EC2257-Lab Manual For Circuits and Simulation Integrated Laboratory

EC1255 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION
LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
DESIGN OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS
M.A.M SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1. Series and shunt feedback amplifiers:

Frequency response, input and output impedance
calculation
2. RC phase shift oscillator, wien bridge oscillator
3. Hartley oscillator, colpitts oscillator
4. Tuned class C amplifier
5. Integrators, Differentiators, Clippers and Clampers
6. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrators
SIMULATION USING PSPICE
LAB MANUAL
Subject Code: EC1255
Subject Name: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS II AND
SIMULATION LABORATORY
Year/Sem: II/IV
1. Differential amplifier
2. Active filters : Butterworth 2nd order LPF, HPF
(magnitude & phase response)
3. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrator
transistor bias
4. D/A and A/D converters (successive
approximation)
5. Analog multiplier
6. CMOS inverter, NAND and NOR
1
EC1255 / ELETRONIC CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LABORATORY
Circuit diagram:
(i) Without feedback:
CURRENT-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Aim:
To design and test the current-series feedback amplifier and
to calculate the following parameters with and without feedback.
1. Mid band gain.
2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies.
3. Input and output impedance.
Components & Equipment required:
(ii) With feedback:
SL.NO
Components /
Equipment
Range /
Specifications
Quantity
1
2
Power supply
Function
generator
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting
wires
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz
1
1
BC107
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
Accordingly
Theory:
The current series feedback amplifier is characterized by
having shunt sampling and series mixing. In amplifiers, there is a
sampling network, which samples the output and gives to the
feedback network. The feedback signal is mixed with input signal by
either shunt or series mixing technique. Due to shunt sampling the
output resistance increases by a factor of D and the input resistance
is also increased by the same factor due to series mixing. This is
basically transconductance amplifier. Its input is voltage which is
amplified as current.
2
Design: (i) Without feedback:
XCi = Zi / 10 = (hie || RB) / 10 =
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; =1
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
fL = 50Hz; S = 2; RL = 4.7K; hfe =
Xco = (RC || RL)/10 =
re = 26mV / IC = 26;
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
hie = re
XCE = RE/10 =
hie = hfe re =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =
(ii) With feedback (Remove the Emitter Capacitor, CE):
VE = IERE = Vcc/10
Feedback factor, = -RE =
Applying KVL to output loop, we get
Gm = -hfe / (hie + RE) =
VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE
Desensitivity factor, D = 1 + Gm =
RC =
Transconductance with feedback, Gmf = Gm / D =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC,
Input impedance with feedback, Zif = Zi D
IC IE
Output impedance with feedback, Z0f = Z0 D
RE = VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE = 2
RB =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =
R2 =
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz
to 3MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency
4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
5. Calculate the input and output impedance.
6. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1
to 5).
3
Tabular column:
With feedback:
Vi =
Without feedback:
Vi =
Sl.
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Output
Voltage
(V0)
(volts)
Gain =
V0/Vi
Gain = 20
log(V0/Vi)
(dB)
Sl.
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Output
Voltage
(V0)
(volts)
Gain =
V0/Vi
Gain = 20
log(V0/Vi)
(dB)
4
Model graph: (frequency response)
Result:
Thus the current series feedback amplifier is designed and
constructed and the following parameters are calculated
With feedback
Without feedback
Input impedance
Output impedance
Gain (midband)
Bandwidth
5
VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Circuit Diagram:
(i) Without Feedback:
Aim:
To design and test the voltage-shunt feedback amplifier and
to calculate the following parameters with and without feedback.
1. Mid band gain.
2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies.
3. Input and output impedance.
(ii) With Feedback:
SL.NO
Components /
Equipment
Range /
Specifications
Quantity
1
2
Power supply
Function
generator
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting
wires
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz
1
1
BC107
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
Accordingly
Theory:
In voltage shunt feedback amplifier, the feedback signal
voltage is given to the base of the transistor in shunt through the base
resistor RB. This shunt connection tends to decrease the input
resistance and the voltage feedback tends to decrease the output
resistance. In the circuit RB appears directly across the input base
terminal and output collector terminal. A part of output is feedback
to input through RB and increase in IC decreases IB. Thus negative
6
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
RE = RE || ((RB + hie) / (1+hfe))
XCE = RE/10 =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
XCf = Rf/10
Cf = 1 / (2f XCf) =
feedback exists in the circuit. So this circuit is also called voltage

