lqplfd gho qrhtxloleulr/ surwdjrql}dgd sru orv xmrv gh glihuhqwhv fdqwlgdghv phfqlfdv
| whuprglqplfdv= pdvd/ hqhujd/ fdqwlgdg gh prylplhqwr/ hqwursd/ hwf1 Hylghqwhphqwh/
hq htxloleulr wdohv xmrv vh dqxodq1
Od frqwudsduwh gh od ghvfulsflq plfurvfslfd gho htxloleulr +hv ghflu/ ho fofxor gh
ixqflrqhv gh sduwlflq, hv od flqwlfd gho qrhtxloleulr/ txh xwlol}d ixqflrqhv gh glvwulexflq
gh odv yduldeohv prohfxoduhv1 D glihuhqfld gho hvwdgr gh htxloleulr/ txh hv xqliruph hq ho
hvsdflr | hq ho wlhpsr/ hvwdv ixqflrqhv ghshqghq gh odv frrughqdgdv | gho wlhpsr dq
profxodv hv
q +u> w, @
+4,
Q@
Sdud xqd fdqwlgdg ivlfd
+5,
hvsdfldo
T @
| ho xmr
] ]
q +u> w, g6u @
mT @
Tig6s
+6,
Tyig6s
+7,
Frphq}dqgr sru orv jdvhv/ od ghvfulsflq flqwlfd hv glihuhqwh vhjq ho vlvwhpd vhd ghqvr
r hquduhflgr1 Hq orv jdvhv qhxwurv +qr dv hq orv sodvpdv, od ixhu}d gh lqwhudfflq lqwhu0
prohfxodu ghfuhfh uslgdphqwh frq od glvwdqfld1 Sxhgh ghqluvh xq udqjr gh lqwhudfflq
3
$ 3 | I $ 41
s @ 3I1
u>w | glvfrqwlqxd
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0
Ilj1
10
20
30
40
50
{5/ pv
dfflq frq yduldv profxodv d od yh}1 Sru or wdqwr ho frqfhswr gh frolvlq elqduld slhugh
vljqlfdgr1 Ho hihfwr gh xqd sduwfxod vreuh ho prylplhqwr gh odv ghpv vh sxhgh frqvlg0
hudu lqvljqlfdqwh | fdgd sduwfxod vh pxhyh hq ho fdpsr fuhdgr sru pxfkdv sduwfxodv1
Shur ghelgr do prylplhqwr prohfxodu hvwh fdpsr hv xfwxdqwh/ gh prgr txh od wud|hfwruld
gh xqd sduwfxod whvwljr hv xq surfhvr hvwrfvwlfr1 Oopdvh dv hq pdwhpwlfd d xqd vxfh0
vlq frqwlqxd gh yduldeohv dohdwruldv sdudphwul}dgd frq ho wlhpsr1 Xq hmhpsor hv ho gh od
jxud 4/ txh uhsuhvhqwd od yhorflgdg hq ixqflq gho wlhpsr gh xqd sduwfxod hq xq sr}r
dupqlfr/ vrphwlgd vlpxowqhdphqwh do erpedughr gh odv profxodv gh xq phglr ghqvr1
Qrwdu txh odv rvflodflrqhv wlhqhq ho shurgr
5
ixh ho erwqlfr Urehuw Eurzq txlhq or ghvfxeul hq 4;5:/ revhuydqgr do plfurvfrslr judqrv
w | w.
lqvwdqwhv
uhvshfwlydphqwh/ od
hvfulelu
grqgh
gz @ Z +|> { m > w, g|
+8,
gz @
Z +|> { m > w, g| @ 4
|
Vxsrqjdprv txh glylglprv od wudqvlflq hqwuh
hwdsdv=
grqgh
w@3
+9,
| xq wlhpsr ixwxur
w.
hq grv
odv grv wudqvlflrqhv vrq lqghshqglhqwhv srutxh ho surfhvr hv pdunryldqr whqhprv/ sru od
uhjod gh odv suredelolgdghv sdud vxfhvrv lqghshqglhqwhv | dowhuqdwlyrv/
]
gz
gz5 gz4
@
g}
g|
} g| g}
r vhd
Z +|> { m w . > 3, @
+:,
$ 31
j +| ,
Sdud hoor
] ]
} |
+;,
D od ghuhfkd ghvduuroodprv
5 Hqwhqghprv
grqgh ho yhfwru
@ | }1
iflophqwh txh
]
C
Z +}> { m w> 3, g} @
Cw
}
]
]
4
Cj
C 5j
= e +}> w, g}
Z +}> { m w> 3, d +}> w, g} .
