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6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005

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6.013 - Electromagnetics and Applications

Fall 2005

Lecture 11 - Generalized Reection Coecient

Prof. Markus Zahn

October 18, 2005

I. Arbitrary Impedance Terminations

iL (t)
+
L (t)
_

ZL
Z

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

v(z = 0, t) = vL (t) = Re VL ejt

VL
i(z = 0, t) = iL (t) = Re IL ejt , IL =
ZL
v(z) = V+ ejkz + V e+jkz

i(z) = Y0 V+ ejkz V e+jkz

v(z = 0) = VL = V+ + V
V+ + V = VL

i(z = 0) = IL = VL = Y0 V+ V
V+ V = Y0VZLL
ZL

1
VL Y0 ZL + 1

V+ =
Y0 ZL
2
Y0 ZL

1
VL Y0 ZL 1

Subtract: 2V = VL 1
V =
Y0 ZL
2
Y0 ZL

Add: 2V+ = VL 1 +

Load reection coecient: L =

V
Y0 ZL 1
=

Y0 ZL + 1
V+
=

ZL
Z0
ZL
Z0

1
+1

ZL Z0
ZL + Z0

Generalized reection coecient:

(z) =

V e+jkz
V 2jkz
=
e
= L e2jkz
jkz

V+ e
V+

v(z) = V+ ejkz [1 + (z)]

i(z) = Y0 V+ ejkz [1 (z)]
Z(z)
v(z)
1 + (z)
=
=
i(z)Z0
Z0
1 (z)
Zn (z) 1
(z) =
Zn (z) + 1

Zn (z) =

Normalized impedance

Properties
A. |(z)| = |L | 1
B.

z
= (z)
2

Zn z
= Zn (z)
2
C.

= (z)
z
4

i(z)

1
Y (z)
Zn z
=
= Yn (z) =
=
Zn (z)
Y0
Y0 v(z)

4
D. If line is matched, ZL = Z0 , L = 0, Zn (z) = 1
II. Load Impedance Reected Back to the Source

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

ZL
RL + jXL
Zn (z = 0) =
=
Z0
Z0

Z z = 4

1
Z0
Zn z =
=
=
=
4
Zn (z = 0)
RL + jXL
Z0
2

Z02

= Z0 Zn z =
Z z=
=
4
4
RL + jXL

1
RL + jXL
=
=
Y z=

4
Z02
Z z = 4

RL + jXL
YT = Y + Y z =
=Y +
4
Z02

Rs
V0cost

L
To tune the line, choose Y = jX
YT =
Z2
0

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

RL
.
Z02

Y is usually created by a variable length short circuited transmission line called a stub. There
2
( 1 V0 )
Z2
V2
V 2R
is maximum power into the line if RS = RL0 P max = 12 2RS =
18 R0S =
81 0Z 2 L .

III. Quarter Wavelength Matching

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

To match Z1 to RL Z1 =

Z2
RL /Z2

Z22
R L , Z2

Z1 RL .

IV. Smith Chart

Zn (z) = r + jx
(z) = r + ji
1+(z)
r +ji
Zn (z) = 1(z) r + jx = 1+
1r ji
r=

12r 2i
(1r )2 +2i

x=

+ i 2 = (1+1r)2
2

2. (r 1) + i x1 = x12
1.

1.
2.

r
1+r
2

Circle of radius
Circle of radius

1
1+r
1
|x|

2i
(1r )2 +i2

Orthogonal
Circles

Center at i = 0, r = 1+r r
Center at i = x1 , r = 1

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

.
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

i(t) = |I| sin(t )

V0
|I| =
|50 + Z (z = l)|

Im [Z(z = l)]
1
= tan
50 + Re [Z(z = l)]

V. Standing Wave Parameters

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

v(z) = V+ ejkz [1 + (z)]

|v(z)| = |V+ ||1 + (z)|
jkz
i(z) = Y0 V+ e
[1 (z)] |i(z)| = Y0 |V+ ||1 (z)|

2kdmin

|v(z )|max
1 + |L |
=
= VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
1 |L |
|v(z )|min
VSWR 1

|L | =
VSWR + 1

L = |L |ej

4dmin
=+ =
1

dmin is the shortest distance from load to rst voltage minimum (at B in Figure 8-21 above)
Special Cases:
A. Matched Line: L = 0, VSWR = 1
B. Short or open circuited line: |L | = 1, VSWR =

C.

v(z)

= 1 +
|
L |; v(z)
= 1 |L |
V+ peak
V+ min

i(z=0)
D.

v(z=0)
=
|1
+

|;

= |1 L |
V+

Y0 V+

E. If ZL = RL (real), then L real. If ZL > Z0 , VSWR =

ZL
Z0 .

If ZL < Z0 , VSWR =

Z0
ZL

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

1 + |L |ej
1 |L |ej

VSWR + 1 + (VSWR 1)ej

= Z0
VSWR + 1 (VSWR 1)ej

VSWR j tan 2

= Z0
1 jVSWR tan 2

Load Impedance: ZL = Z0

= Z0
Example:

[1 jVSWR tan(kdmin )]
[VSWR j tan(kdmin )]

Z0 = 50 , VSWR = 2
d = distance between successive voltage minima
8


2
= distance from load to rst minimum
= 40 cm =

dmin

= 10 cm

2
2

=
= 2.5

0.8

dmin = 10 cm = 0.1 m kdmin = 2.5(0.1) =

4
VSWR 1
1
|L | =
=
VSWR + 1
3
4(0.1)
1

4dmin
1=
1= =
=

0.8
2
2
1 j/2
j
j
L = |L |e = e
=
3
3
[1 jVSWR tan(kdmin )]
ZL = Z0
VSWM j tan(kdmin )

50 1 j(2) tan + 4

=
2 j tan + 4
50(1 2j)
=
= 40 30j ohms
2j
= 2d = 80 cm k =