feedback bias circuit. This feedback amplifier is known an
transresistance amplifier. It amplifies the input current to required
voltage levels. The feedback path consists of a resistor and a
capacitor.
Design
(i) Without Feedback:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; AV = 30; Rf = 2.5K; S = 2;
hfe = ; =1/ Rf = 0.0004. re = 26mV / IC = 26;
hie = hfe re =
;VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =
VE = IERE = Vcc/10 =
RC =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC IE RE =
VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE
RB =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =
R2 =
(ii) With feedback:
RO = RC || Rf =
Ri = (RB || hie ) Rf =
Rm = -(hfe (RB || Rf) (RC || Rf)) / ((RB || Rf) + hie) =
Desensitivity factor, D = 1 + Rm
Rif = Ri / D =
Rof = Ro / D =
Rmf = Rm / D =
XCi = Rif /10 =
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
Xco = Rof /10 =
Procedure:
2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz
to 3MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output
voltage.
3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency
4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
5. Calculate the input and output impedance.
6. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1
to 5).
7
Tabular column:
With feedback:
Vi =
Without feedback:
Vi =
Sl.
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Output
Voltage
(V0)
(volts)
Gain =
V0/Vi
Gain = 20
log(V0/Vi)
(dB)
Sl.
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Output
Voltage
(V0)
(volts)
Gain =
V0/Vi
Gain = 20
log(V0/Vi)
(dB)
8
Model graph: (frequency response)
Result:
Thus the voltage shunt feedback amplifier is designed and
constructed and the following parameters are calculated
With feedback
Without feedback
Input impedance
Output impedance
Gain (midband)
Bandwidth
9
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
Circuit Diagram:
Aim:
To design and construct a RC phase shift oscillator for the

given frequency (f0).
SL.NO
Components /
Equipment
Range /
Specifications
Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
Power supply
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting
wires
(0-30)V
1
1
1
BC107
Accordingly
Theory:
Model Graph:
In the RC phase shift oscillator, the required phase shift of

180 in the feedback loop from the output to input is obtained by
using R and C components, instead of tank circuit. Here a common
emitter amplifier is used in forward path followed by three sections
of RC phase network in the reverse path with the output of the last
section being returned to the input of the amplifier. The phase shift
is given by each RC section =tan1 (1/rc). In practice R-value is
adjusted such that becomes 60. If the value of R and C are chosen
such that the given frequency for the phase shift of each RC section
is 60. Therefore at a specific frequency the total phase shift from
base to transistors around circuit and back to base is exactly 360 or
0. Thus the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation is satisfied
10
fo =
Design:
; S = 2; hfe =
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; C = 0.01F; fo =
re = 26mV / IC = 26;
hie = hfe re =
VE = IERE = Vcc/10
RC =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC,
IC IE
RE = VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE = 2
RB =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =
R2 =
Gain formula is given by,
AV = -hfe Rleff / hie (Av = -29, design given)
Effective load resistance is given by, Rleff = Rc || RL
RL =
XCi = {[hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB}/10 =
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
Xco = Rleff /10 =
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
XCE = RE/10 =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
Feedback Network:
f0 =
; C = 0.01f;
R=
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO
(sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its
theoretical frequency
Result:
Thus RC phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed
and the output sine wave frequency is calculated as
11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
Aim :
To Design and construct a Wein Bridge Oscillator for a
given cut-off frequency .
SL.NO
Components /
Equipment
Range /
Specifications
Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
Power supply
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting
wires
Dual (0-30)V
1
1
2
BC107
Accordingly
Theory:
MODEL GRAPH
In wein bridge oscillator, wein bridge circuit is connected

