Primary
Secondary
Combination
Person
Reference Material
Internet Website
Interview
Book
Graph/Chart/Table,etc
E-mails
CD-ROM
Dissertation/thesis
Event
Encyclopedia
Discussion
Magazine
Debate
Newspaper
Diaries
Monograph
Autobiography
Biography
Proceedings of meetings
Video Tape
Survey
Audio Tape
Speeches
TV
Photographs/Pictures
Person/Event
Primary Sources
1.
2.
3.
Secondary Sources
1.
2.
3.
1. Print medium
Books
Newspapers
Magazines
Journals
Dictionaries and thesaurus
Encyclopedia
Periodicals
Directories
Brochures, leaflets, flyers, etc.
# The print media is the main source of content materials for learners
at WOU.= course materials & Course Guide
2. Audio-visual medium
Audio materials (sound only): cassette, CDs
Visual materials (pictures only): slides, photographs,
videotapes,CD-ROMs
Audio-visual materials (sound and pictures): videotapes,
films,CD-ROMs, VCDs
# An e.g. of audio material used in WOUs courses is
Foundation English.
3. Internet
The internet is the fastest way of getting the latest and most up to- date
info on almost anything.
The internet = a network of connections linking computers to other
computers.- Connect to the World Wide Web or Web.
The Web = a network of networks that allows you to access, view and
maintain documents such as text, data , sound and video.
Gateways or portals allow you to access many different services.
What you need to do is log on, connect to networking service or ISP
and begin to exchange info.
The forms of info provided by the Internet include:
Documents
Files
Pictures
E-books
Music
Movies
Ready-made power point presentations.
Alta Vista
Excite
About.com
Yahoo!
Lycos
HotBot
Ask Jeeves
LookSmart
1. Visit all the DLs listed from your computer. State what resources
(books/journals/theses/dissertations, etc) are available in the sites. Do you find
them user-friendly(easy to understand instructions, easy to move around, etc)?
Place a tick(/) against the sites that you feel are user-friendly. In the last
column, describe briefly the problems you faced in using the site.
Sites
24 x 7
Ebrary
TKnowledge
Referplus
SpringerLink
InfoSECURITY
Infotrac
Proquest
Ebsco
emerald
DIGITAL
DISSERTATIONS
Resources
Available
User-friendly
Pfroblems faced
1. http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu
2. http://www.nypl.org/digital
3. http://www.perseus.tuft.edu
4. http://worldbookfair.com
Radio/TV/Internet News
Services
Seconds/Minutes
Newspapers (print)E.g
The Star, The NST, The
Sun
Day/Days
Newspaper Indexes
Magazines,e-magazines
(print & electronic) E.g.
Time,Newsweek
Week/ Weeks
Periodical Indexes
6 months+
Periodical
Indexes;Bibliographies
Books, e-books
2+ years
Library Catalogue;
Bibliographies
Average 10 years
Library Catalogue;
Bibliographies
Date
published
Name of
publisher
Place of
publication
1.
As mentioned earlier, even your trusted dictionary and the reference books you have may not
give you reliable info. This activity has been designed to help you determine the reliability of your
source. Select one book in the reference list given for any of your courses and answer the
following questions.
If it is not the first edition, when was the first edition published?
_____________________________________________________________
A natural disaster has just struck an Asian country. Describe where and
how you would go about getting the following info:
1. The latest update on the natural disaster.
_________________________________________________________
2. Info on the last time a natural disaster occurred in that country. Which
year, month, date and time? What were the consequences?
_________________________________________________________
Introduction:
Writing is a tool that can facilitate learning between you and your tutors
or CCs.
Learning at higher or University level can be acquired at 6 stages:a. knowledge
b. comprehension
c. application
d. analysis
e. synthesis
f. evaluation
Informative report
Title :........................................................................
Newspaper:.............................................................
Date published:......................................................
Author: ...................................................................
Place of publication: .............................................
State the skills you applied and the analysis
here:
You may want to visit the library to look for books, journals and/ or
audio-visual materials.
You can search online resources (digital libraries and newspaper
archives)
Preparing a draft
Once a rough draft is ready, you can improve on it.
Introduction
tells the reader what you are going to write about and why.
how much you write as intro depends on the length of your entire
paper.
the two most important aspects of the intro are the hook and the
thesis statement. A hook helps to grab the readers attention.
