this graph is:
a y = 6(x 4)3 3
C y = 6(x 3)3 4
e y = 4(x + 3)3 + 6
B y = 3(x 4)3 6
d y = 4(x + 6)3 + 3
B (5, 9)
e (2, 9)
C (2, 9)
6 Suggest a possible equation for each of the following, given that each is a cubic with a dilation factor of
b
(1, 5)
(2, 2)
x
x
y
(3, 4)
(3, 0)
4
1
2
diGiTal doC
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Investigation
Graphs of the form
y = a (x b )n + c
131
The domain of a function is the set of x-coordinates of points on its graph. The range is the set of
y-coordinates of points on the graph. Normally, the domain and range of a cubic function are the set of
all real numbers, or R for short, as such graphs extend indefinitely in both positive and negative axis
directions. The domain and range of a restricted cubic function may be a smaller set of numbers.
Actual maximum
(within given domain)
y
Local maximum
10
8
Domain = [5, 3]
The restricted graph has a domain of x-values between 5 and 3, denoted [5, 3]. y
The range is [8, 10].
10
Square brackets are used to indicate that an end value is included.
We show this with a small coloured-in circle on the graph. If an end
value is not included, a curved bracket is used. We show such points
on a graph using a hollow circle.
5
8
Domain = [5, 3]
Function notation
When we wish to convey information about the domain of a function, the following notation may be used:
f : [4, 1] R, where f (x) = (x 1)(x + 2)(x + 4)
}
The name of
the function
The domain
The co-domain. The
range is within this set.
For the function f: [4, 1] R where f (x) = (x 1)(x + 2)(x + 4), sketch the graph of f (x), showing
intercepts and the coordinates of any local maximum or local minimum, and state the range.
Think
132
WriTe/draW
0 = (x 1)(x + 2)(x + 4)
x 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x=1
x = 2
x = 4
(1, 0)
x
(4, 0)
B
5
Absolute maximum
Local maximum
Local minimum
x
Absolute minimum
Worked example 25
Sketch f: [0, 7) R where f (x) = x(x 5)2, showing intercepts, end points, and the local maximum
and minimum, and state the range.
Think
1
WriTe/draW
(0, 0)
(0, 5)
133
a
diGiTal doC
doc-9733
SkillSHEET 3.2
interval notation
(2, 5)
(1, 7)
(5, 2)
(2, 3)
(4, 0)
x
(2, 2)
c
(4, 2)
d
(6, 10)
(4, 2)
x
(4, 1)
x
(2, 3)
(2, 2)
(3, 5)
y
(5, 5)
(2, 0)
(1, 2)
(3, 0)
(3, 0)
(3, 8)
(4, 5)
(1, 9)
2 We24,25 For each of the following, sketch the graph (showing local maximums and minimums, and
[4.061,
18]
y
(0.786, 8.209)
B [4.061, 8.209]
(4, 18)
C (0, 18]
d (2, 3]
e (2, 4]
x
1
3
(2.120, 4.061)
2
y
an intercept
a local minimum
an absolute minimum
a local maximum
an absolute maximum
A
x
y
20
20
A
Ground level
40
6 The course of a river as marked on a map follows the curve defined by the function
f (x)=1.5x3 2.7x2 + x 1. Find the coordinates of the southernmost point on the river
between x = 0 and x = 2.
5
1.5
1.5
5
x
diGiTal doC
doc-9734
Investigation
modelling the path of
a roller-coaster
135
3l
inTeraCTiViTY
int-0262
modelling data using
polynomials
Scientists, economists, doctors and biologists often wish to find an equation that closely matches, or
models, a set of data. For example, the wombat population of a particular island may vary as recorded
in the following table.
Year of study (x)
Wombat
population (W)
10
59
62
69
83
81
76
70
66
52
49
41
Wombat population
4 6
Year
8 10
We will examine polynomial models up to degree 3, that is, models of the form:
y
y = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0
35
where a0, a1, a2 and a3 are constants.
30
Several technological options are available to assist in
25
Sum of squares of these
obtaining models for data, including a CAS calculator,
20
lengths is minimised.
spreadsheets and computer algebra systems such as
15
Mathcad. Many of these applications use a method
10
y = 2.6636x + 7.3182
5
involving minimising the sum of the squares of the vertical
distances of the data points from the graph of the
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
function this is known as the least squares method.
WriTe/draW
y
600
136
TUTorial
eles-1416
Worked example 26
10
exercise 3l
Use a CAS calculator or other technology to answer the questions in this exercise.
1 We26 Find a linear model for each of the following sets of data, and draw a rough sketch of the graph.
a
10
30
28
29
50
68
73
77
84
10
15
12
26
27
12
20
39
46
50
40
67
x
y
0
11
1
8
2
9
3
14
4
19
5
18
6
29
7
29
8
28
9
32
10
39
x
y
0
53
1
44
2
39
3
42
4
35
5
32
6
30
7
29
8
23
9
27
10
19
diGiTal doC
doc-9735
modelling
2 Find a quadratic model for each of the following sets of data, and draw a rough sketch of the graph.
a
x
y
0
19
1
4
2
48
3
60
4
36
5
88
6
126
7
116
8
159
9
168
10
122
x
y
0
65
1
33
2
80
3
12
4
50
5
248
6
228
7
252
8
496
9
439
10
694
x
y
0
14
1
16
2
32
3
36
4
37
5
51
6
57
7
56
8
55
9
54
10
56
10
70
27
148
327
447
639
733
910
1204
x
y
92
3 Find the cubic model for each of the following sets of data, and draw a rough sketch of the graph.
a
x
y
0
627
1
545
2
580
3
528
4
436
5
318
6
238
7
229
8
134
9
169
10
139
x
y
0
21
1
28
2
91
3
182
4
81
5
203
6
345
7
397
8
730
9
873
10
1205
10
35
182
400
631
7
755
8
800
9
868
10
854
55
84
64
29
10
17
x
y
0
45
1
26
2
109
3
201
4
399
5
466
6
621
x
y
0
537
1
681
2
536
3
624
4
632
5
763
c a cubic model.
6
686
7
885
8
1090
9
1230
10
1451
137
9 The value of shares in the company Mathsco is plotted by a sharemarket analyst over a
Month
Share
price
1
J
2
A
3
S
4
O
5
N
6
D
7
J
8
F
9
M
10
A
11
M
0.50 0.58 0.53 0.76 1.00 1.50 1.55 2.20 3.06 3.83 4.79 4.40
over a number of years. The population at the start of each year is shown in the table below.
Year
Population
10
250
270
310
375
410
395
335
290
290
320
325
Find and sketch a cubic model for the population, and use it to estimate the population at the start of
year 11.
3m
Finite differences
If pairs of data values in a set obey a polynomial equation, that equation or model may be found using
the method of finite differences.
Consider a difference table for a general polynomial of the form
y = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0.
We begin the difference table by evaluating the polynomial for x values of 0, 1, 2 etc.
The differences between successive y-values (see table) are called the first differences.
The differences between successive first differences are called second differences.
The differences between successive second differences called the third differences.
We will call the first shaded cell (nearest the top of the table) stepped cell 1, the second shaded cell
stepped cell 2 and so on.
x
y
(= a3 x3 + a2 x2 + a1x + a0)
a0
First
differences
Second
differences
Third
differences
a3 + a2 + a1
1
a3 + a2 + a1 + a0
6a3 + 2a2
7a3 + 3a2 + a1
6a3
12a3 + 2a2
19a3 + 5a2 + a1
3
6a3
18a3 + 2a2
37a3 + 7a2 + a1
4
6a3
24a3 + 2a2
61a3 + 9a2 + a1
5
If a3 0, the above polynomial equation represents a cubic model, and the third differences are
identical (all equal to 6a3).
If a3 = 0, a2 0 and the polynomial reduces to y = a2x2 + a1x + a0, that is, a quadratic model, and the
second differences become identical (all equal to 2a2).
138
If a3 = 0 and a2 = 0, the polynomial becomes y = a1x + a0, that is, a linear model, and the first
differences are identical (all equal to a1).
1. Stepped cell 1 = a0
2. Stepped cell 2 = a1 + a2 + a3
3. Stepped cell 3 = 2a2 + 6a3
4. Stepped cell 4 = 6a3
Worked example 27
Complete a finite difference table based on the data below, and use it to determine the equation
for y in terms of x.
x
20
39
64
Think
1
WriTe
Differences
1st
2nd
3rd
1
1
6
7
6
13
20
6
19
39
64
0
6
25
a0 = 1*
a1 + a2 + a3 = 1
2a2 + 6a3 = 6
6a3 = 0
So
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
a3 = 0*
Sub a3 = 0 into [2]:
a1 + a2 + 0 = 1
a1 + a2 = 1
Sub a3 = 0 into [3]:
2a2 + 6 0 = 6
2a2 = 6
a2 = 3*
Sub a2 = 3 into [5]:
[5]
a1 + 3 = 1
a1 = 2*
y = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 becomes
y = (0)x3 + (3)x2 + (2)x + (1)
y = 3x2 2x 1
139
The stepped equations work only if the finite differences table begins with x = 0 and x increases in
steps of 1. It may be necessary on occasions to adjust the table to achieve this, as the following example
shows.
Worked example 28
x
y
2
5
3
13
4
21
5
29
WriTe
11
Differences
1st
2nd
3rd
8
1
0
8
0
8
13
0
8
21
0
8
5
5
29
a0 = 11*
a1 + a2 + a3 = 8
2a2 + 6a3 = 0
6a3 = 0
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
a3 = 0* and a2 = 0*
Sub a2 = 0 and a3 = 0 into [2]:
a1 + 0 + 0 = 8
a1 = 8*
y = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 becomes
y = (0)x3 + (0)x2 + (8)x + (11)
y = 8x 11
So
The number of simultaneous equations required to find the rule of a degree n polynomial is n + 1.
For example, to find a quadratic model, 2 + 1 = 3 points are required as a quadratic is a degree 2
polynomial. Each of the points are substituted into the general equation of the quadratic polynomial,
y = ax2 + bx + c, to generate 3 simultaneous equations. These can be solved using elimination or by
using a CAS calculator.
Worked example 29
Using simultaneous equations, find a quadratic model for the points (2, 9), (3, 1) and (1, 9).
Think
1
WriTe
y = ax2 + bx + c
a(2)2 + b(2) + c = 9
4a 2b + c = 9
a(3)2 + b(3) + c = 1
9a + 3b + c = 1
a(1)2 + b(1) + c = 9
a+b+c=9
5a
5b = 10
8a + 2b = 8
40a 40b = 80
40a + 10b = 40
30b = 120
b=4
5a 5(4) = 10
5a = 10
a = 2
2 + 4 + c = 9
c=7
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
y = 2x2 + 4x + 7
Worked example 30
Using simultaneous equations, find a cubic model for the points (2, 10), (1, 2), (3, 20) and (6, 22).
Use a CAS calculator to solve the simultaneous equations.
Think
WriTe
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
y = x3 5x2 4x + 10
141
exercise 3m
Finite differences
For each of the following, complete a finite difference table based on the data below and
use it to determine the equation of y in terms of x.
1 We27,28
a
17
28
39
50
61
100
74
48
22
30
32
71
124
191
x
y
13
11
10
26
77
158
16
17
20
31
56
101
23
11
25
49
77
28
27
32
31
12
27
18
18
x
y
15
66
58
99
94
19
43
35
27
19
11
y (total dots)
c find the total number of cans in the supermarket display shown at right using
the equation found in b, and check your answer by counting the cans.
142
x=1
x=2
x=3
x=4
The diagonals in polygons of various types are shown at right in red. Find the
relationship between the number of dots (x) and the number of diagonals (n).
(Hint: Continue patterns in a difference table so that it is completed back to
x = 0.)
If n is the number of different squares that can be found within a square grid of edge length x, find
an equation for n in terms of x and use this equation to find the number of different squares on a
chessboard.
x=1 x=2
n=1 n=5
5 Find a linear model for the following sets of points.
a (2, 1) (1, 23)
x=3
n=?
b (4, 6) (8, 3)
6 We29
Using simultaneous equations, find a quadratic model for the following sets of points.
a (2, 13) (6, 37) (4, 57)
b (1, 4) (1, 2) (4, 19)
8 Using simultaneous equations, find a quartic model for the following sets of points. Use a
143
Summary
expanding
long division of
polynomials
polynomial values
P(a) means the value of P(x) when x is replaced by a and the polynomial is evaluated.
Factorising
polynomials
To factorise a polynomial:
1. let P(x) = the given polynomial
2. use the factor theorem to find a linear factor
3. use long or short division to find another factor
4. repeat steps 2 and 3, or factorise by inspection if possible.
Alternatively, use the factor function on a calculator.
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2)
a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2)
Solving polynomial
equations
Cubic graphs
intercepts method
y
To sketch a cubic function of the form f (x) = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D:
1. determine if the expression is a positive or negative cubic (that is,
20
if A is positive or negative)
2. find the y-intercept (let x = 0)
3. factorise if necessary or possible; for example, obtain an
expression in the form f (x) = (x a)(x b)(x c)
4. find the x-intercepts (let factors of f (x) equal 0)
1
5. use all available information to sketch the graph.
Quartic graphs
intercepts method
840
144
5
2
Graphs of cubic
functions in power
function form
A cubic function in the form y = a(x b)3 + c has a y-dilation of a and a stationary point of
inflection at (b, c).
y
a>0
a<0
(b, c)
(b, c)
x
Positive a
Negative a
domain, range,
maximums and
minimums
The absolute maximum or minimum is either the y-value at a local maximum or minimum, or the
y-value at an end of the domain.
modelling using
technology
Finite differences
Stepped cell 1
First
differences
Second
differences
Third
differences
Stepped cell 2
1
Stepped cell 3
Stepped cell 4
Etc.
Etc.
Previous value
Value
previous value
Value
145
Chapter review
S h orT
anS Wer
1 Expand:
a (x 2)2(x + 10)
c (x 7)3
b (x + 6)(x 1)(x + 5)
d (5 2x)(1 + x)(x + 2).
2 Find the quotient and remainder when the first polynomial is divided by the second in each case.
a x3 + 2x2 16x 3, x + 2
b x3 + 3x2 13x 7, x 3
c x3 + x2 + 4x 7, x + 1
3 If P(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 + x 4, find:
a P(1)
b P(4)
+
29x 42.
x3
2x2
c P(2a).
x3
3x2
16x + 5 is divided by x 1.
b (x 2)3 + (x + 3)3.
8 Solve:
a 5(x + 5)3 + 5 = 0
c x3 9x2 + 26x 24 = 0.
9 Sketch:
a y = x(x 2)(x + 11)
b y = x3 + 6x2 15x + 8
c y = 2x3 + x2.
c y = x(x + 5)3.
10 Sketch:
a y = x(x 7)(x 2)(x + 4)
11 Sketch y =
1
8
(x + 1)3 + 8.
17
40
83
a x3 30
B x3 6x2 + 5x 6
d x3 31x 30
e x3 + 5x2 36x 30
x3
5x2
a (x + 3)3
C x3 + 12x2 31x + 30
B x(x + 3)(x 3)
C (x 1)(x + 3)2
d (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 3)
e (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3)
Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following long division.
x2 + x + 2
x + 4)x3 + 5x2 + 6x 1
x3 + 4x2
x2 + 6x
x2 + 4x
2 1
2x
2 +8
2x
9
3 The quotient is:
a 9
146
B 4
C x+4
d x2 + x + 2
e x3 + 5x2 + 6x 1
B 2
C 4
d 2x 1
e 2x + 8
d 7
e 35
d 7
e 8
d (x + 3)
e (2x 1)
B 33
C 9
7x is divided by x 1 is:
C 6
3
7 Which of the following is a factor of x 3x2 18x + 40?
a (x 4)
B (x 2)
C (x + 1)
6 The remainder when
a 6
x3
x3
B 1
6x2
a (x 1)2(x + 8)
B (x + 1)2(x + 8)
d (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 4)
e (x 1)(x + 2)(x + 4)
64x3
y3
C (x + 2)3
factorises to:
B 2
C 2
d 4
e 6
d 3
C 7
e 3
y = (x 5)(x + 1)(x + 3)
y = (x 3)(x 1)(x + 5)
y = (x 3)(x + 1)(x + 5)
y = (3x 1)(x + 1)(x 5)
y = (5 x)(1 + x)(3 + x)
y = (x 3)2(x + 3)2
y = (x 3)(x + 3)3
y = (x 3)3(x + 3)
y = (x 3)4
y = (x + 3)4
81
y
x
(5, 12)
(5, 12)
(5, 12)
x
(5, 12)
x
(5, 12)
147
7 x
(2.147, 108.222)
B (2.147, 4.183]
d (7, 7]
e (6, 7]
B [2.147, 4.183]
d [7, 252)
e [0, 252)
C (108.222, 60.370]
C [108.222, 60.370]
16
66
208
520
a Linear
B Quadratic
C Cubic
d Quartic
18 Which of the following points lies on the curve of the quadratic model that fits the points (1, 0), (0, 7)
e x T ended
r e SponS e
C (2, 7)
B (0, 7)
d (1, 10)
e (1, 14)
graph.
6 The graph y = x3 has been moved parallel to the x-axis 5 units to the left and moved upwards 2 units
x
y
148
0
4
1
16
2
25
3
30
4
30
Find:
a the height, h1, of the top of the slide
b the coordinates of point A (where the slide enters the water)
c the length, L, of the ladder
d the height, h2, of the mini-hump to the nearest centimetre.
y
h1
h2
(5, 0)
(8, 0.22)
13 An innovative local council decides to put a map of the district on a website. Part of the map involves
two key features the Cubic River and the Linear Highway. A mathematically able website designer
has found the following equations for these features:
Cubic River:
y = x3 + x2 4x 4
Linear Highway: y = 5x + 5.
a Sketch the river and highway, showing x- and y-axis intercepts.
b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the highway and the river.
c A fun-run organiser wishes to arrange checkpoints at the closest points of intersection. Find the
distance between the proposed checkpoints.
14 A cubic function in the form f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d has the following values.
x
y
0
42
1
36
2
20
18
28
diGiTal doC
doc-9737
Test Yourself
Chapter 3
149
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DIGITAL DOC
10 Quick Questions doc-9724: Warm up with ten quick questions on
cubic and quartic functions (page 105)
3B
TUTORIAL
WE4 eles-1412: Watch how to perform long division of
polynomials (page 108)
3C
Polynomial values
DIGITAL DOCS
doc-9725: Investigate solutions to cubic equations
(page 111)
WorkSHEET 3.1 doc-9726: Review the discriminant
(page 111)
3D
DIGITAL DOCS
doc-9725: Investigate solutions to cubic equations (page 113)
SkillSHEET 3.1 doc-9727: Practise calculating and using the
discriminant (page 114)
3E
Factorising polynomials
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9728: Investigate zeros of cubics (page 117)
TUTORIAL
WE12 eles-1413: Use long division to factorise a cubic
(page 114)
3F
TUTORIAL
WE15 eles-1414: Watch how to factorise expressions using the
sum or difference of two cubes formulae (page 117)
3G
DIGITAL DOC
WorkSHEET 3.2 doc-9729: Factorising cubics and quartics using long
division, applying the Null Factor Law to determine x-intercepts and
sketching cubics and quartics (page 121)
150
3H
TUTORIAL
WE20 eles-1415: Sketch the graph of a cubic showing axial
intercepts (page 123)
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9730: Investigate the effect of changing coefficients of cubics in
general form on its graph (page 125)
3K
DIGITAL DOCS
SkillSHEET 3.2 doc-9733: Practise expressing intervals using varying
notation (page 134)
Investigation doc-9734: Modelling the path of a roller-coaster
(page 135)
3L
INTERACTIVITY
Modelling data using polynomials int-0262: Use the interactivity to
consolidate your understanding of how to fit a polynomial model to
data (page 136)
TUTORIAL
WE26 eles-1416: Watch how to fit a cubic model to a set of data
using a CAS calculator (page 136)
DIGITAL DOCS
doc-9735: Investigate the best model for a set of data (page 137)
Chapter review
DIGITAL DOC
Test Yourself doc-9737: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 149)
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_03.indd 150
8/05/13 2:47 PM
Answers CHAPTER 3
CUBiC and QUarTiC
FUnCTionS
exercise 3a
1 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
2 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
3 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
4 a
b
c
d
e
f
5 a
b
c
d
e
f
expanding
x3 + 7x2 + 6x
x3 7x2 18x
x3 + 8x2 33x
2x3 + 10x2 + 12x
48x 3x3
5x3 + 50x2 + 80x
x3 + 4x2
2x3 14x2
30x3 270x2
7x3 56x2 112x
x3 + 12x2 + 41x + 42
x3 3x2 18x + 40
x3 + 3x2 36x + 32
x3 6x2 + 11x 6
x3 + 6x2 x 6
x3 + 5x2 49x 245
x3 + 4x2 137x 660
x3 + 3x2 9x + 5
x3 12x2 + 21x + 98
x3 + x2 x 1
x3 + 13x2 + 26x 112
3x3 + 26x2 + 51x 20
4x3 x2 36x + 9
10x3 49x2 + 27x + 36
6x3 71x2 198x + 35
21x3 96x2 + 48x
54x3 + 117x2 72x
24x3 148x2 + 154x + 245
20x3 19x2 69x + 54
4x3 + 42x2 + 146x + 168
x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
x3 + 15x2 + 75x + 125
x3 3x2 + 3x 1
x3 9x2 + 27x 27
8x3 72x2 + 216x 216
27x3 + 108x2 + 144x + 64
x3 4x2 67x 110
3x3 + 15x2 18x
6x3 + 72x2 + 510x 3600
3
x + 29x2 264x + 720
x3 20x2 100x
x3 39x2 507x 2197
exercise 3B
1 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
2 a
b
4x2 7x 2, 3
x2 4x + 3, 8
x2 + x 6, 11
3x2 + 2x + 1, 13
x2 5x 2, 14
2
3x 2x + 4, 3
x2 + 5x + 6, 9
2x2 + 7x 1, 1
x2 x 2, 3
x2, 7
x2 x 2, 8
x2 x 8, 0
5x 2, 7
2x2 2x + 10, 54
2x2 4x 9, 16
2x2 + 4x 1, 1
x3 + 2x2 + 5x 2, 2
x3 + 2x2 9x 18, 0
6x3 + 17x2 + 53x + 155, 465
The quotient is x2 6x + 101; the
remainder is 1490.
b The quotient is 2x2 + 44x + 1369; the
remainder is 42 430.
16 x
160
c The quotient is 4x2
+
;
721 3
9
the remainder is 9 .
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
a
b
c
a
d The quotient is
the remainder is
exercise 3C
1 a 10
d 43
g
h
i
j
k
l
2 a
b
c
77
9x3
30x2
+ 105x
5235
2 .
735
2 ;
2x 1 = 0 gives x = 2 .
2
P( 3 )
3x + 2 = 0 givesx =
polynomial values
b 11
c 18
e 3
f 22
3.
b
= 0.
P
a
2a3 3a2 + 2a + 10
16b3 12b2 + 4b + 10
2x3 + 9x2 + 14x + 18
2x3 21x2 + 74x 77
128y3 48y2 8y + 10
P(11) = 230 522
P(102) = 1 735 072 853
P(2x + 9) = 256x4 + 4632x3 + 31 428x2
+ 94 726x + 106 982
d P(x3 + 2) = 16x12 + 131x9 + 402x6
+ 526x3 + 253
exercise 3e
1 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
37
Factorising polynomials
(x + 1)(x + 3)(x + 6)
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 5)
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 9)
(x + 1)(x + 3)(x + 4)
(x + 3)(x + 4)(x + 7)
(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 7)
(x + 1)2(x + 2)
(x + 2)2(x + 3)
(x + 4)(x + 5)2
x(x + 5)(x + 8)
P (x)
P (1)
P (2)
P (1)
P (2)
Rem
when
divided
by
(x 1)
15
15
10
28
10
28
11
21
11
21
19
19
8 a
P (8)
b P (7)
Rem
when
divided
by
(x 2)
Rem
when
divided
by
(x + 1)
Rem
when
divided
by
(x + 2)
c P (a)
151
k x(x + 3)(x + 4)
l x(x + 5)2
m x(x + 1)(x + 5)
n x2(x + 6)
2 a (x 1)(x + 1)2
b (x 2)(x 1)(x + 1)
c (x + 1)2(x + 5)
d (x 3)(x + 2)2
e (x + 1)(x + 4)2
f (x 5)(x 2)(x + 2)
g (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)
h (x 3)(x + 1)(x + 2)
i (x 1)(x + 2)2
j (x + 2)(x2 x + 3)
k (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 5)
l (x 3)(x + 1)(x + 3)
m (x 2)2(x + 3)
n (x 4)(x + 5)(x + 8)
o (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)2
p (x 3)(x + 2)3
q (x 1)(x + 1) (x + 3)2
r x(x 1)(x 7)(x + 3)
3 a x(x 2)(3x + 5)
b 2x(x + 1)(2x 1)
c 3x(x 4)(x + 2)
d 2x(x + 3)2
e 6x2(x 1)
f x(x + 4)(x + 3)
g (x 1)(x + 1)(x + 3)
h 2x(x 3)(x 2)
i (x + 2)(2x 1)(3x 2)
j (x 2)2(5x 4)
k (x 1)(x + 3)(x 5)(x + 2)2
l (x 2)2(3x + 5)(8x + 1)
4 a (2x + 3)(x 1)(x + 2)
b (3x 1)(x + 1)(x + 4)
c (3x + 2)(x 2)(x + 2)
d (4x + 3)(x + 3)(x + 5)
e (5x 1)(x + 1)2
f (x + 2)(x2 x + 2)
g (x + 1)(2x + 3)2
h (x 2)(2x 1)(3x 4)
i (x + 4)(2x 5)(5x + 2)
j (7x 2)(x 2)(x + 4)
k (x 3)(x + 1)2(2x + 1)
l (x 1)(x + 3)(2x + 1) (3x 2)
exercise 3F
two cubes
1 a a = x, b = 6
b a = 2y, b = z
c a = x + 5, b = 3
d a = 1, b = 4h
c
u
e a=
f a = t, b =
, b = eg
2
6
2 a (x 5)(x2 + 5x + 25)
b ( j + k)( j2 jk + k2)
c (y 2)( y2 + 2y + 4)
d (3x + y)(9x2 3xy + y2)
e 8(2t 3u)(4t2 + 6tu + 9u2)
f (x 1)(x2 + x + 1)
2
x
x 2 xp + 4 p2
g + 2 p
9
81
9
3 a (2a 1)(a2 a + 1)
b x(x2 + 6x + 12)
c 2(x + 2)(4x2 + 10x + 7)
d 5(3w2 15w + 25)
e 5m(7m2 3mp + 3p2)
f (2x 3)(13x2 + 15x + 9)
g (3y + 5)(3y2 + 21y + 67)
h (4x 3y)(7x2 + 9xy + 21y2)
i (1 5p)(13p2 16p + 7)
j 2(3x 8)(21x2 60x + 67)
k (x2 + y3)(x4 x2y3 + y6)
l 2(x 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)
m 3(a + 1)(a2 a + 1)
n 6(x2 + 4)(x4 x2 + 7)
4 m = 27, n = 1
exercise 3G
152
6
y
b
6
7 x
1
42
b
d
f
g 0
i 4
c
e
g
2,
4,
2, 6
l
6 6
3 a 2, 0, 2
3,
5
2
4
60
2, 0, 2
m 0, 4, 5
4 a 4, 1, 4
4, 2,
g 2, 1, 3
1
2
3
2,
5
2
2, 1,
2,
y
12
1
3
3
4
n 5, 4
b 4, 0, 4
e
j 0, 2, 3
1 3
m 2 , 0, 7 , 5
11
3, 4, 7
2, 3
2, 1, 1, 2
1
j 0, 9
b
d
f
h
1, 5, 9
4
5, 8
i 1, 0, 1
1
88
l 13
2 a 1, 2, 5
j 1
k 12
Solving polynomial
equations
1 a 6
c 14
e 4
6 C
7 B
3k
1 2 3
1 a
b a = 3 3x , b = 3 m y
2
+
i 3k 9 k +
2
2 4
5 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
h (3r 1)(9r2 + 3r + 1)
exercise 3h
method
5,
c 5, 0, 5
f 0, 2
,0
4
i 0, 5
k 0, 4
l 7, 0, 1
n 0
b 2, 3, 5
c 5, 1, 5
1,
2, 3
h 5, 0, 1, 2
k 3, 2,
1
2
2,
6 x
f 2, 1, 5
i 6,
54
1
y
30
2 a
l 2, 1, 1
9, 13
16
6.91
14.22, 1.071, 0.854
3.627
0.646, 1.948, 0.199
4.894, 1.325
12.556, 0.418
b
8
3
2
192
c
1
3 1
21
5D
8 E
6 C
9 D
10 a
7 B
5
y
12
150
10
3 2
4
3
factor,
= (2)2 4 1 5 = 4 20 = 16.
As < 0, the quadratic factor has no
real solutions, so y = x3 x2 + 3x + 5 has
only one real solution at x = 1.
d Find the discriminant of the quadratic
factor,
= (2k)2 4 1 5 = 4k2 20.
i For 2 real solutions, the quadratic
factor must have 1 solution. = 0.
Solve 4k2 20 = 0.
If k = 5 , the cubic will have
2 real solutions.
ii For 3 real solutions, the quadratic
factor must have 2 solutions. > 0.
Solve 4k2 20 > 0.
y
8
b y = (x + 1)(x2 2x + 5)
c Find the discriminant for the quadratic
2
3
7
7
1
6
4 a
y (0.33, 14.81)
14
3a
exercise 3i
1 a
12
(5, 36)
b
y
method
0
2 1
y (6.04, 10.02)
4
5 7
x
2 3
8
2 1 0
140
(0.71, 144.84)
(3, 16)
x
1
y
1
7
(2, 0)
2 3
(1.67, 28.44)
4
24
0 1
5
y
5
d
2
(1, 0)
(0.76, 6.64)
1
2
3 x
153
6 E
7 D
8 a
i i
y
2.23 0.24 2
1
3
2 a
ii (0, 2)
y
(2, 2)
(0.46, 12.09)
14
9
125
1.30
3.36
x
(0.83, 0.10)
(3, 81)
(2.61, 34.98)
3 a = 5
4 a There are many possible quartic
y
c
(2.38, 13.68)
x
(1.22, 6.47)
3.18
0.68 0
81
1.86
y
(0.09, 120.35)
9.51
288
10
(1, 5)
2
y
1.90
(0, 3) 3
81
1.90
3)(x +
(3.22, 1027.74)y
4.75
358
3)3
(0.06, 357.53)
(2.35, 682.19)
(6.95, 1343.39)
y = x4 + 81
6
(4, 32)
(3.28, 98.19)
120
1.62
4.33 1.79
3
0 1 x
y=
ii (0, 0)
(1.55, 13.04)
(x
ii (0, 0)
l i 2
ii (3, 2)
j i 4
k i
3.74
1
81
5 C
154
(2, 27)
35
30 2
x
( 5 , 1)
2
(5, 3)
(5, 32)
y
c
x
( 1 , 0)
4
(3, 9)
y
j
(1, 2)
c y = 4 (x 1)3 2
1 34
1
d y=
( 3 , 1)
2
x
k
(2, 25)
26 35
(1, 0)
x
x
4 A
5 E
6 a y = (x 1)3 + 5
b y = (x + 2)3 + 2
c y = (x + 3)3 + 4
d y = (x + 3)3
7 a y = 4(x 2)3 + 3
b y = 2(x + 5)3 + 1
3
2x
+4
2 a
y
12
(0.472, 13.129)
4
(3.528, 1.128)
( 3 , 2)
4
(1, 2)
b (3.732, 10.392)
(1, 5)
(4, 3)
5
x
1 x
(0.268, 10.392)
10
h
x
(95 , 7)
(1.333, 0.148)
1
3 a
(4, 1)
5
Range [0, 2)
(3, 2)
y
3
Range [0, 3]
(2.333, 1.185)
(6, 4)
x
x
155
e (4.689, 105.526)
b
3 (2, 27)
2
x
21 (0.355, 22.822)
y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2 4 6 8 10
y = 4.6273x 9.0455
40
30
20
10
0
(3, 4)
g (2.577, 0.385) y
x
2
(1.422, 0.385)
2 a
(4, 6)
b
x
(0.786, 8.209)
Range [8.209, 4)
y
(2.737, 48.517)
3 1
(2.070, 7.035)
5
(5.1, 4.94)
0 2 4 6 8 10
21
3 A
5 a 28 m
6 (0.971, 1.201)
exercise 3l
1 a
156
4 B
b 20.785 m
y y = 11.436x 23.091
100
80
60
40
20
0
20 2 4 6 8 10 x
2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
y
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
3 a
(1, 32)
y y = 81.855x + 419.36
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
4a
2.333
x
0 2 4 6 8 10
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
y
1
300
y y = 2.8818x + 48.318
50
40
30
20
10
0
Range [4, 0]
600
900
y y = 3.0273x + 6.3182
2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (months)
b $6.78
c Anything can happen with prices in the
10
2 4 6 8 10
(8, 133)
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Year
1 a
b
c
d
e
Finite differences
y = 11x + 6
y = 26x + 100
y = 7x2 + 4x 4
y = 3x2 19x + 17
y = x3 + 3x2 7x 7
f y = x3 2x2 + 2x + 16
g y = 2x + 10x 23
exTended reSponSe
9a
1 P(3) = 68
2 m = 70
3 Factors: (x 3)(x + 3)(x 2)
i y = 9x 27
j y = 2x2 + 10x 15
8x
11
+ 43
x (base dots)
y (total dots)
6 10 15
b y=
1
2
18
x (dots)
n (diagonals) 0
1
1 1
1 2 1
, ,3
4 3 2
y-intercepts: y = 14
5 x-intercepts: x =
0 2 5 9
a chessboard
b y = 4x + 3
c y=
d y=
d y=
1 0 2 3 1
4
3 2
14
y
1 2
x 2x + 8
2
10x2 + 18x
3 3
1
x + 2 x 2 12 x
4
5x3 + 3x 6
5
2
2 x + 7x + 11
2x2 3x 1
6 Equation: y = (x + 5)3 + 2
20
7 a y = x3 5x2 + 8x + 15
b y = 3x3 4x2 + 2x + 5
c y=
10 a
b y=
1
2
+ 2 x 2 + 6 x, 204 squares on
5 a y = 8x 15
6 a y=
1 3
x
3
2 3
n = 2 x2 2 x
4 n=
1 2 3 4 5 6
x2 + 2 x
c 28
3
1 x
2
1 0
16
18
(5, 2)
y
8 a y = 5x4 + x3 2x2 + x 3
b y = 4 x4 2x3 + x2 + 2x + 1
ChapTer reVieW
ShorT anSWer
1 a x3 + 6x2 36x + 40
b x3 + 10x2 + 19x 30
c x3 21x2 + 147x 343
d 2x3 x2 + 11x + 10
2 a x2 16, 29
b x2 + 6x + 5, 8
c x2 + 2x + 2, 9
3 a 4
b 216
c 24a3 + 8a2 + 2a 4
4 7
5 Show P (3) = 0.
6 (x 10)(x + 4)(x + 10)
7 a (1 5x)(1 + 5x + 25x2)
b (2x + 1)(x2 + x + 19)
8 a 6
b
2,
c 2, 3, 4
7
y
11
(1, 8)
48
7 8
2 0
12 [32, 40]
13 y = x3 2x2 + 8
1
8 a a = 14, b = 39
b The third factor is x + 1.
y
c
14 r = 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1
15 y = 2x3 5x2 + x 2
mUlTiple ChoiCe
1D
4A
7B
10 C
13 B
16 A
2C
5B
8A
11 E
14 A
17 D
54
3D
6A
9A
12 E
15 D
18 D
10
6 9
157
9 y = ( x 2)( x
3)( x + 3)
c 8.766 m
d 58 cm
13 a
(3, 20)
14 a a = 1, b = 8, c = 1, d = 42
b (x 3), f (3) = 0
c (x 7)(x 3)(x + 2)
d
y
42
0 3
158
(3, 10)
79
x
x2 + x + 4
6
6
12 a 7.2 m
b (15, 0)
11 y =
Linear Highway:
5
y = 5x + 5
0
4
Cubic River:
y = x3 + x2 4x 4
15 a Initial height = 0 cm
b y 54.5185 (2 23 , 54.5185)
(8, 64)
64
(6, 36)
36
0
223
c 1 s, 5 s and 8 s
8 x
[3,
3 marks
2 Let f :
1] R, where f (x) =
+
4x 3.
a Show that (x 1) is a linear factor.
b When factorised, f (x) = (x 1)(x + 3)(ax + b). Determine the values of a and b.
c Hence, sketch the graph of f (x).
2x3
5x2
2 marks
S ho rT
a n S W er
25 minutes
3 marks
3 marks
3 The line y = ax + b passes through the point (2, 1) and is parallel to the line y 4x + 3 = 0. Determine
2 marks
4 Let f :
3] R, f (x) =
4x 3.
a Express f in the form f (x) = a(x b)2 + c. Hence, state the coordinates of the turning point.
b State the range for f.
c Determine the exact values of the x-intercepts.
d Sketch f on a set of axes. Label all key features.
2x2
3 marks
2 marks
3 marks
3 marks
1 A straight line passes through the points (2, 4) and (1, 5). Its equation would be:
a y=6x
B y=x+2
C 3y = x + 10
e y = 3x + 10
d y = 3x 2
B (3x + 4)(x 2)
13
13
or
10
10
or
12 minutes
m U lTip l e
C ho iC e
or 2
7
6
3 If (x a) is a linear factor of the function f (x) = x3 + 2x2 11x 12, then the possible value for a is:
a 3
B 1
C 0
d 1
e 4
4 A cubic function has the following axis intercepts: x-intercepts 1, 3 and 4, and y-intercept24. The
C (x 1)(x 3)(x + 4) + 24
L1: 4y 3x 8 = 0
L2: 3y + 4x + 1 = 0
L3: 3y 4x 2 = 0
Which one of the following statements is correct?
a L1 and L2 are parallel.
B L1 and L3 are parallel.
d L1 and L3 are perpendicular.
e L1, L2 and L3 are parallel.
Which one of the following rules best describes the graph above?
a y = (x + a)2(b x)
B y = (x a)2(x b)
d y = (x b)2(x + a)
e y = (x a)2(x b)
C y = (x + a)(x b)
7 A polynomial of degree 3 passes through the origin and has x-intercepts at 2 and 3. The equation for
159
e xT ended
r e S p onS e
40 minutes
3 marks
4 marks
2 marks
2 Seng and Victor are training for a 1000-metre race. The distance in metres they each ran was recorded
in 1-minute intervals. Victor was delayed for 1 minute because he was tying up his shoelaces when he
was 110 m from the starting line. The individual distances are recorded in the table below.
Time (minutes)
Sengs distance (m)
Victors distance (m)
0
0
110
1
200
0
2
380
200
3
680
560
4
880
875
5
1040
1050
a The relationship between distance and time for Victor can be modelled using a quartic function.
diGiTal doC
doc-10161
Solutions
exam practice 1
Determine this quartic function, Qv. Write your function in terms of Qv (distance in metres) and
t(minutes). Express coefficients correct to 2 decimal places.
2 marks
b Sengs distance and time relationship can be modelled using a cubic function. Determine this
cubic function, Cs. Write your function in terms of Cs (distance in metres) and t (minutes).
Express coefficients correct to 2 decimal places.
2 marks
c i State the domain of Qv.
1 mark
ii State the domain of Cs.
1 mark
iii Sketch both Qv and Cs on the same set of axes.
3 marks
d Using your functions Qv and Cs, determine the time first Victor passes Seng. Write your answer in
minutes and seconds.
2 marks
3 A childrens playground in the shape of a rectangle is to be constructed at a local park. The longer side
is 5 metres longer than the shorter side.
a If x is the shorter side, write down an expression for the longer side in terms of x.
1 mark
b Write down an equation for the area, A(x), of the playground in terms of x.
2 marks
c If the maximum area of the playground is 150 m2, determine the
y
dimensions of the playground.
3 marks
A miniature bike path will be built within the playground. It will travel
from the gate to the seesaws, slides and swings. The bike path can
be modelled by the cubic function B(x) = x3 6x2 +10x, where x is
the horizontal distance, in metres, and B(x) is the vertical distance, in
metres, from the gate.
d Assuming that the slides are on the path, determine the vertical
distance the slides are from the gate if their measurement is 3 metres
horizontally from the gate.
2 marks
e If the seesaws are on the bike path, show that the seesaws are located
1 metre horizontally and 5 metres vertically from the gate.
2 marks
f Determine the shortest distance, in metres, between the seesaws and
the slides. Write your answer in exact form.
2 marks
0
160
Chapter 4
Set notation
Relations and graphs
Domain and range
Types of relations (including functions)
Power functions (hyperbola, truncus and square root function)
Function notation
Special types of function (including hybrid functions)
Inverse relations and functions
Circles
Functions and modelling
4a
diGital doC
doc-9738
10 Quick Questions
Set notation
Set notation is used in mathematics in the same way as symbols that are used to represent language statements.
definitions
1. A set is a collection of things.
2. The symbol {. . .} refers to a set.
3. Anything contained in a set, that is, a member of a set, is referred to as an element of the set.
(a) Thes ymbol means is an element of, for example, 6 {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}.
(b) Thes ymbol means is not an element of, for example, 1 {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}.
Chapter 4 Relations, functions and transformations
161
Write
a {1, 2}
d {}
e iii 8 is an element of A.
ii All elements of B belong to A.
iii 3 is an element of C but not A.
e i Yes. 8 A
ii Yes. B A
iii No. C A
Sets of numbers
Certain letters are reserved for important sets that arise frequently in the study of mathematics.
1. R is the set of real numbers, that is, any number you can think of.
2. N is the set of natural numbers, that is, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .}.
3. Z is the set of integers, that is, {. . ., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.
a
4. Q is the set of rational numbers (that is, numbers that can be expressed as fractions in the form
b
where a and b are integers and b 0).
5. Q is the set of numbers that are not rational (that is, cannot be expressed as a ratio of two whole
numbers). These numbers are called irrational, for example, , 3, etc.
Note that N Z Q R, that is,
R
Q'
Q
1
2 3
4 2
3
Z
N
0
1
2 3 ...
exercise 4a
3
...
1 2 3
4 ...
7
5
33
...
51
Set notation
1 We1 If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}, C = {4, 5, 6, 7} and D={6,7,8}, find:
a AB
b AC
c ACD
d AB
f A\C
g C \ D.
e CD
162
a B
d AB
C {1, 2}
b C
C A
d AB
e BC
a B
C C
d AB
e B\C
b (A \ B) C is equivalent to:
6 Answer true (T) or false (F) to each of the following statements relating to the number sets N, Z, Q
and R.
7 R
a
d 5Q
g {5, 10, 15, 20} N
j QN
4b
b 4 N
e 1.5 Z
c 6.4217 Q
f {5, 10, 15, 20} Z
h Z \ N = {. . ., 3, 2, 1}
k QZ=
i
l
ZN=N
(Z Q) R
3
50
4
60
5
70
6
80
7
90
8
100
Since the cost depends upon the number of hours, the cost is said to be the dependent variable, and the
number of hours is called the independent variable. The information in the table can be represented by a
graph, which usually gives a better indication of how two variables are related. When graphing a relation, the
independent variable is displayed on the horizontal (or x) axis and the dependent variable is displayed on the
vertical (or y) axis. So we can plot the set of points {(3, 50), (4, 60), (5, 70), (6, 80), (7, 90), (8, 100)}. The
points are called (x, y) ordered pairs, where x is the first element and y is the second element.
y
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
Number of hours
This graph clearly shows that the cost increases as the number of hours of hire increases. The relation
appears to be linear. That is, a straight line could be drawn that passes through every point. However,
the dots are not joined as the relation involves integer-valued numbers of hours and not minutes or
seconds. The number of hours can be referred to as a discrete dependent variable.
Discrete variables include names and numbers of things; that is, things that can be counted (values are
natural numbers or integers).
Chapter 4 Relations, functions and transformations
163
Some variables are referred to as continuous variables. Continuous variables include height, weight
and volume; that is, things that can be measured (values are real numbers). If a relationship exists
between the variables, we may try to find a rule and then write this rule in mathematical terms. In our
example, the relationship appears to be that for each extra hour of hire the cost increases by $10 after an
initial cost of $20.
Cost = 10 number of hours + 20
Using x and y terms, this is written as
y = 10x + 20
Worked exaMple 2
Sketch the graph by plotting selected x-values for the following relations and state whether each is
discrete or continuous.
a y = x2, where x {1, 2, 3, 4}
b y = 2x + 1, where x R
think
Plot the points (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9) and (4, 16)
on a set of axes.
Write/draW
a When x = 1, y = 12
=1
x = 2, y = 22
=4
x = 3, y = 32
=9
x = 4, y = 42
= 16
(1, 1)
(2, 4)
(3, 9)
(4, 16)
y
16
12
8
4
0
164
4 x
=1
x = 1, y = 2(1) + 1
=3
x = 2, y = 2(2) + 1
=5
(0, 1)
(1, 3)
(2, 5)
y y = 2x + 1
5
4
3
2
1
2 1 10
2
3
Worked exaMple 3
The pulse rate of an athlete, R beats per minute, t minutes after the
athlete finishes a workout, is shown in the table below.
0
180
t
R
2
150
4
100
6
80
8
70
think
Write/draW
a&b
R (beats/min)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
is a continuous variable.
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (min)
Note: In any defined domain, for example, 3 x 3, the variable (x) is assumed continuous in that
domain unless otherwise stated.
exercise 4b
Questions 1, 2, and 3 refer to the following information. A particular relation is described by the following
ordered pairs:
{(0, 4), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)}.
1 MC The graph of this relation is represented by:
a y
b y
4
4
y
4
0
d y
4
4 x
0
e y
4
4 x
4 x
4 x
165
b {1, 2, 3}
e {1, 2}
C {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
b y = x 4, x N
d y = x 4, x Z
4 MC During one week, the number of people travelling on a particular train, at a certain time,
Number of people
M T W T F
M T W T F
M T W T F
Number of people
0
e
M T W T F
Number of people
0
C
Number of people
Number of people
progressively increases from Monday through to Friday. Which graph below best represents this
information?
M T W T F
5 State whether each of the following relations has discrete (D) or continuous (C) variables.
a {(4, 4), (3, 2), (2, 0), (1, 2), (0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 4)}
b The relation that shows the air pressure at any time of the day
y
y
c
d
e The relation that shows the number of student absences per day during term 3 at your school
f The relation describing the weight of a child from age 3 months to one year
6 We2 Sketch the graph representing each of the following relations, and state whether each is discrete
or continuous.
a
Day
Cost of petrol (c/L)
b
c
d
e
f
166
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thur
Fri
Sat
Sun
68
67.1
66.5
64.9
67
68.5
70
t (min)
0
2
4
6
8
of coffee, T C, t minutes after it is poured.
80 64 54 48 44
T (C)
a Plot the points on a graph.
b Join the points with a smooth curve.
c Explain why this can be done.
d Use the graph to determine how long it takes the coffee to reach half of its initial temperature.
8 A salesperson in a computer store is paid a base salary of $300 per week plus $40 commission for each
computer she sells. If n is the number of computers she sells per week and P dollars is the total amount
she earns per week, then:
a copy and complete the table below.
n
P
b plot the information on a graph.
c explain why the points cannot be joined together.
9 The speed of an aircraft, V km/h, t seconds after it starts to accelerate down the runway, is shown in the
following table.
t
30
80
150
240
350
4C domain and
domain and range
range
interval notation
If a and b are real numbers and a < b, then the following intervals are defined with an accompanying
number line.
(a, b) implies a < x < b or
(a, b] implies a < x b or
a
167
[a, ) implies x a or
x
(, b) implies x < b or
(, b] implies x b or
x
[a, b] implies a x b or
x
A closed circle indicates that the number is included and an open circle indicates that the number is
not included.
Worked exaMple 4
Describe each of the following subsets of the real numbers using interval notation.
a
b
4
c
3
5 x
think
0 1
Write
a (, 2)
b [3, 5)
c [1, 3) [5, )
3 is not).
Worked exaMple 5
Write/draW
a
2
10 x
b
0
Worked exaMple 6
Weight (kg)
Cost per kg ($)
10
3.5
15
3.2
20
3.0
25
2.8
30
2.7
y
4
4
0
168
x
4
think
Write
a Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}
ordered pairs.
2
c Domain = R
covers horizontally.
2
Range = [0, )
d Domain = [4, 4]
covers horizontally.
2
Range = [4, 4]
Worked exaMple 7
For each relation given, sketch its graph and state the domain and range
using interval notation.
a {(x, y): y = x 1}
b {(x, y): y = x2 4, x [0, 4]}
think
tUtorial
eles-1461
Worked example 7
Write/draW
When x = 1, y = 0
=0
x = 2, y = 1
=1
x = 3, y = 2
x = 4, y = 3
x = 5, y = 4
=2
y
(2, 1)
(3, 2)
(4, 3)
(5, 2)
y= x1
Domain = [1, )
Range = [0, )
(1, 0).
1
0
4 5
169
b When x = 0, y = 02 4
= 4
x = 1, y = 12 4
= 3
x = 2, y = 22 4
=0
x = 3, y = 32 4
=5
x = 4, y = 42 4
= 12
(0, 4)
(1, 3)
(2, 0)
(3, 5)
(4, 12)
y
y = x2 4, x [0, 4]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
1 2
3 4
Domain = [0, 4]
Verify that the graphs are correct using a graphics calculator or other technology.
exercise 4C
1 We4 Describe each of the following subsets of the real numbers using interval notation.
b
a
2
d
3
f
1
h
5
0 1 2
c ( , 2]
d [5, )
e (1, 10]
f (2, 7)
g (, 2) [1, 3)
h [8, 0) (2, 6]
i R \ [1, 4]
j R \ (1, 5)
k R \ (0, 2]
l R \ [2, 1)
3 Describe each of the following sets using interval notation.
a {x: 4 x < 2}
b {x: 3 < x 1}
1
c {y: 1 < y < 3}
d {y:
<y 1}
e
g
i
k
170
{x: x > 3}
R
R \ {1}
R \ {x: 2 x 3}
f
h
j
l
{x: x 3}
R+ {0}
R \ {2}
R \ {x: 2 < x < 0}
0 1 2
0 1 2
C
0 1 2
0 1 2
0 1 2
b It is written in interval notation as:
a
b
C
d
e
(, 1) (2, )
(, 1) [2, )
(, 1) (2, ]
(, 1] (2, )
(, 1) [2, )
y
4
[4, 4]
(4, 7)
[1, 7]
(4, 4)
(1, 7)
1 0
diGital doC
doc-9739
SkillSHEET 4.1
domain and range
7 x
4
6 MC The range of the relation {(x, y): y = 2x + 5, x [1, 4]} is:
a [7, 13]
C [3, )
e R \ (7, 13)
b [3, 13]
d R
7 We6a, b State i the domain and ii the range of each of the following relations.
a {(3, 8), (4, 10), (5, 12), (6, 14), (7, 16)}
b {(1.1, 2), (1.3, 1.8), (1.5, 1.6), (1.7, 1.4)}
c
Time (min)
Distance (m)
d
Day
Cost ($)
110
130
150
170
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
25
35
30
35
30
y
2
3
0 1
y= x1
0
e
y
y = 2ex 2
y
4
y
2
y = 4ex
2
f
2x
y
0
3
0
171
y=
0
diGital doC
doc-9740
WorkSHEET 4.1
1
x
0
2
9 We7 For each relation given, sketch its graph and state the domain and range using interval notation.
a {(x, y): y = 2 x2}
b {(x, y): y = x3 + 1, x [2, 2]}
c {(x, y): y = x2 + 3x + 2}
d {(x, y): y = x2 4, x [2, 1]}
e {(x, y): y = 2x 5, x [1, 4)}
f {(x, y): y = 2x2 x 6}
diGital doC
doc-9741
Investigation
interesting
relations
10 State the implied domain for each relation defined by the following rules.
a y = 10 x
b y=3 x
16 x 2
c y=
2
d y=x +3
1
x
f y = 10 7x2
e y=
one-to-one relations
A one-to-one relation exists if, for any x-value, there is only one corresponding
y-value and vice versa.
For example:
one-to-many relations
y
A one-to-many relation exists if there is more than one y-value for any x-value
but for any y-value there is only one x-value.
For example:
Many-to-one relations
A many-to-one relation exists if there is more than one x-value for any y-value
but for any x-value there is only one y-value.
For example:
Many-to-many relations
A many-to-many relation exists if there is more than one
x-value for any y-value and vice versa.
For example:
{(0, 1), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 0)}
172
Worked exaMple 8
think
tUtorial
eles-1462
Worked example 8
Write
a One-to-many relation.
b One-to-one relation.
c Many-to-one relation.
Functions
Relations that are one-to-one or many-to-one are called functions. That is, a function is a relation where
for any x-value there is at most one y-value. For example:
y
173
Worked exaMple 9
0
think
Write
a Function
b Not a function
c Function
exercise 4d
2 We9 Use the vertical line test to determine which of the relations in question 1 are functions.
174
d y = 8x 3
y
1
1 0
1 0
y
1
1
0
e
1
1 0
a one-to-one
C many-to-one
e a function
b one-to-many
d many-to-many
R and R+
R and R
R and R
R+ and R
R and R
5 Which of the following relations are functions? State the domain and range for each function.
a {(0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5)}
b {(3, 2), (1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2)}
d {(1, 2), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3)}
c {(3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1)}
e {(x, y): y = 2, x R}
f {(x, y): x = 3, y Z}
g y = 1 2x
h y>x+2
2
2
i x + y = 25
j y = x + 1, x 1
3
k y=x +x
l x = y2 + 1
a
b
C
d
e
Power functions are functions of the form f (x) = xn, n R. The value of the power, n, determines the
type of function. We saw earlier that when n = 1, f (x) = x, and the function is linear. When n = 2,
f (x) = x2, and the function is quadratic. When n = 3, f (x) = x3, and the function is cubic. When n = 4,
f (x) = x4, and the function is quartic.
interaCtiVitY
int-0263
domain and
range
175
when n = 1, f (x) = x 1, and the power function produces the graph of a hyperbola
when n = 2, f (x) = x 2, and the power function produces the graph of a truncus
1
when n = 2 , f ( x ) = x , and the function is the square root function.
Under a sequence of transformations of f (x) = xn, n R, the general form of a power function is
f (x) = a(x b)n + c (where a, b, c and n R).
1
2
the hyperbola
y=0
0
x=0
Consider y =
+ c or y = a( x b) 1 + c.
xb
y
dilation
3
2
1
The value a is a dilation factor. It dilates the graph from the x-axis.
3
For example, the graph of y = compared to the basic graph of
x
1
y = is shown at right.
x
0
3 2 1
1
y=
(1, 3)
(1, 1)
1 2 3
3
x
y=
1
x
x y=0
2
3
x=0
reflection
y
y = x 1+ 1
1 2
3
2
1
x
0
2 1
1 1
y = x1+ 1
x = 1
176
x=1
translation
horizontal translation
The value b translates the graph b units horizontally, that is, parallel to the x-axis. If b > 0, the graph is
translated to the right, and if b < 0, the graph is translated to the left.
1
is a basic hyperbola translated one unit to the left, since
For example, the graph with equation y =
x +1
b = 1. This graph has a vertical asymptote of x = 1 and domain R \ {1}, and a horizontal asymptote
of y = 0.
1
, with a vertical asymptote
If a basic hyperbola is translated one unit to the right, it becomes y =
x
1
of x = 1 and domain R \ {1}.
Hence, the equation of the vertical asymptote is x = b and the domain is R \ {b}. The horizontal
asymptote and the range remain the same, that is, x = 0 and R \ {0} respectively.
Vertical translation
The value c translates the graph c units vertically, that is, parallel to the y-axis. If c > 0, the graph is
translated upward, and if c < 0, the graph is translated c units downward.
1
The graph with equation y = 1 is a basic hyperbola translated one unit down. This graph has a
x
horizontal asymptote of y = 1, a range of R \ {1} and a vertical asymptote of x = 0.
1
If a basic hyperbola is translated two units up, it becomes y = + 2, with a horizontal asymptote of
x
y = 2 and a range of R \ {2}. Hence, the equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = c, with a vertical
asymptote of x = 0, and the range is R \ {c}.
y
y=c
y=
a
xb
+c
c
0
x=b
3
Sketch the graph of y =
+ 2, clearly showing the intercepts with the axes and the position of
+1
x
the asymptotes.
think
Write/draW
a
Compare the given equation with y =
+ c,
xb
and state the values of a, b and c.
a = 3, b = 1, c = 2
The graph of y =
Asymptotes: x = 1; y = 2
y-intercept: x = 0
1
is dilated by the factor of 3
x
from the x-axis (a = 3), translated 1 unit to the left
(b = 1) and 2 units up (c = 2).
3
+2
0 +1
=3+2
=5
y=
Point (0, 5)
177
x-intercept: y = 0
3
+2
x +1
3
2=
x +1
2(x + 1) = 3
2x 2 = 3
2x = 5
0=
x=
Point
6
,0
5
2
)
y
y=
6 (0, 5)
4
2
0
3 2 1
2
( 5 ,
2
0)
3
x+1
+2
y=2
x
1 2 3
4
6
x = 1
the truncus
The graph shown is known as a truncus. The equation of the graph is given by:
1
y= 2
x
dilation
The value a is the dilation factor. It dilates the graph from the
x-axis. The dilation factor does not affect the domain, range or
asymptotes.
4
Consider the graph of y = 2 .
x
y
y=
y=0
1
x2
0
x=0
y
6
4
2
3 2 1 0
y=
1 2 3
4
x2
x y=0
x=0
reflection
If a is negative, the graph of a basic truncus is reflected in the x-axis. The range becomes R (that is,
all negative real numbers).
If x is replaced with x, the graph of the basic truncus is reflected in the y-axis. The effect of this
reflection cannot be seen in the basic graph, but it becomes more obvious if the graph has been
translated horizontally first.
178
1
1
and y =
are reflections across the y-axis.
2
(
x
2)2
( x 2)
The vertical asymptote changes from x = 2 to x = 2, and the domain changes from R \{2} to R \{2}.
y
3
2
1
0
2 1
1
y=
1
(x 2)2
y=
1
(x 2)2
3 2 1 0
x = 2
x=2
translation
horizontal translation
The value b translates the graph b units horizontally. If b > 0, the graph is translated to the right, and if
b < 0, the graph is translated left.
1
For example, the graph of the equation y =
results from translating a basic truncus 3 units to
( x 3)2
the right. The vertical asymptote is x = 3 and the domain is R \ {3}.
1 , where the vertical asymptote
If a basic truncus is translated 2 units to the left, it becomes y =
(
2)2
x
+
is x = 2 and the domain is R \ {2}.
Hence, the equation of the vertical asymptote is x = b, and the domain is R \ {b}. The range is still R+,
and the equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
Vertical translation
The value c translates the graph c units vertically. If c > 0, the graph is translated upward, and if c < 0,
the graph is translated c units downward.
1
For example, the graph with equation y = 2 + 1 results when a basic truncus is translated 1 unit
x
upward. The horizontal asymptote is y = 1, and the range is (1, ).
1
If a basic truncus is translated 1 unit down, it becomes y = 2 1, with y = 1 as the horizontal
x
asymptote and (1, ) as the range.
Hence, the equation of the horizontal asymptote is y = c, and the range is (c, ).
Note: If a is positive (see graph below), the whole graph of the truncus is above the line y = c
(the horizontal asymptote), and hence its range is y > c, or (c, ).
y
If a is negative, the whole graph is below its horizontal asymptote,
y=
a
(x b)2
+c
y=c
x
x=b
Worked exaMple 11
1
+ 3, clearly showing the position of the asymptotes and the
( x 2) 2
intercepts with the axes.
Sketch the graph of y =
think
Write
a
+c
( x b) 2
y=
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
179
1
The graph of y = 2 is translated 2 units to the right
and 3 units up. x
Asymptotes: x = 2 and y = 3
x-intercept: y = 0
1
0=
+3
( x 2)2
1
= 3
( x 2)2
( x 2)2 =
1
3
1
( x 2) =
y-intercept: x = 0
1
y=
+3
(0 2)2
1
= +3
4
13
=
4
y
(0,
13 )
4
6
4
2
2 1 0
y=3
1 2 3 4x
x=2
y
y= x
x
Let us now investigate the effects of various transformations on the basic square root curve.
Consider the function y = a x b + c or y = a( x b) + c.
1
2
dilation
The value a is a dilation factor; it dilates the graph from the x-axis. The domain is still [0, ).
180
reflection
If a is negative, the graph of a basic square root curve is reflected in the x-axis. The range becomes
(, 0]. The domain is still [0, ).
If x is replaced with x, the graph is reflected in the y-axis. For example, the graphs with equations
y = x and y = x are reflected across the y-axis.
The domain becomes (, 0] and the range is [0, ).
y
y
y= x
1 2
y = x
x
2 1 0
1 2
translation
horizontal translation
The value h translates the graph horizontally. If b > 0, the graph is translated to the right, and if b < 0,
the graph is translated to the left.
The graph with the equation y = x 1 results when the basic curve is translated 1 unit to the right.
This translated graph has domain [1, ) and range [0, ).
If the basic curve is translated 3 units to the left, it becomes y = x + 3 and has domain [3, ) and
range [0, ).
y
y= x+3
2
1
3 2 1 0
1 2 3
The value c translates the graph vertically. If c > 0, the graph is translated vertically up, and if c < 0,
the graph is translated vertically down.
If y = x is translated 3 units vertically up, the graph obtained is y = x + 3, with domain [0, ) and
range [3, ).
y
5
4
3
2
1
y= x+3
0
2 1
1
1 2 3 4x
If the basic curve is translated 2 units down, it becomes y = x 2, with domain [0,) and range
[2, ).
The range of the square root function is [c, ) for a > 0.
The graph of y = a x b + c or y = a( x b) + c shows the combination of these transformations.
1
2
y
y=a bx+c
(b, c)
y=a x+b+c
(b, c)
x
181
Worked exaMple 12
Sketch the graph of y = 3 x 1 + 2, clearly marking intercepts and the end points.
think
Write/draW
y = 3 x 1 + 2,
Shape:
There is no x-intercept.
There is no y-intercept.
x = 3: y = 3 31 + 2
=3 2+2
Point: (3, 3 2 + 2)
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2 1
1
y=3 x1+2
(3, 3 2 + 2)
(1, 2)
1 2 3 4x
1 State the dilation factor and the vertical and horizontal translations or reflections for each of the
following. Write a short statement about the effects each has on the basic graph of that function.
3
+1
a y=
x5
2
b y = 2 +1
x
1
2
c y=
4x
d y= 2 x+4
e y=
f
1
(3 x )2
y = 4 x 5
2 We10, 11, 12 Sketch a graph for each of the following functions, clearly showing x- and y-intercepts
b f (x) =
3 x 1
d f (x) = 2
2
( x 1)2
1 0
5
3
x=2
4F
Function notation
evaluating functions
For a given function y = f (x), the value of y when x = 1 is written as f (1), the value of y when x = 5 is
written as f (5) and so on.
Worked exaMple 13
If f (x) = x2 3, find:
a f (1)
b f (2)
c f (a)
d f (2a).
think
Simplify.
Simplify.
Write
a f (x) = x2 3
f (1) = 12 3
=13
= 2
b f (x) = x2 3
f (2) = (2)2 3
=43
=1
c
f (x) = x2 3
f ( a) = a2 3
d f (x) = x2 3
f (2a) = (2a)2 3
= 22a2 3
= 4a2 3
183
Co-domain
Rule
Y is not necessarily the range but is a set that contains the range, called the co-domain. The co-domain
gives the set of possible values that contains y. It is usually R (the set of real numbers). The actual values
that y can be the range is determined by the rule. When using function notation the domain can be
abbreviated as dom f and the range as ran f.
For example, the function defined by {(x, y): y = 2x, x [0, 3]} can be expressed in function notation
as f : [0, 3] R, f (x) = 2x.
For this function we can write dom f = [0, 3]. The co-domain = R. Also, ran f = [0, 6] (x = 0 gives
y = 0 and x = 3 gives y=6, which are the minimum and maximum values of y).
R
R
5.1
78
1
3
0.6
[0, 3]
11
3
f : domain
etc.
2 2
1.2 3 46
2 3 etc.
0
Range
1
2
3
10
etc.
Domain
[0, 6]
Co-domain
co-domain , f(x) = rule
f(x)
3x
The maximal domain of a function is the largest possible set of values of x for which the rule is
defined. The letters f, g and h are usually used to name a function, that is, f (x), g(x) and h(x).
Note: If a function is referred to by its rule only, then the domain is assumed to be the maximal domain.
Worked exaMple 14
Write
given domain
[2,
5].
184
a f : R R, f (x) = x2 4
b f : [2, 5] R, f (x) = 3x 4
c f : R \ {0} R, f (x) =
1
x
Worked exaMple 15
State i the domain, ii the co-domain and iii the range for each of the following functions.
1
a f : R R, f (x) = 5 x
b g : R+ R, g(x) =
x
think
Write/draW
a i dom f = R
ii The co-domain is R.
y
5
iii ran f = R
b i dom g = R+
ii The co-domain is R.
y
1
0
4
x
f(x)
g(x)
x
iii ran g = R+
Worked exaMple 16
State i the maximal domain and ii the range for the function defined by the rule:
1
.
a y = x+1 b y =
x+2
think
Write/draW
tUtorial
eles-1463
Worked example 16
a Require x + 1 0
are positive).
So x 1
y
y= x+1
1
(1, 0)
0
ii Range = [0, )
185
Therefore x 2.
x 2
y
1
y =
x+2
1
2 1 0
ii Range = R \ {0}
exercise 4F
Function notation
1 We13
a If f (x) = 3x + 1, find:
diGital doCS
doc-9742
SkillSHEET 4.2
Substitution
doc-9743
SkillSHEET 4.3
transposition of
equations
bx+20
b If g(x) =
x + 4 , find:
1
c If g(x) = 4 , find:
x
d If f (x) = (x + 3)2, find:
24
e If h (x) =
, find:
x
i f (0),
ii f (2),
iv f (5).
i g(0),
ii g(3),
iv g(4),
i g(1),
ii g 1 ,
iii g
i f (0),
ii f (2),
iii f (1) a nd
iv f (a).
i h (2),
ii h (4),
iv h (12).
1
,
2
1
,
5
and
iv g
2 Find the value (or values) of x for which each function has the value given.
a f (x) = 3x 4, f (x) = 5
b g(x) = x2 2, g(x) = 7
1
, f (x) = 3
x
e g(x) = x2 + 3x, g(x) = 4
c f (x) =
10
3 Given that f ( x ) =
x , find:
x
a f (2)
d f (x2)
d h (x) = x2 5x + 6, h (x) = 0
f
f (x) =
b f (5)
e f (x + 3)
8 x , f (x) = 3
c f (2x)
f f (x 1)
4 We14 Express the following functions in function notation with maximal domain.
b y=
x6
2
d y=
x +1
f y = x2 + 3x, where x 2
h y = x2 + x
a {(x, y): y = 4x + 1}
1
x 1
e y = (x + 2)2, where x R+
g y = 8 x, where x 0
c y=
a f : {0, 1, 2, 3} Z, f (x) = 3x 7
c f : {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} N, f (x) =
x
2
e g: R+ R, g(x) = x2 2
d f : ( , 0) R, f (x) =
f
186
3
x
1
x
h: [3, 3] R, h(x) = 9 x 2
a f (x) = 3 x
b f (x) = 5 x
c y = x3 + 2
d y = 5 3x2
e y=
x4
y=
1
x3
one-to-one functions
As we have already seen, one-to-one relations and many-to-one relations are functions. A one-to-one
function has, at most, one y-value for any x-value and vice versa. The graph of a relation is a function if
any vertical line crosses the curve at most once. Similarly, a one-to-one function exists if any horizontal
line crosses the curve at most once. For example:
y
eleSSon
eles-0077
hybrid functions
Worked exaMple 17
Write/draW
a When x = 0 and x = 3, y = 1.
f(x)
3
0
It is a one-to-one function.
3
Worked exaMple 18
think
Write
187
restriction of functions
Restrictions can be placed on a function through its domain. If we have one relation, for example
f (x) = x2, we can create several different functions by defining different domains. For example:
y
f : R R, f (x) = x2
f(x)
h(x)
g(x)
1 0
1x
g: [1, 1] R, g(x) = x2
h: R+ R, h(x) = x2
The restriction imposed on the function f to produce the function h has created a one-to-one function.
Worked exaMple 19
For each function graphed below state two restricted, maximal (largest possible) domains that
make the function one-to-one.
y
y = (x 2)2
y
1
y=
2
think
Write/draW
0
2
hybrid functions
A hybrid, mixed, or piecewise defined function is a function that has different rules
for different subsets of the domain. For example:
x + 1, for x 0
f (x) = 2
is a hybrid function that obeys the rules y = x + 1 if
x , for x > 0
x (, 0] and y = x2 if x (0, ). The graph of f (x) is shown at right. Note
that the domains do not overlap.
188
f(x)
1
1 0
Worked exaMple 20
x,
x<0
0x<2
tUtorial
eles-1464
Worked example 20
x2
think
Write/draW
a If x = 1, y = x
= 1
If x = 0, y = x
=0
If x = 0, y = x + 1
=1
If x = 2, y = x + 1
=3
If x = 2, y = 5 x
=3
If x = 5, y = 5 x
=0
y
3
y=x+1
2
1
f(x)
y=5x
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
y = x11
b ran f = (, 3]
1 We17 Which of the following functions are one-to-one? Use a CAS calculator or other technology to
g y = x2, x 0
h g(x) = 1 x 2
189
0
x
We19 For each function below, state two restricted, maximal domains that make the function
one-to-one.
1 0
d
g f (x) = 1 x2
3 x
3
e
y
3 0
(3, 4)
y
0
(1, 4)
(2, 2)
0 (1, 0)
4 x 2 , x [2, 2]
j f (x) = (x + 3)2
h g(x) =
1
, x R \ {0}
x2
4 MC Use the graph of the relation y2 = x 1, shown below, to answer the following questions.
a A one-to-one function can be formed by:
y
a restricting the domain to R+
b restricting the domain to [1, )
C restricting the domain to (1, )
x
0 1
d restricting the range to [0, )
e restricting the range to R \ {0}
i
g(x) =
b A rule that describes a one-to-one function derived from the relation y2 = x 1 is:
a y2 = x 1
b y=
x 1
x 1
C y=
d y=
e
190
x 1
y = x 1
x, x < 1
f (x) =
x , x 1
1
1
0 1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
b R \ {1}
e R+
a R
d [0, )
C (1, )
6 We20
a Sketch the graph of the following function.
1
x<0
,
f (x) = x
x + 1, x 0
b State the range of f.
2
x + 1,
x0
x<0
x 2, x < 2
c Find:
i f (3)
ii f (2)
iii f (1)
iv f (2)
v f (5).
y
3
2
1
9 Specify the rule for the function represented by the graph at right.
2 1 0
1
2
10 The graph of the relation {(x, y): x2 + y2 = 1, x 0} is shown at right.
From this relation, form two one-to-one functions and state the range of each.
f(x)
y
1
0
1
11 a Sketch the graph of the function f : R z, f (x) = (x 3)2.
b By restricting the domain of f, form two one-to-one functions that have the same rule as f (use the
diGital doC
doc-9745
WorkSHEET 4.2
191
4h
A relation is a set of ordered pairs that can be graphed or described by a rule. The inverse of a
set of ordered pairs is obtained simply by interchanging the x and y elements. So, the inverse of
{(1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7)} is {(5, 1), (6, 2), (7, 3)}. If these points are plotted on a set of axes, it can
be seen that when each original point is reflected across the line y = x, the inverse points are
obtained.
Similarly, if the graph of a function is given, then its inverse function can be sketched by reflecting the
original function across the line y = x.
Only functions that are one-to-one have inverses.
Worked exaMple 21
Sketch the graph of the following and then sketch the inverse.
a {(3, 6), (4, 4), (5, 2), (6, 0)}
b y
c y = x2 for x 0
x
think
Write/draW
y
y=x
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
654321
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
2
3
4
5
6
b y
y=x
x
c Sketch the original function. The graph is a
c y
y = x2
y=x
1
0
192
exercise 4h
1 We21a Sketch the graph of the following and then sketch the inverse.
a (1, 7), (2, 5), (3, 3)}
b (1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9)}
c (2, 11), (0, 6), (2, 1)}
2 We21b Sketch the graph of the following and then sketch the inverse. (Assume each set of axes has
x
c
x
x
y
x
x
3 We21c Sketch the graph of the following and then sketch the inverse.
a y = 4x
4i
b y = x2 + 3, x 0
c y = 2x + 1
d y = x3 + 4
Circles
y
r
x2 + y2 = r 2
The graph of this circle is shown at right.
The vertical-line test clearly verifies that the circle graph is not a function.
Solving the equation for y we have y2 = r 2 x2, so y = r 2 x 2 or y = r 2 x 2 .