between the amplifier input terminals and output terminals. The
bridge has a series rc network in one arm and parallel network in the
adjoining arm. In the remaining 2 arms of the bridge resistors R1and
Rf are connected . To maintain oscillations total phase shift around
the circuit must be zero and loop gain unity. First condition occurs
only when the bridge is balanced . Assuming that the resistors and
capacitors are equal in value, the resonant frequency of balanced
bridge is given by
Fo = 0.159 RC
12
Design
Given : Vcc = 12V , fo = 2 KHz, Ic1= Ic2 = 1mA.; Stability
factor = [0-10],
fL = 100Hz
When the bridge is balanced,
fo = 1/ 2RC
Assume, C = 0.1F
Find, fo =
?
Given data : Vcc = 15V , fL = 50Hz, Ic1= Ic2 = 1mA.; AvT = 3 ;
Av1 =2; Av2 = 1;
Stability factor = [10]
Gain formula is given by
Av = -hfe RLeff / Zi
RLeff = R c2 RL
hfe2 = 200 (from multimeter )
re2 = 26mV / IE2 = 26
hie2 = hfe2 re 2 = 200 x 26 = 5.2kW
From dc bias analysis , on applying KVL to the outer loop, we get
Vcc = Ic2Rc2 + VCE2+VE2
VcE2 = Vcc/2 ; VE2 = Vcc / 10 ; Ic2 = 1mA
Rc2 = ?
Since IB is very small when compared with Ic
Ic approximately equal to IE
Av2 = -hfe2 RLeff / Zi2
Find RL|| Rc2 from above equation
Since Rc2 is known , Calculate RL.
VE2 = IE2RE2
Calculate RE2
S = 1+ RB2 / RE2
RB 2 =?
RB 2 =R3 || R4
VB2 = VCC . R4 / R3 + R4
VB2 = VBE2 + VE2
R3 =?
Find R4
Zi2 = (RB2 hie2 )
Zi2 = ?
Rleff1 = Zi2 Rc1
Find Rleff1 from the gain formula given above
Av1 = -hfe1 RLeff 1/ Zi1
RLeff1 = ?
On applying KVL to the first stage, we get
Vcc = Ic1 Rc1 + VCE1 +VE1
VCE1 = VCC / 2 ;
VE1 = VCC / 10
Rc1 = ?
Find Ic1 approximately equal to IE1
R6 = RE1=?
S = 1+ RB1 / RE1
RB 1 =?
RB 1 =R1 || R2
VB1 = VCC . R2 / R1 + R2
VB1 = VBE2 +VE2
Find R1 = ?
Therefore find R2 = ?
Zi1 = (RB1 hie1 )
R5 = RL R6
Coupling and bypass capacitors can be thus found out.
Input coupling capacitor is given by , Xci = Z i / 10
Xci = 1/ 2f Ci
Ci = ?
output coupling capacitor is given by ,
X co=(Rc2 | | RL2) / 10
Xc0 = 1/ 2f Co
Co =?
By-pass capacitor is given by, XCE = RE2 / 10
XCE 1/ 2f CE2
CE =?
13
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit is constructed as per the given circuit diagram.
( sine wave)
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare it with the
theoretical frequency.
RESULT :
Thus wein bridge oscillator is designed and constructed
and the output sine wave frequency is calculated as
14
Circuit Diagram:
HARTELY OSCILLATOR
Aim:
To design and construct the given oscillator for the given
frequency (fO).
Model Graph:
SL.NO
Components /
Equipment
Range /
Specifications
Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Power supply
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
DIB
DCB
Connecting
wires
Dual (0-30)V
1
1
1
BC107
Accordingly
Theory:
Hartley oscillator is a type of sine wave generator. The
oscillator derives its initial output from the noise signals present in
the circuit. After considerable time, it gains strength and thereby
producing sustained oscillations. Hartley Oscillator have two major
parts namely amplifier part and feedback part. The amplifier part
has a typically CE amplifier with voltage divider bias. In the
feedback path, there is a LCL network. The feedback network
generally provides a fraction of output as feedback.
15
Design:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; fo = ; S = 2; hfe =
re = 26mV / IC = 26;
hie = hfe re =
VE = IERE = Vcc/10
RC =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC IE
RE = VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE = 2
RB =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =
R2 =
AV = hfe RLeff / hie (Av = -29, design given)
RL =
XCi = {[hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB}/10 =
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
Xco = Rleff /10 =
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
XCE = RE/10 =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
Feedback Network:
f0 =
; L1 = 1mH; L2 = 10mH
Procedure:
(sine wave).
Result:
Thus Hartley oscillator is designed and constructed and the
output sine wave frequency is calculated as
A= =f=
C=
16
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
Circuit Diagram:
Aim:
To design and construct the given oscillator at the given

