Millerympics

Game 1
Every country has a flag to be raised when they place in the top 3. Your team must
design a flag and create 15 of them.
Game 2
There are two Olympics each year. Read about both and answer the questions at the
bottom of the page. Every team member must complete his or her own sheet.
Game 3
The Olympics are very competitive. Look at the graph of medals by country and
answer the questions at the bottom of the page. Every team member must complete
his or her own sheet.
Game 4
One of the most famous stories of the Olympics is the Jamaican Bobsled team. As a
group create a cartoon that includes both words and illustrations to tell their story.
Game 5
Many people watch the opening and closing ceremonies. What do they consist of?
Read these articles and answer the questions to find out. Every team member must
complete his or her own sheet.
Game 6
Some Olympics have been boycotted (skipped as protest), lets find out when and
why. Read these articles and answer the questions to find out. Every team member
must complete his or her own sheet.
Game 7
The Olympics have many symbols. Read about their meaning and create a symbol,
which, in your opinion, represents peace in the world thanks to sport. Also, come up
with a motto to represent your team. Be prepared to explain both the symbol and
motto, I may ask any group member, so everyone must understand and be prepared.
Game 8
Performance enhancing drugs have become a major topic in todays sports world.
Lets see the role they play in the Olympics. Read these articles and answer the
questions to find out. Every team member must complete his or her own sheet.
Game 9
Not every Olympics has been joyful. Read about the 1972 summer games in Munich.
As a group decide on at least 7 ways, the IOC (International Olympic Committee) can
keep athletes safe while they are at the games.

Game 10
The Tonya Harding Nancy Kerrigan story captivated the nation over 20 years ago.
Find out about one of the most famous stories in figure skating. Create a cartoon to
tell their story and create a poster including a slogan that shows who your group
has the most sympathy for.
Game 11
New games are introduced to the Olympics all the time. Come up with a competition
that you would like to see be added. It can be to either the summer or winter games,
but cannot be one that already exists. On a sheet of paper explain the rules of the
game, including the number of people needed and how a team or individual wins.

Game 4
Here's The Real Story Of The 'Cool Runnings' Bobsled Team That The Movie Got
Wrong
PAMELA ENGEL
FEB. 6, 2014, 5:19 PM
"Cool Runnings" is one of the most popular Olympics movies of the past few
decades, and it's mostly made up. It's based on a true story, but a member of the
unlikely Jamaican bobsled team that inspired the popular Disney film says it's
largely fiction.
Dudley "Tal" Stokes, who was on the 1988 Olympic team that inspired "Cool
Runnings," took to Reddit in October to set the record straight about what the movie
got wrong. "It's a feature Disney film, not much in it actually happened in real life,"
Stokes said on Reddit.
"Cool Runnings" has a cast of fictional characters who don't bear much resemblance
to the real-life Jamaican bobsledders. The Jamaican bobsled team that competed at
the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada was not composed of track sprinters,
as the movie might lead you to believe. The team members were actually recruited
from the Jamaican army.
The movie also depicts the Jamaican bobsledders as outcasts, but in real life they
were welcomed warmly at the 1988 Olympics, as ESPN points out.
Here's the rest of the real story of how Jamaicans learned to bobsled a sport that
athletes from the country will still compete in this winter Olympics:
It all started when two American businessmen living in Jamaica were inspired by a
local pushcart derby, according to the Jamaican Bobsleigh Federation. The men,
George Fitch and William Maloney, thought the sport looked like bobsledding. They
took their idea for a Jamaica bobsled team to the country's Olympic association.
Stokes said he got into bobsledding because a colonel in the Army told him to. From
the Reddit AMA:

I got into bobsledding because I was told to go. I was in the Army at the time. The
Colonel made the suggestion to me and because I was a Captain, you do as your told
and obey orders.
There were two Americans, George Finch and William Maloney who were big into
push cart racing and thought it translated well to bobsledding. You mix that with the
Jamaican athleticism and they thought it could work with some of our track athletes.
They couldnt get anyone to actually do the sport, so they went to the Army and my
Colonel. So thats how I became involved in it. Once there, I was hooked.
Coaches who were recruited from the U.S. and Austria helped teach the team how to
bobsled. They trained in Austria and Lake Placid, N.Y.
Stokes had very little training before the Olympics. He said he saw a bobsled for the
first time in September 1987, and by February, he was competing in the Winter
Olympics.
The team was immensely popular at the Olympics. The bobsledders couldn't leave
Olympic Village for fear of getting mobbed, according to the Jamaican Bobsleigh
Federation, and they got a lot of attention from the American media.
It wasn't easy for the team to compete. They were using borrowed equipment, and
one of their teammates got injured during training. On the team's first run during
the four-man event, part of Stokes' sled collapsed. On the second day, he fell and
injured his shoulder.
They got a fast start that day, but Stokes lost control of the sled at 85 miles per hour
and crashed, according to The Guardian. The teammates were trapped underneath
the sled. Unlike the inspirational scene in "Cool Runnings," the team did not lift the
sled over their heads to carry it across the finish line. One of the teammates, Devon
Harris, told The Guardian they "did what any team would have done" and pushed
the sled to the end of the track before lifting it.

A popular quote from the movie "Feel the Rhythm, feel the rhyme, get on up, its
bobsled time!" was also made up for the movie, according to Stokes.
Jamaica's two-man bobsled team will compete in the Winter Olympics this year at
Sochi.

Game 2
The Winter Olympic Games are a major international sporting event that occurs
once every four years. Unlike the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympics feature
sports practiced on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter
Olympics, was held in Chamonix, France. The original 5 sports (broken into 9
disciplines) were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing (consisting of the
disciplines military patrol, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping),
and skating (consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating). The
Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936, after which they were
interrupted by World War II. The Olympics resumed in 1948 and was again held
every four years. Until 1992, the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in
the same years, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year
cycles in alternating even-numbered years, the next Winter Olympics after 1992
was in 1994.
The Winter Games have evolved since its inception. Sports and disciplines have
been added and some of them, such as Alpine skiing, luge, short track speed skating,
freestyle skiing, skeleton, and snowboarding, have earned a permanent spot on the
Olympic program. Others (such as curling and bobsleigh) have been discontinued
and later reintroduced, or have been permanently discontinued (such as military
patrol, though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it).
Still others, such as speed skiing, bandy and skijoring, were demonstration sports
but never incorporated as Olympic sports. The rise of television as a global medium
for communication enhanced the profile of the Games. It created an income stream,
via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising, which has become lucrative for the
IOC. This allowed outside interests, such as television companies and corporate
sponsors, to exert influence. The IOC has had to address several criticisms, internal
scandals, the use of performance enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians, as well as a
political boycott of the Winter Olympics. Nations have used the Winter Games to
showcase the claimed superiority of their political systems.
The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by eleven different
countries. The United States has hosted the Games four times (1932, 1960, 1980,
2002); France has been the host three times (1924, 1968, 1992); Austria (1964,
1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952,