These two relations represent two semicircles that together make a complete circle:
y = r 2 x 2 is the upper semicircle (above the x-axis).
r x
r
diGital doC
doc-9746
Investigation
a special relation
y
y = r 2 x2
r x
r y = r 2 x 2
193
Worked exaMple 22
c y=
8 x2
think
draW
4
4
4 x
0
4
and radius = 8.
3 x
y
3
9 = 3.
8 and 8 and
8
k+r
Range
8x
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
(h, k)
kr
0 hr
h
Domain
Worked exaMple 23
Sketch the graphs of the following circles. State the domain and range of each.
a x2 + (y 3)2 = 1
b (x + 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9
think
194
Write/draW
y
4
x 2 + (y 3)2 = 1
3
2
1 0
h+r x
y
1
(3, 1)
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1
(6, 2)
(0, 2)
(3, 2)
1 x
3
4
5
(3, 5)
4
Note: When using a CAS calculator to plot circle graphs, ensure that the upper and lower values are
entered as separate equations on the Graphs & Geometry page; for example,
f1(x) = 16 x 2 and f2(x) = 16 x 2 .
exercise 4i
Circles
1 0
1
3x
0
3
y
10
10
5
5
10 x
10
2 2
2 2
6 x
5 x
0
5
diGital doC
doc-9747
Circle graphs
2 2x
2 2
6
h
3
3
y
4
3x
4 x
c x2 + y2 = 49
e x2 + y2 = 12
x2 + y2 =
1
4
4 Sketch the graph of each of the following relations and state whether it is a function or not.
a y = 81 x 2
b y=
4 x2
c y = 1 x2
d y=
1
9
e y=
1
4
x2
g y = 10 x 2
x2
y = 5 x2
h x2 + y2 = 3,
3x0
195
y
2
0
4 x
2
a The equation of the circle is:
a x2 + (y 2)2 = 4
C (x + 2)2 + y2 = 16
e (x + 2)2 + y2 = 4
b (x 2)2 + y2 = 16
d (x 2)2 + y2 = 4
b [2, 2]
e [2, 1]
y
1
2
C [0, 4]
2
1
x
4 3 2
y
2
x
1
0
3.532.5
b The domain of the relation is:
a [3.5, 2.5]
d [2, 4]
b (4, 2)
e [4, 2]
C R
7 We23 Sketch the graph of the following circles. State the domain and range of each.
a x2 + (y + 2)2 = 1
b x2 + (y 2)2 = 4
c (x 4)2 + y2 = 9
d (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 16
e (x + 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25
f (x 3)2 + (y 2)2 = 9
2
2
9
3
1
g (x + 5) + (y 4) = 36
h (x )2 + (y + )2 =
2
4J
When using functions to model rules in real-life situations the domain usually has practical restrictions
imposed on it. For example, the area of a circle is determined by the function A(r) = 2.
For a circle to be drawn the radius needs to be a positive number. Hence the domain is (0, ) or R+.
Worked exaMple 24
Cost ($C)
Up to 3
200
Over 3 up to 5
300
Over 5 up to 8
450
think
Write/draW
tUtorial
eles-1465
Worked example 24
200,
C (h) = 300,
450,
0 <h 3
3 <h 5
5 <h 8
b C ($)
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 h (hours)
exercise 4J
1 We24 The cost of hiring a paper recycling removalist is described in the following table:
Hours of hire
Cost
Up to 1
$40
Over 1 up to 2
$70
Over 2 up to 4
$110
Over 4 up to 6
$160
a State the cost function, $C, in terms of the time, t hours, for hiring up to 6 hours.
b Sketch the graph of the function.
Chapter 4 Relations, functions and transformations
197
2 The charge for making a 10-minute STD call on the weekend is listed below.
Distance d (km)
Cost $C
Up to
50 km
0.40
50 to
100 km
0.60
100 to
200 km
0.80
200 to
700 km
1.70
Over
700 km
2.00
3 A car travels at a constant speed of 60 km/h for 1 hours, stops for half an hour, then travels for another
198
9 The number of koalas remaining in a parkland tweeks after a virus strikes is given by the function
96
koalas per hectare.
t+3
How many koalas per hectare were there before the virus struck?
How many koalas per hectare are there 13 weeks after the virus struck?
How long after the virus strikes are there 23 koalas per hectare?
Will the virus kill off all the koalas? Explain why.
N (t ) = 15 +
a
b
c
d
10 A school concert usually attracts 600 people at a cost of $10 per person. On average, for every $1 rise
in admission price, 50 less people attend the concert. If T is the total amount of takings and n is the
number of $1 increases:
a write the rule for the function that gives T in terms of n
b sketch the graph of T versus n
c find the admission price that will give the maximum takings.
199
Summary
Set notation
{. . .} refers to a set.
means is an element of.
means is not an element of.
means is a subset of.
means is not a subset (or is not contained in).
means intersection with.
means union with.
\ means excluding.
refers to the null, or empty set.
{(a, b), (c, d), . . .} is a set of ordered pairs.
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
N refers to the set of natural numbers.
Z refers to the set of integers.
Q refers to the set of rational numbers.
R refers to the set of real numbers.
The domain of a relation is the set of first elements of a set of ordered pairs.
The range of a relation is the set of second elements of a set of ordered pairs.
The implied domain of a relation is the set of first element values for which a rule has meaning.
In interval notation a square bracket means that the end point is included in a set of values, whereas
a curved bracket means that the end point is not included.
(a, b]
a
types of relations
(including functions)
A function is a relation that does not repeat the first element in any of its ordered pairs. That is, for
any x-value there is only one y-value.
The graph of a function cannot be crossed more than once by any vertical line.
y
0
x
Function
power functions
(hyperbola, truncus
and square root
function)
200
Not a function
f (x) = . . . is used to describe a function of x. To evaluate the function, for example, when x = 2,
find f (2) by replacing each occurrence of x on the RHS with 2.
Functions are completely described if the domain and the rule are given.
Functions are commonly expressed using the notation
f : X Y, f (x) = . . . . . .
Domain
Co-domain
Rule
A function is one-to-one if for each x-value there is at most one y-value and vice versa.
A one-to-many function may be converted to a one-to-one function by restricting the domain.
A hybrid function obeys different rules for different subsets of the domain.
An inverse relation is obtained by interchanging the x- and y-values of the original relation.
The graph of a function and its inverse are reflections of each other across the line y = x.
Only one-to-one functions have inverses.
Circles
Functions and
modelling
201
Chapter review
S h ort
anS Wer
1 The total number of cars that have entered a car park during the first 5 hours after opening is shown in
30
75
180
330
500
2 a Sketch the graph of the relation {(x, y): y = 1 x2, x [3, 3]}.
b State the domain and range of this relation.
3 State the implied domains of the following functions.
b y=
a y= x
5
x
c y = 12 x
c x = y2 + 1
f y2 x2 = 1
1
b y = (2 x )
x
7 Sketch the graph of the function described below.
x 1
2 x ,
f ( x ) = 3,
1< x < 3
2 x 5,
x
3
8 Sketch the graph of each of the following, stating the domain and range.
a y=
a y=
1 x2
b (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9
b {2, 0, 2}
d {1, 1, 3}
202
b 3.142 Q
e (N Z) = Z
C R
y
8
x
2
e y = 2x, x R+
d y=
2
0
0
y
0
5 The interval shown below is:
5
1 0 1
a [5, 1] [0, 4]
d (5, 1) (1, 4)
4 x
b [5, 1) [0, 4]
e [5, 1) (1, 4]
C (5, 1) (1, 4]
R \ {0, 1}
R \ {1}
R
Z \ {1}
R+ R
y
4
2
0 1
8 A relation has the rule y = x + 3, where x R+. The range of this relation is:
a R+
d R
b R+ \ {3}
e (3, )
b R+
e R
b R+
e (2, )
C [3, )
1
is:
x5
C [5, )
C R
203
one-to-one
one-to-many
many-to-many
many-to-one
none of the above
12 Which of the following is not a relation?
a y = x2
b x2 + y2 = 3
e {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
d y=5x
a
b
C
d
e
0
d
x
b y = 2 7x
C x=5
d y = 10x2 + 3
5
15 Which of the functions listed below is not one-to-one?
a {(10, 10), (11, 12), (12, 13)}
b {(5, 8), (6, 10), (7, 8), (8, 9)}
d {(x, y): y = 5 2x}
e f (x) = 2 x3
16 Which of the graphs below represents a one-to-one function?
a y=
e y = 8
C {(x, y): y = 4x}
x
0
17 The function with the domain 5 x 5, range 8 y 17 and rule y = x2 8 can be written in
a f : R R where y = x2 8
C f : [5, 5] R where f (x) = x2 8
e f : [8, 17] R where f (x) = x2 8
b f : R R where f (x) = x2 8
d f : R [8, 17] where f (x) = x2 8
b {0, 1, 2}
e {4, 3, 2}
204
b 8
e 5
C 0
b 6x 5
C 3x 5
d 3x 4
e 6x 2
3 1 0
x + 1, x < 0
0 x 2 is represented by which of
22 The hybrid function f ( x ) = x 2 ,
2 x , x > 2
the following graphs?
y
4
1
10 1 2
d
y
4
x
e
y
4
1
10
y
4
y
4
1
1 0
1 0
x
d
x
e
205
1
1 0
1
1 0
1
5 x
4 x
2
3
2
3
4
y
4
3
2
1
x
0
321
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2
3
4
5
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
x
7 654321
1 1 2 3
2
3
4
y
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1 0
1
1 x
2
25 The equation of the circle shown is:
y
2
0 1
2
a (x + 3)2 + y2 = 4
C (x + 3)2 + y2 = 2
e x2 + (y 3)2 = 4
5 x
b (x 3)2 + y2 = 2
d (x 3)2 + y2 = 4
The circle with equation (x + 1)2 + (y 4)2 = 9 applies to questions 26 and 27.
26 The domain is:
a [10, 8]
C (2, 4)
e [4, 2]
27 The range is
a [7, 1]
C [1, 7]
e [1, 7]
206
b [2, 4]
d [3, 3]
b [5, 13]
d [3, 3]
28 A circle has its centre at (4, 2) and a radius of 5. The equation of the circle is:
a
b
C
d
e
(x 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25
(x 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 5
(x + 4)2 + (y 2)2 = 5
(x + 4)2 + (y 2)2 = 25
4x2 2y2 = 5
29 The graph that best represents the function f : [2, 2] R where f (x) = 4 x 2 is:
a
b
C
y
y
y
2
2
2
2 x
2 x
0
2
y
4
2
d
2 x
4 x
4 x
0
4
Hours (h)
Charge (C$)
0<h2
50
2<h4
80
4<h6
100
Which of the following graphs best shows the information in the preceding table?
a
c
100
50
0
d
50
2
6 h
c
100
50
6 h
6 h
6 h
c
e
100
c
100
50
50
0
c
100
6 h
ex ten d ed
r eS p o n S e
10 m
xm
ym
xm
207
of the form f ( x ) = .
.
.
y
18
(3, 18)
4
0
4 x
5 Thomas is looking to connect to a mobile phone service. He has to decide on one of two plans from
diGital doC
doc-9748
Test Yourself
Chapter 4
208
Plan
Flag fall
20
30
50
20
ICT activities
Chapter opener
diGital doC
10 Quick Questions doc-9738: Warm up with ten quick questions on
relations, functions and transformations (page 161)
4C
tUtorial
We 7 eles-1461: Watch how to sketch relations and state their
domain and range using interval notation (page 169)
diGital doCS
SkillSHEET 4.1 doc-9739: Practise stating the domain and range of
relations (page 171)
WorkSHEET 4.1 doc-9740: Use set notation and interval notation,
recognise appropriate specific number fields, recognise whether
graphs are discrete or continuous and state the domain and range
of relations (page 172)
Investigation doc-9741: Investigate some interesting relations using
a graphing program to sketch them (page 172)
4d
tUtorial
We 8 eles-1462: Watch a tutorial on identifying the type of relation
given a graph (page 173)
4F
Function notation
diGital doCS
SkillSHEET 4.2 doc-9742: Practise substituting values into functions
(page 186)
SkillSHEET 4.3 doc-9743: Practise transposing equations (page 186)
doc-9744: Investigate the graph of a square root function (page 186)
tUtorial
We 16 eles-1463: Watch a tutorial on stating maximal domain
and range for functions with defined rules (page 185)
4i
Circles
diGital doCS
Investigation doc-9746: Investigate the graph of x2 + y2 = 25 by
constructing a table of values and plotting the graph (page 193)
doc-9747: Investigate graphs of circle relations (page 195)
4J
tUtorial
We 24 eles-1465: Watch a tutorial on expressing the hire costs of
a removal van as a hybrid function and sketching the graph of the
function (page 197)
Chapter review
diGital doC
Test Yourself doc-9748: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 208)
209
Answers CHAPTER 4
relationS, FUnCtionS and
tranSForMationS
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 0
2
exercise 4a
1 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
2 a
b
c
d
e
3 a
b
c
d
e
4 E
5 a
6 a
e
i
Set notation
{4, 6}
{6]
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14}
{4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
{2, 8, 10, 12, 14}
{4, 5}
{2, 3}
{3, 2, 1}
{2, 1}
{3, 2, 1, 0, 1}
{3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
{b, c, d, f, g, h}
{a, e, i}
{b, c, d, f, g, h}
{o, u}
C
T
F
T
b
b
f
j
exercise 4b
1
2
3
4
5
cT
gT
kF
bC
f C
cC
2
2 1 0
x
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
d F
h T
l T
0 2 4 6 8
t (minutes)
Cost ()
M TWT F S S
Day
exercise 4C
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
y
9
1 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
2 a
2 1 0
1
y=x2
2
0 2
b
9
c
0 2
0
e
01
10
f
0 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n
g
2 0 1 3
h
8
0 2
i
01
j
1 0
1 2 3 4 5 t (s)
)
(, 5)
(3, 4]
(8, 9)
(, 1]
(1, )
(5, 2] [3, )
(3, 1) (2, 4]
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
b P ($)
[2,
0 5 10 15 20 25 n
b T (C)
d D
C($)
140
146
152
158
164
170
176
182
188
194
200
b C ($)
7 a T (C)
8 a
1
0
210
0 2 4 6 8 10 t (minutes)
60
70
6 a
n
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
y
6
B
A
E
C
a D
e D
B
F
T
F
10 a
k
0 2
l
2 0 1
3 a [4, 2)
b (3, 1]
c ( 1, 3)
1 1
,
2 2
( , 3]
[0, )
(, 2) (2, )
(, 2] [0, )
E
B
e (3, )
f
g (, )
h
i (, 1) (1, )
j
k (, 2) (3, )
l
4 a D
b
5C
6
7 a i {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
ii {8, 10, 12, 14, 16}
b i {1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7}
ii {1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2}
c i {3, 4, 5, 6}
ii {110, 130, 150, 170}
d i {M, T, W, Th, F}
ii {25, 30, 35}
e i {3, 4, 5}
ii {13, 18, 23}
f i R
ii [1, )
8 a R, R
b R, (0, )
c [2, 2], [0, 2]
d [1, ), R
e R, (0, 4]
f R, (, 3]
g R\{0}, R\{0}
h R, (, 1]
i R, R
y
9 a
2
0
y = x3 + 1
x [2, 2]
1
0
y
y = x2 + 3x + 2
2 1 0
Domain = (, ), range = [ 14 , )
y
2 1 0
3
2 1 0
y=
x2
1 0
1 2 3 4
y=5
c [4, 4]
fR
b [0, )
e R\{0}
10 a R
d R
j [1, ), [0, )
k R, R
a, d, f, h, i and l are not functions.
y=1
x
1 2
Asymptote
x =0
x=1
exercise 4F
1 a
b
c
d
e
2 a
c
2 1
1
1 2 3
(3, 1)
i
i
i
i
i
1
2
3
9
12
Function notation
ii 7
iv
iii 5
ii 1
iii 3
iv
ii 2
iii 6
iv
ii 1
iii 16
iv
ii 6
iv
iii 4
16
0
9
a2 + 6a + 9
2
b 3 or 3
d 2 or 3
3
1
3
e 4 or 1
3 a 3
c
e
4 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
5 a
31
1
3 y=
+3
( x 2)
y=2
1 2
3
5
x=1
2 1
(1, 4)
(1, 4)
5
7
4, x [2, 1]
y = 2x 5, x [1, 4)
4
y
3
y = 2x2 x 6
exercise 4e
Domain = (, ), range = (, 2]
y
9
6 a
b
c
f 1
b 3
10
5
d 2 x2
2x
x
x
10
10
x +1
f
x3
x 1
x+3
f : R R, f ( x) = 4x + 1
f : [ 6, ) R, f ( x) = x 6
1
f : R\{1} R, f ( x) =
x 1
2
f : ( 1, ) R, f ( x) =
x +1
f : ( 0, ) R, f ( x) = (x + 2)2
f : [ 2, ) R, f ( x) = x2 + 3x
f : ( , 0] R, f ( x) = 8 x
f : [ 0, ) R, f ( x) = x2 + x
i {0, 1, 2, 3}
ii Z
iii {7, 4, 1, 2}
i (0, 10]
ii R
3
iii [ 10 , )
i {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
iii {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
i (, 0)
iii (0, )
i R+
iii (2, )
i [3, 3]
iii [0, 3]
i R
i [0, )
i R
ii N
ii R
ii R
ii R
ii R
ii [0, )
ii R
211
d i R
e i [4, )
f i (3, )
(, 5]
[0, )
(0, )
ii
ii
ii
6 a
y
2
1
f(x)
b (, 0) [1, )
7 a
y
3
2
1
1
1 0
b g : ( , 1] R, g ( x) = x2+ 2x + 1 or
g : [ 1, ) R, g ( x) = x2+ 2x + 1
d y
y=x
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
y=x
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
g(x)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
2 1 0
b [1, )
c i 3
ii 1
y
8 a
iii 2
y=x
10
8
6
4
2
1 2 3 x
3 2 1 0
5
4
3
2
1
4
5
4 6 8 10
3 a
(,
b
0] (4, )
c i 5
ii 0
iii 3
2 a y
iv 0
x + 2, x 0
9 f (x) =
2 x + 1, x > 0
10 f : [0, 1] R, f ( x) = 1 x 2
with range [0, 1] or
f : [0 , 1] R, f ( x) = 1 x 2
with range [1, 0].
11 a
c
g(x)
01 2
2 1
12 a
y=x
v 7
x
b y
f(x)
y = 4x
y = x2 + 3
y=x
b f : (, 3] R, f ( x) = (x 3)2 or
f : [3, ) R, f ( x) = (x 3)2
212
c y
y = 1_2 x + 1
12
0
12
1
2
1
2
Not a function
4 a
y
9
y = x3 + 4
9
exercise 4i
b
d
f
g y = 9 x2
2 a Both [3, 3]
c Both [5, 5]
h
b
d
f
x2 + y2 = 1
x2 + y2 = 100
x2 + y2 = 8
6, 6]
1
3
Function
12
1
2
6 x
Function
f
y
3
2 1 0
12
0
7 x
3
0
13
y
7
0 1
1
3
y
4
y
4
Function
c
y = 16 x 2
Both [1, 1]
Both [10, 10]
Both [ 2 2, 2 2]
h [4, 4], [4, 0]
1 1 0 1
Circles
1 a x2 + y2 = 9
c x2 + y2 = 25
e x2 + y2 = 6
Not a function
0
e Both [
D
B
C
E
7 a
9
4
5 a
b
6 a
b
y
3
y
8
2 x
0
2
7
7
10
2 3
2 3 x
0
10
Not a function
y
5
10
2 3
0
2 3
Function
7 x
10 x
2
1 0
213
y
10
4 a B=
n
12
c $90
b B (hours)
10
4
5
11
[11,
1] and
0 1 x
2
[2,
10]
0 1
60
120
b f : ( , 2] R, f ( x) =
17 550
2 1 0
32
8 a
4650.30
36
domain
6] and range
[0, 6] or y = 36 x 2 ; domain [6, 6]
and range [6, 0]
9 y = 2 + 9 x 2 ; domain [3, 3] and range
[2, 5] or y = 2 9 x 2 ; domain [3, 3]
and range [1, 2]
10 a 2 cm, 13.8 cm
b 3.9 cm/s
exercise 4J
40,
70,
1 a C (t ) =
110,
160,
0 < t 1
1< t 2
c
6 a
b
7 a
b
8 a
b
9 a
c
d
2<t 4
4<t 6
10 a
b
b C ($)
110
70
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 t (hours)
Cost ($)
Distance (km)
60t ,
0 t 1.5
1.5 t 2
80t 70, 2 t 4
700
300
9 a
x2 + y2 = 100
10
10 x
(100 x 2 )
with dom f = [10, 10], ran f = [0, 10]
and f 2 : [ 10, 10] R, f ( x) = (100 x 2 )
with dom f = [10, 10], ran f = [10, 0]
10
200
100
75
50
25
0
100
1 2 3 4 5 t (hours)
1
321 0 1 2 3
11
1
2
Number of truck loads
y
2
1
5 4321
1
5
3
1 2 3
3 a d (t ) = 90,
Cost ($)
400
Graph is not
continuous
as n N
0.80
0.60
0.40
0
(2, 1)
b f 1 : [ 10, 10] R, f ( x) =
500
2.00
1.70
y
2
1 a
10
Short anSWer
50 < d 100
10
Chapter reVieW
0 < d 50
0.40,
0.60,
2 a C (d ) = 0.80,
1.70,
2.00,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 n
214
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
160
1 2 3 4 5
y
80 000 x ($)
37 001
[6,
x2 ;
2 x
y
5
4
3
2
1
5 a T = 0.3x 6450
b
T ($)
3 a Domain = [0, )
b Domain = R\{0}
c Domain = ( , 12]
4 a x + 2, x 0
b Domain = [0, ); range = [2, )
5 a, b, e
1
6 a f : R \{0} R, f ( x) =
y = 1 x2
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
A
C
B
D
B
C
D
A
D
B
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
D
E
E
D
C
C
E
E
E
C
extended reSponSe
1 a A = xy + 10y x2
b P = 2x + 2y + 20 or
P = 2(x + y + 10)
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
B
C
A
E
B
A
D
A
C
E
(5, 12)
292
260
(2, 5)
130
(1, 0)
2
0
MUltiple ChoiCe
f (x)
12
d (0, 13)
e A (m2)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x (m)
2 a x ( , 4)\{ 2}
2x
c y=4
d y = 2x
e y = 2x2
f y = 18x + 72
3 a 5, 0, 3, 4, 0
b a=5
(1, 4)
d i Domain = [2, 5]
4 a
b [0, 18]
4,
2 x ,
g f (x) =
2
2x ,
18 x + 72
5 x
(0, 3)
4
f 292 m2
x ( , 2)
x ( 2, 0]
x [0, 3]
x [3, 4]
b
d
e
f
g
5 a
c
d
e
P(x) = 6x
c 0<x4
Domain = (0, 4]; Range = (0, 24]
P: (0, 4] R where P(x) = 6x
A: (0, 4] R where A(x) = 2x2
Length = 3, Width = 6
A(x) = 0.2 + 0.3x b B(x) = 0.5 + 0.2x
i 80 cents
ii 90 cents
i 16 min
ii 22.5 min
3 min
f Plan B
215
ChaPTeR 5
Exponential and
logarithmic functions
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9749
10 Quick Questions
ChaPTeR ConTenTS
5a
5B
5C
5D
5e
5F
5G
5h
Index laws
Negative and rational powers
Indicial equations
Graphs of exponential functions
Logarithms
Solving logarithmic equations
Logarithmic graphs
Applications of exponential and logarithmic functions
introduction
Functions in which the independent variable is an index number are called indicial or exponential
functions. For example:
f (x) = ax where a > 0 and a 1
is an exponential function.
It can be shown that quantities that increase
or decrease by a constant percentage in
a particular time can be modelled by an
exponential function.
Exponential functions have applications
in science and medicine (for example, decay
of radioactive material, or growth of bacteria
like those shown at right), and finance (for
example, compound interest and reducing
balance loans).
5a
index laws
Recall that a number, a, that is multiplied by itself n times can be represented in index notation:
a
a a
a=
an
n lots of a
where a is the base number and n is the index (or power or exponent).
The expression an is read as a to the power of n or a to the n.
multiplication
When multiplying two numbers in index form with the same base, add
the indic
es.
For example, 23 24 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 27
am an = am + n
217
Division
When dividing two numbers in index form with the same base, subtract
the indices.
222222
= 24
For example, 26 22 =
22
am an = am n
Raising to a power
(am)n = am n = amn
a0 = 1, a 0
[1]
[2]
n
n
a = a
b
bn
WoRkeD examPle 1
Simplify.
a 2x3y2 4x2y
b (2x2y3)2 xy4
c (3a)5b6 9a4b3
Think
218
6 2
3 5
d 8 p m (3 p) m
6 p4 m
WRiTe
a 2x3y2 4x2y
= 2 4 x3 x2 y2 y
= 8x5y3
b (2x2y3)2 xy4
= 22 x4 y6 xy4
= 4 x4 x y6 y4
= 4x5y10
c (3a)5 b 6 9a 4 b 3 =
(3a)5 b6
9a 4 b 3
243a5 b6
9a 4 b 3
27a5 b6
a 4 b3
= 27ab3
the power of 3.
6 2
3 5
6 2
3 3 5
d 8 p m (3 p) m = 8 p m 3 p m
4
4
6p m
6p m
8 27 p6 p3 m 2 m 5
6 p4 m
= 36p6 + 3 4m2 + 5 1
= 36p5m6
WoRkeD examPle 2
3
Simplify
6 a 4 b3 3 a 2 b
.
16 a7 b6 2 a3 b2
Think
WRiTe
6a 4 b3 3a 2 b
16a 7 b6 2a3 b 2
6a 4 b 3 2a 3 b 2
16a 7 b6 3a 2 b
6 a 4 b 3 23 a 9 b 6
16a 7 b6 33 a6 b3
6 8a 4 + 9 7 6 b 3 + 6 6 3
16 27
a0 b0
9
Simplify.
1
9
WoRkeD examPle 3
WRiTe
a 23 162 = 23 (2 2 2 2)2
= 23 (24)2
= 23 28
= 211
= 2048
ChaPTeR 5 Exponential and logarithmic functions
219
95 34 (3 3)5 34
=
273
(3 3 3)3
(32 )5 34
(33 )3
310 34
39
= 35
= 243
Complex expressions involving terms with different bases have to be simplified by replacing each
base with its prime factors.
WoRkeD examPle 4
Simplify
3 4 n 18 n + 1
.
63 n 2
Think
WRiTe
34 n 18n + 1 34 n (3 3 2)n + 1
=
63 n 2
(2 3)3n 2
34 n (32 21 )n + 1
(2 3)3n 2
34 n 32 n + 2 2 n + 1
23n 2 33n 2
Simplify.
= 36n + 2 3n + 2 2n + 1 3n + 2
= 33n + 4 2 2n + 3
= 33n + 4 23 2n
index laws
exercise 5a
1 We1a, b
a
x2
2 We1c
a
a7b8
x5
b 52 57 (53)3
x3
c (xy)3 x4y5
c (3x5)y11 6x2y2
d p13q10 ( pq4)2
b 2a12b9 (2a)3b4
3 We1d
14u11v 9 (3u 2 )3 v
21u6 v 5
5k 12 d
6 kd 4
3 2
(2 k )
25( k 2 d 3 )3
15a8 b3 2a3 b
a
9a 4 b5 3ab 2
220
(5e3 )2 f 4 8e 4 f 3
20e f 5
3 p3 m 4
can be simplified to:
p1m 2
5 mC a
a 3p2m2
6 5
B 3p4m6
C 3p3m8
D 3p3m2
C x30y16
C 3a6b
6x y
x
B 3x5y4
2
3ab3 a 2 b
c
is equal to:
ab a5
a a18
B 3a6
3 x 9 y10
2
x n + 1 y5 z 4 n
x
y4 n z 3 n
n2
42
c 53 152 32
34 272
f
64 35
Write the following in simplest index notation and evaluate.
45
27
(625)4
e
(53 )5
We4
b 94 35 27
(25)4
(125)3
8 52
23 10
(162 )3
(25 )4
272
(32 )3
411 82
163
272 81
93 35
4 n 7n 3 493n + 1
14 n + 2
92 n + 1
12 x 2 4 x
b
6n 2
6x 2
n 5n + 1
5n 4
3
n
5
3
16 9
d
e*
5n + 1 + 5n
4 n + 1 181 n 63 2 n
*Hint: Factorise the numerator and denominator first.
362 n 6n + 3
10 mC In simplest index notation,
is equal to:
216n 2
a 216n + 5
B 65n + 1
C 62n + 5
a
e 3a6
b6
( x n y m + 3 )2
x2 y
x n + 2 y3 m x n 5 y5 3m
b 37 92 273 81
d 205 84 125
8
3x 5
2
7 We3
24
3a15
e 3
2n
5B negative and
negative powers
D 69
e 62n + 9
rational powers
Wherever possible, negative index numbers should be expressed as positive index numbers using the
simple rule:
When an index number is moved from the numerator to denominator
or vice versa, the sign of the power changes.
1
a n = n , a 0
a
This is easily verified as follows:
1 a0
=
since a0 = 1
an an
= a0 n using the division rule for indices
=a n
simplifying the inde x.
a n
1
1
an
= n and n = .
In other words,
1
a
a
1
A simple way to remember this rule is change the level, change the sign.
221
WoRkeD examPle 5
( x 4 y)
x 3 y3
TUToRial
eles-1417
Worked example 5
Think
WRiTe
a 5
5
8
84
54
8
=
5
4
b x y
( x 2 y)
x 3 y3
x4 y
=x
x 6y 7
x 3 y3
6 ( 3)
= x 3y
3
x 10 y
x 3 y3
73
10
1
x 3 y10
Rational powers
Until now, the indices have all been integers. In theory, an index can be any number. We will confine
ourselves to the case of indices that are rational numbers (fractions).
1
an = n a
For example, we know that a a = a
1
a2 a2 = a2
= a1
=a
but
1
2
a = a2
Therefore,
1
Similarly, 3 a = a 3 , 4 a = a 4 etc.
1
222
1
= an
( n a )m = n a m
WoRkeD examPle 6
3
16 2
9
b
25
Think
WRiTe
3
a 16 2 = (24 ) 2
prime factors.
2
= 26
= 64
b 9
25
32
= 2
5
3
5
53
33
125
27
WoRkeD examPle 7
128 4 64
x 2 y6 x 3 y 5
Think
WRiTe
128 4 64
1
= 128 7 64 4
= (27 ) 7 (26 ) 4
= 21 2 4
= 21 2 2
= 22
b 1 Write the expression.
x 2 y6 x 3 y5
1
= ( x 2 y6 ) 3 ( x 3 y5 ) 2
= x 3 y2 x 2 y 2
223
= x3
=x
3
5
2
2y 2
1
6y 2
exercise 5B
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9750
SkillSHEET 5.1
negative and
rational powers
1 We5a
a 6
(3 2 )2 (2 5 ) 1
e
(24 ) 2 (34 ) 3
x 3 y 2 ( xy 2 ) 3
(2 x 3 )2 ( y 3 )2
3 We6
1
92
1
16 4
81
3
4 mC
a
34
c 3
2
Simplify each of the following, expressing your answer with positive index numbers.
( x 2 )3 ( y 4 ) 2
( m)2 m 3
2 4
b
c
x 5 ( y 2 )3
(p 2) 1 p 4
2 3
( 22))3
x5 (x 4 )
d
x 3 (x 2 )
3
5
2 We5b
a
1
5 1
x6 y2
b 27 3
c 83
d 814
3
25 2
16
3
81 4
2
8 3
27
5
25 6
11
13
B 56
C 52
D 56
e 56
5 We7 Simplify each of the following, expressing your answer with positive indices.
d
g
9 3 81
5
24
(64 m 6 ) 3
e
4m 2
( x + 1)2
x +1
5C
(xy3 ) ( x 2 y)
x3 x6
1
x
h ( y 4) y 4
indicial equations
1
( x 3 ) 3 = 23
The left-hand side becomes x, so
x = 8.
However, when the unknown (or variable) is not a base number but is an index number, a different
approach is required.
Take the cube of both sides:
WoRkeD examPle 8
WRiTe
3x = 81
3x = 34
x=4
4x 1 = 256
4x 1 = 44
x1=4
x=5
63x 1 = 362x 3
63x 1 = (62)2x 3
63x 1 = (6)4x 6
3x 1 = 4x 6
1
=x6
x=5
WRiTe
23n 16n + 1 = 32
23n (24)n + 1 = 25
23n 24n + 4 = 25
27n + 4 = 25
7n + 4 = 5
7n = 1
n=
1
7
In some cases indicial equations can be expressed in a quadratic form and solved using the Null
Factor Law. Look for numbers in index form similar to a2x and ax appearing in different terms.
ChaPTeR 5 Exponential and logarithmic functions
225
WoRkeD examPle 10
WRiTe
5
2x
4(5x)
5=0
(5x)2 4(5x) 5 = 0
Let y = 5x
y2 4y 5 = 0.
(y 5)(y + 1) = 0
y = 5 or y = 1
Substitute 5x for y.
5x = 5 or 5x = 1
5x = 51 and 5x = 1
x=
TUToRial
eles-1418
Worked example 10
Note that in step 9, the possible solution 5x = 1 was rejected because there is no value of x for which
it will be satisfied. Recall that exponential functions such as 5x are always positive.
2x+1
1
. Write your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
45
Think
1
WRiTe
solve 3 2 x + 1 = 5 , x
Solving 3
exercise 5C
1
for x gives x = 3.65,
45
correct to 2 decimal places.
2x +1
indicial equations
1 We8a
Find the value of x in each of the following equations.
a 2x = 32
b 5x = 625
c 3x = 243
d 10
1
= 100
e 4
= 16
6x =
1
216
2 We8b
Find the value of n in each of the following equations.
3n
+
1
a 2
= 64
b 52n + 3 = 25
c 32 n = 27
d 16n + 3 = 23
3 We8c
364n 3 = 216
b 274 x = 92x + 1
c 163x + 1 = 128x 2
3x + 5
=
d 9
c 34x 27x + 3 = 81
1
243
a 2x 83x 1 = 64
226
1
7
a 42x = 8x 1
4 We9
5 3n
=
e 49
b 52x 1253 x = 25
812 x
= 92 x
27 x + 3
5 We10
Solve for x in each of the following.
a 32x 4(3x) + 3 = 0
b 22x 6(2x) + 8 = 0
2x
x
c 3(4 ) = 15(4 ) 12
d 25x 30(5x) + 125 = 0
6 mC Consider the indicial equation 32x 12(3x) + 27 = 0. The equation can be solved by making the
substitution:
a y = 3x
D y = 2x
B y = 2x
e y = 3x
C y = 32x
B y2 11y + 27 = 0
e y2 9y + 3 = 0
C y2 + 12y + 27 = 0
B 1 or 2
e 0 or 2
C 1 or 3
5D
B x = 2.3
e x = 2.1
C x = 1.9
Functions of the form f (x) = ax, where a is a positive real number other than 1 and x is a real number, are
called exponential functions.
In general, there are two basic shapes for exponential graphs:
y = ax, a > 1
or
y = ax, 0 < a < 1
y
y = ax, a > 1
1
Asymptote
y=0
Asymptote
y=0
Decreasing exponential
x
Increasing exponential
y=
ax,
a>1
y = ax, a > 1
1
y=
1
0
ax,
a>1
Asymptote
x
y=0
x
y = ax, a > 1
Asymptote
y=0
227
y
y = 2x
3 units
2
1
()
y = 2x 3
Asymptote
y=0
1 0 1 2 3 4
y = 10 x
10
5
y = 10 x 5
1
1
4
5
Asymptote
y = 5
(0, 4)
2
(0, 1)
(0, 12)
1
(1, 2)
f(x) = 2x
f(x) =
1
2
f(x) =
2x
1
4
2x
(1, 1)
1
The graph of y = akx (for k > 0) has a dilation factor of k from the y-axis. The graph is said to be stretched
along the x-axis. Consider the graphs at below. The y-intercept is (0, 1) in each case. As k increases, the
graph becomes steeper and closer to the y-axis. The domain, range and asymptotes are the same as for
f (x) = ax.
y
4
f(x) = 22x
f(x) = 2x
x
f(x) = 22
2
(0, 1)
3 2 1
228
01 2 3
Asymptote
y=0
WoRkeD examPle 12
Find the equation of the asymptote and the y-intercept for each of the following functions. Hence,
sketch the graph of each function and state its domain and range.
a f : R R, f (x) = 2x + 3 5
x
b f : R R, f ( x ) = 3 2 2
Think
WRiTe/DRaW
a f (x) = 2x + 3 5
The asymptote is y = 5.
When x = 0, y = 23 5
=3
Therefore, the y-intercept is (0, 3).
y f(x) = 2x +3 5
3
x
Asymptote
y = 5
5
7
b f (x) = 3 2 2
0
f (0) = 3 2 2
= 3 20
= 31
=3
The y-intercept is 3.
f (2) = 3 2 2
= 3 21
= 3 2
=6
Another point is (2, 6).
f(x) = 3 22
6
(2, 6)
(0, 3)
0
6
Asymptote
x y=0
229
WoRkeD examPle 13
Use a CAS calculator to solve 2x = 15 (correct to 2 decimal places) by finding the intersection of
two graphs.
Think
WRiTe
f1(x) = 2x
f2(x) = 15
exercise 5D
1 Sketch the graph of each of the following on separate axes. (Use a table of values or copy a
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9751
SkillSHEET 5.2
Substitution in
exponential functions
b y = 5x
x
d y=2
x
f y= 3
h y = 0.5x
2 Sketch the following graphs, using a table of values or by copying a CAS calculator screen. State the
b y = 0.5(4x)
y = 4 (2 x )
y = 4 1
Find the equation of the asymptote and the y-intercept for each of the following. Hence,
sketch the graph of each and state its domain and range.
a f : R R, f (x) = 2x 1
b f : R R, f (x) = 3x + 2
c f : R R, f (x) = 51 x
d f : R R, f (x) = 2x + 3
e f : R R, f (x) = 3x 3
f f : R R, f (x) = 2x + 3 1
x
h f : R R, f (x) = 102 x + 5
6
g f : R R, f (x) =
+3
3 We12a
y = 3x 2
y = 3x
y = 2x 3
y = 3x + 2
y = 3x 1
3
2
1
Asymptote
0 1 2 3 x y=0
y
y = 2x 3
y = 3x 2
y = 2x + 1 3
y = 2x 1 + 3
y = 2x 1 3
0
2
3
4
(1, 2)
y = 3
5 We12b Sketch the graph of each of the following, stating the domain and range.
a f : R R, f (x) = 22x
b f : R R, f (x) = 23x
x
c f : R R, f (x) = 3 2
d f : R R, f (x) = 5 32x
x
e f : R R, f ( x ) = 2 5 2
230
f : R R, f ( x ) = 2 2 3
6 Sketch a graph of f (x) = 4 23x + 3, stating the domain and range. Compare your answer to that found
5e
d 2x = x + 3
e 3x = x + 4
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9752
WorkSHEET 5.1
logarithms
Logarithm
y = ax
Base numeral
Base
Using the indicial equivalent, it is possible to find the exact value of some logarithms.
WoRkeD examPle 14
WRiTe
6x = 216
6x = 63
x=3
1
b Let x = log2
2x =
1
8
= 1
= (2 1 )3
x
2 =2 3
x = 3
logarithm laws
The index laws can be used to establish corresponding rules for calculations involving logarithms. These
rules are summarised in the following table.
Name
Logarithm of a product
Rule
Restrictions
m, n > 0
a > 0, a 1
m, n > 0
a > 0 and a 1
Logarithm of a power
m>0
a > 0 and a 1
loga (a) = 1
a > 0 and a 1
Logarithm of one
loga (1) = 0
a > 0 and a 1
Logarithm of a quotient
231
It is important to remember that each rule works only if the base, a, is the same for each term.
The logarithm of a product and logarithm of a quotient rules formed the basis for the pre-1970s
calculation device for multiplication and division the slide rule.
WoRkeD examPle 15
Simplify, and evaluate where possible, each of the following without a calculator.
a log10 (5) + log10 (4)
b log2 (12) + log2 (8) log2 (3)
Think
WRiTe
a 1 Apply the logarithm of a product rule. a log10 (5) + log10 (4) = log10 (5 4)
2
b 1
= log10 (20)
Simplify.
b log2 (12) + log2 (8) log2 (3) = log2 (12 8) log2 (3)
= log2 (96 3)
= log2 (32)
= log2 (2)5
= 5 log2 (2)
=5
WoRkeD examPle 16
WRiTe
Simplify.
= log2
WoRkeD examPle 17
c 5 log10 (x) 2
Think
232
WRiTe
2 log8 (7)
3 log8 (7)
2
3
5
4
or log2 (1.25)
= log10 (10x2)
2 as 2 log10 (10).
c 5 log10 (x) 2
x5
= log10 2
10
x5
= log10
100
WoRkeD examPle 18
WRiTe
logarithms
exercise 5e
1
1
d 0.01 = 10
e bn = a
f 2 4=
16
a 23 = 8
= 1
log2
d log3 (27) = 3
e log5 (625) = 4
log2 (128) = 7
log3 1
9
= 2
h logb (a) = x
B 5
C 1
D 2
= 512 is:
B log3 (512) = 8
e log8 (3) = 512
1
2
a log4 (16) = 2
83
C log8 (512) = 3
104
6 We14
a log2 (16)
b log3 (81)
e log10 (1000)
log2 1
64
log2 (32)
1
4
1
log3
243
logn (n5)
c log5 (125)
d log2
g log2 (0.25)
k log3
(3)
233
7 We15
1
3
+ log2 (9)
1
5
8 We16
Simplify each of the following.
a 3 log10 (5) + log10 (2)
b 2 log2 (8) + 3 log2 (3)
c log5 (12) 2 log5 (2)
d 4 log10 (2) 2 log10 (8)
e
g
1
3
1
2
h 2 log10 (x + 3) log10 (x 2)
log3 (25)
log3 (125)
log2 (81)
log2 (9)
2 log10 (8)
log10 (16)
3log5 (27)
2 log5 (9)
log3 ( x 6 )
log3 ( x 2 )
log10 ( x 3 )
log10 ( x )
2 log2 ( x + 1)3
log2 ( x + 1)
C
log10 ( x )
log10 ( y)
B y log5 (x)
C 5 logx (y)
e 5y
B 1
13 mC The expression
a log4 (x3)
log2
64
15
320
D log2 (20)
e log2
3
e log4 (x7)
log4 ( x 5 )
can be simplified to:
log4 ( x 2 )
5
log4 ( x 2 )
5
2
c 3 log5 (2) 2
1
2
+ 3 log10 ( x 2 )
5F Solving logarithmic
logarithms to the base 10
equations
Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithms and can be evaluated using the log function on
a calculator.
Note: The logarithm of a negative number or zero is not defined. Therefore:
loga (x) is defined for x > 0, if a > 0.
This can be seen more clearly using index notation as follows:
Let n = loga (x.)
Therefore, an = x (indicial equivalent of logarithmic expression).
However, an > 0 for all values of n if a > 0 (positive based exponentials are always positive).
Therefore, x > 0.
234
WoRkeD examPle 19
WRiTe
log3 (9) = x 2
log3 (32) = x 2
2 log3 (3) = x 2
2=x2
x=4
WoRkeD examPle 20
WRiTe
log6 (x) = 2
Therefore, x = 6 2.
x=
=
1
62
1
36
WoRkeD examPle 21
WRiTe
2 logx (25) = 4
x2 = 52
x=5
logx (25) = 2
Therefore, x2 = 25.
WoRkeD examPle 22
Solve for x.
WRiTe
2x = 7
log10 (2x) = log10 (7)
x log10 (2) = log10 (7)
Therefore x =
logg10 ((7)
logg10 ((2)
0.8451
0.3010
x = 2.808
x=
235
logg a ( b)
logg a ( a)
= logg a ( b)
This rule applies to any base a, but 10 is the most commonly used base for this solution technique.
Exercise 5F
1 WE19
e 2 log2 (8) = x
log3 (81) = 2x
b
e
h
k
log3 (x) = 2
c log5 (x) = 4
log8 (x) = 1
f log3 (x) = 3
log2 (3x + 1) = 4
i log10 (2x) = 1
log3 (5) log3 (4) = log3 (x) log3 (8)
Solve for x.
log2 (x) = 3
log10 (x) = 1
log3 (x 3) = 3
2 log6 (3x) = 1
c log10
1
10
a log2 (4) = x
=x
d log3
1
9
=x
g log10 (1000) = 2x 1
2 WE20
a
d
g
j
3 WE21
a logx (36) = 2
d
2 log 1
x 100
b logx (125) = 3
=4
g logx + 1 (27) = 3
1
log x
2
c 3 logx (16) = 6
(64) = 3
log3 x 1
1
32
5 logx (625) = 10
= 5.
B x=3
C x=1
D x=0
E x = 2
A 4096
B 512
C 64
D 2
D 1
E 9
1
2
B 6
C 81
B x=6
D x = 4
C x=9
E x=2
1
e 0.7 = 3
f 10
= 18
g 22x + 1 = 5
i 82 x = 0.75
d 5x = 8
h 10 2x = 7
C x = 1.25
5G
INTERACTIVITY
int-0264
Logarithmic graphs
B x = 1.2
B x = 0.13
0.62x 1
C x=
= 2 is:
0.18
D x=1
E x = 0.5
D x = 0.71
E x = 0.13
Logarithmic graphs
The graphs of y = loga (x) and y = ax are reflections of each other across the line y = x. Functions such as
these that are reflections of each other in the line y = x are called inverses of each other.
Consider the logarithm loga (ax). This logarithm can be simplified using the log laws.
236
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_05.indd 236
8/05/13 2:37 PM
Consider now the exponential aloga (x). As the logarithm with base a is the inverse operation to the
exponential with base a, the expression aloga (x) simplifies to give x. That is, aloga (x) = x.
The inverse properties of logarithms and exponentials can be used to plot the graphs of logarithmic
functions. Alternatively, a table of values can be used. For example:
y = log10 (x)
1
x
y
undefined undefined
0.301
0.477
0.602
y Asymptote
x=0
f(x) = log10 (x)
WoRkeD examPle 23
WRiTe/DRaW
f(x) = 2x
y=x
(2, 1)
0 (1, 0)
WoRkeD examPle 24
WRiTe
y = 2x
Interchange x and y.
x = 2y
log2 (x) = y
exercise 5G
logarithmic graphs
c 3 log5 (5y)
d 5 20 log20 (x)
c f (x) = log8 (x)
f f (x) = log15 (x)
ChaPTeR 5 Exponential and logarithmic functions
237
3 Compare the steepness of each of the graphs in question 2, and hence explain how changing the base, a,
affects the steepness of a logarithmic graph of the type f (x) = loga (x).
DiGiTal DoCS
doc-9754
logarithmic graphs
doc-9755
Extension
logarithmic graphs
Exponential and logarithmic functions can be used to model many practical situations in science,
medicine, engineering and economics.
WoRkeD examPle 25
238
WRiTe
by 1, T doubles.
n
T
0
0.1
1
0.2
2
0.4
T(n) = 0.1(2n)
b When n = 10,
T(10) = 0.1(210)
T = 102.4 mm
Calculate T.
Change 6 cm to millimetres.
n=
Evaluate.
n 9.23
Therefore, n = 10 folds.
c 6 cm = 60 mm
When T = 60,
60 = 0.1 (2n)
600 = 2n
log10 (600)
log10 (2)
3
0.8
4
1.6
5
3.2
WoRkeD examPle 26
TUToRial
eles-1419
Worked example 26
Think
WRiTe
In 1980, when t = 0,
Evaluate P.
P = 400
b t = 2006 1980
= 26
When t = 26,
P = 400 + 50 log10 [5(26) + 1]
= 400 + 50 log10 (131)
= 400 + 105.864
= $505.86
103 = 5t + 1
1000 = 5t + 1
999 = 5t
199.8 = t
The price of gold will reach $550 in
1980 + 199.8 = 2180 (approximately).
1 We25 Before a mice plague that lasts 6 months, the population of mice in a country region is
estimated to be 10 000. The mice population doubles every month during the plague. If P represents the
mice population and t is the number of months after the plague starts:
a express P as a function of t
b find the population after:
i 3 months
ii 6 months
c calculate how long it takes the population to reach 100 000 during the plague.
ChaPTeR 5 Exponential and logarithmic functions
239
2 We26 The population of a town, N, is modelled by the function N = 15 000(20.01t), where t is the
a
b
c
d
3 The weight of a baby, W kg, t weeks after birth can be modelled by W = 3 log10 (8t + 10).
a Find the initial weight.
b Find the weight after: i 1 week
ii 5 weeks
iii 10 weeks.
c Sketch the graph.
d When will the baby reach a weight of 7 kg?
4 If $A is the amount an investment of $P grows to after n years at 5% p.a. using compound interest:
a write A as a function of P
b use the function from a to find the value of $10 000 after 10 years
c calculate how many years it will be until an investment of $10 000 reaches $26 500.
5 The value of a car, $V, decreases according to the function V = 25 000 2 0.1t, where t is the number of
7 A number of deer, N, are introduced to a reserve. The deer population can be predicted by the model
240
10 A discus thrower competes at several competitions during the year. The best distance, d metres,
that he achieves at each consecutive competition is modelled by d = 50 + log10 (15n), where n is the
competition number.
a Find the distance thrown at the:
i 1st competition ii 3rd competition iii 6th competition iv 10th competition.
b Sketch the graph of d versus n.
c How many competitions does it take for the thrower to reach a distance of 53 metres?
P = 400(100.08t), 0 t 20. After 20 months, fishing is allowed and the population is then modelled by
P = 15 000 + 924 log10 [10(t 19)], t 20.
a Find the initial population.
b Find the population after:
i 5 months
ii 15 months
iii 25 months
iv 40 months.
c How long does it take the population to pass 10 000?
7
12 A ball is dropped from a height of 5 metres and rebounds to 10 of
its previous height.
a Find the rule that describes the height of the ball
(h metres) after n bounces.
b Find the height after: i 4 bounces ii 8 bounces.
c Sketch the graph of the height of the ball after n bounces.
13 A computer appreciates in value by 10% per year. If the computer
costs $5000 when new, find:
a the rule describing the value, V, of the computer at any time,
t years, after purchase
b the value of the computer after 6 years
c the number of years it takes to reach double its original value.
14 From the start of 1996, a small mining town has seen a steady increase in population until 2000 as the
1996
700
1997
750
1998
804
1999
870
2000
925
15 A used car dealership keeps data on the value of the Fraud Atlas (new at the start of 2005) over 5 years.
Year (t)
Value (V)
a
b
c
d
e
2005
45 000
2006
35 500
2007
28 000
2008
22 500
2009
18 000
241
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
16 Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer born in the 16th century. He used data collected by Tycho
Brahe to formulate an equation or law connecting the period of a planets revolution around the sun
to the radius of its orbit. The following table contains the data Kepler used. The radius of the orbit is
expressed as a proportion of Earths orbit (with the period given in days).
Planet
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Period (T)
87.77
224.70
365.25
686.98
4332.62
a Plot T against R (using (0,0) too). What does the graph look like?
The graph has the form T = aRb, where a and b are constants.
b To find them, find log10 (R) and log10 (T).
c Plot log10 (T) against log10 (R) on graph paper. Are the points collinear?
d Draw a line of best fit and find its gradient, correct to 2 decimal places.
e Read off the intercept on the y-axis and write it as the equivalent logarithm.
f Write an equation for the straight line.
g By transposition, show that T = 365.25R1.50 (or a formula close to it).
h If Saturns orbit has a radius of 9.510, find its period using the formula above. The actual period is
10 759.2 days. Why is there a difference in the results?
i Keplers Law is T 2 = kR3. What is the value of k?
242
Summary
am an = am + n
am an = am n
(am)n = amn
a0 = 1
(ab)n = anbn
n
n
6. a = a
b
bn
To simplify indicial expressions:
when dealing with questions in the form (expression 1) (expression 2), replace expression 2
with its reciprocal and change to
remove brackets using laws 4, 5 and 6
collect plain numbers and terms of the same base
simplify using laws 1, 2 and 3.
index laws
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
,a0
an
an = n a
m
n
a n = (a n ) m = ( n a ) m = a m
indicial equations
If am = an, then m = n.
A graphics calculator may be used to solve indicial equations, using the solve function.
Graphs of exponential
functions
1
0
Reflections:
f ( x) = ax, a > 1; f ( x) = ax, a > 1
1
0
y
f(x) = ax, a > 1
1
1
Asymptote
y=0
243
Translations
f ( x) = ax, a > 1; f ( x) = ax + b, a > 1, b > 0
x+b
y f(x) = a , a > 1, b > 0
x
b f(x) = a , a > 1
b
1
x
Asymptote
y=0
x
y f(x) = a + C, a > 1, C > 0
Asymptote
y=C
C
1
x
Dilations
f ( x) = ax, a > 1; f ( x) = Aax, A > 0, a > 1
A
1
0
y
4
Asymptote
y=0
f(x) = 22x
f(x) = 2x
x
f(x) = 22
2
(0, 1)
3 2 1
logarithms
244
Asymptote
y=0
If y = ax, then loga ( y) = x, where a = the base, x = the power, index or logarithm, and y = the base
numeral.
Log laws:
loga (m) + loga (n) = log a (mn) m, n > 0
m
loga (m) loga (n) = loga n m, n > 0
loga (mn) = n loga (m)
loga (a) = 1
loga (1) = 0
Solving logarithmic
equations
0 1 2 3 x
m>0
If ax = b, then x =
loga (ax) = x
log10 (b)
= loga (b)
log10 (a)
log ( x )
a a =x
logarithmic graphs
The logarithmic function f ( x) = loga (x) is the inverse function of the exponential function
f ( x) = ax.
y
y=x
f(x) = loga (x), a > 1
1
0 1
245
Chapter review
S h oRT
anS WeR
b 8x + 1 22x = 43x 1
b 2x + 2
x + 1
= 3.
1
.
27
2 log5 ( x 2 )
1
logg5 ( x )
3
b 2 logx (125) =
1 When simplified,
a
x 4 y7
7
5m 4 p2 (5m 2 p6 )3
may be simplified to:
2m 3 p
3m 7 p
m2
3m10
3m 2
a
16
B
C
47 p
50 p16
2 p32
3 The value of
a
246
(2 xy3 )2 3 x 5 y 2
is equal to:
7x3
4y
3x 4 y7
3 y7
B
C
7
x2
1
20
1
2 64 3
5
125
B 5
3x 4
y6
x
y
m15
p29
m 20 p24
25
is:
4
C 5
D 4
e 5
a 1
C 1
B 2
B 0 or 1
C 2 or 8
D 2
e 5
D 1 or 4
e 0 or 2
x
1
2
a y = 3x 2
B y = 3x + 2
D y = 2x
C y = 3x 2
e y = 2x + 2
3
D
x
e
0
1
a 3
a 2
e R\{3}
B R
C R+
D (1, )
e (1, )
log3 25
is nearest to:
log3 5
B 5
C log5 (250) = x
C 0
D 69
e 1
C 2
D 9
e 20
5
(x 4 )
log7
simplifies to:
log7 ( x )
3
log7 ( x 2 )
D R
B 7
13 The expression
C R+
B 125
log7 ( x 4 )
B 7
C 1
D 625
e 20
C 5
D 14
B 1
5
8
D 4
B [1, )
y
1
a 3
C 3
D 2
7
11
4
247
B x = 0.35
e x=0
C x = 0.604
(4, 2)
B y = log2 (x)
C y = 2 log8 (x)
D y = log10 (x)
e y = 2 log10 (x)
(2, 1)
1
0
a
x
B
0
1
(1, 2)
1
x
(1, 2)
248
1
0
(1, 2)
(2, 1)
0
(2, 1)
e x Ten D eD
ReS P o n S e
2 The number of lions, L, in a wildlife park is given by L = 20 (100.1t ), where t is the number of years
since counting started. At the same time the number of cheetahs, C, is given by C = 25(100.05t ).
a Find the number of:
i lions
ii cheetahs
when counting began.
b Find the numbers of each after
i 1 year
ii 18 months.
c Which of the animals is the first to reach a population of 40 and by how long?
d After how many months are the populations equal, and what is this population?
y
3 The graph of the function f : R R, where f (x) = A 102x + 4, is shown at right.
a Give the equation of the horizontal asymptote in the form y = c.
c
b The graph passes through the point (0, 3.8). Use this information to
find the value of A.
(0, 3.8)
c Find the x-intercept, correct to 3 decimal places.
d Find the values of:
ii f (4).
i f (3)
e Find the value of x if f (x) = 5.2.
x
f State the domain and range of f (x).
4 The temperature, T C, of a coffee in a ceramic mug at time t minutes
destroys bacteria according to the exponential function D = N0 3 0.789t, where D is the number
of bacteria remaining after time t and N0 is the number of bacteria present at the time the serum is
added. The culture is considered cured when the number of bacteria drops below 1000.
d If the bacteria are treated with the serum when their numbers reach 32 000, find the number of
days it takes for the culture to be classed as cured.
e How much longer would it take the culture to be cured if the serum is applied after 6 weeks?
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9756
Test Yourself
Chapter 5
249
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DIGITAL DOC
10 Quick Questions doc-9749: Warm up with ten quick questions on
exponential and logarithmic functions (page 217)
5B
TUTORIAL
WE5 eles-1417: Watch a tutorial on writing exponential
expressions with positive indices (page 222)
DIGITAL DOC
SkillSHEET 5.1 doc-9750: Practise working with negative and rational
powers (page 224)
5C
Indicial equations
TUTORIAL
WE10 eles-1418: Watch a tutorial on solving an indicial equation
by using substitution (page 226)
5D
DIGITAL DOCS
SkillSHEET 5.2 doc-9751: Practise substituting values into exponential
functions (page 230)
WorkSHEET 5.1 doc-9752: Write expressions with their simplest index
notation and solve indicial equations (page 231)
5F
5G
Logarithmic graphs
INTERACTIVITY
Logarithmic graphs int-0264: Consolidate your understanding of
logarithmic graphs and their features (page 236)
Chapter review
DIGITAL DOC
Test Yourself doc-9756: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 249)
DIGITAL DOC
WorkSHEET 5.2 doc-9753: Simplify logarithmic expressions and solve
logarithmic equations (page 236)
250
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_05.indd 250
8/05/13 2:45 PM
Answers CHAPTER 5
exPonenTial anD
loGaRiThmiC FUnCTionS
exercise 5a
index laws
1 a x10
c x7y8
x 3 y9
c
2
4 p10 m8
3a
3
a9b5
4
9 xy 4
2
125k 11d 6
24
c B
b x5y6m 1
5a A
6 a x3yn + 1z
bE
7 a 211
b 324
c 55 34
f 2
8a 8
3
24
b 59 049
d 1
e 5
g 16
h 3
c 16
1
d x10
3 a 3
1
xy 2
e 213 38
b3
d 27
2
3
p2
m
1
f
4 x 6 y2
c 4
c
h 4
4E
5 a
7
33
5
x6
e 64m10
7
24
g (x
125
64
g 27
3
+ 1) 2
7 D
exercise 5D
Graphs of exponential
1 a
1 a 5
c 5
e 2
2 a 5
d
3
9
4
2
11
6
y=3
y = 0.5(4x)
y
5
y = 5x
y = 0, (0, 0.5)
c
y = 14 (2x)
1
0
y
10
4
3
1 0
y
y = 4x
y = 2x 1
1
2
b y = 0, (0, 9)
1
0
y = 0, (0, 4)
1
3 a y = 0, (0, 2 )
dom = R, ran = (0, )
y
y = 4( 13 )x
1
4)
y = 0, (0,
y = 2x
y = 10x
1
0
y = 3x + 2
y
0
c y = 0, (0, 5)
y
1 1 0
c 1
9
8
1
2
1
4
y = 0, (0, 2)
0.5
2
x3
indicial equations
b4
d2
f 3
b
3
( y 4) 2
1
y2
f x2
y = 2(3x)
y = 3x
exercise 5C
8 B
2 a
b 1.89
d 1.66
b 1 or 2
d 1 or 2
functions
2 a 22
1
1
2
1
11
b 23x 2
d 25n 6 39n 3
1
1 a 3
6
b 7
10 E
exercise 5B
y = 0.5x
f 5
9 a 22 33n + 4
c 2n 2 76n 3
5
9
10
5
7
10 E
d 222 58
18
6A
9 a 1.58
c 1.65
d 10e9f 2
15
4
b 7
5
d
5 a 0 or 1
c 0 or 1
d p11q2
c 18u11v5
4a
4 a
b 518
d 6m9p17
2 a a5b3
10
3 a 3
3
y = 3x
y = 51 x y
x
5
0
251
c dom = R, ran = R+
d y = 3, (0, 4)
y
y = 2x + 3
2 a 42 = 16
f(x) = 3 2x
e 5 = 625
2
g 3
e y=
2)
(0,
dom = R, ran = (3, )
y
d
g
j
7 a
c
e
g
i
8 a
d dom = R, ran = R+
y = 3x 3
y
x
(1, 45)
45
f(x) = 5 32x
2
3
y
5
y = 2x + 3 1
0
6
log2 (80)
log10 (100) = 2
log2 (4) = 2
log2 (3)
log3 (20)
log10 (250)
10
(2, 10)
4
3
x
f(x) = 2
b E
f(x) = 4 23x + 3
(1, 4)
y
8
(1, 8)
f(x) = 23x
13
7 a 3.32
c 2.26
e 1.56,
d log10 (100x3)
6
f log10 ( 10 x )
3.99
e log b (a) = n
g 30
i 5
k 10
6
2
B
3.459
1.292
0.661
b 5
f 25
b A
( )
c 4
g 2
c E
b
e
h
0.737
3.080
0.423
h5
d 10
h1
dC
c 0.483
f 2.255
i 2.138
7C
logarithmic graphs
b b
c 3y
1
0
d 2.44, 2.86
f log2 1 = 4
16
c 3
6
3
b 1.30
13 C
b log4 (1024) = 5
f 27
2 a
d 4
1 a x
logarithms
1 a log 2 (8) = 3
b log 3 (243) = 5
c log 5 (1) = 0
d log 10 (0.01) = 2
12 D
b 4
e 4.070
exercise 5G
y=3
exercise 5e
1
f 6
11 B
6 B
( 13, 5) 7
5
3
c 2
g 6
e 8
3 a
e
4 a
5 a
d
g
b dom = R, ran = R+
( x + 3)2
x 2
b 2
1 a 2
e 6
2 a 8
(3, 4)
h log10
4
2
g log3 (64)
exercise 5F
x
23
y = 102 x + 5
f(x) = 22x
15 a 4
d 3.170
2 x
f dom = R, ran = R+
h y = 5, (0, 105)
4 a A
5 a dom = R, ran = R+
b log2 (1728)
e log3 (4)
0 1
Undefined
log3 (105)
log6 (56)
f log3 (3) = 1
h log4 (5)
e log2 = 1
2
f 5
i 5
l 5
c log5 25
y=6 +3
h
k
b
d
5A
c 3
d log10
4
14 a log3 (81) = 4
f(x) = 2 52
252
10 E
4 C
b 4
e 3
9 a 3
e 3
dom = R, ran = R+
g y = 3, (0, 4)
4
3
2
1
h bx = a
c log5 (3)
f y = 1, (0, 7)
15
f 27 = 128
1
9
3D
6 a 4
0
3,
d 33 = 27
(1, 6)
c 2 1= 2
f(x) = log2(x)
(2, 1)
1
0
(5, 1)
5
f(x) = log5(x)
x
d 5x
some stage.
8 a 80 kg
b i 72.1 kg
c 67 weeks
1
0
d i
d
10
12
0
2
3
c
11 a
b
c
12 a
b
c
26 weeks
A = P(1.05)n
$25 000
90 C
i 76.3 C
12 min 37 s
120
i 145
20
1 2 3 4
10
h
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
N
N = 120(1.1t)
120
x 0
log10(V)
4.5
4.4
4.3
g
h
i
4 t(years)
x(year)
4.6
700
iii 213
4.2
ii 176
800
ii 64.7 C
h = 5(0.7n), n 0, n J
900
c 11 1 years
30
13 a V = 5000(1.1t)
b $8857.81
c 8 years
14 a P(people)
P = 100.03t 102.845
P = 700 1.072t, i.e. 7.2% growth
similar to d
j P5 = 982 people; 2002 (t = 6),
P6 = 1051
k During 2011
l During 2004
40
67
400
i 1005 ii 6340 iii 16 643 iv 17 146
17.48 months
h = 5(0.7n)
i 1.20 m ii 0.29 m
0
W = 3 log10(8t + 10)
d = 50 + log10(15n)
W
3
15 a V($000)
52
51
50
c 5x
1
0
5
4
W = 80(20.015t)
1
0
2.9
2.8
3.0
1
0
4
5
6
3.1
ii 52.8 kg
W
80
d
a
a
a
b
c
a
b
f log10(P)
j
k
l
= log10(10 0.099t)
+ log10(104.65)
V = 10 0.099t 104.65
4.65
= 10 (10 0.099)t
= 45 000(0.79)t
The rate of depreciation is about 21%.
In 2010 (x = 5), V = $13 847; in 2011,
V = $10 939.
During 2012
253
16 a
7
10
13
16
19
y y = 3x 2+ 1
T
5000
)
(0,10
9
4000
(2, 2)
3000
1000
(0, 0)
0.410
1.943
0.140
2.352
2.563
0.183
2.837
0.716
3.637
log10 (T )
4
3
ChaPTeR ReVieW
ShoRT anSWeR
4 y2
3x 4
2 a x=5
3 a x=1
b x=5
b x = 0 or x = 1
4 a (0, 9 )
b y=1
10
254
1
1 0
b y=
(x +
x
b 12
8 a x = 216
b x=5
14
y = 3x
(1, 3)
y = 3x
(1, 3)
y = log3(x)
(1, 1)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
x=0
11 a 1500
b i 6000
ii 24 000
c 7.5 days
mUlTiPle ChoiCe
2 C
5 E
3 A
6 C
iv Domain R, range ( 1, )
2 a i 20
ii 25
b i L = 25, C = 28
ii L = 28, C = 30
c Lions by 1 year 1 month
d 31 after 1 year 11 months
3 a y= 4
b A = 0.2
c x = 0.651
d i 3.999 998 ( 4)
ii 19 999 996 ( 2 107)
e 0.831
f Domain R, range (, 4)
4 a 80 C
b i 72.2 C
ii 30.6 C
c T
(3, 1)
01
c x= 3
1 B
4 B
ii y = 1
iii y = 5(x + 3) 1
y = 1
y=x
v Domain R, range R+
b i Horizontal translation of 3 units to the
1)2
ey 3 + 6
7
y
(4, 4)
7 a log4 125
36
iii y = 0
x
y = 3
y=0
E
C
B
B
(1, 5)
(1, 3)
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 log10 (R)
9
12
15
18
y
y = 5x
y=0
10 a
D
B
D
C
ii 5 ,
f(x) = 3 2x 3
9 x=
d
e
f
g
1 a i 1
iv
log10 T
8
11
14
17
exTenDeD ReSPonSe
2000
A
C
A
E
C
d
5 a
b
c
T(x) = 60 (40.05t) + 20
(25, 30.6)
10 20 30 40 50 x
13.2 minutes
e 20 C
12 000
i 16 970
ii 40 363
11.3 days
d 4 da ys e 4 more days
Chapter 6
Circular functions
DiGital DoC
doc-9757
10 Quick Questions
Chapter ContentS
6a
6B
6C
6D
6e
6F
6G
6h
6i
6a
sin ( ) =
H
O
O
H
cos ( ) =
A
H
tan ( ) =
O
A
WorkeD exaMple 1
Find the value of x in each of the following triangles. Express lengths correct to 2 decimal places
and angles to 1 decimal place.
a
9
64
4.1
x
x
27
c
x
7.5
8.6
255
Write
think
cos (64 ) =
x
9
= 3.95
O
b Use sin ( ) =
H
4.1
sin (27 ) =
x
x=
4.1
sin (27 )
= 9.03
c Use tan ( ) =
DiGital DoCS
doc-9758
SkillSHEET 6.1
trigonometry review i
A
H
x = 9 cos (64 )
exercise 6a
a Use cos ( ) =
tan ( x ) =
O
A
8.6
7.5
= 1.146 67
x = tan 1 (1.14667)
= 48.9
1 We1a Find the value of x in each of the following, correct to 2 decimal places.
a
b
c
10
x
18
doc-9759
SkillSHEET 6.2
trigonometry review ii
12
x
81
36
10.6
32
y
y
72
6.8
2.4
3 We1c Find the value of a in each of the following. Give answers correct to the nearest tenth of a degree.
b
c
a
a
8
2.5
9
6.4
10.2
a
a
3.7
256
10 cm
a x is nearest to:
a 60 cm
21.98 cm
20
B 22 cm
C 7.5 cm
D 8 cm
e 9 cm
B 64
C 37
D 26
e 39
B 6 cm
C 5 cm
D 10 cm
e 7 cm
c y is nearest to:
a 8 cm
B 0.0166
e 0.309
C 3.076
6 MC If 0 < a < 90 and cos a < 0.5, then which of the following is correct?
a a < 30
D a < 45
B a > 30
e a > 60
C a < 60
7 A tree 5 metres tall casts a shadow so that the angle of elevation from the end of the shadow to the top
5m
35
8 A mathematically able tree removalist measures the angle of elevation of two points on a diseased
section of a large eucalypt at a distance of 40 m from the base of the tree. If the angles are 20 and 24
respectively, how tall is the diseased section of the tree?
Diseased section
20 24
40 m
9 A 60-metre flying fox cable is set up to cross a river so that it will drop 10 metres vertically. What is the
angle, .
Goal
5m
7.3 m
12 m
257
6B
y
1
P( )
1
0 x
1x
tan ( )
x
tan ()
sin ( )
y
.
Note: Tangent (), or tan (), may also be defined as the ratio x . That is, tan ( ) =
cos ( )
This formula and its derivation will be discussed in more detail later in this chapter.
Quadrants
The coordinate axes divide the unit circle into four quadrants as shown in the diagram below left.
The angle measurements, in degrees, between the quadrants are shown in the diagram below right.
y
y
90
2nd quadrant
1st quadrant
3rd quadrant
180
4th quadrant
270
258
x
0 or 360
Therefore:
Sine
positive
All
positive
Tangent
positive
Cosine
positive
WorkeD exaMple 2
Write
a Quadrant 2
b Quadrant 4
exact values
Calculated trigonometric values (sin, cos and tan) of most angles
are rational approximations correct to several decimal places.
However, for a few particular angles, exact trigonometric
values can be determined. These include multiples of 90 and the
ratios of isosceles and equilateral triangles.
Exact values can be determined for 0 and any multiple of 90
using this diagram and the fact that y = sin (), x = cos () and
y
tan () .
x
The isosceles triangle with equal sides of one
unit each gives the exact trigonometric values
for 45.
The hypotenuse is calculated using
Pythagoras theorem:
hypotenuse =
12
0 or 360
x
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
270
45
2
1
45
SOH
sin (45) =
180
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
+ 12
= 2
So, using
y
90
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
CAH
TOA
1
cos (45) =
2
=
2
2
tan (45) =
1
1
=1
259
The equilateral triangle with each side 2 units long, shown in the figure below, has been bisected.
Line of bisection
30
2
60
1
SOH
sin (30 ) =
CAH
1
2
TOA
1
3
1
3
=
3
3
3
2
cos (30) =
tan (30) =
3
3
3
tan (60 ) =
1
=
sin (60 ) =
3
2
cos (60 ) =
1
2
= 3
These exact values are summarised in the table below.
Angle ( )
0
sin ()
0
cos ()
1
tan ()
0
30
1
2
3
2
3
3
45
2
2
2
2
60
3
2
1
2
90
Undefined
WorkeD exaMple 3
c tan (270 ).
think
Write
sin (90 ) = 1
b
260
y
x on the unit circle.
The value of
1
0
is not defined.
cos (180 ) = 1
c
tan (270 ) =
WorkeD exaMple 4
Write
45
1
45
1
a sin (45) =
1
2
1
2
2
2
b cos (60) =
2
2
1
2
30
3
60
1
c Read the value from the table, or
30
3
3
60
1
exercise 6B
c tan (30 ) =
3
3
a sin (40)
f sin (260)
e sin (230)
j sin (36)
a cos (27)
f cos (295)
State whether the following values are positive (P) or negative (N).
b cos (68)
c cos (115)
d cos (200)
g cos (402)
h cos (83)
i cos (240)
Compare your answers with those found using a calculator.
e cos (250)
j cos (157)
e tan (199)
j tan (137)
a tan (12)
f tan (255)
DiGital DoC
doc-9760
the unit circle
a If 0 < a < 360, sin (a) < 0 and cos (a) < 0, then which one of the following is true?
a 0 < a < 90
D 270 < a < 360
a 0 < a < 90
D cos (a) > 0
a one solution
D three solutions
B no solution
e four solutions
C two solutions
a no solutions
D one solution
B two solutions
e four solutions
C three solutions
b If 0 < a < 360, sin (a) > 0 and tan (a) < 0, then which one of the following is true?
c Given that 0 < a < 360, then the equation cos (a) = 1 has:
d If 0 < a < 360, then the equation sin (a) = cos (a) has:
261
B 150
e 90
6 We3
Find:
a cos (180)
f cos (360)
7 We4
DiGital DoC
doc-9761
WorkSHEET 6.1
b sin (270)
g tan (270)
c tan (360)
h tan (180)
d sin (180)
i sin (630)
e cos (270)
j cos (720)
c tan (30)
h cos (0)
d cos (60)
i sin (90)
e sin (30)
j tan (90)
a sin (60)
f tan (45)
6C
C 45
b cos (45)
g sin (45)
radians
You are used to measuring angles in degrees (), and will recall
that there are 360 in a circle. An alternative unit for angle measurement
is the radian (c). This is given on the calculator as (r).