1. Question hook :Posing a question that will get the reader to think
about it. e.g. Do you know how many peoples loved ones have been
killed .......?
2. Quotation hook : Quotes from experts or well-known people can give
emphasis to your discussion. e.g. Peace will not come out of clash
of arms but out of justice lived and done by unarmed nations in the
face of odds, said Gandhi.
3. Funnel hook : Moving from the general to the specific.e.g. Education
is the gateway to success. Many young people embark on higher
education with the hope of securing a high position and a good
salary.
4. Refutation hook : Providing a summary of opposing views
first.e.g.Many people say wars must be fought in order to defend
democracy. However, in reality, it is wars that destroy democracy.
5. Dramatic hook : By describing a scene or telling a story.e.g. It was
dark, stormy night. The winds lashed ferociously at the rubber trees
as she made her way through the darkness.
Make sure you have used appropriate transitional words like therefore,
consequently, in addition, similarly, however, then ,after that, for example
etc.
Examples:
1. The thick smoke is hazardous to health. Therefore Malaysians have been
requested to stay indoors with the windows shut.
2. In view of the fuel shortage, city dwellers are encouraged to car pool. In
addition, public bus companies have been asked to increase the number
of buses.
After completion, it is important you cite or list out all your sources of
info.
You must show where you obtained your info.
This is done at the end of your written paper in alphabetical order.
Citation Style
The Chicago Manual Style (CMS)
American Psychological Association citation style (APA)
Modern Language Association citation style (MLA)
# You will use CMS at WOU.
There are 2 elements in this style to show where you obtained your
sources:
In-text usage
Reference section
tell the readers where you obtained your info within the text of your written
paper.
you do not need footnote.
you make use of the author-date system to cite your sources in the text.
Source put at References
Example:
According to Hunt (2002), a literature programme should have six objectives.
At the Reference:
Hunt, J (2002) Teaching Literature at the Elementary School, London:Oxford
University Press.
Insert the last name of the author and the year of publication at the
appropriate point.
Example:
A literature programme should have six objectives (Hunt 2002)
If it is a Chinese name, mention only the surname:
There are four causes of depression among teenagers (Lee 2004)
If it is a Malay name, write the full name:
The major cause of domestic unhappiness is a lack of trust (Haniz Johari
2002)
If the author has written 2 books or papers in the same year, use lower case
letters such as a and b in the in-text citation.
o A good school must have a counsellor (Martin 2004a)
o Bullying is the most serious problem in school nowadays (Martin 2004b)
Note that there is no punctuation between the name of the author and year. Do
not add a comma. Commas are used to separate page numbers:
Most students prefer to study full-time (Joshua 2003,55)
Semicolons are used to separate two or more references given together:
Most part-time students are housewives (Joshua; Lee 2003)
If the name of the author appears as part of the text, cite only the year of
publication in parentheses:
According to Joshua (2003), most students prefer to study full-time.
If you wish to mention the full name, you may do so:
According to Irene Joshua (2003), most students prefer to study full-time.
If the name and year has been mentioned earlier, do not put the name and year
in parentheses anymore:
o According to Irene Joshua, most students prefer to study full-time.
To help your reader locate the info in the book, you can write out the page
numbers within your text. The year, followed by page numbers should be
written in parentheses. The comma is to separate the year from the page
number:
According to Irene Joshua (2003,55), most students prefer to study full-time.
If there are two authors, James Hunt and William Bond, you must give the two
of them credit. The names should be in parentheses:
The majority of university students do not like to read (Tan and Bock 2002)
The majority of university students do not like to read (Tan and Bock 2002,
88)
If any work has two or three authors, always cite all the names in the text.
Connect the names with the word and. Look at how this is done in the three
examples below:
According to Tan and Bock (2002), the majority of university students do
not like to read.
According to Ivy Tan, William Bock and John Smith (2002), the majority of
university students do not like to read.
According to Tan, Bock and Smith (2002,88), the majority of university
students do not like to read.
According to Tan et al. (2002), the majority of university students do not like
to read.
According to Ivy Tan et al.(2002), the majority of university students do not
like to read.
According to Tan et al. (2002, 88), the majority of university students do not
like to read.