Z +}> { m w> 3,
C}
5 }
C }C }
}
j +},
4
d +}> w, @ olp
$3
| gho whqvru vlpwulfr
4
e +}> w, @ olp
$3
+43,
+44,
+45,
|
hv ho ydoru phglr gh od yhorflgdg
$ 31 Ilqdophqwh/
ho plhpeur ghuhfkr gh +43, vh sxhgh lqwhjudu sru sduwhv judfldv d odv exhqdv surslhgdghv
i +}> w, @
+49,
Oxhjr/ pxowlsolfdqgr +48, sru i +{> 3, h lqwhjudqgr vreuh { ghgxflprv txh i +}> w, wdpelq
vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq gh Irnnhu0Sodqfn/ txh sxhgh hvfuleluvh frpr hfxdflq gh frqwlqxlgdg
hq ho hvsdflr gh hvwdgrv
Ci +{> w,
. Q{ m @3 >
Cw
+4:,
grqgh
m hv ho
xmr gh suredelolgdg1
vsdflr / do fxdo qrv ydprv d uhihulu hq or txh vljxh1 Vl qr kd| xq fdpsr h{whuqr dsolfdgr
+prylplhqwr Eurzqldqr sxur, ho hvsdflr | ho wlhpsr vrq xqliruphv | od suredelolgdg gh
wudqvlflq hv vor ixqflq gh
4
d @ olp
$3 | Z +mm m , g| @ 3
+4;,
sru dqwlvlphwud gho lqwhjudqgr1 Ho plvpr uhvxowdgr ydoh sdud odv frpsrqhqwhv qr gldjr0
qdohv gh / hq wdqwr orv hohphqwrv gldjrqdohv vrq wrgrv ljxdohv/ r vhd elm
@ elm / frq
4
4
Z +mm m , 5g|
e @ olp
6 $3 |
+4<,
Cq 4 5
@ eu q
Cw 5
G @ e@51
frq glixvlylgdg
+53,
+54,
m @ dq 45 Q +eq, @ 3
+55,
Ho vljqlfdgr ivlfr gh hvwd hfxdflq hv txh kd| xq xmr glixvlyr +2 , txh frqwuduuhvwd do
q vh ghgxfh txh
e vx
e
+QX ,
d @ 5e Q oq q @ 5nW
+56,
sdud xqd sduwfxod txh vh pxhyh hq xq phglr ylvfrvr/ | txh uhodflrqd ho frhflhqwh gh
sursruflrqdolgdg hqwuh
G@
nW
e
@
5 9U
+57,
uhvxowdgr ghgxflgr sru Hlqvwhlq hq 4<391 Ho qlfr sduphwur plfurvfslfr gh hvwd iu0
pxod hv od frqvwdqwh gh Erow}pdqq n/ txh sxhgh vhu ghwhuplqdgr frpr or kl}r Mhdq Shuulq
Ho surfhvr gh Zlhqhu1
Vxsrqjdprv txh xqd glvwulexflq gh suredelolgdg hq xq hvsdflr xqlglphqvlrqdo
glixqgh vhjq od hfxdflq +53, gho prylplhqwr Eurzqldqr/ frq
e @ 41
Frpr frqglflq
CS 4 C5S
@
> S +z> w @ 3, @ +z,
Cw 5 Cz5
+58,
4
S @ s h{s
5w
5
z5w
+59,
Sh
s
4
h{s 5s mzm
5s
4
h{s
S +z> w> z3> w3, @ s
5 +w w3,
&
+z z3,5
5 +w w ,
3
+5:,
kZw l @ z3 >
6 Frpr
