Course 4

> EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Definition
Take a > 0 and not equal to 1 . Then, the function defined by
f : R -> R : x -> ax
is called an exponential function with base a.
Graph
Let f(x) = an exponential function with a > 1.
Let g(x) = an exponential function with 0 < a < 1.

From the graphs we see that

The domain is R
The range is the set of strictly positive real numbers
The function is continuous in its domain
The function is increasing if a > 1 and decreasing if 0 < a < 1
The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote

In General:
It is always greater than 0, and never crosses the x-axis
It always intersects the y-axis at y=1 ... in other words it passes through(0,1)
At x=1, f(x)=a ... in other words it passes through (1,a)
It is an Injective (one-to-one) function

Laws of Exponent

http://www.rapidtables.com/math/number/exponent.htm
Let's try to solve some problems here!
1. If 4m+1 + 4m = 15, then 8m...
a) 33
b) 23
c) 3
d) 3
e) 6
We can solve this based on the laws above. From product rules we can get:
4m . 41 = 4m+1, so..............
4m . 41 + 4m = 15
4m (4 + 1) = 15
4m . 5 = 15
4m = 3
22m = 3
2m = 3
Then, 8m = 23m = (2m)3=(3)3= 33
(SBMPTN 13 Kode 323)

2. Known that f(x) = 2 . (3 x1). If f(a) = 18, then a is?

f(a) = 2 . (3 a1).
f(a) = 18
18 = 2 (3 a1).
9 = 3 a1
9 = 3a . 1/3
27 = 3x=a
a= 3
3. Known that 3x+2 -3x = 32 then 45x/5x-1=...
(A) 4
(B) 20
(C) 80
(D) 90
(E) 100
answer:
3x + 2 - 3x= 32
32 3x- 3x= 32
9 3x- 3x= 32
8 3x = 32
3x= 4
Then, we will get

(try out live SBMPTN SSC)

Logarithmic functions
Definition and basic properties
Take a > 0 and not equal to 1 . Since the exponential functions
f : R -> R : x -> ax
are either increasing or decreasing, the inverse functions are defined. The inverse
function is called the logarithmic function with base a.
We write:
the Logarithmic function
f(x) = alog (x)
The "natural" Logarithmic function is
f(x) = elog(x) or ln(x)
Inverse Function
a
log(x) is the Inverse function of ax (the exponential function)
Graph

http://www.ping.be/math/log.gif
Let f(x) = a logarithmic function with a > 1.
Let g(x) = a logarithmic function with 0 < a < 1.
From the graphs we see that
- The range is R
- The domain is the set of strictly positive real numbers
- The function is continuous in its domain
- The function is increasing if a > 1 and decreasing if 0 < a < 1
- The y-axis is a vertical asymptote

Rules

http://www.duniasekolah.c
om/wpcontent/uploads/2014/02/
Contoh-Soal-DanPenyelesaian-Logaritma.jpg

Let's try to solve some problems here!

1. If blog a + blog a2 = 4, then alog b =...
a.

b.
c.
4/3
d. 2
e.
3/2
b

log a + blog a2 = 4
b
log a + 2 blog a = 4
3 blog a = 4
b
log a = 4/3
a
log b = 3/4
(SNMPTN 12 Kode 823)
2. known alog b + blog a = 3, then what is (alog b)2 + (blog a)2?
a.
2
b. 5
c.
7
d. 9
e.
11
To solve this, we use this formula A2+B2 = (A+B)2-2AB
Then,
(alog b)2 + (blog a)2 = ((alog b) + blog a))2 2alog b. blog a
= 9 2 alog a
= 9-2=7
(SBMPTN 2013)

COMPOUND INTEREST

Compound Interest Formula

Effective Rate of Interest

Present Value for Compound Interes

A = the accumulated amount after mt periods

P = Principal

r = Nominal interest rate per year

m = Number of periods / year

t = Number of years

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH/DECAY MODELS

Increasing exponentially means that then number is constantly multiplying by it's self. and
example would be if you start out at 2 then next number would be 4. Then the number
would go from 4 to 16 and so on. It is a very rapid way of growing. Growth does increase
exponentially. On the contrary, decay decreases exponentially.
We generally use this formula for Growth/Decay
y(t) = a ekt
Where y(t) = value at time "t"
a = value at the start
k = rate of growth (when >0) or decay (when <0)
t = time
Example
At the start of an experiment, there are 100 bacteria. If the bacteria follows an exponential
growth pattern with rate k = 0:02, a)what will be the population after 5 hours? b) How long
will it take for the population to double?
answer:
a)y(0) = 100 and k = 0.02 Therefore
y(5) = 100e0:02x5  110.517  110 bacteria
b) 2 y(0) = y(0)e0:02t
2 = e0:02t

If we logarithm both sides, we get

ln 2 = ln e0:02t = 0.02t ln e = 0.02t
<=> t =ln 2/ 0.02=34:6574 hours

> LOGISTIC FUNCTIONS

A logistic function or logistic curve is a common "S" shape (sigmoid curve), with
equation:

Where e is Euler's number. For values of x in the range of real numbers from to
+, the S-curve shown on the right is obtained.

Logistic differential equation

The logistic function is the solution of the simple first-order non-linear differential equation

with boundary condition f(0) = 1/2. This equation is the continuous version of the logistic
map differential equation
The qualitative behavior is easily understood in terms of the phase line: the derivative is null
when function is unit and the derivative is positive for f between 0 and 1, and negative for f
above 1 or less than 0 (though negative populations do not generally accord with a physical
model). This yields an unstable equilibrium at 0, and a stable equilibrium at 1, and thus for
any function value greater than zero and less than unit, it grows to unit.

Choosing the constant of integration ex0 = 1 gives the other well-known form of the
definition of the logistic curve

More quantitatively, as can be seen from the analytical solution, the logistic curve shows
early exponential growth for negative argument, which slows to linear growth of slope 1/4
for an argument near zero, then approaches one with an exponentially decaying gap.
The logistic function is the inverse of the natural logit function and so can be used to
convert the logarithm of odds into aprobability; the conversion from the log-likelihood ratio
of two alternatives also takes the form of a logistic curve.
The logistic sigmoid function is related to the hyperbolic tangent, A.p. by

References:

http://www.ping.be/math/exp.htm

http://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/function-logarithmic.html

http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/images/2013/June/CompoundInterest.png

http://pad3.whstatic.com/images/thumb/4/46/Calculate-Effective-Interest-RateStep-3-Version-2.jpg/670px-Calculate-Effective-Interest-Rate-Step-3-Version-2.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function