Pauravi Shippen-How

Portfolio 3: Based on the YRBS 2011 High School Survey

One Way ANOVA:

Are there any significant differences between a persons BMI percentile (based on BMI,
sex, and age) based on a persons race?
1-Open the YRBS High School dataset, using the SPSS software.
2-Go to Analyze on the Toolbar.
3-Select Compare Means, then One-Way ANOVA.
4-Select Body percentile (BMIPCT) for the Dependent list, and the Race (RaceCat) as the
Factor.
5- Click options and select Homogeneity of variance test.
6- Then select Post Hoc button, and check Tukey in the equal variances assumed box and
Tamhanes T2 under the equal variances not assumed box. Click Continue.
7- Submit by clicking Ok.
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
BMI Percentile based on BMI, sex, and age
Levene Statistic
5.535

df1

df2
3

Sig.

2201

.001

ANOVA
BMI Percentile based on BMI, sex, and age
Sum of Squares
Between Groups

df

Mean Square

61809.760

20603.253

Within Groups

1742556.313

2201

791.711

Total

1804366.073

2204

F
26.024

Sig.
.000

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: BMI Percentile based on BMI, sex, and age

Tukey HSD

(I) Race Category for 2011

(J) Race Category for 2011

GCS YRBS report

GCS YRBS report

White

African American

African American

Asian

Other

White

African American

Asian

Other

(I-J)

Std. Error

Sig.

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

1.37373

.000

-12.3734

-5.3097

Asian

6.42737

2.65128

.073

-.3891

13.2438

Other

-10.40003

1.71099

.000

-14.7990

-6.0011

1.37373

.000

5.3097

12.3734

-8.84152

White

8.84152

Asian

15.26890

2.68856

.000

8.3566

22.1812

Other

-1.55850

1.76820

.815

-6.1045

2.9875

White

-6.42737

2.65128

.073

-13.2438

.3891

2.68856

.000

-22.1812

-8.3566

African American

-15.26890

Other

-16.82740

2.87553

.000

-24.2204

-9.4344

10.40003

1.71099

.000

6.0011

14.7990

1.55850

1.76820

.815

-2.9875

6.1045

2.87553

.000

9.4344

24.2204

1.39148

.000

-12.5071

-5.1760

Asian

6.42737

2.83274

.139

-1.1197

13.9744

Other

-10.40003

1.61452

.000

-14.6589

-6.1412

1.39148

.000

5.1760

12.5071

White
African American

Tamhane

95% Confidence Interval

Mean Difference

Asian

16.82740

African American

-8.84152

White

8.84152

Asian

15.26890

2.87185

.000

7.6226

22.9152

Other

-1.55850

1.68221

.928

-5.9950

2.8780

White

-6.42737

2.83274

.139

-13.9744

1.1197

2.87185

.000

-22.9152

-7.6226

African American

-15.26890

Other

-16.82740

2.98630

.000

-24.7660

-8.8888

10.40003

1.61452

.000

6.1412

14.6589

1.55850

1.68221

.928

-2.8780

5.9950

2.98630

.000

8.8888

24.7660

White
African American
Asian

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

16.82740

Output: According to the significance value in the ANOVA test above, there is significant difference between
BMI percentile and race. The significance is known because the Sig. (p-value) is .000 which is less than .05.
This indicates that the Tamhane results should be used instead of the Tukey results. According to the Tamhane
results:
There is a significant difference between the BMI percentiles of White and African American. We know
this because the Sig value is less than .05 (.000) and the 95% confidence interval does not cross 0.
This is no significant difference between the BMI percentiles of White and Asian. We know this because
the Sig value is more than .05 (.139) and the 95% confidence interval does cross 0.
There is a significant difference between the BMI percentiles of White and Other. We know this because the
Sig value is less than .05 (.000) and the 95% confidence interval does not cross 0

Dependent T-Test:
What is the difference in the quality of relationship students reported having with their mothers at Time
1 compared to Time 2?
1-Open the Keeping It Real dataset, using the SPSS software.
2-Go to Analyze, then Compare means, then choose Paired-samples t-test.
3-Under Variable 1 insert MotherRelationship_1, and then under Variable 2 insert MotherRelationship_2.
4- Click Ok to submit, and the data will appear.