Radians are derived from the circumference of the unit
circle, that is, a circle of radius 1 unit. In a unit circle, the
circumference = 2r = 2(1) = 2 units. So, the angle swept in
one revolution is equivalent to 2 c.
Therefore 2 c = 360, so:
c
180
1 =
c = 180
1c =
180
ius
rad
1 radian
An arc length of
one radian is 1c.
These formulas may be used to convert degrees to radians and vice versa.
WorkeD exaMple 5
a 1 Multiply 120 by
Write/DiSplaY
c
.
180
a 120 = 120
2 c
3
3
2
c
180
b 270
270 =
3 c
2
WorkeD exaMple 6
Write/DiSplaY
3
4
b 1 Multiply 0.8 c by
= 135
3 c
= 135
4
180
.
c
b 0.8 c = 0.8
180
Cancel out c.
= 0.8 180
Simplify.
= 144
When working in degrees, all angles should be expressed to the nearest tenth of a degree unless
otherwise stated.
WorkeD exaMple 7
Write
a 1 Multiply 57.2 by
2
a 57.2 = 57.2
180
.
c
180
= 0.998c
b 1 Multiply 2.75 by
2
c
.
180
b 2.75 = 2.75
180
= 157.6
c
= 90
2
c
= 30
6
c
= 45
4
and
c
= 60
3
sin ()
cos ()
tan ()
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
3
3
1
3
Undefined
263
c
4
45
5
c
6 15
35
0
12
3
c
4 1
60 c
3
c
2
3
90 2
30
0 0c
c 180
x
360 2 c
330 1
1 c
0
21
7
c
4
c
5
3
c
3
270
2
4 c
3 24
25
31
5
0
30
5
c
4 2
c
7
6
( 6 sectors shaded)
30
2
2
exercise 6C
radians
45
e 3.6
2
3
60
c
f
i
l
2
9
g
4
c
60
90
150
300
d
11
6
h 0.375
C 1.92c
2
3
5
4
e 3.84c
e 135
4
3
C 250
C 50
2
5
6 We7a Use a calculator to convert the following angles to radians, correct to 3 decimal places.
a 49
b 78.2
c 125
d 191.4
e 234.6
f 327.5
g 170.25
h 216.8
264
7 We7b Use a calculator to convert the following radian measurements to degrees, to the nearest tenth
of a degree.
a 0.35
e 15.6
8
b 1.47
f 2.71
c 3.142
g 4.06
a sin
b cos
4
3
e tan
6D
cos
6
d 0.958
h 8
c tan
d sin
g sin
h cos
Symmetry
The unit circle can be divided into symmetrical sections, as shown in the diagram below.
Relationships between the circular functions sine, cosine and tangent can be established, based
on these symmetrical properties.
For simplicity, assume is an acute angle, although the following properties hold for any .
interaCtiVitY
int-0265
Symmetry
P( )
1
y
P( ) = (cos ( ), sin ( ))
= (x, y)
c x
1
P( + )
0 or 2 c
x 1
P(2 )
1
c
3
Quadrant 2
By symmetry:
sin ( ) = y = sin ( )
cos ( ) = x = cos ( )
y
tan ( ) = = tan ( )
x
Quadrant 3
By symmetry:
sin ( + ) = y = sin ( )
cos ( + ) = x = cos ( )
tan ( + ) =
y
= tan ( )
x
Quadrant 1
As already seen:
sin ( ) = y
cos ( ) = x
y
tan ( ) =
x
Quadrant 4
By symmetry:
sin (2 ) = y = sin ( )
cos (2 ) = x = cos ( )
y
= tan ( )
tan (2 ) =
x
265
WorkeD exaMple 8
a
b
c
d
tUtorial
eles-1420
Worked example 8
think
Write/DraW
sin ( )
x
cos ( )
x
cos (360 )
(36
0
cos(360 ) = cos ()
= 0.44
y
tan ( )
x
tan ( )
tan( ) = tan ()
= 1.72
y
266
cos ( )
C
cos( + ) = cos ()
= 0.83
WorkeD exaMple 9
tUtorial
eles-1421
Worked example 9
7
d tan
6
c cos
think
Write/DraW
(18
30
or
3
.
3
3
3
A
30
sin (30)
x
sin (360 30)
(36
0)
c 1 Express cos
.
as cos
2
or
tan (30)
= tan (180 30)
x
A
30
1
2
3 =
cos
4
4
c cos
cos ( 4 )
C
cos ( 4 )
4
4
cos = cos
4
4
1
2
or
2
.
2
1
2
or
2
2
267
7 as tan + .
d 1 Express tan
6
7 = tan +
6
d tan
6
6
tan (6 )
= tan ( + 6 )
x
tan = tan
6
6
1
3
3
.
3
or
1
3
3
3
or
WorkeD exaMple 10
3
If sin
= 0.924 , evaluate each of the following.
8
11
.
8
a sin
b sin
think
Write
3
8 3
5
a 1 Express sin
= sin .
as sin
8
3
3
Using symmetry express sin as sin .
8
3
= sin
8
3
Replace sin with 0.924.
8
= 0.924
3
11 as sin 8 + 3 =
b 1 Express sin
sin + .
268
11 =
sin
8
b sin
+ 3
3
3
By symmetry express sin + as sin .
8
3
= sin
8
3
Replace sin with 0.924.
8
= 0.924
Symmetry
1 We 8
If sin ( ) = 0.63, find:
a sin (180 )
b sin (180 + )
2
exercise 6D
DiGital DoC
doc-9760
the unit circle
3
5 =
sin
8
8
a sin
a cos ( )
a tan (2 )
c sin ( )
d sin (360 ).
b cos ( + )
c cos (2 )
d cos ( ).
b tan ()
c tan ( + )
d tan ( ).
Given that sin (a) = 0.3, cos (b) = 0.7 and tan (c) = 0.9, write down the value of each of the
following.
a sin (180 + a)
b cos (180 b)
c tan (360 c)
d sin (a )
e sin (180 a)
f cos (b )
g cos (360 b)
h tan (180 c)
i tan (180 + c)
5 We9a, b
Find the exact value of each of the following.
a sin (150 )
b cos (135 )
c tan (240 )
e sin (240 )
f cos (210 )
g tan (120 )
i cos (60 )
j sin (135 )
k tan (180 )
6 We9c, d
5
a cos
4
d sin
7
3
tan
6
g sin
h cos
11
tan
6
sin
4
k cos ()
e cos
i
d tan (330 )
h sin (300 )
l sin (270 )
7
6
sin
2
If sin = 0.383, cos = 0.924 and tan = 0.414, evaluate each of the following.
8
8
8
9
17
7
a sin
b cos
c tan
8
8
8
7 We 10
d cos
e sin
7
8
15
tan
8
Given that sin (75) = 0.966, cos (75) = 0.259 and tan (75) = 3.732, find the value of each of the
following.
a sin (105 )
b cos (255 )
c tan (285 )
d sin (255 )
e cos (435 )
f tan (75 )
9
If sin (0.7) = 0.644, cos (0.7) = 0.765 and tan (0.7) = 0.842, find the value of each of the following.
(Hint: = 3.142, approximately.)
a sin (2.442)
b cos (3.842)
c tan (5.584)
d sin (0.7)
8
6e
identities
P( )
1
sin ()
cos ( )
the tangent
Consider the unit circle on the right.
A tangent is drawn at A and extended to the point C, so that OC
is an extension of OP. This tangent is called tangent ( ), which is
abbreviated to tan ( ).
Triangles ODP and OAC are similar, because they have their
three corresponding angles equal.
tan ( )
sin ( )
It follows that:
=
(corresponding sides)
1
cos ( )
or tan ( ) =
sin ( )
cos ( )
y
1
B
P( ) C
1
sin ( )
cos ( )
D 1A
tan ( )
x
269
sin
= cos ( )
2
and
y
1
D
x
cos = sin ( )
2
C(90 )
1
B( )
y
A1
If sin () = 0.4 and 0 < < 90, find, correct to 3 decimal places:
a cos ()
b tan ().
think
Write
a sin2 ( ) + cos2 ( ) = 1
(0.4)2 + cos2 ( ) = 1
sin ( )
.
cos ( )
cos2 ( ) = 1 0.16
= 0.84
cos ( ) = 0.84
= 0.917 or 0.917
For 0 < < 90, cos is positive
so cos ( ) = 0.917.
b tan ( ) =
sin ( )
cos ( )
0.4
0.917
= 0.436
=
WorkeD exaMple 12
270
Write
sin2 ( ) + cos2 ( ) = 1
sin2 ( ) + (0.75)2 = 1
sin2 ( ) = 1 0.5625
= 0.4375
sin ( ) = 0.4375
= 0.661 or 0.661
WorkeD exaMple 13
think
Write
WorkeD exaMple 14
2
If 0 < a < 90 and cos (a) = 3 , find the exact values of:
a sin (a)
b tan (a)
c cos (90 a)
d sin (180 + a).
think
tUtorial
eles-1422
Worked example 14
Write/DraW
a
H=3
A=2
O= 5
3
Substitute O = 5 and H = 3.
O
.
H
O
.
A
Substitute O = 5 and A = 2.
5
.
3
sin (180 + a ) =
sin
(a ).
5
.
3
O2 = 32 22
=5
O= 5
a sin (a) =
O
H
5
3
b tan (a) =
O
A
5
2
5
3
5
3
(Note: The above results could have been obtained using the identities directly.)
271
exercise 6e
identities
30
81
129
193
260
47
350
sin2 ( )
cos2 ( )
sin2 ( ) + cos2 ( )
2 We11a If sin ( ) = 0.8 and 0 < < 90, find, correct to 3 decimal places:
a cos ( )
b tan ( ).
3 We11b If cos ( ) = 0.3 and 0 < < 90, find, correct to 3 decimal places:
a sin ( )
b tan ( ).
4 We12 Find all possible values of the following, correct to 3 decimal places.
a cos (x ) if sin (x ) = 0.4
b cos (x ) if sin (x ) = 0.7
c sin (x ) if cos (x ) = 0.24
d sin (x ) if cos (x ) = 0.9
5
b sin (x )
a c
c cos (x ).
2 7
x
5
7
25
9 We13
Find a if 0 a 90 and:
a sin (a ) = cos (20 )
b sin (a ) = cos (58 )
d cos (a ) = sin (82 )
e sin (8 ) = cos (a )
g sin (89 ) = cos (a )
h cos (17 ) = sin (a ).
36
c
54
b
0.8
0.28
cos ( )
0.6
0.96
tan ( )
272
bc
10
0.77
0.3
3.18
0.573
0.447
1.207
0.7
11 We14
a
d
g
j
sin (b )
tan (a )
sin (90 a )
sin (180 a )
b
e
h
k
2
,
5
tan (b )
sin (c )
cos (90 b )
cos (180 + b )
11
,
5
c
f
i
l
find:
cos (a )
cos (c )
sin (90 c )
tan (180 + c ).
graphs
To get an idea of the shape of the y = sin (x) graph, we can construct a table of values, plot the points and
join them with a smooth line.
The values for the table can be generated from the unit circle. You may recall that continuing
on the unit circle past 2, the sine values begin repeating themselves. For example,
9
sin = sin 2 + = sin . We have gone exactly once around the circle from .
4
4
4
4
x
y = sin (x)
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
interaCtiVitY
int-0251
Sine and cosine graphs
y
( 2 , 1)
1
0.71
(, 0)
( 4 ,
(0, 0)
0
2 4
( 34 , 0.71)
( 2 , 1)
0.71)
y = sin (x)
( 3
, 0.71)
4
(2, 0)
( , 0)
( 5
, 0.71)
4
0.71
( 74 , 0.71)
( 32 , 1)
You can verify the shape of this curve using a CAS calculator. It can be observed that the curve repeats
itself in cycles after an interval of 2 units. Due to this repetition it is called a periodic function; the
period is the interval between repetitions. The
y
period of y = sin (x) is 2 radians (or 360).
When dealing with graphs of circular functions
Period
such as sin (x), unless otherwise stated, we
assume that the units for x are radians.
Amplitude
The mean position of the graph of y = sin (x) is
y = 0 and the maximum and minimum values are
x
1 and 1 respectively. The distance from the mean
Mean
position to the maximum (or minimum) position
position
is called the amplitude of the periodic function.
Period
The amplitude of y = sin ( x) is 1 unit.
3
4
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
y = cos (x)
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
273
y
y = cos (x)
(4 , 0.71)
1 (0, 1)
(4 , 0.71)
( 2 , 0)
( 2 , 0)
( 34, 0.71)
( , 1)
2 4
0.71 3
1 ( 4 , 0.71)
(2 , 1)
(74 , 0.71)
0.71)
( 32 , 0)
3
( 54 , 0.71)
( , 1)
Note: The graph of y = cos (x) is exactly the same as that of y = sin (x) translated units or 90 to
2
the left.
In general, the graphs of y = a sin (bx) + c and y = a cos (bx) + c (for a, b, c R) have the following
properties:
1. Amplitude = | a |
2
360
2. Period =
(or
)
b
b
3. Mean position at y = c
4. Maximum = c + a and minimum = c a
1
5. When c = 0, x-intercepts for cosine are at x =
and every 2 period to the left and right of these;
2
b
1
x-intercepts for sine are at x = and every 2 period to the left and right of these.
b
Note: | a | means the size or magnitude of a, expressed as a positive number, as the amplitude must
always be positive.
If a < 0, then the resulting graph is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph for which a > 0. For example,
the graph of y = 2 sin (x) is the reflection of y = 2 sin (x) in the x-axis (think of the x-axis as a plane or
flat mirror).
WorkeD exaMple 15
State i the period and ii the amplitude of each of the following functions.
a y
b y = 1.5 sin (4 x)
4
4
think
274
Write
a i Period = 3
ii Amplitude = 4
b i Period =
2
where b = 4
b
Substitute b = 4.
2
4
Simplify.
ii Amplitude = | 1.5 |
= 1.5
WorkeD exaMple 16
Sketch the graphs of the following functions and state i the period and
ii the amplitude of each.
2
x x [0, 12]
a y = 4 cos
b y = sin (4 x) x [0, 2]
3
3
think
tUtorial
eles-1607
Worked example 16
Write/DraW
a i Period =
2
b
2
Substitute b = 3 .
= 6
1
3
ii Amplitude = 4
y
4
0
6 152 9
21
12 x
b i Period =
2
b
Substitute b = 4.
2
4
ii Amplitude =
y
2
3
0
23
2
3
2 x
275
WorkeD exaMple 17
Write/DiSplaY
a Period =
2
b
2
2
Substitute b = 2.
y
1
0
3.
y=
The maximum and minimum are at
c + a and c a.
2 x
c Maximum = 3 + 1
= 2
Minimum = 3 1
= 4
y
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
WorkeD exaMple 18
276
b Amplitude = 1
Write/DraW
, where b = .
2
b
The amplitude is 2.
Period =
=4
Amplitude = 2
2 x
10
x
y = 2 cos
2
(4, 2)
( )
y
2
(2, 2)
exercise 6F
State i the period and ii the amplitude for each of the following functions.
1 We15a
a
y
2
0
1.5
y
3
3
2
h
y
2.5
0
2.5
DiGital DoCS
doc-9762
Sine graphs
doc-9763
Cosine graphs
3 x
4
g
y
2
y
4
y
1.5
2
d
y
0.5
8
6
4
2
0.5
2
2 We15b
State i the period and ii the amplitude of each of the following functions.
a y = sin (x)
b y = 3 sin (x)
c y = 2 sin (2x)
d y = 4 sin (3x)
g y = 0.4 cos
x +1
3
y = sin (6x) + 4
e y=
1
2
x
sin
3
h y = 3 cos (5x)
k y=
1
5
sin ( x )
f
i
y = 2 cos (4x)
x
y = 2.5 cos
4
x
cos
2
y=
4
Sketch the graph of the following functions, showing one complete cycle, and state i the
period and ii the amplitude of each.
x
a y = sin (2x)
b y = 2 cos (x)
c y = 3 sin
2
3 We16
d y = 4 cos (2x)
e y = 2 sin (3x)
x
g y = 5 sin
h y = 4 cos
3
j y = 3 sin (2x)
x
2
2
3
x
cos
2
y=
y = 2 cos (4x)
277
3
a The amplitude of the function is:
B 3
D 3
e 6
D 6
e 3
C
2
c The equation of the function could be:
a y = 3 sin (2x)
B y = 3 sin (x)
x
D y = 3 sin (2x)
e y = 3 sin
2
a 2
C y = 3 cos (2x)
x
2
x
D y = cos
2
a y = 2 cos (x)
B y = 2 sin
C y = 2 cos (x)
e
x
y = 2 cos
2
1.5
2
3 x
0
1.5
2
y
4 x
1
0
5
e
y
4
3
2
x
6
278
d f (x) =
2
cos (2x) for x [0, 2]
8 We17 Sketch the graph of the following functions and state i the period, ii the amplitude, and iii the
b y = 2 sin (x) 2
x [2, 2]
x
d y = sin 1
x [0, 6]
3
2
2x
sin
3
x
3
3 x
d f : [0, 8] R, f (x) = 3 cos
10 For each of the functions graphed below, state the rule using full function notation.
a
y
3
y
f(x)
5
2
f(x)
0
5 x
5
2
1.8
f(x)
0
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
x
13 0
y
0
2.4
2.4
1.8
3
2
2 10
2
3
4
2 x
DiGital DoC
doc-9764
WorkSHEET 6.2
279
6G tangent graphs
the graph of y = tan (x)
To manually plot the graph of y = tan (x), the following table of values may be used.
x
y = tan (x)
3
4
5
4
3
2
7
4
Undefined
Undefined
Undefined
Note: Multiples of 8 could be used to give more points to plot and a clearer indication of the shape of
the graph.
sin ( x )
Note the presence of some undefined y-values. This is because y =
and cos (x) = 0 at these
cos
(x)
values.
These undefined values are shown as vertical asymptotes at the given value of x for which they occur.
(An asymptote is a line that a graph approaches, but never quite reaches. In the case of y = tan (x), y
approaches (but never actually reaches) and + for particular x-values.)
The graph of y = tan (x) is shown in the figure below.
Vertical asymptotes
y
y = tan (x)
5
3
(
, 1)
( 4 , 1) ( 4, 1)
4
1
( , 0)
(, 0)
(0, 0)
0
2 4
4 2
1
( 34, 1)
(2 , 0)
2
1)
3
2
( 74,
3. It has a period of .
4. It has a range of R (the set of all real numbers).
In general, the graph of y = a tan (bx) + c has the following properties.
y
2b
2b
2b
3
2b
1. No amplitude
2. Period = .
b
3. When c = 0, the graph has x-intercepts at x = and every period to the left and right of these.
b
4. It has asymptotes at x =
and x =
and every period to the left and right of these.
2b
2b
(2n + 1)
5. The following formula for asymptotes applies: xasymptote =
, where n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2b
6. Mean position at y = c. The graph is translated vertically to c.
280
WorkeD exaMple 19
For each function below, state i the period and ii the equation of the two asymptotes closest to the
y-axis.
1
x + 3
a y = 2 tan (4 x)
b y = 3 tan
2
think
Write
a i Period =
Substitute b = 4.
Substitute b = 4.
x=
24
Simplify.
x=
ii Asymptotes: x =
b i Period =
1
.
2
Substitute b =
Simplify.
Substitute b =
Simplify.
2b
1
2
= 2
1
.
2
ii Asymptotes: x =
x=
2b
1
2 2
x=
WorkeD exaMple 20
x
over [2, 4] without a
Sketch the graph of the function y = 3 tan
2
CAS calculator.
think
tUtorial
eles-1423
Worked example 20
Write
.
2
2
=2
by substituting b = into x = .
2
2b
Asymptotes: x =
Period =
= 1
281
1
When x = 2 , y = 3 tan
4
=31
=3
When x = 2 , y = 3 tan
4
= 3 1
= 3
x
y = 3 tan
2
( )
2 1 2
1
2
tangent graphs
exercise 6G
DiGital DoC
doc-9765
tangent graphs
State i the period and ii the equation of the two asymptotes closest to the y-axis for each of
the following.
x
x
a y = tan (2x)
b y = tan (3x)
c y = tan
d y = tan
3
2
x
x
e y = 3 tan (x)
f y = 2 tan
g y = tan
h y = 2 tan (2x)
4
2
i y = tan (x) 1
j y = tan (2x) 3
1 We19
2 Sketch the graph of each function in question 1, showing the first two cycles.
3 We20
B
C
D
4
2
MC
a 4
4 MC
Use the graph to answer questions a and b.
a The period of the function is equal to:
C
2
e 3
b The equation of the function is:
a
B
D 2
1.5
0
x
2
D y = 1.5 tan (3x)
e 2
B y = 1.5 tan
5 We20 Sketch the graphs of each of the following functions over the given domain.
a y = 3 tan
DiGital DoC
doc-9766
Investigation
tangent graphs
282
x , [0, 2]
2
2 x , [0, 5]
d y = 1.8 tan
b y = tan
x , [0, 3]
3
c y = 2 tan
x , [0, 2]
3
6h
y
1
1
2
3
2
5
2
7
2
y = 8 sin ( )
1
1
By drawing a horizontal line through y = , it can be seen that there are four solutions in the domain
2
[0, 4].
The solution for 0 < x < , that is, in the first quadrant, is (from our knowledge of exact values).
2
4
Note: For inexact solutions in the first quadrant, use a calculator.
The sine function is also positive in the second quadrant.
y
3
Using sine symmetry, the next solution is =
4
4
(different symmetry properties are used for cosine and
sin ( 4 )
sin ( 4 )
S
A
tangent). Since the graph is periodic, any further solutions are
4
found by adding (or subtracting) the period (in this case 2) to
x
(or from) each of the first two solutions.
T
C
For example, two further solutions are:
3
+ 2 and
+ 2
4
4
9
11
=
and
4
4
3 9
11
Therefore, four solutions in the specified domain are ,
,
and
.
4 4 4
4
However, if a domain is not specified, there are an infinite number of solutions, as multiples of 2
3
can be added (or subtracted) indefinitely to (or from) and
. In this situation a general solution is
4
4
obtained where the solutions are in terms of a parameter, n, where n is an integer, i.e. n Z.
The general solution for the first quadrant solution x = becomes x = 2n + where n Z.
4
4
3
3
becomes x = 2n +
The general solution for the second quadrant solution x =
where n Z.
4
4
3
Note that the general solution x = 2n +
can be expressed as x = 2n + = (2n + 1) .
4
4
4
Substituting different integer values of n will give specific solutions as shown in the table below.
x = 2n +
, n Z
4
x = 2n +
3
, n Z
4
x = 2 +
7
=
4
4
x = 2 +
3 5
=
4
4
x = 0+
x = 2 +
x = 4 +
=
4 4
9
=
4
4
17
=
and so on
4
4
x = 0+
3 3
=
4
4
x = 2 +
3 11
=
4
4
x = 4 +
3 19
=
and so on
4
4
283
In general, if:
sin (x) = a, then x = 2n + sin 1 (a) and x = (2n + 1) sin 1 (a) where a [1, 1] and n Z.
1
Find to the nearest tenth of a degree if cos ( ) = 0.58, given that [0, 360].
think
Write/DraW
cos ( ) = 0.58
(1
80
.5
54
54.5
0.58 + 0.58
180
(1
80
54
.5
(0.58)
WorkeD exaMple 22
284
Write
x [0, 4]
.305
0.3
x
7c
0.3
For x [0, 2]
x = 0.305 or ( 0.305)
= 0.305 or 2.837
5
For x [0, 4]
x = 0.305, 2.837, (0.305 + 6.283),
(2.837 + 6.283)
b cos( x ) =
x [0, 4]
1 1
2
3
1
For x [0, 2]
x = or +
3
3
2
4
=
or
3
3
5
Adding 2 (=
6
) to the last two solutions
3
would give solutions beyond the specified
12
domain (4 or
), so stop here.
3
For x [0, 4]
2 4 2
4
x=
+ 2 ,
+ 2
,
,
3 3 3
3
2 4 2 6 4 6
=
+
+
,
,
,
3 3 3
3 3
3
x=
2 4 8 10
,
, ,
3 3 3 3
285
WorkeD exaMple 23
Find solutions to 2 sin (x) = 0.984 over the domain [0, 2].
think
Write/DraW
2 sin (x) =
x [0, 2]
0.984
0.51
4) c
0.492
0.492
x
0.514c
x = 0.514 or ( 0.514)
6
= 0.514 or 2.628
Note: Any equation not in the form sin (A) = B (or cos or tan) should be transposed before the solutions
are found.
WorkeD exaMple 24
cos (x) = a.
286
tUtorial
eles-1424
Worked example 24
Write
1
a x = 2n cos
(a)
Substitute a =
1
into the general equation
2
1
, recognising that it
and evaluate cos 1
2
is an exact angle.
1
x = 2n cos 1
2
x = 2n
4
x = 2n +
n = 1: x =
and x = 2n , n Z
4
4
9
and x =
7
4
n = 0: x =
and x =
4
4
7
9
n = 1: x = 2 =
and x = 2 + =
4
4
4
4
1
a = 2 into the general equations. Evaluate
1
sin 1 ( 2 ), recognising that it is an exact angle.
x=
7 7
, , ,
4 4 4 4
1
2
b sin ( x ) =
x = 2n + sin
x = 2n
Specify n Z.
1
+ sin 1 ( 2 )
and x = (2n + 1)
(a)
1
sin 1 ( 2 )
and x = (2n + 1) or
6
6
5
x = 2n +
, where n Z
6
x = 2n +
n = 1: x = 2 +
11
=
and
6
6
7
=
6
6
5
n = 0: x = and x = =
6
6
6
x =
x=
11 7 5
,
, ,
6
6 6 6
c x = n + tan
(a)
x = n + tan = ( 3)
x = n + , n Z
3
1
n = 2 : x = 2 +
n = 1: x = +
=
n = 0: x =
2 4
, ,
3 3 3
exercise 6h
1
x=
4
3
2
3
n = 1: x = +
=
Find the exact value of x in terms of in each of the following equations, given that x is in the first
quadrant.
a cos ( x ) =
1
2
b sin ( x ) =
c tan ( x ) =
d cos ( x ) =
3
2
sin ( x ) =
3
2
e tan (x) = 1
1
2
DiGital DoC
doc-9767
trigonometric
equations
287
2 We21 Find the value of to the nearest tenth of a degree in each of the following equations, given
b cos () = 0.25
e cos () = 0.195
h cos () = 0.757
a sin () = 0.6
d sin () = 0.85
g sin () = 0.333
c tan () = 5.72
f tan () = 0.837
3 We22 Find the value of x in each of the following equations if x [0, 4]. Give answers correct to
e sin (x) =
0.39
cos ( x ) =
2
2
2
2
a
B
C
D
e
6
2
3
4
5
5 We23 Find solutions, exact where possible, to the following over the domain [0, 2].
a 2 sin (x) = 0.586
b 2 cos (x) = 1
c 2 tan ( x ) = 2 3
d 2 sin (x) + 0.893 = 0
3 tan ( x ) + 1 = 0
e 1.8 cos (x) + 1.236 = 0
f
4 MC a If sin ( x ) = cos ( x ) =
The solution to the equation 2 cos (x) + 1 = 0 over the domain [0, 2] is:
5 7
2 4
2
5
a
B
C
D
,
,
,
,
6 6
3 3
3 3
6 6
6 MC
4 5
,
3 3
7 Solve each of the following, to the nearest tenth of a degree, over the domain [0, 360].
a 4 sin (x) = 1
b 3 cos (x) = 2
c 2 tan (x) 7 = 0
d 4 + sin (x) = 3
e 1 + 2 cos (x) =
3 tan (x) + 9 = 0
b cos (x 60) = 0
d 2 sin (x 60) = 1
2 cos (x + 90) + 1 = 0
x =1
g 2 cos
2
3 tan (2 x ) = 1
k tan (2 ( x 30) ) =
9 We24
sin (2x) = 0
x
h 2 sin = 2
2
2
cos
(3 x ) = 1
j
l
sin
1
2
( x 40) = 0.6
a 2 cos ( x ) 3 = 0
1
3
2 sin ( x ) 1 = 0 .
b tan ( x ) =
c
6i
applications
Many situations arise in science and nature where relationships between two variables exhibit periodic
behaviour. Tide heights, sound waves, biorhythms and ovulation cycles are examples.
In these situations trigonometric functions can be used to model the behaviour of the variables. The
independent variable (x) is often a measurement such as time.
When modelling with trigonometric functions you should work in radians unless otherwise instructed.
288
WorkeD exaMple 25
tUtorial
eles-1425
Worked example 25
think
Write/DraW
a P = 0.05sin
t + 0.1
12
is 1.
2
t
Substitute sin = 1 into the equation
12
for P and evaluate.
is 1.
t = 1.
12
t = 1.
12
t
Substitute sin = 1 into the equation
12
for P and evaluate.
At 3 pm, t = 9.
9
When t = 9, P = 0.05 sin + 0.1
12
3
= 0.05 sin + 0.1
4
1
+ 0.1
2
= 0.035 + 0.1
= 0.135
= 0.05
Amplitude = 0.05
Period = 2
12
Period = 24
289
t
The basic graph is P = 0.05 sin .
12
12 t (hours)
When P = 0.125,
t
0.05 sin + 0.1 = 0.125
12
t
0.05 sin = 0.025
12
t
sin = 0.5
12
t
= or
12 6
6
5
= or
6
6
t
1
5
= or
12 6
6
t = 2 or 10
10
11
exercise 6i
applications
1 The weight of a rabbit over a period of time is modelled by the graph shown below.
W (kg)
4
3
2
1
0
10
t (days)
2 The graph below shows the heart rate of an athlete during a particular hour of a workout.
H (beats/min)
160
110
60
0
15
30
45
60
t (min)
released is:
Find:
t
h = 1 + 0.6 cos
2
4 The temperature, T (C), inside a building on a given day is given by the function:
t
T = 8 sin + 18
12
where t is the number of hours after 8 am.
a What is the maximum temperature in the building and the time at which it first occurs?
b Find the temperature at i 8 pm, ii 6 pm and iii 12 am (midnight).
5 The displacement, x (in mm), of a harp string t seconds after it is initially plucked is modelled by the
function:
x (t) = 12 sin (20 t)
a
b
c
d
291
6 The height of a bungee jumper, h metres, above a pool of water at any time, t seconds, after jumping is
position?
7 A cyclist rides one lap of a circular track at a constant speed so that her distance, d metres, from her
t
d = 50 50 cos
30
Find:
a the time taken to complete one lap
b the radius of the track
c the maximum distance from the start
d the length of the track
e the distance from her starting point after i 15 seconds and ii 40 seconds
f the times at which she is 93.3 metres from her starting points.
8 The depth of water, d metres, at a port entrance is given by the function:
t
d (t ) = 4.5 + 1.5 sin
12
where t is in hours.
a Find i the maximum and ii the minimum depth at the port entrance.
b A certain ship needs the depth at the port entrance to be more than 5 metres. The ship can be
loaded and unloaded, and in and out of the port, in 9 hours. Assuming that the ship enters the port
just as the depth at the entrance passes 5 metres, will the ship be able to exit 9 hours later? How
long will it have to spare, or by how many minutes will it miss out?
9 The Australian dollars value (a) in US dollars was observed to follow the equation
a = 0.9 + 0.01t + 0.02 sin (0.5 t) over a period of 8 days (t represents the number of days).
Using a CAS calculator, sketch a graph of a for 0 t 8.
When will the Australian dollar first reach US$0.95?
At what other times will it be worth US$0.95?
Find all of the maximum turning points of the graph (to 3 decimal places).
What is the highest value reached?
a
b
c
d
e
292
Summary
trigonometric ratio
revision
tan ( ) =
O
A
tio
leva
of e
gle
Horizontal
An
gle
An
the unit circle
sio
res
ep
of d
sin () = y
cos () = x
90
y
1st quadrant
P( )
2nd quadrant
S
cos ( )
C
, 180
sin ( )
x
0, 360, 2
3rd quadrant
4th quadrant
270
3
tan () = the height of the point where the angle line meets the tangent line (at the RHS of the unit
circle)
tan ( )
tan ( ) =
radians
y
x
c = 180
180
1c =
1 =
180
293
30
2
2
Angle ()
0
or 30
6
or 45
4
or 60
3
or 90
2
45
cos ()
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
60
sin ()
0
1
1
tan ()
0
1
3
2
2
3
3
1
3
Undefined
Symmetry
Relating a given angle back to the first quadrant of the unit circle is often helpful. Provided an
angle is expressed as or 2 , the trigonometric function (sin or cos) remains the same,
3 4 6 8
only the sign (+ or ) may change. So may be written as
etc.
,
,
,
3 4 6 8
sin ( + ) = sin ()
sin (2 ) = sin ()
sin ( ) = sin ()
cos ( ) = cos ()
cos ( + ) = cos ()
cos (2 ) = cos ()
tan ( ) = tan ()
tan ( + ) = tan ()
tan (2 ) = tan ()
identities
sin2 () + cos2 () = 1
sin ( )
tan ( ) =
cos ( )
294
y
y = a sin (bx)
y = a cos (bx)
x
= period
0
a
2b
2b
When sketching:
1. Recall the basic graph type.
2. Find the period and amplitude.
3. Sketch in sections of one period.
4. Find x-intercepts between other known intercepts or minimum and maximum points.
5. Translate the graph vertically by c.
tangent graphs
y = a tan (bx) + c
Period = , no amplitude
b
Asymptotes at x =
and every period to the
2b
left and right of these
The formula for asymptotes applies:
(2n + 1)
xasymptote =
,
2b
where n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2b
2b
2b
3
2b
Solving trigonometric
equations
sin (x) = a, then x = 2n + sin 1 (a) and x = (2n + 1) sin 1 (a) where a [1, 1] and n Z.
1
cos (x) = a, then x = 2n cos (a) where a [1, 1] and n Z
applications
To find the maximum value of a function, replace sin x or cos x with +1.
To find the minimum value of a function, replace sin x or cos x with 1.
Initial values occur at t = 0.
A sketch graph may provide greater understanding.
295
Chapter review
S h ort
anS Wer
1 The angle of elevation from an observer to an aircraft when it is 4.5 km away is 30. How high is the
aircraft above the ground if the observers eye level is 1.75 m above the ground?
4.5 km
30
1.75 m
2 Find the exact values of:
a tan (120 )
3
4
3 If cos ( ) =
a sin ()
5 .
6
b cos (150 )
c sin
c 1
2
5
b 1
7
2
b cos (2 )
c tan ( + ).
7 If cos (x) =
and < x < , evaluate:
2
a sin (x)
b tan (x).
8 Sketch the graphs of the following functions.
x
a y = 4 sin over [2, 4]
b y = 1.5 cos (2x) over [, ]
2
9 Sketch the graph of:
1
x
a y = 2 tan (4x) for x [, ]
b y=
tan for x [0, 12].
6
2
1
10 Find all of the solutions to the equation sin ( x ) =
over the domain [0, 3].
2
11 Solve the equation 3 + 2 cos (x) = 0 over the domain [0, 360].
3
12 Find the general solution of the equation sin ( x ) =
. Hence find all solutions for 2 x 2.
2
13 If cos () = 0.40 and sin () = 0.92, find:
a tan ()
b cos (180 )
c sin ()
d cos (90 ).
14 With the aid of a diagram if necessary, find exact values for:
7
a sin
b cos
6
6
0.9
c tan
d cos ().
3
2
1
c tan ( x ) =
3
e tan (x ) = 1
a sin ( x ) =
296
b cos ( x ) =
d cos (x ) = 1
16 The sound level of a siren follows the rule L (t) = 6 sin ( t) + 80, where L is the sound level measured
x
a
y
a tan (a) =
y
x
sin (a) =
x
y
C tan (a) =
x
y
D cos (a) =
y
x
e sin (a) = xy
4.2
x
56
a 2.35
B 2.83
C 5.07
D 7.51
e 3.48
3 The angle that the 3-metre ladder makes with the wall in this diagram is closest to:
3.0 m
1.2 m
a 23.6
B 21.8
B 1 and 4
C 66.4
D 18
e 76
C 2 and 4
D 2 and 3
e 1 and 3
6 If tan (a) < 0, sin (a) < 0 and 0 < a < 360, then which one of the following is correct?
a 0 < a < 90
D 0 < a < 180
297
7 If tan ( ) =
a
1
2
3
2
C 1
5
9
2
3
7
6
B 315
4
is:
10 The value of cos
3
a
3
2
B 2
9
is:
4
C 540
e 0
5
6
D 270
3
2
4
3
e 300
Use the following information to answer questions 11 to 13: sin (a) = 0.6 and 0 < a < .
2
11 sin (2 a) is equal to:
a 0.36
B 0.8
C 0.6
D 0.8
12 cos (a) is equal to:
a 0.6
B 0.8
C 0.6
D 0.8
13 tan ( a) is equal to:
a 0.75
C 1.33
B 1.33
D 0.75
14 The one value that is equal to sin (53) is:
a tan (37 )
B cos (37 )
C cos (53 )
D sin (37 )
Questions 15 to 17 refer to the function f (x) = 2 sin (3x).
15 The amplitude of f (x) is equal to:
a 3
D 2
B 2
C 3
16 The period of f (x) is equal to:
2
a 6
B 4
C
D 2
3
17 The range of f (x) is:
a [0, 2]
B [0, 4]
C [2, 0]
D [1, 1]
18 The rule for this graph is:
y
x
a y = 3 cos
2
3
e 1
e 0
e 1.4
e cos (127 )
e 1
e 3
e [2, 2]
B y = 3 sin (2x)
x
3
D y = 3 cos (2x)
e y = 3 cos (2x)
C y = 2 cos
4 x
19 The function y = 5 tan (4x) has a period and asymptote respectively of:
D 4 and x = 8
e
and x =
4
2
20 If sin (3x) = 0.966, then x could be equal to:
a 65
B 75
D 25
e 20
21 If tan (2x) = 0.839 has one solution of x = 20, then another solution could be:
a 160
B 110
D 380
e 70
a 4 and x = 2
298
B and x =
and x =
4
8
C 105
C 200
x
22 The maximum value of y = 3 sin 1 is:
a 1
B 0
C 2
B 5
C 8
D 3
e 4
D 3
e 4
1 The temperature in an office is controlled by a thermostat. The preferred temperature, P, can be set to
ex ten D eD
r eS p o n S e
y
x ,
20
L
where x cm and y cm are defined on the diagram
x
at right.
a Find the period of the standing wave.
b If the frets coincide with the mean positions
of the wave, find the value of L.
c If the frets were to be spaced at 16 cm, what would be the equation of a similar standing wave of
amplitude 0.3 cm such that a fret is at each mean position?
t
P = 2 0.8 sin
6
where P is in thousands.
a Find:
i the maximum number of rabbits
ii the minimum number of rabbits
iii the median number of rabbits.
b Find i the period and ii the amplitude
of the function.
Chapter 6 Circular functions
299
c
d
e
f
4 The height (in cm) that a clocks pendulum swings above its base can be approximated by the function
7
H = 14 + 5.9 cos
t at any time t seconds after being released. Give all answers correct to
4
3 decimal places.
a Find i the maximum and ii the minimum heights that the pendulum reaches.
b Find the height after i 1.5 seconds and ii 1 minute.
c Sketch the graph of the function for the first 2 seconds.
d On the same set of axes, sketch the median position.
e Find the length of time that the pendulum is below 14 cm travelling from one side to the other.
f Find the number of times the pendulum swings in 1 minute.
The pendulum is found to be losing time and needs its swing adjusted to 75 swings per minute.
g Find the new function H(t) that approximates the height of the pendulum.
5 The depth, h(t), of water in metres at a point on the coast at a time t hours after noon on a certain day is
2 (t + 2)
given by h(t ) = 2.5 + 0.5 cos
.
11
DiGital DoC
doc-9768
Test Yourself
Chapter 6
300
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DiGital DoC
10 Quick Questions doc-9757: Warm up with ten quick questions on
circular functions (page 255)
6a
DiGital DoCS
SkillSHEET 6.1 doc-9758: Practise identifying the hypotenuse,
adjacent and opposite sides of a right-angled triangle with respect
to a given angle (page 256)
SkillSHEET 6.2 doc-9759: Practise calculating trigonometric ratios
(page 256)
6B
DiGital DoCS
doc-9760: Investigate the unit circle (page 261)
WorkSHEET 6.1 doc-9761: Locating exact values in the unit circle,
finding unknown angles and sides in a right-angled triangle and
converting radians to degrees and degrees to radians (page 262)
6D
Symmetry
interaCtiVitY
Symmetry int-0265: Use the interactivity to consolidate your
understanding of symmetry in the unit circle (page 265)
tUtorialS
We 8 eles-1420: Using symmetry find the value of trigonometric
functions of angles given in radians and degrees (page 266)
We 9 eles-1421: Find the value of trigonometric functions in exact
values (page 267)
DiGital DoC
doc-9760: Investigate the unit circle using a spreadsheet (page 268)
6e
identities
tUtorial
We 14 eles-1422: Watch how to find the value of trigonometric
functions in exact values (page 271)
6F
interaCtiVitY
Sine and cosine graphs int-0251: Use the interactivity to investigate
the features of sine and cosine functions (page 273)
tUtorial
We 16 int-0298: Watch how to sketch the graphs of a sine and
cosine function over a set domain, stating the amplitude and period
of each (page 275)
DiGital DoCS
doc-9762: Investigate sine graphs (page 277)
doc-9763: Investigate cosine graphs (page 277)
Worksheet 6.2 doc-9764: Sketching trigonometric graphs,
solving trigonometric equations and recognising exact values
(page 279)
6G
tangent graphs
tUtorial
We 20 eles-1423: Watch a tutorial on how to sketch the graph of a
tangent function over a given domain (page 281)
DiGital DoCS
doc-9765: Investigate tangent graphs (page 282)
Investigation doc-9766: Investigate tangent graphs
(page 282)
6h
tUtorial
We 24 eles-1424: Watch a tutorial on finding a general
solution to three trigonometric equations using a CAS calculator
(page 286)
DiGital DoC
doc-9767: Investigate solutions to trigonometric equations
(page 287)
6i
applications
tUtorial
We 25 eles-1425: Watch a tutorial on applying understanding
of trigonometric graphs and equations to a real world model
(page 289)
Chapter review
DiGital DoC
Test Yourself doc-9768: take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 300)
301
Answers CHAPTER 6
CirCUlar FUnCtionS
exercise 6a
1
2
3
4
5
8
a
a
a
a
3.09
8.41
18.2
D
C
3.25 m
4 a
c
e
g
i
0.3
5 a
1
2
3
2
1 a
e
i
2 a
e
i
3 a
e
i
4 a
b
5 a
d
6 a
d
g
j
7 a
e
i 1
e
i
radians
b
f
j
2 a
b
e
f
3 E
4 C
5 B
6 a 0.855
d 3.341
g 2.971
7 a 20.1
d 54.9
g 232.6
8 a
d
2
2
1
2
g 1
302
5
4
120
30
0.63
0.63
0.25
0.25
2.1
2.1
c
g
k
c
g
1
3
2
2
1
2
i
d P
h N
d N
h P
d N
h N
7 a
d
8 a
d
9 a
c
c A
c 0
f 1
j
2
2
b
f
3
3
0.383
h 2
5
3
d 330
h 67.5
l
c 2.182
f 5.716
b
e
h
b
e
h
1.365
4.095
3.784
84.2
893.8
458.4
1
2
e 1
c 180
f 155.3
1
2
=
2
2
3
2
1 a i 4
c 1
3
3
2
2
0.63
i i 2
2 a i 2
3
2
0.924
0.383
0.259
0.259
0.765
0.644
c i
3
2
l 1
c
f
c
f
0.414
0.414
3.732
3.732
g i 6
ii 0.4
i i 8
ii 2.5
k i 2
1
5
identities
sin2 + cos2
30
0.25
0.75
81
0.976
0.024
129
0.604
0.396
193
0.051
0.949
260
0.970
0.030
350
0.030
0.970
47
0.535
0.465
2 a 0.6
3 a 0.954
4 a 0.917, 0.917
c 0.971
5 a 2
b
b
5
13
8 a B
9 a 70
e 82
b
b
b
d
7
4
c
c
bD
b 32
f 46
24
25
3 7
7
c C
c 51
g 1
d A
d 8
h 73
cos
0.6
0.96
d 2
0.25
2.1
2.1
1
5
2
5
5
5
2 5
5
h
k
c
11
6
4
5
3
5
ii 2
i 4
ii 3
ii 4
5
6
5
6
5
5
ii
1
2
i 4 ii
2
3
2 x
3
23
3 4 x
i 6
y
5
0
11
5
2
3
2
3
0.7
1
5
1
2
0.8
4
3
i 2
4 x
y
4
sin
ii 1
10
4
5
12
11 a
ii
3
2
2
3
0.5
3
4
ii 1
2
3
3
7
ii 3
1.333
3.180
0.714, 0.714
0.436
5
3
ii 2
f i
cos2
7 a
ii
ii
2
2
h i
5
j i
3
l i 4
1
2
e i 6
3 a
sin2
0.63
0.25
g i
3
2
k 1
b
e
b
e
b
d
e i 2
3
3
3
2
l 1
k 0
c i 3
Symmetry
b
d
b
d
b
d
exercise 6F
0.3
0.7
0.9
3
2
2
1
2
0.7
1
2
2
2
0.924
0.966
0.966
0.644
0.842
h 1
3
3
2
7
3
40
45
1
2
exercise 6e
i 1
3
3
6 a
6 a 6
exercise 6D
1 a
c
2 a
c
3 a
c
j Undefined
6
5
18
5
6
36
648
1
2
f 1
exercise 6C
1 a
2
2
0.9
0.3
0.7
0.9
exercise 6B
b
d
f
h
ii 5
1
4
i 4
4
0
ii 4
2 3 4 x
x
i
2
y
2
ii 2
2
3
10 a f : 0,
8 a i
0
ii 1
iii 2, 0
2 x
b i 2
d f : [ 1, 3] R, f ( x ) = 1.8cos
iii 0, 4
ii 2
4 a D
5E
bC
2x
3
d y = 4 cos
3x
e y = sin
f y = 3 cos ( 3x)
c i 4
7 5
4
3
2
3
4
0
1
7
4
5
4
3
2
d i 6
iii 0, 2
ii 1
2
4
9 a
2
3
0
2
3
f i 4
g i 2
ii
ii
h i
ii
2
i i
ii
ii
2 x
1
0
3 3
4
8 4
y
1.8
1.8
y
1.4
1
0
1.5
6
ii
2 a y
2 x
4
3
e i
y
3
0
ii
ii
ii
j i
y
2
0
x=
6
x =
3
x=
2
x = 2
x =
x=
4
x=
2
x=
4
ii x =
d i 3
tangent graphs
1 a i
2
b i
3
c i 2
exercise 6G
iii 5, 1
5
4
3
2
1
1
3
4
4
ii 2
2x
3
b y = 2 cos (2x)
x
2
1
3 x
3
4
c y = 5 sin
7 a
1
2
c A
6 a y = 1.5 sin
2 x
x
2
2x
2 x
e f : [0, 3] R, f ( x ) = 3sin
y
2
5
cos
2
c f : [ 1, 1] R, f (x) = 2 sin ( x)
0
1
ii 3
3x
8
R, f ( x ) = 3sin
2
6
b f : [0, 5 ] R, f ( x ) =
8 x
y
3
1.5
12 6
6 x
2
3
1.4
303
x =
2
1
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
3 4 x
1
0 3 3 3 9
1 a
2 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
3 a
4 2
equations
3 B
4 a D
b B
5 a y
6 x
exercise 6h
x = 3
d
e
4 a
5 a
0 2 4 6 8 x
0 3
3
2
c
d
e
y
3 4 x
2 3
3
3
2
4 2
1.8
0
8 4
0 5 5
5
2
8 4
15
x =
2
304
1
4
3
2
2 x
1 1 0
2 2
b
c
4
6
3
e
f
6
4
3
36.9 and 143.1
104.5 and 255.5
80.1 and 260.1
238.2 and 301.8
78.8 and 281.2
140.1 and 320.1
199.5 and 340.5
40.8 and 319.2
0.927, 2.214, 7.210, 8.497
2 4 8 10
,
,
,
3 3 3
3
0.983, 4.124, 7.266, 10.408
5 11 17 23
,
,
,
6
6
6 6
3.542, 5.882, 9.826, 12.165
7 9 15
,
,
,
4 4 4
4
C
b A
0.297, 2.844
5
,
3 3
4
,
3 3
5.820, 3.604
2.328, 3.955
5 11
,
6 6
6 D
7 a 14.5, 165.5
b 131.8, 228.2
c 74.1, 254.1
d 270
e 78, 282
f 108.4, 288.4
8 a 60
b 150, 330
c 0, 180, 360
d 90, 210
e 45, 135
f 0, 90, 180, 270, 360
g 120
h 90, 270
i 15, 105, 195, 285
j 45, 75, 165, 195, 285, 315
k 60, 150, 240, 330
l 113.74, 326.26
, n Z
6
11 11
For 2 x 2 : x =
,
, ,
6
6 6 6
b General solution: x = n + , n Z
6
11 5 7
For 2 x 2 : x =
,
, ,
6
6 6 6
9 a General solution: x = 2n
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
x = 3
Solving trigonometric
1
2
1 x
or
4
and 2n + , n Z
4
4
7 5 3
For 2 x 2 : x =
,
, ,
4
4 4 4
10 General solution:
(12n + 5)
(12n + 1)
x=
and
, n Z
12
12
11 7 5
For x : x =
,
, ,
12 12 12
12
(6n 1)
11 General solution: x =
, n Z
9
x :
For
7 5 5 7
x=
,
,
, ,
,
9
9
9 9 9 9
x = 2n +
exercise 6i
applications
1 a i 1 kg
ii 6 days
b
2 a
b
c
3 a
b
c
4 a
b
5 a
t
W = cos + 3
3
110 beats/min
i 50
ii 60 min
t
H = 50sin + 110
30
1.6 m
i 1m
ii 0.7 m
3.254 s
26 C at 2 pm
i 18 C
ii 22 C
iii Approx. 11.1 C
i 12 mm
c t = 6.582; t = 6.987
d (1.206, 0.931) and (5.266, 0.971)
e $0.98 when t = 8
Chapter reVieW
Short anSWer
1 2251.75 m
2 a
3 a
4 a
5 a
b
c
6 a
b
c
7 a
b
7
4
7
9
72
57.3
630
0.724
0.690
1.049
0.436
0.484
3
2
1
2
180
7
3
31
18
13 a
14 a
c
c
e
16 a
b
c
2 3 4 x
3
2
d 1
80
74
0
2
40 m
3.9 s
7.8 s
60 s
50 m
100 m
314.16 m
i 50 m
ii 75 m
f 25 s and 35 s
8 a i 6 m ii 3 m
b Yes, by approx. 24 minutes
6 a
b
c
7 a
b
c
d
e
MUltiple ChoiCe
1
6
11
16
21
1.5
9 a
y
2
C
E
C
C
B
2
7
12
17
22
D
B
B
E
C
3
8
13
18
23
A
D
D
A
E
4
9
14
19
E
A
B
C
5
10
15
20
E
E
D
D
extenDeD reSponSe
1
S
120
1 a 25.4 C, 20.6 C
b i 23 C
ii 25.4 C
c
7
8
5
8
3
4
3
8
0
4
5
8
3
4
T (C)
27
26
25
24
25.4
23
2
b y
22
21
20
19
20.6
18
(8, 0.98)
0.96
0.93
0
0.90
0
86
0.99
d 0.92
L (t)
1.5
1
S
10
9 a a ($A)
1
2
1
6
b 0.40
2
3 5
b
,
,
3 3
4 4
7
d 0, 360
,
6 6
135, 315
Amplitude = 6, period = 2
Minimum = 74, maximum = 86
1
s
2
15 a
2 0
23
10
0.92
y
4
8 a
ii
b 10
c 11.41 mm; if the displacement is
3 9 11
,
,
,
4 4 4 4
11 150 and 210
12 General solution: x = 2n +
and
3
x = (2n + 1) , n Z
3
5 4 2
,
, ,
For 2 x 2 : x =
3 3 3
3
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t (days)
3 6
9 12 x
5
4
t (hours)
8 t
d 2 hours, 40 minutes
2 a 40 m
c
c 0.3sin
x
16
b 80 cm
305
3 a i 2800 ii 1200
b i 12 months
ii 0.8
c P (thousands)
iii 2000
306
5 a 2.71 m
b 11 hours
c i 3 m at 9 pm
ii 2 m at 3:30 pm
d h(t) (m)
2.0
0
ii 8.1 cm
ii 8.1 cm
8.1
3 6 9 12 t (months)
f Approx. 5 months
4 a i 19.9 m
c
b i 11.742 m
c
g H = 14 + 5.9cos
14
d 1600
e 4 months
1
2
8 t
5
H
19.9
2.8
2
1.2
0
d See c.
e 0.571 s
f 52.5 times
1.5
0
(9, 3)
(12, 2.25)
(3.5, 2)
3
12 t (hours)
4 marks
20 minutes
2x + 2
f (x) = x + 2
2x + 8
3< x <0
0x<2
2<x 5
4 marks
1 mark
2 marks
3 marks
M U ltip l e
C ho iC e
1 For the function f (x) = (x 2)2 + 3, what are the coordinates of the turning points for f (x 1)?
a (3, 3)
B (2, 3)
C (1, 3)
D (2, 3)
e (3, 3)
[5,
e [0, 12.25]
12 minutes
x2,
B [0, 6]
S ho rt
a n S W er
B 364x + 1
D 23x + 1 33x
2
e 62 x +3 x
3
2
C 62 x + 2 x
7
5
7
7
11
a
B
C
and
and
and
6
6
2
2
2
2
1
7
11
11
D
e
and
and
2
2
2
2
6 A possible equation for the rule of the function whose graph is shown below is:
y
a y = 2 sin (x)
B y = 2 sin (3x)
x
C y = 2 sin
D y = 2 cos (x)
3
x
5 The two x-values that satisfy the equation 2 sin
x
e y = 2 cos
Exam practice 2
307
2
. The equations of the asymptotes would be:
(2 x + 1)
1
f (x) = 3
2
B x = 1
f (x) = 3
C x=0
f (x) = 0
1
D x=
f (x) = 3
2
e x=2
f (x) = 1
8 For the function g(x) = 4 2 x , the implied domain and range would be respectively:
a (, 2) and (4, )
B R /{2} a nd R +
C [2, ) and [4, )
D ( , 2] and ( , 4]
e R {0} and R+
a x=
e x t enDeD
r e S ponS e
35 minutes
DiGital DoC
doc-10162
Solutions
exam practice 2
308
1 Rock pools in a tropical lagoon form when the depth of water in the lagoon falls below 6metres. The
(t 3)
depth of water in a lagoon can be modelled using d (t ) = 1.5 sin
+ 5.5, where d is the depth
6
in metres and t is the time in hours after 7am in the morning.
a Determine the maximum and minimum water depth.
2 marks
b Determine the time, in hours, taken for the water depth to increase from the minimum
depth to the maximum depth.
1 mark
c Sketch the graph of d(t) in the time interval 0 t 24.
3 marks
d At what time will the depth of water first be 6 metres deep?
1 mark
e Billy and Tommy swim only in the safety of the rock pools. They arrive at the lagoon
at 9:30am and leave at 4:15pm.
i Determine how long they will be able to swim in the rock pools. Write your answer
correct to 2 decimal places.
1 mark
ii Determine the total time Billy and Tommy would be able to swim in the rock pools.
Write your answer to the nearest whole minute.
2 marks
kt
2 Over the summer months, the number of mosquito larvae in a dam was modelled using M=M0 e ,
where M0 is the initial population, t is the time in days and k is a positive constant. The number of
mosquito larvae was recorded each morning at 8 am. The first day of recording was taken as t = 0. The
recording lasted only until the end of summer (90days).
a On the first day of recording, there were 150 mosquito larvae. Determine the value of M0. 1 mark
b At 8 am on the fifth day there were 235 mosquito larvae.
i Write an equation that determines the number of larvae on the fifth day.
1 mark
ii Show that the value of k is 0.11.
2 marks
c If the mosquito larvae continue to increase according to the model, determine the expected
number of larvae present in the dam at the end of summer (90 days).
2 marks
d Frogs were introduced to the dam during the twentieth day. Mosquito larvae are part of the frogs
diet. Since the frogs were introduced, the number of mosquito larvae has decreased. The decrease
in mosquito larvae can be modelled using D = 200 e(20 t) + 300, where D is the decrease in
mosquito larvae after the twentieth day. The recording of the mosquito larvae has remains the
same as before.
i State the domain of the function D.
1 mark
ii Determine the number of mosquito larvae expected in the dam over the long term.
1 mark
iii By how much had the mosquito larvae decreased in the first twenty-four hours of
recording after the frogs were introduced?
1 mark
ChApTer 7
Matrices
diGiTAL doC
doc-9769
10 Quick Questions
ChApTer ConTenTS
7A
7B
7C
7d
7A Addition
introduction
In all walks of life we deal with the mathematical phenomenon called the matrix. A train timetable, a
football scorecard and examination results are all examples of matrices. Anytime there is a rectangular
grouping of numbers, there is a matrix.
A summary of cricket scores after three matches is shown in the table below.
Overs
Maidens
Wickets
Runs
Smith
10
35
Brown
14
29
Nguyen
39
9 2 3 39
This is called a matrix. The plural of matrix is matrices. The
matrix above is a (3 4) matrix as it has 3 rows and 4 columns.
This number of rows and columns gives the order, or the
dimensions, of the matrix.
6
3
5
4
309
Each individual entry in a matrix is called an element. In general, the elements of a matrix are identified
by the row and column that pinpoint their position in the matrix. Thus if A is a (3 2) matrix, we write:
a11 a12
A = a21 a22
a31 a32
The elements of the matrix A are referred to as aij, where i refers to the position of the element in the
row and j refers to the position of the element in the column. So, a21 refers to the element that is in row
2, column 1.
Overs
Maidens
Wickets
Runs
Smith
10
Brown
10
34
Nguyen
15
54
Clearly we can add these results to the previous results, giving the total figures for four matches:
Total
Overs
Maidens
Wickets
Runs
Smith
13
45
Brown
24
63
Nguyen
24
93
+ 10 1 2 34 = 24 3 5 63
9 2 3 39 15 2 4 54 24 4 7 93
Matrices are added by adding corresponding elements.
It follows that:
13 4 2 45 3 1 0 10
24 3 5 63
10 1 2 34
24
4
7
93
15 2 4 54
10 3 2 35
14 2 3 29
=
9 2 3 39
Show that the Commutative Law holds for matrices A and B given below.
1
A= 0
2
2
1
0
1 0
4 , B = 5 3
0 0
3
1
2
Think
1
TUToriAL
eles-1426
Worked example 1
WriTe
A+ B = 0
2
2
1
0
1 0
4 + 5 3
3 0 0
2 2
= 5 2
2 0
1 0
B+ A= 5 3
0 0
2 2
= 5 2
2 0
1
2
5
5
1
1 + 0
2 2
2
1
4
3
5
5
Worked exAmpLe 2
A= 0
2
3
1
0 5
5 4
, B = 1 0 and C = 7 0
2 3
3 1
4
2
Find, if possible:
A+B
AB
AC
the answers to parts a, b and c using a calculator.
a
b
c
d
ChApTer 7 Matrices
311
Think
WriTe
1
3 0 5
a A and B have the same order, so it is
a A+ B = 0
1 + 1 0
possible to add them. Add the corresponding
2 4 2 3
= 1 1
4 1
calculator.
= 1
0
3
1
0 5
1 0
2 3
1
7
different order.
1
d 0
3
1
4
0 5
1 0 b
2 3
5 4
7 0
3 1
4 c
2
a + b = 1
4
ab= 1
0
8
1
1
7
2
ERROR
(The two matrices are of different orders.)
Type
Column
matrix
Shape
Consists of a
single column
Row matrix
Square
matrix
Diagonal
matrix
Unit matrix
Zero matrix
Equal
matrices
Description
Order
There can be any number (2 1)
of rows, but only one
(5 1)
column.
(27 1)
(m 1)
Consists of a
single row
Example
Order of example
(4 1)
3
2
0
[5
(1 5)
4]
(2 2)
2 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
3
(3 3)
(3 3)
0 0 0
0 0 0
(2 3)
x
y 1 3
2 p 3q = 4 9
1 4 1 4
x = 1, y = 3, p = 2, q = 3
Both
(3 2)
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Worked exAmpLe 3
2x + y
Solve for x and y in the following equal matrices.
3 x 2 y
Think
4
=
13
WriTe
TUToriAL
eles-1427
Worked example 3
2x + y = 4
3x 2y = 13
2x + y = 4
[1]
3x 2y = 13
[2]
Multiply equation [1] by 2.
4x + 2y = 8
[3]
Add equations [2] and [3].
7x = 21
x=3
Substitute x = 3 into [1].
y = 2
x = 3 and y = 2
ChApTer 7 Matrices
313
2
+
0 1
4
=
0 2
10
4
=
0 2
10
Worked exAmpLe 4
If A =
a 3A
1
and B =
7
b 4B
c 3A + 4B
4
5
0
2
, find :
d 2(A + B)
Think
WriTe
a 3A = 3
9 12
=
6 15
b Multiply each element of B by 4.
1
7
4
=
28
b 4B = 4
9 12 4
+
6 15 28
c 3A + 4B =
13 12
=
22 7
d 1 Find A + B by adding the
3 4 1
+
2 5 7
b A+ B =
4 4
=
5 3
2
4 4
2( A + B) = 2
5 3
8 8
=
10 6
314
calculator.
3
2
7
2
4
5
0
b
10
5(b a) =
45
35
20
If A and B are matrices of the same order and a and b are real numbers, then:
1. aA + bA = (a + b)A
2. aA + aB = a(A + B)
3. (ab)A = a(bA).
If aA = 0, then a = 0, or A is a zero matrix.
exercise 7A
Show that the Commutative Law holds for matrices A and B given below.
1 We1
A=
3
1 6
and
=
B
4 2
2 3 0
2 We2
, C = 1
1 2 1
4
x + 2y
2 x 3 y
5
5
3
, B =
3
0
and D = 2
,
1
11
2 4
5
a 0
1 2
b
4 3 6
c [2x + y]
d [1
5]
1
3
4
0
3]
= [3 4 2].
p 8
7 If 3 q = 9 , find p, q and r.
r 10
8 What does [ 5
2
4] equal?
1
ChApTer 7 Matrices
315
3[2 3 4] 5[1
A [11 1 27]
C [11 19 27]
e [1 1 27]
9 mC
3]
equals:
B [0
d [1
19
19
3]
27]
3 2 y
=
:
1 2m 2 p 12
10 mC If 2
A x = 1, y = 3, p = 1, m = 3
C x = 1, y = 3, p = 1, m = 6
e x = 2, y = 6, p = 1, m = 12
11 We4
mC
B x = 1, y = 6, p = 1, m = 3
d x = 2, y = 3, p = 1, m = 3
16]
A [9
C [9 19]
e [13 16]
B [5
d [5
19]
16]
12 George, Linda and Mary sat two examinations in each of English, Mathematics and Science. In the first
examination they scored 40%, 50% and 60% respectively for English; 62%, 87% and 28% respectively
for Mathematics; and 100%, 14% and 73% respectively for Science.
a Write this information as a (3 3) matrix, labelling names on columns and subjects on rows.
In the second examination their results were 50%, 65% and 80% respectively for English; 87%, 76%
and 45% respectively for Mathematics; and 95%, 37% and 89% respectively for Science.
b Write this information as a (3 3) matrix, labelling names on columns and subjects on rows.
c Add the matrices together.
d Hence calculate their average mark in each subject.
e Write Marys average as a (1 3) matrix.
13 At the Queen Victoria market, 5 people each bought 3 apples and 2 oranges, 7 people each bought
1 apple and 6 oranges, and 8 people each bought 4 apples and 2oranges. Write this information in
matrix form, and use matrix addition to calculate the total number of apples and oranges bought by
the group.
7B
multiplying matrices
Stage 2: We know from our dominoes that we can multiply because the inner product is equal (3 3).
The resulting answer matrix is of order (2 4). For example:
4 2
and B = 1 7
3
0 2
2 5
A=
1 2
a
A B = AB =
e
0
2
1
2
c d
g h
b
f
(2 3) (3 4) = (2 4)
In the answer matrix, the letter a marks the intersection of the first row and the first column. To
calculate the value of a, we multiply the first row of the first matrix by the first column of the second
matrix. (In matrix multiplication we always multiply rows of the first matrix by columns of the second
matrix).
1
4
1
2 5 1 0
a = 2 4 + 5 1
= 8 + 5 + 0
=3
2
To calculate the value of f, at the intersection of the second row and second column of the answer
matrix, we multiply the second row of the first matrix by the second column of the second matrix.
1
f = 1 2 +
f = 2 + 14 + 6
f = 18
2
7
2
27
32
12
2
15
.
6
Worked exAmpLe 5
4 1 3
1 0
P=
, Q =
2 5 7
3 2
a Write the order of the two matrices.
c Does QP exist?
Think
(2 3) matrix, so it exists.
TUToriAL
eles-1428
Worked example 5
b Does PQ exist?
d Calculate the product(s) that do exist.
WriTe
a P is a (2 2) matrix.
Q is a (2 3) matrix.
b PQ exists.
ChApTer 7 Matrices
317
d PQ = 1
0 4 1
3 2 2 5
1 4 + 0 2 11+ 0 5 1 3 + 0 7
=
3 4 + 2 2 3 1 + 2 5 3 3 + 2 7
2
4 1
=
16 13
Simplify PQ.
Note: In worked example 5, PQ exists but QP does not exist, indicating that matrix multiplication is
not commutative.
exercise 7B
multiplying matrices
1 3
A=
2 1
1 We5
, B =
5
3
diGiTAL doC
doc-9770
WorkSHEET 7.1
Evaluate 2
1 3
,Q =
If P =
2 1
5 0
5 3 0
R= 1 4
1 4 1
0 1
b R(P + S)
c R(P + SQ).
a QR
5
and N =
0
3
4
a Show that MN NM.
b Evaluate M2.
2
3 0
M+
c Find 2 N
0
0 3
1
2
c BD
3
0
and D = 2
d AC
and S = 1
0
2
1 5 x 11
=
3 4 y 5
b Write the answer to 5a in a form that does not contain matrices.
c Solve for x and y.
6 A is a (2 2) square matrix.
2 1
0 3
4 0
.
0 4
a Find A2 3 A
b Find A3.
318
. Find each of
1
e CB
5 0 3 .
2
4 M=
2 3 0
, C = 1
1 2 1
4
4
, evaluate:
2x + 5y = 11
+ 2y = 12
3x
as a matrix equation.
2
8 E = 2 3 4 and F = 3 .
4
a Find EF.
b Find FE.
1
9 If A =
3
1 0
4
2
and I =
, find A + 5A 3I.
2
0 1
3 4
3.
, find P
1 2
10 a If P =
0
.
9 12
3
P=
1
11 mC
2
P=
3
12 mC
1
9
0
and Q =
2
1
. PQ equals:
5
11
7 2
6 3
. P2 equals:
0
7
6
1
6
2
3
7 2
9 3
The order of the answer matrix when we multiply a matrix of order (2 3) by a matrix of
order (1 2) is:
A (1 2)
B (1 3)
C (2 1)
d (3 2)
e (3 1)
13 mC
1 0
2
2
and I =
, evaluate M and solve for a and b such that aM bM I = 0.
0 1
16 Fast-food chain McDonuts has outlets in the centre of the city. An overall view of sales is maintained to
monitor demand. Hamburgers, drinks and chips were surveyed.
In January, Store A sold 1200 hamburgers, 2367 drinks and 4219 serves of chips.
a Write this as a (1 3) matrix.
b The selling price of each product is $4.50, $1.95 and $2.45 respectively. Write this as a
(3 1) matrix.
c Multiply these matrices to calculate the total income from these three items.
17 Mayfleet, the international hotel chain, is building a new hotel in Arcadia Waters South. The guest
accommodation comprises 80 standard rooms, 45 suites and 3 presidential suites. Each standard room
has 1 king-size bed, 1 table, 2 chairs and 1 TV. Each suite has 1 king-size bed, 2 single beds, 2 tables,
5 chairs and 3 TVs. The presidential suites have 2 king-size beds, 6 single beds, 7 tables, 18 chairs
and 6 TVs.
a Set this information out in the form of two matrices.
b Multiply these matrices to calculate the total number of pieces of furniture that Mayfleet must
purchase to fit out the guest rooms.
15 If M =
5
0
ChApTer 7 Matrices
319
0 0 1
2 3
If A =
0 2
1
4
4
3
1 0
and I =
, then:
0 1
1 0 2 3
IA =
0 1 0 2
2 3
Notice that
0 2
4
4 3
2 3
=
0 2
4
.
4 3
1 4 1 0
is not possible.
4 3 0 1
A A 1 = A 1 A = I.
1 0
Thus, if A is a (2 2) matrix, then A A 1 =
.
0 1
Similarly, if A is a (3 3) matrix, then:
A A
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
1 d b
. The number (ad bc) is called the determinant of the matrix A and is
ad bc c
a
written as det (A) or | A |. The determinant may be positive, negative or zero.
Notice that if det (A) = 0, the inverse does not exist, as 1 is undefined. In this case, matrix A is called a
0
singular matrix.
Worked exAmpLe 6
If F =
1
2
5
3
, find F 1 .
Think
320
WriTe
Find det (F ).
det (F ) = (1 3) (2 5)
= 13
1 5
f
2 3
determine f 1.
Note that this is the same result as in step 4.
f 1
1 3
13 2
3
13
5
13
2
13
1
13
3 2 y 12
2 5
x
11
If A =
, X = y and B =
,
3 2
12
then AX = B,
A 1AX = A 1B
IX = A 1B
X = A 1B
det (A) = 2 2 (5 3) = 19
1 2 5
A 1=
19 3 2
x 1 2
y =
19 3
=
5 11
2 12
1 38
19 57
2
=
3
x = 2, y = 3
Worked exAmpLe 7
WriTe
1
5
TUToriAL
eles-1429
Worked example 7
x 7
y =
9
ChApTer 7 Matrices
321
det
= 15 2 = 13
5
The inverse is
1 5 1
.
13 2 3
1 5 1
13 2 3
1 x 1 5 1
=
5 y 13 2 3
x 1 26
I =
y
13 13
4
Simplify.
x 2
y =
1
x = 2 and y = 1.
Worked exAmpLe 8
Solve the simultaneous equations using matrix methods. Interpret your findings.
2x 4y = 10
3x 6y = 5
Think
1
WriTe
4
6
x 10
y = 5
2 4
det
= 12 + 12 = 0
6
3
Worked exAmpLe 9
rx y = 1
x ry = 2
Think
TUToriAL
eles-1430
Worked example 9
WriTe
x 1
y =
r
2
r
det
1
1
r
= (r r ) (1 1) = r 2 + 1
The inverse is
322
1
r2
+ 1
r
1
1
r
x
1
y = 2
r + 1
Thus
x=
or
x=
r
1
1 1
r 2
+2
1 + 2r
,y= 2
r +1
r +1
r2
1 2r .
,y=
1 r2
1 r2
A cubic equation is of the form y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. The points (1, 1), (0, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1) lie on
the curve. Use matrices to find a, b, c and d.
Think
WriTe
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
1 = a(1)3 + b(1)2 + c(1) + d
3 = a(0)3 + b(0)2 + c(0) + d
3 = a(1)3 + b(1)2 + c(1) + d
1 = a(2)3 + b(2)2 + c(2) + d
Simplify.
1=a+b+c+d
3=0+0+0+d
3 = a + b c + d
1 = 8a + 4b + 2c + d
1 1
0 0
1 1
8 4
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
1 1
0 0
1 1
8 4
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
3
3
1
1
A B=
a
b
c
d
3
1
3
a = 3 , b = 1, c =
4
3
,d =3
ChApTer 7 Matrices
323
exercise 7C
a 1
2
3 4
diGiTAL doC
doc-9771
WorkSHEET 7.2
6 5
x 2
3 y
d 0
0
2 4
1
4
x2
x
x2
9
2 5
3 We6
a Find the inverse of matrix A =
1
3
2 A=
1
1
b Show that A A = A A = I, where I is the multiplicative identity matrix.
