54

B. DIAGRAM OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

NON MODIFIBALE

MODIFIABLE

Diet
UTI
Lifestyle
Occupational influence

Due
to
causes
like
dehydration,
hypovolemic shock, urinary obstruction,
urea splitting volume.

Concentration urine

Formation of sediments in the urinary tract

Irritation and injury to the urinary tract

Sex (female)
Age ( 30 and 50 have three
times risk of calculi
Hereditary

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Inflammation and hematuria

Further increased concentration of urine and

formation of stones in the urethra

Accumulation of urine in the ureter

hydroureter

Formation of fish hooking of ureter because of

accumulation

Lodging of stones in the urether and kidney

Further injury to the nephrons (nephritis)

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Backflow of urine from ureter to kidneys

Accumulation of water into kidney

Acute renal function

Nursing Management
Medical Management

Administer opioid
analgesics (IV or
intramuscular) with IV
NSAID as prescribed.
Encourage and assist
patient to assume a
position of comfort.
Assist patient to
ambulate to obtain some
pain relief.
Monitor pain closely and
report promptly
increases in severity.

Is to obtain a 24-hour urine

sample that should be
analyzed for calcium and
other risk factors.
Obtain serum SMA and
have the stones analyzed.
Recommend dietary calcium
restriction plus potassium
citrate and indapamide or a
thiazide diuretic.

Prognosis

Surgical Management

Percutaneous,
Shockwave
and
Ureteroscopy prese
nts a comprehensive
overview of the past,
present, and future
of
surgical
techniques, with a
focus on educating
urologists on the full
spectrum of stone
procedures.

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IF TREATED:

IF NOT TREATED:

Renal Failure

Restoration of Health
Bad Prognosis

Good Prognosis

Death