1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948) have hosted the Games twice. Germany
(1936), Yugoslavia (1984), and Russia (2014) have hosted the Games once. The IOC
has selected Pyeongchang, South Korea, to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. No
country in the southern hemisphere has hosted or even been an applicant to host
the Winter Olympics; the major challenge preventing one hosting the games is the
dependence on winter weather, and the traditional February timing of the games
falls in the middle of the southern hemisphere summer.
Twelve countries Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy,
Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States have sent athletes to
every Winter Olympic Games. Six of those Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway,
Sweden and the United States have earned medals at every Winter Olympic
Games, and only one the United States has earned gold at each Games. Germany
and Japan have been banned at times from competing in the Games.
1. How often do the Winter Olympic games occur?
2. What were the original events?
3. Why were the games interrupted in 1936?
4. How many continents have held the Winter Olympics?
5. Which countries have been banned from competing?
The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad, first held in 1896, are an
international multi-sport event, occurring every four years, organized by the
International Olympic Committee. Medals are awarded in each event, with gold
medals for first place, silver for second and bronze for third, a tradition that started
in 1904. The Winter Olympic Games were also created due to the success of the
Summer Olympics.
The Olympics have increased from a 42-event competition with fewer than 250
male athletes from 14 nations to a 300-event sporting celebration with over 10,000
competitors from 205 nations. Organizers for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing

expected approximately 10,500 athletes to take part in the 302 events on the
program for the games.
The United States has hosted four Summer Olympic Games, more than any other
nation. The United Kingdom hosted the 2012 Olympic games, its third Summer
Olympic Games, in its capital London, making London the first city to host the
Summer Olympic Games three times. Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all
hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Other countries that have hosted the
Summer Olympics are Belgium, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Japan, Mexico,
Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, the Soviet Union and Sweden. In 2016, Rio de
Janeiro will host the first Summer Games in South America. Three cities have hosted
two Summer Olympic Games: Los Angeles, Paris and Athens. Stockholm, Sweden,
has hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having hosted the games in 1912
and the equestrian events at the 1956 Summer Olympicswhich they are usually
listed as jointly hosting. Events at the Summer Olympics have also been held in Hong
Kong and the Netherlands, with the equestrian events at the 2008 Summer
Olympics being held in Sha Tin and Kwu Tung, Hong Kong and two sailing races at
the 1920 Summer Olympics being held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Five countries Greece, Australia, France, Great Britain and Switzerland have been
represented at all Summer Olympic Games. The only country to have won at least
one gold medal at every Summer Olympic Games is Great Britain, ranging from one
gold in 1904, 1952 and 1996 to fifty-six golds in 1908.
1. When did the tradition of medals begin?
2. How many events were there in Beijing?
3. Where is the first city to host a summer games in South America?

Game 3
Team (IOC
code)

Sum
mer

To
tal

Win
ter

To
tal

13

12

15

23

18

24

28

70

18

Armenia (ARM)

12

Australasia (AN

12

25

138

153

177

468

18

12

26

18

33

35

86

22

59

78

81

218

15

26

15

12

Barbados (BAR)[

11

Belarus (BLR)

12

24

40

76

15

25

37

52

53

142

20

Bermuda (BER)

17

Bohemia (BOH)[B

Afghanistan (AF
G)

Algeria (ALG)
Argentina (ARG)

Z)[ANZ]

Australia (AUS)[A
US] [Z]

Austria (AUT)
Azerbaijan (AZE
)

Bahamas (BAH)
Bahrain (BRN)

BAR]

Belgium (BEL)

OH] [Z]

Botswana (BOT)

Team (IOC
code)

Sum
mer

To
tal

Win
ter

To
tal

21

23

30

55

108

19

51

85

78

214

19

13

25

59

99

120

278

22

62

55

53

170

22

13

16

201

144

128

473

10

12

22

19

53

18

11

19

Costa
Rica (CRC)

14

Ivory
Coast (CIV)[CIV]

12

Croatia (CRO)

10

23

11

Cuba (CUB) [Z]

19

72

67

69

208

10

Czech
Republic (CZE) [C

14

15

15

44

24

Czechoslovakia

16

49

49

45

143

16

15

25

26

43

68

68

179

13

Brazil (BRA)
British
West
Indies (BWI) [BWI]
Bulgaria (BUL) [H]
Burundi (BDI)
Cameroon (CMR
)

Canada (CAN)
Chile (CHI) [I]
China (CHN) [CHN]
Colombia (COL)

Cyprus (CYP)

ZE]

(TCH)

[TCH]

Team (IOC
code)
]

Sum
mer

To
tal

Win
ter

To
tal

Denmark (DEN)[Z
7

13

13

Egypt (EGY) [EGY][

21

10

26

Eritrea (ERI)

11

15

33

12

21

17

45

24

101

84

117

302

22

42

62

57

161

27

202

223

246

671

22

31

31

47

109

14

25

15

174

182

217

573

11

78

78

53

209

Unified
Team of
Germany (EUA) [

28

54

36

118

19

East
Germany (GDR) [

153

129

127

409

39

36

35

110

West
Germany (FRG) [

56

67

81

204

11

15

13

39

Djibouti (DJI) [B]

Dominican
Republic (DOM)
Ecuador (ECU)

Z]

Estonia (EST)
Ethiopia (ETH)
Finland (FIN)
France (FRA) [O][P
] [Z]

Gabon (GAB)
Georgia (GEO)
Germany (GER)[
GER] [Z]

EUA]

GDR]

Team (IOC
code)

Sum
mer

To
tal

Win
ter

To
tal

FRG]

13

27

236

272

272

780

22

10

12

26

27

30

42

38

110

18

13

Guyana (GUY)[GU

16

Haiti (HAI) [J]

14

Hong
Kong (HKG)[HKG]

15

Hungary (HUN)

25

167

144

165

476

22

19

17

23

11

26

14

10

11

27

Iran (IRI) [K]

15

15

20

25

60

10

Iraq (IRQ)

13

20

11

28

15

26

198

166

185

549

22

37

34

43

114

16

17

30

20

67

Ghana (GHA)[GHA]
Great
Britain (GBR) [GBR]
[Z]

Greece (GRE) [Z]

Grenada (GRN)
Guatemala (GU
A)

Y]

Iceland (ISL)
India (IND) [F]
Indonesia (INA)

Ireland (IRL)
Israel (ISR)
Italy (ITA) [M] [S]
Jamaica (JAM)[JA

Team (IOC
code)

Sum
mer

To
tal

Win
ter

To
tal

M]

21

130

126

142

398

20

10

17

18

45

16

17

19

52

13

25

32

29

86

North
Korea (PRK)

14

12

21

47

South
Korea (KOR)

16

81

82

80

243

17

26

17

10

53

Kuwait (KUW)

12

Kyrgyzstan (KG

10

11

19

10

16

16

16

18

10

21

22

12

22

13

21

28

62

Japan (JPN)
Kazakhstan (KA
Z)

Kenya (KEN)

Z)

Latvia (LAT)
Lebanon (LIB)
Liechtenstein (LI
E)

Lithuania (LTU)
Luxembourg (LU
X)

[O]

Macedonia (MK
D)

Malaysia (MAS)[

MAS]

Mauritius (MRI)
Mexico (MEX)

Team (IOC
code)

Sum
mer

To
tal

Win
ter

To
tal

Moldova (MDA)

Mongolia (MGL)

12

13

24

13

Montenegro (M

13

11

22

25

77

85

104

266

20

37

38

35

110

13

New
Zealand (NZL) [NZ

22

42

18

39

99

15

Niger (NIG)

11

15

12

23

24

56

49

43

148

22

118

111

100

329

16

10

16

11

17

NE)

Morocco (MAR)
Mozambique (M
OZ)

Namibia (NAM)
Netherlands (NE
D)

[Z]

Netherlands
Antilles (AHO) [AHO
] [I]

L]

Nigeria (NGR)
Norway (NOR) [Q]
Pakistan (PAK)
Panama (PAN)
Paraguay (PAR)
Peru (PER) [L]