4 If it exists, find the inverse of each of the following matrices.
5
0
a 2
b 1 1
1 2
2 0
15
3
8
d 3
e 6
1
2
1
3
x +1
2
If A =
, for what values of x is A singular?
x 1
4
6 We7, 8 Solve each of the pairs of simultaneous equations by a matrix method.
a 2x 5y = 6
b x 3y = 7
c 2x + 4y = 1
5x + y = 7
x+y=2
2x + 4y = 0
7 We9
d x y = 1
2x y = 6
2px y = 3
3x + py = 2
10 mC
1
For what value of p does |D| = 0, where D =
p
B 20
e None of these
1 1
7 1
1
1
7 1
3
4
2
?
3
B 4
1
3
1
1 4
7 1
C 13
1 4
7 1
11 mC If x + y = 4 and 4x + 6y = 5, then
equals:
y
10
324
10
6
4
6
1 4
1 5
4
5
10
1
10
1
4
1 4
6 5
1 4
5
10
6
4
1 4
1 5
1
4
12 If A =
12
1 1
12
, find A3 and A1.
1 0
13 P =
and Q = 1 0 . Show that P and Q do not commute when multiplied.
0 1
cos ( )
sin ( )
( )
.
cos ( )
sin
0 1
1 0
and J =
, find the condition for pI + qJ to have a multiplicative inverse.
1 0
0 1
15 If I =
2 1
1 0
1 1
and N =
. If MX = XN, show that X = k
.
0
2
1
2
0 0
The point of intersection of the lines 2x + 3y = a and x 2y = 5 is (7, 1). Use a matrix method to find a.
We10 The points (1, 3), (2, 5), (1, 1) and (3, 15) lie on the curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. Establish the
equation of the curve.
Solve for x, y and z in terms of r.
rx + y + z = 1, 2x ry z = 3, 3x + 4y rz = 5
Solve for a, b, c and d.
a+b+c+d=0
a 2b + 3c + d = 7
2a + b 2c d = 1
3a + 2b + c 4d = 11
Show that the following equations have a unique solution only if b 1, 2.
x+y+z=3
x + by + z = 3b
2x + 4y + bz = 2
Tercell, the clothing shop in Church Street, sells 15 suits, 45 shirts and 43 ties per week. It has another
branch in High Street that sells 24 suits, 23 shirts and 37 ties per week. If the profit from each sale is
$100 per suit, $18 per shirt and $14 per tie, use a matrix method to calculate the total weekly profit
from the two shops.
Slapstick, Brush and Company manufactures four main brands of paint, which they mix up using four basic
ingredients urg, blog, slug and nog. The four main brands of paint are Quix, Runns, Splash and Thix.
Each litre of Quix requires 0.2 kg of urg, 0.5 kg of blog, 0.3 kg of slug and 1 kg of nog.
Each litre of Runns requires 0.1 kg of urg, 0.4 kg of blog, 0.7 kg of slug and 0.8 kg of nog.
Each litre of Splash requires 0.2 kg of urg, 0.7 kg of blog, 0.1 kg of slug and 1 kg of nog.
Each litre of Thix requires 1.0 kg of urg, 0.5 kg of blog, 0.3 kg of slug and 0.0 kg of nog.
Each week the company uses 2000 kg of urg, 1945 kg of blog, 1800 kg of slug and 3230 kg of nog.
Use a matrix method to find out how many litres of each paint the company produces per week.
16 M =
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
7d
Matrices can be used to describe transformations (translation, reflection, rotation and dilation) of points or
curves in the xy plane. The point (x, y) is the image of the point (x, y) following a sequence of transformations.
Translation
inTerACTiViTY
int-0266
matrices and
transformations
A point P (x, y) is moved to the point P (x, y) by translating a units in the positive direction of the
x-axis (right) and b units in the positive direction of the y-axis (up). A horizontal translation of a units
and a vertical translation of b units can be represented by:
x x' x a
(x, y) = (x + a, y + b) or T =
= y +
y
y' b
ChApTer 7 Matrices
325
Worked exAmpLe 11
The point (2, 3) is translated by the matrix 4 . Find the new coordinates of the point.
2
Think
WriTe
x x' x a
Use the formula T =
= y + .
y
y' b
x' 2
y' = +
x' 2
y' =
1
(x, y) = (2, 1)
What it does
Calculation
Change
1 0
0 1
Nothing
x x' 1 0 x x
T =
=
y = y
y
y' 0 1
0 1
1 0
x x' 0 1 x y
T =
=
y =
y
y' 1 0 x
0
1
x x' 0
T =
=
y
y' 1
Reflection in the
x-axis
x x' 1
T =
=
y
y' 0
1 0
0 1
Reflection in the
y-axis
x x' 1 0 x
T =
y =
=
y
y' 0 1
k 0
0 1
Dilation by factor k
from the y-axis
x x' k 0 x kx
T =
=
y = y
y
y' 0 1
(x, y) = (kx, y)
1 0
0 k
Dilation by factor k
from the x-axis
x x' 1 0 x x
T =
=
y = ky
y
y' 0 k
Anticlockwise
rotation of A degrees
about the origin
x x' cos ( A)
T =
=
y
y' sin ( A)
cos ( A)
sin ( A)
326
( A)
cos ( A)
sin
x
=
0 y
0 x
y =
1
(x, y) = (y, x)
(x, y) = (y, x)
(x, y) = (x, y)
(x, y) = (x, y)
( A) x
cos ( A) y
sin
(x, y) = (x, y)
Worked exAmpLe 12
Think
1
WriTe
TUToriAL
eles-1431
Worked example 12
5
( 5, 1) =
x x' x a
Use the formula T =
= y +
y
y' b
to translate the point.
x' 5 3
+
y' =
1 5
x' 8
y' =
6
(x, y) = (8, 6)
0 1
The reflection matrix in y = x is
from the
1 0
table.
x' 0 1 8 6
=
y' =
1 0 6 8
x x' 0 1 x
Use the formula T =
=
y
y
y' 1 0
to reflect the point.
5
Worked exAmpLe 13
Find the image of the point (3, 8) under 30 anticlockwise rotation about the origin.
Think
WriTe
where A is 30.
( A) x
,
cos ( A) y
sin
3
(3, 8) =
8
sin (30 )
2
=
1
1
2
3
2
3 3
4
= 2
3
4 3+
2
(30 ) 3
cos (30 ) 8
sin
3
8
3 3
3
4, 4 3 + . As a
The new point is
2
2
decimal approximation, the point is
(1.40, 8.43).
ChApTer 7 Matrices
327
exercise 7d
1 We11,12
0 1
c 1 0
b 1 0 followed by 3
1 0
0 2
2
0 1
d Reflection in the y-axis
e Translation of 6 units to the left and 4 units upwards, followed by reflection in the x-axis
a
0 1
followed by reflection in the line y = x
1 0
2n
b Reflection in the line y = x followed by a translation of
3m
3 Two transformations as shown are applied to the point M (x, y).
a Reflection by the matrix
3 0 0 1 x
0 1 1 0 y
a Find the single (2 2) matrix that can be used to describe the combined transformations.
b If M is the point (1, 0), find its new coordinates after the transformations.
4 Write the matrices for the following rotations about O.
a 90 clockwise
b 180 clockwise
d 360 clockwise
e 90 anticlockwise
g 120 clockwise
h 150 anticlockwise
j 120 anticlockwise
c 270 clockwise
f 45 anticlockwise
i 300 clockwise
anticlockwise is:
d (5, 3)
A (5, 3)
B (3, 5)
C (5, 3)
b
The image of the point (3, 5) after a rotation of 270 clockwise followed by
4
a translation of is:
2
A (1, 3)
B (9, 5)
C (7, 1)
d (1, 1)
e (3, 5)
e (6, 4)
(3, 5)
2, 2 2)
d ( 4 2,
2)
B (
2, 4 2)
C (2 2, 2 2)
2, 4 2)
e (
6 mC The point (x, y) is dilated by a factor of 3 from the x-axis, then reflected in the line y = x and then
translated 2 units to the left and 1 unit down. The coordinates of the final point are:
B (3x + 2, y 1)
C (y 2, 3x + 1)
d ( 2 + 3y, 1 + x)
e (y + 2, 3x + 1)
A (3x 2, y 1)
7 a Combine a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis and factor 3 from the y-axis to find the new
coordinates of the square (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1).
the y-axis.
8 The point P (a, b) is subjected to a sequence of transformations as follows:
9 We13 Find the images of each of the following points under each of the anticlockwise rotations, iv.
a A (4, 0)
i 30
b B (5, 4)
ii 45
c C (3, 6)
iii 90
d D (0, 9)
iv 180
60
10 Find the image of the point (7, 2) after a rotation of 270 anticlockwise followed by a translation
2
of .
4
11 The triangle ABC, with vertices A (2, 1), B (4, 0) and C (5, 2), is rotated by a clockwise rotation of
45 (i.e. an anticlockwise rotation of 45).
a Find the new coordinates (A, B and C) of the rotated triangle.
b Compare the area of triangle ABC to that of triangle ABC.
12 Consider the point A (a, b).
a Is an anticlockwise rotation of 30 equivalent to a reflection in the line y = x followed by a
clockwise rotation of 60? Give reasons for your answer.
b Is a reflection in the x-axis followed by an anticlockwise rotation of 45 equivalent to a
transformation by the identity matrix? Give reasons for your answer.
13 The point P (3, 4) is transformed to become the point P ( 2 3, 13).
a Prove that this transformation represents an anticlockwise rotation of about the origin.
b Calculate the value of in degrees.
ChApTer 7 Matrices
329
Summary
Addition and
subtraction of matrices
Matrix definitions:
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
An m n matrix has m rows and n columns.
The individual entries in the matrix are called the elements of the matrix.
Operations with matrices:
Addition and subtraction of matrices are performed by adding or subtracting corresponding
elements.
Addition and subtraction can be performed only if the matrices are of the same order.
Scalar multiplication is performed by multiplying every element of the matrix by the scalar.
x y ax ay
a
=
p q ap aq
The Commutative Law holds: A + B = B + A
The Associative Law holds: A + B + C = (A + B) + C = A + (B + C )
multiplying matrices
Solving matrix
equations
a b
1 d b
If A =
, then its inverse is A 1 =
ad bc c a
c d
The number (ad bc) is called the determinant of the matrix A and is written as det (A) or |A|.
If det (A) = 0, then A 1 does not exist and A is said to be singular.
matrices and
transformations
330
( A) x
cos ( A) y
sin
Chapter review
1 State the order of:
1
0
8
4
1
2
1
2
4
0
4
2
5
0
5
1
S ho rT
A n S W er
3
1
D = 5
0
3
0
.
3 x
= . Find x and y.
1 y
4 A=
1
2
and B = [1 0 4 1]. Evaluate:
0
3
5 P=
, Q = [0
1
3] and R = [0 2
a PQ
1].
a AB
Evaluate:
b QP
b BA
c PR
d P(Q + R)
.
6
x y
, show that AA1 = I.
2 3
8 Solve for x, y, and z.
7 For A =
2x 3y + z = 3
+ y 2z = 1
xyz=6
3x
9 Find the new coordinates of the point R(p, q) after reflection in the x-axis followed by a translation
of a .
b
10 The point (3, 2) is dilated from the y-axis. Its new coordinates are (6, 2). Write down the (22) dilation
matrix.
11 The point A (1, 2) is rotated clockwise about the origin through an angle of 60. Find the new
12 M =
. Find MN(NM) 1.
, N =
1 4
3 5
1 4
0
13 P = 2 0 , Q =
2
1 3
0 4 . Find (QP)1.
5 1
1 3
1
3 0
, C = .
, B =
2 0
2
4 1
a Find |A|.
b Find the inverse of C if it exists.
14 A =
c Calculate BC.
ChApTer 7 Matrices
331
3
2
0
, find P2 2P. Hence, express the inverse of P in terms of P.
15 If P =
3
0
m U LT ip L e
C h oiCe
5 c
, N =
. M and N commute under multiplication. Evaluate c.
0 3
5
3
16 M =
5
2 3
0 2
equals:
A 2, 3, 0
3 2[5
A
6]
[4
= 6
0
2 If 3
3 [2
9]
2
1
4 If A =
5
2
9
, x, y and z are respectively equal to:
B 2, 3, 0
1]
equals:
B [16
15]
C 6, 9, 4
d 6, 9, 0
e 2, 3, 4
C [4
d [16
e [4
15]
9]
9]
B 4
4
C 5
4
B 1
6
A 5
C [6]
d [5]
6 0
3 0
1 2 2
, M 2M equals:
4 0
5 If M =
12
d 3
B 11
12
12
C 7
4
3
A (1 2)
B (2 3)
C (3 2)
d (2 1)
e (3 1)
B 7
C 5
d 6
e 4
C 4, 1
d 4, 1
e 1, 2
1
6 P = 2 , Q = [1 2] and R =
3
A 7
2
4
equals:
x +1
2
is singular if x equals:
3 x 4
B 1, 2
A 1, 2
332
1 2
is:
1 4
9 The inverse of
4
1
1 4
6 1
1
4
1
2 1
A (0, 0)
C (0, 2)
B (4, 0)
d (4, 2)
e (0, 2)
1
11 The point (a, b) is reflected in the line y = x and then translated by the matrix
. Its new
coordinates are:
3
A (a 1, b + 3)
B (a + 1, b 3)
C (b + 1, a 3)
d (b 1, a + 3)
e (a + 1, b + 3)
10 The point (2, 1) is translated by the matrix
12 Reflection in the line y = x followed by a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis is equivalent to pre-
2
0
A 0
B 0
0
2
1 0
0 2
0
1
13 The point (2, 1) is reflected in the y-axis followed by an anticlockwise rotation of 90 about the origin.
A (1, 2)
C (2, 1)
e (2, 1)
d (1, 2)
1
0
B (3, 4)
C (3, 4)
0
are:
1
d (3, 4)
e (4, 3)
ex Ten d ed
r eS p o n S e
1
9
B
and
=
.
3
George buys 14 kg of potatoes, 10 kg of carrots, 8 kg of onions and 2 dozen eggs for a total cost of $60.
Mary buys 10 kg of potatoes, 11 kg of carrots, 3 kg of onions and 5dozen eggs for a total cost of $52.
Cindy buys 4 kg of potatoes, 21 kg of carrots, 12 kg of onions and 1 dozen eggs for a total cost of $56.
Amy buys 15 kg of potatoes, 5 kg of carrots, 11kg of onions and 4 dozen eggs for a total cost of $69.
Establish a matrix equation and hence calculate the values of p, q, r and s.
a
4 a The point P (1, 3) is translated by the matrix
. Find its new coordinates.
b
b The new point is reflected in the line y = x. Find the new coordinates.
c This point is now rotated counterclockwise through 90 before being reflected in the x-axis. Find
d Find the transformation(s) needed to return the point found in part b to the point (1, 3).
ChApTer 7 Matrices
333
4 0
.
0 1
a Find the coordinates of the new vertices, calling them O, A and B.
b Has the area altered? If so, how?
c The new triangle is now reflected in the line y = x. Find the coordinates of the new vertices,
calling them O, A and B.
3
d Finally, OA B is translated by
. Find the final coordinates of the vertices.
1
3i 0
, where i2 = 1.
6 A=
i
2
3
a Find A 2A2.
b Find A 1.
1 0
2
3
4
c Show that A2 A 2I = (A 2I)(A + I), where I =
. Note: I = I = I = I etc.
0
1
2x + m2 y = 3
8 Use a matrix method to solve the following simultaneous equations.
a+b+c+d = 5
a + b c + d
= 5
8a + 4 b + 2c + d = 19
8a + 4 b 2c + d = 25
9 Tickets for a one-way trip on a Melbourne to Sydney passenger train can be purchased as either adult,
child (under 15 years old) or pensioner. The table below shows the number of passengers and the total
takings for three trips.
Number of adult
passengers
145
130
142
Number of child
passengers
103
110
115
Number of pensioner
passengers
121
90
80
a Let x equal the cost of an adults ticket. Let y equal the cost of a childs ticket. Let z equal the cost
pensioner.
10 Describe the transformation given by the following matrices. It may be helpful to use a graph and
consider the effect of the matrix on the points (a, b).
b
0 1
1 0
diGiTAL doC
doc-9772
Test Yourself
Chapter 7
334
1 0
1
a 0
0 1
1 0
0
1
1
0
0 1
3 0
0 3
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DIGITAL DOC
10 Quick Questions doc-9769: Warm up with ten quick questions on
matrices (page 309)
7A
TUTORIALS
WE1 eles-1426: Watch a tutorial on showing that the Commutative
Law holds for two matrices (page 311)
WE3 eles-1427: Watch a tutorial on solving for variables in two
equivalent matrices (page 313)
7B
Multiplying matrices
TUTORIAL
WE5 eles-1428: Watch a tutorial on recognising the order of
matrices, and the products of two matrices if they exist (page 317)
DIGITAL DOC
WorkSHEET 7.1 doc-9770: Determine the order of a matrix, add,
subtract and multiply by a scalar and practise matrix multiplication
(page 318)
7C
7D
INTERACTIVITY
Matrices and transformations int-0266: Use the interactivity to
consolidate your understanding of matrices and transformations
(page 325)
TUTORIAL
WE12 eles-1431: Watch a tutorial on finding the new coordinates
of a point after translating then reflecting it in the line y = x
(page 327)
Chapter review
DIGITAL DOC
Test Yourself doc-9772: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 334)
TUTORIALS
WE7 eles-1429: Watch a tutorial on using matrices to solve
simultaneous equations (page 321)
CHAPTER 7 Matrices
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_07.indd 335
335
8/05/13 2:54 PM
Answers CHAPTER 7
mATriCeS
exercise 7A
matrices
1 A+ B =
4 1
= B+ A
2 3
5
2 a 1 6
2
1 3
c Does not exist.
5 7
1 3
3 1
[5 9 2 6
x = 1, y = 3
a 33
c 11
[4 6 3]
e
3
4
5
6
10 0
8
, NM =
10 4
0 10
7]
b 41
d 14
6 a
8 a [29]
b 6
8
c No
11
12
13
14
57.5 70
81.5
36.5
97.5 25.5 81
45
42 + 32 16
multiplying matrices
b Does not exist.
2 3
6 8
2 [13]
336
2
3
27
19
9
12
a AC, CA, CB
c None
13
7 x=
1
c
e
2
1
3
b Yes. ACB
1 0 1 2 1
45 3 1 2 2 5 3
2 6 7 18 6
Solving matrix equations
b 8
d 0
f 5x2
9
xy 6
4, 3
1 5
3 a 1
13
3 2
1
4
0.5
1.5
16
29
b x = 14, y = 7
d 7, 8
3p + 2
4p 9
,y= 2
2 p2 + 3
2p + 3
5 19
3
8 3, 3,
0.5
0.5
c x = 22 , y = 22
12
16
0
1
3
6
5 x = 3
17 a 80
1 2
1
e 1
3
59 92
23 36
6 a x= 7 ,y= 7
15
; a = 0.1, b = 0.3
10
4.50
16 a [1200 2367 4219]
b 1.95
2.45
c $20 352.20
28
d
1
D
C
B
= 54 68
8
0
1
4
c None
15
6
36.5 81
11
10 a
d 74.5
5 2 5
2 3 1
13 0
1
=I
= 13
0 13
4 a
15 16
12 3
90 115 140
c 149 163 73
195 51 162
17
1
1
13
3
60
12
60
c
108
50 65 80
b 87 76 45
95 37 89
6
5
40 50 60
12 a 62 87 28
100 14 73
2 x + 5 y 11
7
3 x + 2 y = 12
9 C
10 B
11 A
exercise 7B
2
4 ] does not exist.
1
13 15 10 + 7
1
2
1 1 5
1 13
3 2
13 0
=I
0 13
1
= 13
4 a MN =
10
e 70
12
1 15
22
x + 5 y 11
=
5 a
3 x + 4 y 5
b x + 5y = 11, 3x + 4y = 5
c x = 1, y = 2
7 p = 3 , q = 3, r = 3
8 [ 5
3 a
3 0
5
3 1 4
d Does not exist.
5 35
5 1
1 2
9 E
10 E
11 D
12 I;
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
2 0 1 1
1 0 1 1
13
sin( )
sin( ) cos( )
p2 + q2 0
Check with your teacher.
a = 17
y = x3 2x2 + x + 3
r 2 7r + 2)
r 2 + 8r + 11
(3
x= 3
,
,y=
r + 9r + 5
r 3 + 9r + 5
2
5r + 9r 7
z= 3
r + 9r + 5
a = 1, b = 1, c = 2, d = 2
10
10
x=
, y = 3, z =
; unique solution
b+2
b+2
cos( )
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
if b 1 or 2.
If b = 2, division by 0
If b = 1, equations 1 and 2 become identical.
22 $2912 + $3332 = $6244
23 2834, 120, 1120, 1037
iii (9, 0)
iv (0, 9)
exercise 7d
0 3
1 0
3 a
1
3
1
2
1
b B
1
1
3
3
5 a D
c E
6D
7 a (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2), (0, 2)
3 0
b
0 2
n 0
0 n
8 (3 b, 2a 5)
c
ii (2 2, 2 2)
iii (0, 4)
b i
2,
1
2
9
2
ii
iii
(4,
5
2
i
ii
5
2
9
2
5 3
2
3,
3
ChApTer reVieW
3
2
d i
ii
(
(
9
2
9 3
2
9
2
9
2
12
0
3
3 3
2
+3
1
5
9
13
d Impossible
6
y
=
x
2
3x 2 y
0
=
0
3x 2 y
12
37
8 x = 11 , y = 11 , z = 11
9 (a p, b q)
2 0
10
0 1
11
b [2]
6 4
5 2
1
2
+ 3,1
1
2
2
6
10
14
B
C
B
A
3 A
7 B
11 D
4 E
8 B
12 E
1 a (A B)(A + B) = A2 + AB BA B2 =
b [3]
C
B
E
A
exTended reSponSe
3
4
17
+ 3 3,
1 0
0 1 =I
iv (3, 6)
v
3 x 2 y
iii (6, 3)
3
y
1
2 3 3 x 2 y
+3 3
mULTipLe ChoiCe
2
2 1
3 x = 3 and y = 1
7 x
+2
1 a 41
b 52
2 6
1
27
16 c = 3
ShorT AnSWer
+ 2 3,
2
5)
3 3
+2 3
iv (5, 4)
v
)
)
5 a
3)
5 3
2
0 6
0 3
0 4 2
c
0 2 1
iv (4, 0)
v (2,
2
3
2
b
moves. Only if tan 1 = 22.5 would
a
this be true.
13 a OP = 5 = OP. The transformation could
be a rotation (in this case anticlockwise)
about the origin. (It could also be a
translation, but that is not the question.)
b 80.72
2
4 a
0
9 a i (2 3, 2)
7
2
3)
(
C' = (
9 3 9
,
2
2
3
, B' = ( 2 2, 2 2)
11 a A' = 1 ,
1 0
0 1
0
e
1
g
1
b
0
0
1
10 (0,
b (0, 1)
0 1
4 a
1 0
1 5 12
62 19
13 64
257
67
7 4
14 a | A | = 6
b C is not a square matrix. No inverse.
3
c BC =
2
15 P(P 2) = 3I
P2 1 1 0
=
The inverse of P is
.
3
3 2 3
12
6
42
a (A + B)(A + B) = A2 + AB + BA + B2 =
A2 + 2AB + B2 only if AB + BA = 2AB,
i.e., if A and B are commutative for
multiplication.
b Not equal
p = 2, q = 1, r = 2 and s = 3
a (a + 1, b 3)
b (3 b, a 1)
c (1 + a, 3 + b)
d Translation by (a, b)
a O (0, 0), A (8, 3) and B (20, 4)
b Yes, by a factor of four. The new
triangle is now reflected in the line
y = x.
c O (0, 0), A (3, 8) and B (4, 20).
d The final coordinates of the vertices are
(3, 1), (0, 7) and (1, 21).
27i + 18
0
a A3 2A2 =
14 8i
14 8i
i
0
1
b A 1=
2
3
i
c A2 A 2I
3i 0 2 0
= 9 0
2 i 0 2
4i 1
0
3i
4i 2 i 3
11
(A 2I )(A + I )
3i 2
= 2
0 3i + 1
i2 2
i +1
0
3i
4i 2 i 3
11
ChApTer 7 Matrices
337
x
1 6m 2 + 9
= 3
y
m
+ 6 3m 12
2
1
=
3
1
b 130 110 90
y = 18 400
19 200
142 115 80 z
338
a
b
c
d
142 115 80
155 1135 101
6068 12 136 1517
= 119 2791 67
3034 30 340 1517
67 2049 64
3
1
1 Let A =
.
2
2
a Determine det (A)
b Hence, find A 1.
20 minutes
1 mark
2 marks
3 2
and A =
1 2
2 Let B =
a B+A
b AB
c
1
2
4
2 0
2 marks
3 marks
A 2B
3 marks
3 The point P (4, 2) has been dilated by a factor of k from the y-axis to form a new
a Show that k = 1.
2 marks
a
1
A 3
d
2 marks
m U LTip L e
C ho iC e
1
B
C 0
3
1
3
10 minutes
e 3
a
. If the coordinates of the new point are
b
d a = 1, b = 1
C a = 2, b = 2
e a = 1, b = 2
A
B
C
d
e
4 Which one of the following matrix equations would provide a solution to the simultaneous equations
x 2y = 3, 3y 2z = 1 and 3x + 4z = 2?
x 3 1
A y = 1 = 3
z 2 3
x 1
d
y = 3
z 3
2
2
4
x 1
2 B y = 0
z 3
2
e
1
2
3 2
0 4
x 3 1
y =
1 0
z 2 3
3 2
0 4
x 1
C y = 3
z 3
2
4
1
2
Exam practice 3
339
e x T ended
r e SponS e
35 minutes
1 A triangle ABC has been transformed by a factor of 3 from the x-axis and a reflection in the line y = x.
recorded the number of each tree he sold over a four-week period during spring.
In the first week, he sold 4 apple trees, 2 plum trees, 3 nectarine trees and no cherry trees. In the
second week, he sold 2 apple trees, 1 plum tree, 3 cherry trees and no nectarine trees. In the third
week, he did not sell any plum or apple trees but he did sell 2 nectarine trees and 1 cherry tree.
During the fourth week, Jims assistant did not record the number of plum trees sold. He did
record that he sold 2 apple trees and 3 cherry trees but did not sell any nectarine trees. Let the unit
cost, in dollars, of each type of tree sold be represented by the following variables:
e = cost of an apple tree f = cost of a plum tree g = cost of a nectarine tree h = cost of a cherry tree.
a Write a (1 4) matrix to record the number of apple, plum, nectarine and cherry trees sold in the
first week.
1 mark
b The (4 1) matrix C below shows the unit price, in dollars, of each type of fruit tree.
diGiTAL doC
doc-10163
Solutions
exam practice 3
340
e
f
C=
g
h
1 mark
Using the matrix above, write the cost of 3 cherry trees.
c The matrices W3 and C show the number of trees sold in the third week and the unit cost of each tree.
e
f
W3 C = 0 0 2 1
g
h
i Write the order of the product of W3C.
1 mark
ii In the context of this problem, what would the matrix W3C determine?
1 mark
d The number of trees sold over weeks 2 to 4 can be represented in the following matrix, T.
2 1 0 3
T = 0 0 2 1
2 p 0 3
where p is the number of plum trees sold during the fourth week.
By adding in your matrix from part a, write down the matrix that represents the total number of
fruit trees sold over the four-week period.
1 mark
The unit cost of a plum tree is $16.50. The amount of money Jim earns from selling the fruit trees for
each of the first three weeks is $195.30, $175.35, $74.65 and ($158.85 + the money from the selling
of p plum trees) respectively.
e Write down a matrix, A, that shows the amount Jim earned over the four-week period.
1 mark
f Set up a matrix equation that would determine the unknown values of e, g, h and p.
2 marks
g Using an appropriate method, solve the matrix equation to find the unit cost of an apple
tree, a nectarine tree and a cherry tree.
3 marks
h The amount of money collected from selling the fruit trees during the fourth week was
$208.35. Determine the number of plum trees that were sold during the fourth week.
1 mark
ChapTer 8
Rates of change
diGiTal doC
doc-9773
10 Quick Questions
ChapTer ConTenTS
8a
8B
8C
8d
8e
8F
8G
8h
8i
Identifying rates
Constant rates
Variable rates
Average rates of change
Instantaneous rates
Motion graphs (kinematics)
Relating the gradient function to the original function
Relating velocitytime graphs to positiontime graphs
Rates of change of polynomials
8a
identifying rates
In any subject dealing with things that move, grow or change it is often important to know the rate
(speed) with which quantities change. An example is the amount of water a city consumes per year.
Knowing this rate is important so that measures can be taken to ensure there are adequate supplies of
water stored in dams or reservoirs.
Rates describe how much one quantity
changes with respect to another.
Example 1. The speed of a car is 70km/h.
This rate is read as 70 kilometres per
hour, meaning that the car will travel
70kilometres in an hour.
Example 2. The council rates for a
household are $560 per year.
As with many rates, examples 1 and 2
involve time as the second variable. But this
is not always the case.
Example 3. The price of petrol is $1.129 per
litre. This rate means that the petrol will cost
112.9 cents for every litre purchased.
Rates usually have units associated with
them but not always.
1
Example 4. The gradient of a road is 25 . This rate is read as 1 in 25 and means the road rises one unit
vertically for every 25 units in length (horizontally). This is often expressed as a percentage, i.e. a 4%
grade in this case.
Road
25
341
Worked example 1
c $13
Think
WriTe
a 20 m/s is a rate.
Worked example 2
A car travels 259 kilometres using 35 litres of petrol. Express this rate in km/L.
Think
WriTe
distance travelled
amount of petrol used
Rate =
259 km
35 L
7.4 km
1L
= 7.4 km/L
Rate =
exercise 8a
identifying rates
1 We1
Which of the following represent a rate?
a 100 km/h
b $140 per week
d 80 beats per minute
e $2.75
g 25 kg
h 10 000 litre s
j 18 degrees
k 1.4% per quarter
m 5 per person
n A gradient of 0.8
p Cars per hour
2
a
B
C
d
e
F
G
h
i
342
c
f
i
l
o
64%
$35.90 per m2
$11.00 per dozen
33
3.4
Match each of the rates you identified in question 1 to the most appropriate description below.
The rental fee for a house
The slope of a buildings roof
The speed of a car
The number of cards dealt in a game of poker
The cost of oysters at a restaurant
The pulse rate of a person walking
The number of cars entering a car park
The price of carpet
The inflation rate one year ago
A horseriding school wishes to organise four-day riding treks for a group of twelve people. The
following arrangements are made.
a Each day the group will ride off at 9 am.
b They will travel 20 km each day.
c There will be four rest stops per day.
d Each person must bring sleeping gear.
e They will sleep two people per tent.
f Meals will be supplied.
g The cost will be $200 per person.
h Three spare horses will be taken.
Which of these arrangements represent a rate?
5 mC Francis delivers 440 pamphlets in 2 hours and earns $5 per 100pamphlets delivered.
a The rate of delivery of pamphlets per hour is:
a 220
B 20
C 880
d 440
e 2.5
b How long will it take Francis to earn $55?
a 4 hours
B 4 hours, 20 mins
C 5 hours
d 6 hours
e 3 hours
6 We2 Express the following as the rate indicated in the brackets.
a Running 100 m in 12 seconds
(m/s)
b A rise of 21 C in 6 hours
(C/h)
c A meal costing $250 for 10 people
($/person)
d 2.34 kg of washing powder added to 9 litres of water
(g/L)
e 32 m2 of lawn costing $149.50
($/m2)
f Losing 12.76 kg in 11 weeks
(kg/week)
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SkillSHEET 8.1
introduction to rates of
change
7 A 100-litre tank filled with water is leaking water at the rate of 2.5 litres per hour.
a How long will it take for the tank to be half full?
Once it is half full, water is added to the tank at the rate of 3 litres per hour.
b How much longer will it take until the tank is full again?
c mC Which of the graphs below correctly shows the volume of water in the tank, v litres, as a
function of time, t hours?
a
100
100
50
50
50
120 t
20
120 t
20
120 t
20
120 t
100
100
50
50
100120 t
8B
100
20
d
Constant rates
When the rate of change of one quantity with respect to another does not alter, the rate is constant.
For example, if petrol is $1.60 per litre, then every litre of petrol purchased at this rate always costs
$1.60. This means 10 litres of petrol would cost $16.00 and 100 litres of petrol would cost $160.00.
Calculating the gradient from the graph:
rise
run
$(160 16)
=
(100 10) litres
$144
=
90 litres
Gradient =
$1.60
1litre
Price ($)
160
16
10
100
= $1.60/litre
Number of litres (L)
= rate
That is, the gradient of this graph represents a rate.
A straight line graph shows that the rate of change between two quantities is constant.
343
Worked example 3
Height (m)
1100
500
Time (h)
Think
WriTe
rise
.
run
appropriate units.
c As the graph is a straight line, express the rule in the
form y = mx + c.
Remember that m is the gradient and c is the
y-intercept.
1100 500
5 0
600
=
= 120
5
a Gradient =
m = 20 and c = 500.
H = 120T + 500
Worked example 4
The table below shows the number of people, N, left inside an office building Tminutes after the
alarm goes during a fire drill.
a Show that the relationship is linear.
T
0
1
2
3
4
b Find the rate of change.
N
140 105
70
35
0
c Express N as a function of T.
Think
WriTe/draW
N
140
105
70
35
1
344
bm=
exercise 8B
1
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
2
0
g
0
j
0
f
0
3
0
i
0
e
Constant rates
0
h
For the constant rates of change found in question 2, which of these rates are:
i positive?
ii negative?
iii zero?
Distance (metres)
4 mC
Time (hours)
v (litres)
18
10
t (min)
345
6 We3
For each of the functions graphed below, state:
i the gradient
ii the rate of change
iii the rule.
a d (m)
b v (litres)
260
200
0
c
50
4
t (h)
0
d
w (kg)
100
30
t (min)
h (m)
75
60
0
e
40
t (weeks)
f
w (g)
16
t (years)
10
w (g)
30
10
5
0
t (min)
120 v (litres)
20
7 mC Water is being pumped out of a swimming pool holding 30 000 litres at a constant rate. It takes
1200
C 6 hours, 30 minutes
The number of crates of fruit picked by a fruit-picker over the course of a day is shown in the graph.
Number of crates
13
7
6
5 pm
11 am
12 pm
1 pm
8 am
0
Time
L/min
9 An athlete runs at a constant speed of 6 m/s for the first 420 m of a race. The next 400 m are run at a
constant speed of 5 m/s and the final 180 m at a constant speed of 6 m/s.
a How far is the race?
b How long does it take to run the first 420 m?
c How long does it take to run the next 400 m?
d How long does it take to run the final 180 m?
e Sketch the graph of distance, D metres, versus time, T seconds.
10 We4
A spring is stretched a distance x cm beyond its natural length when a weight of W kg is
attached to one end as shown in the following table.
x
10
15
20
25
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plotting relations
A bucket contains 40 litres of water when it starts leaking through a hole in the bottom, such that the
volume of water, V litres, in the bucket at any time, t hours, is given by the rule V = 40 6t.
a At what constant rate, in litres/hour, is the water leaking?
b How long will it take for the bucket to be empty?
12
Water is poured at a constant rate into the vessels a, b, c and d shown below.
11
Match the appropriate graph below, representing height of water, h, at any time, t, with each vessel
above.
i
ii
8C
iii h
Variable rates
iv h
347
Worked example 5
C
TUTorial
eles-1432
Worked example 5
A
Think
WriTe
exercise 8C
1
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
2
Variable rates
B
A
A
B
A
348
3 We5
Distance (m)
D
C
B
6
Time (s)
12
C slowing down
The following table shows how weight, W (kg) varies with time, t (min), for a particular box as it is
filled.
t (min)
W (kg)
a
b
c
d
0
0
1
3
2
6
3
9
4
12
0
2
1
4
2
7
3
11
4
18
8d
t
d
0
0
1
5
2
10
3
15
4
20
t
d
0
0
1
15
2
20
3
45
4
80
diGiTal doC
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plotting relations
If a rate is variable, it is sometimes useful to know the average rate of change over a specified interval.
For example, a tree grew from 6.2 m this time last year to 6.75 m now.
The trees average rate of growth =
change in height
change in time
(6.75 6.2) m
1 year
= 0.55 m/year
=
This means that the tree grew by 0.55 metres over the past year but not necessarily constantly at that
rate during the year.
ChapTer 8 Rates of change
349
Worked example 6
Calculate the average rate of change between points P and Q marked on the graph.
Q
Distance (m)
48
P
30
Think
Time (s)
WriTe
48 30 18
=
= 3.6
5
72
Gradient of PQ =
Worked example 7
Find the average rate of change of height between t = 1 and t = 3 from the table below.
t (min)
h (m)
20
60
90
130
140
145
Think
WriTe
Worked example 8
350
WriTe/draW
a When h = 0, T(0) = 0 0 + 22
= 22
The initial temperature is 22 C.
TUTorial
eles-1433
Worked example 8
b
.
2a
T (2) = 4 8 + 22
= 18
The turning point of the parabola is (2, 18).
Evaluate T (2).
c T (C)
27
T(1) = 12 4(1) + 22 = 19
T(5) = 52 4(5) + 22 = 27.
exercise 8d
18
(2, 18)
1
5 H (hours)
27 19
51
8
=
4
=2
d Gradient =
y
8
y
10
0
2
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SkillSHEET 8.2
Gradient of a
straight line
0
2
19
(5, 27)
22 (1, 19)
Calculate the average rate of change between the points P and Q marked on each graph.
1 We6
a
b
2a
4
=
2
=2
bh=
Which of the following graphs have a straight line drawn that can aid in finding the average rate of
change over a specified interval?
a
0
c
0
d
351
10
0
c
t (h)
d (km)
70
t (h)
t (h)
t (h)
d (km)
70
60
40
0
e
t (h)
d (km)
70
d (km)
90
70
0
4
t (h)
W (kg)
32.5
30
10
0
5 10 15 20 L (m)
5 mC
0
6
The total number of people at the zoo at various times of the day is shown in the table below.
am
T (time of day)
N (number of
people at the zoo)
10.00
0
pm
11.00
200
12.00
360
1.00
510
2.00
540
3.00
550
4.00
550
5.00
550
7 We7
t (mins)
h (m)
0
0
2
220
4
360
6
450
8
480
10
490
a Without drawing the graph, find the average rate of change of height with respect to time
between:
i t = 0 and t = 2
ii t = 2 and t = 4
iii t = 4 and t = 6
iv t = 6 and t = 8
v t = 8 and t = 10.
b Is the average rate of change for each 2-minute interval increasing or decreasing?
8 We8 The temperature of an iron rod placed in a furnace is described by the function T(t) = t2 + 20
9 The weight of a rabbit in its first eight weeks is described by the function W(t) = t3 3t2 + 200, where
W represents the weight of the rabbit in grams and t is the time in weeks.
a What is the weight of the rabbit at birth?
b What is the average rate of change of weight of the rabbit between:
i weeks 1 and 3?
ii weeks 1 and 2?
iii weeks 2 and 4?
iv weeks 2 and 6?
8e
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Gradient between
two points
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WorkSHEET 8.1
instantaneous rates
If a rate is variable, it is often useful to know the rate of change at any given time or point, that is, the
instantaneous rate of change.
For example, a police radar gun is designed to give an instantaneous reading of a vehicles speed. This
enables the police to make an immediate decision as to whether a car is breaking the speed limit or not.
y
P
0
Tangent
x
353
Worked example 9
W (kg)
10
Think
WriTe/draW
(estimation).
2
W (kg)
12
8
4
0
Use gradient =
appropriate units.
10 15 20 L (m)
48
15 5
4
=
10
= 0.4
rise
.
run
Gradient =
Worked example 10
where x = 1.
WriTe/draW
y
2
1
2 1 0
1
2 x
2
3
354
L (m)
0 ( 3)
1.5 0
3
=
1.5
=2
Gradient =
b f1(x) = x2 1
f1(2) = 22 1
=3
ytangent = 4x 5
instantaneous rates
exercise 8e
Describe each of the rates below as either an instantaneous rate (I) or an average rate (A).
day.
d The pulse rate of a runner as he crosses the
at 40 km/h.
2
Which of the following graphs have a tangent drawn at the point where x = 4?
y
0
c
0
e
0
d
0
f
355
In each of the following graphs, find an approximate value for the gradient of the tangent at
the point indicated.
3 We9a
a
x=1
3
2
y
20
x=2
10
1
0
c
y
x=4
22
20
x = 1.7
2
0
1 1.7
Find the approximate value for the instantaneous rate of change of weight with respect to
time at the time indicated on the graph.
4 We9b
a
w (g)
t = 20
130
160
70
t = 10
80
0
w (g)
10 20 30 t (min)
w (g)
140
5 10 15 t (min)
w (g)
110
t=1
t=4
50
40
0
0 1
6 t (min)
t (min)
5 The weight of a person over a 40-week period is illustrated in the graph below.
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doc-9779
Gradient at a point
Weight (kg)
90
80
70
60
50
40
10
20
30
Time (weeks)
40
6 The change of temperature in a restaurant kitchen over a 12-hour period is illustrated in the graph below.
Temperature (C)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213
Time (hours)
a When is the rate of temperature rise greatest?
b Estimate the rate of temperature rise at 6 hours.
7 a Plot the graph of y = x2 from x = 0 to x = 4.
b Draw tangents at the points where x = 1, x = 2 and x = 3.
c mC The gradient of the tangent at x = 1 is closest to:
a 0
C 2
B 1
d mC The gradient of the tangent at x = 2 is closest to:
a 8
B 6
C 4
e mC The gradient of the tangent at x = 3 is closest to:
a 6
B 9
C 3
d 3
e 4
d 2
e 0
d 7
8 We10a
a Plot the graph of y = 9 x2 from x = 4 to x = 4.
b Draw tangents at the points x = 2, x = 0 and x = 2.
c Hence, estimate the instantaneous rate of change at the points:
i x = 2
ii x = 0
iii x = 2.
9 We10b A tank is being filled at a variable rate. The depth of the water, H cm, at any time, tminutes, is
described by the rule H = t2 + 2t. At what rate is the depth of water changing after 2 minutes?
8F
In this section we will consider only objects moving in straight lines, either right and left, or up and down.
Definitions
1. Position, x, describes the location of an object.
2. Distance, d, is how far an object has travelled.
3. Displacement, s, describes the change in an objects position; that is, displacement = change in
position = final position initial position, or s = xfinal xinitial.
distance
d
4. Speed =
or speed = .
time taken
t
5. Velocity is the rate of change of position with respect to time, so
change in position displacement
s
velocity =
=
, that is, v = .
change in time
t
time taken
Consider an object that begins at the 3-metre mark on a number line, moves 5 metres to the right, and
then moves 5 metres to the left, taking 2 seconds to do so.
For this example we have:
x
1. Position (initially and finally) = 3 m
4321 0 1 2 3 4
2. Distance = 10 m
3. Displacement = 0 m
10 m
4. Speed =
= 5 m/s
2s
0m
5. Velocity =
= 0 m/s
2s
Distance and speed are (technically) always positive. Displacement and velocity can be either positive
or negative, depending on the direction of motion.
inTeraCTiViTY
int-0267
motion graphs
(kinematics)
357
Note: Some texts use displacement and position interchangeably (perhaps assuming displacement
from a fixed origin).
Worked example 11
Consider a lift starting from the ground floor, moving up to the top floor,
stopping and then coming down to the fifth floor at the times shown
on the diagram.
Find:
Top
a the total distance travelled by the lift
t = 14 s
t = 20 s
b the displacement of the lift after 25 s
c the average speed of the lift
d the average velocity of the lift.
TUTorial
eles-1434
Worked example 11
Positive
100 m
150 m
t = 25 s
(5th floor)
t=0
Think
WriTe
c Average speed =
Ground floor
d Average velocity =
change in position
change in time
= 250 m
= +50 0
= +50 m
250 m
25 s
= 10 m/s
c Average speed =
(+ 50 0) m
25 s
= +2 m/s
d Average velocity =
Worked example 12
a Find x when t = 0.
x (m)
20
10
5
0
4 t (s)
WriTe
358
direction.
20 m after 4 s.
Worked example 13
Using the graph in worked example 12, consider the interval between t = 2 and t = 4 to decide
whether:
a the velocity of the particle is positive or negative
b the particle is speeding up or slowing down.
Think
WriTe
as
rise
(or gradient) is the same
run
change in position
(or velocity).
change in time
So the gradient of a positiontime graph
gives the velocity.
2
t = 4 is changing.
Positive gradient
getting steeper
Negative gradient
getting less steep
10
5
0
t (s)
exercise 8F
1
Match the correct description (a, B, C or d) to each of the quantities (a, b, c or d) below.
Quantity
a Distance
b Displacement
c Speed
d Velocity
a
B
C
d
Description
Rate of change of displacement with respect to time
Change in position
Length travelled
Distance travelled with respect to time
359
A parachute ride takes people in a basket vertically up in the air from a platform 2 metres
above the ground, then drops them back to the ground. Use the diagram below showing the position of
the parachute basket at various times to find:
a the total distance travelled by the parachute basket
t = 55 s
t = 60 s
during a ride
b the displacement of the parachute basket after 80 s
c the average speed of the parachute basket during
the ride
d the average velocity of the parachute basket during
the ride.
3 We11
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SkillSHEET 8.3
displacement
and distance
19 m
t=0
2 m Platform
4
Consider the position and direction, at various times, of a particle travelling in a straight line as
indicated below.
t=5
a
b
c
d
e
t=2
t=0
3 2 1
x (m)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
d x (m)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
360
t = 80 s Ground
5 t (s)
5 t (s)
x (m)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
5 t (s)
5 t (s)
x (m)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
x (m)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
5 t (s)
C 9m
C 4m
C 6 m/s
m/s
C 3 m/s
The following positiontime graphs show the journey of a particle travelling in a straight
line. For each graph, find:
i where the journey started
ii in which direction the particle moved initially
iii when and where the particle changed direction
iv when and where the particle finished its journey.
5 We12
a x (m)
8
b x (m)
12
c x (m)
12
10
10
1 2 3 4 5 t (s)
d x (m)
18
e x (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 t (s)
f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t (s)
x (m)
5
4
2
1 2 3 4 5 t (s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 t (s)
3
0
1 2 3 t (s)
5
6 For each position function of a particle given below (af ), sketch the positiontime graph. In each case
explain:
i where the particle started its journey
ii in which direction it moved initially
iii whether the particle changed its direction and, if so, when and where that happened
iv where the particle finished its journey.
a x(t) = 2t, t [0, 5]
b x(t) = 3t 2, t [0, 6]
c x(t) = t2 2t, t [0, 5]
d x(t) = 2t t2, t [0, 4]
e x(t) = t2 4t + 4, t [0, 5]
f x(t) = t2 + t 12, t [0, 5]
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SkillSHEET 8.4
interval notation
361
velocity) at:
i t=0
ii t = 1
iv t = 3
v t=4
d Sketch the velocitytime graph from t = 0 to t = 5.
iii t = 2
8 We13
For each of the following positiontime graphs, determine:
i whether the velocity is positive or negative
ii whether the particle is speeding up or slowing down.
x
b x
c x
a
0
9
Match the following positiontime graphs (af ) with the corresponding velocitytime graphs
(aF ) on the opposite page.
Positiontime graphs
a
x (m)
x (m)
x (m)
4 t (s)
4 t (s)
x (m)
x (m)
4 t (s)
0
1
4 t (s)
4 t (s)
4 t (s)
x (m)
4
362
0
1
2
3
4
Velocitytime graphs
B v (m/s)
a v (m/s)
C v (m/s)
1
4 t (s)
4 t (s)
4 t (s)
e v (m/s)
d v (m/s)
4 t (s)
4 t (s)
F v (m/s)
4 t (s)
10 A ball is projected vertically upwards from the top of a building 25 m high. Its position relative to the
11
Distance (metres)
ground is given by the equation x = 25 + 20t 5t2, where t is the time in seconds.
Sketch a positiontime graph for the ball and hence find:
a the greatest height reached
b when the ball reaches the ground
c when the velocity of the ball is zero
d an estimate for the velocity at which the ball is initially projected.
200
150
Alan
100
50
0
Bill
20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (seconds)
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WorkSHEET 8.2
363
Earlier we considered gradients calculated at a single point on a graph. However, if the gradients are
calculated at every point within the domain of the function, the results can be graphed. This is the graph
of the gradient function.
The gradient of the function below has been calculated at several points as shown, and a table of
gradient values has beenconstructed.
Graph of
original function
y
y = x3 2x2 + 2
6
4
Gradient = 7 2
0 1
2 1
2
x
Gradient
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.3
1.5
2.0
2.75
1.25
0.75
The table of values above may by be used to sketch a gradient function such
as that at right.
4
Note: The gradient function is zero at x = 0 and x = 3 , which corresponds to
the zero gradient (turning points) of f (x). The gradient function is negative in
4
the interval 0 < x < 3 , as is the gradient of f (x). The gradient function is positive
elsewhere, which corresponds to the positive gradient of f (x).
Graph of
gradient function
y
8
6
4
2
2 12 0 1
1 Select several points (at least 6) on each of the graphs below and construct a table of gradient values.
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Gradient at a point
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plotting relations
Use each table to plot the gradient function in each case. You may use a CAS calculator to work
through these problems.
a
y y = x2 4
4
x
21 01 2
2
321 01 2 x
2
y = x3 + 3x2 + 2
2
1
y = ex
321 0 1 2 3
4
2
x
y = sin
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
y
6
y = 2x + 3
321 0 1 2 3
2
y
40
32
24
16
8
y = x4
x
21 01 2
2 What do you notice about the gradient function of the quadratic function in question 1a?
3 Investigate other quadratic functions and their related gradient functions. What do you notice?
364
4 Investigate the gradient functions of other cubics besides that shown in question 1c. What types of
x-axis?
7 When the gradient function is negative, what do you notice about the original function?
The gradient of a positiontime graph gives the velocity, because velocity is the rate of change of
position with respect to time.
Therefore, by measuring the gradient of a positiontime graph at various points, a velocitytime graph
can be derived.
Worked example 14
The positiontime graph for a particle moving in a straight line is shown below.
x
3
2
Gradient = 2
1 Gradient = 2
0
1
2
Gradient = 1
Gradient = 1
Gradient = 0
WriTe/draW
t
v
2
0
3
1
4
2
v
3
2
1
3 2 1 0
1
365
Worked example 15
v
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
Think
1
TUTorial
eles-1435
Worked example 15
1 2 3 4 5
WriTe/draW
For each positiontime graph for a particle moving in a straight line, draw a velocitytime
graph. The gradient of the curve at various times is indicated on each of thegraphs.
1 We14
x
Gradient = 0
Gradient = 3
Gradient = 3
0
Gradient = 2
Gradient = 2
Gradient = 2
Gradient = 1
2 mC
Gradient = 1
Gradient = 0
m = 6
m=6
m = 12
m = 12
0
366
1
2
Gradient = 2
v
12
v
12
12
12
v
12
v
12
12
Sketch the velocitytime graph for each of the following positiontime graphs.
3
a
x
5
x
4
x
1
x
8
7
2
1
0
1
4
3
1
4
4
5
3
4
5
6
7
8
For each velocitytime graph shown below, sketch a positiontime graph, given that the
particle starts at the origin.
4 We15
a
0
1
367
v
8
v
3
0
1
Gradient of xt graph
b Sketch the positiontime graph.
6
The velocities for a particle starting at the origin are given as a function
of time.
Sketch a positiontime graph for each using t [0, 4].
a v=t+2
b v=2t
c v = 3t
d v = t
v
3
4 t
4 t
7 mC
4 t
2
0
4 t
4 t
Briefly describe the motion of a car during the first 30 seconds for each of the velocitytime
graphs below.
a v (m/s)
b v (m/s)
20
18
368
30 t (s)
c v (m/s)
25
15
30 t (s)
10
25 30 t (s)
Sketch a velocitytime graph for each car described below for its first 20 seconds ofmotion.
a A car, initially at rest, increases its speed at a constant rate until it reaches a speed of 35m/s after
8i
We have seen that instantaneous rates of change can be found from a graph by finding the gradient of the
tangent drawn through the point in question. The following method uses a series of approximations to
find the gradient.
Worked example 16
WriTe/draW
x
y
0
0
1
2
2
8
3
18
4
32
y
32
i
ii
iii
18
iv
8
0
b i 1 Mark the points on the curve where x= 2 and
b i Line i
18 8
3 2
10
=
1
= 10
Gradient =
369
ii Line ii
through them.
2
8.82 8
2.1 2
0.82
=
0.1
= 8.2
Gradient =
through them.
2
through them.
2
Worked example 17
WriTe
a i
ii
iii
iv
avgRC(2x2, x, 1) | x = 3
avgRC(2x2, x, 0.1) | x = 3
avgRC(2x2, x, 0.01) | x = 3
avgRC(2x2, x, 0.001) | x = 3
i
ii
iii
iv
The previous example demonstrates that the gradient of a tangent to a function at a given point, x = a,
can be approximated by finding the gradient of a line joining the point x=a and another point as close
as possible to x = a.
hybrid functions
A hybrid function is one that has different rules over different sections of its domain. For example:
x + 2, x 0
f (x) = 2
x>0
y
x ,
The graph of f (x) is shown at right.
This is a discontinuous function because there is a break (orjump) in
2
y = x2
the graph at x = 0. There is also no defined gradient at the point x = 0 on
y=x+2
this graph, because at x = 0 two different values of the gradient can be
obtained.
x
0
2
2
If the rate of change of y at x = 0 is calculated using points just to the
left of x = 0, and then calculated using points just to the right of x = 0,
different values are obtained:
rise 2
= =1
Straight line: m =
run 2
y
Parabola: At the turning point (x = 0), gradient = 0.
Not all hybrid functions have a break in them. For
example:
x , x 0
f (x) = 2
x , x > 0
Gradient of straight
line is 1 at x = 0. 2
y = x2
Gradient of parabola
The graph of f (x) is shown at right.
y=x
is 0 at x = 0.
However, even for this graph, there is no defined gradient
at x = 0.
The gradient of the tangent approaching x=0 from the left is equal to the gradient of the straight line,
that is, 1. The gradient of the tangent to the parabola approaching x= 0 from the right, is equal to zero.
Therefore the gradient (or instantaneous rate of change) does not exist at x = 0.
If the hybrid function is smooth at the point where the combined functions meet, then the gradient
does exist.
A function is smooth at a given point if the left-hand gradient equals
the right-hand gradient at that point.
For example:
y
x 1
2 x ,
f (x) = 2
x + 1, x > 1
y = x2 + 1
The left-hand gradient of f (x) at x = 1 is the gradient of the line
y = 2x, which equals 2.
The right-hand gradient of f (x) at x = 1 is the gradient of the
Both gradients
2
are 2 at x = 1.
parabola y = x2 + 1, which also equals 2. So the left-hand gradient
equals the right-hand gradient. Therefore, this hybrid function
x
0
1
is smooth at x = 1, and the gradient (or the instantaneous rate of
y = 2x
change) at x = 1 is equal to 2.
ChapTer 8 Rates of change
371
In summary, for a hybrid function to have a gradient (or instantaneous rate of change) at the point in
the domain where the rule changes:
1. the function must be continuous at that point
2. the left-hand gradient must equal the right-hand gradient at that point. This makes the curve smooth.
Worked example 18
WriTe
2 x x 2
Define f ( x ) = 2
x x > 2
f 1(x) = f (x)
Gradient = 2
Gradient = 4
Worked example 19
4 2 t, t [0, 1]
372
WriTe
a Evaluate x(0).
a x(t) = 4 2t
b Evaluate x(6).
b x(t) = 3 t2
x(0) = 4 2 0
=4
The starting position is 4 units.
x(6) = 3 62
= 3 36
= 33
The finishing position is 33 units.
=344
= 5
The displacement is 5 units.
Left-hand gradient = 2
x(t) = 3 t2
x(1) = 3 12
=2
x(t) = 3 t2
x(1.001) = 3 (1.001)2
= 1.998
1.998 2
1.001 1
0.002
Right-hand gradient
= 2.001
0.001
Right-hand gradient 2
Right-hand gradient
exercise 8i
1 We16
a Plot the graph of y = x2, x [0, 4].
b Draw a line through the following points on the curve and find the gradient of each line.
i x = 2 and x = 4
ii x = 2 and x = 3
iii x = 2 and x = 2.5
iv x = 2 and x = 2.1
c Hence, predict the gradient of the tangent at the point on the curve where x = 2.
d Use a CAS calculator to find the average rates of change for the intervals in part b. Does this
diGiTal doC
doc-9779
Gradient at a point
1.5
1.1
1.01
y
b Hence, find the gradient of a line joining the points on the curve where x = 1 and:
i x=3
ii x = 2
iii x = 1.5
iv x = 1.1
v x = 1.01.
c Predict the gradient of the tangent at the point on the curve where x = 1.
The gradient of a tangent to a curve at the point where x = 3 is best approximated bythe
gradient of the line joining the points on the curve where:
a x = 3 and x = 4
B x = 2 and x = 4
C x = 3 and x = 3.2
d x = 3 and x = 3.001
e x = 3 and x = 3.01
4 mC
373
The rate of change at a point P on a curve is best approximated by finding the gradient of a
line joining the point P and another point that is:
a furthest from it
B closest to it
C anywhere on the curve
d the origin
e on the x-axis
Use a CAS calculator to find the gradient of the following functions at the point indicated.
a f (x) = x2
at x = 1
b f (x) = 3x2
at x = 2
c f (x) = x2 + 2x
at x = 2
d f (x) = x3 + x
at x = 1
e f (x) = 2 3x x2
at x = 2
f f (x) = x3 2x + 3
at x = 1.5
g f (x) = x3 + x2 2x
at x = 3
h f (x) = 12 x2 3x + 5
at x = 0.5
Hailstones fall x metres in t seconds where x = 4.9t2. Estimate the speed of a hailstone after:
a 2 seconds
b 3 seconds.
h (m)
The height, h metres, of a roller-coaster is given by
1 3 3 2
50
h=
d + d
80
8
where d is the horizontal distance from 0, in metres.
Estimate the gradient of the curve describing the path of the rollercoaster, accurate to 2 decimal places, at the point where d is:
0
20 d (m)
a 10 metres
b 15 metres
c 20 metres
d 0 metres.
We18 Verify that the rate of change of the function
2 x ,
x 1
f (x) =
2
x >1
2
x
,
5 mC
10
11
12
374
Summary
identifying rates
A rate describes how much one quantity changes with respect to another.
For two quantities A and B:
change in A
The rate of change of A with respect to B = amount of A per B =
.
change in B
Constant rates
Variable rates
average rates of
change
3 t
y
Rise
Run
rise
When using a graph, find the gradient
of the chord formed between the end points of the
run
interval.
When using a table of values or rules, find the change in each quantity over the specified interval.
instantaneous rates
y
P Tangent
0
motion graphs
(kinematics)
The gradient of a positiontime graph for an object gives the velocity of that object.
Distance and speed are always positive. Displacement and velocity can be either positive or
negative depending on the direction of motion.
375
relating velocitytime
graphs (the gradient
function) to position
time graphs (the
original function)
To draw a velocitytime graph (or gradient function) from a positiontime graph (or original
function):
1. Calculate the gradient of the graph at given time values. For an xt graph this gives the velocity.
2. Construct a table of values showing the velocity (or gradient) at given time values (or x-values).
3. Use this table to plot the velocitytime graph (or gradient function).
To draw a positiontime graph (or original function) from a velocitytime graph (or gradient
function):
1. Set up a table of corresponding velocity (gradient) and time values (x-values) from the graph.
2. On a set of axes, plot a point for the initial position. Starting from this point, use the values in
the table to estimate the appropriate relative slope at each given time (or x-value) to produce a
curve.
rates of change of
polynomials
The gradient of a tangent to a function at a given point, x = a, can be approximated by finding the
gradient of a line joining the point x = a and a point as close as possible to x = a. The closer the two
points are, the more accurate the estimate of the gradient.
For a hybrid function to have a gradient (or instantaneous rate of change) at the point in the domain
where the rule changes:
1. the function must be continuous at that point
2. the left-hand gradient must equal the right-hand gradient at that point.
376
Chapter review
1 A car manufacturer claims a vehicle uses 12 litres of fuel per 100 km.
a Express this rate in km/litre.
b How far could the car travel using 35 litres?
c How many litres are required to travel 765 km?
S ho rT
a n S W er
2 a Determine the rate at which water is leaking from a tank, using the graph below.
w (m3)
840
600
t (hours)
t
M
3
9
4
23
and x = 3 .
6 A particle is moving in a straight line according to the positiontime function x(t) = t2 2t + 5, where
t [0, 5] and t is given in seconds.
a Sketch the positiontime graph.
b Where did the journey start?
c When and where did the particle change direction?
x (m)
d What was the distance travelled in the first 4 seconds?
7 From the positiontime graph at right, find:
200
a the initial position
b how long the object was not moving
c the velocity during the first 5 seconds
30
d the velocity during the last 4 seconds
e the total distance travelled
0
5 8
12 t (s)
f the average speed for the journey.
8 For the velocitytime graph below, sketch a positiontime graph, given that the object starts at the origin.
v
2
2
9 The height, h metres, of a projectile above the ground at any time, t seconds, is given by the function
377
2t ,
t [0, 1]
t (1, 6]
, find:
C $2.50 per kg
20
0
t (min)
40
d 1.25
e 2
d RS
e OQ
d 6
e 2
y
S
P
R
Q
O
5 The gradient of the chord PQ below is:
a 3
B 12
C
y
1
3
21
P
9
0
6 From the table below, the average rate of change of H between t = 2 and t = 5 is:
a 20 m/h
B 38 m/h
C 30 m/h
d 190 m/h
t(h)
H(m)
378
0
0
1
20
2
40
3
70
4
120
5
190
6
280
e 50 m/h
e 8 L/min
v (L)
80
55
30
0
8 t (min)
times (t seconds).
t=5
t=2
t=0
3 2 1
a 11
m/s
B 75 m/s
C 11
m/s
5
5
c The average velocity in the first 5 seconds is:
a 11
m/s
B 35 m/s
C 35 m/s
5
e 5m
7
5
m/s
e 1 m/s
11
5
m/s
e 1 m/s
Gradient
function
x
y
4
0
0
d
2
e
x
0
2
1
0
379
12 The velocitytime graph of a particle travelling in a straight line and starting at the origin is shown
below.
v
3
0
1
t
0
380
f (3.1) f (3)
3.1 3
f (3) f (0)
3 0
f (3.001) f (3)
3.001 3
f (3.00 001) f (3)
3.00 001 3
f (3.5) f (3)
3.5 3
C 4
1 A soft-drink vending machine at a railway station dispenses cans of soft drink. It has a capacity of
ex Ten d ed
r eS p o n S e
2 The concentration (x mg/L) of a tranquilliser in a patients bloodstream at any time, t hours, after it is
3 The position (x centimetres from the origin, 0) of an object travelling in a straight line at any time,
2t + 1,
x=
2
t 2t + 5,
t [0, 2]
t (2, 5]
381
4 A skateboarder starts on a 1 m long flat section before coming down on an inclined ramp. When
diGiTal doC
doc-9783
Test Yourself
Chapter 8
382
he reaches the top of the ramp a stopwatch is started. The distance he travels is known to follow an
exponential curve d = at for the first 2 seconds of motion, where d is in metres and t in seconds. If his
speed initially (at t = 0) is 1 m/s, find his equation of motion; that is, find a. Use the following steps
to help.
a Using a CAS calculator, find the gradient of d = 2t at t = 0.
b Using a CAS calculator, find the gradient of d = 3t at t = 0.
Clearly the value of a must be between 2 and 3.
c Using trial and error, find the value of a correct to 2 decimal places.
d Show that the accurate value is a = 2.718 281 8 (correct to 7 decimal places).
e Find the value of 2.718 281 82 (correct to 5 decimal places).
f Find the gradient of d = 2.718 281 8t at t = 2 (correct to 5 decimal places).
g What do you notice?
Note: 2.718 281 8 . . . is a very important transcendental number in mathematics and has the
symbol e. You will find it on your calculator.
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DIGITAL DOC
10 Quick Questions doc-9773: Warm-up with ten quick questions on
rates of change (page 341)
8A
Identifying rates
DIGITAL DOC
SkillSHEET 8.1 doc-9774: Practise determining rates of change and
using them in calculations (page 343)
8B
Constant rates
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9775: Investigate plotting relations using a spreadsheet
(page 347)
8C
Variable rates
TUTORIAL
WE 5 eles-1432: Watch a tutorial on identifying constant or
variable rates of change (page 348)
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9775: Investigate plotting relations using a spreadsheet
(page 349)
8D
TUTORIAL
WE 8 eles-1433: Watch a tutorial on calculating the average rate
of change of the temperature of a room over a set period of time
(page 350)
DIGITAL DOCS
SkillSHEET 8.2 doc-9776: Practise finding the gradient of a straight
line (page 351)
doc-9777: Investigate the gradient between two points using a
spreadsheet (page 353)
WorkSHEET 8.1 doc-9778: Identify rates, form equations and make
calculations involving rates (page 353)
8E
Instantaneous rates
TUTORIAL
WE 11 eles-1434: Watch a tutorial on calculating the average
speed and velocity of a lift (page 358)
DIGITAL DOCS
SkillSHEET 8.3 doc-9780: Practise calculating displacement and total
distance travelled (page 360)
SkillSHEET 8.4 doc-9781: Practise describing intervals using interval
notation (page 361)
WorkSHEET 8.2 doc-9782: Calculate displacement, instantaneous
rates of change and starting and finishing positions, given position
functions (page 363)
8I
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9779: Investigate the gradient at a point using a spreadsheet
(page 373)
Chapter review
DIGITAL DOC
Test Yourself doc-9783: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 382)
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9779: Investigate the gradient at a point using a spreadsheet
(page 356)
8F
INTERACTIVITY
Motion graphs (kinematics) int-0267: Learn how distancetime,
velocitytime and accelerationtime graphs are related graphically
(page 357)
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_08.indd 383
383
8/05/13 3:15 PM
Answers CHAPTER 8
raTeS oF ChanGe
exercise 8C
exercise 8a
1
2
3
4
5
6
identifying rates
a, b, d, f, i, k, m, n, p
a C
bA
d F
f H
i E
k I
mD
n B
p G
b, c, e, g
a $10.60
b $31.41
c $303.75
d $5.59
e $75.05
f $609 697
a A
bC
a 8.33 m/s
b 3.5 C/h
c $25 per person
d 260 g/L
e $4.67/m2
f 1.16 kg/week
a 20 h
b 100 h
c C
exercise 8B
e
9 a
c
e
c
d
e
4 a W (kg)
scarcer.
$156
1000 m
80 s
b 70 s
d 30 s
5
4
3
2
1
0
exercise 8d
2
5
70
384
P
1
iii 0 km/h
P
Q
t (h)
iii 10 km/h
b 0.5
ii 0.5 kg/m
70
50
N
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 am 11 am 12 pm 1 pm
b, c
T (C)
120
(8, 84)
20
1
t (h)
c i d (km)
70
Q
P
ii 15
d
e
9 a
b
t (h)
iii 15 km/h
(2, 24)
2 4 6 8 10 t (s)
10
10 C/s
200 g
i 1 g/week
iii 10 g/week
exercise 8e
b 6 h
0
c i 170
ii 20
iii 0
d i 170 people/h ii 20 people/h
iii 0 people/h
e Most people arrive in the morning, few
iii 10 km/h
40
2 pm 3 pm 4 pm 5 pm
ii 10
b i
d iii
t (h)
ii 10
iii 30 km/h
b i d (km)
2
3
t (h)
b 4
2 a, c
3 a i d (km)
5 10 15 20 25 x (cm)
b 0.2 kg/cm
c W = 0.2x
11 a 6 L/h
12 a iv
c ii
1 2 3 4 t (min)
b No
c Variable
d i 2 kg/min
ii 3 kg/min
iii 7 kg/min
6 a Constant
b Variable
10 a w (kg)
70
change.
ii 30
150180 t (s)
t (h)
iii 5 km/h
e i d (km)
5 D
6 a, b
10
0
70
4 a 1.5
c i 1.5 kg/m
d No, because it is a variable rate of
1000
1 2 3 4 t (min)
W (kg)
820
ii 5
1 a
70
60
90
70
b
c
d
5 a
d (metres)
420
d i d (km)
ii 0
f i d (km)
12
9
6
3
Constant rates
1 c, d, g, h, j
2 b, d, e, g, h, j
3 i b, e, h
ii g, j
iii d
4 D
5 C
6 a i 50
ii 50 m/h
iii d = 50t
b i 7
ii 7 L/min
iii v = 7t + 50
c i 1
ii 1 kg/week
iii w = 100 t
d i 0
ii 0 m/year
iii h = 75
e i 0.75
ii 0.75 g/min
iii w = 0.75t + 10
f i 0.25
ii 0.25 g/L
iii w = 0.25v + 35
7 a D
b B
8 a $24/h
b Rest
c $18/h
d The picker is tiring a little or fruit is
Variable rates
1 a, c, d, e, g, h
2 b, d, e, f
3 a The rate of change is variable
1 a A
e A
2 a, c, d, h
ii 2 g/week
iv 28 g/week
instantaneous rates
b I
c A
d I
f A
g A
h I
3 a 1
c 1
4 a 2.5 g/min
b 16 g/min
c 25 g/min
d 12 g/min
5 a 85 kg after 35 weeks
b Approx. 1 kg/week
c Approx. 2.0 kg/week
6 a Approx. 6 hours
b Approx. 3.5 C/hour
y
7 a, b
b 2.5
d 0.25
6 a
4
0
i x=0
iii No
b
ii Right
iv x = 10
x
16
0
2
4
1
d C
e A
ii Right
iv x = 16
x
15
4 3 2 1 0
2
1 a
c
2 a
c
3 a
b
c
d
4 a
c
e
g
i
5 a
b
c
d
e
f
ii 0
0
1
1 2 3 4 5
i x=0
iii Yes, t = 1, x = 1
exercise 8F
4 m/s
m/s
2
4
2 m/s
4 m/s
iii 0
iii 0 m/s
0
2
4
6
i x=
iii No
y
9
9 6 cm/min
ii
v
ii
v
4
2
c i 4
b i
iv
c i
iv
d
12
c C
8 a, b
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
16
7 a
10
8
6
4
2
iii 4
8 a i Positive
ii Speeding up
b i Negative
ii Slowing down
c i Negative
ii Speeding up
d i Positive
ii Slowing down
e i Positive
ii Neither velocity is constant.
9 a C
b E
c B
d F
e A
f D
10 x (m)
45
1
0
C
D
False
True
40 m
2 m (or 2 m below the platform)
0.5 m/s
0.025 m/s (or 0.025 m/s downwards)
x=1
b x = 3
Right
d t=2
C
f D
D
h D
C
j B
i x=0
ii Right
iii t = 2, x = 8
iv t = 5, x = 3
i x=4
ii Right
iii t = 4, x = 12
iv t = 6, x = 10
i x=0
ii Right
iii t = 3, x = 12 and t = 6, x = 3
iv t = 8, x = 10
i x=0
ii Left
iii t = 1, x = 5
iv t = 3, x = 18
i x = 3
ii Left
1
iii t = 1 , x = 6
iv t = 5, x = 5
2
i x=2
ii Left
iii t = 3, x = 5 and t = 5, x = 5
iv t = 6, x = 4
ii Left
iv x = 15
25
1 2 3 4 5
i x=0
iii Yes, t = 1, x = 1
e
ii Right
iv x = 8
a
b
c
d
11 a
c
e
5 t (s)
45 m
t=5
t=2
20 m/s
Alan
12 metres
40 s
b Bill
d 2.0 m/s
f Twice
1 a
1 2 3 4 5
ii Left
iv x = 9
4 2 0 2
4
x
18
Gradient function
b
0
y
12
8
i x=4
iii Yes, t = 2, x = 0
f
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
y
12
8
4
4 2 0 2
4
12
i x = 12
iii No
Gradient
function
4
ii Right
iv x = 18
385
3 a
y
12
5 a t
Gradient
function
0 2
4 2
4
0
4
0 1
0 2
6 a x
0
3
0
4 a
1
3 2 1
1
2
1 2 3 4
3 x
0
0
7A
8 a It travels at a constant velocity of
c x
ex.