operating frequency.
Equipments required:
Model Graph:
SL.NO
Components /
Equipment
Range /
Specifications
Quantity
1
2
Power supply
CRO
Dual (0-30)V
1
1
Transistor
BC107
Resistors
Capacitors
DIB
DCB
Connectingwires
Accordingly
Theory:
A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley
oscillator. In the Colpitts circuit, two capacitors and one inductor
determine the frequency of oscillation. The oscillator derives its
initial output from the noise signals present in the circuit. After
considerable time, it gains strength and thereby producing sustained
oscillations. It has two major parts namely amplifier part and
feedback part. The amplifier part has a typically CE amplifier with
voltage divider bias. In the feedback path, there is a CLC network.
The feedback network generally provides a fraction of output as
feedback.
17
Design:
VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; fo =
; S = 2; hfe =
re = 26mV / IC = 26;
hie = hfe re =
VE = IERE = Vcc/10
RC =
Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC IE
RE = VE / IE =
S = 1+ RB / RE = 2
RB =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)
RB = R1 || R2
R1 =
R2 =
AV = -hfe RLeff / hie (Av = -29, design given)
RL =
XCi = {[hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB}/10 =
Ci = 1 / (2f XCi) =
Xco = Rleff /10 =
Co = 1 / (2f XCo) =
XCE = RE/10 =
CE = 1 / (2f XCE) =
Feedback Network:
f0 =
; C1 =
; C2 =
A=
f=
Procedure:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagrams (both oscillators).
2. Switches on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO
(sine wave).
Result:
Thus Colpitts oscillator is designed and constructed and the
output sine wave frequency is calculated as
=L=
18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CLASS C SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To study the operation of class c tuned amplifier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.
NO
Components /
Equipment
Range / Specifications
Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
Power supply
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting
wires
Function
generator
(0-30)V
1
1
1
BC107
4.2K,500,197K,2.2k
0.1f,0.001f,100f
Accordingly
1
MODEL GRAPH:
THEORY:
The amplifier is said to be class c amplifier if the Q Point
and the input signal are selected such that the output signal is
obtained for less than a half cycle, for a full input cycle Due to such
a selection of the Q point, transistor remains active for less than a
half cycle .Hence only that much Part is reproduced at the output for
remaining cycle of the input cycle the transistor remains cut off and
no signal is produced at the output .the total angle during which
current flows is less than 180..This angle is called the conduction
angle, Qc
19
Tabular column:
Vi =
Sl.
No
Frequency
(Hz)
Output
Voltage
(V0)
(volts)
Gain =
V0/Vi
Gain = 20
log(V0/Vi)
(dB)
PROCEDURE:
1.The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the CRO in the output and trace the waveform.
3.calculate the practical frequency and compare with the
theoretical Frequency
4.plot the waveform obtained and calculate the bandwidth
RESULT:
Thus a class c single tuned amplifier was designed and its
bandwidth is Calculated.
20
Circuit Diagram:
Differentiator
Model Graph:
WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS

(Differentiator, Integrator, Clipper and Clamper)
Aim:
To design and implement different wave shaping circuits
(Differentiator, Integrator, Clipper and Clamper).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO Components /
Range /
Quantity
Equipment
Specifications
1
CRO
(0-20M)Hz
1
2
Resistors
1K,100k
3
Capacitors
0.1f
4
Connecting wires
Accordingly
5
Function /Pulse
1
generator
Theory:
Differentiator:
The high pass RC network acts as a differentiator whose
output voltage depends upon the differential of input voltage. Its
output voltage of the differentiator can be expressed as,
Vout =
Vin
Integrator:
The low pass RC network acts as an integrator whose output
voltage depends upon the integration of input voltage. Its output
voltage of the integrator can be expressed as,
Vout = Vin dt
21
Circuit Diagram
Integrator
Model Graph:
Clipper:
This circuit is basically a rectifier circuit, which clips the
input waveform according to the required specification. The diode
acts as a clipper. There are several clippers like positive clipper,
negative clipper, etc. Depending upon the connection of diode it can
be classified as series and shunt.
Clamper:
The clamper circuit is a type of wave shaping circuit in
which the DC level of the input signal is altered. The DC voltage is
varied accordingly and it is classified as positive clamper or negative
clamper accordingly.
Design:
Differentiator:
f = 1KHz
= RC = 1ms
If C = 0.1F
Then R = 10K
For T << , Choose R = 1K and
For T >> , Choose R = 100K
Integrator:
f = 1KHz
= RC = 1ms
If C = 0.1F
Then R = 10K
For T << , Choose R = 1K and
For T >> , Choose R = 100K
22
Clamper:
Positive Clamper:
Negative Clamper
Model Graph:
Model Graph:
23
Clipper:
Series Positive Clipper:
Procedure:
2. Set Vin = 5V and f = 1KHz.
3. Observe the Output waveform and plot the graph.
Model Graph:
Series Negative Clipper:
Model Graph:
Result:
Thus different wave shaping circuits are studied and their
output waveforms are plotted.
24
Circuit Diagram:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Aim:
To design and construct an astable multivibrator using
transistor and to plot the output waveform.
Components / Equipments Required
Model Graph:
SL.
NO
Components /
Equipment
Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
Power supply
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting
wires
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz
BC107
4.9K,1.6M,
0.45nf
1
1
2
2 each
2
Accordingly
Theory:
Astable multivibrator is also known as free running
multivibrator. It is rectangular wave shaping circuit having nonstable states. This circuit does not need an external trigger to change
state. It consists of two similar NPN transistors. They are capacitor
coupled. It has 2 quasi-stable states. It switches between the two
states without any applications of input trigger pulses. Thus it
produces a square wave output without any input trigger. The time
period of the output square wave is given by, T = 1.38RC.
25
Design Procedure:
VCC = 10V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz;
hfe =
RC =
= 5.9K
R hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85M

R = 1.5M
T = 1.38RC
C = T / (1.38R) = (1 * 10-3) / (1.38 * 1.5 * 106)= 0.48nF
Procedure:
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Note down the output TON, TOFF and output voltage from CRO.
4. Plot the output waveform in the graph.
Tabular Column:
RESULT:
Thus the astable multivibrator is designed and constructed
using transistor and its output waveform is plotted.
26
Circuit Diagram:
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Aim:
To design and construct monostable multivibrator using
transistor and to plot the output waveform.
Components / Equipments Required:
SL.
Components / Range / Specifications
NO
Equipment
Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1
2
2 each
2
Accordingly
Power supply
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting
wires
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz
BC107
4.9K,1.6M,
0.45nf
Model graph
Theory:
Monostable multivibrator has two states which are (i) quasistable state and (ii) stable state. When a trigger input is given to the
monostable multivibrator, it switches between two states. It has
resistor coupling with one transistor. The other transistor has
capacitive coupling. The capacitor is used to increase the speed of
switching. The resistor R2 is used to provide negative voltage to the
base so that Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON. Thus an output square wave is
obtained from monostable multivibrator.
27
Design Procedure:
VCC = 12V; VBB = -2V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =
RC =
= 5.9 K
IB2(min) = IC2 / hfe =

Select IB2 > IB2(min)
IB2 =
R =
Procedure:
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Observe the output at collector terminals.
4. Trigger Monostable with pulse and note down the output TON,
TOFF and voltage from CRO.
5. Plot the waveform in the graph.
T = 0.69RC
C = T / 0.69R =
VB1 =
=
(since, V B1 is very less)
VBBR1 = VCE (sat) R2