Team (IOC
code)

Sum
mer

To
tal

Win
ter

To
tal

20

20

64

82

125

271

22

20

23

11

23

17

20

88

94

119

301

20

133

122

142

397

49

40

35

124

Russian
Empire (RU1) [RU1]

Saudi
Arabia (KSA)

10

13

15

Slovakia (SVK)[SV

24

Slovenia (SLO)

19

15

South
Africa (RSA)

18

23

26

27

76

Soviet
Union (URS) [URS]

395

319

296

1010

78

57

59

194

Philippines (PHI)
Poland (POL)
Portugal (POR)
Puerto
Rico (PUR)
Qatar (QAT)
Romania (ROU)
Russia (RUS)[RUS]

Senegal (SEN)
Serbia (SRB)[SRB]
Serbia and
Montenegro (SC
G)

[SCG]

Singapore (SIN)

K]

Team (IOC
code)
Unified
Team (EUN) [EUN]

Sum
mer

To
tal

Win
ter

To
tal

45

38

29

112

23

22

37

59

35

131

19

Sri
Lanka (SRI)[SRI]

16

Sudan (SUD)

11

Suriname (SUR)[

11

Sweden (SWE) [Z

26

143

164

176

483

22

50

40

54

144

Switzerland (SUI

27

47

73

65

185

22

50

40

48

138

Syria (SYR)

12

Chinese
Taipei (TPE) [TPE][T

13

12

21

11

Tajikistan (TJK)

Tanzania (TAN)[T

12

15

11

24

Tonga (TGA)

Trinidad
and
Tobago (TRI) [TRI]

16

11

18

13

10

21

39

25

24

88

16

Spain (ESP) [Z]

E]

PE2]

AN]

Thailand (THA)
Togo (TOG)

Tunisia (TUN)

Team (IOC
code)

Sum
mer

To
tal

Win
ter

To
tal

Turkey (TUR)
14

33

27

55

115

26

976

758

666

2400

22

96

102

83

281

20

10

10

20

17

12

14

Virgin
Islands (ISV)

11

Yugoslavia (YU

16

26

29

28

83

14

Zambia (ZAM)[ZA

12

Zimbabwe (ZIM)[

12

Uganda (UGA)
Ukraine (UKR)
United
Arab
Emirates (UAE)
United
States (USA) [P] [Q]
[R][Z]

Uruguay (URU)
Uzbekistan (UZ
B)

Venezuela (VEN
)

Vietnam (VIE)

G)[YUG]

Independent
Olympic
Participants (IOP
)

[IOP]

M]

ZIM]

On a separate sheet answer these questions:

Who is the winningest country of all time?
How many medals has the Soviet Union won in the summer games?
How many gold medals does Israel have?
How many winter medals does Great Britain have?
How many combined gold medals does the United States have (winter and
summer)?

Game 5
Opening
As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremony
of the Olympic Games. This ceremony takes place before the events have occurred.
Most of these rituals were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.
The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a
performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays
of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of its culture. The artistic
presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to
provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor's in terms of memorability. The
opening ceremony of the Beijing Games reportedly cost $100 million, with much of
the cost incurred in the artistic segment.
After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium
grouped by nation. Greece is traditionally the first nation to enter in order to honor
the origins of the Olympics. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetically according
to the host country's chosen language, with the host country's athletes being the last
to enter. During the 2004 Summer Olympics, which was hosted in Athens, Greece,
the Greek flag entered the stadium first, while the Greek delegation entered last.
Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, the Olympic torch is
brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier, often
a successful Olympic athlete from the host nation, who lights the Olympic flame in
the stadium's cauldron.
Closing
The closing ceremony of the Olympic Games takes place after all sporting events
have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium,
followed by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction. Three
national flags are hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played: the
flag of the current host country; the flag of Greece, to honor the birthplace of the
Olympic Games; and the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter
Olympic Games. The president of the organizing committee and the IOC president
make their closing speeches, the Games are officially closed, and the Olympic flame
is extinguished. In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony, the mayor of the city
that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC,

who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games. The
next host nation then also briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and
theater representative of its culture.
As is customary, the men's marathon medals (at the Summer Olympics) or the men's
50 km cross-country skiing freestyle mass start medals (at the Winter Olympics) are
presented as part of the Closing Ceremony, which take place later that day, in the
Olympic Stadium, and are thus the last medal presentation of the Games.
1. Where do most of the rituals for the opening ceremony come from?

2. How much did the opening ceremony in Beijing cost?

3. Who is traditionally the first country to enter the stadium?

Why?

4. Flags from which countries are hoisted at the closing ceremony?

5. Which medals are typically the last to be presented?

Game 6
Boycotts
Australia, France, Great Britain, and Switzerland are the only countries to be
represented at every Olympic Games since their inception in 1896. While countries
sometimes miss an Olympics due to a lack of qualified athletes, some choose to
boycott a celebration of the Games for various reasons. The Olympic Council of
Ireland boycotted the 1936 Berlin Games, because the IOC insisted its team needed
to be restricted to the Irish Free State rather than representing the entire island of
Ireland. There were three boycotts of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics: the
Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland refused to attend because of the repression of
the Hungarian uprising by the Soviet Union, but did send an equestrian delegation to
Stockholm; Cambodia, Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon boycotted the Games because of the
Suez Crisis; and China (the "People's Republic of China") boycotted the Games
because Taiwan was allowed to compete in the Games as the "Republic of China". In
1972 and 1976 a large number of African countries threatened the IOC with a
boycott to force them to ban South Africa and Rhodesia, because of their
segregationist regimes. New Zealand was also one of the African boycott targets,
because its national rugby union team had toured apartheid-ruled South Africa. The
IOC conceded in the first two cases, but refused to ban New Zealand on the grounds
that rugby was not an Olympic sport. Fulfilling their threat, twenty African countries
were joined by Guyana and Iraq in a withdrawal from the Montreal Games, after a
few of their athletes had already competed. Taiwan also decided to boycott these
Games because the People's Republic of China (PRC) exerted pressure on the
Montreal organizing committee to keep the delegation from the Republic of China
(ROC) from competing under that name. The ROC refused a proposed compromise
that would have still allowed them to use the ROC flag and anthem as long as the
name was changed. Taiwan did not participate again until 1984, when it returned
under the name of Chinese Taipei and with a special flag and anthem.
In 1980 and 1984, the Cold War opponents boycotted each other's Games. The
United States and sixty-four other countries boycotted the Moscow Olympics in
1980 because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This boycott reduced the
number of nations participating to 81, the lowest number since 1956. The Soviet
Union and 15 other nations countered by boycotting the Los Angeles Olympics of
1984, contending that they could not guarantee the safety of their athletes. Soviet
officials defended their decision to withdraw from the Games by saying that

"chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria are being whipped up in the

United States". The boycotting nations of the Eastern Bloc staged their own
alternate event, the Friendship Games, in July and August.
There had been growing calls for boycotts of Chinese goods and the 2008 Olympics
in Beijing in protest of China's human rights record, and in response to Tibetan
disturbances. Ultimately, no nation supported a boycott. In August 2008, the
government of Georgia called for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics, set to be
held in Sochi, Russia, in response to Russia's participation in the 2008 South Ossetia
war.
1. Which countries have never missed an Olympics?