20 m/s.
or inverted.
exercise 8h
relating velocitytime
graphs to positiontime graphs
1 2 3 4 5 t
d x
v
3
6 t
4 t
9 a v (m/s)
e x
35
3
v
2
f
2
4 Quadratic functions
5 The gradient function of sin (x) is cos (x);
x
2 It is a straight line.
3 The gradient functions of quadratic
12
10
20 t (s)
b v (m/s)
30
0
2 C
386
4
3
12
y
5
2 t
1 a
Gradient
function
2 1
Gradient
4
(and original)
function
2
Gradient of
xt graph
1
2
b x
8
y
8
6
b
d
t
0
15 20
t (s)
10 a i 15 m /s
b 60 m/s
c 34 seconds
ChapTer reVieW
ii 45 m/s
i
(4, 16)
16
ii
(1, 1)
2
ii 5
ii
180
iii 3.31
iv 3.0301
ii 4.75
iii 3.31
iv 3.03, no
1.5
1.1
ii 2
v 1.01
7 a 19.6 m/s
b 29.4 m/s
8 a 3.75
b 2.81
c 0
d 0
9 Teacher to check.
10 Teacher to check.
11 a 5
c 10
12 a 0
b 40
c 8
d i 4
1.01
iii 1.5
1
1
1
0.5
12
4
4.75
2.5
after 1 hour.
20 cm.
x (cm)
x = t2 2t + 5
20
(5, 20)
15
(4, 13)
10
x = 2t + 1
ii 6
1
4
7
9
10
13
A
B
C
a D
D
E
2
5
8
b
11
14
C
A
B
C
A
D
3 D
6 E
c B
12 C
(3, 8)
(2, 5)
1
0
9 a i 4 m
/s
ii 0 m
/s
iii 8 m/s
b The height of the projectile increases
b 69
d 4 m/s
t (hours)
concentration is decreasing.
b
d
f
h
b x=5m
c t = 1 s and x = 4 m
d 10 m
7 a x = 30 m
b 3s
c 34 m/s
d 50 m/s
e 370 m
f 30.83 m/s
8 x
c 2 3 hours
x (t)
ii 4.75
4D
5B
6 a 2
c 6
e 7
g 31
b 240
c Approx. 3 pm
d Approx. 84 cans/hour
2 a i 0
ii 1
iii 0.8
iv 0.471 mg/L
b
x (mg/L)
x
20
Time
5
4
b i 3
iv 1.1
c 1
10
2 (1.1, 1.331)
(1, 1) (1.01, 1.030301)
1
b i 7
c 3
d i 7
3 a
15
iii
iv
line.
6 a
240
c Approx. 8.5
4 a 1 kg/h
b 5 kg/h
12( 3 1)
5 Average gradient =
(1.5, 3.375)
iv 4.1
(2, 8)
300
iii 4.5
360
60
Tangent
at t = 2
(2.1, 4.41)
(2, 4)
420
120
(2.5, 6.25)
b i 6
c 4
2 a y
480
540
iv
(3, 9)
600
23
iii
12
8.33 km/L
291.6 km
91.8 L
30 m3/h
28 hours
Number of cans
1 a
b
c
2 a
b
3 a
rates of change of
polynomials
1 a
ShorT anSWer
exercise 8i
1 a
exTended reSponSe
c 2 cm/s
e b = 3.5
g
v (cm/s)
5 t (s)
d 10 cm
f c=3
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
5 t (s)
loge (2)
b loge (3)
a = 2.72, correct to 2 decimal places
loge (2.7182818) = 1 e 7.389 06
7.389 06; 2.718 281 82
d
= (2.718 281 8 x ) x = 2
dt
g The gradient is the same as 2.71828182.
4 a
c
d
f
387
Chapter 9
Differentiation
DiGitaL DoC
doc-9784
10 Quick Questions
Chapter ContentS
9a
9B
9C
9D
9e
9F
9G
Introduction to limits
Limits of discontinuous, rational and hybrid functions
Differentiation using first principles
Finding derivatives by rule
Rates of change
Sketching graphs containing stationary points
Solving maximum and minimum problems
9a
introduction to limits
Chapter 9 Differentiation
389
WorkeD exampLe 1
1
1
Add the following series of numbers and state what value it is approaching. 12 + 14 + 18 + 16
+ 32
+...
think
Write
3
4
(= 0.750).
7
8
(= 0.875).
15 ( 0.938).
The sum of the first 4 terms is 16
31
32
( 0.969).
63
64
( 0.984).
Expressing limits in mathematical language, we say that a limit can be used to describe the behaviour
of a function, f (x), as the independent variable, x, approaches a certain value, say a. In some cases
the function will not be defined at a. Using the correct notation for the example on blood alcohol
concentration, we would write:
lim f ( x ) = 0.05
x2
By investigating the behaviour of the function f (x) = x + 3 in the vicinity of x = 2, show that
a by hand
b using a CAS calculator.
lim f ( x ) = 5:
x 2
think
the vicinity of x = 2.
Write/DraW
x
f(x)
x2
3
b 1 Using the Lists and Spreadsheets
390
f(x)
b 1.95
1.99
1.995
2
2.005
2.01
2.05
1.95
4.95
1.99
4.99
1.995 4.995
2
5
2.005 5.005
2.01
5.01
2.05
5.05
The left- and right-hand limits are equal, so
when f (x) = x + 3, lim f ( x ) = 5 .
x2
a by hand
x 2
think
Write/DraW
f(x)
6
2
0 2
x2
b lim( x 2 + 2)
x2
6
lim( x 2 + 2) = 6
x2
theorems on limits
theorem 1
For the constant function f where f (x) = c, then lim f ( x ) = c .
xa
xa
theorem 2
For example:
xa
xa
xa
xa
theorem 3
For example:
xa
lim( x 2
x 1
+ 2x) =
For example:
xa
+ lim 2 x = 1 + 2 = 3
x 1
xa
theorem 4
lim x 2
x 1
xa
xa
x 1
x 1
x 1
f (x) A
f ( x ) xlim
lim
= a
= if B 0
x a g( x )
lim g( x ) B
xa
x 2 + 4)
x + 4 xlim(
5
=
lim
x 5 x + 1
lim( x + 1)
2
x 5
29
=
6
Chapter 9 Differentiation
391
exercise 9a
introduction to limits
Add the following series of numbers and state what value it is approaching.
1 We1
4 + 2 + 1 + 12 + 14 + . . .
2
The diagram at right shows regular polygons with 3, 4 and 5 sides.
As the number of sides gets very large ( ), what shape emerges?
n=3
n=4
n=5
If n represents the number of sides of a regular polygon, then which of the following correctly
describes the situation given in question 2 above?
B lim
C lim
a n
3 mC
D n0
n 0
e n5
1
as n gets infinitely large.
n
b Write this using limit notation.
1 + and n represents the number of terms to be summed in the series,
5
a If S = 1 + 12 + 14 + 81 + 16
copy and complete the following table:
a Find the value of
1 12
10
mC
a 1.75
B 1.95
D 1
e 0
C 2
3
2
1
From the graph at right it can be seen that the lim f ( x ) is equal to:
7 mC
DiGitaL DoC
doc-9785
SkillSHEET 9.1
Substituting into a
function
a 2
B 1
D 1
e 0
x2
C 3
y
30
f(x)
c
x
f(x)
y
2
f(x)
3
0
x4
y
0
14
x
e
y
21
f(x)
f(x)
15
10
f(x)
5
0
392
1
0
f(x)
9 We3a
Evaluate the limits below.
a lim(2 x + 5)
b lim(10 2 k )
x2
e lim(h 2 + 3h)
h 5
10 mC
c lim(49a + 1)
k 4
We3b
lim (3 p2 2 p + 3)
p 2
x0
B 3
a 4
lim(8 5 x 2 )
x2
d lim( x 2 + 2)
x0
h lim( x 3 + 2 x )
x0
a 0
11 mC The
a1
lim ( x 2
x 3
C 2
D 2
e 1
C 9
D 4
e 0
5) is equal to:
B 5
x +3
x2
x
a lim
2 x 3x
x0
x +1
b lim
lim
x 2
6x 2
x
x + 3x 2
x 3
x2
2
d lim
DiGitaL DoC
doc-9786
Investigation
Sneaking up on a limit
If a function is discontinuous at the point where the limit is being investigated, then
the limit will exist only if the function is approaching the same value from the left
as from the right. Consider the discontinuous functions graphed below.
1. From the left, lim f ( x ) = 1. (The symbol x 1 indicates that we are
x 1
x 1+
x 1
f(x)
0 1
Finding the limit of a rational function involves simplifying the function before direct substitution can
take place and recognising any values of x for which it is discontinuous.
WorkeD exampLe 4
x2 x
:
x1 x 1
i by hand
ii using a CAS calculator.
x2 x
b Sketch the graph of f ( x ) =
, stating the value of x for which it is discontinuous.
x1
a Find lim
think
Write/DraW
x2 x
x ( x 1)
= lim
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
a i lim
Chapter 9 Differentiation
393
x, x 1
= lim
x 1
=1
ii lim
x 1
x 2 x
=1
x1 x 1
x 2 x
lim
=1
x1 x 1
x2 x
is the same as the graph
x 1
of f (x) = x, except where the point (1, 1) does not exist.
b The graph of f ( x ) =
f(x)
1
0
WorkeD exampLe 5
x2 + 5 x + 6
, stating the value for which the function does not exist
x+3
(that is, is discontinuous).
b Find lim f ( x ), where a is the value at which f (x) is discontinuous.
f ( x) =
tUtoriaL
eles-1437
Worked example 5
x a
think
Write
x 2 + 5x + 6
x+3
( x + 3)( x + 2)
=
( x + 3)
a f (x) =
f ( x ) = x + 2, x 3
so f (x) is discontinuous at x = 3
b lim x + 2 = 3 + 2
substituting x =
3.
xa
x 3
= 1
WorkeD exampLe 6
x 2 , x ( , 2]
.
x 1, x (2, )
i lim f ( x )
x 2
ii lim f ( x )
x 2 +
think
Write/DraW
f(x)
1
0
i Substitute x = 2 into f (x) = x 2.
b i lim f ( x ) = lim x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2+
x 2+
=4
ii lim f ( x ) = lim ( x 1)
=1
iii lim f ( x ) does not exist
x2
2
x < x 2
Define f ( x ) =
x 1 2 x <
y
4
f(x)
1
0
3
x 2
x 2+
lim ( x 2 )
lim ( x 1)
c i lim ( f (x)) = 4
x 2
ii lim ( f (x)) = 1
x 2+
1
a
0
0
Chapter 9 Differentiation
395
For each discontinuous function above, state the value of x for which it is discontinuous.
x2 4x
.
x 4 x 4
a Find lim
3 We4
x2 4x
, stating the value of x for which it is discontinuous.
x4
x2 + x
a Evaluate f (x) when x = 0 if f ( x ) =
. Comment on this result.
x
For what value of x is f (x) discontinuous?
Factorise the numerator of f (x).
Now simplify f (x).
Sketch the graph of f (x).
Evaluate lim f ( x ) if it exists.
x 0
By first factorising the numerator, simplify the following rational functions, stating the value
for which the function does not exist (is discontinuous).
6 x 18
x 2 5x
x 2 + 5x + 4
x 2 + 3x
b f (x) =
c f (x) =
d f (x) =
a f (x) =
x3
x
x+4
x
5 We5a
e f (x) =
x 2 7x + 6
x6
f (x) =
x3 + 8
x+2
g f (x) =
x 2 + 3x 4
x 1
h f (x) =
x 3 27
x3
For each rational function in question 5, find lim f ( x ), where a is the value at which f (x) is
x a
discontinuous.
7 We6a
Sketch the graphs of the following hybrid functions.
6 We5b
4 x , x ( , 1]
3 x + 1, x ( 1, )
x + 3, x ( , 2)
4, x [2, )
b g( x ) =
2 x , x ( , 0)
2
x , x [0, )
d p( x ) =
a f (x) =
x + 1, x ( , 1]
x + 2, x (1, )
c h( x ) =
8 We6b
a i lim f ( x )
x 2
x 2+
x 2
b i lim g( x )
x 1
ii lim g( x )
x 1
iii lim g( x )
c i lim h( x )
ii lim h( x )
iii lim h( x )
d i lim p( x )
ii lim p( x )
iii lim p( x )
x 0
x 1
x 1
x 0+
x 0
x 1+
x 1
9 We6c Investigate whether the following limits exist. For those that do exist, state the limit.
x + 2, x ( , 2)
x 2 3, x [2, )
b lim
5 x , x ( , 3)
x 3 2 x + 1, x [3, )
d lim
x , x ( , 2]
x 1 x + 2, x (2, )
a lim
c lim
e lim
396
x 4, x ( , 0]
x 2 x 4, x (0, )
2 x 3, x ( , 1]
x 1 2 x + 1, x (1, )
4 x , x ( , 2)
lim
x 2 x + 2, x [ 2, )
x 2
3 x + 1, x ( , 1)
x 1 x 2 + 3, x [1, )
lim
1
2
x 2 9 x 10
1
x +1
c lim
d lim
e lim(12 3 x 2 x 2 )
x 2
x 2 + 3x + 2
x 1
x+2
( x + 3)( x 3)
lim
x 3
x3
14 x + 7
2x + 1
2
x 2 x + 1, x ( , 0]
lim
x 0 x + 3, x (0, )
g lim
h lim( x 3 + x 2 5 x )
x 1
x 2 + 7x + 6
1
x +1
lim
9C
lim
x 2
( x + 2)(2 x 3)
x+2
x 2 6x + 8
x 4
x4
lim
The gradient function is the rule for the instantaneous rate of change of a given function at any point.
The gradient at any point (x, y) can be found by substitution into the gradient function.
Consider the secant PQ drawn to the curve f (x) at right. The coordinates of P are [x, f (x)] and the
coordinates of Q are [x + h, f (x + h)]. So the gradient of the secant
PQ =
rise
run
y = f(x)
Q
f(x + h)
f ( x + h) f ( x )
x+hx
f ( x + h) f ( x )
=
h
Tangent at P
f(x)
0
x+h x
As h approaches zero, that is, as Q draws as close as possible to P along the curve, PQ effectively
becomes a tangent to the curve at P.
We can therefore say that the gradient of the tangent at P is
lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
f ( x ) = lim
h 0
or
y
Q
f ( x + h) f ( x )
, h0,
h
h 0
Q moves closer to
P as h approaches 0.
P Q
0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
397
WorkeD exampLe 7
a 1 Define f (x).
f ( x + h) f ( x )
by
h 0
h
cancelling the common factor of h.
Simplify lim
Write
a f (x) = x2 2x
f (x) = lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
f (x) = x2 2x
f (x + h) = (x + h)2 2(x + h)
f (x + h) f (x)
= (x + h)2 2(x + h) (x2 2x)
= x2 + 2xh + h2 2x 2h x2 + 2x
= 2xh + h2 2h
= h(2x + h 2)
lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
h(2 x + h 2)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(2 x + h 2), h 0
h 0
= 2x 2
b Define f (x) = x2 2x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
2x + h 2
lim(2 x + h 2)
h 0
2x 2
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
f ( x ) = 2 x 2
f ( x ) = lim
h 0
WorkeD exampLe 8
If g (x) = 2 x2 + 5x 2, find:
a g (x) using first principles
b the value(s) of x where the gradient equals 0.
think
a 1 Let g (x) = 2x 2 + 5x 2.
2
398
tUtoriaL
eles-1438
Worked example 8
Write
a g(x) = 2x2 + 5x 2
g( x + h) g( x )
h
g (x) = lim
g(x) = 2x2 + 5x 2
g(x + h) = 2(x + h)2 + 5(x + h) 2
h 0
Factorise.
g( x + h) g( x )
by cancelling
h 0
h
the common factor of h.
g(x + h) g(x)
= 2(x + h)2 + 5(x + h) 2 (2x2 + 5x 2)
= 2(x2 + 2xh + h2) + 5x + 5h 2 2x 2 5x + 2
= 2x2 + 4xh + 2h2 + 5x + 5h 2 2x2 5x + 2
= 4xh + 2h2 + 5h
= h(4x + 2h + 5)
g( x + h) g( x )
h 0
h
h(4 x + 2h + 5)
= lim
h 0
h
= lim(4 x + 2h + 5), h 0
Simplify lim
lim
h 0
b Solve g (x) = 0.
= 4x + 5
So g (x) = 4x + 5.
b g (x) = 0
4x + 5 = 0
4x = 5
x = 45
So the gradient equals 0 when x = 45 .
Note: For any polynomial function, f (x), when the expression f (x + h) f (x) is simplified, all of its
terms have h as a factor.
exercise 9C
1 We7a
Find the derivative of the following from first principles.
a 5x 7
b x2 + 10x
c x2 8x
dy
.
dx
b y = x2 3x + 1
e y = 6x 2x2
d x3 + 2x
c y = 4x2
f y = x3 + 5x 4
DiGitaL DoCS
doc-9787
SkillSHEET 9.2
Differentiating from
first principles
doc-9788
WorkSHEET 9.1
3 We8
b Hence, determine the value(s) of x where the gradient function is equal to 12.
5 By first deriving the gradient function f (x), evaluate f (3) when f (x) is equal to:
a 7x + 5
b x2 + 4x
c x2 3x + 2
d x3 5.
6 mC Which of the following do not denote the gradient at any point on a graph? (One or more answers
may be correct.)
a f (x)
B lim
h 0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
C lim
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
7 mC The most accurate method for finding the gradient when x = 3 for the function f (x)=x2+2x is by:
a sketching the graph and drawing a tangent at x = 3 to find the gradient
B finding the gradient of the secant to the curve joining the points where x = 3 and x=3.1
C finding f (x) using first principles and evaluating f (3)
D guessing
e finding the gradient of the line from the origin to the point (3, 15)
8 mC
Given that f (x) = 4x if f (x) = 2x2 and g (x) = 3x2 + 1 if g(x) = x3 + x, then the derivative
3 + 2x 2 + x must be equal to:
of x
a 3x2 + 4x + 1
B 12x3 + 4x
C 3x2 + 4x
D 2x5 + 2x3
e 5x2 + 1
D
dy
dx
Chapter 9 Differentiation
399
9D
Fortunately, the tedious process of finding derivatives from first principles need not be applied once rules
are established. For polynomial functions, the following rules apply.
Rule 1. If f (x) = x n, then f (x) = nx n 1.
Rule 2. If f (x) = ax n, then f (x) = nax n 1.
Rule 3. If f (x) = c, then f (x) = 0 (where c is constant).
Rule 4. If f (x) = g(x) + h(x), then f (x) = g (x) + h(x).
WorkeD exampLe 9
d y = 2 x5 +
think
3
5
x2 6 x
Write
a y = x8
b Apply rule 2.
dy
= 8 x 81
dx
= 8x 7
b y = 3x2
dy
= 2(3 x 21 )
dx
= 6x
c y = 7x + 3
dy
= 7 x11 + 0
dx
= 7x 0 = 7
d y = 2x5 + 35 x2 6x
dy
= 5(2 x 51 ) + 2( 35 x 21 ) 1(6 x11 )
dx
= 10 x 4 + 65 x 6 x 0
= 10 x 4 + 65 x 6
WorkeD exampLe 10
Write
f (x) = 3x(x 2)
f (x) = 3x2 6x
Differentiate by rule.
f (x) = 6x 6
WorkeD exampLe 11
If g( x ) =
4 x3 + 3 x2
, find g (x): a by
x
hand
think
400
x
x + 3)
x
2 (4
Simplify g(x).
= x(4x + 3), x 0
= 4x2 + 3x
g (x) = 8x + 3
4 x 3 + 3x 2
x
b Define g( x ) =
d
( g( x ))
dx
8x + 3
Given g(x) =
4 x 3 + 3x 2
, g (x) = 8x + 3
x
WorkeD exampLe 12
Differentiate each of the following. Express all answers with a positive index.
1
1
4
a f ( x) = x 3
b f ( x) = 7
c f ( x) = x 3
d f ( x) =
.
x
x
think
Write
3
a f (x) = x
3 1
f (x) = 3x
Differentiate by rule 1.
= 3x
Differentiate by rule 1.
Differentiate by rule 1.
b f (x) =
x4
1
x7
7
= 1x
7 1
f (x) = 7(1x
= 7x 8
=
7
x8
1
c f (x) = x 3
1 1
f (x) = 13 (x 3 )
=
2
3
3
1
2
3x 3
4
d f (x) =
x
4
f (x) =
f (x) = 4 x
x2
1
2
Chapter 9 Differentiation
401
f (x) =
Differentiate by rule 2.
1
2
(4 x 12 1)
= 2x
5
3
2
2
3
x2
x3
To evaluate the gradient of a curve at a given point, substitute the given value of x into the gradient
function or derivative. For the function f (x), the gradient at the point (a,f (a)) is found by evaluating
f (a). This gives the gradient of the tangent at x = a, which equals the gradient of the curve only at that
point.
WorkeD exampLe 13
Write
1
f (x) = 3 x3 x2 5x + 3
f (x) = x2 2x 5
f ( 1) = 2
f (4) = 3
Define f ( x ) = 3 x 3 x 2 5 x + 3
d
( f ( x )) | x = 4
dx
y
Normal
Tangent
P
0
Also recall that the equation of a straight line is given by y y1 = m(x x1) where (x1,y1) is the point P,
above, and m is the gradient.
402
WorkeD exampLe 14
a Find the equation of the tangent to the curve f (x) = x2 + 6x 8 at the point where the gradient
has a value of 8.
Write
f (x).
a f (x) = x2 + 6x 8
f (x) = 2x + 6
For gradient = 8
2x + 6 = 8
2x = 2
x= 1
So x1 = 1.
dy
solve ( x 2 + 6 x 8) = 8,
dx
x=1
y1 = f (x1)
= f (1)
= (1)2 + 6(1) 8
= 1
mN =
2
mT
b mN =
1
8
is
y+1=
1
(x 1)
8
( x 1)
8
8y + 8 = x + 1
x + 8y + 7 = 0
c 1 The gradient is 8 at the point (1,1).
y = 8x 9
Chapter 9 Differentiation
403
WorkeD exampLe 15
For the function f (x) = x3 x2 + 1, find the coordinates of the points where
the gradient is perpendicular to the line y = x + 3. Hence, find the equations of
the tangents and normals at these points.
think
1
Write
f (x) = x3 x2 + 1
f (x) = 3x2 2x.
m1 = 1 where m2 = 1
m2
( 1)
=1
mtangent = 1
3x2 2x = 1
2x 1 = 0
(3x + 1)(x 1) = 0
3x2
x=
4
or x = 1
(1, 1) and
5
1 23
,
3 27
23
27
= x
1
3
1
y=x+3+
y=x+
Find the equations of the normal lines.
1
Use mnormal =
to find the gradient
mtangent
of the normal.
23
27
+1=
23
27
32
27
23
27
= x
1
3
y = x 13 +
y = x +
3 27
1
1
= 1
The equation of the normal at the point (1, 1) is
y 1 = 1(x 1)
y = x + 1 + 1
y = x + 2
404
tUtoriaL
eles-1440
Worked example 15
14
27
23
27
3 27
WorkeD exampLe 16
a Graph the function f (x) = x3 2x and f (x) on the same set of axes.
b How can f (x) be used to predict the location and nature of the stationary points of f (x)?
think
Write/DraW
a f1(x) = x3 2x
and f (x).
f2 ( x ) =
d
( f1 ( x ))
dx
f '(x)
f(x)
exercise 9D
e 2x
f 7x.
3
Match the correct derivative from the set a to G below to each of the following.
1 We9
a y = x6
a x8
e
x4
2x3
a 5x4 + 18x 2 4
e 6x2 4
b x4 + x 2
f x5 + 6x3 4x
c 2x3 4x + 7
g xp
d x 2 + 6x 5
B 4x 3 + 2x
F 2x + 6
C px p 1
G 4x3 + 6x 2
D 8x7
a y = x6 + 3x 2 4
d y = 10x5 3x4 + 2x3 8x
b y = 5x4 7x3 + 6x
e y=6
5
a
d
2 x4
3
3 x3
4
+ 12 x 2 3x
6 We10
a g( x ) =
+ 16 x3
6 x7
7
4x3 47 x 2 65 x + 8.
a f (x) = x(x + 3)
d f (x) = 9(8 3x)2
7 We11
5 2
x
8
5
2 x + 3 x4
5
4
b f (x) = 3x(2x 5)
e f (x) = (x + 2)3
c f (x) = (x + 4)2
f f (x) = (2x 5)3.
b g( x ) =
8x3 6x
2x
c g( x ) =
3x 3 + 2 x 2 5x
x
d g( x ) =
5x 4 + x 3 + 7 x 2
x2
Chapter 9 Differentiation
405
Differentiate each of the following. Express all answers with a positive index.
8 We12
4
a x
e
b x
4x6
5
x3
1
c 3x
d 5x
1
x4
3x5
10
x6
k 2x 2
m 4x 4
n 3x 5
q 4 x
1
x9
x3
2
x
1
x
Evaluate i f (1) ii f (2) and iii f (0) for each of the following.
9 We13
a f (x) = 5x2 + 3x 1
b f (x) = 13 x3 + 2x 2 4
c f (x) = 3x 2 2x + 6
d f (x) = x3 + 7x 8
10 We13 a Find the x-intercepts of the parabola y = x 2 5x + 6.
b Find the gradient of the parabola at the points where it crosses the x-axis.
c Determine the value of x for which the gradient of the parabola is:
i 0
ii 7
iii 3.
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Gradient at a point
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tangent and normal
Find the coordinate(s) of the points on the curve x 3 3x2 where the tangent:
a is parallel to the x-axis
b is parallel to the line y = 3x + 2.
13 We14 Find the equations of the tangent and normal for each of the following curves.
a f (x) = 5x2 + 3x 1 at the point (1, 7)
b f (x) = 13 x3 + 2x2 4 at x = 2
c f (x) = 3x2 2x + 6 at x = 2
d f (x) = x3 7x 8 at the point (0, 8)
e f (x) = x2 + 2 at x = a
f f (x) = 3x2 4x at the point (2a, 12a2 8a)
14 We14 a Find the equation of the tangent at the point on the curve x 2 + 4x 1 where the gradient is 6.
b Hence, find the equation of the normal at this point.
15 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = 2x 2 2x + 5 at the point where the curve crosses the
y-axis.
16 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = x2 + 4x at:
a x=2
b x = 1.
17
19 We15 Find the equations of the tangents to the curve f (x) = 2 x3 + 5 x2 x + 2 that are parallel to the
line y 2x = 4.
20
Find the coordinates of the points on the curve f (x) = 2x3 x2 + 6 where the tangents are parallel to
the line 5x + 2y = 12. Hence, find the equation of the tangents at these points.
21
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve f (x) = 2x2 4x + 4 that is perpendicular to the line
y=
1
4
x + 4.
Find the coordinates of the points where the tangents to the curve f (x) = x3 3x 1 are
perpendicular to the line x + 3y = 3. Hence, find the equations of the normals at these points.
22 We15
406
The tangent to the curve y = ax2 + bx + c at the point (2, 8) is parallel to the line 7x + y = 10. If the
curve also passes through the point (1, 3.5), find the values of a, b and c. Hence, find the equation of
the tangent at the point (2, 8).
24 a Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 2x2 2 at x = 2a.
b Hence find the x-intercept of the tangent line in terms of a.
c A straight line with equation y = 2x 2 passes through the x-intercept of the tangent line. Find the
value of a.
d What is the equation of the tangent line?
25 We16 Sketch the graphs of:
a f (x) = 4 x 2
23
f (x) = x 2 4 x + 2
f ( x ) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3
and the graph of f (x) for each on the same set of axes.
How can f (x) be used to predict the location and nature of the stationary points of f (x) in each
case?
9e
rates of change
Differentiation provides us with a tool to describe the gradient of a function and hence determine
its rate of change at any particular point. In essence, while average rates of change can be determined
from the original function, differentiation of this function provides a new function that describes the
instantaneous rate of change.
y
y = f(x2)
Note: The term instantaneous rate of change is often referred
to as rate of change.
If P(x1, f (x1)) and Q(x2, f (x2)) are two points on the graph
Q (x2, f(x2))
of the function with rule y = f (x), then the average rate of
change of y with respect to x over the interval x [x1, x2] is
equal to the gradient of the straight line PQ.
change in f ( x )
change in x
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
=
x 2 x1
P (x1, f(x1))
0
x1
x2
The instantaneous rate of change finds the rate of change at a specific point.
dy
The instantaneous rate of change of y ( f (x)) with respect to x is given by the derivative ( f (x)).
dx
Chapter 9 Differentiation
407
WorkeD exampLe 17
If f (x) = x2 2x + 4, determine:
a the average rate of change between x = 2 and x = 4
b a new function that describes the rate of change at any point x
c the instantaneous rate of change when x = 4
d parts a, b and c using a calculator.
think
Write
a f (x) = x2 2x + 4
change in f ( x )
change in x
f (4) f (2)
42
12 4
=
2
=4
b Differentiate f (x).
b f (x) = 2x 2
c f (4) = 2(4) 2 = 6
d 1
d Define f (x) = x2 2x + 4
f (4) f (2)
42
4
5
d
( f ( x ))
dx
2x 2
d
( f ( x )) x = 4
dx
x = 4 is 4.
b f (x) = 2x 2
c The instantaneous rate of change when x = 4 is 6.
WorkeD exampLe 18
A javelin is thrown so that its height, h metres, above the ground is given by the rule
h(t) = 20t 5t2 + 2, where t represents time in seconds.
first 3 seconds.
d Find the rate of change of the height when the javelin first reaches a height of 17 metres.
408
think
Differentiate h(t).
Write
h(t) = 20 10t
b 1 Evaluate h(1).
b i h(1) = 20 10(1)
Evaluate h(2).
ii h(2) = 20 10(2)
Evaluate h(3).
= 10 m/s
= 0 m/s
= 10 m/s
2 seconds.
When t = 2 seconds, the javelin has reached
its maximum height.
When t > 2 seconds, the javelin is travelling
downwards.
d 20t 5t2 + 2 = 17
5t2
Make RHS = 0.
+ 20t 15 = 0
Evaluate h(1).
h(1) = 20 10(1)
= 10 m/s
The rate of change of height is 10 m/s.
t2 4t + 3 = 0
(t 1)(t 3) = 0
t = 1 or 3
It is worth noting that there are two common ways of writing the derivative as a function. For
example, the derivative of the function P(x) = x2 + 5x 7 may be written as P(x) = 2x + 5
dP
= 2 x + 5.
or as
dx
WorkeD exampLe 19
Chapter 9 Differentiation
409
Write
think
a A(r) = r 2
b Differentiate A(r).
b A(r) = 2r
c A(2) = 2(2)
d A(r) = r2
= 12.57
The rate of change of A when the radius is
2 km is 12.57 km2/km.
314 = r2
314
r2 =
= 99.95
r = 10 since r > 0
A(10) = 2 (10)
= 62.8
The rate of change of A when area is 314 km2 is
62.83 km2/km.
exercise 9e
rates of change
1 We17
2
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SkillSHEET 9.3
average rate
of change
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Gradient between
two points on a graph
A balloon is inflated so that its volume, V cm3, at any time, t seconds, is:
V=
8 3
t
5
+ 24t 2 , t [0,10]
The average rate of change between x = 1 and x = 3 for the function y = x2 + 3x + 5 is:
B 9
C 5
D 3
e 7
3
2
4 mC The instantaneous rate of change of the function f (x) = x 3x + 4x when x = 2 is:
B 2
a 2
C 28
D 3
e 12
3 mC
a 1
dy
= 2 x 2 7 x , then the function
dx
could be:
a y = 6x3 14x
B y = 23 x 3 7 x
C y = 23 x 3 72 x 2 + 5
D y = x 3 72 x 2 + 2
e 2x2 7x + 5
In a baseball game the ball is hit so that its height above the ground, h metres, is
h(t) = 1 + 18t 3t2, t seconds after being struck.
a Find the rate of change, h(t).
b Calculate the rate of change of height after:
i 2 seconds
ii 3 seconds
iii 4 seconds.
c What happens when t = 3 seconds?
d Find the rate of change of height when the ball first reaches a height of 16 metres.
6 We18
DiGitaL DoC
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SkillSHEET 9.4
instantaneous
rate of change
410
The position, x metres, of a lift (above ground level) at any time, t seconds, is given by
x(t) = 2t2 + 40t.
a Find the rate of change of displacement (velocity) at any time, t.
b Find the rate of change when:
i t=5
ii t = 9
iii t = 11.
c What happened between t = 9 and t = 11?
d When and where is the rate of change zero?
8 The number of seats, N, occupied in a soccer stadium t hours after the gates are opened is given by:
a Find N when:
i t=1
ii t = 3.
b What is the average rate of change between t = 1 and t = 3?
c Find the instantaneous rate when:
i t=0
ii t = 1
iii t = 3
d Why is the rate increasing in the first 4 hours?
iv t = 4.
9 The weight, W kg, of a foal at any time, t weeks, after birth is given by:
W = 80 + 12t 103 t 2
where
0 t 20.
10 The weekly profit, P (hundreds of dollars), of a factory is given by P = 4.5n n 2, where n is the number
of employees.
dP
.
dn
b Hence, find the rate of change of profit, in dollars per employee, if the number of employees is:
i 4
ii 16
iii 25.
c Find n when the rate of change is zero.
a Determine
11 Gas is escaping from a cylinder so that its volume, V cm3, t seconds after the leak starts, is described
1 2
by V = 2000 20t 100
t .
a Evaluate the rate of change after:
i 10 seconds
ii 50 seconds
b Is the rate of change ever positive? Why?
12 We19
Assume an oil spill from an oil tanker is circular and remains that way.
a Write down a relationship between the area of the spill, A m2, and the radius, r metres.
b Find the rate of change of A with respect to the radius, r.
c Find the rate of change of A when the radius is:
i 10 m
ii 50 m
iii 100 m.
d Is the area increasing more rapidly as the radius
increases? Why?
13 A spherical balloon is being inflated.
a Express the volume of the balloon, V m3, as a function
411
6
x
30
h
80
200
Regulations will not allow houses to be built on slopes where the gradient is greater than 0.45. If the
equation of the cross-section of the hill is y = 0.000 02x3 + 0.006x2, find:
dy
a the gradient of the slope
dx
b the gradient of the slope when x equals:
i 160
ii 100
iii 40
iv 20
c the values of x where the gradient is 0.45
d the range of heights for which houses cannot be built on the hill.
17 A bushfire burns out A hectares of land, t hours after it started, according to the rule A = 90t2 3t3.
a At what rate, in hectares per hour, is the fire spreading at any time, t?
b What is the rate when t equals:
i 0?
ii 4?
iii 8?
iv 10?
v 12?
vi 16?
vii 20?
c Briefly explain how the rate of burning changes during the first 20 hours.
d Why isnt there a negative rate of change in the first 20 hours?
e What happens after 20 hours?
f After how long is the rate of change equal to 756 hectares per hour?
The derivative of a function gives its gradient function that is, it gives the gradient of a tangent to the
curve for any specified value of the independent variable. When the derivative equals zero, the tangent is
horizontal. The point or points on the curve where this occurs are called stationary points.
In other words, a function f (x) has stationary points when f (x) = 0.
Stationary points can take the form of:
1. a local minimum turning point
2. a local maximum turning point
3. a stationary point of inflection.
y
f '(x) < 0
f '(x) > 0
f '(a) = 0
In other words, for a stationary point at x = a, if the gradient changes from negative to positive as we
move from left to right in the vicinity of a, it is a local minimum.
y
f '(a) = 0
f '(x) < 0
f '(x) > 0
0
y
f '(x) > 0
f'(x) < 0
f '(a) = 0
f '(x) > 0
a
f '(a) = 0
x
f '(x) < 0
a
corresponding y-values.
f (1)
= 100
= (1)3 6(1)2 15(1)
=8
Chapter 9 Differentiation
413
WorkeD exampLe 21
Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = 5 + 4x x2, labelling all intercepts and stationary points.
think
Write/DraW
f (x) = 5 + 4x x2
y-intercept: x = 0,
f (0) = 5 + 4(0) (0)2
=5
so y-intercept is (0, 5).
x-intercepts: if f (x) = 0,
5 + 4x x2 = 0
x2 4x 5 = 0
(x + 1)(x 5) = 0
x = 1 or x = 5
so x-intercepts are (1, 0) and (5, 0).
f (x) = 5 + 4x x2
f (x) = 4 2x
Sign of f (x)
Slope
(2, 9) is a local maximum.
9
y
(2, 9)
9
f(x)
1 0
414
5 x
WorkeD exampLe 22
a Find the stationary points and determine their nature for the function
f(x) = x3 x2 8x + 8.
b Find the coordinates of all intercepts.
c Sketch the graph of f (x) showing all stationary points and intercepts.
think
Write/DraW
a f (x) = x3 x2 8x + 8
f (x) = 3x2 2x 8
f ( 43 ) = ( 43 )3 ( 43 )2 8( 43 ) + 8 =
392
27
= 14 14
27
( 43 ,14 14
27 ) is one stationary point.
f (2) = (2)3 (2)2 8(2) + 8 = 4
(2, 4) is another stationary point.
Define f (x) = x3 x2 8x + 8
d
solve ( f ( x )) = 0, x
dx
x=
392
, 4
27
10
x < 43 : f ( 2) = 3( 2)2 2( 2) 8 = 8
f (x) > 0
11
12
13
4
3
,
3
or x = 2
f (2).
x > 43 : f ( 1) = 3( 1)2 2( 1) 8 = 3
f (x) < 0
x
4
3
Sign of f (x)
Slope
( 43 ,14 14
27 ) is a local maximum turning point.
x < 2: f (1) = 3(1)2 2(1) 8 = 7
f (x) < 0
x > 2: f (3) = 3(3)2 2(3) 8 = 13
f (x) > 0
x
Sign of f (x)
Slope
(2, 4) is a local minimum turning point.
Chapter 9 Differentiation
415
b f (x) = x3 x2 8x + 8
)= x2(x 1) 8(x 1)
)= (x 1)(x2 8)
= ( x 1)( x 2 2)( x + 2 2)
( x 1)( x 2 2)( x + 2 2) = 0
x = 1or x = 2 2 or x = 2 2
The coordinates of the x-intercepts are
(1, 0),(2 2,0) and ( 2 2,0).
)
( 43 , 14 14
27
(0, 8)
(1, 0)
(2 2, 0)
0
(2 2, 0)
(2, 4)
WorkeD exampLe 23
The curve with equation y = ax2 + bx + 7 has a stationary point at (2, 10). Find the values of a and b.
think
1
Put
y = ax2 + bx + 7
dy
= 2ax + b
dx
dy
= 0 and substitute x = 2 into
dx
dy
,as x = 2 is a stationary point.
dx
Substitute x = 2 into y and put y = 10 to get
another equation with a and b.
2a(2) + b = 0
4a + b = 0
a(2)2 + b(2) + 7 = 10
4a 2b = 3
2b
4a
[1]
[2]
+b=3
b = 3
b = 3
3=0
=3
a = 43
4a
a = 43 and b = 3
d
solve f ( 2) = 10 and
( f ( x )) = 0 x = 2, a
dx
a=
10
416
Write
3
4
and b = 3
For each of the following functions, determine the value(s) of x where the gradient is zero.
f (x) = + 2x
b f (x) = x2 8x + 5
3
2
f (x) = x 3x
d f (x) = 2x3 + 6x2 18x + 1
y = (x + 6)(x 2)
f y = x2(x 1)
2
1 3
2
y = 10 + 4x x
h y = 3 x 3x + 5x 2
1 We20a
a
c
e
g
x2
2 We20b
3
If f (x) = x2 8x + 1:
a show that there is a stationary point when x = 4
b evaluate f (3) and f (5)
c state which type of stationary point it is.
If f (x) = x3 4 then:
a show that there is a stationary point when x = 0 only
b find f (1) and f (1)
c state which type of stationary point it is.
If f ( x ) = 13 x 3 x 2 3 x + 5:
a show there are stationary points when x = 1 and x = 3
b evaluate f (2), f (0) and f (4)
c state which type of stationary points they are.
When x = 1, the curve y = 2x2 3x + 1:
a is decreasing
C has a local minimum
e does not exist
DiGitaL DoCS
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Quadratic
graphs
doc-9730
Cubic graphs
7 mC
8 mC
9 mC
if x >
The graph below that best represents a function with f (2) = 0, f (x) < 0 if x < 2, and f (x) > 0
is:
y
f(x)
f(x)
x
2
f(x)
f(x)
0
2
f(x)
Chapter 9 Differentiation
417
f (1) = f (4) = 0 and f (x) < 0 if 1 < x < 4 and f (x) > 0 if x < 1 and x > 4. The graph that
satisfies these conditions is:
10 mC
a
f(x)
y
f(x)
0
0
f(x)
0
f(x)
e
y
f(x)
11 We21 For each of the following, find the stationary points and determine their nature.
a y = x2 + 6x + 2
b y = 8x 2x2
c y = x3 x2
1 2
1 3
1 2
f y = (x 1)3
3
d y = x + x 3
e y = x x 2x
2
g y=
x3
+3
h y=
x3
27x + 5
12 We22 Use a CAS calculator to help sketch the graphs of the following functions, labelling all
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SkillSHEET 9.5
review of discriminant
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SkillSHEET 9.6
Solving cubic
equations
14 The curve with equation y = 2x2 + bx + 8 has a turning point at x = 3. Find the value of b.
15 We23 The curve with equation y = ax2 + bx has a stationary point at (3, 9). Find the values of aand b.
16 The curve with equation y = ax2 + bx + c passes through the point (2, 4) and has a stationary point at
There are many practical situations where it is necessary to determine the maximum or minimum value
of a function. For quadratic functions, differentiation makes this a relatively simple task because, as we
saw in the previous section, setting the derivative equal to zero allows us to solve an equation to obtain
the value(s) of x for which the local maximum or minimum values (turning points) occur.
418
When solving maximum or minimum problems, it should be verified that the value is in fact a
maximum or minimum by checking the sign of the derivative to left and right of the turning point.
y Local
f(x)
maximum
Absolute
maximum in
the interval
[a, b]
b x
In the case of cubic and higher order polynomials, the local maximum (or minimum) may or may not
be the highest (or lowest) value of the function in a given domain.
An example where the local maximum, found by solving f (x) = 0, is not the largest value of f (x) in
the domain [a, b] is shown above. Here, b is the point where f (x) is greatest in this domain, so it is called
the absolute maximum for the interval.
A baseball fielder throws the ball so that the equation of its path is:
y = 1.5 + x 0.02 x2
where x (metres) is the horizontal distance travelled by the ball and y (metres) is the vertical height
reached.
a Find the value of x for which the maximum height is reached (verify that it is a maximum).
b Find the maximum height reached.
think
Write
dy
.
dx
dy
= 0 to find the value
dx
of x for which height is a maximum.
a y = 1.5 + x 0.02x2
dy
= 1 0.04 x
dx
dy
For stationary points:
=0
dx
1 0.04x = 0
0.04x = 1
x = 25
When x = 24,
dy
= 1 0.04(24)
dx
= 0.04
When x = 26,
dy
= 1 0.04(26)
dx
= 0.04.
x
24
25
26
Sign of f (x)
Slope
x = 25 is a local maximum.
b When x = 25,
y = 1.5 + 25 0.02(25)2
= 14
So the maximum height reached is 14 m.
Chapter 9 Differentiation
419
tUtoriaL
eles-1446
Worked example 25
Write/DraW
River
w Fence
Fence w
Let w = width
l = length
P = perimeter
Fence
l
= l += 2w
P = l +P 2w
240= 240
[1]
A=lw
[2]
l + 2w = 240
l = 240 2w
[3]
Solve A(w) = 0.
A(w) = 240 4w
For stationary points: A(w) = 0
240 4w = 0
240 = 4w
w = 60
When w = 59,
A(59) = 240 4(59) = 4
When w = 61,
A(61) = 240 4(61) = 4
59
60
61
Sign of f (x)
Slope
The stationary point is a local maximum.
The area of the paddock is a maximum when w = 60.
420
A golfer hits the ball so that the equation of its path is:
y = 1.2 + x 0.025x2
DiGitaL DoCS
doc-9721
Quadratic graphs
doc-9730
Cubic graphs
three sides of new fencing are required. Find the largest possible area of the vegetable patch if she has
16 metres of fencing material available.
5 The sum of two numbers is 16.
a By letting one number be x, find an expression for the other number.
b Find an expression for the product of the two numbers, P.
c Hence, find the numbers if P is a maximum.
d Verify that it is a maximum.
6 The rectangle at right has a perimeter of 20 centimetres.
a If the width is x cm, find an expression for the length.
b Write an expression for the area, A, in terms of x only.
c Find the value of x required for maximum area.
d Find the dimensions of the rectangle for maximum area.
e Hence, find the maximum area.
Length
Width = x
7 A farmer wishes to create a rectangular pen to contain as much area as possible using 60 metres of
fencing.
a Write expressions for the dimensions (length and width) of the pen.
b Hence, find the maximum area.
8 The cost of producing a particular toaster is $(250 + 1.2n2), where n is the number produced each day.
421
11 A square has four equal squares cut out of the corners as shown at right. It is then
12 cm
DiGitaL DoC
doc-9790
WorkSHEET 9.2
DiGitaL DoC
doc-9798
Investigation
When is a maximum
not a maximum?
422
Summary
introduction to limits
xa
xa
xa
xa
xa
xa
lim f ( x )
f ( x ) xa
=
xlim
a
g( x ) lim g( x )
xa
Limits of
discontinuous, rational
and hybrid functions
If a function is discontinuous at the x-value where the limit is being investigated, then the limit will
exist only if the function is approaching the same value from the left as from the right.
Finding the limit of a rational function involves simplifying the function before direct substitution
can take place and recognising any values of x for which it is discontinuous.
Hybrid functions are functions that have different rules for different parts of the domain.
Differentiation using
first principles
y = f(x)
Q
f(x + h)
Tangent at P
f(x)
0
x+h x
rise
run
f ( x + h) f ( x )
=
h
f (x) is the gradient function of f (x).
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f (x) = lim
,h0
h 0
h
Gradient of a secant =
Q moves closer to
P as h approaches 0.
P Q
0
f ( x + h) f ( x )
is called differentiation from first
h
Chapter 9 Differentiation
423
Finding derivatives
by rule
mT
changein y
.
changein x
dy
The derivative of a function, f ( x )or , is needed in order to calculate the (instantaneous) rate of
dx
change at a particular point. The rate of change of a function, f (x), at x = a is given by f (a).
rates of change
Sketching graphs
containing stationary
points
424
Local
minimum
x
Stationary point
of inflection
x
By solving the equation f (x) = 0 and substituting the solutions into the original function, the
maximum or minimum value of a quantity may be found. When the function is not provided, it
is necessary to formulate a rule in terms of one variable using the information given. Drawing a
diagram to represent the situation is often useful.
Always test to determine if a stationary point is a maximum or a
y Local
f(x)
minimum by checking the sign of the gradient to the left and right
maximum
Absolute
of the point.
maximum in
Check whether or not the local maximum or minimum is the
the interval
absolute maximum or minimum. The absolute maximum or
[a, b]
minimum may be the value of the function at one end of a
0 a
b x
specified interval.
Chapter review
1 Evaluate lim(3 x 12).
2 If f (x) =
x2
x3 3x
S ho rt
a n S W er
+ 3, find lim f ( x ).
x0
x 2 + 7 x + 12
, stating
x+3
the value for which the function does not exist (that is, is discontinuous).
b Find lim f ( x ), where a is the value at which f (x) is discontinuous.
xa
x + 1, x ( , 0)
.
f ( x + h) f ( x )
; that is, find f (x) for f (x) = 2x + 3.
h
6 Differentiate f (x) = 5 + 4x 3x2 using first principles.
5 Find lim
h 0
7 If g(x) = 13 x3 2 x2 8x + 1:
a find g (x)
b evaluate: i g (3) ii g (2)
c find the coordinates when the gradient is 0.
8 Find the coordinates where the gradient of the tangent to y = 2x2 5x + 2 is:
a parallel to the x-axis
b parallel to the line 1 3x
c equal to the gradient of the function g (x) = 13 x3 x2 for the same value(s) of x.
9 Find the equations of the tangent and normal for f (x) = 2x2 3x + 4 at the point (3, 13).
10 If the position of a particle moving in a straight line is given by the rule x (t) = 2t2 + 8t + 3, where x is
a
b
c
d
e
f
area.
15 Find the maximum possible volume of a fully enclosed cylindrical water tank given that the total internal
Chapter 9 Differentiation
425
m U Lt ip L e
C h oiCe
2 The
B undefined
lim ( x 2
x 3
C 15
D 2
e 8
C 5
D 8
e 0
C 0
D 3
e 5
2 x + 5) is equal to:
a 20
B undefined
x 2 + 3 x 10
is equal to:
x2
x2
a 1
B 7
3 The lim
f(x)
2
1
1
0 1
a 1
C 4
D 0
e 1
B 2
C undefined
D 0
e 1
C undefined
D 0
e 1
D 2
e x2
a 1
B 2
a 1
f ( x + h) f ( x )
equals:
h
C 2x
B 2x + h
h 0
a 2x 2
f (2 + h) f (2)
h
D lim
h 0
B lim
h 0
f (2 + h)
h
lim
h 0
f (2 + h) f (2)
h
f ( x + h) f (2)
h
f (h)
h
f ( x + h) f (5)
h
B lim
f (5)
h
D lim
f (5 + h) f (5)
h
lim
f (h)
h
x0
h 0
h 0
h 0
C lim
h 0
f (5 + h) f ( x )
h
B 3 7x
C 3 14x
dy
is equal to:
dx
B x 2 + 10x 7
C 3x2 + 10x 7
D 18
e 3 14x
D 3x2 + 20x 7
e 20x 7
D 1
e 2x + 5
11 If y = x3 + 10x2 7x + 2, then
10
a 12 x2 + 3 x 7
426
B 2x + 2
C x3
13 If y = x3 10x 2, then
dy
equals:
dx
a 3x2 20x
D 1 20x
14 The derivative of
a
B x 10
2x 3
is:
6
x2
e 6x
6x2
3
15 When differentiated, 5 x is equal to:
5
x
3
3x
C 6x 4
B 15 x 2
C 15 x 3
D x3
e 5x 3
a 7
B 11
e 3
3 x 2 20 x
2x
e x 2 10x
D 6x 2
C 1
B 5
D 0
e 5
a 4
B 4
C 1
1
4
3x 2
C 0
1
4
a 3
D
C 3
B 3
1
3
e 6x + 5
21 If V =
a
B 7
e 4
3t2
10
2
3
D 8
C 6
e 0
22 If f (x) = 5 + 15x + 6x2 x3, then the gradient is zero when x equals:
a 1 or 5
D
C 36
or
B 1 or 5
e 0 or
C 1 or 5
is increasing
has a local maximum
has a stationary point of inflection
has a local minimum
is decreasing
Chapter 9 Differentiation
427
25 For a particular function g (x), g (1) = 0 and g (x) < 0 if x 1. The graph that could represent g (x) is:
y
y
y
a
g(x)
B
C
g(x)
g(x)
1
0
0
y
1
0
g(x)
g(x)
B 0
1 3
3x
C 4
e 8
B 4
D 24
6x2
C 0
e 1
e x>3
3)3
has:
a local maximum when x = 3
a stationary point of inflection when x = 3
a local minimum where x = 3
a local minimum where x = 3
a stationary point of inflection where x = 3
30 A curve with a local maximum and a local minimum is:
a y = x3 + 2x2 7x + 1
B y = x2 3x + 1
D y = (x 2)3
e y = x2 + 6x
a
B
C
D
e
e x t enDeD
r e S ponS e
C y = x3 + 7
1 On the graph of the function f (x) = x2 x, a secant is drawn from the point A (2, 2) to a point B where
x = 2 + a.
a Find the coordinates of the point B in terms of a.
b Write an expression for the gradient of the secant.
c Find the limit, k, for the above expression as a 0.
d Write the derivative function f (x).
e Show that f (2) = k.
R(x + h, f (x + h))
b write an expression for the gradient of the secant PQ connecting the points P(x h, f (x h)) and
Q(x, f (x))
c write an expression for the gradient of the secant PR connecting the points P(x h, f (x h)) and
R(x + h, f (x + h))
gradient PQ + gradient QR
d show that gradient PR =
2
e state the relationship between the gradient of the secant PR and the gradient at the point Q(x, f (x)).
3 Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the tangents to the curve y = x at the points where
x = 14 and x = 1.
428
4 A giant park slide is made from a straight section of metal sheet joined to a curvedsection of metal
5 A mountain trail can be modelled by the curve with equation y = 1.8 + 0.16x 0.005x4, where x and y
are, respectively, the horizontal and vertical distances measured in kilometres, 0 < x < 3.
a Find the gradient at the beginning and end of the trail.
b Calculate the point where the gradient is 0.
c Verify that this point represents the maximum gradient within the given domain by tracing the
function with a CAS calculator.
d Hence, state the maximum height of the path.
e Find the point where the path is lowest and hence state the minimum height.
metres, at any time, t seconds, after leaving the throwers hand is given
by the function h(t ) = 83 t 89 t 2 + 2.
a Find the height of the ball as it leaves the throwers hand.
b Find when and where the ball reaches its greatest height.
c Find when the ball returns to the same level that it left the throwers
hand.
d If the ball isnt hit, find when the ball hits the ground to the nearest
thousandth of a second.
e Hence, state the domain and range of h(t).
f Sketch the graph of h versus t.
7 A piece of wire 100 cm long is to be cut so that one piece is used to form
a square and the other is used to form a circle. If the edge length of the
square is x cm:
a find, in terms of x:
i the radius of the circle
ii the area of the circle
iii the total area of the two shapes.
b show that, when x = 14, the total area is minimum.
8 An observer on the ground initially sights an aircraft at an altitude of approximately 2 km, diving
towards the Earth. The aircrafts altitude in metres is given by the equation
3
2
f (t ) = 11
8 t + 50t 560t + 2200
where t is the time in seconds after the aircraft is first sighted. (Give answers to 1 decimal place.)
a Find the actual altitude of the aircraft when it is first sighted.
b Calculate the average rate of change of the aircrafts altitude over the first 3 seconds.
c Write an expression for the derivative f (t).
d Calculate the instantaneous rate of change of the aircrafts altitude after 3 seconds.
e Based on your answers to parts b and d, is the aircraft pulling out of the dive, or is its situation
worsening?
f After several seconds the pilot manages to stabilise the aircraft and its altitude begins to increase.
At what time does this occur, and how far is the aircraft above the ground?
Chapter 9 Differentiation
429
g Despite stabilising the aircraft, the pilot decides to eject, but the minimum altitude at which this
10
11
12
DiGitaL DoC
doc-9791
Test Yourself
Chapter 9
430
can be safely attempted is 400 m above the ground. What is the maximum altitude achieved before
the aircraft goes back into a downward path?
h The pilot actually ejects at t = 16 s. Explain whether or not the aircraft has sufficient altitude to
make this safe.
i Using a CAS calculator, find how soon after ejection the aircraft will crash.
The Pantheon is an ancient building located in Rome, Italy. The main structure consists of a
hemispherical dome that has an 8.7 m oculus (hole) at the top and is supported by a 6 m thick
cylindrical wall. It is known that the volume of the structure is the maximum possible given its internal
surface area.
a Ignoring the oculus, write an expression for the surface area of the structure (including a circular
base) in terms of the radius of the dome, r, and the height of the cylindrical wall, h.
b If the internal surface area of the structure is 7362 m2, express h in terms of r.
c Write an expression for the volume of the structure in terms of r.
d Show that the height of the Pantheons cylindrical wall is the same as the diameter of its base.
a
b
The function y = x 3 x 2 + 6 x + c has turning points at x = 1 and x = 1.
3
2
dy
a Write an expression for the derivative
.
dx
b Determine the values of a and b.
dy
c Find the equation of the derivative
.
dx
d Determine the nature of the turning point at x = 1.
e Determine the nature of the turning point at x = 1.
f If the original function touches the x-axis at x = 1, find the value of the constant, c, and hence
determine the equation of the original function.
The function given by f (x) = a3x2 a2x3, where a 0, has a turning point at the point T (b, c), where
b 0.
a Find f (x).
b Show that b = 23 a.
c Express c in terms of a, and hence state the coordinates of T.
d If a = 32 , find the coordinates of the turning point and explain why it is a local maximum.
The local council has decided to connect two parallel
y
bicycle paths 30m apart with a curved bitumen path
B Road
30
between A and B. A keen amateur mathematician decides
(40, 30)
that the path should consist of two connected parabolas
20
(with turning points at (0, 0) and (40, 30) respectively)
10
(20, 10)
with a smooth connection (same gradient) at the point of
Road 0
intersection. The axes are placed as shown in the diagram.
A 10 20 30 40 x
The lower parabola needs to cross a bridge over a creek at
(20, 10), so this part of the path cannot change.
a Find the equation for the lower parabola.
b Show that the upper parabola has the equation y = a(x 40)2 + 30.
c Find the equation of the upper parabola, assuming the two parabolas meet at the bridge (20, 10).
d Show that the connection is not smooth.
e For a smooth connection the two parabolas must meet elsewhere. Show that, for the paths to meet at
x 2 1200
x2
.
( x , y),
= a( x 40)2 + 30 where a is as defined in part b; hence, a =
40( x 40)2
40
x
f Show that a =
if the connection is to be smooth.
40( x 40)
g Solve the two simultaneous equations with or without technology and show that the paths meet
at (30, 22.5) when a = 0.075.
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DiGitaL DoC
10 Quick Questions doc-9784: Warm-up with ten quick questions on
differentiation (page 389)
9a
introduction to limits
DiGitaL DoCS
SkillSHEET 9.1 doc-9785: Practise substituting values into a function
(page 392)
Investigation doc-9786: Investigate evaluating and approaching a
limit (page 393)
9C
tUtoriaL
We8 eles-1438: Watch a tutorial on how to find the gradient
equation using first principles and the x-values for which the gradient
equation equals zero (page 398)
DiGitaL DoCS
SkillSHEET 9.2 doc-9787: Practise finding the derivative using first
principles (page 399)
WorkSHEET 9.1 doc-9788: Evaluate limits and determine derivates of
polynomials using first principles (page 399)
9D
tUtoriaL
We15 eles-1440: Watch a tutorial on how to find the equations of
the tangent and normal at a particular point on a cubic (page 404)
DiGitaL DoCS
doc-9779: Investigate the gradient at a point using a spreadsheet
(page 406)
doc-9789: Investigate a tangent and normal using a spreadsheet
(page 406)
9e
rates of change
DiGitaL DoCS
SkillSHEET 9.3 doc-9793: Practise calculating average rates of
change (page 410)
doc-9777: Investigate gradients between two points on a graph
using a spreadsheet (page 410)
SkillSHEET 9.4 doc-9794: Practise calculating instantaneous rates of
change (page 410)
9F
DiGitaL DoCS
doc-9721: Investigate quadratic graphs using a spreadsheet
(page 417)
doc-9730: Investigate cubic graphs using a spreadsheet
(page 417)
SkillSHEET 9.5 doc-9795: Review of discriminant (page 418)
SkillSHEET 9.6 doc-9796: Solving cubic equations (page 418)
9G
tUtoriaL
We25 eles-1446: Find the largest possible area of a paddock
given 240 metres of fencing (page 420)
DiGitaL DoCS
doc-9721: Investigate quadratic graphs using a spreadsheet
(page 421)
doc-9730: Investigate cubic graphs using a spreadsheet
(page 421)
WorkSHEET 9.2 doc-9790: Use first principles and the rule to find
the derivative (page 422)
Investigation doc-9798: Investigate the nature of stationary points
(page 422)
Chapter review
DiGitaL DoC
Test Yourself doc-9791: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 430)
Chapter 9 Differentiation
431
Answers CHAPTER 9
DiFFerentiation
exercise 9a
introduction to limits
2 Circle
3 B
1
b lim
=0
x n
1 8
4 a 0
5 a
11
13
16
0 1 x
1
2
10
32
512
7 C
8 a 14
d 5
9 a 9
d 2
g 19
10 D
b
e
b
e
h
11
12 a 3 2
c
f
c
f
4
2
40
0
A
b 0
d 16
f (x) = x discontinuous at 4
x
by 0.
b x=0
c x(x + 1)
d f (x) = x + 1
e
f (x)
1
0
1
f (x) = x + 3, x 0
f (x) = 6, x 3
f (x) = x 5, x 0
f (x) = x + 1, x 4
f (x) = x 1, x 6
f (x) = x 2 2x + 4, x 2
f (x) = x + 4, x 1
f (x) = x 2 + 3x + 9, x 3
3
b6
c 5
5
f 12
g5
y
5
4
3
3
432
f (x)
0 2
exercise 9D
1 a
d 3
h 27
c
2 a
c
e
3 a
c
e
g
= 50 x 4 12 x 3 + 6 x 2 8
=0
= 32 x 3
b 5x
4
9
4
d x2 + x 3
2
iii
iii
iii
iii
b
d
f
b
d
f
h
j
l
11
Does not exist.
3
7
2
2x + 10
3x 2 + 2
2x 3
2x
3x 2 + 5
x=3
x = 2 or 2
10
27
= 11x10 18 x 5 + 20 x 4 + 6 x
e 2x4 + 3x 3 + 1 x 2
5
ii 4
5
ii 2
0
ii 0
2
ii 3
Does not exist.
Does not exist.
1
12
4
2
0
6
5
exercise 9C
= 20 x 3 21x 2 + 6
c 6x6
i
i
i
i
principles
1 a 5
c 2x 8
2 a 1
c 8x
e 6 4x
3 a 2x 6
4 a 3x2
5 a 7
c 3
6 C, E
7 C
8 A
= 6x5 + 6x
3
2
1
8 a
b
c
d
9 a
c
e
10 a
c
e
g
i
k
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
5 a 3x 3
p(x)
0
15
50
12
c 7
e
x
f
5 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
6 a
e
7 a
h(x)
b C
6
4 a
g(x)
6 a
c
e
7 a
c
8 a
c
e
g
i
k
2x + 3
2x + 8
3x2 + 12x + 12
2x, x 0
6x + 2, x 0
4
x5
12
x5
24
x7
4
x5
15
x4
1
x
1
8
5
f 12 x 2 7 x 6
b
d
f
b
d
b
d
f
h
j
l
1
2 x
2
x
3x 3
n
3
x4
12x 15
432 + 162x
24x 2 120x + 150
8x, x 0
10x + 1, x 0
7
x8
40
x9
15
x6
9
x10
60
x7
2
6
3
5x 5
1
2 x3
1
2
3x 3
2
4
3x 3
9 a
b
c
d
10 a
b
c
11 a
b
c
13
ii 17
iii 3
5
ii 4
iii 0
4
ii 14
iii 2
10
ii 19
iii 7
x = 2, x = 3
At x = 2, gradient = 1; at x = 3,
gradient = 1.
1
i x = 22
ii x = 6
iii x = 1
1
x = 3, x = 2
1
At x = 3, gradient = 7; at x = 2 ,
gradient = 7.
1
1
( 1 4 , 6 8 )
i
i
i
i
ynor =
1
13
b ytan =
92
x + 13
ynor =
c ytan = 10 x 6
ynor =
1
10
d ytan =
x + 71
5
4 x 20
3
1
11
x+ 6
4
7x 8
f ytan
2 1 0 1
12a 4
144 a3 144 a 2 + 34 a
12a 4
14 a y = 6x 2
15 y =
1
2
b x + 6y = 25
x + 5 or 2y = x + 10
16 a x = 2
17 y = x + 5
18 a (1, 1.5)
19 y = 2 x +
31
2
exercise 9e
b y=
1
2
x+
7
2
b c = 3.5
and y = 2 x +
29
24
5 x 27
5 x 473
+ and y =
+
2 4
2 108
21 y = 4x 4
22 ( 2, 2 1) and ( 2, 2 1)
20 y =
x + 3 y + 2 2 + 3 = 0 and
x + 3y 2 3 + 3 = 0
23 a = 2.5, b = 3, c = 4, y = 7x 6
24 a a = (2a, 8a2 2) y = 8ax 8a2 2
4a2 + 1
b x=
4a
d y = 4x 4
25 a
c a=
1
2
y
8
f'(x) = 4
d 12 m/s
7 a
b
c
d
8 a
b
c
f(x) = 4x 2
0
2
d
9 a
rates of change
1 a 13
b f (x) = 2x + 5
c f (5) = 15
2 a ii V = 0 cm3
ii V = 800 cm3
b 80 cm3/s
c i 0 cm3/s
ii 120 cm3/s iii 0 cm3/s
3 E
4 C
5 C
6 a h (t) = 18 6t
b i 6 m/s
ii 0 m/s
iii 6 m/s
c The ball stops rising, that is, it reaches
4
2
d
e
dx
= 4t + 40
dt
i 20 m/s
ii 4 m/s
iii 4 m/s
The lift changed direction.
t = 10 s and x = 200 m
i 4000
ii 15 000
5500 people per hour
i 3500 people per hour
ii 4500 people per hour
iii 6500 people per hour
iv 7500 people per hour
More people arrive closer to starting time.
80 kg
dW
= 12 0.6t
dt
i 9 kg/week
ii 6 kg/week
iii 3 kg/week
Decreasing
20 weeks
1
10 a
b
1
1
ynor = 17 x 8
x
5
+ a2 + 2
2a
= (12a 4) x 12a 2
ynor =
f'(x) = 3x2 + 6x
e ytan = 2ax a 2 + 2
ynor =
12 a A = r 2
c f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3 y
f '(x) = 2x 4
4
c
11 a
dP
= 4.5 1.5n 2
dn
i $150
ii $150
iii $300
n=9
i 20.2 cm3/s
ii 21 cm3/s
iii 22 cm3/s
No, because the volume is always
decreasing.
dA
= 2 r
dr
c i 20 m2/m
ii 100 m2/m
iii 200 m2/m
dA
is increasing.
d Yes, because
dr
4
3
13 a V = 3 r
dV
b
= 4 r 2
dr
c i 0.04 m3/m or 0.13 m3/m
ii 0.16 m3/m or 0.50 m3/m
iii 0.36 m3/m or 1.13 m3/m
14 a Length = 2h, width = 2h
b V = 4h3
c i 12 m3/m
ii 48 m3/m
iii 108 m3/m
15 a x = 3h
b V = 6 3h 2
dV
dV
c i
=6 3
ii
= 12 3
dh
dh
dy
16 a
= 0.000 06 x 2 + 0.012 x
dx
b i 0.384
ii 0.6
iii 0.384
iv 0.216
c x = 50 and x = 150
d 12.5 < y < 67.5
dA
= 180t 9t 2 hectares per hour
17 a
dt
b i 0
ii 576
iii 864
iv 900
v 864
vi 576
vii 0 (all hectares per hour)
c The fire spreads at an increasing rate in
the first 10 hours, then at a decreasing
rate in the next 10 hours.
d The fire is spreading; the area burned
out by a fire does not decrease.
e The fire stops spreading; that is, the
fire is put out or contained to the area
already burned.
f t = 6 and t = 14 hours.
b
e x = 2
g
2 a
c
x=2
(1, 1)
(0, 0) and (2, 4)
e (2, 16)
f x = 0 and x =
2
3
h x = 1 and x = 5
b (4, 11)
d (3, 55) and (1, 9)
2
4
27 )
10 1 )
3
f (0, 0) and ( 3 ,
1
(2, 14)
h (1, 3 ) and (5,
Teacher to check.
f (3) = 2, f (5) = 2
Local minimum
x=0
Local maximum
dy
5 a
= 3 x 2 = 0 for stationary points.
dx
If 3x2 = 0, x = 0.
b f (1) = 3, f (1) = 3
c Point of inflection
g
3 a
b
c
4 a
b
Chapter 9 Differentiation
433
dy
= x 2 2 x 3 = 0 for stationary points.
dx
If x2 2x 3 = 0, x = 3, x = 1.
b f (2) = 5, f (0) = 3, f (4) = 5
c At x = 1 there is a local maximum and
at x = 3 there is a local minimum.
D
B
C
B
a (3, 7), a local minimum
b (2, 8), a local maximum
2 4
c (0, 0), a local maximum, and ( 3 , 27 ), a
local minimum
1
53
d (0, 3), a local minimum, and ( 3 , 2 54 ) ,
a local maximum
1
1
e ( 1, 1 6 ) , a local maximum, and (2, 3 3 ),
a local minimum
f (1, 0), a stationary point of inflection
g (0, 3), a stationary point of inflection
h (3, 59), a local maximum, and (3, 49),
a local minimum
6a
7
8
9
10
11
12 a
f(x)
8 (0, 8)
(2, 0)
f(x)
f(x) (1.08, 30.04)
24
(4, 0)
(2, 0) (3, 0)
(1, 0) (2, 0)
(1, 0)
1
2
1
(1.55, 0.63)
(0, 3)
1 2 3
f(x)
f(x)
(0.215, 2.11)
2 (0, 2)
f(x)
f(x)
(1, 4)
(0, 8)
f(x)
(2, 0)
0
(1, 0)
(2, 0)
1 0
1
2 x
2 (0, 2)
4
(0, 24)
4
2
6
(3.08, 6.04)
f(x)
f(x)
2 0
(3, 0)
(1, 0)
x
1 0 1 2 3
3
4
f(x)
13 a
(1, 4)
y
(1.25, 11.125)
f(x)
f(x)
1 ( 1 , 4 )
3 27
(0, 0)
(1, 0)
x
0
1
8
6
4
2
4 3 2 1
f(x)
(2, 4)
y
(0.67, 6.63)
(3, 0)
3 x
(0, 0) 0
f(x)
f(x)
3
4
2
f(x)
2
(2, 0)
(0, 0)
x
0
2
1
5 )
( 23, 127
2
f(x)
f(x)
(1, 36)
30 (0, 30)
(3, 0)
(2, 0) (5, 0)
x
3 1 0 2
5
)
(3 23, 1422
27
434
14
15
16
17
(1, 2)
b i x = 1.25
i x=
ii x < 1.25
ii x <
iii
b = 12
a = 1, b = 6
a =2.5, b = 5, c = 4
2
a = 3, b = 4
10 2
cm 4.61 cm
3
2000 6
e V=
= 307 cm3
9
22 8 x
16 a y =
+2
1
121
2
b A=
8(4 + ) x + 88 x +
( + 2)2
2
d r=
2
3
{ }
2
,1
3
3 x >1
< x <1
dA 16( + 4) x + 88
=
dr
( + 2)2
11
22
m, y =
m
d x=
2( + 4)
+4
c
242 1 +
4 m2
e A=
( + 4)2
Chapter reVieW
Short anSWer
1
3
4
2 3
b 1
b No limit exists.
a f ( x) = x + 4, x 3
a
f (x)
2
1
x
6 4 6x
52
7 a g( x) = x2 7x 8
b i 20
1
1
c ( 1, 5 ) and (8, 116 )
8 a
c
(5, 27)
9 ytan = 9x 14
1
ii 10
6
5 9
(4 , 8)
(1, 1) and
1
( 2 , 0)
40
ynor = 9 x + 3
10 a 3 cm
dx
b v=
= 4t + 8 cm/s
dt
dx
c v=
= 8 cm/s
dt
d t = 2 s and x = 11 cm
e Left
f 10 cm
11 a (0, 2)
b (2, 0) and (1, 0)
c (1, 4), a local maximum, and (1, 0), a
local minimum.
d
E
C
E
A
19 B
23 B
27 A
20 E
24 E
28 C
(2, 0)
2 1 0
f(x)
12 a = 3, b = 30, c = 35
13 a 2 litres/hour
b 3 hours
14 a 400 cm2
b Yes, a circle of circumference 80 cm has
2
6
10
14
A
C
E
C
3
7
11
15
B
A
D
A
4
8
12
16
A
B
B
E
f (x)
(50 2 x )2
( + 4) x 2 200 x + 2500
33 2
8 t
+ 100t 560
d 297.1 m/s
e The aircraft is pulling out of the dive,
f
g
h
i
9 a
10
2
r
5
2
0.5
(5, 0.5)
4
5 x
6 a
b
c
d
e
f
For x = 4, f (x) = x 6
f (4) = 4 6 = 2
The gradient is 0.16 at the beginning
and 0.38 at the end.
(2, 2.04)
The maximum height is 2.04 km.
(0, 1.8); the minimum height is
1.8 km.
2 metres
t = 1.5 seconds and h = 4 metres
t = 3 seconds
t = 3.621 seconds
Domain t [0, 3.621] and range
h [0, 4]
h (t) (metres)
4
2
1.5
c V(r) = 3681r 6 r3
d Teacher to check.
10 a
d 4 5m
e For x < 4, f (x) = 2
b
d
e
(1, 0)
x
50 2 x
iii
a 2 + 3a
= a+3
a
c k=3
d f(x) = 2x 1
e f(2) = 2(2) 1 = 3 = k
2 a 2x + h 5
b 2x h 5
c 2x 5
2x + h 5 + 2x h 5
d
= 2x 5
2
e They are the same (equivalent).
