Feel free to interrupt at any

time
Asking questions is vital to
learning

The art of going

from here to there
and back,
safely and efficiently

Think Think
Think
Think Ahead
Ahead
Think
Ahead
Ahead Ahead

Think Think
Think
Think Ahead
Ahead
Think
Ahead
Ahead Ahead

Assemble required
reference materials
Formulate voyage
alternatives

click

Via Deception Pass

Friday Harbor

Via La Conner

Shortest

Watch Out
Longest

Formulating Voyage Alternatives

Evaluate alternatives
Select best plan
Prepare float plan
Complete pre-underway
vessel checks
Check Weather
Get Underway

Phase
Two

Prepare/Update DR Plot
Search for Fix Opportunities
Fix Vessels Position
Compare Fix With DR Position
Estimate Set and Drift Update Plot
Monitor Progress of Voyage
Check Weather Again

THE GLOBE
COORDINATE
MEASURING
SYSTEM

small circles
planes that
do not touch center

Small Circles

parallels of latitude

LATITUDE LINES ARE PARALLEL

RUN EAST AND WEST
LATITUDE IS MEASURED
IN DEGREES STARTING
45
AT THE EQUATOR

60

75

90 NORTH POLE

30

30 DEGREES NORTH
LATITUDE

15

EQUATOR

15 DEGREES NORTH
LATITUDE

0
15 DEGREES SOUTH
LATITUDE

15

30 DEGREES SOUTH
LATITUDE

30
45
ANIMATION

NORTHERN
HEMISPHERE IS
NORTH OF THE
EQUATOR

60
75

90

SOUTH POLE

SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERE IS
SOUTH OF THE
EQUATOR

CIRCUMFERENCE IS
21,614 MILES

CIRCUMFERENCE IS
360 degrees

HALF THE
CIRCUMFERENCE IS
10,807 MILES

HALF THE

CIRCUMFERENCE IS
180 degrees

ONE QUARTER THE

CIRCUMFERENCE IS
5,404 MILES

ONE QUARTER THE

CIRCUMFERENCE IS
90 degrees

ONE QUARTER THE CIRCUMFERENCE IS

5,404 MILES
ONE QUARTER THE CIRCUMFERENCE IS ALSO
90 degrees OF LATITUDE
5,404 MILES/ 90 DEGREES = 60.044444 MILES PER DEGREE
THERE ARE 60 MINUTES IN EACH DEGREE OF LATITUDE

60.03888 MILES PER DEGREE/ 60 MINUTES PER DEGREE

= 1 MILE PER MINUTE OF LATITUDE

One Minute

of
Latitude
equals
One Nautical Mile

GREAT CIRCLES are

FORMED BY A PLANE PASSING

THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE
EARTH
SURFACE
OF THE
EARTH

THE EQUATOR IS A HORIZONTAL

GREAT CIRCLE

CENTER OF THE EARTH

ROTATIONAL AXIS

meridians of longitude

LONGITUDE
SURFACE
OF THE
EARTH

LONGITUDINAL MERIDIANS
ARE FORMED WHEN A VERTICAL
PLANE PASSING THROUGH THE
ROTATIONAL AXIS OF THE EARTH
INTERSECTS WITH THE SURFACE
OF THE EARTH.
THE CENTER OF THE EARTH IS ON
THE ROTATIONAL AXIS ALSO

LONGITUDINAL MERIDIANS

ROTATIONAL AXIS

LONGITUDE
LONGITUDE LINES ARE NOT PARALLEL
LINES OF LONGITUDE
ARE CALLED

MERIDIANS

GEOGRAPHIC SOUTH POLE

GEOGRAPHIC NORTH
POLE

LONGITUDE
TRUE GEOGRAPHIC NORTH POLE

DEGREES EAST
LONGITUDE

DEGREES WEST
LONGITUDE

ITALY, RUSSIA
UKRAINE,
POLAND
GERMANY ARE IN
THE EASTERN
HEMISPHERE
AND HAVE EAST
LONGITUDE

THE UNITED STATES

IS IN THE WESTERN
HEMISPHERE AND
HAS WEST LONGITUDE

PRIME MERIDIAN
RUNS THROUGH
GREENWICH
ENGLAND =
ZERO DEGREES
SOUTH POLE

LONGITUDE

TOP VIEW OF THE EARTH, LOOKING DOWN AT

NORTH POLE
LINES OF LONGITUDE
179 West

90 DEGREES
WEST
LONGITUDE

179 East

GEOGRAPHIC
NORTH POLE

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

IT IS AT THE 180 DEGREE
MERIDIAN

90 DEGREES
EAST
LONGITUDE

0 DEGREES
PRIME MERIDIAN

LONGITUDE

000

Prime Meridian
1884

magnetic field

core

lines of magnetic flux

Magnetic
North Pole

Geographic
North Pole

1600

2000

1900

The North Magnetic Pole

was at
78.5 N and 103.4 W degrees,
near Ellef Ringnes Island,
Canada

variation
Oh2-3

Variation
changes with
location

055

Rhumb Line

Rhumb Line

crosses
meridians of longitude
at the same angle
on Mercator Chart

GREAT CIRCLES

SURFACE
OF THE
EARTH

THE SHORTEST DISTANCE

BETWEEN TWO POINTS ON
THE SURFACE OF THE
EARTH LIE ON A PATH
KNOWN AS THE GREAT
CIRCLE

CENTER OF THE EARTH

ROTATIONAL AXIS

Great circle initial track = 303o True

Great circle distance = 4473 nm

Rhumb line track = 270o True approx

Rhumb line distance = 5053 nm approx

055

three digits

000

270

090
Relative

Bearings
180

Relative Bearing

+
Ships Heading
=
Bearing to
Object

The
OLD
Point System