2. Why did China boycott the games in 1956?

3. Why was New Zealand not banned in 1972 and 1976?

4. Why was the number of competing countries so low in 1980?

5. What did the Eastern Bloc hold instead of attending the games in 1984?

Game 8
Use of performance enhancing drugs
In the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes began using drugs to improve and
increase their athletic abilities. In 1904, Thomas Hicks, a gold medalist for the
marathon, was given strychnine by his coach. The only Olympic death linked to
performance enhancing occurred at the 1960 Rome games. A Danish cyclist, Knud
Enemark Jensen, fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that
he was under the influence of amphetamines. By the mid-1960s, sports federations
were starting to ban the use of performance enhancing drugs; in 1967 the IOC
followed suit.
The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance enhancing drugs
was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics,
who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use. The most publicized doping-related
disqualification was in 1988 the Canadian Olympics where the Canadian sprinter,
Ben Johnson (who won the 100-metre dash) was positive for stanozolol. His gold
medal was later stripped and awarded to the American runner-up Carl Lewis, who
himself had tested positive for banned substances prior to the Olympics.
In the late 1990s, the IOC took the initiative in a more organized battle against
doping, by forming the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. There was a
sharp increase in positive drug tests at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter
Olympics. Several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were
disqualified because of doping offenses. During the 2006 Winter Olympics, only one
athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The IOC-established drug testing
regimen (now known as the Olympic Standard) has set the worldwide benchmark
that other sporting federations around the world attempt to emulate. During the
Beijing games, 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the
World Anti-Doping Agency. Both urine and blood tests were used to detect banned
substances. Several athletes were barred from competition by their National
Olympic Committees prior to the Games; only three athletes failed drug tests while
in competition in Beijing. In London over 6,000 Olympic and Paralympic athletes
were tested. Prior to the Games 107 athletes tested positive for banned substances
and were not allowed to compete. During and after the Games eight athletes tested

positive for a banned substance and were suspended, including shot putter Nadzeya
Ostapchuk who was stripped of her gold medal.
1. Should Carl Lewis have been awarded a medal in 1988 after his previous
tests? Why or why not?

2. Should athletes be allowed to use performance enhancing drugs? Why or

why not?

3. Should other punishments be imposed besides the losing of a medal or not be

allowing to compete in that years games? If so, what punishments? If not,
why not?

4. What can the IOC (International Olympic Committee do to better stop the use
of performance enhancing drugs?

Game 9
On Monday evening, 4 September, the Israeli athletes enjoyed a night out, watching
a performance of Fiddler on the Roof and dining with the play's star, Israeli actor
Shmuel Rodensky, before returning to the Olympic Village.[14] On the return trip in
the team bus, Lalkin denied his 13-year-old son, who had befriended weightlifter
Yossef Romano and wrestler Eliezer Halfin, permission to spend the night in their
apartmentan innocent refusal that probably saved the boy's life.[15]
At 4:30 am local time on 5 September, as the athletes slept, eight tracksuit-clad
members of the Black September faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization,
carrying duffel bags loaded with AKM assault rifles, Tokarev pistols, and grenades
scaled a two-meter chain-link fence with the assistance of unsuspecting athletes
who were also sneaking into the Olympic Village. The athletes were originally
identified as Americans, but were claimed to be Canadians decades later.[16] Once
inside, they used stolen keys to enter two apartments being used by the Israeli team
at Connollystrae 31.[17]
Yossef Gutfreund, a wrestling referee, was awakened by a faint scratching noise at
the door of Apartment 1, which housed the Israeli coaches and officials. When he
investigated, he saw the door begin to open and masked men with guns on the other
side. He shouted a warning to his sleeping roommates and threw his nearly 300 lb.
(135 kg) weight against the door in a futile attempt to stop the intruders from
forcing their way in. Gutfreund's actions gave his roommate, weightlifting coach
Tuvia Sokolovsky, enough time to smash a window and escape. Wrestling coach
Moshe Weinberg fought the intruders, who shot him through his cheek and then
forced him to help them find more hostages. Leading the intruders past Apartment
2, Weinberg lied by telling them that the residents of the apartment were not
Israelis. Instead, Weinberg led them to Apartment 3; there, the gunmen corralled six
wrestlers and weightlifters as additional hostages. It is possible that Weinberg had
hoped that the stronger men would have a better chance of fighting off the attackers,
but they were all surprised in their sleep.[18]
As the athletes from Apartment 3 were marched back to the coaches' apartment, the
wounded Weinberg again attacked the gunmen, allowing one of his wrestlers, Gad
Tsobari, to escape via the underground parking garage.[19] Weinberg knocked one
of the intruders unconscious and slashed another with a fruit knife before being

shot to death.[20] Weightlifter Yossef Romano, a veteran of the Six-Day War, also
attacked and wounded one of the intruders before being shot and killed.
The gunmen were left with nine hostages. They were, in addition to Gutfreund,
sharpshooting coach Kehat Shorr, track and field coach Amitzur Shapira, fencing
master Andre Spitzer, weightlifting judge Yakov Springer, wrestlers Eliezer Halfin
and Mark Slavin, and weightlifters David Berger and Ze'ev Friedman. Berger was an
expatriate American with dual citizenship; Slavin, at 18 the youngest of the
hostages, had only arrived in Israel from the Soviet Union four months before the
Olympic Games began. Gutfreund, physically the largest of the hostages, was bound
to a chair (Groussard describes him as being tied up like a mummy); the rest were
lined up four apiece on the two beds in Springer and Shapira's room, and bound at
the wrists and ankles and then to each other. Romano's bullet-riddled corpse was
left at his bound comrades' feet as a warning.
Of the other members of Israel's team, racewalker Professor Shaul Ladany had been
jolted awake in Apartment 2 by Gutfreund's screams. He jumped from the secondstory balcony of his room and fled to the American dormitory, awakening U.S. track
coach Bill Bowerman and informing him of the attack.[21][22][23] Ladany was the
first person to spread the alert as to the attack.[21] The other four residents of
Apartment 2 (sharpshooters Henry Hershkowitz and Zelig Stroch, and fencers Dan
Alon and Yehuda Weisenstein), plus Chef De Mission Shmuel Lalkin and the two
team doctors, managed to hide and later fled the besieged building. The two female
members of Israel's Olympic team, sprinter and hurdler Esther Shahamorov and
swimmer Shlomit Nir, were housed in a separate part of the Olympic Village. Three
more members of Israel's Olympic team, two sailors and their manager, were
housed in Kiel, 550 miles (900 km) from Munich.
The attackers were subsequently reported to be part of the Palestinian fedayeen
from refugee camps in Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. They were identified as Luttif Afif
(Issa), the leader (three of Issa's brothers were also reportedly members of Black
September, two of them in Israeli jails), his deputy Yusuf Nazzal (Tony), and junior
members Afif Ahmed Hamid (Paolo), Khalid Jamal (Salah), Ahmed Chic Thaa (Abu
Halla), Mohammed Safady (Badran), Adnan Al-Gashey (Denawi), and his cousin
Jamal Al-Gashey (Samir). According to author Simon Reeve, Afif, Nazzal and one of
their confederates had all worked in various capacities in the Olympic Village, and

had spent a couple of weeks scouting out their potential target. A member of the
Uruguayan Olympic delegation, which shared housing with the Israelis, claimed that
he found Nazzal actually inside 31 Connollystrae less than 24 hours before the
attack, but since he was recognized as a worker in the Village, nothing was thought
of it at the time. The other members of the group entered Munich via train and plane
in the days before the attack. All of the members of the Uruguay and Hong Kong
Olympic teams, which also shared the building with the Israelis, were released
unharmed during the crisis.