1 3
3 The point of intersection is ( 2 , 4 ).
4 a 10 m
b 0.5 m
c
7 a i
ii
1 a (2 + a, a2 + 3a + 2)
5 a
4
2 (0, 2)
E
B
D
A
18
22
26
30
extenDeD reSponSe
f(x)
(1, 4)
1
5
9
13
B
D
D
B
17
21
25
29
3 t (seconds)
b
c
d
e
f
11 a
dy
= ax 2 bx + 6
dx
a = 6, b = 0
dy 2
= 6x + 6
dx
Local maximum
Local minimum
y = 2x3 + 6x 4
f (x) = 2a3x 3a2x2
4
2
5
c T ( 3 a, 27 a )
9
( x 40)2
c y=
+ 30
20
d Lower parabola gradient = 1; upper
parabola gradient = 2; therefore the
conection is not smooth.
e, f & g Teacher to check.
d T (1, 8 )
Chapter 9 Differentiation
435
ChapTer 10
Antidifferentiation (integration)
diGiTal doC
doc-9792
10 Quick Questions
ChapTer ConTenTS
10a
10B
10C
10d
10e
Antidifferentiation
Deriving the original function from the gradient function
Approximating areas enclosed by functions
The fundamental theorem of integral calculus
Applications of antidifferentiation
10a
antidifferentiation
As we have seen, the process of differentiation enables us to find the gradient of a function. The reverse
process, antidifferentiation (or integration), will find the function for a particular gradient.
Integration has wider applications including calculation of areas, volumes, energy, probability and
many more quantities in science and business.
dy
d
f ( x ) = f (x).
Note that
f (x) means differentiate f (x) with respect to x; that is,
dx
dx
So f (x) is the antiderivative of f (x), denoted as f (x) = f ' ( x ) dx where means antidifferentiate,
inTeraCTiViTY
int-0268
antidifferentiation
integrate or find an indefinite integral, and dx indicates that the integration of the function is with
respect to x.
d
(ax + c) = a, where a and c are constants
Since
dx
then
a dx = ax + c.
d ax n +1
= ax n
dx n + 1
ax n+1
then
ax n dx = n + 1 + c, n 1.
Note: We must add a constant, c, when we are finding general antiderivatives.
However, if we have to find an antiderivative, the c is to be allocated an actual number, and for
convenience the number chosen is zero. That is, an antiderivative means let c = 0, or do not add on the c.
Since
f ( x ) dx
properties of integrals
Since
d
is a linear operator, so too is its inverse, . Therefore,
dx
[ f ( x) g( x)] dx = f ( x) dx g( x) dx
k f ( x) dx = k f ( x) dx
That is, a constant factor of the function can be taken to the front of the integral.
ChapTer 10 Antidifferentiation (integration)
437
Worked example 1
WriTe
The antiderivative is
x3
+ 4 x + c.
3
Worked example 2
If
dy
= 2 x2 + 5x 7, find the antiderivative, y.
dx
Think
WriTe
dy
.
dx
Write down
dy
= 2x2 + 5x 7
dx
y = (2 x 2 + 5 x 7) dx
=
2 x 3 5x 2
7x + c
+
3
2
Worked example 3
WriTe
f ( x ) = (2 x + 3)2
f ( x ) = 4 x 2 + 12 + 9
f ( x ) = (4 x 2 + 12 x + 9) dx
=
4x3
+ 6x 2 + 9x + c
3
Worked example 4
Find x( x 2 4 x + 5) dx.
Think
WriTe
x ( x 2 4 x + 5) dx
= ( x 3 4 x 2 + 5 x ) dx
x 4 4 x 3 5x 2
+
+c
4
3
2
Worked example 5
WriTe
(2 x 2 + 5x 7) dx
2 x 3 5x 2
+
7x
3
2
exercise 10a
(2 x 2 + 5x 7) dx =
b
2 x 3 5x 2
+
7x + c
3
2
(2 x + 3)2 dx
(2 x + 3)3
6
(2 x + 3)3
expand
6
4x3
9
+ 6x 2 + 9x + 2
3
(2 x + 3)2 dx =
4x3
+ 6x 2 + 9x + c
3
antidifferentiation
Function f (x)
i
x2
ii
x2 + 3
iii
x2 4
iv
x3
2x4
vi
20x3
vii
21x6
viii
1 4
x
2
ix
1 9
x
3
1 10
x
5
xi
2x2
xii
6x7
xiii
x2 + 3x + 5
2x 7
xiv
xv
4x3 7x2
xvi
8x3 + 3x2
xvii
12x2 + 4x 7
xviii
16x 3x3
b Explain in words how to find the original function from the derivative (gradient function).
ChapTer 10 Antidifferentiation (integration)
439
5(2x + 7)
(x + 7)(x + 5)
(x + 2)2
(x + 2) (x2 2x + 4).
b x(3x 4)
e (2x 3)(x + 2)
h (2x 3)2
B 23 x3 5x2 + c
d 23 x3 5x2 + x
e x3 5x
dy
= ( x + 3)( x 5), then the antiderivative is:
dx
1
B 2x 2
a x3 4x2 15x + c
d
3
1 3
x
3
c 3x(x + 5)
f (x 1)(x + 1)
i (x 2)3
a x2( 12 x2 5x) + c
6 mC
d 8x3 + 3x2 + 5
h 1 + x + x2 + x3
dy
= 4 x 2 5 x 10, find the antiderivative, y.
dx
Find f (x) if f (x) is:
4 We3
5 mC
c x2 + 4x 11
g 8x + 2x2 + 5x4
If
3 We2
a
d
g
j
b 8x + 5
f x9 + x2 3
C 10
If
1 4
4x
(4 x 3 + 10 x 7) dx
(6 + 4 x x 2 ) dx
( x 10)( x + 10) dx
x2 15x + c
1 3
x
3
x (6 x 5) dx
(x 2 + 4 + 2x
+ x2 15x + c
15x + c
x2
+ 7x
dx
x
) dx
B 2x3 5x2 + x 4
e 2x3 5x2 + x + 12
C 2x3 5x2 + 3x
F(x) could be
1 2 1 2
x, x
2
2
+ 1,
1 2
x
2
3 1 2
2, 2 x
1,
1 2
x
2
3 and so on.
440
f(x) = 2x + 3
f(x) = 2x + 2
f(x) = 2x + 1
f(x) = 2x
f(x) = 2x 1
y
3
2
1
1
2
f(x) = 2x 2
x
f (x) = 12 x2 + 32
f (x) = 12 x2 + 1
3
2
f (x) = 12 x2
f (x) = 12 x2 1
1
1
3
x
f (x) = 12 x2 3
Worked example 6
f(x)
4
f(x) = 2x
WriTe/draW
f ( x ) = 2 dx
= 2x + c
When:
c = 1, f (x) = 2x + 1.
c = 2, f (x) = 2x + 2.
c = 1, f (x) = 2x 1.
f(x) c = 2
c=1
c=0
c = 1
2
In the examples above it is possible to find one particular member of the family of curves from
the gradient function when special conditions called boundary conditions are given. These help us
to identify which member of the family we are dealing with by providing clues about the original
function.
Worked example 7
the x-axis.
iii To the right, the gradient function is above
the x-axis.
b i If the graph of the derivative is linear, then its
y
f'(x)
TUTorial
eles-1443
Worked example 7
2
x
0 1
WriTe/draW
ii
f(x)
Negative
gradient
Positive
gradient
1
0
Zero gradient
x
441
Worked example 8
If
dy
= 3x and y = 4 when x = 1, determine the rule for y: a by hand b using a CAS calculator.
dx
Think
WriTe
dy
by rule to obtain an expression for y,
dx
remembering to add a constant.
a 1 Antidifferentiate
dy
= 3x
dx
y = 32 x 2 + c
Substituting (1, 4) into the equation:
4 = 32 (1)2 + c
4=
3
2
+c
c=4
c=
4
3
2
5
2
3
y = 2 x2 + 2
(3x ) dx
3x 2
2
Define f ( x ) =
solve (f (1) = 4, c)
c=
3x 2
+c
2
5
2
dy
= 3 x and y = 4
dx
3
5
when x = 1, then y = 2 x 2 + 2 .
If
y
f(x)
1
0
2 An original function for the gradient function
dy
= 8x is shown at right.
dx
1
y
4
0 1
442
f'(x)
0 1
4 On the same axes sketch four curves with a gradient described as f (x) = 2x + 1.
5 For each gradient function graph below, give:
i the value of x where the gradient is 0
ii the sign of the gradient (positive or negative) left of this point
iii the sign of the gradient right of this point.
y
a
b
y Gradient
function
0
Gradient
function
x
0
Gradient
function
0
y
Gradient
function
4
f'(x)
choose the correct answer to the following questions about its original
3
function.
a f (x) has a gradient of 0 when x equals:
a 2
B 2 and 2 C 1 and 3
d 0 and 3
e 4
0 1
b f (x) has a negative gradient when:
a x<1
B 1<x<3 C x>3
d x<3
e x>0
2
c f (x) has a positive gradient when:
a x < 1 and x > 3
B x > 1 and x < 3
C x > 1 and x > 3
d x = 1 and x = 3
e x=0
7 For the gradient function sketched at right, state all values of x where the
gradient is:
a zero
b negative
c positive.
f'(x)
2
0
Gradient
function
2 x
h'(x)
g'(x)
x
0 1
443
f'(x)
f'(x)
x
0
g'(x)
h'(x)
Examine the gradient function f (x) in figure a. Sketch the graph of f (x), given that f (0) = 1.
Examine the graph of g (x) in figure B. Sketch the graph of g(x), given that g(1) = 1.
Examine the graph of h(x) in figure C. Sketch h(x) if h(0)=1.
Examine the graph of f (x) in figure d. Sketch f (x) if f (0)=1.
For g (x) graphed in figure e, sketch g(x) if g (0) = 3.
If f (x) is graphed as in figure F, sketch the function f (x), given that f (3) = 9, f (0) = 0 and f (3) = 9.
If h(x) is graphed as in figure G, sketch h(x), given that h(2)=5 13 , h(0) = 0 and h(2) = 5 13 .
dy
If
= 4x 5 and y = 0 when x = 1, find the rule for y.
dx
We 8a Find the equation of the curve with a gradient function 2x 3 and passing through the point
(2, 2).
dy
We 8b If
= 3x 2 + 2x and the point (2, 2) belongs to the curve, find the equation for y.
dx
If f (x) = (x + 1)2 and F(1) = 2, find F(x).
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
9
10
11
12
A farmer living along the Werisie River wants to draw water from it to irrigate his crops, and he applies
to the local council for permission. The council sends a technical officer to measure the flow of water in
the river so that an informed decision can be made about the farmers application for a water allocation.
The technical officer begins by measuring the speed of the water and forming a profile of the crosssection of the river.
1
x ( x 4).
2
If the technical officer can find the area of the cross-section, then he can find the volume of water
carried by the river each second, because the volume would be given by:
Volume per second = area of cross-section speed of flow.
444
In this section we shall consider this problem and examine different methods for finding the area of
shapes bounded by curves. The problem of calculating an area bounded by a curve is difficult (except in
the case of the circle) and is usually solved by approximating the curved shape by constructing a number
of smaller figures made from straight lines.
approximating areas
There are several ways of finding an approximation to the area between
a graph and the x-axis. We shall look at three methods:
1. the lower rectangle method
2. the upper rectangle method
3. the trapezoidal method.
inTeraCTiViTY
int-0254
approximating areas
enclosed by functions
f(x)
f(x)
TUTorial
eles-1605
Worked example 9
0
Think
WriTe
h1 = f (1) = 0.2(1)2 + 3
h2 = f (1.5) = 0.2(1.5)2 + 3
h3 = f (2) = 0.2(2)2 + 3
h4 = f (2.5) = 0.2(2.5)2 + 3
= 3.2
= 3.45
= 3.8
= 4.25
= 7.35
The approximate area is 7.35 square units.
445
f(x)
Consider the area between the curve f (x) shown at right, the x-axis and the
lines x = 1 and x = 5.
If the area is approximated by upper rectangles that are 1 unit wide, then
the top of each rectangle is above the graph and touches the curve at one point.
(In this case the top right-hand corner of the rectangle touches the graph.)
R1 R2 R3 R4
So,
the height of R1 is f (2) units
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
and
the area of R1 is 1 f (2) square units.
Similarly,
the area of R2 = 1 f (3) square units,
the area of R3 = 1 f (4) square units
and
the area of R4 = 1 f (5) square units.
Therefore, the approximate area between the curve f (x), the x-axis and the lines x = 1 to x = 5 is
(R1 + R2 + R3 + R4) = 1[ f (2) + f (3) + f(4) + f(5)] square units.
If the same area was approximated with upper rectangle widths of 0.5 units, the sum of their areas
would equal:
0.5[f (1.5) + f (2) + f (2.5) + f (3) + f (3.5) + f (4) + f (4.5) + f (5)] square units.
From the diagram it can be seen that the upper rectangle approximation is greater than the actual area.
Lower rectangle approximation actual area upper rectangle approximation
Worked example 10
Find an approximation for the area in the diagram in worked example 1 using upper rectangles
that are 0.5 units wide. f (x) = 0.2x2 + 3
Think
WriTe
= 3.45
= 3.8
= 4.25
= 4.8
= 0.5(16.3)
= 8.15
The approximate area is 8.15 square units.
It can be seen that the lower rectangle approximation (7.35 units) is less than the upper rectangle
approximation (8.15 units).
If the area is divided into narrower strips, the estimate of the area would be closer to the true value.
h
(a + b). The trapezoidal method involves making
2
a series of straight line approximations to the curve to generate strips in the shape of
trapeziums.
Consider the area under the graph of f (x) between the x-axis and the lines x = 1 to x = 5.
For each trapezium the width, or height, h = 1 unit.
For T1,
a = f (1) and
b = f (2).
y
For T2,
a = f (2) and
b = f (3).
f(x)
f(2)
For T3,
a = f (3) and
b = f (4).
For T4,
a = f (4) and
b = f (5).
f(1)
T1 T2 T3 T4
1
The area of T1 = 2 [ f (1) + f (2)].
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
b
h
The first and last terms are counted only once, but all others are counted twice.
Worked example 11
Find an approximation for the area enclosed by the graph of f(x) = 0.2 x2 + 3, the x-axis and the
lines x = 1 to x = 3 using interval widths of 0.5 units and using the trapezoidal method by hand.
Think
WriTe/draW
0 1 2 3 4 x
2
3
Note that the lower rectangle approximation found in worked example 9 was 7.35 units and the
upper rectangle approximation found in worked example 10 was 8.15 units. The average of these two
approximations is
area.
7.35 + 8.15
2
or 7.75 units, which is the same as the trapezoidal approximation for the
Worked example 12
Employ width intervals of 1 unit to calculate an approximation for the area between the graph of
f(x) = x2 + 2 and the x-axis from x = 2 to x = 3. Use:
a lower rectangles
b upper rectangles
c averaging of the lower and upper rectangle areas.
Think
1
WriTe/draW
y = x2 + 2
2
2 1
0 1 2 3 x
= Upper rectangles
= Lower rectangles
447
Area = 1(3 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 6)
= 16
Using lower rectangles, the approximate area
is 16 square units.
b Upper rectangle heights:
f(2) = (2)2 + 2
=6
f(1) = 3 (from above)
f(1) = 3
f(2) = 6
f(3) = 32 + 2
= 11
16 + 29
2
= 22.5
The approximate area is 22.5 square units
when averaging the upper and lower
rectangle areas and using widths of 1 unit.
Note that this average is between the area of the upper rectangles and the area of the lower rectangles
and is closer to the actual area.
exercise 10C
functions
1 We9 Find an approximation for the area between the curve f (x) at right and
f(x)
y
19
(1, 2)
12
0
448
f(x)
(3, 3)
3
(1, 2)
2
(5, 4)
4
2
f(x)
(4, 19)
(3, 12)
7 (2, 7)
4
(1, 4)
3
0 1 2 3 4 5x
0 1
B 2 units
C 3 units
d 4 units
y = x2
1 2 3 4
e varying
B 4 units
C 16 units
d 12 units
e 1 unit
c The area between the curve y = x2 and the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 4 can be approximated, by the
B 14 sq. units
d 15 sq. units
e 30 sq. units
a Find an approximation for the area in the diagram at right using upper
rectangles 1 unit wide.
b A better approximation for the area under this curve can be found by
averaging the upper and lower rectangle areas. State this approximate
value.
4 We10
y = x2
Find an approximation for the area enclosed by the graph of f(x) = x2,
the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 3 with interval widths of 1 unit. Use
the trapezoidal method.
5 We11
1 2 3 4
y = x2
6 Find the approximate area between the curves below and the x-axis, over the interval indicated, by
(4, 5)
5
3
f(x)
f(x)
(6, 5)
(2, 3)
3
2
x
(4, 3)
(2, 2)
7 Find an approximation for the area between the curves below and the x-axis, from x = 1 to x = 5, by
y
8
(1, 8)
8
7
0 1
x
5 f(x)
(1, 8) (3, 8)
0 1 3
y
11
10
8
7
(2, 11)
d
(3, 10)
f(x)
0
1 2 3 4 5
(5, 5)
(4, 7)
x
5 f(x)
y
f(x)
(3, 3)
0 1
449
y
(4, 10)
10
9
(3, 9)
f(x)
(1, 4)
4
f(x)
(2, 6)
6
4
(1, 7)
(4, 7)
(2, 5)
5
4
(3, 2)
(1, 4)
2 3 4 5
f(x)
x
for the area between the graph of f(x) = x2 + 4 and the x-axis from
x = 1 to x = 4 using:
a lower rectangles
b upper rectangles
c averaging of the lower and upper rectangle areas.
y = x2 + 4
2 3 4
9 In the figures below, find the approximate area between the curves and the x-axis over the interval
indicated by calculating the area of the shaded rectangles. Give exact answers.
a y
1 2 3 4
x = 1 to x = 4
f(x) =
1 3
3x
y = x2 + 3x + 8
c y
y = ex
x
1 0 1 2
x = 1 to x = 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
x = 1 to x = 5
f f(x) = x2 4x
3x2 + 8x
d y
y = logex
y = (x 4)2
1 2 3 4 5 6
x = 2 to x = 6
x = 2 to x = 6
2 3 4 5 6
x
3 2.52 1.51 0
x = 3 to x = 1
0 1 2 3 4 5
x = 1 to x = 5
y = x3 6x2
10 In the figures below, find an approximation for the area between the curve, the x-axis and the lines x = 1
y
(3, 15)
15 (2, 14)
14
(4, 13)
13
10
450
y = x2 + 6x 5
y = 12 x3
(1, 10)
f(x)
0
1 2 3
y y = 10 x2
1 1 01 1
2 2
y = ex
11 Calculate approximations for the area between the graph of y = x(4 x), the x-axis and the lines x = 1
14 Find approximations for the area between the graph of f (x) = ( x 1)3 and the x-axis, between x = 1 and
1
between x = 0.5 and x = 2.5 using the
x
16 Calculate an approximation for the area under the graph of y = 2 loge (x 1) between x = 2 and x = 6
and a river. The distance to the river from the top of the rectangular
block is shown in the table below.
Distance across
rectangular block in
metres
Distance of river from
the block in metres
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
30
20
40
60
50
r
Park
Rive
40 60 80
metres
100
Block of land
Calculate approximations for the area of parkland between the rectangular block and the river by:
a using the area of the upper rectangles
b using the trapezoidal rule (use intervals of width 20metres).
451
18 Calculate an approximate area under the graph of f (x) = sin x, between x = 0 and x = , using the
Velocity (m/s)
(15, 12)
(20, 13)
(10, 10)
(5, 5)
0
10
20
30
Time (s)
40
20 Answer the following statements concerning approximate areas under graphs as True or False.
a An approximation for the area can be found quickly if very small interval widths are used.
b The smaller the interval width used, the more accurate the approximation for the area.
c The upper rectangle method is always more accurate than the lower rectangle method.
d Averaging the upper rectangle area and the lower rectangle area is more accurate than using the
This section is included as preparation for VCE Mathematical Methods CAS Units 3 and 4. It is not part
of the VCE Mathematical Methods CAS Units 1 and 2 course.
1
2
Area of T3 =
1
2
1 (2 +
Area of T4 =
1
2
1 ( 32 + 0) =
Total area =
452
20
4
1 ( 32 + 2) =
3
)
2
7
4
7
4
3
4
1
2
3
4
T1 T2 T3 T4
Thus the rate of flow water in the river is 5 (speed of flow) m3/s
= 5 2.5 m3/s
= 12.5 m3/s.
The local council is now in a position to decide whether, given this flow of water in the river, the
farmers application for a water allocation is reasonable.
Integral calculus can be used to calculate the exact area of the cross-section of the Werisie River.
Consider the region under the curve f (x) between x = a and x = b, where f (x) 0 and is continuous for
all x [a, b].
y
y = f(x)
F(x)
F(x + h) F(x)
0
x x+h b
Let F (x) be the function that is the measure of the area under the curve between a and x.
F (x + h) is the area under the curve between a and x + h, and F (x + h) F (x) is the area of the
strip indicated on the graph.
The area of the strip is between the areas of the left and right rectangles; that is,
f (x)h < F (x + h) F (x) < F (x + h)h
F ( x + h) F ( x )
or f ( x ) <
< f ( x + h), h 0 (dividing by h).
h
As h 0, f (x + h) f (x)
F ( x + h) F ( x )
lim
= f (x)
or
h 0
h
that is, F (x) = f (x) (differentiation from first principles).
F (x) =
Therefore,
that is, F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x)
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c
or
but when x = a,
f ( x ) dx = F (a) + c
or
f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) F (a)
f ( x ) dx = F (b) F (a).
Therefore,
and when x = b,
That is, the area under the graph of f (x) between x = a and x = b is F (b) F (a).
f ( x ) dx is the indefinite integral, which represents the general antiderivative of the function being
integrated.
This is the fundamental theorem of integral calculus, and it enables areas under graphs to be
calculated exactly. It applies only to functions that are smooth and continuous over the interval [a, b].
b
x ba
= [ F ( x)]
[do not add c as F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x)]
= F (b) F (a)
a and b are called the terminals of this definite integral and indicate the domain over which the integral
is taken.
b
f ( x ) dx is called the definite integral because it can be expressed in terms of its terminals a and b,
which are usually real numbers. In this case the value of the definite integral is a real number and not a
function.
The function being integrated, f (x), is called the integrand.
ChapTer 10 Antidifferentiation (integration)
453
1.
3.
a k f ( x ) dx = k a f ( x ) dx
5.
f ( x ) dx = 0
b
b
f ( x ) dx =
2.
4.
a [ f ( x ) + g( x )] dx = a
f ( x ) dx =
a f ( x ) dx + c
f ( x ) dx , a < c < b
f ( x ) dx +
a g( x ) dx
b f ( x ) dx
WORKED EXAMPLE 13
TUTORIAL
eles-1606
Worked example 13
THINK
WRITE
0 (3x 2 + 4 x 1) dx
= [ x 3 + 2 x 2 x ]30
b
dx =
1 (2 x + 1)3
1 4(2 x + 1)
4(2 x + 1) 2
=
2 2
Antidifferentiate by rule.
dx
2
= (2 x + 1) 1
2
1
=
2
(2 x + 1) 1
1 1
= 2 2
5 3
1
+
25 9
16
=
225
Signed areas
When calculating areas between the graph of a function f (x) and the x-axis using the definite integral
b
f ( x ) dx , the area is signed; that is, it is positive or negative. If f (x) > 0, the region is above the x-axis;
if f (x) < 0, it is below the axis. We shall now examine these two situations and
look at how we calculate the area of regions that include both.
y = f(x)
454
f ( x ) dx.
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_10.indd 454
8/05/13 3:20 PM
If f (x) < 0, that is, the region is below the x-axis, then a f ( x ) dx < 0, so the
value of the definite integral is negative.
b
b
For example, if f (x) < 0, then the area = f ( x ) dx or f ( x ) dx , as the
a
y = f(x)
a
Given f : R R, where f(x) = 2x + 3, calculate the area of the region bounded by the graph of f(x),
the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 5.
Think
1
WriTe/draW
(5, 13)
(1, 3)
0 1
2
Area =
1 ( 2 x + 3) dx
= x 2 + 3 x 15
= (25 + 15) (1 + 3)
= 36
Area = 36 square units
Worked example 15
Think
Evaluate.
y = x2 4x
1
3 4 x
WriTe
3
Area = ( x 2 4 x ) dx
1
= [ 13 x 3 2 x 2 ]13
1
1
3
2
3
2
= [( 3 (3) 2(3) ) ( 3 (1) 2(1) )]
1
= [ 9 + 1 3 ]
2
= ( 7 3 )
1
= 7 13
4
455
1 We13
1
0 x 2 dx
2 x 2 dx
1 (6 2 x + x 2 ) dx
1 (4 x 2 + 2 x 6) dx
0 x 3 dx
2
4 ( x 3 + x 4) dx
0 2( x + 4)4 dx
x
e
y = 3x2
3 1 0
4 3
1 3(5x 2)4 dx
x dx
1 (3x 2 + 2 x 2 ) dx
y=x
01
3 ( x 2 2 x ) dx
4
( x 3 + 3 x 2 2 x ) dx
x
y=4x
y = x3 9x2 + 20x
3
y=3x
y = x2
1 2
y = x3 4x2 4x
5 Evaluate each of the definite integrals in question 4 to find the shaded area. Give your answer as an
exact value.
6 We15 Calculate each of the shaded areas below.
y
y
a
b
y = 4 2x
y=x2
0
1 0
y y = x2 4
x
0
2
y
d
2
y = 1 x2
456
y = x3
0
0 1 x
y = x3 + 2x2 x 2
10e
applications of antidifferentiation
Previously we learned that when the rate of change of a function (the derivative or gradient function) is
known, we can determine the original function by a process called antidifferention.
If f (x) = xn, n N, then
1
f (x) =
x n +1 + c
n +1
where c represents a constant.
This can be verified by differentiating
1
x n +1 + c
n
+
1
The result is xn.
Similarly, if f (x) = axn, a R, n N, then
a
f (x) =
x n+ 1 + c
n +1
dy
dy
= x n, then
. Likewise, if
We saw previously that an alternative expression for the derivative was
dx
dx
1
y=
x n +1 + c
n +1
The value of c can be found if boundary conditions and given. Antidifferentiation can often be used to
solve problems.
inTeraCTiViTY
int-0269
areas under curves
Worked example 16
Find the rule for the function f (x) if f (x) = 3 + 4x x2 and f (0) = 7.
Think
WriTe
f (x) = 3 + 4x x2
f ( x ) = 3x + 2 x 2
x3
+c
3
(0)3
7 = 3(0) + 2(0)2
+c
3
c=7
x3
f ( x ) = 3x + 2 x 2 + 7
3
The pieces of information used to find the value of the constant that is generated following
antidifferentiation are called boundary conditions.
Worked example 17
The rate of change of the volume, V litres, of a balloon at any time, t seconds, after it is inflated
beyond 6 litres is given by:
dV
= 3 t 2 8 t + 1 t [0, 3]
dt
a Express V as a function of t.
b What is the volume of the balloon when t = 1?
Think
WriTe
dV
= 3t 2 8t + 1
dt
V (t) = t3 4t2 + t + c
V (t) = t3 4t2 + t + 6
b V (1) = (1)3 4(1)2 + (1) + 6
=4
So the volume of the balloon at t = 1
is 4 litres.
457
The velocity of a model train starting from 1 m to the right of the origin is
given by v(t)=62t, where t is in seconds and v is in m/s, for t [0, 5].
a When does it stop?
b What is its displacement at any time, t?
c How far is it from the starting point when t = 5?
d Where is the train when it stops?
e How far does it travel in the first 5 seconds?
Think
WriTe
b Displacement, x (t ) =
TUTorial
eles-1447
Worked example 18
v (t) = 0
6 2t = 0
2t = 6
t = 3s
x (t ) = (6 2t ) dt
v(t ) dt
x (t ) = 6t t 2 + c
2
x(t) = t2 + 6t + 1
c =1
x(5) = 6
After 5 s the train is 6 m to the right of the
origin.
x(3) = 10
The train stops 10 m to the right of the
origin.
e The train starts 1 m to the right of the origin. It continues e In the first 3 s, the train moves from 1 m
This example emphasises the difference between displacement and the distance actually travelled.
The CAS calculator really becomes important when the functions are more difficult to
antidifferentiate.
In the next example the CAS calculator is used for the antidifferentiation. But the rest of the working
has been completed without technology because in this case it is quicker and easier to do so. The CAS
calculator method (see worked example 8) is included for comparison. It will be important in formal
assessment, when time is restricted, to decide the quickest and best approach. CAS should be used in
situations when it is the better (or the only) option.
458
Worked example 19
6
+ 1, where t is in seconds and v(t) is in m/s for
( t + 3) 2
t [0, 4]. If the car starts at x = 0, use a CAS calculator to help you answer the following.
a What is its displacement at any time t?
b How fast was the car moving at the start?
c How far is the car from the starting point when t = 2?
d Show that the car did not stop.
Think
WriTe
x (t ) =
The toy car begins its journey at the origin, (0, 0).
Therefore x(0) = 0. Substitute this into the equation for
displacement.
x (0) =
x (t ) =
If the car did not stop, then its velocity 0. Show that
v(t) 0 for t [0, 4].
Use the solve feature of the CAS calculator.
t+3
+t+c
6
+0+c
0+3
0 = 2 + c
c=2
b v(0) =
t+3
+t+2
6
+1
(0 + 3)2
c x(2) =
+2+2
2+3
= 2.8
After 2 s the toy car is 2.8 m to the
right of the origin.
d solve
+ 1 = 0, t
(t + 3)2
exercise 10e
= 1 23 m/s
d 1
(t + 3)2 + 1 dt + c
applications of antidifferentiation
1 We16 Find the rule for the function f (x) if f (x) = 3x2 2x and f (2) = 0.
2 If f (x) = 3 + 5x 2x2 and the y-intercept is 7, find f (x).
dy
= ( x + 1)( x 3). Find the value of y when x = 3.
dx
4 mC
If the gradient function of a curve that passes through the point (2, 2) is
f (x) = 2x 5, then the function f (x) is:
a x2 5x + 8
B x2 5x 1
C x2 5
d x2 5x
e x2 2
459
5 mC
a x2 + 2x 3
B 2x2 + x 1
d 2x2 + 2x 1
e x2 + x
C 2x2 + x 3
6 mC A curve passes through the point (2, 1) and has a gradient function f (x) = x(3x 5). The function
must be:
a f (x) = x3 3x2 + 5
f ( x ) = x 3 52 x 2 + 2
5 2
3
d f (x) = x 2 x + 3
f ( x ) = 43 x 4 52 x 3 + 9
C f (x) = 3x2 5x 1
7 We17 The velocity (v) of an aircraft is changing as it accelerates. Its acceleration (rate of change of
velocity) at any time, t, after it begins accelerating from rest along a runway is
dv
= 6t 2 4t + 5 , where v is in km/h and t is in seconds.
given by
dt
a Express v as a function of t.
b Find the velocity after 5 seconds.
8 The rate of change of position (velocity) of a particle travelling in a straight line is given by
dx 2
= t 6t + 2, where x is in metres and t is in seconds. If the particle starts at x = 1, find its position
dt
when t = 3.
9 The rate of increase of volume per unit increase in depth for a particular container is given by:
dV
= 2(h + 5)2
dh
where V cm3 is the volume and the depth is h cm.
a If V = 0 when h = 0, express V as a function of h.
b Find the volume at a height of 7 cm.
10 The weekly rate of change of profit with respect to the number of employees, n, in a factory is:
dP
3
= 3.182
n
dn
4
where P is in thousands of dollars.
a Find the number of employees for maximum profit (assume P = 0 when n = 0).
b Hence find the maximum profit.
460
11 The rate of deflection from the horizontal of a 2 m long diving board when a 70 kg person is
x
Deflection
dh
= 4t 1, where h is the height above
dt
15 The velocity upwards of a hot-air balloon starting 2 m above the ground is given by v(t) = 4t t2,
where t is in seconds and v(t) is in metres per second for t [0, 5].
a When was it stationary?
b What was its displacement at any time t?
c How far was it from the starting point when t = 5?
d Where was the balloon when it stopped?
e How far did it travel in the first 5 s?
dv
16 The acceleration,
, of a skier starting from 6 m to right of the origin with a velocity of 7.5metres per
dt
second is given by a(t) = 6 3t, where t is in seconds and a is in metres per second squared for t [0, 10].
a What is its velocity at any time t?
b What is its displacement at any time t?
c How far is it from the starting point when t = 7?
d When and where is the skier stationary?
e How far did the skier travel in the first 7 seconds?
4
, where t is in seconds and v(t) is in metres per
17 The velocity of a jogger is given by v (t ) =
(t + 2)2
second for t [0, 5]. After 2 s the jogger is 4 m to the right of the origin. Use a CAS calculator to help
you answer the following.
a What was the joggers displacement at any time t?
b Where did the jogger start from?
ChapTer 10 Antidifferentiation (integration)
461
6
6, where t is in seconds
(t + 1)2
and v(t) is in metres per second for t [0, 4]. At the start it was 5 m to the left of the origin. Use a CAS
calculator to help you answer the following.
a What was its displacement at any time t?
b How fast was the car moving at the start?
c How far was the car from the starting point when t = 4?
d Show that the car did not stop.
e How far did the car travel in the first 4 seconds?
(t 2) ,
where t is in seconds and v(t) is in
19 The velocity of a walker is given by v (t ) = 10 cos
4
diGiTal doC
doc-9799
WorkSHEET 10.2
462
metres per second for t [0, 5]. At t = 0, x = 2 m. Use a CAS calculator to help you answer the
following.
a What was the walkers displacement at any time t?
b How fast was the walker moving at the start?
c How far (correct to 2 decimal places) was the walker from the starting point when t = 5?
d Where (correct to 2 decimal places) and when did the walker stop?
e How far did the walker travel in the first 5 s?
Summary
antidifferentiation
Antidifferentiation of the gradient function, f (x), gives a family of functions f (x) + c, which can be
sketched as a family of curves.
For example, if f (x) = 2, then the antiderivative is f (x) = 2x + c. This produces a family of curves
as shown.
f(x) = 2x + 3
f(x) = 2x + 2
f(x) = 2x + 1
f(x) = 2x
f(x) = 2x 1
y
3
2
1
1
2
f(x) = 2x 2
x
It is possible to find one particular member of the family of curves from the gradient function when
special conditions, called boundary conditions, are given.
approximating areas
enclosed by functions
The fundamental
theorem of integral
calculus
An approximation to the area between a curve and the x-axis can be found by dividing the area
into a series of rectangles or trapeziums that are all the same width. The approximation is found by
finding the sum of all the areas of the rectangles or trapeziums.
Lower rectangle approximation actual area upper rectangle approximation
Trapezoidal approximation =
lower rectangle approximation + upper rectangle approximation
2
The trapezoidal rule is:
The area between a curve, y = f(x), and the x-axis from
x = a to x = b h2 [ f (a) + 2f (a + h) + 2f (a + 2h) + . . . + 2f (b h) + f (b)]
where h is the interval width.
b
a kf ( x ) dx = k a f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx =
a f ( x ) dx + c
f ( x ) dx , a < c < b
463
a [ f ( x ) g( x )] dx = a
f ( x ) dx =
Area =
Area = a f ( x ) dx , if f ( x ) < 0, or
y
a
464
a f ( x ) dx , for x [a, b]
y = f(x)
applications of
antidifferentiation
a g( x ) dx
b f ( x ) dx
a f ( x ) dx , if
f ( x ) dx
b
x
When the derivative of a function is known, antidifferentiation can provide the original function.
Because the original function may have contained a constant, this must be allowed for; the constant
can be found using the boundary conditions provided in the question.
Antidifferentiation can be applied to kinematics (motion graphs), especially when calculating
distances travelled.
Chapter review
1 Find the antiderivative of each of the following using the rule.
a 6x2
d 5x3 + 4x2 + 5
b 5x + 4
e (x 3)(x + 7)
S ho rT
a n S W er
c x2 + 8x 14
(2 x 3 + 8 x 7) dx
(1 + 6 x x 2 ) dx
x (5x 3) dx
x = 2.
d (x 7)(x + 7)dx
dy
= (2 x + 1)(3 x 1) and y = 16 when
dx
4 The graph of g (x) is shown at right. If g (0) = 6 and g (3) = 0, sketch the
graph of g(x).
5 Use the method of left rectangles to approximate the area under
dh 2
= t 14t + 45.
dt
a Find an expression for the height at any time.
b Find the height 6 minutes after takeoff.
c Find the maximum height reached in the first 9 minutes.
g'(x)
between v and x.
t [0, 5], is given by v (t) = 6t2(2 t), where v(t) is in metres per second and t is in seconds.
a What is the starting velocity of the robot?
b What is its displacement at any time t?
c When and where is the robot stationary?
d What is its location at t = 3?
e How far does it travel in the first 3 seconds?
dy
= 3x2 20x + 7, then y could be:
dx
a 6x 20
B x3 10x2
3
2
d x 10x + 7x
e x3 + 7x
m U lTip l e
C ho iC e
1 If
2 The antiderivative of
a 9x2 + c
d
3
is:
x3
x2
3
+c
2x 2
3
e
2x 4
B
C x 3 40x 2 + 7x
9
x2
B 32 x 2 (x + 5) + c
d x3 5x + c
e x3 + 8x2 5x + c
4 The expression
C 43 x4 + c
x 3 + 6 x 2 10 x
dx is equal to:
x
1
a 4 x4 + 2x3 5x 2 + c
B 3 x3 + 6x2 10x + c
d 14 x4 + 3x2 10x + c
1 x3
3
C 13 x3 + 3x2 10x + c
+ 3x2 + c
465
0<x<4
1 < x < 2
x < 1 and x > 2
x<2
x > 1
1 0
g(x)
0 1
4
f'(x)
y
1
g(x)
B y
2
y
2 g(x)
y
4
x
2 g(x)
y
2
2
g(x)
2 g(x)
8 For a particular function g (x), g (1) = 0 and g (x) < 0 if x 1. The graph that could represent g (x) is:
y
y
y
a
g(x)
B
C
g(x)
g(x)
1
0
y
1
1
g(x)
466
0
g(x)
6x2
B 24x2 + 3x + c
+ 3x + c
C 24x2 + 3x
6x2
dy
= ( x 2)( x + 5) and its y-intercept is 3, then its rule is:
dx
y = 13 x 3 + 32 x 2 10 x 3
y = 13 x 3 + 32 x 2 5 x 3
y = 13 x 3 + 32 x 2 10 x 10
y = 14 x 4 10 x 2
C y = x3 + 3x2 10x 3
1 The position of a particle at any time, t, is represented by the antiderivative of its velocity, v, with
respect to time; that is, x = v dt . If its velocity is given by the rule v=4t5 and the initial position
of the particle is 2 cm left of the origin, find:
a the rule for its position, x, at any time, t
b the position of the particle after 4 seconds.
dC
From past records it has been found that the cost rate of maintaining a certain car is
= 75t 2 + 50t + 800,
dt
where C is the accumulated cost in dollars and t is the time in years since the car was first used. Find:
a the initial maintenance cost
b C as a function of t
c the total maintenance cost during the first 5 years of use of the car
d the total maintenance cost from 3 to 5 years
e the maintenance cost for the second year.
An infection is transferred such that the rate of the number of people infected, N, can be modelled by
dN
= 0.16t , where t is the number of days after exposure to the infection.
dt
In a school of 800 students, how many students will not be infected after 20 days?
A mothball, assumed to be a sphere with diameter 20 mm, evaporates at such a rate that the radius
decreases by 0.2 mm per day.
a Find an expression for the radius of the mothball t days after manufacture.
b Hence find an expression for the volume of the mothball t days after manufacture.
c Find the rate at which the volume decreases 30 days after it was manufactured.
Determine an approximation for the area between the curve and the
y
x-axis over the interval indicated in the diagram at right using the
(1, 4)
4
average of the upper and lower rectangles.
(3, 3.5)
2
An oil slick is found to radiate outwards at a rate modelled by
dr
5
=
, t 1, where t is the time measured in hours and r is the
x
0
2 3
1
4
dt
t
2
radius of the slick in metres. If the slick is 16 metres wide after one
4
hour, how long, to the nearest hour, will it take to be 100 metres
wide?
ex Ten d ed
r eS p o n S e
diGiTal doC
doc-9800
Test Yourself
Chapter 10
467
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DIGITAL DOC
10 Quick Questions doc-9792: Warm-up with ten quick questions on
antidifferentiation (page 437)
10A
Antidifferentiation
INTERACTIVITY
Antidifferentiation int-0268: Consolidate your understanding of
antidifferentiating polynomials (page 437)
10D
DIGITAL DOC
Investigation doc-10200: Practising evaluating definite integrals
(page 454)
TUTORIAL
WE13 eles-1606: Watch a tutorial on evaluating definite integrals
(page 454)
10E
Applications of antidifferentiation
DIGITAL DOC
WorkSHEET 10.1 doc-9797: Antidifferentiation practice (page 440)
INTERACTIVITY
Areas under curves int-0269: Consolidate your understanding of
area under curves (page 457)
TUTORIAL
WE18 eles-1447: Determine the displacement of a train at
any time (page 458)
TUTORIAL
WE7 eles-1443: Use the graph of the gradient function to sketch
the graph of the original function (page 441)
10C
TUTORIAL
WE9 eles-1605: Watch a tutorial on approximating the area under
a curve (page 445)
INTERACTIVITY
Approximating areas enclosed by functions int-0254: Practise
approximating areas enclosed by functions (page 445)
468
DIGITAL DOC
WorkSHEET 10.2 doc-9799: Practise applying antidifferentiation
(page 462)
Chapter review
DIGITAL DOC
Test Yourself doc-9800: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 467)
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_10.indd 468
8/05/13 3:28 PM
Answers CHAPTER 10
anTidiFFerenTiaTion
(inTeGraTion)
exercise 10a
Function
f(x)
5
2
Derivative
(gradient
function) f (x)
e 2x2 + 7x + c
1 3
x
3
+ 4x 2 x
2x
x2 + 3
2x
iii
x2 4
2x
iv
x3
3x2
2x4
8x3
vi
5x4
20x3
vii
3x7
21x6
viii
1
2
x4
2x3
ix
1
3
x9
3x8
1 10
x
5
2x9
xi
2
3
x3
2x2
xii
3
4
x8
6x7
4
2
xvi
2x 4 + x3
8x3 + 3x2
xvii
4x3 + 2x2 7x
12x2 + 4x 7
xviii
16x 3x3
16 9x2
y = 4x2 + 4
y = 4x2 + 2
y
3
3 a i
ii
iii
b i
ii
y = 4x2 4
g(x)
f (x) = x2 + x 2
j
5 B
6 D
5 a
b
c
d
6 a
7 a
b
c
i
i
i
i
1
2
3
4
ii
ii
ii
ii
b
5
1
f (x) = x2 + x 1
+c
2 0
y
f (x) = x2 + x + 1
f (x) = x2 + x
h(x)
3 x
y
5
(0, 2)
d 3 x3 + 6x2 + 35x + c
f(x)
1 10
1
10 x + 3 x 3 x + c
4x2 + 2 x3 + x5 + c
3
1
1
1
x + 2 x2 + 3 x3 + 4 x4 + c
4
5
= 3 x 3 2 x 2 10 x + c
2
5x + 35x + c
15
c x3 x2 + c
y
9
0
Negative
Positive
Parabolic
4 a
b x3 2x2 + c
y = 4x2 2
1
3
3
2 3
1 2
3 x + 2 x 6x + c
1 3
x x+c
3
1 3
x + 2x2 + 4x + c
3
4 3
x 6x2 + 9x + c
3
1 4
x 2x3 + 6x2 8x
4
1 4
x + 8x + c
4
f(x)
e 7x + 3x2 x3 + c
3 y
d 2x + x3 + 5x + c
12x2 14x
0
1
4x3 7x2
h(x)
f (x) = x + 1
f (x) = x
f (x) = x 1
0 1
1
xv
11x + c
2 x
0 1
125 x + c
f (x) = x + 3
3
2
1
2x + 3
2x 7
+ 3x + 5
2x2
y
g(x)
exercise 10B
x2 7x
1 3
x
3
4
+c
225 x 2
45 x 3 +
xiv
2 a 3x3 + c
b 4x2 + 5x + c
8 C
9 a x3 9x2 + 27x + c
27 x 4
13 0
d 1 x 3 100 x + c
3
ii
xiii
f(x)
c 2x3 x2 + c
x2
x2
b 6x + 2x2 3 x3 + c
antidifferentiation
8 a
7 a x4 + 5x2 7x + c
12
9 y = 2x2 5x + 3
10 y = x2 3x
11 y = x3 + x2 10
12 F ( x ) = 3 x 3 + x 2 + x 3
Negative
Negative
Positive
Positive
B
C
x = 6, x = 2
x < 6, and x > 2
6 < x < 2
f (x)
iii
iii
iii
iii
c
Positive
Positive
Negative
Negative
A
469
7 a 32
b 32
c 39
d 16
e 29
f 12
g 26
8 a 26
1
c 33 2
9 a 28
c loge24
1
e 23 3
g 100
be
d6
b 10
d 19 4
c 11 4
1 + 2e + 2e 2 + e3
2
11 a 6
c 8.5
+1+e
b 11
3
8
b 7 or 7.375
c
or 6.125
13 10.5
14 a 22.5
b 20.8
15 a 1.87
b 1.68
c 1.63
16 loge 2880 or approx. 7.97 (2 d.p.)
17 a 4400 sq. metres
b 3500 sq. metres
(2 + 3)
18
or approx. 1.95 sq. units
6
19 a Distance travelled by the cyclist in the
first 30 seconds.
b 307.5 metres
20 a False
b True
c False
d True
exercise 10d
5 13
2 ( x 3 4 x 2 4 x ) dx
1
3
c 73
d 26
e 22
f 1 13
b1
d 3
e 4
f 23
3
4
5
6
7
a v = 2t3 2t2 + 5t
b v = 225 km/h
8 11 m
9 a V = 3 h 3 + 10 h 2 + 50 h
10
11
12
13
14
15
b V = 1068 2 cm 3
3
a 18
b $19 092
a 0
b y = 0.02x3 0.06x2
c 0.4 m or 40 cm
a h = 2t2 t
b 28 m
c 5.7 s
a t=2
b x = 12t 3t2 + 3
c x=3
d x = 15
e Distance = 24 m
a x = 10t 2t2 2
b x = 10
c t = 2.5, x = 10.5
d Distance = 13 km
a t = 0, 4
h 74
c x =83
1 2 x dx
4
1 x 2 dx
470
(4 x ) dx
3 3x 2 dx
e
19 a
1
A
C
D
g 12 23
l 5949
b
c
d
b
c
d
e
2 f ( x ) = 7 + 3x + 2 x 2 3 x 3
b x = 2t 2
k 6313.2
18 a
f 56
j 1
c 53
e 8
i 38
b8
16 a
b
c
d
e
17 a
b
3t 2
v = 6t
+ 7.5
2
t3
x = 3t 2 + 7.5t + 6
2
x = 34
t = 5, x = 56
Distance = 72 m
4
x = 5
(t + 2)
x=3
4
> 0; i.e. v 0
(t + 2)2
Distance = 1 15 m
6
x=
6t + 1
t +1
v = 0, stationary
x = 24.2
v = 0 at t = 0, 1 (not defined), i.e. no
stops
Distance = 19.2 m
40
40
t
x=
2 cos
4
Stationary, v = 0
19.74 m
(0, 0), i.e. at the start and (4, 23.46)
29.18 m
ChapTer reVieW
ShorT anSWer
1 a 2x3 + c
b 5 x 2 + 4x + c
2
1 3
x
3
+ 4x2 14x + c
d 4 x 4 + 3 x 3 + 5x + c
e
1 3
x
3
+ 2x2 21x + c
2 a
1 4
x
2
+ 4x2 7x + c
b x + 3x2
3
2
1 3
x
3
5 3
3x
1 3
x
3
49 x + c
x2
+c
+c
1
2
3 y = 2x3 + x2 x
4
y
6
t3
+2
3
d x = 2, 12 2
3
e Distance = 13 m
d x = 45
12 a 4 8 or 4.875
1
68
6 a 2
f 7.25
10 a 40 2
1 ( x 3 9 x 2 + 20 x ) dx
5 a 8
b 41
c v=1
3
g(x)
5 17 square units
1
3
6 a h = t 3 7t 2 + 45t
b 90 m
7 a
c
8 a
b
c
d
e
c 91.67 m
dx
v=
b x = t2 + t 3
dt
x = 107 units
0 m/s
Displacement: x(t) = 4t3 1.5t4 + 14
t = 0 and t = 2 seconds, x = 0 and x = 22
0.5 m to the right
29.5 m
mUlTiple ChoiCe
exTended reSponSe
1D
2 B
3A
4 C
5B
6 D
7A
8 D
9D
10 A
1 a
b
2 a
b
c
e
x = 2t2 5t 2
10 cm to the right of the origin (x = 10)
$0
C = 25t3 + 25t2 + 800t
$7750
d $4450
$1050
b V = (10 0.2t)3
c 12.8 mm3/day
5 10.5 square units
6 27 hours
471
2 marks
3 marks
S ho rT
a n S W er
25 minutes
2 The distance, d, in metres, over time, t, in seconds, a battery-powered toy car travelled is shown in the
graph below.
d
50
20
0
75 t
30
1 mark
2 marks
1 mark
0
(1, 5)
3 marks
4 A function, f, passes through the point (1, 5) and has a gradient function f (x) = 4. Determine the
function f (x).
1 If y =
a 9x
27 x 2 , then
2 marks
dy
equals:
dx
m U lTip l e
C ho iC e
B 18x
6
1
x3
10 minutes
2
4
e
x
3x
2 The equation of a tangent touching the curve y = x2 + 3 at point (a, 1) is y = 2ax + 1 2a2. The gradient
of the normal passing through the point (a, 1) would be:
1
1
1
a
B
C
2
a
2a
a
d
1
3
d 2a
2
3
e 2a
f(x)
x
473
4 When a soccer ball is kicked, the path it travels, in metres, is found by the equation h(x) = ax bx2.
The soccer ball reaches a maximum height of 40 metres when the ball is 20 metres from its original
position. The values of a and b are:
a a = 0 and b = 0.1
B a = 1 and b = 0.01
C a = 4 and b = 0.1
d a = 20 and b = 40
e a = 40 and b = 20
5 The equation of the tangent to the curve f (x) = x3 2x2 3x + 2 at the point where the curve crosses the
y-axis is:
a y = 4.28x + 2.26
d y = 9.49x 26.71
B y = 3.52x + 2.04
C y = 7.78x + 10.45
e y = 2x2 4x 3
dv
litres/minute. Water is removed from the
dt
tank at the rate of 10 litres/minute. Which one of the following will determine the volume of water in
litres, V, in the tank at any time, t, in minutes?
dV 10 dt
a V = V dt 10
B V =
dt
e x T ended
r e SponS e
35 minutes
dV
C V=
dt dt + 10
e V=
10
d V=
dV
dt dt 10
dV
dt
dt
340.60
150
Ridge
Valley
0 40.73
382.60
550
The shape of the ridge can be described by the cubic equation h(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where x is
the horizontal distance in metres and h(x) is the height in metres about sea level.
a Show that d = 150.
1 mark
b Determine the equation for h(x) in terms of a, b and c.
1 mark
c Two stationary points exist at x = 40.73 and 382.60. Using your answer from part b, write
2 marks
two equations in terms of a, b and c.
d The point (550, 150) lies on the ridge. Write an equation that would enable a third
2 marks
simultaneous equation to be used to find the values of a, b and c.
e The value of a is 0.000 01. Using any two equations found in previous parts, determine
3 marks
the values of b and c correct to 4 decimal places.
2 A circular enclosure of radius r, in metres, and a square enclosure are made from a 300 m length
diGiTal doC
doc-10164
Solutions
exam practice 4
474
of fencing wire. To form the circular enclosure a length of x m is cut from the 300 m length. All
of the wire is used to form the two enclosures.
x
a Show that r =
1 mark
.
2
300 x
b The remaining wire is made into a square of side length
m. Determine the area of the
4
1 mark
square enclosure in terms of x.
c Write the equation that determines the total area, A, of the two enclosures.
2 marks
d In the context of this problem, write the feasible domain.
2 marks
dA
e Write the equation for
2 marks
.
dx
f Determine the exact value of x so that the area of both enclosures will be a minimum.
2 marks
g Using your answer from part e, show that the area is a minimum.
3 marks
ChapTEr 11
Introductory probability
diGiTal doC
doc-9801
10 Quick Questions
ChapTEr ConTEnTS
11a
11B
11C
11d
11E
11F
11G
11h
11i
introduction to experimental
probability
11a
Tossing a fair coin or rolling a standard 6-sided die will result in a range of outcomes. The coin can land
Heads or Tails, and the number appearing uppermost on the die will be one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 or 6. Probability involves assigning a numerical value to the likelihood of such events occurring.
In this respect, certain events will clearly be more probable than others; for example, getting only 1 of
the required 6 numbers in Tattslotto is more likely than obtaining all 6 winning numbers.
A numerical value for the probability of an event can be established in a number of ways. It can
be based on results arising from experiments; alternatively, a reasoned estimate of the likelihood
of the event can be provided on the strength of personal experience and knowledge (the subjective
probability). A third way is to consider the symmetry of the situation where the activity has
equiprobable or equally likely outcomes. For example, if we toss a coin 50 times and note how
many times it lands Heads (a Head facing up), we may conclude (based on the experiment) that the
probability of a coin landing Heads up is half. We may also reason that a tossed coin has two equally
likely outcomes (a Head and a Tail), of which Heads is one possibility, so there is 1 chance in 2, or 1,
2
of a Head. However, deciding what the chances are of a runner winning her race will be subjective and
dependent on considerations such as the runners past performances, her current state of fitness and the
abilities of the other competitors.
diGiTal doCS
doc-9802
long run proportion
doc-9803
one die
doc-9804
Two dice
475
number of Heads
Similarly, we observe that the ratio
, the experimental probability for a Head,
total
number
of
trials
converges to a particular value.
For a coin tossed many times the long-run proportion of a Head is 0.5 and the long-run proportion of a
Tail is 0.5.
A 6-sided die (not necessarily a fair one) was rolled 12 times and the number showing uppermost
was noted each time. The numbers uppermost on the die were:
2, 4, 1, 1, 5, 6, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1.
Estimate the probability of rolling a 5 with this die.
Think
1
WriTE
Experimental probability =
=
2
12
1
6
WorkEd ExamplE 2
A fair 6-sided die is rolled 48 times. How many times is an even number expected to show
uppermost?
Think
1
WriTE
= 36
= 12
= 12 48
= 24
WorkEd ExamplE 3
Inside a bag are 18 marbles, some white and the rest green. One marble is taken out without
looking, its colour is noted and the marble put back inside the bag. When this is done 30 times it
is found that a green marble was taken out 5 times. Estimate how many marbles of each colour
are in the bag.
476
Think
1
WriTE
5
30
1
6
25
30
5
6
=3
Expected number of white marbles = 56 18
= 15
Estimated number of each type of marble:
3 green, 15 white
Exercise 11a
the die?
5 A coin is tossed 500 times. What is the expected number of Heads?
6 A die is rolled 300 times. How many odd numbers or the number 2 are expected to turn up?
7 mC A die is tossed 102 times. The number of times a number between 1 and 3 inclusive is expected to
C 20
d 64
E 68
8 mC A box contains 2 blue beads, 3 green beads and 1 yellow bead. One bead is taken out, its colour
is noted and it is put back in the box. This is repeated 246 times. The number of times a bead that is not
yellow is expected to be taken out of the box is:
a 41
B 82
C 205
d 123
E 164
9 WE3 Inside a box are 42 plastic shapes. Some of the shapes are squares and the remainder are circles.
One shape is taken out at random, its shape is noted and it is put back in the box. After this is repeated
84 times it is found that a square was taken out 36 times. Estimate how many squares and how many
circles are in the bag.
10 A closed box with a hole in one corner contains coloured marbles: 4 are red, 2 are blue, 3 are white and
1 is green. The box is shaken and 1 marble falls out. Its colour is recorded and it is placed back in the
box. This is done 200 times.
a How many times is a red or blue marble expected to fall out of the box after 200 trials?
b How many times is a marble that has a colour other than white expected to fall out of the box after
200 trials?
11 mC A moneybox contains 128 coins. There are 5-cent and 10-cent coins. The box is shaken, a coin
falls out, the value of the coin is noted and it is placed back inside the box. After this is repeated
96 times it is noted that a 5-cent coin fell out 60 times. The estimated number of 10-cent coins in the
moneybox is:
a 24
B 64
C 60
d 36
E 48
ChapTEr 11 Introductory probability
477
diGiTal doC
doc-9805
WorkSHEET 11.1
11B
diGiTal doC
doc-9810
Extension
Sets and Venn
diagrams
Calculating probabilities
Many of the methods arising from a study of probability can be investigated by using set theory. A
review of the basic work on sets is provided in your eBookPLUS.
This section describes how to calculate exact theoretical probabilities rather than use experimental results
to estimate probabilities. We know that the theoretical probability of a fair coin coming up Heads is exactly 12.
We must remember that this does not mean that exactly half the tosses of the coin will be Heads, but rather
that the long-run proportion of Heads will approach 12 as the number of tosses becomes very large.
If n is the number of trials, then as n ( means approaches, or gets closer to): the proportion
of successes the theoretical probability of a success.
Before describing how to calculate theoretical probability (and avoid the need to perform a large
number of trials), we need to discuss the ideas of event space and favourable outcome in more detail.
Event space
The event space (or sample space) consists of all possible outcomes of an experiment. The event space is
the universal set and is denoted by .
WorkEd ExamplE 4
A 6-sided die is rolled. List the elements of the event space and state the cardinal number.
Think
478
WriTE
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
n() = 6
WorkEd ExamplE 5
WriTE
E = {H5, H6}.
probabilities
The game of Zilch involves tossing a fair 6-sided die and scoring points for rolling a 6 or a 1.
The events rolling a 6 and rolling a 1 are called favourable outcomes.
The total number of outcomes is 6 (a result of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 could be rolled). Each outcome is
equally likely for a fair die.
Intuition may lead us to assert that the probability of scoring by rolling a die in a game of Zilch is 26 = 13.
More formally, for equally likely outcomes:
probability of a favourable outcome =
or
Pr(favourable outcome) =
Pr(scoring) = 26
= 13 as before.
n(E )
n( )
where Pr(E ) is the probability of event E, n(E ) is the cardinal number of event E and n( ) is the cardinal
number of the event space. The above Zilch example may be illustrated as follows, where E = getting a
6 or a 1.
Pr(E) =
2
3
5
6 1 4
= 1.
Pr(E) + Pr(E) = 1
and
Pr(E) = 1 Pr(E)
ChapTEr 11 Introductory probability
479
WorkEd ExamplE 6
A number is randomly chosen from the first 12 positive integers. Find the probability of:
a choosing the number 8
b choosing any number except 8.
Think
WriTE
a 1 Pr(favourable outcome)
Pr(8) =
1
12
b Pr(not 8) = 1
Pr(E ) = 1 Pr(E ).
= 11
12
1
12
range of probabilities
If there is no favourable outcome for event E, then n(E ) = 0, so:
n(E )
n( )
0
=
n( )
=0
Pr(E) =
n( )
n( )
= 1.
We interpret this to mean that events certain to happen have a probability of 1. Thus the range of
values for the probability of an event is given by 0 Pr(E ) 1. The probability line below illustrates the
range of probabilities and the likelihood of the event occurring.
0
1
4
1
2
3
4
A fair cubic die with faces numbered 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 is rolled. Determine the probability that the
number appearing uppermost will be:
a even
b odd
c less than 1
d greater than or equal to 1.
Think
WriTE
a n( ) = 6
Pr(even number) = 4
6
=2
3
480
b Pr(odd number) =
Also 1 2 = 1 since
3
3
Pr(odd number) + Pr(even number) = 1
c None of the outcomes correspond to a number
2
6
1
3
less than 1.
0
6
=0
than or equal to 1.
6
6
=1
In worked example 7, notice that if A is the event even number then the complement (A) of A is the
event odd number and
Pr(A) + Pr(A) = 46 + 26
= 1.
Similarly, if B is the event a number less than 1 then B is the event a number greater than or equal to 1
so that
Pr(B)+Pr(B) = 0 + 6
6
=1
WorkEd ExamplE 8
One letter is randomly selected from the letters in the sentence LITTLE MISS MUFFETT. Calculate
the probability that the letter is:
a a vowel
b a consonant other than a T
c a consonant.
Think
WriTE
a 1 Pr(favourable outcome)
Exercise 11B
8
17
Pr(consonant) = 12
Calculating probabilities
5
17
Pr(vowel) =
17
Red
Blue
Yellow Green
481
2 A numberplate is made up of 3 letters followed by 3 numbers. What is the event space for the first
7 players in the team, what is the probability the person who plays goal attack is:
a chosen?
b not chosen?
8 One Year 11 student must be chosen to represent the year level at a staff meeting. If all 81 girls and
73 boys names are put into a container and one name is chosen at random, find the probability that:
a a Year 11 student is chosen
b any particular Year 11 student is chosen
c a boy is chosen.
9 One card is chosen from a pack of 52 playing cards.
b a heart?
d not a picture card?
10 Four hundred thousand tickets are sold in a raffle. The winner of the
raffle will toss the coin at the AFL grand final. If you bought
10 tickets, what is the probability that you will win?
11 WE7 A standard die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling:
a an even number?
b a 5?
c a number from 2 to 4 inclusive?
d a number less than 7?
12 A bag has 20 marbles numbered 1, 2, 3, . . ., 20. One marble is randomly drawn. Find the probability
c a multiple of 4
d not even.
13 WE8 One letter is randomly selected from the letters of the palindrome Madam, Im Adam.
randomly selecting:
a the letter m?
b a vowel?
c a consonant?
d a letter from the first half of the alphabet?
16 A lolly shop has 85 different types of lollies
A useful way of representing all possible outcomes for sequential activities is by means
of a tree diagram. A tree diagram consists of paths formed from branches. Each sample
point (possible outcome) corresponds to a unique path that is found by following the
branches. For example, a tree diagram could be drawn to show all possible outcomes
when a coin is tossed twice.
The first set of branches shows the possible outcome of the first activity, in this case
tossing the coin the first time.
The second set of branches is then joined onto the ends of the first
2nd coin
1st coin
set to show all outcomes of both tosses of the coin.
Note that the outcomes are written at the end of each path through
the tree diagram.
H
The cardinal number of the sample space is the total number of
end branches at the end of each path. If all outcomes are equally
likely, the probability can then be determined as before by using
T
n(E )
Pr(E ) =
.
n( )
1st coin
H
T
Outcome
H HH
T HT
H TH
T TT
WorkEd ExamplE 9
A card is chosen from a pack of 52 playing cards and its suit noted; then
it is returned to the pack before another card is chosen.
a Draw a tree diagram showing all possible suit outcomes.
b Calculate the probability of choosing:
i two hearts
ii a diamond then a spade
iii a heart and a club.
Think
WriTE/draW
1st card
S spade
2nd card
S
H
D
C
S
H
D
C
S
H
D
C
S
H
D
C
H heart
H
D diamond
C club
TUTorial
eles-1448
Worked example 9
Outcome
SS
SH
SD
SC
HS
HH
HD
HC
DS
DH
DD
DC
CS
CH
CD
CC
b i Pr(HH) = 16
ii Pr(DS) =
1
16
2
16
1
8
483
WorkEd ExamplE 10
WriTE/draW
1st letter
2nd letter
Outcomes
I
R
D
BI
BR
BD
B
R
D
IB
IR
ID
B
I
D
RB
RI
RD
B
I
R
DB
DI
DR
5
= 12
lattice diagrams
9 10 11 12
9 10 11
8 9 10
3 4
Die 1
Die 1
WorkEd ExamplE 11
Coin
Die 2
Die 2
When showing all possible outcomes of two activities such as a die is rolled twice, a tree diagram can
become very large. An alternative method of showing all possible outcomes in this situation is a lattice
diagram.
A lattice diagram is a graphical representation in which the axes show the possible outcomes of each
activity. The coordinates or points inside the graph show the possible outcomes from the combination
of both activities, for example a total. These can be written as dots, as totals or by using a symbol for
each outcome.
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
1
3 4
Die
Think
WriTE/draW
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Put these numbers on each axis.
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
b Pr(2, 1) =
Die 2
1
36
6
5
4
7 8 9 10 11 12
6 7 8 9 10 11
5 6 7 8 9 10
3
2
1
4 5 6
3 4 5
2 3 4
7 8 9
6 7 8
5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6
Die 1
Pr(total = 7) =
6
36
= 16
Exercise 11C
1 WE9 A psychic powers test kit contains 10 blue, 10 red and 10 green cards, each without any
markings. In one particular test session, Mental Mal selects a card, replaces it, and selects a card
again.
a Draw a tree diagram showing the possible colour outcomes at each stage.
b Calculate the probability of Mal choosing:
i two blue cards
ii a red card, then a green card
iii a green and a red card.
diGiTal doC
doc-9806
Stirlings formula
2 A coin is tossed together with a disc that is red on one side and white on its other side.
a Show all possible outcomes on a tree diagram.
b Calculate the probability that the coin lands Tails and the disc lands red.
3 Two letters from the word CAT are chosen.
a Show all possible outcomes on a tree diagram.
b Calculate the probability that the letter A is chosen first and the letter T is chosen second.
4 Two coins are tossed.
a Show all possible outcomes on a tree diagram.
b Find the probability that one head and one tail turned up.
5 The two spinners shown are spun and the colour on which each stops is noted.
Spinner 1
Spinner 2
485
yellow is spun.
The probability of getting Tails and the colour yellow is:
a
d
5
6
1
2
B
E
1
6
3
4
4
5
7 A pentagonal solid whose faces are numbered 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 is rolled and a disc that is red
on one side and blue on its other side is tossed. Draw a tree diagram and calculate the
probability that a number greater than 4 is rolled and the colour showing uppermost on the
disc is red.
8 WE 10 An integer from 2 to 3 inclusive is chosen from one hat and an integer from 4 to 6 inclusive is
Chocolate
you get:
a two Heads and an even number
b a Head, a Tail and an odd number
c a Head, a Tail and a number less than 4.
16 Find the probability of obtaining an odd number and at least one Tail when a die and two coins are
tossed.
17 mC Three coins are tossed once. The probability that at least one coin shows Heads is:
a
d
486
3
4
7
8
B
E
3
8
1
4
2
3
numbers.
c Find the probability of getting a total of 9.
20 A die is rolled and a coin is tossed.
a Draw a lattice diagram to show all of the possible outcomes.
b Find the probability of obtaining a 3 and a Tail.
c Find the probability of obtaining an even number and a Head.
21 Two dice are rolled. Find the probability:
a of obtaining two 6s
b of rolling a 3 and a 4
c that the sum of the numbers appearing uppermost is
less than 10
d that the first number is a 3 and the sum of the numbers
Determine the probability that the first die shows a vowel and the second die shows a number greater
than 6.
23 A diner orders an entree, main course and dessert from a lunch menu that offers 3 different entrees,
2 different main courses and 2 different desserts. Show these choices on a tree diagram and find the
probability that the diner orders a particular entree and main course.
11d
[1]
n(A B)
n( )
[2]
n( ) n( )
n( )
Pr(A B) =
487
WorkEd ExamplE 12
If A and B are events such that Pr(A) = 0.8, Pr(B) = 0.2 and Pr(A B) = 0.1, calculate Pr(A B).
Think
WriTE
WorkEd ExamplE 13
If A and B are events such that Pr(A B) = 0.55, Pr(A) = 0.2 and Pr(B) = 0.45, calculate
Pr(A B).
Think
WriTE
WorkEd ExamplE 14
If Pr(A B) = 0.2 and Pr(A B) = 0.9, calculate Pr(A) and Pr(B) if events A and B are equally
likely to occur.
Think
WriTE
0.9 = x + x 0.2
0.9 = 2x 0.2
1.1 = 2x
so x = 0.55
Pr(A) = 0.55, Pr(B) = 0.55
WorkEd ExamplE 15
A B and A B.
488
What is n()?
TUTorial
eles-1449
Worked example 15
WriTE
n () = 16
Pr(A) =
4
16
=1
Pr(B) =
ii
=
iii
Pr(A B) =
=
iv Pr(A B) =
4
8
16
1
2
4
16
1
4
8
16
1
2
1
4
Note: The Addition Law could also be used to determine any one of Pr(A B), Pr(A), Pr(B) or
Pr(A B) when the other three quantities are known.
For example, to find Pr(A B) we have:
Pr(A B) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) Pr(A B)
=
=
4
16
1
2
8
16
4
16
The Venn diagram below left may be adapted to show probabilities rather than outcomes and used to
solve problems (below right).
(A B)
A
A B
A B
or
Pr(A B)'
B
AB
A B
or
Pr(A' B')
Pr(A B')
Pr(A B)
Pr(A' B)
WorkEd ExamplE 16
An 8-sided die (numbered from 1 to 8) is rolled once. Find the probability that the number
appearing uppermost is: a an even number b an even number or a multiple of 3.
Think
n(E) = 4, n( ) = 8
WriTE
a Pr(E ) =
n(E )
n( )
Pr(E) = 4
8
= 12
b 1 M = multiple of 3 = {3, 6}. The probability
Pr(E M ) = 12 + 14 18
= 58
489
WorkEd ExamplE 17
If Pr(A) = 0.6, Pr(B) = 0.45 and Pr(A B) = 0.7, show this information on a Venn diagram and
calculate Pr(A B).
Think
WriTE/draW
(A B)'
A
Exercise 11d
1 WE12
Pr(A B) + Pr(A B) = 1
Pr(A B) = 1 Pr(A B)
= 1 0.7
= 0.3
If Pr(A) = 0.4, Pr(B) = 0.5 and Pr(A B) = 0.2, what is Pr(A B)?
2 If Pr(A) = 0.65, Pr(B) = 0.25 and Pr(A B) = 0.22, what is Pr(A B)?
3 If A and B are mutually exclusive events and Pr(A) = 0.38, Pr(B) = 0.51, what is Pr(A B)?
4 WE13 If A and B are events such that Pr(A) = 0.4, Pr(B) = 0.5 and Pr(A B) = 0.6, calculate Pr(A B).
5 For events X, Y, if Pr(Y) = 0.44, Pr(X Y) = 0.16 and Pr(X Y) = 0.73, what is Pr(X)?
6
For events D and E, if Pr(D) = 0.76, Pr(D E) = 0.82 and Pr(D E) = 0.35, what is Pr(E)?
7 WE14 If Pr(A) = 2 Pr(B), Pr(A B) = 0.23 and Pr(A B) = 0.94, determine the values of Pr(A)
and Pr(B).
8 If Pr(A B) = 0.75, Pr(A) = 0.28 and Pr(B) = 0.47, what can be concluded about the relationship
between A and B?
9 If Pr(A B) = Pr(A), what is the relationship between A and B?
10 WE15 A card is chosen at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Let H be the event choosing a
490
A box of chocolates contains 12 with hard centres and 8 with soft centres. One chocolate is chosen
at random. Let H be the event choosing a hard centre and S be the event choosing a soft centre.
a Evaluate:
i Pr(H)
ii Pr(S)
iii Pr(H S)
iv Pr(H S).
b Are H and S mutually exclusive events?
12 From a group of 100 people, 25 said they drink tea, 40 said they drink coffee and 15 said they drink
both beverages. If one member of the group is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the person:
a drinks only tea?
b drinks neither tea nor coffee?
c drinks tea and coffee?
d drinks tea or coffee?
13 WE16 A box contains 20 marbles numbered 1 to 20. Find the probability of obtaining:
a an even number
b a multiple of 3
c a multiple of 2 or 3.
14 Find the probability of an odd number or a multiple of 4 appearing uppermost when a die is rolled.
15 Find the probability that a number divisible by 4 or 5 is drawn from a lucky dip containing the first
50 natural numbers.
16 From a standard pack of 52 playing cards, one card is randomly drawn. State the probability that the card is:
a a ten
b a diamond
c a king or a jack
d a diamond, a spade or the ace of hearts.
17 A mixed bag of lollies contains 8 peppermint twists, 10 red jelly beans, 10 caramels, 18 chocolates,
4 peppermint twirls, 5 yellow jelly beans and 25 toffees. If Tara randomly selects one lolly, what is the
probability that it is:
a a peppermint or a jelly bean?
b not a toffee, a caramel or a jelly bean?
c a peppermint, given that the jelly beans are stuck together and cannot be selected?
18 Sarah is competing in a 400-metre race against 13 other runners. If each contestant has the same
one coin falls out. Assuming that each coin is equally likely to fall out, calculate the probability that the
coins value is:
a between 10c and $2 (not including 10c or $2)
b not 50c
c $1 or $2
d less than $1.
20 Inside a dresser drawer are 4 ties, 10 socks, 4 handkerchiefs and 2 towels. If Tony randomly takes out
5 sliced pear pieces, 11 whole strawberries, 6 whole plums and 4 sliced apricot halves. The waiter
accidentally trips and a piece of fruit falls off the platter. Assuming that each piece of fruit was equally
likely to fall, state the probability that the fallen fruit is:
a not a plum and not an apricot
b not sliced
c sliced or is not a strawberry
d either a pear or an orange that has not been sliced.