R2 =10R1 (since, VBB = 2V and VCE (sat) = 0.2V)
Let R1 = 10K, then R2 = 100K
Choose C1 = 25pF.
Tabular Column:
Result:
Thus the monostable multivibrator is designed and
constructed using transistor and its output waveform is plotted.
28
Circuit Diagram:
BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Aim:
To design a bistable multivibrator and to plot its output
waveform.
Components / Equipments Required:
Model Graph:
SL.
NO
Components /
Equipment
Quantity
1
2
3
4
5
6
Power supply
CRO
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
Connecting wires
(0-30)V
(0-20M)Hz
BC107
4.9K,1.6M,
0.45nf
1
1
2
2 each
2
Accordingly
Theory:
The bistable multivibrator has two stable states. The
multivibrator can exist indefinitely in either of the twostable states. It
requires an external trigger pulse to change from one stable state to
another. The circuit remains in one stable state until an external
trigger pulse is applied. The bistable multivibrator is used for the
performance of many digital operations such as counting and storing
of binary information. The multivibrator also finds an applications in
generation and pulse type waveform.
29
Design:
VCC =12V; VBB = -12V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; VBE (sat) = 0.7V
RC =
= 5.9 K
R2 hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85M

R2 = 1.8M
Let R1 = 10K, C1 = C2 = 50pF
Procedure:
2. Set the input trigger using trigger pulse generator.
3. Note the output waveform from CRO and plot the graph.
Tabular Column:
Result:
Thus bistable multivibrator has been constructed and its
output waveforms are studied.
30
SIMULATION LAB
Circuit Diagram:
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
Aim:
To implement the differential amplifier using PSPICE.
Theory:
A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two
voltages V1 and V2. The output of the differential amplifier is
dependent on the difference between two signals and the common
mode signal since it finds the difference between two inputs it can
be used as a subtractor. The output of differential amplifier is
Vo =RF /R1
Model Graph:
(V2 V1)
Calculation:
V1 = 5V
Vo =RF /R1
V2 = 10V
(V2 V1)
= 10k/10k (10 5)
Output:
VO = 5V
Result:
Thus a differential amplifier is implemented using
operational amplifier.
31
SECOND ORDER BUTTERWORTH - LOW PASS FILTER
Circuit Diagram:
Aim:
To design and implement the second order butterworth Low
pass filter using PSPICE.
Theory:
A Low pass filter has a constant gain from 0 to fH. Hence
the bandwidth of the filter is fH. The range of frequency from 0 to fH
is called pass band. The range of frequencies beyond fH is
completely attenuated and it is called as stop band.
Design:
fH = 1000HZ
C1= C2 =0.1F
fH = 1 / 2RC
R = 1 / 2CfH
R = R1 = R2 = 1592
Gain = 1.586
1.586 = 1 + (RF / RIN)
RF = 586
Model Graph:
RIN=1000
Result:
Thus Low pass filter is designed and implemented using
PSPICE.
32
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Circuit Diagram:
Aim:
To plot the transient response of voltages at collector

terminals of the two transistors Q1 and Q2. Initial node voltages at
collector and base are zero.
Theory:
It has two quasi stable states. The transition between the two
states occurs automatically due to charging and discharging of the
capacitors and not due to any external trigger. Thus none of the
transistor is allowed to remain in ON or OFF state.
Design:
VCC = 10V; IC = 2mA;
VCE = 0.2V;
C = 0.9Nf
RC = VCC - VCE (sat) / Ic

= 10 - 0.2 / 0.002 = 4.9 K
R hfe RC = 850K
Model Graph:
T = 1.38 R C
T = 1ms
C = T / (1.38R) = 0.9nF
Result:
Thus astable multivibrator is designed and transient response
is plotted.
33
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Circuit Diagram:
Aim:
To plot the transient response of voltages at collector

terminals of Q1 and Q2. Initial voltages of base and collector of Q1
transistor is zero.
Theory:
Monostable multivibrator has two states which are (i) quasistable state and (ii) stable state. When a trigger input is given to the
monostable multivibrator, it switches between two states. It has
resistor coupling with one transistor. The other transistor has
capacitive coupling. The capacitor is used to increase the speed of
switching. The resistor R2 is used to provide negative voltage to the
base so that Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON. Thus an output square wave is
obtained from monostable multivibrator.
Model Graph:
Result:
Thus monostable multivibrator is designed and transient
response is plotted.
34
Circuit Diagram:
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER
(R 2R LADDER TYPE)
Aim:
To construct a 8 bit digital to analog converter using R
2R ladder type.
Theory:
A DAC accepts an n bit input word b1, b2, , bn in
binary and produces an analog signal that is proportional to the input.
In this type of DAC, reference voltage is applied to one switch and
the other switches are grounded. It is easier to build and number of
bits can be expanded by adding more R 2R sections. The circuit
slow down due to stray capacitance.
Observation:
Model Graph:
Calculation:
Output Voltage, VO = VR (d12-1 + d22-2 + d32-3 )
For 100, VO = 5V
Output:
VO = 5V
Result:
Thus R 2R ladder type digital to analog converter is
implemented
35
Circuit Diagram:
(i) Inverter
CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR using PSPICE

