NET
Short Notes: Form 5 Chemistry
Rate or Reaction
Calculation
Δ(Product) Δ(Product)
Rate of Reaction = Rate of Reaction =
Δ(Time) Δ(Time)
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Chemical Reaction
Precipitation of Sulphur
2 2- + 2- 3+
Cr O7 + 14H + 3C2O4 ⎯→ 6CO2 + 7H2O + 2Cr
Notes: 2 2-
Cr O7 : dichromate(VI) ion (Orange)
1. In the reaction, the orange colour of the solution 2-
C2O4 : ethanedioate ion (Colourless)
turns into green. 3+
Cr : Chromium(III) ion (green)
- + 2- 2+
2MnO4 + 16H + 5C2O4 ⎯→ 10CO2 + 8H2O + 2Mn
Notes: -
MnO4 : Manganate(VII) ion (Purple)
2+
1. Mn is colourless 2+
Mn : Manganese(II) ion colourless
2. In the reaction, the purple colour of the solution
turns into colourless.
2H2O2 - ⎯→ 2H2O + O2
Catalyst: manganese(IV) oxide(MnO2), Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), silver (Ag)
N2 + 3H2 ⎯→ 2NH3
2SO2 + O2 ⎯→ 2SO3
Stage 1
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
Notes:
1. Temperature = 900oC
2. Pressure = 4-10 atm
3. Catalyse = Platinum (Pt)
Stage 2
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
Dissolve in water
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
Carbon Compound
Alkane
Alkane
Combustion Substitution
Reaction
(Halogenation)
Complete Incomplete
Combustion Combustion
Combustion
Complete combustion
7
C2H6 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O
2
Incomplete combustion
5
C2H6 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CO + 3H2O
2
3
C2H6 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2C + 3H2O
2
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Substitution Reaction
Alkene
Alkane Alcohol
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Craking Alkene Dehydration
Substitution Reaction
+ Bromine/Chlorine
Complete Incomplete + Potassium
Combustion Combustion Manganate(VII)
+ Hydrogen
+ Hydrogen Halide
+ Steam
Preparation of Alkene
Cracking of Alkane
Complete combustion:
C2H4 + O2 ⎯→ 2C + 2H2O
Addition Reaction:
+ Bromine:
+ Potassium Manganate(VII):
+ Hydrohen:
(Catalyst: platinum/nickel)
+ Hydrogen Halide:
+ Steam (H2O):
o
(Catalyst: phosphoric acid; Temperature: 300 C; Pressure: 60atm)
Polymerization
o
(Catalyst: oxygen; Temperature: 200 C; Pressure: 1200atm)
Alcohol
Carbohydrate Alkene
Oxidation
Combustion dehydration + Sodium
(+K2CrO 7/KMnO4)
Preparation of alchohol
Addition of Alkene
C2H4 + H2O ⎯⎯→ C2H5OH
o
[Catalyst:Phosphoric acid; Temperature:300 C; Pressure: 60atm ]
or
C2H4 + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→
CH3CH2OSO3H
CH3CH2OSO3H + H2O ⎯⎯→ CH3CH2OH + H2SO4
Combustion of Alcohol
Dehydration of Alcohol
Alcohol + Sodium
Oxidation of Alcohol
Salt + CO2
Salt + H2O Salt + H2O Salt + H2 Esther
+ H2O
Oxidation of Alcohol
C2H5OH + 2[O] ⎯⎯→ CH3COOH + H2O
Oxidation of Aldehyde
C2H6O + [O] ⎯⎯→ CH3COOH
Reaction
Observation:
2+
1. The green colour of solution Fe turns brown
2. The purple colour of the MnO4− solution turns into colourless
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Iron(III) to Iron(II)
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
2. Zinc powder dissolve in the solution.
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
2. Yellow precipitate forms in the solution.
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
Displacement of Metal
[A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive ion of metal from its compound.]
Example:
Mg + PbCl2 ⎯→ MgCl2 + Pb
3Zn + Fe2O3 ⎯→ 3ZnO + 2Fe
Al + CuSO4 ⎯→ Al2(SO4)3 + Cu
Electrochemical Series
More electropositive
←⎯⎯⎯⎯
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag
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Reactivity Series
More reactive
←⎯⎯⎯⎯
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, H, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag
Displacement of Halogen
[A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halide from its compound.]
Example:
Cl2 + KBr ⎯→ KCl + Br2
Br2 + NaI ⎯→ NaBr + I2
F2 + KI ⎯→ KF + I2
Reactivity of Halogen
More reactive
←⎯⎯⎯⎯
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 > At2
3+ 2+
Fe Fe
Fe3+ + e ⎯→ Fe2+ Fe2+ ⎯→ Fe3+ + e
Potassium Manganate(VII) Sulphur Dioxide
MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e ⎯⎯→ Mn2+ + 4H2O SO2 + 2H2O ⎯⎯→ SO42- + 4H+ + 2e
Rusting
Fe(OH)3 ⎯→ Fe2O3⋅xH2O
General Equation
2KNO3 ⎯→ 2KNO2 + O2
Removal of Impurities
CaO + SiO2 ⎯→ CaSiO3
Thermochemistry
Calculation
Heat of Reaction
Q = mcΔθ
m = mass of solution = volume of solution
c = specific heat capacity of solution
Number of Mole
Chemical Reaction
Exothermic Reaction
H O
NaOH ⎯ ⎯2 Na + + OH -
⎯→
H 2O
H 2SO 4 ⎯⎯ ⎯→ +
+ SO2−
4
H
H 2O + 2−
Na 2CO3
2Na
⎯⎯ ⎯→ +
CO
3
Combustion of Fuel
Example:
Combustion of Carbon
C + O2 ⎯→ CO2
Combustion of Hydrogen
2H2 + O2 ⎯→ 2H2O
Combustion of Ethane
7
C2H6 + O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 3H2O
2
Reaction of Acid
Neutralisation
HCl + NaOH ⎯→ NaCl + H2O
Endothermic Reaction
H 2O
NH 4Cl ⎯⎯ NH +4 + Cl-
⎯→
H 2O
NH 4 NO3 ⎯⎯ NH+4 + NO3−
⎯→
H 2O
(NH 4 )SO 4 ⎯⎯ 2NH+4 + SO2−
4
⎯→