22 The games Alotto, Blotto and Clotto involve guessing a number from 1 to 100 inclusive. To win Alotto
the number guessed must be a multiple of 3. To win Blotto the number must be a multiple of 5 or a
multiple of 8. To win Clotto the guessed number is to be between 10 and 20 or greater than 77.
Decide which game is easier to win.
ChapTEr 11 Introductory probability
491
23 WE17 If Pr(A) = 0.3, Pr(B) = 0.4 and Pr(A B) = 0.65, show this information on a Venn diagram and
24 Of 20 people interviewed, 7 stated that they use both a tram and a train to get to work, and
2 said they drive their own car. No other form of transport or combination of transport is
used. If 5 people travel only by train, find the probability that a person selected at random travels
by tram only.
25 The unusual dartboard shown below consists of 10 concentric circles, with 1024 points given for a dart
landing within the first (smallest) circle, 512 points for a hit within the area bounded by the first and
second circle, 256 points if the dart lands within the area bounded by the second and third circles, and so
on. The area bounded by any two consecutive circles is the same.
Area 1
1024 points
Area 2
512 points
Area 3
256 points
Area 4
128 points
diGiTal doC
doc-9807
WorkSHEET 11.2
a Find the probability that a dart randomly hitting the board will score:
i 64
ii a multiple of 128
iii a number from 16 to 256 inclusive
iv a number from 17 to 1023 inclusive or a number less than 256.
b Why is it necessary to state that the areas bound by any two consecutive circles are
the same?
We have seen how Venn diagrams provide a visual representation of sets and probabilities. Another effective
approach is to display the information by means of a Karnaugh map. Consider a Venn diagram for two
sets A and B.
A B' A B A' B
A' B'
Notice that the Venn diagram consists of four mutually exclusive regions, A B, A B, A B and
A B. These four subsets of can be presented as a Karnaugh map.
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
492
A
A
Column 1
B
AB
A B
Column 2
B
A B
A B
Column 3
Comparing the table entries with the Venn diagram provides equality relationships across rows and
down columns. That is, in terms of regions we can see that for column 1, (A B) (A B) = B, and
for column 2, (A B) (A B) = B.
Similarly, for row 1, (A B) (A B) = A, and for row 2, (A B) (A B) = A. The third row
and column can be used to check the sum totals of each row and column. This type of verification can be
useful in practical problems.
Pr(A B)
Pr(A B)
Pr(A)
Pr(A B)
Pr(A B)
Pr(A)
Pr(B)
Pr(B)
Note the value of 1 at the bottom right of the table. This is the sum of the probabilities across the last
row and the sum of the probabilities down the last column.
That is, Pr(B) + Pr(B) = 1 and Pr(A) + Pr(A) = 1.
Consider the following example. A survey of 1000 taxi drivers revealed that 450 of them drive
Falcons and 500 drive Commodores. It was also found that 350 taxi drivers have occasion to use
both types of car. This information can be represented as a Venn diagram, a Karnaugh map or a
probability table.
Row 1
350
C
100
Row 2
150
400
550
500
500
1000
Row 3
dia
gram
Karnaugh
450
0.35
C
0.1
0.15
0.4
0.55
0.5
0.5
1.0
m
ap
0.45
Probability able
t
WorkEd ExamplE 18
Complete the probability table shown below and represent the information
as a Venn diagram.
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
TUTorial
eles-1450
Worked example 18
0.3
0.25
0.65
493
WriTE/draW
Think
1
0.25
0.35
0.3
0.7
1
0.45
0.65
B
0.1
0.25
0.35
0.3
0.7
1
B
0.2
0.45
0.65
B
0.1
0.25
0.35
0.3
0.7
1
A
0.65
2
B
A
A
A
0.1
0.2
B
0.45
0.25
WorkEd ExamplE 19
Complete a probability table, given that Pr(A B) = 0.24, Pr(A) = 0.32 and Pr(B) = 0.35.
Think
1
WriTE
A
A
0.32
0.24
0.35
0.11
0.24
0.35
B
0.32
0.11
B
0.21
0.24
0.44
0.68
0.35
0.65
0.32
0.68
0.65
WorkEd ExamplE 20
A group was surveyed in relation to their drinking of tea and coffee. From the results it was
established that if a member of the group is randomly chosen, the probability that that member
drinks tea is 0.5, the probability that they drink coffee is 0.6, and the probability that they drink
neither tea nor coffee is 0.1.
a Use the information to complete a probability table.
b Calculate the probability that a randomly selected person of the group:
i drinks tea but not coffee
ii drinks tea and coffee.
494
Think
WriTE
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.4
C
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.4
T
T
C
0.2
C
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.4
b i Pr(T C ) = 0.3
ii Pr(T C ) = 0.2
table.
Exercise 11E
1 WE 18 Complete each Karnaugh map and represent the information as a Venn diagram.
17
25
33
13
27
15
c
72
114
0.3
0.57
0.4
0.03
0.22
0.36
a U = 0.15
d V X = W 0.58
B V + W = 0.42
E U+Z=WZ
0.31
B
Y
0.75
0.58
C X + Y = 0.55
3 Complete a Karnaugh map given that n(A B) = 87, n(A B) = 13, n(A B) = 63 and
n( ) = 218.
4 Complete a Karnaugh map given that n(A B) = 35, n(A B) = 29, n(A B) = 44 and
n(A B) = 56.
5 Draw a Karnaugh map representing each Venn diagram.
a
495
A
10
B
6
A
15
B
7
18
5
6 Determine the probability values and complete a probability table using the given information.
a = {letters of the alphabet from a to k}, A = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, B = {e, f, g, h}
b = {first 20 natural numbers}, A = {natural numbers less than 11}, B = {natural numbers from 8
to 15 inclusive}
7 mC If A = {2, 7, 8, 10}, B = {3, 5, 7, 9, 10} and = {1, 2, . . . , 10}, then A B will contain the set:
a {3, 5, 7}
d {6, 7, 10}
B {1, 4}
E {2, 8}
C {2, 6, 9}
8 A survey of students revealed that 30 of them like football, 26 like soccer, 6 like both sports and 10
0.25
0.23
0.14
0.38
0.25
0.35
0.48
0.38
0.38
0.10
0.01
0.51
11 WE 19
a
b
c
d
0.23
0.14
0.38
0.25
0.39
0.38
0.48
0.23
12 Two hundred and eighty children were asked to indicate their preference for ice-cream flavours. It was
found that 160 of the children like chocolate flavour, 145 like strawberry and 50 like both flavours. Use
this information to complete a Karnaugh map.
13 WE20 An examination of 250 people showed that of those in the group who are less than or equal
to 20 years of age, 80 wear glasses and 55 do not. Also, 110 people over 20 years of age must wear
glasses.
a Represent the information as a probability table.
b Calculate the probability that a randomly selected person of the group:
i does not wear glasses and is over 20 years of age
ii is 20 years of age or younger.
14 For the probability table shown, A is the event no more than
B
A
0.08
0.6
A
0.67
11F
Conditional probability
Erin thinks of a number from 1 to 10 (say 8) and asks Peter to guess what it is. The probability that Peter
makes a correct guess on his first try is 1 . If, however, Erin first tells Peter that the number is greater
10
than 7, his chances are better because he now knows that the number must be one of the numbers 8, 9 or
1
10. His probability of success is now .
3
This problem may be stated as: What is the probability of Peter choosing the right number from 1 to
10, given that the number is greater than 7?
This is an example of conditional probability, where the probability of an event is conditional on (that
is, it depends on) another event occurring first. The effect in this case is to reduce the event space and
thus increase the probability of the desired outcome.
For two events A and B, the conditional probability of event A given that event B occurs is denoted by
Pr(A | B) and is given by:
Pr(A B)
Pr(A | B) =
, Pr (B) 0
Pr(B)
Event B is sometimes called the reduced event space.
For the example above, if we let B be the event numbers greater than 7 and A be the event
Erins secret number, then we may write:
Pr(A B)
Pr(A | B) =
Pr(B)
=
1
10
3
10
1
3
= (10
10
)
= 13
The reduced event space can be illustrated by the Venn diagram below.
B
1
5
2
8
9
10 6
3
7
4
497
WorkEd ExamplE 21
WriTE
Pr(A | B) =
Pr(A B)
Pr(B)
= 0.8
0.9
=8
9
WorkEd ExamplE 22
WriTE
b Pr(A | B) =
Pr(A B)
Pr(B)
= 0.2
0.5
= 25
WorkEd ExamplE 23
Of a group of 50 Year 11 students, 32 study Art and 30 study Graphics. Each student studies at
least one of these subjects.
a How many students study both?
b Illustrate the information as a Venn diagram.
c What is the probability that a randomly selected student studies Art only?
d Find the probability that a student selected at random from the group studies Graphics, given
that the student studies Art.
Think
WriTE/draW
Art
20
498
Graphics
12
18
c Pr(Art only) = 20
50
2
5
Pr(G A)
Pr(A)
32
= 12
50 50
= 12
32
= 38
WorkEd ExamplE 24
a 1 Calculate the
probabilities.
TUTorial
eles-1451
Worked example 24
WriTE/draW
a Pr(Ford) =
1
2
Pr(Holden) = 12
= 13
2
Car
1
2
Ford
1
2
Holden
Person
2
3
male
1
3
2
3
male
1
3
=
=
=
2
3
1
2
1
3
499
Once the tree diagram was drawn, the calculation for part a in worked example 24 was quite
intuitive. In order to calculate the probability of a female being selected, the occupants of both cars
needed to be considered. In fact, there is a rule of probability that formalises the calculation performed
in part a above. The law is known as the Law of Total Probability, and it states:
Pr(A) = Pr(A | B)Pr(B) + Pr(A | B)Pr(B)
To calculate the answer to part a of worked example 24, let Pr(A) = Pr(female) and
Pr(B) = Pr(Ford).
Pr(female) = Pr(female given the car is a Ford)Pr(Ford)
+ Pr(female given the car is a Holden)Pr(Holden)
= 13 12 + 13 12
= 13
Note that the Law of Total Probability simplifies to give the rule used in part a of worked example 24:
Pr(A) = Pr(A | B)Pr(B) + Pr(A | B)Pr(B)
Pr(A) = Pr(A B) + Pr(A B)
Exercise 11F
Conditional probability
4
5
3
4
B
E
3
5
2
3
1
4
2
5
1
2
1
9
B
E
5
9
4
9
a Pr(A B)
16 mC A group of 80 females consists of 54 dancers and 35 singers. Each member of the group is either
a dancer or a singer or both. The probability that a randomly selected member of the group is a singer
given that she is a dancer is:
a 0.17
B 0.44
C 0.68
d 0.11
E 0.78
17 WE23 A group of 60 adventurers comprises
least one of these items, what is the probability that one family randomly selected has a TV, given that
they also own a CD player?
19 During the Christmas holidays 42 students from a group of 85 VCE students found vacation
employment while 73 students went away on holidays. Assuming that every student had
at least a job or went on a holiday, what is the probability that a randomly selected
student worked throughout the holidays (that is, did not go away on holidays), given that
he/she had a job?
20 WE24 The probability that a machine in a chocolate factory does not coat a SNAP chocolate bar
adequately, therefore producing a defective product, is 0.08. The probability that it does not coat a
BUZZ chocolate bar adequately is 0.11. On any day the machine coats 250 SNAP bars and 500 BUZZ
bars. A chocolate bar is chosen at random from the production line. Draw a tree diagram to illustrate
the situation and find the probability that the chocolate bar chosen at random is:
a a BUZZ chocolate bar
b a SNAP chocolate bar and is defective
c defective, given that a SNAP bar is chosen.
21 The staff at Happy Secondary College is made up of 43 females and 29 males. Also, 22% of the
females are under 40 years old, and 19% of the males are under 40. If a staff member is selected at
random, what is the probability that:
a a male is selected?
b a male 40 years or over is selected?
c a female under the age of 40 is selected?
d a person under 40 years of age is selected?
e the person is a female given that the person selected is under 40 years of age?
22 Two letters are randomly picked from the word INFINITESIMAL. If a letter can be used more
than once, calculate the probability that both letters selected are vowels, given that the first letter
is a vowel.
introduction
In chapter 7 we saw many uses for matrices, from displaying information in an organised manner to
solving simultaneous equations or representing transformations. Matrices are also very useful in certain
conditional probability problems.
inTEraCTiViTY
int-0270
Transition matrices
501
Example
A jar contains six red balls and four green balls. A ball is selected at random and not replaced. A second
ball is then selected. Find the probability that the second ball is a red ball.
Solution
10
6
+6 4
= 59 10
9
10
=
=
R1
R2
4
9
G2
6
9
10
54
90
3
5
5
9
G1
3
9
R2
G2
This is an example of the law of total probability, which may be stated as:
Pr(A) = Pr(A|B ) Pr(B ) + Pr(A|B) Pr(B)
Applying the law to the complement of event A gives:
Pr(A ) = Pr(A |B) Pr(B) + Pr(A |B ) Pr(B )
These two equations may be written in matrix form:
Pr( A) Pr( A | B) Pr( A | B) Pr( B)
=
Pr( A) Pr( A | B) Pr( A | B) Pr( B)
The example can now be written in matrix form, where:
A = selecting a red ball on the second selection
A = selecting a green ball on the second selection
B = selecting a red ball on the first selection
B = selecting a green ball on the first selection.
Pr( A)
=
Pr( A)
5
9
4
9
6
9
3
9
5
9
4
9
6
9
3
9
Pr( B)
Pr( B)
6
10
4
10
3
5
2
5
The first element in the final column matrix is the same as the answer we obtained in the example
shown. The second element is the probability of selecting a green ball on the second selection.
Note that the columns of the matrix each add to one. This is equivalent to one of the properties of
probability, Pr(A)+Pr(A )=1. In this case it is actually Pr(A|B) + Pr(A |B)=1 for the first column and
Pr(A|B )+Pr(A |B )=1 for the second column.
The matrix of conditional probabilities is called a transition matrix, usually denoted T.
B
B
Pr( A | B) Pr( A | B)
T = A
A Pr( A | B) Pr( A | B)
The preceding example can be thought of as a transition from an initial state (selection of the first
ball, B or B being red ball or green ball respectively) to the next state (selection of the second ball,
A or A, that is red ball or green ball).
Pr( A)
Pr( B)
Pr( B)
The column matrices
and Pr( B) are called state matrices, where Pr( B) is the
Pr(
A
Pr( A)
initial state, which we might label as S0, and
is the next state, S1. The matrix equation
Pr( A)
becomes S1 = T S0.
502
WorkEd ExamplE 25
WriTE
B (Wins
first game)
B (Loses
first game)
A (Wins
second game)
(Pr(A | B))
0.8
(Pr(A | B))
0.5
A (Loses
second game)
(Pr(A | B))
?
(Pr(A | B))
?
B (Wins first
game)
B (Loses first
game)
A (Wins
second game)
(Pr(A | B) )
0.8
(Pr(A | B) )
0.5
A (Loses
second game)
(Pr(A | B) )
0.2
(Pr(A | B))
0.5
TUTorial
eles-1452
Worked example 25
0.8 0.5
T=
0.2 0.5
The matrix equation S1 = T S0 describes the transition from state S0 (the first game) to state S1 (the
second game). If the conditional probabilities remain the same, then a similar equation will express the
transition from any particular state to the next state.
In general, Sn + 1 = T Sn may be used to determine any state from the previous one.
WorkEd ExamplE 26
WriTE
0.8 0.5
T=
0.2 0.5
S0 = 0
1
503
0.8 0.5
0.2 0.5 t
1
0 s0
t s0 s1
0.8
0.2
t s1 s2
0.74
0.26
This worked example shows the power of using matrices. If the conditional probabilities remain
constant and the outcomes of any particular state depend only on the previous state, then we have a (twostate) Markov Process. We can easily calculate the probabilities associated with any of the later states
without determining all the intermediate ones.
As S1 = T S0 and S2 = T S1,
S2 = T T S0 = T2 S0
Continuing in this fashion, we see that:
and, in general, Sn =
Tn
S3 = T S2 = T (T S1) = T T T S0 = T3 S0
S0.
WorkEd ExamplE 27
Using the data of worked example 25, find the probability that the team wins the fifth game of
the season, assuming it loses the first game.
Think
504
WriTE
0.8 0.5
T = 0.2 0.5
S0 = 0
1
0.8 0.5
0.2 0.5 t
0
1 s0
t 4 s0
0.7085
0.2915
WorkEd ExamplE 28
Suppose there are 800 people in a town who watch the two current affairs shows on television:
Breakdown and News Roundup. Assume they all watch just one of the shows every week night.
Also assume that if a person were to watch Breakdown on a particular night, then there is a
probability of 0.35 that she will watch Breakdown the next night. If she were to watch News
Roundup on a particular night, there is a probability of 0.45 that she will watch Breakdown the
next night. These probabilities remain constant.
If 300 people watch Breakdown on Tuesday night of a particular week, how many will watch
each show on the next Thursday night?
Think
1
WriTE
Watches
Watches News
Breakdown Roundup on
on first night first night
Watches Breakdown
on next night
0.35
0.45
Watches News
Roundup on next
night
2
Watches
Watches News
Breakdown Roundup on
on first night first night
Watches Breakdown
on next night
0.35
0.45
Watches News
Roundup on next
night
0.65
0.55
0.35 0.45
T=
0.65 0.55
300
S0 =
500
505
0.35 0.45
0.65 0.55 t
300
500 s0
t 2 s0
327
473
10
Exercise 11G
1 WE25 Consider a simple model of the behaviour of a netball team. If it wins a game, then
the probability that it wins the next game is 0.75. If it loses, then the probability that it wins
the next game is only 0.5. Write down the transition matrix that represents the transition from
one game to the next.
2 WE26 Suppose the conditional probabilities expressed in question 1 remain constant throughout the
netball season. Also, suppose the team wins the first game of the season. Express the problem in matrix
form and find the probability that the team loses the third game of the season.
0.6 0.7
30
and an initial state matrix S0 = 70 , calculate:
0.4
0.3
b S2
c S3.
0.35 0.5
800
and an initial state matrix S0 =
, calculate, giving
0.65 0.5
200
answers to the nearest whole number:
a S1
b S2
c S4.
0.6 0.25
3
, calculate T . Use the result to calculate S3 if the initial
0.4 0.75
state matrix S0 = 1 .
0
0.85 0.5
4
, calculate T . Use the result to calculate S4 if the initial
0.15
0.5
state matrix S0 = 1 .
0
7 WE28 A school canteen offers vegetable or tomato soup in a cup each day. It is noticed that 30%
of students who have vegetable soup on a given day select tomato soup the next day, and 60% who
have tomato soup choose vegetable soup on the next day. There are 500students who use the canteen
each day, and they all have vegetable or tomato soup, but not both. On a particular Monday, 200 have
vegetable soup and 300 have tomato soup.
a Set up a transition matrix for this situation.
b Write down the initial state matrix.
506
c How many students will have vegetable soup and how many will have tomato soup on the Friday
defending penalty kicks. If he dives to the right on a given occasion, then the probability that he dives to
the right on the next occasion is 0.4. The transition matrix for the probabilities of Frank diving to
either side, given the side he dived to on the previous occasion, is 0.4 0.8 .
0.6 0.2
a If Frank dives to the left on a penalty he defends in todays game, what is the probability that he
will dive to the right for the next penalty?
b Suppose there is a penalty shoot-out that consists of each team taking five penalty shots at goal.
The player taking the fifth penalty kicks to the right. If Frank had dived to the left on the first
penalty, what is the probability that he dives to the right on the fifth penalty? Give answers
accurate to 2 decimal places.
9 Assume that the probability of a particular football team winning its next game is 0.75 if it won its
probability that she will do a Pilates session the next day is 0.6, and if she does a Pilates session one
day, the probability she does cycling next day is 0.75. Assume that Tasha goes to the gym every day
and does only cycling or Pilates.
a Write down the transition matrix for this situation.
b If Tasha cycles on Saturday, what is the probability that she also cycles the next Tuesday?
c What is the probability that she does Pilates on that Tuesday?
d What is the probability that she does Pilates on the next Tuesday?
11h
independent events
Two events A and B are independent if each event has no effect on the likelihood of the other.
Consider two independent events A and B, where event A follows event B. If the probability of event A
is unaffected by event B, then we can say that the probability of A, given B has happened, is the same as
the probability of A (whether or not B has happened), or, using symbols:
Pr(A | B) = Pr(A)
But Pr( A | B) =
we have:
[1]
P r (A B)
using the conditional probability formula. Rearranging the above equation
P r (B)
Pr(A B) = Pr(B) Pr(A | B)
[2]
Note: Equation [2] has wide application in probability. It may be extended and
interpreted as: When calculating the probability of a chain of events, you may simply multiply by
the probability of the next event, as long as the effect of previous events is taken into account.
Substituting [1] into [2] we have:
Pr(A B) = Pr(A) Pr(B)
ChapTEr 11 Introductory probability
507
Given that events A and B are independent, find the value of x if Pr(A) = 0.55, Pr(B) = 0.6 and
Pr(A B) = x.
Think
WriTE
x = 0.55 0.6
Simplify.
x = 0.33
WorkEd ExamplE 30
Show that if Pr(A) = 0.5, Pr(B) = 0.8 and Pr(A B) = 0.9, then A and B are independent.
Think
WriTE
WorkEd ExamplE 31
a 1 List , A, B and C.
508
3
Spinner 1
2
3
Spinner 2
WriTE
b Check to see if
Pr(A) Pr(B) = 23 13
2
9
= 29
When the probabilities of all possible outcomes are not equally likely, the probability of
each outcome is placed on the corresponding branch of the tree diagram. When each branch is
representing an outcome from independent events, you can follow the branches and multiply the
probabilities together.
WorkEd ExamplE 32
A moneybox contains three $1 coins and two $2 coins. The moneybox is shaken; one coin falls out and
is put back in the box. This is repeated twice more. If each coin has an equal probability of falling out:
a represent this information on a tree diagram
b calculate the probability of getting three $1 coins
c calculate the probability of getting at least two $2 coins.
Think
WriTE/draW
$1
0.4
$2
0.6
$1
0.4
$2
0.6
$1
0.4
$2
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
$1 $1, $1, $1
$2 $1, $1, $2
$1 $1, $2, $1
$2 $1, $2, $2
$1 $2, $1, $1
$2 $2, $1, $2
$1 $2, $2, $1
$2 $2, $2, $2
= 0.216
509
WorkEd ExamplE 33
Christos estimates his chances of passing Maths, Science and English as 0.75,
0.6 and 0.5 respectively.
a Represent this information on a tree diagram.
b Assuming the events are independent, calculate the probability that:
i he passes all three subjects
ii he passes at least Maths and English
iii he passes at least one subject.
Think
WriTE/draW
Pr(M) = 0.75
Pr(S) = 0.6
Pr(E ) = 0.5
Maths
0.75
M'
Science
0.6
0.4
S'
0.6
0.4
S'
English
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
E
E'
MSE
MSE'
E
E'
MS'E
MS'E'
E
E'
M'SE
M'SE'
E
E'
M'S'E
M'S'E'
ii Pr(MSE or MS E)
= Pr(MSE) + Pr(MS E)
Simplify.
= 0.375
510
Pr(M) = 0.25
Pr(S) = 0.4
Pr(E) = 0.5
0.25
TUTorial
eles-1453
Worked example 33
= 1 Pr( MSE)
= 1 0.25 0.4 0.5
= 1 0.05
= 0.95
Exercise 11h
independent events
1 WE29 Given that events A and B are independent, find the value of x if:
a Pr(A) = 0.4, Pr(B) = 0.5 and Pr(A B) = x
b Pr(A) = 0.7, Pr(B) = x and Pr(A B) = 0.49
c Pr(A) = x, Pr(B) = 0.8 and Pr(A B) = 0.32
d Pr(A) = 0, Pr(B) = 0.5 and Pr(A B) = x
e Pr(A) = 0.375, Pr(B) = x and Pr(A B) = 0.225.
2 WE30 Show that if Pr(A) = 0.6, Pr(B) = 0.25 and Pr(A B) = 0.7, then A and B are independent.
3 Two coins are tossed.
a List the event space.
b Show that the two events Heads with the first coin and Tails with the second coin are
independent.
4 A coin is tossed twice. If A is the event Heads with the first toss and B is the event two Heads,
the die?
b Establish if the events Tails with the coin and getting an even number with the die are
independent.
6 mC Pr(A) = 0.4 and Pr(B) = 0.5. If A and B are independent events, the value of Pr(A B) is:
a 0.5
B 0.7
C 0.4
d 0.9
E 0.8
A standard die coloured red and a standard die coloured blue are rolled. If A = two odd
numbers, B = a 1 or a 5 with the first die and C = the sum of the two numbers is less than 4:
a calculate Pr(A), Pr(B) and Pr(C )
b decide whether each of AB, AC and BC are independent.
7 WE31
8 mC Two coins are tossed and a die is rolled. The probability that there are less than two Heads and
3
4
1
3
2
3
1
24
1
4
9 mC The probabilities of Anna, Bianca and Celia passing a Geography test are 0.75, 0.5 and 0.6
respectively. The probability that only two girls will pass the next Geography test is:
a 0.65
B 0.275
C 0.45
d 0.14
E 0.15
10 mC A die is biased so that the probability of rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 is 0.25, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.15
or 0.2 respectively. If the die is rolled twice, the probability that the sum of the two numbers rolled is
greater than 9 is:
a 0.2255
B 0.4355
C 0.5650
d 0.1625
E 0.1255
11 WE32 A box contains 6 red marbles and 4 blue marbles. One marble is randomly drawn, its colour
is noted and the marble is put back in the box. This procedure is done two more times. Represent the
information as a tree diagram and calculate the probability of getting:
a three red marbles
b two red marbles and one blue marble in any order
c three red marbles or three blue marbles.
12
One card is randomly drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards, then the card is replaced and a
second card randomly chosen. Determine the probability that:
a both cards are aces
b both cards are spades
c the two cards are different colours.
13 A die is biased so that the probability of obtaining the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 is 0.1, 0.3, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2
and 0.1 respectively. If the die is rolled twice, find the probability of rolling:
a two 6s
b an odd number followed by an even number
c two numbers that sum to 4
d two numbers whose sum is greater than 10.
ChapTEr 11 Introductory probability
511
14 A Krisp-O cereal box contains an action card of a famous sports player selected from 10 cricket stars,
Ibrahim estimates the probability of rain on Monday and Tuesday as 0.7 and 0.4 respectively.
Assuming that the events rain on Monday and rain on Tuesday are independent:
a represent this information on a tree diagram
b calculate the probability of rain on both days
c calculate the probability of no rain on at least one of the two days.
17 A school junior swim team has five Year 7 students and seven Year 8 students. A merit certificate is to
be awarded to one student from Year 7 and to one student from Year 8.
a If each student has an equal chance of selection, state the probability of a particular student from
Year 7 and a particular student from Year 8 receiving the award.
b If a special achievement certificate is also to be given to one of the students, what is the
probability that a particular student wins two awards, assuming that each student has the same
chance of being selected?
18 To open a combination lock involves using the correct sequence of
5 black beads, 2 red beads and 3 white beads. A nylon bag contains 6black beads, 1 red bead and
3 white beads.
One bead is randomly withdrawn from each bag. What is the probability of getting:
a three black beads?
b a red bead from the leather bag but not a red bead from the plastic bag?
c at least two white beads?
diGiTal doC
doc-9809
SkillSHEET 11.2
Sampling without
replacement
20
One letter is randomly selected from each of the words HOORAY FOR MATHS. Find the
probability of getting:
a three vowels
b at least two consonants
c at least one vowel which is not the letter O.
21 At Greengate Secondary College, the probability of a VCE student proceeding to university studies is
50%, the probability of enrolling in TAFE courses is 20%, and there is a 30% probability of finding
employment immediately after completion of the VCE. For a group of four randomly selected VCE
students, what is the probability that:
a all of them will undertake university studies?
b all will seek employment or all will undertake TAFE courses?
512
11i
Simulation
Simulation methods are used to model events when direct investigations may not be possible or practical
because of factors such as insufficient time, possible danger or the expense involved. The aim of such
methods is to obtain results comparable to the outcomes that would have been observed if the event had been
examined directly. For example, the possible effects of air resistance on the structure and stability of a newly
designed aeroplane may be investigated by performing wind-tunnel experiments using a scale model of the
aircraft. On a larger scale, the economic implications arising from interest rate changes may be investigated
using mathematical models that will take into account relevant variables such as unemployment and the cost
of living. Altering the value and type of variable will provide a range of predicted outcomes.
Many basic simulation techniques involve the generation of random numbers. Methods used include
coins, dice, cards, spinners, random number tables, calculators and computers. A CAS calculator can be
especially useful.
diGiTal doC
doc-9810
Extension
Sampling without
replacement
WorkEd ExamplE 34
Pina estimates her chance of passing an English test as 23, and must take 5 tests during the year.
a Explain how a CAS calculator may be used to simulate the 5 tests.
b Carry out a simulation to obtain an estimate of Pinas performance on the 5 tests.
Think
b 1
2
3
WriTE/diSplaY
Random
number
3
3
1
2
2
Test
outcome
Fail
Fail
Pass
Pass
Pass
WorkEd ExamplE 35
The probability of a Jonathan apple tree producing fruit in any one season is 56 and the
probability of a Granny Smith apple tree bearing fruit in a season is 34.
a Assuming the two events are independent, calculate the probability that during a particular
season:
i both trees will produce fruit ii both trees will bear no fruit
iii only one of the trees will bear fruit.
b Devise a suitable simulation model consisting of 10 trials for each tree to obtain estimates
for the probabilities obtained in a.
ChapTEr 11 Introductory probability
513
WriTE
Think
a Let
Pr(J ) = 5, Pr(G) = 3
1
6
1
24
3
4
ii Pr(J G) =
Note:
Pr(J ) = 1 Pr(J ) = 1 5 = 1 and
6
5
6
5
8
i Pr(J G) =
1
4
Pr(G ) = 1 Pr(G) = 1 3 = 1
4
= Pr(J G) + Pr(J G)
= 56 14 + 16 34
= 13
Trial Die
3
1
4
2
3
1
4
2
5
6
6
5
7
3
8
6
1
9
1
10
= Fruit = No fruit
Coin Jonathan Granny Smith
TH
HT
TT
HH
TH
HT
TH
HH
HT
HH
bearing no fruit.
iii Trials 1, 7 and 8 correspond to only one
fruit =
1
10
Compare the calculated and simulated probabilities in worked example 35. Repeat the simulation to
obtain a new set of results. How do they compare?
514
Exercise 11i
Simulation
1 WE34 A student estimates the probability of stopping at a particular set of traffic lights when being
2 The table below shows the number of bullseyes scored by 40 dart players after 5 throws each.
a
b
c
d
1
4
0
3
4
2
1
5
4
2
3
0
4
5
2
1
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
4
3
5
3
2
4
4
0
2
1
0
3
5
4
2
3
1
Explain how a die or a CAS calculator can be used to obtain the range of numbers given in the
table.
What proportion of players scored at least 3 bullseyes?
Using a die (or by some other means), conduct 20 trials and obtain a second value for b.
Analysis of the results of a particular tournament (at which each player threw 3 darts) gives
the probability of scoring more than 2 bullseyes to be twice the probability of scoring less than
3 bullseyes.
i Explain how a die or a CAS calculator can be used to simulate this situation.
ii Perform 40 trials and compare your results to the given probabilities.
diGiTal doC
doc-9811
random numbers
3 A student generated 30 three-digit random numbers using a calculator. The results are given in the table
below.
200
123
399
165
100
355
778
400
150
100
387
001
793
215
030
288
345
009
970
993
546
720
549
139
248
405
369
217
935
782
a Explain how you can obtain 30 random 2-digit numbers from the table to simulate the ages of 30
people aged from 10 years to 100 years.
b Using the method you suggested for a, obtain an estimate of the proportion of the group that is
younger than 50 years of age.
4 WE35 A car may be said to be safe if both of its airbags will operate properly in the event of a
collision. Suppose that the probability of the drivers airbag failing is 1 and the probability of the front
4
passengers airbag not working is 1. Use one die and two coins to simulate the situation of the airbags
3
working/not working.
a Assuming the operation of the airbags to be
independent, find the probability that during a
collision:
i both airbags operate properly
ii neither airbag operates properly
iii only one airbag operates properly.
b Using a die and two coins, devise a simulation
model consisting of 20 trials to obtain an
estimate for the probabilities obtained in a.
5 A die and a coin are each tossed 20 times with the following results.
Die
1 3 2 4 6 5 4 3 2 3 1 6 4 6 2 1 4 2 2 1
Coin H H T H T T T H H T H T H T H T H T H H
H is Heads, T is Tails.
a Explain how the events of tossing a coin and rolling a die can be used to simulate the situation of
forming a particular dancing couple consisting of a man randomly chosen from a group of 2 men
and a woman randomly selected from a group of 3women.
b Perform 20 simulations to obtain an estimate of the probability of a particular man and a
particular woman dancing together.
6 Each packet of Krisp potato chips contains 1 of 5 different fridge magnets. Use 20trials for a simulation
analysis to determine how many packets of Krisps need to be purchased in order to obtain all 5 magnets.
ChapTEr 11 Introductory probability
515
Summary
introduction to
experimental
probability
Experimental probability =
Calculating
probabilities
Pr(favourable outcome) =
For event E, Pr(E ) =
n(E )
.
n( )
Pr(E ) + Pr(E ) = 1
Pr(E ) = 1 Pr(E )
If event E is impossible, Pr(E ) = 0.
If event E is certain to occur, Pr(E ) = 1.
0 Pr(E ) 1
Pr() = 1 and Pr() = 0
Outcomes can be illustrated by a tree diagram. The order of events determines the structure of the tree.
A lattice diagram is a grid used to show the possible outcomes when two events occur. It is
particularly useful when dealing with outcomes from rolling a die.
516
B'
A
A'
1
Conditional probability
For two events A and B, the conditional probability of event A given event B occurs is
Pr(A B)
Pr(A | B) =
, where Pr(B) 0 and B is the reduced event space.
n( )
Venn diagrams, tree diagrams and Karnaugh maps are useful aids in conditional probability
problems.
The Law of Total Probability: Pr(A) = Pr(A | B) Pr(B) + Pr(A | B) Pr(B)
Transition matrices
and markov chains
In general, Sn + 1 = T Sn may be used to determine any state from the previous one.
In general, Sn = T n S0.
independent events
Simulation
517
Chapter review
1 A random sampling of 80 ceramic tiles produced at a ceramics factory reveals 8 scratched, 3 chipped
$50
$100 Bo
o
Pri dy
ze
$200
se
Lo 00
$1
and 4 broken tiles. Estimate the probability that a tile produced at the factory will be:
a scratched
b chipped or broken
c damaged in some way.
A card is randomly selected from a deck, its suit is noted, and then the card is placed back in the deck.
The experiment is repeated to obtain a second card.
a List the possible outcomes for selecting 2 cards in this way.
b Are the outcomes all equally likely? Explain.
$1000 $
$10 Jackpot 60
A game show host spins the wheel shown at right. What is the probability that
the wheel ends on:
a the jackpot ($1000 prize)?
b a prize greater than $50?
A letter is chosen at random from each of the words GO BLUES. Represent all
possible outcomes on a tree diagram and find the probability that:
a G and B are chosen
b S is chosen
c G or S is chosen.
A standard die is thrown and the spinner shown at right is spun.
1
a Show all possible outcomes on a lattice diagram.
3
b Find the probability of getting a number greater than 4 on the die and
2
an odd number on the spinner.
A set of 20 uniformly sized cards numbered 1 to 20 is shuffled. What is the probability of drawing a
number less than 8 or an even number from this set?
A class of 30 students was asked if there was a pet dog at home and if the students were responsible for
pooper scooping before the backyard lawn was mown. Fourteen students had a dog but only 6 did the
pooper scooping.
a Draw a Karnaugh map showing this information.
b Complete a probability table.
c State the probability that a randomly selected student has a dog but avoids pooper scooping.
If Pr(A) = 0.3 and Pr(B | A) = 0.4, find Pr(A B).
Two identical, equally accessible cookie jars sit on a kitchen bench. Jar 1 contains 6 chocolate and
9 plain biscuits, and jar 2 contains 12 chocolate and 8 plain biscuits. One biscuit is selected randomly
from one of the jars. If a chocolate biscuit is selected, what is the probability that it came from jar 1?
Of 50 people surveyed, 35 played tennis and 26 played netball. Everyone surveyed played at least
one of these sports.
a How many people played both netball and tennis?
b If one person is selected at random, what is the probability that:
i he/she plays tennis only?
ii he/she plays netball?
iii he/she plays tennis, given that he/she also plays netball?
Lo
it a se
ll
S h orT
anS WEr
8
9
10
mUlT ip l E
Ch oiCE
$30
0 $500
$4
1 Twelve nuts are taken from a jar containing macadamias and cashews. If 3 macadamias are obtained,
1
12
1
4
1
3
3
4
3
1
2 From a normal pack of 52 playing cards, one card is randomly drawn and replaced. If this is done
208 times, the number of red or picture cards (J, Q or K) expected to turn up is:
a 150
B 130
C 120
d 160
E 128
3 A cubic die with faces numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 6 is rolled. The probability of rolling an even number is:
a
518
1
3
2
3
1
6
5
6
1
2
4 The probability of rolling an odd number or a multiple of 2 using the die in question 3 is:
a 1
1
3
1
4
3
4
2
3
5 The tree diagram that describes the outcomes when three coins are tossed is:
a
T
H
TH
TH
TH
H
T
TH
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
HT
TH
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
HT
Bag A
a
Yellow RY
Red
Blue
C
Red
Green
RG
Red YR
Yellow
Blue YB
Red GR
Yellow BY
Green
Bag B
Green
BG
Blue
RB
Green
RG
Blue GB
Red
Blue
Yellow
Yellow
E
Red
Blue
Yellow
Green
Blue
YB
Green
YG
Red
Blue
Yellow
Green
Red
Blue
Yellow
Green
Red
Blue
Yellow
Green
Red
Blue
Yellow
Green
Green
RR
RB
RY
RG
BR
BB
BY
BG
YR
YB
YY
YG
GR
GB
GY
GG
519
7 If Pr(A) = 0.6, Pr(B) = 0.7 and Pr(A B) = 0.8, then Pr(A B) is:
a
B
C
d
E
0.1
0.5
0.9
0.2
0.6
8 Consider the Karnaugh map at right, where C is people who like comedy
A
19
25
C
26
50
0.4
0.7
b
0.4
7
9
3
8
4
9
5
8
8
9
11 A fair coin is tossed twice. If A = Tails on first toss, B = Heads on second toss and C = both tosses are
E x TEndEd
r E S p onS E
520
1
4
3
8
2
5
5
8
3
4
1 For a transition matrix T = 0.22 0.33 and an initial state matrix S0 = 0.5 , calculate, accurate
0.78 0.67
0.5
to 3 decimal places:
a S1
b S4.
2 The manager of a snow resort has noticed that, if it snows on a given day, there is a 70% chance that
it will snow the following day. If it does not snow, there is only a 30% chance that it will snow the
following day. John arrived on a Saturday when the weather was sunny and clear.
a What is the probability that he will have fresh snow the following Tuesday?
b What is the probability that he will have fine weather for the drive home on the following
Saturday? (Give answers to 3 decimal places.)
3 A factory has a machine in poor working condition that often produces faulty components. If it
produces a faulty component, there is a probability of 0.25 that it will follow this up with another faulty
component. However, each time it produces a good component, there is a probability of only 0.05 that
it will next produce a faulty component. If there is a 20% chance that the first component of the day is
faulty, set up the initial state matrix and find the probability that:
a the second component is faulty
b the fifth component is faulty.
4 One student is selected at random from each of Years 7, 8 and 9. If there are 148 girls and 114 boys in
Year 7, 126 girls and 97 boys in Year 8, and 115 girls and 122 boys in Year 9, find the probability that
all students chosen are boys. Give your answer to 3 decimal places.
5
9 7
that he arrives at work to find a free parking space in his companys car park is 10. Assuming these
5 The probability that the newspaper is delivered to Geoffs house before 8.00 am is , and the probability
521
7 A large number of asthma sufferers were asked to volunteer for the testing of a new drug. Only some
of the volunteers were given the drug, but all of the volunteers were observed to see if they developed
asthma on a smoggy day. The results are shown in the table below.
Developed asthma
Did not develop
asthma
Given drug
148
566
184
diGiTal doC
doc-9812
Test Yourself
Chapter 11
522
asthma?
It was decided that conclusive observations about the effectiveness of the drug could not be made
after one day, so the same volunteers continued with the study for three months. (Assume that the
number of people given the drug is unchanged.) The results were:
395 people were given the drug and did not have an asthma attack
143 people were given the drug but had exactly one episode of asthma per month
97 people were not given the drug and developed asthma more than once a month
84 people were not given the drug and had exactly one episode of asthma each month.
f Represent this information using a Venn diagram.
g How many people were given the drug and had more than one episode of asthma per month?
h How many people in the study were not given the drug and did not have an episode of asthma?
i Given that a volunteer had been given the drug, what is the probability that they have more than
one episode of asthma per month?
j Given that a volunteer had more than one episode of asthma per month, what is the probability
they had taken the drug?
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DIGITAL DOC
10 Quick Questions doc-9801: Warm-up with ten quick questions on
introductory probability (page 475)
11A
DIGITAL DOCS
doc-9802: Investigate long-run proportion using a spreadsheet
(page 475)
doc-9803: Simulate the rolling of a die multiple times using a
spreadsheet (page 475)
doc-9804: Simulate the rolling of two dice multiple times using a
spreadsheet (page 475)
WorkSHEET 11.1 doc-9805: Calculate probabilities for everyday
events and random selection (page 478)
11B
Calculating probabilities
DIGITAL DOC
Extension doc-9810: Investigate sets and Venn diagrams (page 478)
11C
TUTORIAL
WE 9 eles-1448: Assuming replacement, use a tree diagram to
calculate the probabilities of drawing two specific cards (page 483)
DIGITAL DOC
doc-9806: Investigate Stirlings formula using a spreadsheet
(page 485)
11D
TUTORIAL
WE 15 eles-1449: Use the addition law of probabilities to
calculate probabilities and determine whether two events are
mutually exclusive (page 488)
DIGITAL DOC
WorkSHEET 11.2 doc-9807: Use Venn diagrams and tree diagrams
to calculate probabilities (page 492)
11E
11F
Conditional probability
TUTORIAL
WE 24 eles-1451: Use a tree diagram to calculate a conditional
probability (page 499)
DIGITAL DOC
SkillSHEET 11.1 doc-9808: Practise conditional probability
(page 500)
11G
INTERACTIVITY
Transition matrices int-0270: Consolidate your understanding of
transition matrices (page 501)
TUTORIAL
WE 25 eles-1452: Represent conditional probabilities of two
events in a table (page 503)
11H
Independent events
TUTORIAL
WE 33 eles-1453: Using a tree diagram, calculate probabilities
assuming three events are independent (page 510)
DIGITAL DOC
SkillSHEET 11.2 doc-9809: Practise sampling without replacement
(page 512)
11I
Simulation
DIGITAL DOCS
Extension doc-9810: Investigate sampling without replacement
(page 513)
doc-9811: Investigate random numbers using a spreadsheet
(page 515)
Chapter review
DIGITAL DOC
Test Yourself doc-9812: take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 522)
TUTORIAL
WE 18 eles-1450: Complete a probability table and use it to
represent the information in a Venn diagram (page 493)
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_11.indd 523
523
8/05/13 3:32 PM
Answers CHAPTER 11
2 a
Red
Head
White HW
Exercise 11a
Red
Tail
3 a
A
T
5 a
2
3
4
5
6
Calculating probabilities
a = {Red, Blue, Yellow, Green}
b n() = 4
= {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, . . . , X, Y, Z}
n() = 52
a = {spades H, spades T, clubs H,
clubs T, hearts H, hearts T, diamonds H,
diamonds T}
b S = {spades H, spades T}
= {HH, HT, TH, TT}
a = {boy Time Out, boy Mars Bar, boy
Violet Crumble, girl Time Out, girl Mars
Bar, girl Violet Crumble}
b M = {boy Mars Bar, girl Mars Bar}
1
7 a 7
1
1
13
10
1
154
1
4
73
154
3
13
b 6
T
C
AT
TC
TA
HH
HT
H
T
TH
TT
Red
Blue
Red
Blue
Red
Blue
Red
Blue
Red
Blue
2
4
6
8
10
4
5
6
4
5
6
2
3
b 5
c 4
d 2
24
25
26
34
35
36
b 11
T1
G
B
16 a 17
14
12
b 19
c 19
c 0
b 85
d 19
T2
diagrams
B
R
G
BB
BR
BG
RB
RR
RG
GB
GR
GG
n( ) = 9
1
9
ii
1
9
iii
2
9
G
B
G
R
T3
Exercise 11C
13
Bjorn
J2
T1
T2
T3
T4
J3
T1
T2
T3
T4
R
T4
G
B
L
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
L
F
b 4
MSF
MSN
TSF
TSN
HSF
HSN
SSF
SSN
c 4
17 D
18 a
Outcomes
n() = 12
J1 is the
first jacket,
T1 is the
first tie.
H
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
H
T
1
6
n( ) = 6
b 4
16 8
1
12
n() = 12
1
3
F
N
F
N
F
N
F
N
15 a 4
1
2
n( ) = 24
T1 is the first small triangle.
R is red, G is green, B is blue.
L is low sheen.
F is full gloss.
b 6
c
T1
T2
T3
T4
Tail BT
Head CH
Tail CT
Carl
14 a
Outcomes
S VCS
L VCL
B VCB
V LCV
S LCS
B LCB
V SCV
L SCL
B SCB
V BCV
S BCS
L BCL
Head AH
Tail AT
Head BH
Alan
1
4
3
10
n( ) = 6
=8
c 2
= 10
HHH
HHT
HTH
HTT n( )
THH
THT
TTH
TTT
b 8
b 2
Outcomes
R
Tail
12
Tail
b 6
10
14 21 = 7
15 a 19
Head
Tail
Head
Tail
Head
Tail
Head
Tail
Head
Head
Tail
a 3
13 a 11
n( ) = 4
1
4
2R
2B
4R
4B
6R n( )
6B
8R
8B
10R
10B
d 1
c 2
12 a 2
524
CT
AC
J1
11 a 2
1 a
T
C
1
40 000
CA
e 1
d 13
10
6 B
7
Head
TR
1
4
b 7
8a
9 a
Exercise 11B
11 a
White TW
4 a
19 a
HHHH
HHHT
HHTH
HHTT
HTHH
HTHT
HTTH
HTTT
THHH
THHT
THTH
THTT
TTHH
TTHT
TTTH
TTTT
b 16
Die 2
introduction to
experimental probability
1 0.6
2 0.7
3 a 0.66
b 0.34
4 48
5 250
6 200
7 A
8 C
9 18 squares, 24 circles
10 a 120
b 140
11 E
12 249 (Hot-Shot), 401 (Zap Inc)
13 10
14 a i 72 ii 24 iii 12
b 4 losses or draws
15 A
16 a 0.7597
b 0.2403
c i 1200 ii 380
b 1
HR
c 8
d 2
1
b 4
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
9
1 2 34 5 6
Die 1
20 a
Coin
inTrodUCTorY proBaBiliTY
T
H
1 2 3 4 5 6
Die
b 12
1
21 a 36
1
d 9
c 4
1
b 18
1
e 4
c 6
22 1
6
23
E1
E2
E3
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
D2
M1
M2
M1
M2
M1
M2
1
6
1 a
10 a i
17
25
13
15
23
38
ii
iii
17
3
52
ii 5
12 a 10
b 2
13 a
1
2
69
33
102
45
27
72
114
60
174
33
69
27
d 52
3
27
17 a 80
b 8
1
14
1
7
18 a
0.27
0.3
0.4
0.03 0.43
12
0.67 0.33
c 65
19 a
13
3
4
29
40
0.27
23
40
30
32
10
20
ii 5
9
iv 10
15
22
18
23
25
20
45
0.15 0.35
0.5
0.25 0.25
0.5
0.6
7 E
8 a
F
24
0.03
0.61
20
2 C
3
24
30
20
10
30
26
34
60
0.14
0.22
10
iii 2
10
24 10
1
16
10
0.4
d 0
33
0.4
4
5
0.03
b 5
c 1
21 a
0.3
5
8
0.12
d 24
20 a 10
6 a
11
c 24
d 14
19
24
0.36 0.64
c 7
0.57
0.12
45
27
b 4
c 13
0.41
0.11
0.73 0.27
0.59
0.3
13
20
15 5
16 a 13
0.45 0.14
14 3
100
164
0.75 0.25
d 2
3
10
44
73
11
26
iv 1
c 20
56
64
91
iv
iii 0
B
29
b No
11 a i 5
b Yes
B
35
5a
3
13
probabilities
1 0.7
2 0.68
3 0.89
4 0.3
5 0.45
6 0.41
7 0.78, 0.39
8 A and B are mutually exclusive.
9 AB
1
4
87
63
150
13
55
68
100
118
218
F
F
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.33 0.17
0.5
0.43 0.57
F is football, S is soccer.
525
10 A
11 a
Exercise 11F
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.1
0.8
0.8
0.2
A
b
35
6 0.168
7 3
9 a 0.3
b 7
11 A
10 D
12 Pr( B | A) =
20
27
0.8
14 a 0.3
0.1
0.2
b 3
0.6
0.4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
2
3
4
1
4
3
4
0.5
0.3
0.1
12
50
110
160
95
25
120
145
135
280
13 a
0.4
0.25 0.35
0.6
0.33 0.67
ii 0.25
iii 0.57
D is Daily Times,
B is Bugle.
ii 0.28
iii 0.54
0.46 0.54 1
30
11
d 2
2
18 14
19 7
2
20 a 3
b 75
c 25
21 a 0.40
d 0.21
b 0.32
e 0.63
c 0.13
0.75 0.5
0.25 0.5
67
3a
33
63.67
c
36.33
1
380
4a
620
2 0.31
63.3
b
36.7
443
b
557
6
0.227 306
0.70 0.60
0.40
b 0.432
435
7a
0.30
a 0.216
12 a 169
c
565
5
c 2
1
4
Scuba
15
independent events
11
b 0.15
c 0.75
6
7
19
b 30
Exercise 11G
b i 0.4
c 132
16 a
0.08 0.32
b i 0.35
22 13
15 a
A is people
less than 20
years of age,
G is people
who wear
glasses.
ii 0.54
0.22
C is chocolate,
S is strawberry.
b i 0.02
14 a
0.3
15 a 10
16 A
17 a 15
b Mountain
15
Exercise 11h
0.33
0.76 0.24
1 a 0.2
b 0.7
c 0.4
d 0
e 0.6
2 Using the Addition Law, Pr(A B) = 0.15
0.15
8 6
13 a 0.2
526
Conditional probability
b 0.5
b 0.69
5
4 12
5 0.144
1 a 0.8
2 a 0.6
200
b
300
13 a 0.01
c 0.11
1
b 4
0.85
Survive
0.15
Not
survive
b i 0.612
16 a
Monday
0.7
0.3
b 0.28
c 0.72
c 50
Orchid
Rose
Daisy
0.1
c 2
b 0.24
d 0.05
14 a 5
15 a
0.9
c 0.28
1
b 16
0.85
0.15
Survive
0.8
0.2
0.8
Not
survive 0.2
0.8
Survive
0.2
0.8
Not
survive 0.2
ii 0.941
Tuesday
0.4 Rain
Rain
0.6 No rain
No 0.4 Rain
rain
No rain
0.6
Survive
Not survive
Survive
Not survive
Survive
Not survive
Survive
Not survive
18 a 1000
c
b 125
1
3
21 a 0.0625
b 0.0097
14
v 4
16
16
vii 8
24
30
3
15
4
15
7
15
8
15
8
15
3
15
12
15
ChapTEr rEViEW
ShorT anSWEr
7
80
3
16
3 a
1
12
b 12
4
G
O
1
a 10
B
L
U
E
S
B
L
U
E
S
GB
GL
GU
GE
GS
OB
OL
OU
OE
OS
1
b 5
iii 2
Exercise 11i
Simulation
Answers will vary.
i 2
1
7a
11
6 10
b 15
1
10
TTH, TTT}
b 9
27
125
1
1 a
c 35
6 a {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT,
1 2 3 4 5 6
Die
b 25
20 a 30
c
4 0.097
3
2
1
1
100
19 a 25
c
5 a
b 35
Spinner
17 a 35
1
1
b 238 0.746
319
c 69 0.216
319
74
d 357 0.207
e Answers will vary. Make reference to
10 a 11
13
ii 25
11
iii 26
mUlTiplE ChoiCE
2E
5C
8D
11 C
f
Drug
395
3B
6A
9A
12 C
143
Asthma = 1
84
ExTEndEd rESponSE
0.275
1 a
c 5
0.725
2 a 0.468
b 0.501
0.2
3 S0
0.8
viii 8
7 a 957
9 5
1D
4A
7B
10 A
vi 4
8 0.12
12
iv 4
4
15
b i 25
ii 2
176
Asthma > 1
97
62
0.297
b
0.703
g 176
h 62
88
i 357 0.246
a 0.09
b 0.063
176
j 273 0.645
527
ChaPTer 12
Combinatorics
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9813
10 Quick Questions
ChaPTer ConTenTS
12a
12b
12C
12D
12e
12F
12G
12h
introduction
Consider how many ways two different letters can be listed from the letters C, A and T if the order
in which the letters are to be listed is not taken into account. We would write CA, CT and AT. If
the order of listing the two letters is taken into consideration, there will be 6 different possibilities,
namely, CA, AC, CT, TC, AT and TA. In this chapter we introduce some methods that will enable
us to effectively determine the number of possible ways objects can be ordered according to given
conditions, without necessarily having to list them. Combinatorial theory is widely applied in areas
such as computer system design, genetics, statistics and probability, where arrangements are of
particular importance.
A particular mathematics problem can be solved in 2 ways using analytical methods, in 4ways
using approximation techniques and in 3 ways by trial and error strategies. In how many ways
can the problem be solved?
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
529
Think
WriTe
Analytical
Approximation
Trial and error
2
4
3
WorkeD examPle 2
A stack of playing cards contains four jacks, four queens and four kings. Gary has two jacks, a
queen and a king in his hand. But, to complete his hand, Gary requires three jacks, two queens
or two kings. In how many ways can he complete his hand?
Think
WriTe
2+3+3=8
There are eight ways for Gary to complete his
hand.
WorkeD examPle 3
Juanita has to choose an outfit to wear to a party. She has 6 skirts, 5 jumpers and 8 shirts to
choose from. If any combination of these items will be acceptable attire, in how many styles of
dress can Juanita attend the party?
Think
530
WriTe
We can also represent the sequence of operations of the above example using boxed numbers as
follows.
Skirts
Jumpers
Shirts
= 240
Each box contains the number of possible outcomes associated with the particular operation.
WorkeD examPle 4
From a cafeteria 4-course lunch menu, I can choose 3 varieties of soup, 5 types
of seafood, 4 kinds of side dish and 2 types of salad.
TUTorial
eles-1454
a How many different dishes are offered?
Worked example 4
b How many different lunches can be ordered if one dish from each course is
selected?
c How many different types of dish are possible if soup and seafood must be included
with each order?
Think
WriTe
3 + 5 + 4 + 2 = 14 different dishes.
Soup
3
Seafood
5
3 5 = 15
Soup Seafood
3
5
exercise 12a
principles
= 120
Side dish
4
3 5 4 = 60
3 5 2 = 30
1 We1 Juicy Chickens offers 10 varieties of roast chicken dish, 6 types of fried chicken and 5 types of
chicken pie. How many different chicken meals are sold by Juicy Chickens?
2 Freda Frog eats 2 varieties of fly on the first day, 5 varieties on the second day, 9 varieties on the third
day and 14 varieties on the fourth day. Assuming Freda will never consume 2 of the same variety of fly
and that her daily eating habits follow this definite pattern, find how many flies she will eat altogether
in a week.
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
531
3 A suburban mall consists of five shops: Teen Fashion, Harrys Takeaway, Video & Games Arcade, Toy
Palace and Byte Computers. On a busy weekend, 11 people went into Teen Fashion, 27 bought food
from Harrys Takeaway and 59 people entered the Toy Palace. Each person visited only one store. How
many customers did Teen Fashion, Harrys Takeaway and Toy Palace have altogether?
4 mC Two pieces of timber can be held together using adhesives, fasteners or clamps. The adhesives
are PVA glue, Liquid Nails and Bondcrete. Fasteners that can be used are nails, screws, rivets and bolts.
There are two different types of clamp available: SureGrip and Hold-tite. If only one adhesive fastener
or clamp is required, the number of ways two pieces of timber can be joined is:
a 2
b 24
C 3
D 4
e 9
5 We2 From a pack of playing cards, the queen of spades, king of clubs and queen of clubs are drawn. In
how many ways can another card from the deck be drawn so that there will be three queens or two kings?
6 mC There are 4 novels, 7 comic books and 2 biographies on a bookshelf. Zoe selects and reads 2
novels, 3 comics and a biography from the shelf. However, her reading assignment requires that she
read 3 novels, 4 comics or 2 biographies. In how many ways can she select books from the shelf to
meet the minimum requirements of the assignment?
a 6
b 7
C 11
D 13
e 24
Jack and Diane are preparing for their wedding. They will decide on one of 3 churches, one
of 5 available reception centres and one of 10 holiday destinations. How many combinations of church,
reception centre and holiday are possible?
7 We3
Alana lives in Melbourne and intends to go to Sydney via Canberra. She will get to Canberra by bus,
continue on to Sydney by hire car and return home by air. If 4 bus lines are available for the outward
journey to Canberra, 6 car rental agencies can be used to get from Canberra to Sydney and 3 airlines
are available for the return trip, determine how many different ways Alana can make the trip to Sydney
and back.
9 At Burpies restaurant the special meal consists of a choice of one of 2 entres, one of 3 main meat dishes
and one of 4 kinds of dessert. For a surprise feast at Belchies restaurant you can have one of 5 different
entres, select from 4 main meals and decide which one of 3 kinds of dessert to order.
a How many different combinations of dishes are possible in a special meal consisting of an
entre, a meat dish and a dessert?
b Find how many different combinations of dishes are available to a customer who visits both
places and orders a special meal and a surprise feast. (Assume that the customer must have an
entre, main meal and dessert for the surprise feast.)
10 mC On a dentists waiting room table are 3 piles of reading matter. The first pile consists of
6 different copies of News, the second pile has 5 different issues of Geographic and the third pile
comprises 10 different Womans World magazines. A patient randomly chooses one item of reading
from each pile. The number of ways of choosing the 3items is:
a 21
b 30
C 216
D 19
e 300
11 mC A Whoppa pizza base is made using one of
A hot dog consists of a sausage in a bun with sauce. Onion, tomato, pineapple and cheese are
available as extras. How many different types of hot dog can be made?
15
During a special morning recess, teachers had a choice of tea, orange juice, coffee, pies, cheese,
salami, biscuits and cake. However, a teacher could sample only two kinds of food and one drink.
How many different combinations of two kinds of food and drink were possible?
14
12b
Permutations
A permutation is the arrangement of objects in a specific order. Awarding a first and second prize to
two people randomly selected from a studio game-show audience or determining the number of ways
a group of people can queue for tickets are examples where the order of objects needs to be taken into
account.
Consider now how many ways two letters can be taken from the letters B, L, U and E and then
arranged.
If the order of the letters is taken into account and repetition of letters (that is, BB, LL etc.) is not
allowed, we have the 12 possible arrangements shown below:
BL, LB, BU, UB, BE, EB, LU, UL, LE, EL, UE, EU
We can obtain the same result using the multiplication principle. There are 4 choices for the first letter
because there are 4 letters available. Once the first letter has been chosen there are 3 letters to choose
from for the second letter.
First letter
Second letter
4
3
= 12
Notice that the multiplication principle takes into account the order of the outcomes. That is, BL is not
considered to be the same as LB, BU is not the same as UB and so on.
WorkeD examPle 5
Josie picks up a Mathematics textbook, an English novel and a Biology notebook and places
them on a shelf. Determine the number of ways the books can be arranged. List the ways they
can be arranged.
Think
WriTe
3 2 1 = 6 arrangements
WorkeD examPle 6
In how many ways can at least two letters be chosen from the word STAR if the order of the
letters is taken into account and repetition of letters is not allowed?
Think
1
For the first event there are 4 choices for the first
letter and 3 choices for the second letter, because
repetitions are not allowed.
WriTe
2 letters
= 12 ways
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
533
= 24 ways
3 letters
For the third event there are 4 choices for the first
letter, 3 choices for the second letter, 2 choices for
the third letter and 1 choice for the fourth letter.
4 letters
Number of ways = 12 + 24 + 24
= 60
= 24 ways
WorkeD examPle 7
How many ways are there for 2 different prizes or 3 different prizes to be
awarded to a group of 5 people if:
a a person may receive more than one award?
b a person may not receive more than one award?
Think
TUTorial
eles-1455
Worked example 7
WriTe
a 2 prizes
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
3rd
= 25
= 125
3 prizes
b 2 prizes
3 prizes
= 20
3
= 60
exercise 12b
Permutations
1 We5 A chef restocks her collection of spices by placing jars of pepper, nutmeg, ginger and mint on
the shelf. In how many different ways can the 4 jars be placed in a straight line?
2 In how many ways can 6 students line up at the school canteen?
3 If there are 8 competitors in a race, in how many ways can the first three places be awarded?
4 To cancel an electronic alarm, a 5-digit code number must be entered into the code box. Assuming that
534
Five items of mail are to be placed in 5 letterboxes. In how many ways can this be done if no
letterbox is to contain more than one item?
6 A history quiz consists of matching 8 countries with their capital cities. In how many ways can a
contestant answer the quiz by randomly matching each country with a capital city?
7 How many ordered subsets consisting of two letters can be chosen from the word SUPERBLY if:
a a letter may be used more than once in each subset?
b choosing the same letter more than once is not permitted?
8 We6 In how many ways can at least two letters be chosen from the word MATHS if the order of the
Decide in how many ways 2 or 3 letters can be selected from the vowels of the alphabet if a vowel
can appear only once in each selection.
11 Determine how many numbers greater than 10 can be made using all of the digits 4, 7, 2, 6 and 5 if
6, 1, 5 and 3, if each digit can be used more than once in each selection, is:
a 600
b 500
C 675
D 575
e 450
14 mC Juliana has saved her pocket money to buy
D 68
e 75
16 How many 7-letter arrangements are possible using the letters of the word DECAGON if the letters A,
E and O must occupy the third, fifth and sixth positions respectively and the letters remaining may be
used more than once?
17 A school fundraising competition that costs 5 cents per entry involves trying to correctly match
9 teachers with their baby photographs. Wasim wants to be certain to win the $1000 first prize by trying
all possible combinations. Decide how much money Wasim will win or lose if he is to be the prize
winner.
18 A version of the party game musical chairs has the players march around a line of chairs and scramble
to sit on them when the music unexpectedly stops. At each stage the number of players is one more
than the number of chairs. The player who remains standing when the music stops is out of the game
and one chair is then removed. The player remaining sitting after all the other players have been
eliminated is the winner.
a If 12 players are taking part, how many different arrangements of seating are possible during the:
i first round?
ii fourth round?
b The rules are changed so that 2 chairs are removed each time. If there are 9 players and 7 chairs at
the start of the game, how many seating arrangements are possible for all the rounds?
19 A school is using identification cards (ID cards) that consist of 3 letters selected from A to E inclusive
535
Factorials
12C
Expressions obtained by using the multiplication principle frequently contain the product of consecutive
whole numbers. It is convenient to adopt a shorthand way of representing such expressions to assist with
calculations and to effectively display the properties associated with permutations and other types of
order of objects. Particularly useful is to define n! to mean the product of n consecutive positive integers
starting from n down to 1. That is:
n! = n (n 1) (n 2) (n 3) . . . 3 2 1
The symbol n! is read as n factorial.
For example, 4! = 4 3 2 1 = 24, 3! = 3 2 1 = 6, 2! = 2 1 = 2.
Alternatively, 4! = 4 3! = 24, 3! = 3 2! = 6, 2! = 2 1! = 2.
n!
Thus from the definition we have n! = n(n 1)! or
=n
(n 1)!
If we substitute n = 1 we have:
1
1!
= 1 (since 1! = 1)
=1
or
(0)!
(1 1)!
This expression is true if 0! is taken to be equivalent to 1. So we define 0! = 1.
WorkeD examPle 8
b Simplify 2 5! + (3 2)!
a Express 7! as a numeral.
Think
WriTe
a 7! = 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
= 5040
b 2 5! + (3 2)!
= 2 5! + 6!
Calculate 5! and 6!
= 2 120 + 720
Evaluate.
= 960
WorkeD examPle 9
Simplify
8!
3!
Think
WriTe
8! 8 7 6 5 4 3!
=
3!
3!
=87654
= 6720
WorkeD examPle 10
a Evaluate 8!
b Simplify
100!
98!
Think
WriTe
a 8!
536
40 320
8! = 40 320
expanded form.
2
n! = n (n 1)!
= n (n 1) (n 2)!
= n (n 1) (n 2) (n 3)! etc.
Notice that:
Factorials
exercise 12C
1 We8a Evaluate:
a 4!
e 5! 4!
2 We8b Evaluate:
a 4 3! 4!
d 7 7! (8! 7!)
g (5! 4!) + (8! 7!)
3 mC The value of
a 5
c 12!
d 3! + 2!
g 6! (1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5!)
b 9!
f 7! 6! 2!
b (4 + 2!) 3! + 5!
e 8! + 3 2! 5!
h 12! + 6! 11! 3 4!
2! + 3! + 4!
is:
2! + 3!
b 4
C 7
c 5 6! 6 5!
f 7 9! + 3 3! 9 8!
D 24
e 8
D 276
e 290
5 We9
a
b 235
C 284
Simplify:
4!
2!
5!
4!
7!
3!
6!
3!
3! 1!
+
2! 0!
6 We10 Simplify:
102!
100!
250!
d
247!
1000!
998!
396!
e
393!
c
f
4500!
4499!
25000!
24999!
7 Simplify:
15!
14!
1000!
d
998!
(12 + 37)!
8 mC
is equal to:
(100 53)!
a 3250
b 1875
a
28!
26!
63!
(936 875)!
C 2840
55!
53!
D 1030
e 2352
7! 4!
+
4! 3!
80! 10! 64!
d
+
77! 6! 62!
9! 32!
+
7! 31!
8! 12! 78!
e
+
6! 11! 77!
2!5!
3!
6!
2! + 3!
7! 5!
5!
8! + 4! 2!
2! + 3! 3!
13! 6!
10! 3!
18!4! 8!10!
17!5! 9!9!
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9814
WorkSHEET 12.1
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
537
12D
A permutation is an arrangement of objects in which order is important. Consider the letters A, B and C.
There are 6 possible arrangements or permutations of these three letters:
ABC
ACB
BAC
BCA
CAB
CBA
We could have determined that there are 6 possible arrangements without listing all of them using
the multiplication principle, where each box below represents a position (first letter, second letter, third
letter):
1st
letter
2nd
letter
3rd
letter
= 6 ways
Note that we had 3 possibilities for the first letter but, having placed it, we were left with
2 possibilities for the second letter and, in turn, just 1 possibility for the third.
But what if we had 10 different letters and wished to select an arrangement of 3letters? Again, we
could count the number of arrangements as follows:
1st
letter
2nd
letter
3rd
letter
10
= 720 ways
10 9 8 =
Following on from this, we can generalise a formula for the number of arrangements (permutations)
of n objects, taking r at a time, which we denote by n Pr:
n!
nP =
, where n and r are natural (counting) numbers, and r n.
r
(n r )!
Another way of thinking of n Pr is as n! expanded to r places.
nP
r
In the preceding example, which involved arranging 10 (n = 10) objects (letters) taking 3 (r = 3) at a
time, we can verify that (n r + 1) = (10 3 + 1) = 8, which was the last value in the chain of multiplied
numbers.
Special cases
= n P0
n!
=
n!
=1
This implies that there is one way of selecting zero objects from n objects.
nP = nP
2. If r = n, then
r
n
n!
=
0!
= n!
There are n! ways of arranging n objects taken from n objects.
1. If r = 0, then
538
nP
r
WorkeD examPle 11
Calculate 7P3.
Think
WriTe
7P
3
7!
(7 3)!
7!
7 6 5 4!
= or =
4!
4!
5040
=
= 7 6 5
24
= 210
= 210
=
WorkeD examPle 12
Only the 3 fastest cars in a car rally of 10 competitors will compete in the world championships.
How many different arrangements of the 3 fastest rally cars are possible?
Think
WriTe
Number of arrangements
= 10 P3 = 10 9 8 = 720
n P (10,
r
720
3)
WorkeD examPle 13
How many numbers greater than 1000 can be formed using the digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 if a digit
cannot be used more than once?
Think
WriTe
6P
+ 6P5 + 6P6
WorkeD examPle 14
TUTorial
eles-1456
Worked example 14
WriTe
10P
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
539
= 30 240
exercise 12D
DiGiTal DoCS
doc-9815
SkillSHEET 12.1
Calculating nPr
doc-9816
Combinatorics
Permutations using n Pr
1 We11 Evaluate:
a
c
e
g
i
k
6P
9P
25P
+ 5P1
6P 5P
3
4
100 P
4
4P
b
d
f
h
j
l
8P
4P
3P
7P3
4
1 P2
200 P
3
8P
3P
10
540
11 There are three separate bundles of reading material comprising 4 comics, 2 novels and 3 magazines.
12e Permutations
identical objects
involving restrictions
So far our study of permutations has been based on the assumption that the objects arranged were all
different (distinguishable). We will now examine the situation when some of the objects are identical
(indistinguishable).
A scrabble player has the following letter tiles: A, A, A, B, C, D, E. If the As were distinguishable, we
might consider them to be A1, A2, A3 and could begin to list the possible arrangements of the 7 letters as
follows:
A1A2A3BCDE
A1A3A2BCDE
A2A1A3BCDE
A2A3A1BCDE
A3A1A2BCDE
A3A2A1BCDE
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
and
and
and
and
and
and
os
os
os
os
os
os
inTeraCTiViTY
int-0271
Permutations involving
restrictions
on
on
on
on
on
on
Without listing them all, we can calculate there are 7P7 = 7! = 5040 possible arrangements. But the As
are not distinguishable. So, really, the arrangements listed above are all the same as AAABCDE, which
counts as one arrangement.
Because there are 3 As we have 3! = 6 times too many arrangements, hence we need to divide
5040 by 6.
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
541
7P
7
7! 5040
=
= 840 different arrangements or permutations of
3! 3!
6
7 objects where 3 of them are identical.
This means there are only
n!
p!
In how many ways can 4 identical red marbles and 3 identical blue marbles be placed in a row?
Think
WriTe
Number of ways
7!
=
4! 3!
= 35
Grouped objects
In how many ways can the letters A, B, C, D be positioned in a row? We know that this can be done in
4! ways, but what would be the answer if the question had been: In how many ways can the letters A,
B, C, D be positioned in a row if A and B must be next to each other? The number of arrangements will
clearly be less than 4! because of the restriction imposed on A and B. The figure below shows the 4!
possible arrangements of A, B, C, D that include the 12 ways A and B are together.
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
C
D
B
D
B
C
D
C
D
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
C
C
D
D
C
D
A
D
A
C
D
C
D
A
C
A
C
C
C
C
C
C
B
B
A
A
D
D
A
D
B
D
B
A
D
A
D
B
A
B
D
D
D
D
D
D
B
B
C
C
A
A
C
A
B
A
B
C
A
C
A
B
C
B
If A and B are to be together, we consider the problem to be one of arranging 3 objects, say X, C
and D, where one of the objects, X, is the group containing A and B.
The figure below shows that there are 6 arrangements with A and B together.
A B C D
A B D C
C A B D
D A B C
C D A
D C A
B
B
The 3 objects can be arranged in 3! ways, and within the group A and B can themselves be arranged
in 2! ways (namely AB and BA). The multiplication principle is now used so that the number of
arrangements when A and B are together is 3! 2! = 12.
Now consider the permutations if A, B, C must be together. Again, we view the letters as consisting of
two objects, X and D, where X is the group of letters A, B and C. Thus we have two objects to arrange in
2! ways as shown below.
X
542
Among themselves the letters A, B, C contained in X have 3! different arrangements as shown below.
A
A
B
B
C
C
B
C
A
C
A
B
C
B
C
A
B
A
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
A B
A C
B A
B C
C A
C B
C
B
C
A
B
A
Therefore the total number of arrangements when A, B and C are together is 2! 3! = 12.
We can generalise this approach to include any number of groups of objects that are required to be
together.
If n objects are to be divided into m groups with each group having G1, G2, G3, . . . G m
objects respectively, the number of arrangements is given by m! G1! G2! G3! . . . Gm!
WorkeD examPle 16
The letters of the word TABLES are placed in a row. How many arrangements are possible if the
letters T, A and B must be together?
Think
1
WriTe
G1 = {T, A, B}
G2 = {L}
G3 = {E}
G4 = {S}
m=4
Number of arrangements
= m! 3! 1! 1! 1!