Output: When analyzing the output from the Paired Samples Test, the Sig. (2-tailed) indicates a statistical
significance between the relationship quality between Time 1 and Time 2, because the .000 value is less than
.05. Additionally, the 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference which does not cross 0 supports a statistical
significance. Moreover, the t-value of 5.369 (which does not fall between -2 and 2) concludes the statistical
significance difference. Even though the mean for quality of relationship with mothers is higher for Time 1, the
standard error and standard deviation for Time 2 is greater. This concludes that there is an uncertainty in
accurately reporting whether or not the quality of relationship (with mothers) is actually higher from Time 1 to
Time 2.

Descriptive Analysis:
What is the cumulative number of people who have smoked a cigarette before the age of 15?
1-Open the YRBS High School dataset, using the SPSS software.
2-Open Analyze from the toolbar.
3-Then select the Descriptive Statistics tab, and then Frequencies.
4-Highlight Q33 (How old were you when you smoked a whole cigarette for the first time). If need be right
click and select Display Variable Names to find. Press the blue arrow until Q33 shows in the box labeled
Variable(s):.
5-Then click on the Statistics button, and check the Mean, Median, Mode, and Skewness. Click continue.
6-Click the Charts button, and check the Bar Charts. Click continue.
7-Press Ok, and the output will appear. Like magic.

Statistics
How old were you when you smoked a
whole cigarette for the first time
N

Valid

2344

Missing

27

Mean

1.86

Median

1.00

Mode

Skewness

1.659

Std. Error of Skewness

.051

How old were you when you smoked a whole cigarette for the first time
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid

I have never smoked a

Percent

76.6

77.5

77.5

8 years old or younger

42

1.8

1.8

79.3

9 or 10 years old

34

1.4

1.5

80.8

11 or 12 years old

90

3.8

3.8

84.6

13 or 14 years old

192

8.1

8.2

92.8

15 or 16 years old

145

6.1

6.2

99.0

17 years or older

24

1.0

1.0

100.0

2344

98.9

100.0

999

14

.6

System

13

.5

Total

27

1.1

2371

100.0

Total

Total

Valid Percent

1817

whole cigarette

Missing

Percent

Output: According to the statistics output, there are 77.5% of students who have never smoked a whole
cigarette, and 92.8% of the students surveyed who have smoked a cigarette for the first time before the age of
15. Subtract the amount of kids who have not smoked by the number of kids who have smoked before the age
of 15. The answer is 15.3%. The mean is irrelevant because of the value system that SPSS uses.
According to the output created, the mean reported is 1.86, the median is 1.00, the mode is 1, and the
skewness is 1.659. However, the values assigned for each response could lead to miss interpreting the data if we
look solely at the numbers; thus, the mean and median are irrelevant. Since the mode is 1, this indicates that the
majority of the participants in the study have not ever smoked a whole cigarette. The skewness is 1.659, which
signifies that there is a positive skew. However, if you eliminate the individuals who have never smoked a
whole cigarette (responded 1), the skewness appears to be negative. This is based primarily by looking at the
results depicted in the bar graph.

Correlations:
What is the relationship between the age of first sexual intercourse and the age of first marijuana use?
1-Open the YRBS High School dataset, using the SPSS software.
2- Click on Analyze, then choose Correlate, and select Bivariate.
3- Add the variables Q54 and Q43 to the variables box.
4-Select the Options box, then check the Means and standard deviations box. Then click Continue and Ok.