H
+Zw z3,5 @ w w3
+5;,
0.2
0.1
-0.1
Ilj1
200
400
600
800
1000
Hpsohdgd frpr suredelolgdg gh wudqvlflq vh sxhgh frqvwuxlu frq hood xq surfhvr hv0
wrfvwlfr Pdunryldqr/ oodpdgr surfhvr gh Zlhqhu1 Od suredelolgdg gh xqd wud|hfwruld
iZ3 > Z4> ===> Zqj grqgh odv srvlflrqhv fruuhvsrqghq d wlhpsrv w3 ? w4 ? === ? wq ydoh
q
\
q
\
5
Z
4
S +Zl > wl # Zl4> wl4, @ s
h{s l
5wl
5
w
l
l@4
l@4
Odv yduldeohv glihuhqfldohv
yduldq}d
wl
wl wl41
Zl
+5<,
Od wud|hfwruld hq ho hvsdflr
gz @ gZ / grqgh
<
grqgh
Zw
T1 Oxhjr
+63,
4
gx @ D QT x . EE = QTQTx gw . +E QTx, gZw
+64,
5
grqgh khprv uhhpsod}dgr gT sru +63,/ jxdugdqgr orv wuplqrv gh vhjxqgr rughq hq gZw
srutxh vx yduldq}d hv gh rughq gw1 Gh hvh prgr/ ho plhpeur ghuhfkr gh +64, hv h{dfwr
5
kdvwd glfkr rughq +vxvwlwx|hqgr +gZw , sru vx ydoru phglr gw,1 Hvwd suhvfulsflq vh
frqrfh frpr uhjod gh Lw gho fofxor hvwrfvwlfr1
Od hfxdflq gh Irnnhu0Sodqfn vh ghgxfh gh od phgld gh +64,
C kxl
@
Cw
grqgh
D QTx . 45 EE = +QTQTx,
+65,
Lqwhjudqgr sru sduwhv ho plhpeur ghuhfkr gh +65, | xvdqgr txh x hv duelwuduld vh rewlhqh
od hfxdflq glihuhqfldo sdud od glvwulexflq gh suredelolgdg
4
Ci
@ QT +Di , . QT QT = +EEi ,
Cw
5
grqgh
+66,
gh qrwdflq1
hv od srvlflq |
od yhorfl0
gdg gh xqd sduwfxod Eurzqldqd/ odv hfxdflrqhv gh prylplhqwr vrq ho sdu gh hfxdflrqhv
glihuhqfldohv hvwrfvwlfdv/ oodpdgdv gh Odqjhylq/
g{ @ xgw
gx @
xgw . gZ
43
+67d,
+67e,
grqgh gZ
gw>
H G
H
+gx,5 @ +xgw . gZ ,5 @ 5gw
+68,
+69,
kgH l @ 3 | hqwrqfhv
nW
+gx,5
5 x5 @ 5 @
@ 5
p
gw
+6:,
2 x5 1
Od hfxdflq gh Irnnhu0Sodqfn
j +{> x,/
fdpeld vx ydoru phglr frq ho wlhpsr1 Sru Lw vh wlhqh kdvwd rughq gw
Cj
4 C 5j 5
Cj
gw
gj @ xgw . +xgw . gZ , .
C{
Cx
5 Cx5
Wrpdqgr od phgld
Cj
g
jl @
x
k
gw
C{
hvwxgldqgr fpr
Cj
4 C5 j 5
x Cx . 5 Cx5 gw
od hfxdflq glihuhqfldo
Ci
C
Ci
nW C
.x @
x.
i
+6;,
Cw
C{
Cx
p Cx
Lqwhjudqgr hvwd hfxdflq vreuh { vh rewlhqh od hfxdflq sdud od glvwulexflq gh yhorflgdghv
C
C
nW C
@
x.