Game 10
The Tonya Harding-Nancy Kerrigan affair began with unchecked ambition, unbridled
greed and a whack to the knee. It ended with four men in jail, a broken shoelace and a
highly publicized mouthing-off, at Disney World. In between, there was a media frenzy
reserved for only the most outrageous circuses.
The story involved violence, sports, hapless criminals and petty jealousy. To say nothing
of lying, cheating, hit men, grandstanding lawyers and pure comedy gold.
But to understand why it captivated this country 20 years ago, you have to start with a
rivalry between two skaters with different looks, styles and personalities. Kerrigan had
grace. Harding had athleticism. Kerrigan had elegance. Harding had aggression. Their
rivalry was also cast as Kerrigan's wealth against Harding's poverty, but that wasn't true.
Kerrigan came from a blue-collar background, and her father worked two jobs to support
her career.
In 1994, Kerrigan and Harding were leading contenders for the two positions on the U.S.
Olympic figure skating team. Kerrigan already had a bronze medal from the 1992
Olympics. Harding was the only American woman to land a triple axel in a competition.
But that had come in 1991, and heading into the 1994 U.S. Nationals, she cast herself as
an underdog and saw Kerrigan as the favorite.
Harding wanted a gold medal and openly coveted the money that would follow it. To
hear Harding's ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, and law enforcement officials tell it, Harding
was willing to go to extraordinary lengths to get both.
The Hit Man Speaks
"This is Shane Stant," the voice on the other end of the phone says, and suddenly I'm
talking to the man who committed one of the most notorious crimes in American sports
history.
John Vincent/Associated Press
Shane Stant appears for his arraignment on Jan. 19, 1994 in Portland, Ore.
Twenty years ago, Stant whacked Kerrigan on the knee for $6,500 and unleashed a media
firestorm and sports controversy that drew worldwide attention. His name appeared on

the front page of every newspaper in the country for weeks, and thenpoofShane
Stant vanished.
Stant (pictured above at the time of his arrest in Phoenix, eight days after the attack;
photo from Getty Images) says he hasn't given an interview in at least a dozen years, and
at first, he did not want to talk to me. But it turned out he had a story to tell, about how
his life has turned around in the years since the attack.
His story of redemption is just one of many subplots in the unforgettable KerriganHarding tale, a story with more twists and turns than the best Olympic figure-skating
performance.
It all started when Stant's phone rang a day or two before Christmas 1993. His uncle,
Derrick Smith, called to ask if Stant, then 22, would hurt somebody for money. Pressed
for specifics, Smith asked if Stant would "take down a skater,'' according to Stant's FBI
confession.
Stant asked for more details. A man named Shawn Eckardt called and said it would
involve slicing the skater's Achilles tendon. Stant said no. He wouldn't cut anybody. They
settled on injuring the person enough so she could not skate.
On the day after Christmas, Stant climbed into Smith's black Porsche 944, and the uncle
and his nephew drove 22 hours from Arizona to Portland, Ore. The next day, Smith and
Stant met with Eckardt at his parents' home, a split-level building made of sand-colored
brick that sits roughly three-quarters of the way up Mount Scott in suburban Portland.
Duane Burieson/Associated Press
Tonya Harding performed in the U.S. Nationals in Detroit the day after the attack on
Nancy Kerrigan.
Gillooly showed up a little while after Stant and Smith arrived. Eckardt pressed "record"
on a tape recorder he had hidden under a paper towel. He and Smith figured they could
use the recording against Gillooly if Gillooly turned on them or refused to pay.
The four menGillooly, Eckardt, Smith and Stantdiscussed the best way to attack
Kerrigan. Stant and Gillooly told the FBI that Eckardt suggested killing Kerrigan, but

nobody else wanted to go that far. Gillooly said damaging Kerrigan's right leg was the
best plan, because that is her landing leg, and if she couldn't land, she couldn't skate.
They planned to hurt her before the U.S. Figure Skating Championships, which was
scheduled for Jan. 7 in Detroit. If Kerrigan missed the competition, that would all but
guarantee Harding's place on the Olympic team (Harding is shown above skating in those
championships, a day after the attack; photo from Getty Images). The men decided the
attack should take place in Massachusetts, where Kerrigan practiced.
After the meeting broke up, Gillooly went to the home he and Harding shared near
Portland. He later told the FBI that he and Harding discussed the need for more
information about Tony Kent Arena, where Kerrigan practiced. He said Harding called to
get Kerrigan's practice times and the address for the arena.
The next day, armed with a photo and bio of Kerrigan, Stant flew to Dallas, where he had
a four-hour layover, and then to Logan International Airport in Boston, where he checked
into the Hilton under his own name.
Jack Smith/Associated Press/Associated Press
Stant (left) and Derrick Smith signed papers in court in Portland on Jan. 21, 1994.
He tried to rent a car but couldn't because he had grabbed his girlfriend's credit card
rather than his own. He called her and asked her to mail the card that had his name on it.
He received it on Dec. 30, 1993, made his way to the Dollar Rent-A-Car, rented a Chevy
Cavalier and drove about 80 miles to Cape Cod, unaware that at almost exactly the same
time Kerrigan was driving away from there, on her way to Boston.
Over the next several days, Stant staked out Tony Kent Arena, moving his car every 30
minutes, he told the FBI, so as not to arouse suspicion. On Jan. 4, he called the arena and
said he had a daughter who wanted to meet Kerrigan. The woman who answered the
phone told him Kerrigan had gone to Detroit to skate in the Nationals.
Stant drove back to the Boston airport to drop off the rental car. He jumped on a bus for
Detroit. The next day, he picked up his uncle at the airport. They went to Joe Louis
Arenathe location of the upcoming skating tournamentand spent 45 minutes figuring
out the best place to attack Kerrigan as she practiced at the adjacent Cobo Arena.

The next day, Jan. 6, Stant woke up to a frigid Detroit morning, and he went out bundled
up against the cold. He wore, according to his FBI confession, a dark-brown dress shirt, a
black leather jacket, brown hiking boots and black leather gloves. He put a collapsible
baton in his pants.
Smith and Stant arrived at Cobo and sat at opposite ends of the arena but in sight of each
other. Soon, Stant gave the signal that the attack was imminenthe stood up and sat back
down.
Smith left to get the getaway car.
Stant followed an ABC-TV cameraman, who was following Kerrigan as she left the ice.
Stant brushed through a curtain. He walked to the right of Kerrigan and swung at her,
with two hands on the baton. He connected about an inch above her right knee and later
said he knew he had not done much damage because the sound had not been of a bone
breaking.
He ran toward the exit door he had scoped out the day before. It had been unlocked then.
Now, it was chained shut. With nowhere to go and a shocked and soon-to-be enraged
crowd behind him, he barreled into the plexiglass on the bottom half of the door. Stant
blasted through it and found himself outside in the snow.
He heard someone yell, "Somebody stop him," but soon he was running free. He threw
the baton under a car. He found Smith. They drove away.
He left behind a sobbing Kerrigan. Her father arrived, too late to protect her, but he
carried her away. She cried, "Why? Why?" over and over.
By the time her cries stopped echoing across Cobo Arena, the case had started to unravel.