Reference with the same first author and second author or third authors are
arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author and so on:
Ronald, J (2006)
Ronald, J and Band, K (2003)
Ronald, J and Band, K (2005)
Reference with the same author are arranged by year of publication, with the
earliest first:
James, T (2001)
James, T (2003)
James, T (2006)
Works of different authors with the same surname are arranged alphabetically by
the first initial:
Smith,A (2004)
Smith, J (2006)
Smith,V (2001)
Mohd. Ridzuan Nordin (1992) Pendidikan Jarak Jauh Modul 1, Kuala Lumpur:
Utusan Publications.
In works by multiple authors, all the names must be mentioned:
James Hunt, William Bond, John Smith, Brad Jones and Samuel Pitt (2002)
Teaching Literature at the Elementary School,London: Oxford University Press.
HuntJ, Bond W, Smith J, Jones B and Pitts S (2002) Teaching Literature at the
Elementary School,London: Oxford University Press.
In the example above, there is a single editor for the first book and two editors in
the second example.
Note that book and periodical titles are in italics. Capitalise these titles headlinestyle. This means capitalise all the important words:
Teaching Literature at the Elementary School
Articles and chapter titles are written differently. These titles are enclosed in
single quotation marks. Here you use sentence-style capitalisation, i.e., capitalise
the initial letter of the first word and any other proper names. The first example
below has the initial letter capitalised. The second example has the initial letters
for the proper name North America capitalised.
Morris, C (1984)University education in the 1990s, in Smith,D E and Jones,F
(eds) Tertiary Education Perspective, New York: McGraw Hill, 2 10.
Sedaka, J (1985) University education in North America, in Smith D E and
Jones, F (eds) Tertiary Education Perspective, New York: McGraw Hill, 22-35.
Sources without authors are arranged alpabetically by the title within the same
list.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 3rd edn. (1995) Essex, England:
Longman Group Ltd.
Meriam-Websters collegiate dictionary, 10th edn. (1993) Springfield, MA:
Merriam Webster.
Indentation means the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all
subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a hanging indent:
LeBoeuf, M (1979) Working Smart: How to Accomplish More in Half the
time,New York: Warner Books.
There is indentation in the above example. The example below has no
indentation, and is therefore incorrectly written:
LeBoeuf, M (1979) Working Smart: How to Accomplish More in Half the Time,
New York: Warner Books.
In the example above, note that there is no space between the colon and page
numbers.
Note that there is no space between the volume number and the parentheses
containing the issue number, but there is a space between the colon and the page
numbers following the issue number.
The following formats for volumes and issues are also acceptable, but only when
the situation requires it:
Brown, A (2001) Leonardo Da Vinci, The Great Artists, 5(2): 21-30.
Brown, A (2001) Leonardo Da Vinci, The Great Artists, 5 (Summer):21 -30.
Title for unpublished work are treated as journal articles. The word unpublished
is not necessary. The location or sponsoring body or both should appear, as well
as a date.
Jones, E F (1992) University education in the 1990s, 4th Annual Conference of
Asian Educators, Hong kong.
Papers printed in published proceedings of meetings are treated as chapters in a
book.
For any online reference, you are required to provide the following info: Author(s),
date of document, Title of document, URL, date accessed. Date accessed is the
date last viewed by you, the writer. This is how you cite an article from an
electronic journal and an electronic book:
Beckleheimer, J (1994) How do you cite URLs in a bibliography?
http://www.nrlscc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html (Accessed 14 Oct 1998)
Thames, M (1999) The battle of Hastings Historical Review 55, no1: 25-35.
http://www.hisrev.org/ (Accessed 5 May 2004).
Rollin, E (1998) The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and
Science, Ames, Iowa. The Iowa State University Press.http://www.netlibrary.com
(Accessed 30 June 2005).
Make sure you preserve case (i.e.., do not capitalise the letters) in network server
directories and filenames, as it is usually significant. You may break URLs across
lines, but if possible arrange for breaks to occur only at punctuation separators.
Do not arrange breaks at hyphens and do not ever add hyphens!