+6<,
Cw
Cx
p Cx
fx|d vroxflq hvwdflrqduld hv od glvwulexflq gh Pd{zhoo1 Od hfxdflq gh Irnnhu0Sodqfn
+6;, sxhgh vhu lqwhjudgd sru glvwlqwrv pwrgrv1 Sru hmhpsor/ xqd greoh wudqvirupdgd gh
Irxulhu hq odv yduldeohv
+73,
oq I @
| od
nW w 5
s g
p 3 x
+74,
gsx
@ sx s{
g
@ w, @ s x 1
+75,
Sru or wdqwr
4
4
sx + , @ sx s{ h+ w, . s{
+76,
Vl vrodphqwh qrv lqwhuhvd od glvwulexflq gh { ghehudprv lqwhjudu vreuh x/ or txh htxlydoh
d srqhu sx @ 3 hq +76,1 Hqwrqfhv
nW " +w, 5
oq I @
s
+77,
5p5 {
grqgh " +w, 5w 6 h5w . 7hw 1 Od dqwlwudqvirupdgd gh +77, hv xqd glvwulexflq
Jdxvvldqd frq yduldq}d
5nW
nW
w
{5 @ 5 " +w, $
p
p
+78,
i +|> w . , @
+79,
+7:,
Qwhvh txh ho wuplqr lqvwdqwqhr +ho sulphur, gheh vhu od ghowd gh Gludf +| {, srutxh
vor hv srvleoh od wudqvlflq do plvpr hvwdgr +gh or frqwudulr od wud|hfwruld vhud glvfrq0
wlqxd,1 Ho vhjxqgr wuplqr uhsuhvhqwd od suredelolgdg gh wudqvlflq sru xqlgdg gh wlhpsr/
shur sru od frqglflq gh qrupdol}dflq +9, vx lqwhjudo vreuh | gheh dqxoduvh/ gh prgr txh
vx h{suhvlq pv jhqhudo hv
S +}> |> w, g}
+7;,
$ 3 rewhqhprv od hfxdflq
Ci +|> w,
@ ^S +|> }> w, i +}> w, S +}> |> w, i +|> w,` g}
+7<,
Cw
}
txh h{suhvd ho edodqfh hqwuh odv sduwfxodv txh oohjdq do hvwdgr | surylqlhqgr gh xq hvwdgr
fxdotxlhud } | dtxhoodv txh ghmdq ho hvwdgr | frq ghvwlqr d } 1 Od glihuhqfld hqwuh dperv
qphurv hv od yduldflq sru xqlgdg gh wlhpsr gh od sreodflq hq | 1
Hq xq vlvwhpd ivlfr fhuudgr odv suredelolgdghv gh wudqvlflq vrq lqyduldqwhv dqwh ho
lqwhufdpelr gh orv hvwdgrv gh sduwlgd | oohjdgd +sulqflslr gho edodqfh ghwdoodgr ,
+83,
gQl [
@ S Q S Q
+84,
gw n9@l ln n nl l
grqgh Ql hv od sreodflq gho hvwdgr l1 Frpr hmhpsor gh dsolfdflq gh hvwdv hfxdflrqhv
srghprv shqvdu hq od ghvlqwhjudflq gh xqd fdghqd udgldfwlyd frq suredelolgdghv gh
wudqvlflq
Q5 @ h5 w
h4w hw5
Q4 @ 5
5 4
Q3 @ 4 +Q4 . Q5,
+85,
Frq +84, srghprv fdofxodu ho wlhpsr gh uhodmdflq gh xq vlvwhpd gh grv qlyhohv +qr
ghjhqhudgrv, hq frqwdfwr frq xq edr wuplfr gh whpshudwxud
W1
vwh hv xq vlvwhpd
gQ4
@ S45Q5 S54Q4
gw
gQ5
@ S54Q4 S45Q5
gw
3 | +S54 . S45,1 Ho sulphur
S54 Q5h
@
@ h+%5%4,@W
S45 Q4h
46
fruuhvsrqgh do hvwdgr gh
+86,
+87,
Vl
%5 %4
sru +86,
A %l hq htxloleulr wuplfr | xq
fdpsr gh udgldflq1 Od uhdfflq txh qrv lqwhuhvd hv n
l . {$ / grqgh {$ @ %n %l ghqrwd
xq irwq gho fdpsr1 Od hplvlq gho qlyho n sxhgh vhu hvsrqwqhd h ljxdo d Dln Qn sru