= 4! 3!
= 144
WorkeD examPle 17
Five cars a Toyota, a Ford, a Holden, a Mazda and a BMW are to be parked side by side. In
how many ways can this be done if the Toyota and BMW are not to be parked next to each other?
Think
WriTe
= 120 48
= 72
WorkeD examPle 18
The letters of the word REPLETE are arranged in a row. In how many
ways can this be done if the letters R and P must not be together?
Think
1
WriTe
TUTorial
eles-1457
Worked example 18
543
exercise 12e
= 840 240
= 600
1 We15 In how many ways can 5 identical white beads and 4 identical yellow beads be arranged in a
straight line?
2 Three 5-cent coins, two 10-cent coins and six 20-cent coins are to be placed side by side. Determine
b 3360
e 3840
C 4000
the letters of the word CHAIR are placed in a row and C and H are to
be next to each other.
8
The digits 5, 3, 6, 2 and 7 are used to make a 5-digit number. How many different numbers are
possible if the digits 3, 2 and 7 must be together?
9 Maria, Steven, James, Sofia, Nin and Alfredo are standing next to each other. Calculate how many ways
this can be done if Maria and James are not to stand next to each other.
10 We17 Establish the number of ways in which 7 different books can be placed on a bookshelf if 2
particular books must occupy the end positions and 3 of the remaining books are not to be placed together.
11 mC Ten athletes line up for a race. The number of
13 We18 Decide in how many ways the letters of the word ABRACADABRA can be arranged in a row
12F
b 26! + 16!
C 16! 8!
D 6!16!
e 6!16!26!
arrangements in a circle
Anna, Betty and Lin stand on the circumference of a circle painted on the schools playground. In how
many different arrangements can the three girls stand?
The figure below shows the two arrangements for the girls positions on the circle.
Anna
Anna
Betty
Lin
Lin
Betty
Notice that Anna is locked in position to provide a reference point, and Betty and Lin are arranged
around Anna in 2! (= 2) ways.
Compare this with the 3! (= 6) arrangements in a line.
ABL BAL BLA LBA ALB LAB
(A is Anna, B is Betty, L is Lin)
Susie now joins the group to make 4 people in a circle.
We can designate any of the 4 girls in the circle as our start by fixing one person (in this case,
Anna) in one position and arranging the remaining girls around her. This reduces, by one person, the
number of girls to arrange.
A
B
A
L
A
S
A
B
A
S
A
L
B
L
There are 3! (= 6) ways of arranging 4 people in a circle. Compare this with 4! (= 24) arrangements in
a line.
In general:
n distinguishable objects can be arranged in a circle in (n 1)! ways.
In how
many ways
can these
five children
be arranged
in a circle?
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
545
WorkeD examPle 19
In how many ways can the vowels of the alphabet be arranged in a circle?
Think
WriTe
n=5
WorkeD examPle 20
Calculate the number of arrangements in a circle that are possible using the letters of the word
UNUSUALLY.
Think
WriTe
n=9
Number of arrangements =
(9 1)!
3!2!
8!
=
3! 2!
= 3360
WorkeD examPle 21
In how many ways can 6 people sit around a table if two particular people must
be seated next to each other?
Think
WriTe
exercise 12F
TUTorial
eles-1458
Worked example 21
n=5
arrangements in a circle
1 We19 Calculate the number of ways in which the letters of the word PENCIL can be arranged in a
circle.
2 mC Eight children hold hands to form a circle in the playground. The number of ways this can be
done is:
a 6280
b 5400
C 3680
D 4320
e 5040
3 We20 Determine the number of arrangements in a circle that are possible when the letters of the word
are possible if there are 4 orange dots, 5 white dots, 2 black dots and 1 purple dot?
546
5 We21 A family of 3 adults, 3 boys and 3 girls are sitting around a circular dinner table. Find the
number of seating positions that are possible if the 3 boys are to be together.
6 A special pizza consists of 10 slices with different toppings used. If 2 slices are Capricciosa, 5 slices are
Supreme and 3 slices are Ham and Pineapple, how many different arrangements of pizza slices are possible?
7 A manufacturer of merry-go-rounds uses 8 identical wooden horses, 4 identical plastic motorbikes and
2 different miniature cars. They are all equally connected around the rim of a circular moving base.
Establish how many different arrangements there can be if the 2 cars are not to be placed in consecutive
positions.
8 mC Ten owners of pedigree dogs will enter the arena to parade their dogs by walking around a
circular track. Unfortunately, 3 particular dogs cannot get along together and so cannot parade if all
3 are next to each other. There appears to be no problem if any two of this group of 3 dogs are together.
The number of ways of avoiding this problem is:
a 358 848
b 387 072
C 362 880
D 332 640
e 354 065
9 In how many ways can the letters of the word POTATOES be arranged in a circle?
10 mC The letters of the word FULFILLED are to be arranged in a circle. The number of arrangements
possible when U and E are together or when U, E and D are together is:
a 3140
b 1940
C 2000
D 1200
e 1850
11 To publicise a venue, a hotel manager gave a gift to each of 12 prominent businesspeople as they went
into the conference room and seated themselves at a round table to begin discussions. The gifts comprised
4 fountain pens, 5 pocket electronic organisers and 3 calculators. Calculate what fraction of the possible
unrestricted arrangements is the number of arrangements that has 4 businesspeople who have been given
a fountain pen sitting next to each other.
12G
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9817
WorkSHEET 12.2
Combinations using n C r
Taking combinations involves the selection of r objects from n objects without consideration for the
order of the elements. For example, the number of permutations of two letters selected from the letters
A, B, C, D is 4P2 = 12. The arrangements are:
AB AC AD BC BD CD
BA CA DA CB DB DC
If we are not concerned with order, there are only 6 selections:
AB AC AD
BC
BD
CD
The 2! ways of arranging the elements of the 2-element subgroup are not considered.
Now consider the selection of 3 letters from A, B, C, D. The number of ordered subsets is 4P3, and
each subset of 3 elements can be arranged in 3! ways. Therefore 4P3 is the number of unordered subsets
of 3 objects multiplied by the number of ways the 3 objects can be arranged.
In general terms it can be stated that nPr is the number (nCr) of unordered groups of r objects
multiplied by the number of arrangements (r!) of r objects.
nP
That is, nPr = nCr r! so that nCr = r .
r!
n!
n
Now by the definition of Pr =
we have:
(n r )!
n!
n!
n
r! =
Cr =
r !(n r )!
(n r )!
n
The number of combinations is usually denoted by n Cr or , so we have:
r
1. The number of combinations of r objects selected from n objects is:
n!
n n
r = C r = r !( n r )!
where n, r are natural numbers and r n.
2. n Pr = n C r r !
nP
n
or = n C r = r
r
r!
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
547
The function nCr is a standard mathematical function to be found on scientific, graphics and CAS
calculators.
Special cases
n!
n!
=
= 1.
0!(n 0)! 1 n!
This implies that there is one way of selecting 0 objects from n objects.
n!
n!
=
= 1.
2. If r = n, then n Cr = n Cn =
n!(n n)! n! 0!
There is one combination of n objects taken from n objects.
n (n 1)!
n!
3. If r = 1, then n Cr = n C1 =
=
= n.
1!(n 1)! 1 (n 1)!
If objects are taken one at a time from n objects, there are n combinations.
From cases 1 and 2 we conclude that nC0 = nCn.
This is an instance of the general case that:
n n
n
Cr = n Cnr or =
r n r
7 C = 7!
For example,
4
4!3!
7!
7
C3 =
and
3!4!
7C = 7C
so
4
3
1. If r = 0, then n Cr = n C0 =
WorkeD examPle 22
Evaluate 10C3.
Think
1
WriTe
n!
.
n!(n r )!
10 C
10!
3!(10 3)!
10!
10 9 8 7! 10 9 8
=
=
3! 7!
3! 7!
3 2 1
= 120
=
2
3
nC (10,
r
3)
120
WorkeD examPle 23
100
Evaluate
.
98
Think
1
2
3
100
Express
in factorial form.
98
WriTe
100 100!
98 = 98!2!
100 99 98!
=
98! 2 1
100 99
2 1
= 4950
548
WorkeD examPle 24
In how many ways can a committee of 2 boys and 3 girls be formed from a group consisting of
5 boys and 8 girls?
Think
WriTe
WorkeD examPle 25
TUTorial
eles-1459
Worked example 25
WriTe
b Number of committees
= 84
from 4 women.
= 5C3 4C3
= 10 4
= 40
c Number of committees
=56+14
= 30 + 4
= 34
exercise 12G
6C
1
8C
0
9C
9
10
2
9
3
12
6
38
34
29
24
6
4
7
5
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9816
Combinatorics
30
55
b
29
53
4 mC The value of 2 4C2 + 3 5C3 is:
a 42
b 90
a
C 80
3C
1
64
61
D 94
5C
2
and 5C3
e 70
9C
3
and 9C6
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
549
20C
7
= 20C__
100C
9
= 100C__
bread, party pies, cheezels, cocktail frankfurts and celery sticks. How many different combinations may
be chosen?
10 A committee of 6 must be chosen from a meeting of 30 people. How many different committees are
possible?
In how many ways can a group of 3 boys and 4 girls be formed from a group consisting of
4 boys and 6 girls?
11 We24
12 A magazine pile in a waiting room contains 6 glamour magazines and 7 computer magazines. In how
many ways can a patient choose 2 glamour and 3 computer magazines to flick through during a lengthy
wait?
13 A school offers 10 science subjects and 15 humanities subjects to prospective Year 12 students. In how
deck?
15 We25 A committee of 5 parents is to be established from a group of 6 men and 4 women.
a Find how many different committees can be formed.
b How many different committees are possible consisting of 3 men and 2 women?
16
A school organises an adventure camp for its Year 11 students, who must choose 2 or 3 activities
from the following: paragliding, abseiling, skydiving and bungee jumping. In how many ways may a
group of activities be chosen?
17 An ice-cream vendor offers chocolate, strawberry and vanilla ice-creams with one, two or three scoops.
How many different ice-creams are possible? (Assume that you cannot choose two scoops of the same
flavour for any one one ice-cream.)
18 A basketball squad of 10 must be chosen from a group of 8 women and 6 men. How many squads are
possible:
a without restriction?
b if the squad contains 6 women and 4 men?
c if the squad must contain at least 6 women?
d if the squad contains all the men?
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9818
SkillSHEET 12.2
listing possibilities
19
A sub-committee of 3 people must be chosen from a group of 9 teachers (which includes the
principal). How many sub-committees may be chosen:
a that contain the principal?
b that do not contain the principal?
20 To win LottoMania, the 5 numbers entered on the players entry ticket must be the same as 5 numbers
C 5040
2 equal groups.
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9819
Investigation
Pascals triangle
550
b 835
e 565
C 950
12h
applications to probability
The methods we have used to calculate permutations and combinations can also be applied to
problems involving probability.
WorkeD examPle 26
Romina makes a guess as to which 2 of 10 swimmers will come first and second in a race. What is
the probability that her guess will be right?
Think
1
WriTe
Pr (correct guess) =
=
1
10 P
2
1
90
WorkeD examPle 27
A computer randomly interchanged the letters of the word CREATIONS. Find the probability
that the letters A and T end up together.
Think
1
WriTe
8! 2!
9!
2
9
WorkeD examPle 28
WriTe
6C
3
and 4C2
6C
3
4C2
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
551
20 6
252
10
21
WorkeD examPle 29
Eight people randomly seat themselves about a circular table. What is the probability that
3 particular people will be sitting next to each other?
Think
WriTe
3!
(6 1)! 3!
(6 1)! 3!
(8 1)!
5! 3!
7!
720
5040
= 0.143
=
WorkeD examPle 30
Two bags (A and A) contain blue marbles (B) and other coloured marbles (B).
A bag is randomly selected, then from that bag a marble is randomly selected.
The table below describes the distribution of marbles between the bags.
Bag A
Bag A
5 blue marbles
4 blue marbles
3 other marbles
6 other marbles
TUTorial
eles-1460
Worked example 30
552
WriTe
a Pr (A) =
1C
1
2C
1
1
2
Pr (B from A) =
5
8
b Pr (A ) =
1
2
C1
C1
1
2
Pr (B from A )=
=
=
3
A or bag A.
C1
C1
= 165
=
Find the probability of choosing a blue
marble from bag A.
Pr (A B) = 12 85
4
C1
10 C
1
2
5
Pr (A B) = 12 25
=
c Pr (B) =
5
16
41
80
1
5
+ 15
Pr ( A B)
, Pr (B) 0.
Pr ( B)
Pr (A B) = Pr (A | B)Pr (B)
[1]
[2]
1
2
1
2
5
8
(B A) Pr (A B) =
1
2
58 =
3
8
(B' A) Pr (A B') =
1
2
3
8
10
(B A' ) Pr (A' B) =
1
2
4
2
10 = 10
10
6
3
10 = 10
A'
1
2
16
3
=
16
1
5
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
553
So, worked example 30 could also have been solved using a tree diagram or the Law of Total
Probability.
WorkeD examPle 31
The probability that Suzanne will pass her examination given that she had help from her tutor
is 11 . The probability that Suzanne does not pass her exam given that she did not see her tutor is 2 .
15
5
If the probability of Suzanne seeing her tutor is 1 , what is the probability of her passing her exam?
2
Think
1
WriTe/DraW
11
15
1
2
1
2
15
3
5
2
5
1
2
ET
ET
ET
ET
11 1
Pr ( E ) = 15
2 35 12
exercise 12h
2
3
applications to probability
1 We26 Jenny, Hakan and Miriam are competing in a car race against 5 other drivers. Their friend Mary
predicts that they will cross the finish line first, second and third respectively. What is the probability
that Mary is right?
The letters of the word PRODUCE are randomly reordered. Calculate the probability that
the letters P and E will be together.
2 We27
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9816
Combinatorics
3 We28 Six people selected from 5 men and 7 women are to form a committee. Work out the
and B will occupy the first and second positions respectively is:
a
1
15
1
3
1
30
1
6
2
3
5 Six cards are randomly distributed from a standard pack of 52 playing cards. Determine the probability
3 8
3 5
11
5
3 8
1 1
11 11
3 8
3 8
+
2 3
11
5
3 8
2 3
11
5
3 8
2 3
11 11
3 + 8
8 We29 A group comprising 6 people is sitting around a table. Find the probability that two particular
Ten people are seated at a circular dining table. Find the probability that two particular people will
be sitting next to each other.
10 mC Six mothers and their 6 daughters randomly arrange themselves in a circle. The probability that
1
4
5
6
2
3
1
12
2
11
11 Four letters are randomly selected from the word ENCYCLOPAEDIA. Find the probability that one
Five letters are randomly selected from the letters of the word HOLIDAYS and placed in a row.
Calculate the probability that the first letter chosen is a consonant.
16 mC Inside a box are n objects of which m are white. If r objects are randomly taken out of the box
and placed in a row, the probability that the first object is white is:
n
m
m+n
nm
m
a
b
C
D
e
m
n!
n
n
n!
17 mC A 5-digit number is randomly formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. If a digit cannot
be used more than once in the number:
a the probability that the number is even is:
a
9
100
20
57
57
195
19
73
4
9
2
9
35
78
14
63
35
78
14
63
b the probability that the number is between 30 000 and 50 000 is:
a
18 A debating team of 6 people is to be formed from a group consisting of 5 males and 6 females.
a What is the probability that the team will consist of at least one male?
b What is the probability that the team will have at least four females?
19 We30 Two small crates (X and Y) contain apples (A) and bananas (B).
X
Y
A crate is randomly selected, then from that crate a piece of fruit is
randomly selected. The table at right describes the distribution of fruit
6 apples
4 apples
between the crates.
a What is the probability of selecting crate X and from it, a banana?
5 bananas 7 bananas
b What is the probability of selecting crate Y and from it, a banana?
c What is the probability of selecting a banana?
d Find the probability of selecting a banana using Pr (B) = Pr (B | X)Pr (X) + Pr (B | Y)Pr (Y).
20 Given Pr (B | A) = 3, Pr (B | A ) = 1, and Pr (A) = 3 , find Pr (B) using the Law of Total Probability.
5
21 We31 The probability that Tim is late for school is 3, but he has an exam on Friday. The chance of
5
him passing his exam given that he is on time to school is 7 . If he is late, his chance of not passing the
5
exam is 11. What is the chance that Tim will pass his exam?
22
Eleni loves chocolates. She particularly loves soft-centred chocolates. She is offered a box of
12 chocolates to select from, but all the chocolates are wrapped. The probability of selecting a softcentred chocolate given that it is dark chocolate is 2 , and the probability of selecting a hard centre given
5
that it is milk chocolate is 4 . If there are 7 milk chocolates in the box, find the probability of selecting a
7
soft-centred chocolate.
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
555
23 Freds chance of being selected for the soccer team this season is
the school trip given that he is selected for the soccer team is
8
.
11
7
,
12
going on the school trip given that he is not selected for the soccer team is 3 . What is the probability
4
that Fred will go on the school trip?
1
3
24 The chance of a sprinter winning a race given that his archrival runs is . If his archrival does not run,
5
8
the sprinter has a chance of winning. His archrival is injured and has a 4 chance of running at all.
Use the Law of Total Probability to find the probability that the sprinter wins the race.
556
Summary
The addition and
multiplication
principles
The addition principle states that if two operations can be performed in A or B ways respectively,
then both operations can be performed together in A + B ways.
The multiplication principle states that if two operations can be performed in A and B ways, then
both operations can be performed in succession in A B ways.
Permutations
Factorials
arrangements in a
circle
Combinations
using nCr
The number of combinations when r objects are selected from n objects is denoted
nP
n
n!
r
nC = nC
or
by nCr or nr . nCr = r =
r
nr
r!
r !(n r )!
applications to
probability
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
557
Chapter review
S h orT
anS Wer
1 There are 7 airlines that have flights from Australia to Singapore, 6 airlines that offer flights from
Singapore to Europe, and 5 airlines that service the route from Europe to America. Determine the
number of different travel arrangements possible to get from Australia to America via Singapore and
Europe.
2 Seven people form a queue to board a bus. How many different queues are possible?
3 The digits 3, 5, 6 and 8 are used to form numbers greater than 100. If a digit may be used once only and
not all digits have to be used, how many different numbers can be formed?
4 Seven different books are to be placed on a shelf. If a particular book must occupy the first position,
1 Samantha can get to work by walking, by taking her car or by using public transport (train, tram, bus or
taxi). The number of different ways she can get to her work is:
a 3
b 5
C 4
D 6
e 2
2 Malcolm is guessing someones house number. He knows that the number is an odd number and is
between 30 and 60. Assuming that the same guess is not made twice, the maximum number of guesses
he can make is:
a 15
b 20
C 30
D 45
e 25
3 The total number of 2-digit, 3-digit and 4-digit odd numbers that can be formed using the digits 6, 4, 5,
D 120
e 128
C 996!
6 The value of
a 21
7P
5
b 2!
C 7! 9
D 8!
e 7 8!
b 42
C 2520
D 1008
e 5040
is:
7 The number of permutations using the letters of the word MISSISSIPPI is:
1
11!
D 1!2!4!4!
e
4!
4!4!2!
8 Five letters are chosen from the letters of the word WATERING and placed in a row. The number of
ways in which this can be done if the last letter is to be W is:
a 840
b 2520
C 210
D 40
e 625
a 4!
b 11!
9 A family consisting of a mother, father, 3 sons and 4 daughters lines up for a photograph. How many
C 5!4!
10 Eleven members of a cricket team are to be seated in a circle. The number of possible arrangements is:
a 5!
D
11!
10!
b 10!
e
C 11!
10!
11
11 The letters of the word MUSICAL are to be arranged in a circle. If the letters U and S must not be
C 1440
12 Joanna has decided to study at university. Her course requires that she undertake at least 2subjects for
the year. If 4 subjects are being offered, the number of subject combinations is:
a 36
b 24
C 15
D 11
e 20
13 Four pieces of fruit are selected from a box containing 5 oranges and 6 apples. The number of
D 90
e 110
14 Five letters are randomly selected from the word ENERGISE. The probability that the letter E will
5
8
15
56
3
8
1
8
55
56
1 A 3-, 4- or 5- digit number is to be formed using digits taken from 8, 4, 3, 6 and 7. If a digit may be
used more than once, how many different numbers can be made?
2 The 4 fastest runners in a race will qualify for the finals. If there are 11 competitors, determine the
number of different ways in which the race can finish.
ex Ten D eD
r eS P o n S e
3 Evaluate 9! + 8! 6! + 3 2!
4 Find the number of ways the letters of the word ARRANGEMENT can be placed in a row.
5 Anna, Belinda, Chien, Deanna and Erica are lining up for concert tickets. If Belinda and Deanna do not
candidates, two will become class monitors. Find the number of ways this can be done.
8 A class consists of 24 students. If an initial group of 4 must be chosen to go for a measles injection,
What is the probability that the committee will contain 2 men and 3 women?
10 The letters of the word FEATURING are randomly rearranged. Find the probability that the letters of
the word FEAT are together, though not necessarily in the order shown.
11 Two women and three men approach an ATM at the same time.
a How many different queues are possible if the position of each person in the queue is taken into
account?
b How many queues of at least two people are possible if the position of each person in the queue is
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
559
12 From a group of 20 female students, 2 female staff, 18 male students and 3 male staff, a committee of
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9820
Test Yourself
Chapter 12
560
6 is to be formed.
a Find the number of different committees if:
i there are no restrictions
ii all committee members must be students
iii one female and one male staff member must be on the committee
iv there is an equal number of males and females on the committee
v one particular student must be on the committee
vi one particular student must not be on the committee
vii the committee must comprise 2 male staff members, 2 male students, 1 female staff member
and 1 female student.
b Find the probability that:
i only students are selected for the committee
ii all the staff are selected for the committee
iii exactly 2 staff and 4 students are selected.
13 In the game of Tattslotto, a barrel contains forty-five balls numbered 1 to 45, of which eight are
randomly drawn. The first six of these numbered balls are the winning numbers. The final two drawn
are called supplementary numbers. When you purchase a standard ticket, you may select six numbers
in each game. Prizes are awarded according to how many of your six numbers match those drawn from
the barrel.
To win the first prize (division one), all six of your numbers must match the six winning numbers
drawn from the barrel.
To win the second prize (division two), five of your numbers must match the winning numbers and
your remaining number must match one of the supplementary numbers.
To win the third prize (division three), five of your numbers must match the winning numbers.
(Your remaining number does not match any of the numbers drawn.)
a What is the probability of winning division one?
b What is the probability of winning division two?
c What is the probability of winning division three?
d What is the probability of winning at least a division three prize?
ICT activities
Chapter opener
DiGiTal DoC
10 Quick Questions doc-9813: Warm-up with ten quick questions on
combinatorics (page 529)
12a
TUTorial
We4 eles-1454: Use the multiplication and addition rules to
calculate the number of different lunches and the number of different
dishes that can be ordered at a cafeteria (page 531)
12b
Permutations
TUTorial
We7 eles-1455: Use permutations to determine the number of
ways three awards and two prizes can be distributed to five different
people (page 534)
12C
Factorials
DiGiTal DoC
WorkSHEET 12.1 doc-9814: Determine the number of combinations
in different scenarios and calculate expressions involving factorials
(page 537)
12D
TUTorial
We14 eles-1456: Use permutations to determine the number
of different way five positions can be determined from ten
people (page 539)
DiGiTal DoCS
SkillSHEET 12.1 doc-9815: Practise calculating nPr (page 540).
doc-9816: Investigate combinatorics using a spreadsheet
(page 540)
12e
inTeraCTiViTY
Permutations involving restrictions int-0271: Consolidate
your understanding of permutations involving restrictions
(page 541)
TUTorial
We18 eles-1457: Determine the number of ways the letters in
a particular word can be arranged if two specific letters cannot be
adjacent (page 543)
12F
arrangements in a circle
TUTorial
We21 eles-1458: Determine the number of ways six people can
be arranged around a table, if two specific people must be seated
next to each other (page 546)
DiGiTal DoC
WorkSHEET 12.2 doc-9817: Calculate permutations and evaluate
expressions involving nPr (page 547)
12G
TUTorial
We25 eles-1459: Calculate the number of different committees
that can be formed from a group of five men and four women, given
three varying constraints (page 549)
DiGiTal DoCS
doc-9816: Investigate combinatorics using a spreadsheet (page 549)
SkillSHEET 12.2 doc-9818: Practise identifying and listing possible
outcomes (page 550)
Investigation doc-9819: Investigate Pascals triangle (page 550)
12h
applications to probability
TUTorial
We30 eles-1460: Apply the law of total probabilities and the
probability of an event to calculate probabilities of selecting specific
coloured marbles from two bags (page 552)
DiGiTal DoC
doc-9816: Investigate combinatorics using a spreadsheet (page 554)
Chapter review
DiGiTal DoC
Test Yourself doc-9820: Take the end-of-chapter test to test your
progress (page 560)
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
561
Answers CHAPTER 12
CombinaToriCS
exercise 12a
Walk
Bus
Walk
Bus
Walk
Bus
Walk
Train
Bus
14 16
15 30
exercise 12b
1 24
4 100 000
7 a 64
8 320
9 a 750
10 80
13 C
16 256
Permutations
2 720
5 120
b 56
3 336
6 40 320
b 180
11 320
14 C
12 320
15 C
Factorials
1 a 24
c 479 001 600
e 96
g 567
2 a 0
c 2880
e 40 206
g 35 376
3 B
4 D
5 a 12
c 840
e 4
6 a 10 302
c 4500
e 61 629 480
7 a 15
c 2970
e 3906
8 E
9 a 214
c 1596
e 122
562
b 90
d 1681
Permutations using nP r
a 360
b 56
c 504
d 24
e 6 375 600
f 6
g 17
h 19 950
i 0
j 36
k 94 109 400
l 7 880 400
303 600
3 20
300
a 24
b 36
E
13 366 080
151 200
6720
3 628 800
a 362 880
b 720
exercise 12D
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
10 a 40
c 41
e 4
1
3
5
7
9
120
3360
4320
5445
1260
arrangements in a circle
2 E
4 6930
6 252
8 D
10 D
11 165
exercise 12G
b 362 880
d 8
f 4318
b
d
f
h
156
0
2 177 298
439 085 448
b 5
d 120
b
d
f
b
d
999 000
15 438 000
25 000
756
999 000
b 104
d 491 952
Combinations using nC r
b 4
d 1
1 a 10
c 6
e 1
2 a 15
c 45
e 924
3 a 30
c 41 664
e 118 755
4 A
5 a 3, 3
c 10, 10
6 a 20C7 = 20C13
7 792
9 21
11 60
13 22 050
15 a 252
16 10
18 a 1001
c 595
19 a 28
20 a 142 506
21 E
23 A
b 21
d 84
b 1485
d 73 815
b 4, 4
d 84, 84
b 100C9 = 100C91
8 15
10 593 755
12 525
14 490 776
b 120
17 7
b 420
d 70
b 56
b 128%
22 70
exercise 12h
applications to probability
1 336
2 7
25
3 66
4 C
5 0.336
6 9
7 D
8 5
4
2
10 E
99
11
2
33
2
12 a 33
b 33
19
c 11
d 33
13 7
14 a 0.783
b 0.013
c 0.436
5
15 8
16 C
17 a C
18 a
b C
461
462
181
b 462
7
19 a 22
b 22
c 11
d 11
152
20 15
21 231
65
22 12
23 132
53
24 96
ChaPTer reVieW
ShorT anSWer
2 7! = 5040
4 6! = 720
6 26
1 210
3 48
5 1320
mUlTiPle ChoiCe
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
D
B
A
C
B
A
A
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
A
D
C
A
B
D
E
exTenDeD reSPonSe
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3875
7920
402 486
2 494 800
72
332 640
840
10 626
175
9 0.408 or 429
10 0.0476 or
11 a 120
1
21
b 26
12 a i
iii
v
vii
b i
iii
6 096 454
442 890
850 668
18 360
0.453
0.121
ii 2 760 681
iv 2 048 200
vi 5 245 786
13 a 1.23 10 7
c 2.73 10 5
b 1.47 10 6
d 2.89 10 5
ii 0 (negligible)
ChaPTer 12 Combinatorics
563
Pr(A B).
2 marks
2 Fifty-five Year 11 students at Grampians Rise Secondary College attended the study camp. On the
S ho rT
a n S W er
25 minutes
camp, students were able to select up to three physical activities: bike riding, rock climbing or
hiking.
29 students selected hiking.
22 students selected rock climbing.
28 students selected bike riding.
7 students selected both bike riding and rock climbing.
8 students selected only bike riding and hiking.
5 students selected all three activities.
B
c
8
a
5
R
9
d
b
H
B
0.65
A
A
0.4
3 marks
b From part a, determine the probability that a learner driver selected at random has more than
300 hours driving practice and has been involved in a minor car accident.
1 mark
c Show that the probability that a learner driver selected at random did not have more than
300 hours driving practice given that they have not been involved in a minor car accident is 16. 2 marks
d 200 learner drivers were surveyed about their driving experiences. Determine the expected
number of learner drivers who have had less than 300 hours driving practice and have been
2 marks
involved in a minor car accident.
1 Two six-sided dice are rolled. The probability that a 4 appears on the second die given that an even
1
36
1
18
10 minutes
1
12
1
6
2
7
2
105
8
105
m U lTiP l e
C ho iC e
4
5
14
15
e
4
,
15
1
3
103
105
3 Lillies Lucky Lotto involves a player selecting 6 numbers from numbers 1 to 40. To win the lotto, the
players 6 numbers must match those randomly selected from the numbers 1 to 40. The total possible
number of different entries would be determined by which one of the following expressions?
b 6!
C 40C6
D 40P6
e 40!
a 6 40
Exam practice 5
565
2
7
1
3
1
2
2
3
5
7
1 Lakeside Rebels is an A-League soccer team. There are 11 players in the team.
a Before the start of each game, the Rebels players line up for the national anthem. Determine the
total number of different ways the players can line up if the captain and vice-captain are always in
the first and second positions in the line.
2 marks
The winning performance is constant throughout the season. When the Rebels
W
win their game, the probability of winning the next game is 85%. If the Rebels
W
lose their game, the probability of winning their next game is 60%.
W'
b Represent this information on the tree diagram at right, where W represents
a win and W represents a loss.
2 marks
W
c The Rebels are playing in a five-game tournament. Determine the
W'
probability of them winning their third game if they win their
W'
2 marks
first game.
d To win the tournament the Rebels need to win 4 games. Determine the
probability of the Rebels winning the tournament given they lose the second
game. Write your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
2 marks
e The Rebels probability of winning games can also be represented in the following transition
matrix:
a 0.6
b 0.4
DiGiTal DoC
doc-10165
Solutions
exam practice 5
566
iii
SHORT ANSWER
3 29
2
2 a f (1) = 2(1)3 + 5(1)2 4(1) 3 = 0
LHS = RHS; therefore, (x 1) is a linear
factor.
b Therefore, a = 2 and b = 1.
y
1
2
2 10
c x=
2
d
y
500
100
0
5 x
2 E
5 C
8 E
EXTENDED RESPONSE
( 2 1)2 + (1 5)2
=5
d AC = ( 2 5)2 + (1 2)2
= 50
=5 2
d BC = (1 5)2 + (5 2)2
=5
dAB = dBC; therefore, triangle ABC is an
isosceles triangle.
y = 7x + 12
If this line passes through the vertex B
(1, 5), then this point lies on the line.
Substituting the values of (1, 5) into the
function, we get:
LHS = 5 RHS = 7(1) + 12 = 5
LHS = RHS; therefore, the line passes
through the vertex B.
Qv = 3.44t4 + 18.03t3 + 31.01t2
+ 55.23t 108.47
Cs = 7.04t3 + 50.63t2 + 129.74t + 5.40
i Domain Qv: [1, 5] or {x: 1 x 5}
ii Domain Cs: [0, 5] or {x: 0 x 5}
1
2
b A 1=
8 2
13
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1 log5
3 log2
1 B
3 D
b x = 11
2 C
4 B
EXTENDED RESPONSE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2 E
6 C
3 C
7 A
1 0
0 3
iii
6
taken to increase from minimum to
maximum is 6 hours.
c y
b A (1, 2)
cos(90)
c i
ii
1 a i
4 D
8 D
EXTENDED RESPONSE
1
3
5 x
3 a x=
1 E
5 D
2 6
b Range of f : (4, 4)
3 B
6 A
1 a det(A) = 8
1
2
c 2 A 2B =
3 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE
SHORT ANSWER
4
2
3
EXAM PRACTICE 3
b AB =
6
(3, 3)
2 a A+ B =
1
SHORT ANSWER
(1, 5)
b
c
2 a
Victor
300
b
c
Seng
EXAM PRACTICE 2
(1, 3)
1 a d AB =
700
d
3 a
b
c
d
e
3 a = 4, b = 7
4 a 2(x 1)2 5, turning point: (1, 5)
b Range: y [5, 3]
1D
4D
7D
235
4k
ii Solving 150 = e for k using a CAS
900
1 x=
2 a M0 = 150
b i 235 = 150 e4k
y
1100
cos(90)
sin(90)
sin(90)
ii B(3, 5)
2 a [4 2 3 0]
b $3h
c i 11
ii The amount of money, in dollars, Jim
earns from selling the four different
types of fruit trees in the third week.
4 2 3 0
2 1 0 3
0 0 2 1
2 p 0 3
195.30
175.35
74.65
158.85 + 16.5 p
567
e
16.5
195.3
175.35
74.65
158.85 + 16.5 p
4 2
2 1
0 0
2 p
3
0
2
0
0
3
1
3
c 0 = 4976.80a + 81.46b + c
d
e
2 a
b
c
EXAM PRACTICE 4
SHORT ANSWER
1 a f (2 + h) = 14 + 11h +
b Gradient of tangent = 11
2 a The cars speed is variable (i.e. it
2h2
y
(2, 4)
(1, 5)
4 f(x) = 4x + 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2 A
3E
4C
5 B
6 B
EXTENDED RESPONSE
Therefore, d = 150.
b h(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
568
1 Pr(A B) = 0.2
2 a a = 2, b = 10, c = 13, d = 6
b 2 students
13
c Pr(selects both bike and hiking) =
55
3 a
A
A'
B
0.15
0.25
0.4
B'
0.5
0.1
0.6
b Pr(A B) = 0.15
B'
0.15
0.5
0.65
A'
0.25
0.1
0.35
0.4
0.6
Pr(A|B) =
Pr( A B)
Pr( B)
0.1
0.6
1
=
6
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1 D
3 C
5 B
2 D
4 D
EXTENDED RESPONSE
1 a 9! or 362 880
b
0.85
0.85
0.15
0.6
0.15
0.65
0.35
1
c
d
e
f
2 a
b
c
d
W
W'
W
W'
0.4
SHORT ANSWER
1 D
EXAM PRACTICE 5
W'
M U LTIP L E
C HO IC E
B 40
C 36
5 c
4
D 216
3 c
4
E 30
3 c
4
4 c
5
3 An isosceles triangle has two equal sides of length 2a cm; two equal angles, each ; and an altitude to
the third side of length a cm. The exact value of tan (90 ) is:
3a
a
A
B
C
D
3a
2
2
3a
2
3 2
2
3 2
2 2
n ((22n 1)
5 The exact value of tan
A
D +
6 sin
3 2
2
3
3
3
3 2
2 2
3 2
2 2
, n Z is:
6
+
3
B
3
E 3
3
3
3 + cos
cos equals:
2
2
B 2 cos
E sin
n ccos
os
A 2sin
n ccos
os
D sin
C 0
x
Consider the graph of y = 2 sin 5, [0, 2 ] to answer questions 7 and 8.
2
A
B
C
D
2
2
2
2
8 The period is:
2
A 2
B 1
C
D
2
2
E 2 2
9 The depth of water at the harbour entrance at Portcliffe is given by the equation d = 3sin 2t
where d is the depth in metres and t is the number of hours after midnight.
The depth at midnight in metres is:
9
A 1
B 4
C 4
D 7
2
3
+ 4,
2
4
E
C 2, x = 4
B 2, y = 4
E 2, y = 0
A x=
1 (
[e
c
D x=
1 (a + f )
[e
d]
c
d]
B y=
1 (
[e
c
x+ f
)
a
d]
x
( +f)
C y = c [e a
d]
1 ( +f)
y = [e a d ]
c
Cumulative exam practice
569
12 The exact distance between the points (4, 7) and (1, 5) is:
A 13
29
A ( 4 , 1)
B (1, 5 )
153
3 2
(4 , 5)
and (
5 8
4,
5)
13
is:
1
D ( 4 , 1)
C (1, 5 )
21
E ( 4 , 1)
14 It is anticipated that the population of Tapagonia will increase at an annual rate of 3%. Its population
now is 2.25 million. The population at the end of 8 complete years from now will be (in millions):
A 18.3539
B 2.7672
C 14.1184
D 2.8502
E 2.7900
15 The breakdown of a radioactive element is given by the equation Dt = D0 10 0.015t , where t is time
measured in years and D0 is the density when t = 0. The half-life in years of the element is:
A 0.7079
B 0.2007
C 2.007
D 20.07
E 0.8414
1
16 If f ( x ) = 2( x 3)2 4 x + , then f (a) equals:
x
1
1
1
2
2
2
A 2a 3 4 a +
B 2a 6 4 a +
C 2a 9 4 a +
a
a
a
1
1
2
2
D 2a 18 4 a +
E 2(a 3) 4 a + a
a
17 The function f (x) = x3 is translated 3 units to the left and 2 units downwards. It is then dilated by a
factor of 4 from the x-axis before being reflected in the y-axis. The transformed equation is:
A y = 4(x 3)3 8
B y = 4(x 3)3 + 8
C y = 4(x + 3)3 8
3
3
D y = 4(x + 3) 2
E y = 4(x + 3) + 2
a b
, . The equation of the
18 All points on a particular line are equidistant from the points (a, b) and
2 2
line is:
3
3
A 3by + 3ax + b 2 + a 2 = 0
4
C
E
3
3
B 3by 3ax + b 2 + a 2 = 0
3
3
3by 3ax + 4 b 2 + 4 a 2 = 0
3by + 3ax 3 b 2 + 3 a 2 = 0
4
4
D 3by + 3ax +
4
3 2
b
4
4
3 2
a
4
=0
19 The region inside the circle x2 + (y 2)2 = 4 that lies on or below the line y = x 1 is represented by:
A x2 + (y 2)2 > 4, y x 1
C x2 + (y 2)2 < 4, y x 1
E x2 + (y 2)2 4, y > x 1
B x2 + (y 2)2 < 4, y x 1
D x2 + (y 2)2 4, y < x 1
symmetry about the y-axis, three zeros and three stationary points
symmetry about the y-axis, two zeros and three stationary points
symmetry about the y-axis, two zeros and two stationary points
symmetry about the x-axis, three zeros and three stationary points
symmetry about the x-axis, two zeros and one stationary point
Algebra
1 The remainder when ax3 ax2 + 2ax a is divided by x + 1 is:
A a
2 The factors of
C 5a
B a
x3
(b +
3)x2
A (x 1)(x 4)(x b)
D (x 1)(x + 4)(x + b)
D 3a
E 3a
C (x + 1)(x 4)(x + b)
570
7 553
2
B 7, 1
C 7, 1
D 8, 1
E 8, 1
1 1
3, 2
1 1
B 3, 2
C 2
1
E loge( 2 ), loge(3)
D log
ge ((2)
5 The graph of y = 1 x3 is subject to the following transformations in the given order: translation of
2 units to the left and 3 units upwards; dilation of 4 away from the x-axis and 3 away from the y-axis.
The resulting equation is:
A y = 16
D y = 16
4
( x 6)3
27
4
( x + 6)3
27
B y = 16 +
E
y = 16
4
( x + 6)3
27
4
( x 6)3
27
C y = 16
2)2 +
6 The order of transformations that combine to transform x2 + y2 = 4 into 16(( x 2)
A 1 A translation of 2 units to the left and 1 unit upwards
4
( x + 6)3
27
( y + 1)2
= 4 is:
9
+ 5 = 4,
4 [0, 4] is:
2 4
A
13 17
,
6 6
19 23
,
6 6
19 23
1 17
,
E 6, 6
6
6
8 Given 4[cos(x)]2 cos(x) 5 = 0, [, ), then x equals:
13 17
,
6
6
5
D coss 1 , cos
cos 1 ( 1)
4
E coss 1
cos
( ), cos
5
5
C coss 1 , cos
cos 1 ((1)
4
1 ((1)
9 The zeros for the graph of the function f (x) = (x 2a)2(x + b)2, x R are:
B 4a2, b2
E 2a, b
A 4a2, b2
D 2a, b
C 4a2, b2
10 The graph of a function has x-intercepts of 1, 3 and 7. The y-intercept is 3. The equation of the
function is:
A y = 7( x 1)(( x + 3)( x 7)
B y = 1 ( x 1)( x + 3)(( x 7)
D y = 7( x + 1)(( x 3)( x + 7)
C y=
y=
1
( x + 1)( x 3)(( x + 7)
7
( x 1)( x + 3)( x 7)
11 The x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the graphs of the functions f (x) = 2x + 1 and
B 1 3
A 1
C 1, 1 3
1
E 1, 2
D 1
1 0
0 1
1 0
0 1
B
E
0 1
0 0
0 1
1
1 0
0 0
571
13 A dilation of factor
matrix equation:
1
4
x 1 0 1 0 x
1
y 0 1 0 4 y
x 0 1 1 0 x
=
4
y 1 0 0 1 y
x 1 0 0 1 x
= 4
y 0 1 1 0 y
x 0 1 1 0 x
1
y 1 0 0 4 y
x 1 0 0 1 x
1
=
y 0 4 1 0 y
2
3
2
2
0
5
4
5
0
0 1
0 0
1 0
w
x
y
z
3
0
2
1
are:
2x + y z + w = 3
3x 5 y + w = 0
3x 5 y + z + w = 0
2x
+ 4y + z + w =
2x
2x y = 3
2x z = 3
3x 5 y + w = 0
3x 5 y + w = 0
2x
2x
+ 4y = 2
2x 5y + z = 1
E
+ 4y = 2
2x 5y + z = 1
2x 5y + z w = 1
C
2x z + w = 3
+ 4y = 2
2x 5y + z = 1
2x z = 3
3x 5 y + w = 0
2x
+ 4y = 2
2x 5y + w = 1
15 For the cubic function y = f (x), f (a) = a, f (a) = 0, f (b) = 0, f (b) = 0, a < b, and a and b R+ {0}.
16 The graph of y = 2cos( g( x )) + 1, x [0, ), g > 0 crosses the x-axis closest to the origin at x =
.
12
2
The value of g is:
A
B
C
D
E
A 2
B 2
C 2
e x 2e x + 1
equals:
e x e x
ex 2
B ex 1
1
2
572
(e x )2 + e x 2
(e x )2 1
ex + 2
ex + 1
(e x )2 + e x 2
(e x )2 + 1
ex + 2
ex 1
18 For the family of curves y = a(x + b)4 c, the x-intercept and the y-intercept are respectively:
c
, ab 4 c
a
c
D b 4 , ab 4 c
b + 4
b 4
a
, ab 4 + c
c
b 4
c
, ab 4 + c
a
a
, ab 4 c
c
19 The graph of y = (x 1)(x + 3)(x2 4) intersects the y-axis at the point(s):
A (0, 1), (0, 3), (0, 4)
B (0, 1), (0, 3), (0, 2), (0, 2)
C (0, 1), (0, 3), (0, 2), (0, 2)
D (0, 12)
E (12, 0)
1 1 1 1
20 + = + . If p = 4, r = 3 and s = 2, then q equals:
p q r s
a
b 4
B 12
A 12
C 12
1
12
E 5
1 If y = x4 3x3 + 6, then
A 4x4 9x3 + 6
C 4x3 9x2 + 6
D x3 3x2
dy
= 3x3 + 2x2 1, then y equals:
dx
A 9x 2 + 4 x + c
B 9x 2 + 4 x 1 + c
E 4x3 9x2
2 If
1
4
x4 +
3 If f ( x ) =
A
1 3
x
3
x+c
3
4
x4 +
1
+ 1, then f (2) equals:
x3
3
B 4
2 3
x
3
x4 + x3 x + c
x+c
C 16
3
16
5
4
4 The graph of y = f (x) is an upright parabola that has roots x = a and x = 0, where a > 0. The function
f (x) has:
no stationary points
two stationary points of inflection
one turning point, which is a minimum, and one stationary point of inflection
one turning point, which is a maximum, and one stationary point of inflection
one maximum turning point, one minimum turning point and one point of inflection
A
B
C
D
E
a x
x
0
573
6 The gradient of the tangent to the curve y = x2 + x, x > 0 at the point where y = 6 is:
A 42
B 5
C 6
D 13
E 9
7 The graph of f (x) is an inverted parabola that has roots x = p, x = q, q > p. The function is decreasing
when:
A x>q
B x<p
C x>
p+q
2
p+q
E p<x<q
2
8 The equation of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point where x = a is:
A y = (x a)f (a) + f (a)
B y = (x + a)f (a) + f (a)
C y = f (a)
D y = xf (a) + f (a)
E y=0
D x<
1 2 x ddx equals:
1
2
(1 2 x ) 3
+c
D 1 (1 2 x ) 2 + c
3
(1 2 x ) 2
+c
(1 2 x ) 2 + c
4
x 2 + 1
2
x + 1
x0
x<0
, f 1 equals:
2
A 0
D 3
C (1 2 x ) 2 + c
B
E none of the above
C 1
11 Measured in square centimetres, the maximum area of a rectangle whose perimeter is p centimetres is:
1
C 16 p2
B 1 p2
A p2
D p p
1
4
1
4
p( p 1)
12 The total surface area of a cylinder is A cm2. Measured in cubic centimetres, the maximum volume of
A 2
A 2
6
D
2A A
3 3
A 2
B 2
3
E
2A A
3 6
A
r
2
13 The tangent to f (x) at the point (3, 5) has the equation y = x + 8. The equation of f (x) is:
x2
+8
3
x3
+6
D
27
A
B x2 + 5x + 2
C x2 + 8x 9
E (x 3)(x 5)
14 A rectangular sheet of metal, 12 cm by 10 cm, has a square of side x cm cut from each corner. The
sides of the rectangular sheet are then folded to form an open cuboid. Measured in cubic centimetres,
the maximum volume of the cuboid occurs when x is:
11 + 31
11 31
11 31
A
B
C
3
3
3
22 + 6 10
1
22 6 10
1
D
E
3
3
15 The curve f (x) = x3 + 2x2 x + 5 is an increasing function for:
A
D
574
1
3
x1
1
3
< x < 1
B 3 x<1
E x<1
1
3
<x<1
16 A bag contains some red marbles, some blue marbles and some green marbles. There are 100 marbles
in total, and there are four more green marbles than blue marbles. The probability of choosing a red
marble followed by a blue marble, with replacement and as independent events, is greatest when the
number of red marbles in the bag equals:
A 24
B 36
C 48
D 60
E 72
Questions 17 and 18: A particle moves in a straight line such that its displacement, x metres, after
time t seconds from a fixed point O is given by x = at2 + bt + c.
17 The velocity is:
1 3
at
3
A 1 at 3 + 1 bt 2 + ct + d
D 2at + bt
E 2at + b
B 2at
C 2at + b + c
+ 2 bt 2 + ct
C 2a
D at2 + b
E a
19 The sum of two numbers is m. The numbers in terms of m, such that the sum of their squares is a
minimum, are:
A m, 0
D
m 2m
,
3 3
m m
,
2 2
m 3m
,
4 4
E 2m, m
20 The velocity of 10 m/s is drawn on a velocitytime graph and also on a displacementtime graph. The
B y = 10, y = 10x
E y = 10, x = 10
C x = 10, y = 10x
Probability
1 pCq equals:
A
p!
q!
q!
p!
q!
( p q ) ! p!
p!
( p q )! q !
p!
( p q )!
2 The probability that the sum of the two up-facing numbers on a pair of unbiased six-sided dice equals 7
is:
A
7
36
6
36
5
36
4
36
3
36
3 The probability of selecting 2 kings, 3 queens and 3 aces when selecting eight cards from a standard
52
4 4 4
2 3 3
52
8
8
52
52
8
12
8
52
8
4 If Pr(A) = 0.9, Pr(B) = 0.3 and Pr(A|B) = 0.5, then Pr(B|A) equals:
A 0.15
B 0.6
C 0.2
D 0.1667
E 0.8
5 If for two events, A and B, Pr(A B) = 0.1 and Pr(A B) = 0.6, then Pr(A) equals:
A 0.7
B 0.5
1
6
D 1
1
7
575
6 If Pr(A B) = 0.6, Pr(A) = 0.7 and Pr(B) = 0.2, then Pr(A B) equals:
A 1
B 0.1
C 0.3
D 0.9
2
3
7 The number of ways that 10 people can be split into groups of five, three and two is:
10
B
5 3 2
D 3
E 6
n n
10 5
10 10 10
A
8
C
5 3
+
=
8 If 2
, then n equals:
2 3 4
A 5
B 4
C 1 or 8
D 1
E 8
9 If the probability of success, p, of a certain event satisfies the equation log10(5p) = log10(4 6p2), then
p equals:
1 4
A 2, 3
B 2
1 4
D 2, 3
C 3
1 4
2, 3
E
1
4
10 The probability of success, p, of a certain event, satisfies the equation log p = 2 log (x + ) log x,
5
4
B 1 4
5
4
D 4
E 4
B 0
C Pr(P)
B 4
and Pr(A B) =
3
.
8
p equals:
A 4, 2
E Pr(P Q)
D Pr(Q)
1
)
4
C 2
E 4, 1
D 4
B QP
C PQ=
E P and Q are mutually exclusive.
14 The probability of choosing an ace or a diamond in one pick from a standard pack of playing cards
equals:
17
16
A 52
13
B 52
10
C 52
D 52
E 52
Pr(x)
a3
a3
a3
a(5a 8)
2
2b
4 1
A 9
B 3, 3
4
D 1, 9
E 9
1
1 3a3
3
a(5a 8)
2
Pr(x)
a3
a3
a3
a(5a 8)
2
2b
A 0.9468
D
576
3 a(5a 8)
1 3a +
B 0
4
E 9
1
1 3a3
3
a(5a 8)
2
17 The number of ways of arranging the letters of the word MISSISSIPPI in a row such that the letters P
11!
4!4!
11!
2!4!4!2!
10!
2!4!4!2!
11!
2!4!4!
18 The probability of Chiu answering the first question correctly in a multiple choice examination is 0.5.
If he gets a correct answer, the probability of answering the next question correctly is 0.6. If he gets an
incorrect answer, the probability of answering the next question correctly is 0.2. The probability that he
answers the fourth question correctly is:
A 0.656
B 0.344
C 0.5(0.6)3
4
2
D 0.5(0.6)
E (0.5)(0.6) (0.5)
19 The probability of rain today is p. The probability of rain on the day after rain is q. The probability of
rain on the day after a fine day is q2. If this is Monday, the matrices that can be used in the calculation
of Fridays weather are:
q
q2
A
1 q 1 q2
q
q2
C
1 q 1 q2
p
q2
1 p 1 q2
1 p
1 q 1 q2
B
q2
q
1 p
1 q 1 q2
D
q2
q
1 p
1 p
1 p
20 Three students sit a particularly difficult Mathematics test in which there is an extremely tricky
problem. Anh, Beatrice and Colin have probabilities of 0.8, 0.7 and 0.6 respectively of solving this
problem. If the problem is solved, the probability that it is only solved by Anh is:
A 0.3443
B 0.09836
C 0.976
D 0.2857
E 0.96
1 A particle moves in a straight line. Its displacement from a fixed point O is x metres at time t seconds.
a Its acceleration at time t seconds is (2t 4). Find its velocity, v m/s, at time t seconds if the particle
is initially at rest.
b Find its displacement in terms of time if the particle is 3 m to the left of O after 2 seconds.
S HO RT
A N S W ER
EX TEN D ED
R ES P O N S E
( 4 x 5 + 1) ddx.
4 If f ( x ) = ( x 3 + x )dx and f (1) = 0, find c, the constant of integration.
3 Find
5 a Find the gradient of the secant through the points (x, f (x)) and ((x + h), f (x + h)) on the curve y = .
x
b Hence find the gradient of the tangent at the point (x, f (x)).
c Find the equation of the tangent at x = a.
6 A farmer has 300 metres of fencing that he wishes to use to fence off a rectangular field of the largest
possible area. If the field is bounded along one of its longer sides by a river (no fence required), find the
maximum area of the field.
7 Find the volume of the largest right cylinder that can be fitted into a right circular cone of height
577
9 A sector of a circle of radius r cm has a perimeter of 12 cm. Find r if the sector has maximum area.
10 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = x3 3 at the point P (g, y).
11 Find the equation of the normal (perpendicular line to the tangent) to the curve y = x3 + 3x at the point
A (a, y).
12 The hourly cost, C (in dollars), of running a particular motor vehicle at a speed of V km/h is given by
a
b
ii f >
a
b
x
2a 2 a + 2
+
. Evaluate b.
1 + a2
1 + a2
14 Find the equations of the tangents to y = x3 + 3x2 that have a gradient of 9.
13 The equation of the tangent at the point (a, b) on a curve is y =
15 Find the coordinates of the point where the tangent to y = x2(3x 2) at the point (1, 1) meets the curve
16
at the point (2, 8).
x
b Find the coordinates of a second point on the curve at which the tangent is parallel to the tangent
at (2, 8).
By a traditional law of the land, each silo must be exactly h metres high. If the cylindrical section has
height of x metres and radius r metres:
a find x in terms of h and r
1
b show that the volume of a silo is V = r 2 h r 3
3
c show that the maximum volume of a silo does not occur at a turning point
d find the shape of the silo that holds the maximum volume of grain.
20 A metal sphere of radius b cm is melted down and recast into the shape of a right cylinder of height
displacement from a fixed reference point in metres and t is the time of travel in seconds.
a What is the displacement when t = 3?
b When is the particle 1 m to the left of the reference point?
c When is the particle 1 m to the right of the reference point?
d When is the particle passing through the reference point?
e What is the particles velocity when it passes through the reference point?
f What is the particles acceleration when it passes through the reference point?
g At what time(s) are the magnitude of velocity and acceleration equal?
578
24 A particle moves in a straight line according to the equation x = t3 2t2 + t 5, where x is the
displacement from a fixed reference point in metres and t is the time of travel in seconds.
a What is the maximum displacement between t = 0 and t = 1?
b What is the velocity when the displacement is a minimum between t = 0 and t = 1?
c In which direction is the particle moving immediately i before and ii after the displacement is a
minimum?
25 Find ( x
+ x 2 1)dx.
26 A function f (x) = ax3 bx2 + x 5, [2, 4) has no stationary points. Find the relationship between
a and b.
x2
.
ba
2
28 Show that there are three possible normals to the curve y = x that pass through the point ( 4, 16).
27 Find the average rate of change between the points where x = a and x = b on the graph of y =
29 f (x) = 1 x2, [0, 1] and g (x) = 1 x 2 , [0, 1]. The line x = a intercepts both curves. Show that the
3
.
2
30 Find both the maximum and minimum values of the function f (x) = x3 + 2x2 5x 16, R R, in the
32 Nine different consonants and four different vowels are arranged in a row.
a Find the probability that the vowels are all together.
b If the vowels are not all together, find the probability that the consonants are all together.
33 The independent probabilities that two horses live to the age of ten years are 0.4 and 0.2.
shows a 3.
36 Prove that Pr((A B)|B) = Pr(A|B).
37 Two unbiased 4-sided dice, each numbered 1 to 4, are thrown.
a Find the probability of a total less than or equal to 4.
b If the total is less than or equal to 4, find the probability that the total is greater than or equal to 3.
38 Pr(A) = 0.6 and Pr(B) = 0.8. Find Pr(A|B) if:
a A and B are independent
b AB
39 Find Pr(A|B) if:
a A and B are mutually exclusive
b Pr(A B) = 0
40 A committee of foxes and rabbits has to be chosen to settle a tricky dispute. There are 20 foxes
available for election and 37 rabbits. The committee will consist of 7 members. The foxes have insisted
that the Big Brown Fox, a fearsome creature, must be on the committee. The rabbits have insisted
that Floppy Bunny, an orator of some eloquence, must also be on the committee. How many different
committees may be selected if there must be more rabbits than foxes?
41 The letters of the word COMMITTEE are arranged in a circle. Find the probability that the Ts are
together.
42 If two events A and B are complementary, find:
a Pr(A B)
c Pr(A|B)
b Pr(A B)
579
43 A target of diameter 2 metres is marked with concentric circles. Find the probability that if an archers
15
, 3 x 5, x R.
2x 2
a Find the value of x that gives the greatest probability of success.
b Find the greatest probability of success.
c Assuming the probability of success in each of the ten mines is the greatest probability found
above, find the probability that six of the mines succeed and four fail.
46 Find the probability that a poker hand of 5 cards has 3 aces and 2 kings.
47 If a poker hand of 5 cards has 3 aces and 2 kings, find the probability that it contains the ace of hearts
shot. If he is successful with any shot, the probability of success on the next shot is 0.95. If he misses,
the probability of success on the next shot is 0.7. Find the probability that he hits the centre of the target
on his fifth shot.
50 The probability of rain today is 0.7. The probability of rain on the day after rain is 0.8. The probability
of rain on the day after a fine day is 0.4. If today is Monday, find the probability that it will be fine on
Sunday.
51 The three students previously encountered are sitting an Economics test. Anh, Beatrice and Colin have
probabilities of p, (1 p) and (1 p2) respectively of passing. If at least two of the three pass, show that
(1 p)(1 p2 )
the probability that Anh fails equals
.
2 p3 + 1
52 The probability that an egg will crack while being brought home from the market is estimated at 0.05.
What is the probability that, in a box of one dozen eggs, three will crack on the way home?
53 The probability of success in a business venture is p. Over time it has been found that p closely follows
54 From a Year 11 class in Hicksville Heights High (HHH), the following study pattern emerges. Of the
30 students, some study a combination of Geography, Chinese and Physics. Two study only Geography,
5 only Chinese and 12 only Physics. Four study Geography and Physics, 4 study Physics and Chinese
and 3 study Chinese and Geography. Of these, x student(s) study all three subjects. If 8 students study
Geography, 11 students study Chinese and 19 study Physics, what is the probability that a student
chosen at random studies none of these three subjects?
55 In a batch of 300 shids, 12 are known to be defective.
a Find the probability of choosing a sample of ten shids containing exactly one defective shid from
the batch.
b Find the probability of choosing a sample of ten shids containing two or less defective shids from
the batch.
c Find the probability of choosing a sample of ten shids containing exactly one defective shid if the
1
. Find p.
e3 p 6
57 Eight novels, two dictionaries and ten mathematics books are placed on a shelf.
a Find the probability that the novels are all together.
b If the novels are together, find the probability that the dictionaries are not all together.
56 The probability, p, of rolling a 6 with a biased die is given by e6 p
+2p
58 a In how many ways can three witches and five unsuspecting children be seated round a circular table?
b In how many ways can they be seated if the wickedest witch refuses to sit beside the youngest
unsuspecting child?
59 The probability that patient A will survive a course of hospital treatment is 0.95; the probability that
b as a decimal.
r
cm at the circumference.
2
Express the sector angle (the angle at the centre of the circle) as a vulgar fraction in radians.
1
1
, x 2. Evaluate p if g(p) = 5.
x2
66 List the transformations, in the correct order, that transform the equation y = x2 into y = 3(x + 1)2 5.
65 g( x ) =
67 Sketch the graph of f (x) = x4 + 2x3 x2 2x, showing the coordinates of stationary points and intercepts.
68 Establish, by using the vertical line test, whether or not y =
69 Show the region
70 a
b
c
d
e
f
x2
y2
x 2 16 is a function.
71 Show that the points of intersection of the graphs of y = cot x + tan x, [0, 2] and y =
4 3
5 4 3
,
,
and
.
3 3
3
3
2
, [0, 2] are
sin x
74 a Find the equation of the inverse of y = 3(2) 4 x + 1, stating the domain and range.
b Sketch the graph of the inverse.
c Compare the graph of the inverse to the graph obtained in question 73. Comment.
75 a Sketch the graph of y = 2 log
loge
581
2x +
.
77 A ball on an elastic string oscillates back and forth horizontally according to the formula
t
d = 4 2 sin
sin + 4
4
where d metres is the displacement from a fixed point after t seconds.
a What is the displacement when t = 0?
b When is the ball 4 metres behind the fixed point for the first time?
c How many metres are there between the farthest positions of the ball?
5cos
os
76 State the period and amplitude of y = 5c
78 Given that N t = N 0e
kt
, evaluate k if N 4 = N 0 .
5
1 bx + f
1
e
+ c, R R is g( x ) = [ f loge (cp
cp px )], (, c] R.
p
b
80 Lars Ponsen, the athlete, trains by running backwards and forwards on a narrow running track. His
displacement from a fixed reference point at any time is given by d = 200(cos t + sin t), where d metres
is the displacement after t seconds.
a When is Lars at the reference point for the first time?
b How long is the track from one extreme to the other?
2
temperature in degrees Celsius after t hours.
a Show that the initial temperature of the cake is 0.
b Show that the maximum temperature of the cake occurs when t = hours.
c When does the temperature equal 150?
79 Prove that the inverse of f ( x ) =
82 Prove that as the angle changes, the point P (5 cos , 5 sin ) traces out the circumference of a circle
line y = x.
86 The longship of Harken the Terrible, the feared Viking warlord, is able to carry plunder back home
t
according to the well trusted Viking formula P = 30 tan tonnes up to a maximum of 100 tonnes,
where P is the weight of booty in tonnes and t is the number of days away from his home port, Asvark.
a How many days away from Asvark is Harken when he reaches his maximum load of 100 tonnes?
b When he is 3 days out of port, what is the value of P?
c How much plunder can he take on board on day 3, assuming he had already reached his
day 2 limit on the day before?
87 Prove:
a cos 2 x (tan 2 x 1) = 2sin 2 x 1
5sin
in
88 Show that the minimum value of y = 5s
b cos
sin(
sin(22 + ) = 1 ccos
os2
2
2
+ x + 1, [0, 2] occurs when x = .
3
6
3
1
is reflected in the x-axis and then dilated by a factor of 5 from the y-axis.
1 x
The graph is then translated 2 units to the left. Find the new equation.
89 The graph of y =
582
1
90 If f ( x ) = 3x
+ x , find:
( x 1)
a f (a)
b f (a + 1)
1
a
c f
94 Sketch the graph of f (x) = a(x b)3(x + 1), R R, where a, b R+, showing intercepts and the
2 x 1)
+ 1 into y = sin x.
3
log10 100
1
27 3 .
0 1
4 .
3 0
4
Find the value of a.
3
103 State the combination of transformations that are represented by the single matrix
105 For a certain cubic curve the y-intercept is 5. The curve touches the x-axis at x = 1 and intercepts the
x-axis at x = 4.
2 x + 3 y + 2z w = 3
x
y z w = 1
x 5 y 2z = 5
3x + z + 4 w = 2
107 Solve the following for x and y.
2 1 0 2 x 1
3 0 1 3 y = 2
2 (log 2 ( x
2 x )) = 4 .
Cumulative exam practice
583
3
3
Show that x 3 does not divide exactly into 3x4 6x3 + 4x 2.
Solve 15x2 x + 6 = 0.
Solve 5x2 x 2 = 0 for x by first completing the square. Give your answer in exact form.
Solve 2x2 + 8x 5 = 0 for x by using the quadratic formula. Give your answer in exact form.
Show that x 1 is a factor of x4 x3 7x2 + x + 6 and hence find the other linear factors.
The discriminant of the quadratic equation px2 p2x q = 0 equals zero.
a Find a relationship between p and q.
b If f (x) = px2 p2x q, find a restriction on the domain such that the inverse of f (x) is a function.
x 2 + x 2 2x 2 x 3
Simplify
.
4x2 9
x2 1
2x 2 + 2x 2
Solve 2
> 1.
5x 3
1
Sketch the graph of y
1 3 x + 2, (, 3] (, 2], showing intercepts and the coordinates of end
points. Show stationary points as appropriate.
117
118
119
DIGITAL DOC
doc-10428
Solutions
Cumulative exam
practice
584
and y = x.
1 3 x + 2, (, 3] (, 2]
5_61_10586_MQ11_MMCAS_3E_CEP.indd 584
8/05/13 3:42 PM
Answers
CUMULATIVE EXAM PRACTICE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Functions
1C
5C
9D
13 A
17 A
Algebra
1C
5C
9D
13 E
17 C
and graphs
2A
3
6E
7
10 B
11
14 D
15
18 C
19
2
6
10
14
18
B
E
B
D
D
3
7
11
15
19
d Vmax =
E
D
B
D
B
4
8
12
16
20
A
E
B
E
B
E
E
C
C
D
4
8
12
16
20
D
A
D
A
B
4
8
12
16
20
E
A
A
C
B
Probability
1E
2
5A
6
9B
10
13 E
14
17 A
18
4
8
12
16
20
D
E
B
A
B
B
D
E
B
B
3
7
11
15
19
D
C
B
E
C
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
7
a v = 4t
b x = t 3 2t 2 +
3
3
1 4
f (x) =
x + x2 + 1
4
3
1 6
x + x+c
4 c=
4
24
1
1
a
b 2
x ( x + h)
x
1
2
c y= 2 x+
a
a
11 250 m2
32 3
m
3
a Cube, side = 2.5 cm
b Cube, side = 2.5 cm
3 cm
y = 3g2x (2g2 + 3)
x
a(2a 2 + 9a + 10)
y=
+
2a + 3
2a + 3
ad
a Cost =
+ bdv
v
b Minimum total running cost = 2d ab
t2
c i + bf d
f
ii 2d ab
13 2
14 y = 9x + 27, y = 9x 5
4 32
15 ( 3 , 3 )
16 a y = 4x + 16
b y = 4x 16
2
17 0, 3
19 a x = h r
b, c Teacher to check
18 2c2
Teacher to check.
a 4, 4
2r2
a 11 m
c 2s
e 3.22 m/s
g 2.721 s
24 a 5 m left
c i Left
1
x 2
2
26
b2
28
29
30
b 0, 4 2
b 0 m/s
ii Right
68 Yes, it is a function.
y
69
4
x2 + y2 16
xy>3
b 0.3556
32 a 0.013 99
33 a 0.08
c 0.2727
34 Teacher to check.
b 0.004 255
b 0.44
x
1
(0.618, 1)
2 1 0
1
(1.618, 1)
b+a
27
ba
13
3
(0.5, 0.5625)
b 0 s, 1 s
d 1.755 s
f 6.53 m/s2
x 1 x + c
< 12a
Teacher to check.
Teacher to check.
5.940, 16
31 a
2
h3
3
20
21
22
23
25
70 a
y
1
x2
x
Region
required
x>1
y = x2 (a + b)x + ab
35 5
36 Teacher to check.
ab
b 6
b 0.75
b 1
b 1
48
50
52
53
54
0.000 039 08
0.6668
0.017 33
a 0.3010
49 0.9332
51 Teacher to check.
b 0.005 74
55 a 0.2841
c 0.2855
b 0.9950
d 0.001 569
56 3
57 a 0.000 103 2
11
b 13
b 3600
b 0.2297
58 a 5040
59 a 0.8075
1 n
60
1
n n n
2
b 0.6981
9
0.5c
170
22y + 14x + 18 = 0
7
61 a
62
63
64
65
d y = (x +
1
15
2n 1 n
y
1
b
5
6
a + b (a b)2
,
2
4
0 ab
b 0.0675
44 Teacher to check.
45 a 3
c 0.054 27
47
b 1
37 a 8
38 a 0.6
39 a 0
40 2 717 127
41 0.25
42 a Pr(A)
c 0
43 a 0.01
7
c 27
e Domain = [
(a b)2
(a + b)2
)+
4
2
(a b)2
, ), range = R
4
a + b + 1 + (a + b + 1)2 4 ab
,
2
a + b + 1 + (a + b + 1)2 4 ab
and
a + b + 1 (a + b + 1)2 4 ab
,
a + b + 1 (a + b + 1)2 4 ab
71 Teacher to check.
1
72 a Horizontalt ranslation
units to the
right
585
73 a
83 a
y = 3(2)4x + 1
f(x) =
1
(x 3)2
+1
19
y=1
0
x=3
b (1, )
b Teacher to check.
c 4
74 a y =
1
log2
4
x 1
, (1, ) R
3
y = 14 log2( x 3 1)
4 x
84
85
86
87
88
89
x=1
90
1
a +1 + a +1
b f (a + 1) =
(a + 1)3 1
75 a
y y = 2 loge( x + 1)
3
x = 3
(3, ) R
3
2
76 Period 2, amplitude 5
77 a 0
3 2
b
4
b
c
d
c 8 2
78 0.4024
79 Teacher to check.
80 a
3
seconds
4
b 400 2 m
c 273.2 m
81 a 0
b hours
c 1.318 hours
82 Teacher to check.
586
1
+3
x 1
Teacher to check.
Teacher to check.
a 4.019 days
b 42.39 tonnes
c 20.21 tonnes
Teacher to check.
Teacher to check.
3
y=
5x + 9
1
a f (a) = 3a
+a
(a 1)
c y =
y=1
x
a
1
1
c f =
+
a 1
a
3 1
a
a4
1
=
+
1 a3 a
91 3x3 9x2 + 9x 8 remainder 7
92 a Teacher to check.
b (2x 1)(x 1)(2x + 1)(x + 1)
93 a =
94
4
3
,b=
ab3
95 2
1
96 a y = loge 2 ( x + 12)
c x=
106 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 1
107 x =
108
109
110
111
1
( x
x + 12),
2
10
3
,y=
b 100
3 2
112 5 , 3
113
114
117
1 441
10
4 226
2
(x 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)(x 3)
p3
p
a q=
b x=
4
2
x+2
5
118 1 < x <
2x + 3
3
119 y = 1 3x + 2 y
( 13 , 2)
1
1
y = y
v2 u2
a s=
2a
4, 2
3
,
2 2
Teacher to check.
2 x 12
d Teacher to check.
c Teacher to check.
116
115
0
7 + 37 7 37
,
2
2
120
Index
Addition Law of Probabilities 4879
addition principle 52930
algebraic solution of simultaneous linear
equations 1617
amplitude of sine and cosine graphs 274
antidifferentation 4379
applications 4579
approximating areas
lower rectangle method 445
trapezoidal method 4467
upper rectangle method 446
areas enclosed by functions,
approximating 4458
Associative Law for matrix addition 31112
asymptotic behaviour
hyperbolas 176
tangent graphs 280
average rates of change 34951
basic square root curve 1802
boundary conditions 441, 457
CAS calculators, using
antidifferentiation 459
approximating areas 447
cubic equations 120, 124
degrees and radians 2623
derivatives 4001
differentiation 398
exponential functions 230
indicial equations 226
limits 390, 3934
modelling 136
quadratic equations 40, 802
simultaneous linear equations 1516
circles
arrangement of objects on
circumference 5456
general equation 1945
many-to-many relations 1934
co-domains of functions 1845
combinations
applied to probability 5514
formula (nCr) 5479
combinatorial theory 529
common logarithms 2346
Commutative Law for matrix addition 31012
complementary functions, sine and
cosine as 270
completing the square
factorising by 479
solving quadratic equations 557, 68
conditional probability 497500
constant rates of change 3434
continuous functions, limits of 3912
continuous variables 164, 165
cosine
complementary function 2701
graph 2737
cubic equations, solving using matrices 323
cubic functions in power function
form 12830
cubic graph sketching, intercepts
method 1214, 129
cubic polynomials 10525, 12841
indicial 21727
inverse 192
logarithmic 2319
and modelling 197
special types 1879
fundamental theorem of integral
calculus 4523
gradient
of curve at point 402
of perpendicular line 1920
of straight line 810
gradient functions 397
by antidifferentiation 4379
deriving original functions from 4402
graphs 364
graphical solution of simultaneous
equations 1516
graphs
containing stationary points 41216
gradient function 364
motion 3579
and relations 1635
sine and cosine functions 2737
tangent function 2802
grouped objects, permutations 5423
highest common factor (HCF)
hybrid functions
limits 3945
rates of change 3712
rules for 1889
hyperbolas 1768
44
Index
587
n! (n factorial) 536
natural number set 162
negative powers 2212
negative reciprocal relationships 20
normals and tangents 4025
Null Factor Law
cubic and quartic equations 11920
indicial equations 225
quadratic equations 502
numbers, sets of 162
192, 236
588
Index
22
transformations
of points or curves using matrices
3257
of power functions 1767
transition matrices 5014
transitive matrix (T) 502
translation
basic square root curve 181
exponential functions 228
hyperbola 177
truncus 179
using matrices 3257
trapezoidal method of area
approximation 4468
tree diagrams 4834
trigonometric equations, solving 2837
trigonometric functions, applications
28890
trigonometric ratios
exact values 25961
revision 2556
in the unit circle 2589
truncuses 17880
turning point coordinates of quadratic
function, finding 71
turning point form
cubic functions 12830
quadratic functions 668
4445
70
70
47980
Index
589