If you come across a printed reference that has an online reference, this is how
you write it. Note the use of angled brackets < > :
Coleman, D (ed) (1997) The click here economy, Business Week. <
http://www.businessweek.com/1998/25/itspec98.hem>
Finaaly do remember that a well-cited and documented paper would win over the
reader as well as the person who is going to mark your written assignment. It is
one of the criteria used to decide your grades.
Now that you are more familiar with citation styles, how would you write out the
following in a reference list:
1. Title of book: Intelligence
Year published : 2004
Author: Allan J. Rowe
Publisher : Pearson Prentice hall
Place of publication : New Jersey
Citation : _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Effective Introduction
1. Get the attention of your audience. You can do this by:
a. Telling them a story or anecdote related to the topic.
b. Beginning with a quotation related to the topic.
c. Telling a joke.
d. Listing out a series of interesting or shocking facts related to the
topic.
2. State your purpose:
a. Tell your audience your topic.
b. Present an oral or visual outline of your presentation, i.e., the
main points or ideas you will be covering: First, I will talk about...,
Secondly, I will discuss...
The Body
1. Go through the points in the order that you wish to present them.
2. Make use of examples to support your points.
3. Prepare visual aids to present the contents of your topic. Your audience will
understand better with visuals. It will also make your presentation much
more interesting.
Make a list of visual aids you plan to use.
4. Include signposts in your presentation.
a. Numerical signposts: First..,Second..,Third...,Finally...
Numbering helps your listeners visualise your presentation better.
b. Parallel structure: Make use of parallel structures to show transitions
between main ideas.
The main effect of the tsunami in Indonesia is...
The main effect of the tsunami in Thailand is...
c. Old-to-new transition:is a sentence that alerts your audience to where you
have been to and where you are going next in your presentation.
The purpose is to leave your listeners with a clear idea of everything that
you have spoken about.
1. Use phrases like, In conclusion, I would like to say..., I would like to
summarise by stating..., To recap what I have just said..., etc. Write your
summary here:
2. Restate the purpose of your presentation by saying, I hope you can see the
purpose of my talk is..., My intention is..., I hope that you are aware that...,
so we have to do something about it..., etc. Remind your audience the
purpose of your talk here:
3. Thank your audience.
4. Invite questions from your audience and do not forget to thank the audience
for posing questions.
1. Imagine you are giving a talk on procrastination, describe four ways that
you can use to arouse your audiences attention in the introduction of
your presentation.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Give an example of each of the following purpose or objectives of your
presentation:
a. To inform :
__________________________________________________________
b. To teach:
__________________________________________________________
c. To persuade :
___________________________________________________________
d. To motivate :
___________________________________________________________
2. Practice
Practice makes perfect- do not memorise or write down your wntire presentation.
Use the outline you created for your presentation
make brief notes if you have problems remembering your points
rehearse your presentation until you are comfortable with it
3. Style of speaking
style in O.P. refers to nonverbal cues such as pauses before you move to another
point.
the style you choose will depend on whether your audience knows you, your
rank(above or below them) and their ranks.
this is where your ability to interact with the audience will be teste.
Tips to handle questions better:a. Repeat the question, loudly and clearly, so that the audience knows what
has been asked.
b. Take a moment to reflect on the question before answering it.
c. If, you are not sure of the answer, ask for clarification or restate the
question.
d. If you do not know the answer, say so. You dont have to apologise but
offer to look into it. You may ask the audience to help you with the answer.
e. Always wait for the questioner to finish asking the question before you
begin to answer the question.
f. Do not have lengthy discussions with one person, engage the entire
audience.
1. Take three breaths to relax yourself before you get out of your chair.
2. Then go up and thank the person who introduced you and then count to
10 before you start speaking.
3. This allows the audience to get settled and be ready to hear you.
4. Before you give your speech, think of them as caring, friendly people who
want to hear you speak.
5. The positive image should relax you and put you in a good frame of mind.
6. A good place to practise your speeches is Toastmasters Club.
7. To know more go to http://www.toastmasters.org
1. Transparencies
are transparent plastic sheets.
can photocopy text and pictures onto special thermal transparencies.
then make sure the venue or institution has an OHP.
2 major factors are quality and clarity to grab and maintain audiences
attention.
audience too expect professionally developed and competently used visual
aids.
