Max Nellis

A Healthy You

Science

1. `Keeping healthy means showing consistent effort in maintaining an overall positive feeling of
healthiness, as well as contributing to personal nutrition and physical form so that you can live
a balanced and capable life.
2. A balanced diet is a diet that consists of the right nutrients in the right quantities. Everyone's
bodies are different and may require different amounts or types of nutrients. The following
information is for general reference and may not apply to everyone.

The bottom of the pyramid is what

you need most then it works their
way up in what you need.

5. Diet and exercise is really important because they can control your weight and it is really
important for your organs, blood and muscles. A lot of people prefer to diet than exercise
because you only change the food you eat and whilst exercising you need to do a lot more it can
be quite painful.
6. Although some people can eat a lot of food without getting fat because they have high
metabolic rate but as you get older your metabolism decreases and you start to gain more
weight easier. A high metabolic rate means you burn calories easily; some people have a low
metabolic rate.
7. Slimming diets;
Flat stomach diet: The best way to achieve a flat stomach is through a healthy, low-calorie diet
and plenty of exercise. But if you want to speed the process along, try incorporating some of
these foods into your meals. Not only do they relieve water retention, but they also help to
stave off cravings, boost your metabolism and keep you feeling fuller for longer. This slimming
diet included oil, oats, beans, peppermint, green tea, kelp, apple cider, cranberry juice,
asparagus, tomatoes, garlic, chilli, bananas and plenty more.

Max Nellis

A Healthy You

Science

Slim-fast diet: The Slim-Fast diet is a low-calorie meal replacement plan for people with a BMI of
25 and over. It uses Slim-Fasts range of products. The plan recommends three snacks a day from
an extensive list, including crisps and chocolate, two meal replacement shakes or bars and one
regular meal, taken from a list of recipes on the Slim-Fast website. You can stay on the diet for as
long as you want depending on your weight loss goal. Once reached, youre advised to have one
meal replacement shake a day, up to two low-fat snacks and two healthy meals. The plan is
designed to help you lose about 1lb to 2lb a week and you can follow the diet for as long as you
want.
Pros:
Meal replacement diets can be effective at helping some people to lose weight and keep it off.
The plan is convenient as the products take the guesswork out of portion control and caloriecounting. No foods are forbidden although you are encouraged to eat lean protein, fruit and
vegetables.
Cons:
On their own, meal replacement diets do little to educate people about their eating habits and
change their behaviour. Theres a risk of putting the weight back on again once you stop using
the products. You may find it hard to get your 5 A DAY of fruit and veg without careful planning.
Lighter Life Diet: The Lighter Life weight loss plans combine a very low-calorie meal replacement
diet with weekly counselling. With Lighter Life Total, for people with a BMI of 30 or more, you
eat four "food packs" a day, consisting of shakes, soups, mousses or bars, and no conventional
food. Lighter Life Lite, for those with a BMI of 25-30, involves eating three food packs a day plus
one meal from a list of approved foods. You stay on the plans until you reach your target weight.
The meal plans can lead to very rapid weight loss and youre advised to see your GP before
starting. How long you stay on the diet depends on how much weight you have to lose.
Pros:
The counselling can help you understand your relationship with food, so hopefully you can make
lasting changes to keep the weight off for good. With the meal replacements, theres no
weighing or measuring, so its a hassle-free approach to weight loss.
Cons:
Initial side effects of the diet can include bad breath, a dry mouth, tiredness, dizziness, insomnia,
nausea and constipation from cutting down on carbs and fibre. Surviving on a strict diet of
shakes and soups and other meal replacements isnt much fun and can feel socially isolating.
8. There are many health problems that are linked to being overweight such as; coronary heart
disease, high blood pressure, strokes, type 2 diabetes, abnormal blood fats, and metabolic
syndrome, cancer, osteoarthritis, sleep apnoea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, reproductive
problems and gallstones.
9. It is unhealthy to be too thin because your body needs certain amounts of nutrition, and if you
aren't eating enough then you may not get your daily need of it. Your body also uses the food

Max Nellis

A Healthy You

Science

you eat and turn it in to energy, so it is better to eat more. Dont get the wrong idea that you
need to eat just any foods, you need to manage a healthy diet.
10. An athletes diet differs from a normal person because they have to be really healthy to
make sure they have the energy to run, or do whatever they do.
11. Environmental and inherited factors affecting health this course covers environmental and
inherited factors affecting health such as, factors that are inherited during fertilisation, nutrition,
socioeconomic factors, health, exercise and motivation. The Contents tab displays all the lessons
and topics of the course. Each time you click the Contents tab, you will come to this page. A
green tick indicates those lessons and topics you have completed, so you can easily see your
progress.
13. Cholesterol levels matter because too much cholesterol in the blood increases the risk of
heart disease and diseased arteries.
14. Pathogens are a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.
15. Bacteria release toxins, and viruses damage our cells. White blood cells can ingest and
destroy pathogens. They can produce antibodies to destroy pathogens, and antitoxins to
neutralise toxins.
16. Ignaz semmelwis changed the way we look at disease by Semmelweis noticed that the death
rates in mothers during pregnancy were unusually high. He noticed that the doctors in his
hospital were going straight from examining diseased dead bodies in the morgue to delivering
babies, and thought that perhaps this meant that they were transferring disease from the
corpses to the mothers. He suggested that all doctors thoroughly wash their hands between
patients, and almost immediately the death rate fell.
This was the first time that the idea of infectious disease (passing disease via a pathogenic
medium, i.e. bacteria and viruses) was considered. Before this, contracting diseases was put
down to chance.
17. The different microorganisms are Archaea (bacteria), Cyanobacteria, Bacteria, Protozoa and
Fungi.
18. Your body stops pathogens getting in by The body has natural barriers to stop harmful
microbes getting inside the body. Here are some of them:

Acid in the stomach kills many microbes

Sticky mucus in the lungs traps microbes, and then cilia sweep it out of the lungs

The skin stops microbes from getting into the body

Scabs form on the skin if you get a cut, stopping microbes from getting into your body

Tears contain substances that kill bacteria

19. White blood cells can:

Max Nellis

A Healthy You

ingest pathogens and destroy them

produce antibodies to destroy particular pathogens

Produce antitoxins that counteract the toxins released by pathogens.

Science

20. Medicine is many different substances which makes you better and cures an illness it is
classed as a drug or other preparation for the treatment or prevention of disease.
21. Medicines fight off the infections or viruses you have. They might ease them or completely
get rid of them.
22. A virus is so simple in their make-up that there is nothing to attack on their structure. They
hijack the host cell to use its more complex metabolism to replicate.

What is antibiotic resistance?

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an
antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via
natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an
evolutionary stress on a population.
How can we prevent antibiotic resistance developing?
The most important ways to prevent antibiotic resistance are:

Minimise unnecessary prescribing and overprescribing of antibiotics. This occurs when

people expect doctors to prescribe antibiotics for a viral illness (antibiotics do not work
against viruses) or when antibiotics are prescribed for conditions that do not require them.

Complete the entire course of the prescribed antibiotic so that it can be fully effective
and not breed resistance.

Practise good hygiene and use appropriate infection control procedures.

Why is mutation in bacteria and viruses such a problem?
It depends on whether you mean bad for humans or bad for bacteria. If you mean bad for
humans, mutations can make bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics and harder to kill. If
you mean bad for bacteria, a mutation might cause a flaw in making some sort of vital
protein the bacteria need to function; if, for example, the bacteria were unable to
synthesize a certain nutrient without it and the nutrient was no longer in their medium for
some reason, the entire colony could die.
You probably just mean bad for humans and good for bacteria, though, in which case
random mutations can create tougher and more deadly bugs. It's as simple as that.
How does your immune system work?
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together
to protect the body. The cells involved are white blood cells, or leukocytes, which come in
two basic types that combine to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or
substances.
How does vaccination protect you against diseases?
The diseases that vaccines prevent can be dangerous, or even deadly. Vaccines reduce the
risk of infection by working with the body's natural defences to help it safely develop
immunity to disease.
When germs, such as bacteria or viruses, invade the body, they attack and multiply. This

Max Nellis

A Healthy You

Science

invasion is called an infection, and the infection is what causes illness. The immune system
then has to fight the infection. Once it fights off the infection, the body is left with a supply
of cells that help recognize and fight that disease in the future.
Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection, but this "imitation" infection does
not cause illness. It does, however, because the immune system to develop the same
response as it does to a real infection so the body can recognize and fight the vaccinepreventable disease in the future. Sometimes, after getting a vaccine, the imitation infection
can cause minor symptoms, such as fever. Such minor symptoms are normal and should be
expected as the body builds immunity.
What are advantages and disadvantages of being vaccinated?
The advantages are; once your immune system is trained to resist a disease, you are said to
be immune to it. Before vaccines, the only way to become immune to a disease was to
actually get it and, with luck, survive it. This is called naturally acquired immunity. With
naturally acquired immunity, you suffer the symptoms of the disease and also risk the
complications, which can be quite serious or even deadly. In addition, during certain stages
of the illness, you may be contagious and pass the disease to family members, friends, or
others who come into contact with you.
The disadvantages are; most side effects from vaccination are mild and short-lived. It's quite
common to have redness or swelling around the injection site, but this soon goes away.
Younger children or babies may be a bit irritable or unwell, or have a slight temperature.
Again, this usually goes away within one or two days.
How has the treatment of disease changed over time?
High blood pressure in the 1930's was treated by William Kempner using low calorie rice and
tinned fruit diet. It was apparently very successful but boring. Has now been replaced by
drugs of course.
The cancer drug methotrexate was developed in the 1940's after children with leukaemia
were given folic acid supplements which made their disease worse. The methotrexate is an
analogue of folic acid and is still used today in cancer, arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Or how about the frog pregnancy test? Taking urine or serum from a woman who may be
pregnant and injecting it into frogs to see if the frogs make eggs in response to the
pregnancy hormones from the woman.