CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE NUMBER
2 - 15
16 - 24
25 - 28
29 - 30
References
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1.1
Man as the builder has sought to develop mechanical devices to facilitate his work in
adapting the earth to serve the needs and desires of mankind. From the crude construction
equipment utilized by ancient people has evolved the modern construction equipment
used in buildings today, highways, airports, utility systems, factories, stores and housing.
The movement of materials around and between building sites can be very timeconsuming and non-productive; therefore wherever economically possible most
contractors will use some form of mechanical transportation.
1.2
1.2.1
They are used in industry, in construction, and around the house for driving,
drilling, cutting, shaping, sanding, grinding, polishing, painting, and heating.
Stationary power tools for metalworking are usually called machine tools. The term
machine tool is not usually applied to stationary power tools for woodworking,
although such usage is occasionally heard, and in some cases, such as drill presses and
bench grinders, exactly the same tool is used for both woodworking and
metalworking.
1.2.2
Pneumatic Tools
These tools need a supply of compressed air as their power source and
powered by a diesel, petrol or electric motor. One of the most common pneumatic
tools used is the breaker which is basically intended for breaking up hard surfaces
such as roads.
a)
b)
Air ratchet
c)
Airbrush
d)
Blow Gun
e)
Jackhammer
f)
g)
Pneumatic drill
5
1.2.3
h)
i)
j)
sandblaster
k)
Paint sprayer
l)
Cartridge Hammers
Cartridge Hammers normally used for the quick fixing together of components of for
firing into a surface a pin with a threaded head to act as a bolt fixing.
1.2.4
Vibrators
There were three basic forms of vibrator are used in building works:
a) Poker vibrator
b) Vibration tampers
c) Clamp vibrator
Due to their high rate of vibration they induce the concrete to consolidate.
Small vibrating engines which are fixed to the top of a tamping board for
consolidating concrete paving and slabs.
Care must be taken when using this type of vibrator to ensure that the
formwork has sufficient in-built-strength to resist the load of the concrete
and to withstand the vibrations.
1.2.5
Power Floats
Power floats is by far the best equipment to use for your concrete floor. This
gives a nice finish to your concrete floor which making the concrete floor surface very
hard and very durable. A power floats work is only used for smoothening of the
concrete floor but it does not level. This is a machine which is used to bring a shine
and hard surface to your concrete floats. The concrete power trowel enables your floor
to be finished in a smooth dust free and reasonably durable surface. When using a
concrete power trowel you will be able to level off the spots and small holes which
might be found on your concrete floor. Some are due to air bubbles and some are due
to the hard substance which might be there. But it is necessary to level the floor and
lay it before you start using the concrete power trowel. The concrete floor should also
be compacted. You should also hand trowel the edges of the concrete floor and the
beam creed, straight edges among all the nooks and crannies of your concrete floor.
The main joint should also be done by a hand trowel before the use of concrete power
trowel.
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1.2.6
Pumps
Among the most important items of small plant for the building contractor since
they must be reliable in all conditions, easy to maintain, easily transported and
efficient. The basic function of a pump is to move liquids vertically or horizontally or
in a combination of the two directions.
Pumps in common use for general building works can be classified as followed:
a) Centrifugal Pump
b) Displacement Pump
c) Submersible Pump
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12
connects each cylinder to the fluid supply and delivery lines. By changing the angle of
the swashplate, the stroke of the pistons can be varied continuously. If the swashplate
is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, no fluid will flow. If it is at a sharp angle, a
large volume of fluid will be pumped. Some pumps allow the swashplate to be moved
in both directions from the zero position, pumping fluid in either direction without
reversing the rotation of the pump.
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1.2.7
Rollers
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2.0
b)
c)
d)
topsoil striping
e)
much excavation
16
a) Bulldozer
b) Wheel Loader
c) Excavator
d) Scraper
e) Motor Grader
f) Roller / Road roller
g) Dump Truck
2.1.1
Bulldozer
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2.1.2
Wheel Loader
It is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front mounted
square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material
from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another
without pushing the material across the ground. The wheel loader commonly used to
move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck
or into an open trench excavation.