Bragging About the Crime

Gene Saunders and Eckardt had an unlikely friendship. Saunders was a 24-year-old
pastor. Eckardt was a 26-year-old who, well, let's let Randall Sullivan of Rolling Stone
handle this:

Eckardt boasted constantly about 'asset protection' and 'hostage retrieval' assignments
overseas, telling you every time you saw him that he just got back from Kenya or had to
leave the next day for New Zealand, yet he drove a 1976 Mercury and kept the corporate
headquarters of World Bodyguard Services in a spare bedroom at his parents' home.
Still, Saunders tells me that he liked Eckardt. He thought he was funny and smart, and
that if he had a positive mentor in his life, he could've been successful. During their brief
friendship, Saunders tried to be that mentor for him. Saunders says he thinks Eckardt
probably pulled straight A's in school (media reports at the time suggested otherwise) and
that he was an active participant in class discussions at Pioneer Pacific College, a trade
school near Portland, where the two of them met.
In the days before the attack, Eckardt told Saunders about it, played the tape he had made
of the meeting at his parents' house and even showed him a list of other targets in the iceskating world. But Saunders couldn't understand much of what was said on the tape
because the quality was so poor, and Eckardt was known for making stuff up, so
Saunders didn't think much of it.
Saunders saw Eckardt soon after the attack. "He comes walking in and says, 'We did it,
we did it'super excited," Saunders said.
Saunders immediately started trying to talk Eckardt into turning himself in. But Eckardt
saw opportunity. He wanted to use the attack as a way to boost World Bodyguard
Services. He planned to be with Harding at the airport in Portland when she returned
from Detroit, where she skated in and won the national championship the day after
Kerrigan was attacked. There would be a lot of press there, and he would be identified as
her bodyguard, and he figured other skaters would want bodyguards, too, in the wake of
the attack.
There's depraved entrepreneurial genius here: Eckardt tried to create a market for
bodyguards for female skaters by plotting the attack of one. And one of the enticements
he used to persuade Smith and Stant to hit Kerrigan was the promise of hiring them for
the bodyguard jobs they would help create.

Saunders says Eckardt tried to talk him into going to the airport for the press conference
as well, so that Eckardt could introduce him to Harding. Saunders said he couldn't go
because he was busy. But he didn't say why he was busy; the truth was Saunders planned
to meet with the FBI to tell them everything Eckardt had said.
Saunders says that he spoke with the FBI on Jan. 10 about what Eckardt had told him. He
told them a similar story to what some TV stations and police in Detroit had already
heard in an anonymous letter, the writer of which had heard about the attack because
Eckardt's father had bragged about it.
Saunders says as the FBI interview wound down, FBI investigators asked him for a
physical description of Eckardt. He asked if they had a TV. They turned it on. The news
was on, and there was Eckardt, with Harding at the airport. That's him, Saunders said.
Ross William Hamilton/Special to Bleacher Report
Eckardt's friend Gene Saunders had reason to fear for his life as the criminals' plan
unraveled after the attack.
The next day, Jan. 11, Saunders met with the FBI at his future mother-in-law's house, a
location chosen because law enforcement believed Saunders' home was being watched.
There were already media reports about Saunders' knowledge of the case. He says an
undercover cop told him a hit had been ordered on his life. He says someone tried to run
him off the road. The FBI wanted Saunders to wear a wire and meet Eckardt at a local
restaurant called Carrow's.
Saunders arrived first and ordered a soft drink. An FBI agent pointed out all the
undercover agents in the room. "He said, 'We are watching his car. Whatever you do, do
not get into that car with him,'" Saunders said. "I said, 'OK.' He walked over again and
said, 'We just observed him loading a weapon and putting it in the car. Do not get in the
car. We cannot protect you if you get in that car.' OK. I'm trying to play it cool, but what
do I know? First thing Shawn does when he walks into the restaurant is say, 'Let's go for
a ride.'"
Saunders refused to go. He again told Eckardt he should turn himself in. Eckardt refused.
Eventually, the meeting broke up. Saunders says he was shaking so bad when he left that
he accidentally ran a red light with the FBI following him. "It was like, that's good. I'm
glad they're not into traffic enforcement," he says.

On Jan. 12, the FBI picked up Eckardt for questioning, and he confessed to the entire
plot.
The Circus Around the Case
If the case unraveled immediately, the media devoured it even faster than that. Tom
Constant was the managing director of the Detroit Sports Commission. The U.S. National
Figure Skating Championships was its first event. He watched Kerrigan practice at Cobo
Arena, then left for the 10-minute trek back to his office. As Constant walked, Stant
attacked Kerrigan, plowed through the plexiglass door, ditched the wand and jumped into
the getaway car.
The tumultuous relationship of Jeff Gillooly and Tonya Harding was a big part of the
soap opera surrounding the case.
When Constant arrived at his office, he knew none of that. A producer for WJR 760 AM,
Detroit's most prominent station, called and put him live on the air to discuss the attack
that had happened scant minutes before.
"This was my baptism by fire for crisis communications," says Constant, who 20 years
later serves as a PR consultant for the Cobo Center. "It was surreal. I got on live, and I
said, 'I know nothing. I'm learning about it as I listen to the radio.'"
The media focus flipped from Detroit to Portland, and reporters from around the world
converged there. The story carried with it the stench of failure, the allure of hope and the
promise of always, always, always more to come. New and ridiculous details emerged
seemingly every day, from Stant's bungling in Massachusetts to preposterous stories
Eckardt made up about himself to the marriage of Harding and Gillooly dissolving as
they turned on each other in FBI interrogations.
With no Twitter to feed and no blogs to update, reporters spent all day, you know,
reporting. Or standing around waiting to report. Or staking out lawyers' offices shouting
questions at the back of men's heads. "I'd go out to go to Starbucks and I'd have this
crowd of about 25 or 30 people that would follow me," says Norman Frink, one of the
Multnomah County district attorneys who prosecuted the case in Oregon.

Norman Frink , a district attorney, was hounded by two dozen reporters when he went out
for coffee.
Everybody who ever knew any of the people involved in the story was interviewed, or so
it seemed. The media crush was so omnipresent that when Bob Weaver (Harding's
attorney) and Ron Hoevet (Gillooly's attorney) wanted to meet with their clients (before
they broke up), the only place they could do so without drawing a crowd of reporters was
at Weaver's house.
Weaver said calls from reporters were so incessant that his wife and kids devised a
system that would signal to him that the call was from them. He can't recall the precise
system, but it was something like they would call, let it ring twice, hang up and call back
30 seconds later.
Ron Hoevet, one of Gillooly's attorneys, was greeted one morning at 5 a.m. by a reporter
at his doorstep.
One evening, a reporter from a newspaper in Weaver's home state of Ohio apparently
cracked that code by accident. Weaver answered the phone, and the two of them talked
about Coshocton, Ohio, the small town where Weaver grew up. The reporter said he had
one more question, one his editor wanted him to ask, and according to Weaver, it went
something like this: Is it true that you were hired to be Tonya Harding's lawyer because
you're from Coshocton, which is full of trailer trash, and that allows you to relate to
Tonya, because she is trailer trash?
One day, Hoevet walked outside to grab his newspaper. An Associated Press reporter,
apparently fed up that Hoevet hadn't returned his calls, was standing there, waiting,
hoping to ask him questions. Which would have been fine except it was 5 a.m. and
Hoevet was wearing boxers.
The Skaters After the Attack
After the attack, Kerrigan returned home to Massachusetts, where reporters camped
outside of her house. Trapped inside, waiting for her leg to heal, she devoured the
coverage of her attack just like everybody else in the country.
As E.M. Swift wrote in Sports Illustrated:

When Kerrigan read about the bumblings of Stant, her assailant, as he was stalking her in
Bostonleaving his credit card back in Phoenix, moving his car every 30 minutes while
waiting for her to appear at the practice arenashe howled with laughter. Kerrigan
would call a family member over and say, 'I know this is horrible, and I'm lucky and
everything, but listen to this ' then would read aloud the passages revealing the
ineptitude. Then, giddy with mirth, the Kerrigans would look out the window at the mob
of wailing reporters and wonder, What if they knew what we were doing now?
Kerrigan spoke at a Detroit news conference the day after the attack.
Harding didn't have as much to laugh about. Gillooly and Eckardt soon implicated her as
an accomplice in the case. She has always denied being a part of the planning of the
attack and knowing about it beforehand. On Jan. 27, she admitted she learned about her
husband's and his friends' roles afterward, and didn't immediately come forward with
what she knew. "Despite my mistakes and my rough edges, I have done nothing to violate
the standards of excellence in sportsmanship that are expected in an Olympic athlete,"
she said in a prepared statement.
Harding and Gillooly's on-again, off-again marriagethey were divorced but living
togetherbroke up permanently in the middle of the investigation as they turned on each
other. Frink says the FBI told Gillooly that Harding had implicated him. When the FBI
told him that, he turned on her. The FBI investigators then told Harding they had read
Gillooly what she had said, and she seemed shocked at what is a standard investigative
tactic. She blurted out, "You read it to him? That's not fair!"
The Evidence in the Dumpster
As annoying as the reporters were to the people involved in the case, Frink says media
coverage proved crucial in turning the case against Harding.
On Super Bowl SundayJan. 30, 1994, a 30-13 Cowboys win over the BillsKathy
Peterson went to work at a restaurant called the Dockside Saloon that she owned then and
still owns today with her husband. It sits a few hundred yards from the Willamette River,
a short drive from downtown Portland. The restaurant was closed on Sundays, and she
was there to clean up.

Kathy Peterson stands outside the Dockside Cafe in Portland, where 20 years ago she
found incriminating evidence of the Kerrigan plot in a dumpster.
At about 1 p.m., she took trash out to the dumpster. She saw trash bags there that weren't
hers, bags someone else had thrown in. This happens a lot, and it annoys her to no end.
She pays the garbage company to pick up her trash and doesn't want to pay for somebody
else's, too. Whenever someone dumped trash in her Dumpster, she opened it up, found
out whose it was and returned it to them.
On this day, she opened up one of the dozen or so bags in there and found Jeff Gillooly's
name and address, a check from the United States Figure Skating Association and
doodles and notes on an envelope.
She recognized the names immediately.
She got out a phone book, looked up "FBI" and called and left a message.
That afternoon, she went to a Super Bowl party. As the Cowboys pounded the Bills, she
said, "Guess whose trash I have in my trunk." Everyone laughed at her crazy story.
Somebody there had a brother who was a TV reporter. That TV reporter interviewed her
the next morning. He climbed into the dumpster for his report.
When he was done interviewing her, he apologized for what he knew would happen next.
In the next few weeks, Peterson did 63 interviews. TV reporters showed up unannounced
and asked for her time, even as she waited on customers. So long as they bought lunch,
she didn't mind so much. "I kept holding out for David Letterman, but he never called,"
she says.
Investigators later determined that the doodling was Harding's handwriting, notes from
the conversations she and Gillooly had as they planned the attack and called
Massachusetts to find out where Kerrigan skated. She had written down "Tunee Can
Arena," which was believed to be her attempt to write "Tony Kent Arena," the location of
Kerrigan's practices. She had recorded the arena's phone number, too.
"If you hadn't had the type of media publication of all this stuff, everywhere, so
everybody read about it, this woman, when she went through her trash to find out who

was dumping stuff in her dumpster, she never would have known in a million years what
this was and the potential significance of it," Frink says.
That physical evidence proved crucial because it corroborated Gillooly's statements that
Harding was involved in the planning of the attack. Without it, all law enforcement had
were statements from co-conspiratorswhich would be problematic even in the best of
circumstances, even worse in this particular case. Frink, the D.A., used the evidence as
leverage when he worked out a plea deal with Harding.
On the Olympic Stage
By early February 1994, virtually everything about the assault was known, not only to
law enforcement but also to reporters and the public who devoured the stories. Stant,
Smith, Gillooly and Eckardt had confessed and were in various stages of negotiations
with the prosecutors. The focus of attention switched from the crime to the aftermath.
White-hot controversy raged over whether Harding should be allowed to skate in the
Olympics. She "earned" the position on the team when she won the national
championship in Detroit. Though Kerrigan didn't skate in that tournament because of her
knee injury, she was given the second spot on the Olympic team.
Days before the skating competition began at the 1994 Olympics, a scrum of media
listened in for the USOC's decision on whether or not Harding would be allowed to
compete.
The U.S. Olympic Committee scheduled a hearing to discuss whether Harding should be
removed from the team. When Harding sued to block the meeting, the USOC backed
down and agreed to let her skate in the Olympics.
As Stant, Smith, Gillooly and Eckardt moved through the legal system, the story they
helped create moved to Lillehammer, Norway, for the Olympics. The media cast the
women's figure skating competition as Harding versus Kerrigan. Experts in the sport
knew that wasn't really justified. Harding lacked Kerrigan's grace even when she was at
her best. In the midst of the scandal, she was out of shape (by figure-skating standards)
and had barely trained. She had no chance to beat Kerrigan. But that hardly mattered. The
narrative society craved was Harding versus Kerrigan, so it became Harding versus
Kerrigan.

CBS broadcaster Verne Lundquist arrived at the practice rink long before the skaters hit
the ice. He had a front-row seat, both for the practice and the media horde watching it.
"These are some of the great journalists, writers and sportswriters in the world," he says.
"There they were, standing lockstep with each other, waiting to see what would happen
when the two of them skated onto the ice in the practice session."
One of those writers was Abby Haight. She covered Harding before and after the assault
for The Oregonian. "There was a balcony that goes around the rink, partway on each side,
and that's where the media was," Haight says. "It was jammed. We were standing there
for three hours before the practice."
When practice started, Kerrigan and Harding ignored each other (as seen in the classic
photo that leads off this article). Lilly Lee, who lived in the United States but skated for
South Korea, spoke with each separately as an attempt at peacemaking.
Later that afternoon, the skaters practiced in the Olympic Arena. On the ice, Lundquist
counted six CBS news crewscameraman, reporter, sound mandoing features about
women's ice skating. "I looked over at Nancy Kerrigan's coaches," Lundquist says. "They
were sitting in the stands before the girls came out on the ice. I bet there were 400
journalists around them."
The competition was spread over two nightsWednesday and Friday. The anticipation
before Wednesday's skate was unlike anything in U.S. Olympic history, before or since.
The first night of the women's figure skating competition became the third-most-watched
sporting event in U.S. history at the time.
Kerrigan skated herself into medal contention.
Harding skated herself out of it.
On Friday, when it was Harding's turn to skate, the ice sat empty. "We're sitting there
waiting," Haight says. "And she doesn't come out, and she doesn't come out. The whole
arena goes from being this anticipatory feeling to getting kind of quiet, then that kind of
feeling you get when a football player stays down too long. People are sort of talking, but
there's almost like a rumble."

As weird as that was in person, it was even weirder on TV.