Descriptive Statistics
Mean

Std. Deviation

How old were you when you

had sexual intercourse for

2.52

2.192

2194

2.39

2.035

2320

the first time

How old were you when you
tried marijuana for the first
time

Correlations
How old were
you when you

How old were

had sexual

you when you

intercourse for

tried marijuana

the first time

for the first time

1

.470

**

How old were you when you

Pearson Correlation

had sexual intercourse for

Sig. (2-tailed)

the first time

2194

2161

How old were you when you

Pearson Correlation

.470

**

tried marijuana for the first

Sig. (2-tailed)

.000

time

2161

.000

2320

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Output: The Pearson Correlation value is .470, which indicates that there is a positive correlation between the
age of first sexual intercourse and the first time trying marijuana. As the age of the person tries marijuana for
the first time increases, the age that a person engages in sexual intercourse also increases.

Independent T-Test:
Is there a difference between sex and the age they had their first drink of alcohol other than a few sips?
1-Open the YRBS High School dataset, using the SPSS software.
2-Select Analyze, then click Compare Means. Choose the Independent-Samples T-Test. Add Q37 to the
Test Variable(s) box, and Q2 to the Groupings Variable:.
3- Click Define Groups button.
4-Enter 1 into Group 1 box which represents females, and enter 2 into Group 2 box which represents males.
5-Click Continue.
6-Click Ok, and the data will appear.

Output: First look at the Levenes Test for Equality of Variances. The Sig. value is 0.025 which is less than .05
which indicates that there equal variances assumed. This indicates that the top row must be used. Then look at
the Sig. (2-tailed) value, which is .139. Since this value is higher than .05, then there is no significant difference
between the sex and the age they had their first drink of alcohol other than a few sips. This conclusion is
supported by the 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference because it passes through 0. Additionally,
because the t value is between -2 and 2 which supports that there is not a significant difference.

Chi-Square:
Is there a difference in sex and whether or not a person has ever been physically forced to have sexual
intercourse when they did not want to?
1-Open the YRBS High School dataset, using the SPSS software.
2-Select Analyze, and choose Descriptive Statistics, and then Crosstabs.
3-Add Q22 in the Row box, and Q2 in the Column box.
4-Go to the Statistics button, and check the Chi-Squared box, then click Continue.
5-Submit by clicking Ok, and the data will appear.
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid
N

Missing

Percent

Total

Percent

Percent

Have you ever been

physically forced to have
sexual intercourse when you
did not want to * What is
your sex

2343

98.8%

28

1.2%

2371

100.0%

Have you ever been physically forced to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to * What is
your sex Crosstabulation
What is your sex
Female
Have you ever been

yes

Count

physically forced to have

% within Have you ever

sexual intercourse when you

been physically forced to

did not want to

have sexual intercourse

Male

Total

127

41

168

75.6%

24.4%

100.0%

1133

1042

2175

52.1%

47.9%

100.0%

1260

1083

2343

53.8%

46.2%

100.0%

when you did not want to

no

Count
% within Have you ever
been physically forced to
have sexual intercourse
when you did not want to

Total

Count
% within Have you ever
been physically forced to
have sexual intercourse
when you did not want to

Chi-Square Tests

Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Continuity Correction
Likelihood Ratio

Exact Sig. (2-

Exact Sig. (1-

sided)

sided)

sided)

.000

33.719

.000

36.606

.000

34.658
b

df

Asymp. Sig. (2-

Fisher's Exact Test

Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases

.000
34.643

.000

.000

2343

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 77.65.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Output: The percentage of females who have ever been physically forced to have sexual intercourse when they
did not want to is 75.6%, while the males have 24.4% for the same corresponding variable. These two values
when compared are very different. The Chi-square value for this analysis is 34.658 and the p-value is .000.
Because the p-value is lower than .05, indicating a statistical difference between the percentage of females who
have been physically forced into intercourse and the percentage of males who have been physically forced into
intercourse. Because there is a significant difference, it is concluded that the null hypothesis would be rejected.