18
2.1.3
Excavator
19
2.1.4
Scrapers
20
2.1.5
Motor Grader
The function is to "finish grade" (refine, set precisely) the "rough grading"
performed by heavy equipment or engineering vehicles such as scrapers and
bulldozers.Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt
roads and gravel roads. In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the
base course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on. Graders are
also used to set native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior to the construction of
large buildings.
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2.1.6
Road Roller
Road Rollers are basically used to compress the surface on which the roller is
being rolled. The elasticity of the tyres with a certain amount of vertical movement
helps the roller to operate effectively even on an uneven ground. The finish is done
via metal-drum rollers to make sure of a smooth, even result. Rollers are employed in
landfill compaction. Such compactors are equipped with knobbed wheels and do not
have a smooth surface. The knobs help in compression due to the smaller area
touching the ground.
a)
Manual walk-behind
b)
c)
Vibratory
d)
e)
Tandem roller
f)
g)
Ride-on
h)
i)
Ride-on articulating-swivel
j)
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23
2.1.7
Dump Truck
A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material such as sand,
gravel, or dirt for construction. It is used instead of scrapers when the soil is being
excavated by loaders. Most of the dump truck can travel over public highways, and
move faster than scrapers.
A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed
hinged at the rear, the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be
deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery. In the UK and
Australia the term applies to off-road construction plant only, and the road vehicle is
known as a tipper, tipper lorry (UK) or tip truck (AU).
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3.0`
3.1
Backhoe
Normally the backhoe is use for the variety of task such as construction, small
demolitions and paving roads.The backhoe bucket can also replaced with power
attachment breaker, grapple, auger or stump grinder.The design of the backhoe is
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unstable so the backhoe has to be design with hydraulic outriggers only at the back
when digging and lower the loader bucket for extra stability.
3.2
Tipper Truck
The tipper truck also known as dump truck is the usually machineries we can
see at construction site.It is a truck that used for transporting construction material and
loose material such as sand, gravel, or dirt.
A typical truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged
at the rear, the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on
the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery.
The largest of the standard dump trucks is commonly called a "centipede" and has
seven axles.
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3.3
Forklift
Sometimes called a forklift truck, the forklift is a powerful industrial truck that
is used to lift and transport material by steel forks that are inserted under the load.
Forklifts are commonly used to move loads and equipment that is stored on pallets.
The forklift was developed in 1920, and has since become a valuable piece of
equipment in many manufacturing and warehousing operations.
The most common type of design with forklifts is the counter balance. Other types of
designs include the reach truck and side loader, both of which are used in
environments where the space is at a minimum.
Forklifts are available in many types and different load capacities. In the
average warehouse setting, most forklifts have load capacities of around five tons.
Along with the control to raise and lower the forks, you can also tilt the mast to
compensate for the tendency of the load to angle the blades towards the ground and
risk slipping it off the forks. The tilt will also provide a limited ability to operate on
ground that isn't level.
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3.4
Hoist
Materials hoists come in basically two forms, namely the static and mobile
models. The static version consists of a mast or tower with the lift platform, either
cantilevered from the small section mast or centrally suspended with guides on either
side, within an enclosing tower. Mobile hoists should be positioned on a firm level
base and jacked to ensure stability. The operation of a materials hoist should be
entrusted to a trained driver who has a clear view from the operating position. Figure
1.8 shows a type of crane namely wheel mounted crane.
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4.0
Types of Machineries :
a) Welding Set
b) Compresser
4.1
Welding Set
4.2
Compressor
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5.0
REFERENCES
Books
1. Teknologi Binaan Bangunan, Tan Boon Tong, B.Sc. (University of
Wisconsin)
2. Hunker, Henry L. (2000). Columbus, Ohio: A Personal Geography. Ohio
State University
Websites
1. enlist.eil.co.in/pdd/cons/Annexure-III.pdf
2. www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/.../EarthworkI.pdf
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressor
4. http://www.gnpgeo.com.my/download/spec/UnderDev/DSP%20019.pdf
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