Typeface and type size
Visual Aids
Titles
Subtitles
Text
3 inches high
2 to 2 inches high
1 high
Transparencies &
power point
30 36 pt
24pt
18pt
handouts
18pt
14pt
12pt
slides
24pt
18pt
14pt
Typefaces can also affect the clarity of the message that the visuals are trying
to convey. The following are some suggested typefaces and the sort of image
they project.
Typeface
Image
Sample
Times Roman
Official
Palatino
Upbeat
Garamond
Sophisticated
Helvetica shows an urban image. Century and Bodoni typeface describe a friendly and
trendy image.
Generally do not use more than 2 different typefaces for a visual. Also the typeface(s)
used must be consistent for all the visuals in your presentation.
1. The use of visual aids benefits not only the audience, but also the
speaker. Discuss 3 advantages of visual aids to the listener.
_________________________________________________________
2. Discuss 3 advantages of using visual aids to the speaker.
_________________________________________________________
3. For the following situations, what visual aids would be used:
a. A talk to kindergarten children on road safety.
_______________________________________________________
b. A talk to a group of foreigners on Malaysian batik.
_______________________________________________________
c. A talk to your course mates on revising effectively for examinations.
_______________________________________________________
2. Visual Aids
http://www.gepcities.com/libbyeddleman/visual_aids.htm?200615
3. Types of motivation.
1. an encouragement.
2. Extrinsic motivation = encouragement
from outside or external force.
3. Is the driving power behind all our
actions.
4. Intrinsic motivation = motivation from
within
5. If you are intrinsically motivated you do
not need external encouragement or
rewards to study hard.
6. Motivation is a goal-directed behaviour.
7. Our motivation depends on our own
individual values and beliefs.
1. Outline method
o
2. Summary method
Write in note form, in own words, the essential facts and ideas from
your reading.
Example : The following is a paragraph taken from your
reading material on Strategies to enhance motivation for
learning.
Big tasks may worry you. Break down the big tasks into
smaller ones so that they are more manageable. For
example, as a working person, it may be too demanding
to revise one whole chapter at one tme for your test. You
may want to break down the task into revising one
section of the chapter at a time.
A sample of the note made using the summary method:
Break dow n big tasks into sm aller units so that you can
m anage it better.
3. Annotation method
o The blank space in the margins are commonly used.
o Can write down the main points, question marks, ticks or crosses to show
various meanings.
o e.g. for important points, put asterisk beside the point in the margin.
o For a point which needs more explanation, you may put a question mark in
the margin.
o You may also highlight or underline important points.
o Refer to Figure 3.5 on page 52
4. Charting method
group the important points into categories.
draw columns headed by these categories.
record info (words,phrases,main ideas, etc) into the appropriate category.
Is useful when you want to get an overview of the whole course in a sequential
manner.
Visual Learner
Audio Learner
Kinesthetic Learner
Diagrams
highlight
Listen to tapes
Explain to friends
Hands-on
flashcards
Conduct study
environment
Suitable time
No
distraction
Strategies to enhance
learning motivation
Break
down big
tasks
Set goals
Learn actively
Positive
Have incentives
For every course you take WOU assigns a tutor to help you.
The tutor is your main contact with the University.
For each course there will be 10 hours of tutorial classes where the
tutor will facilitate your learning process.
The tutor will make the learning process smoother & less lonely for
you.
You may contact him by telephone, Internet or video conferencing.
a.
a. I will get high scores for all my exams.
b. I will get no less than 75 marks for all my exams.
1. (b) is definitely more specific and measureable because
you can judge when you have completed or reached
the goal-75 marks or more.
Strategies
Active Learner
Reflective Learner
Sensing Learner
Intuitive Learner
Learning Style
Strategies
Visual Learner
Verbal Learner
Sequential Learner
Global Learner
You need the big picture of a subject before you can master details.
Before you begin to study the first section of a chapter in a text, skim
through the entire chapter to get an overview.
Instead of spending a short time on every subject every night, you might
find it more productive to immerse yourself in individual subjects for a
longer period of time. Try to relate the subject to things you already
know, either by asking your tutor to help you see connections or by
looking up references
discuss, collaborate,
and brainstorm with all of them.
provides you with info & resources to
knowledge when & where the student needs it, and as often as they need it.
This concept of :anywhere-anytime learning leads to greater retention and
satisfaction, in addition to a significant cost savings for employees.