Before the "wardrobe malfunction," there was the shoelace malfunction, as the Olympics
came to a standstill while Harding pleaded for help from the judges.
Harding's Broken Lace
Weeks before the Olympics, CBS TV staff members toured the rink. When they came to
the hallway outside the women's dressing room, David Winner, who produced Olympic
figure skating for CBS in 1992, 1994 and 1998, asked for and received permission to
place a remote camera there. It clung to the wall thanks to "a healthy amount of duct
tape," he says.
By Thursday, the Olympics were nearly over, and the camera had not been used. A CBS
crew member noticed it pointed at the floor. He climbed a ladder and adjusted it so it
aimed straight ahead, capturing the hallway like a security camera.
As Haight and the crowd wondered where Harding was, so did Lundquist in the
broadcasting booth. (The event was broadcast on tape delay, but CBS treated it like it was
live.) In the control booth, Winner looked at one of the monitors. He saw Harding, sitting
in a chair in the hallway outside the women's locker room. People scurried around her as
she tried to fix a broken shoelace.
"Guys in the truck are getting ready," Lundquist says. "All of a sudden, David Winner
says, 'You won't believe what's happening backstage. I don't know where this is going to
end, but we're going to start taping rightnow. Go.' That's when we saw the scramble
backstage."
The forgotten camera captured unforgettable images. Hunched over, Harding fiddled with
the laces on one of her skates. She had two minutes to get to the ice or she'd be
disqualified, or so it seemed. Nobody knew what would happen if she didn't make it out
on time. This was unprecedented. Harding fixed the lace as best as she could and ran out
onto the ice.
She exhaled.

She skated around.

She started her routine.
She stopped.
She cried.
She skated over to the judges.
She hoisted her right foot up onto the ledge of the wall, pointed at the broken lace and
asked for time to fix it. The judges allowed her to fix her skate and moved her from early
in the program to later. When Harding finally skated, she performed well, moving from
10th place to eighth.
Then came the real showdown, when Nancy Kerrigan and Oksana Baiul skated for gold.
Mike Powell/Getty Images
In the end, Kerrigan, Oksana Baiul and Lu Chen reached the medal stand in Lillehammer.
The Real Competition
Kerrigan and Baiul entered the final evening of the women's figure skating competition
ranked first and second. Kerrigan carried with her an incredible story of overcoming a
physical attack. Baiul's tragic life as an orphan was inspirational, too.
Kerrigan skated first. And nearly flawlessly. Winner says her performance would have
won the gold medal in almost any other year of the Olympics, men or women. Lundquist
says Kerrigan gave the best short and long skates of her career. But Baiul also skated an
incredible routine.
The judges split down the middle, with four judges favoring Kerrigan and four favoring
Baiul. The ninth judge turned it for Baiul, by a tenth of a point, the closest margin
possible.

Kerrigan landed one jump on two feet instead of one, Baiul added a difficult jump near
the end of her routine, and those two seemingly minor details appeared to be the
difference when Baiul won the gold. Twenty years later, debate remains over who skated
better.
Haight sees the breaking of Harding's shoelace as the symbolic breaking of the interest in
the case. She compared the story's momentum to a bullet fired into water. It goes really
fast at first...then it slows and stops.
After the Olympics, public interest in the case petered out. Gillooly and Eckardt pleaded
guilty to racketeering. Harding pleaded guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution. Stant
and Smith pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit second-degree assault. Everybody
except Harding went to jail.
The Aftermath
Last December, Frink (the D.A.), Weaver (Harding's attorney), Hoevet (Gillooly's
attorney) and a few other lawyers involved in the case had a reunion at the Dockside
Saloon. They had a few beers, traded stories and laughed with owner Kathy Peterson
about the unbelievable cast of characters who had flashed across their lives for a few
months and then disappeared.
As funny as some of it was, there's also a heavy sadness underneath. Lives were ruined.
"There was a remarkable personal crisis at the center of this," Weaver says.
That's true for everybody in the story.
After getting out of prison, Eckardt changed his name to Brian Griffith. He died in 2007
at 40 of natural causes. Gillooly changed his name, too, to Jeff Stone. Several men named
Jeff Stone, and even one who played a character by that name on The Donna Reed Show,
objected. They collectively thought he would sully their good names. Stone is married
and lives in the Portland area. Smith, always the quietest of the bunch, lives in Montana.
Harding has never been far from the news. She tried boxing and singing, and attempted a
comeback as a professional skater. She made news for crashing her car, throwing a
hubcap at her boyfriend and for serving 10 days in jail on a probation violation. She is

married with a young son and makes regular appearances on a TV show called World's
Dumbest Criminals.
Her agent told me that Harding only does interviews for which she is paid. But reporter
Peter Hossli said she made an exception to that rule in 2009, agreeing to speak with him
without pay. In that interview, she said of Kerrigan:
She's happy. I'm happy. We live our separate lives. People continually say, 'Oh, well,
maybe she'll want to do this with you,' or 'She'll want to do that for you. I know it'll be
big ratings,' and everything. It's like, 'You know what? Leave it alone.' We were friends a
long time ago. We were competitors, and then all the crap happened, andnothing. But
she has her life, and I have mine.
Even Kerrigan did not escape the controversy unscathed. By March 4, 1994, less than
two weeks after she won the silver medal, the media ran stories with headlines like this
from The Washington Post: "The Souring Of America's Sweetheart: Nancy Kerrigan Off
the Ice Doesn't Seem Half as Nice."
She attended a parade at Disney World, at which she sat next to Mickey Mouse and was
caught on camera saying, "This is so corny. This is so dumb. I hate it. This is the most
corny thing I've ever done."
She retired from competition after the Olympics and has since skated in professional
shows and worked as a commentator on TV. She also has had many corporate
endorsement deals. Unfortunately, she declined an interview request, but his past
summer, she told Malcolm Folley of the Daily Mail, "I'm just a mom now."
She is married with three children and lives in Massachusetts. Her husband, Jerry
Solomon, told Folley, "There is a lingering frustration for us both about the whole
episode. Nancy is an athlete who went to two Olympics and earned two medals, a very
rare accomplishment in skating. Instead of being remembered for that, she is remembered
for this bizarre incident."
The whacking of Nancy Kerrigan continues to shape Shane Stant's life, too. In prison, he
took a long look at himself and didn't like what he sawhurt, bitterness and anger. "The
big thing for me is I became a Christian. It sounds really cliche-ish. But it really changed

me," he says. "I had an opportunity when I was in prison to sit there and go, 'Man, what
kind of person do you want to be? What kind of legacy do you want to leave for your
family and your children? What kind of man do you want to be?'"
In his words, the Shane Stant who went to prison was "a thug," "a criminal," and "the
idiot who hit Nancy Kerrigan.''
Since then, Stant has devoted his life to transforming himself into a new person.
Accounts of Stant's personal rehabilitation can be read in letters of recommendation he
filed with a court in Oregon when he tried to have his conviction in the Kerrigan assault
expunged. The lettersfrom his mom, his sister, a former Navy SEAL/Army chaplain
and a lawyer who is a former military prosecutorglow with praise for how Stant has
turned his life around.
"I am convinced beyond any doubt that he has accepted responsibility for his actions in
the fullest sense, and has become, in a manner of speaking, a 'new man,'" wrote Roger
Ivey, the former military prosecutor.
He has not apologized to Kerrigan for hitting her, in part because it's not wise for an
assailant to contact his victim. He doesn't believe it would matter much to Kerrigan if he
apologized. He says if he thought it would do her good, he would pursue it.
"People say they're sorry all the time," Stant says. "To me, what really says that you're
sorry is a change of life. I am sorry for hurting her. The best way for me to say that I'm
sorry is that I'm not the same person."