Aim:
To plot the transient characteristics of output voltage for the
given CMOS inverter, NAND and NOR from 0 to 80s in steps of
1s. To calculate the voltage gain, input impedance and output
impedance for the input voltage of 5V.
Parameter Table:
(ii) NAND
Theory:
(i) Inverter
CMOS is widely used in digital ICs because of their high
speed, low power dissipation and it can be operated at high voltages
resulting in improved noise immunity. The inverter consists of two
MOSFETs. The source of p-channel device is connected to +VDD
and that of n-channel device is connected to ground. The gates of
two devices are connected as common input.
(ii) NAND
It consists of two p-channel MOSFETs connected in parallel
and two n-channel MOSFETs connected in series. P-channel
MOSFET is ON when gate is negative and N-channel MOSFET is
ON when gate is positive. Thus when both input is low and when
either of input is low, the output is high.
36
(iii) NOR
Truth Table:
(i) Inverter
(ii) NAND
(iii) NOR
It consists of two p-channel MOSFETs connected in series
and two n-channel MOSFETs connected in parallel. P-channel
MOSFET is ON when gate is negative and N-channel MOSFET is
ON when gate is positive. Thus when both inputs are high and when
either of input is high, the output is low. When both the inputs are
low, the output is high.
Output:
(i) Inverter
Gain = V(2)/Vin =
Input Resistance at Vin =
Output Resistance at V(2) =
(ii) NAND
Gain = V(4)/Vin1 = V(4)/Vin2 =
Input Resistance at Vin1 =
(iii) NOR
Gain = V(4)/Vin1 = V(4)/Vin2 =
(iii) NOR
37
Model Graph:
(i) Inverter
(iii) NOR
(ii) NAND
Result:
Thus the transient characteristics of output voltage for the
given CMOS inverter, NAND and NOR is plotted and the voltage
gain, input impedance and output impedance are calculated.
38

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EC1255 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION

M.A.M SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

1. Series and shunt feedback amplifiers:

CURRENT-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

(ii) With feedback:

Design: (i) Without feedback:

XCi = Zi / 10 = (hie || RB) / 10 =

VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; =1

fL = 50Hz; S = 2; RL = 4.7K; hfe =

Xco = (RC || RL)/10 =

VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =

(ii) With feedback (Remove the Emitter Capacitor, CE):

Feedback factor, = -RE =

Applying KVL to output loop, we get

Gm = -hfe / (hie + RE) =

VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE

Transconductance with feedback, Gmf = Gm / D =

Since IB is very small when compare with IC,

Input impedance with feedback, Zif = Zi D

Output impedance with feedback, Z0f = Z0 D

EC1255 / ELETRONIC CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LABORATORY

Model graph: (frequency response)

VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

(ii) With Feedback:

feedback exists in the circuit. So this circuit is also called voltage

Model graph: (frequency response)

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

To design and construct a RC phase shift oscillator for the

In the RC phase shift oscillator, the required phase shift of

In wein bridge oscillator, wein bridge circuit is connected

EC1255 / ELETRONIC CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LABORATORY

EC1255 / ELETRONIC CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LABORATORY

To design and construct the given oscillator at the given

EC1255 / ELETRONIC CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LABORATORY

CLASS C SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS

Series Negative Clipper:

R hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85M

IB2(min) = IC2 / hfe =

(since, V B1 is very less)

VBBR1 = VCE (sat) R2

R2 hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85M

SECOND ORDER BUTTERWORTH - LOW PASS FILTER

To plot the transient response of voltages at collector

RC = VCC - VCE (sat) / Ic

To plot the transient response of voltages at collector

CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR using PSPICE

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