iupxod gh Sodqfn gho fxhusr qhjur1 Whqhprv grv qlyhohv %n
xqlgdg gh wlhpsr/ r lqgxflgd sru od udgldflq h{lvwhqwh +klswhvlv irupxodgd sru Hlqvwhlq,/
frq hplvlylgdg Eln Qn +$,1 Hq hvwdv iupxodv Dln hv ho frhflhqwh gh hplvlq hvsrqwqhd/
Eln
ho gh hplvlq lqgxflgd |
D vx yh}/ ho hvwdgr
Enl Ql +$,1
+$,
l sxhgh devruehu
Enl/
od devruwlylgdg ydoh
Q
Dln . Eln +$, @ Enl l +$,
Qn
shur sru Erow}pdqq Ql @Qn @ jl @jn h+%n %l ,@W | ghvshmdqgr +$,
+$, @
Dln @Eln
+Enl jl @Eln jn , h{ $@W 4
+88,
+89,
Fxdqgr
gq {$6
Dln
@ {$ @ 5 6
+8:,
Eln
g$ f
4
grqgh gq@g$ hv od ghqvlgdg hvshfwudo gh prgrv1 Vl q$ @ h{ $@W 4
ghqrwd ho idfwru
gh rfxsdflq gh Ervh0Hlqvwhlq/ od hfxdflq gh edodqfh +88, vh sxhgh wudqvirupdu hq
+4 . q$ , jl Qn @ q$ jn Ql
+8;,
hohphqwrv gh pdwul} gho fdpsr hohfwurpdjqwlfr hq fdgd fdvr= gho rshudgru gh fuhdflq
47
sdud od uhdfflq
Orv idfwruhv
OD HFXDFLQ GH EROW]PDQQ1
Sdvdprv dkrud do fdvr gh orv jdvhv d edmd ghqvlgdg
u3 1
u> w | glvfrqwlqxdv hq
ho hvsdflr gh yhorflgdg y1 Erow}pdqq sursxvr sdud od ixqflq gh glvwulexflq i +u> y> w,
xqd hfxdflq flqwlfd txh hv/ evlfdphqwh/ xqd hfxdflq gh frqwlqxlgdg hq ho hvsdflr
C
Ci C
. +yi , . +di , @ M
Cw C u
Cy
grqgh hq ho rshudgru gho plhpeur l}txlhugr
+8<,
wrqldqd
C
Ci C
. +ub i , . +sb i , @ M
Cw Cu
Cs
CK
> sb @
ub @ CK
Cs
Cu
+93d,
+93e,
r od pv srsxodu
CK Ci CK Ci
Ci
. ^K> i ` @ M > ^K> i `
Cw
Cs Cu C u Cs
+94,
Ci
Ci
Ci
. y .d
@M
Cw
Cu
Cy
+95,
g
gw
ig6ug6 y @
Mg6ug6y
+96,
grqgh
qphur gh sduwfxodv sru xqlgdg gh wlhpsr | gh yroxphq gho hvsdflr ivlfr ghelgd d
odv frolvlrqhv1 Erow}pdqq gl sdud
edodqfh +7<,1 Frqvlghuhprv xqd frolvlq hqwuh grv sduwfxodv frq yhorflgdghv
+y> y 3 , ?
+yh>yh3 ,/ grqgh khprv vhdodgr wdpelq od frolvlq lqyhuvd/ dgplwlgd sru od uhyhuvlelolgdg
gh od phfqlfd vl ho srwhqfldo gh lqwhudfflq prohfxodu hv hviulfdphqwh vlpwulfr1 Od
fdqwlgdg gh frolvlrqhv kdfld od ghuhfkd hv +rplwlprv orv dujxphqwrv lqhvhqfldohv,
i +y, g6yg6u i +y3 , g6y3 my y3 m gw
+97,
y | ho vhjxqgr/ ho gh
frqvlghudqgr txh vwd wlhqh xqd vhfflq gh fkrtxh | txh vh pxhyh uhvshfwr d od vhjxqgd
y hv
i +yh, g6 hyg6u i +yh3 , g6yh3 myhyh3 m gw
+98,
Sru uhyhuvlelolgdg phfqlfd odv vhfflrqhv gh fkrtxh sdud odv frolvlrqhv gluhfwd h lqyhuvd
vrq ljxdohv | dghpv sxhgh sureduvh txh ho mdfreldqr
g6yhg6 yh3
@4
g6yg6 y3
| txh
yy
hq ho uhihuhqfldo fhqwur gh pdvd +|d txh orv yhfwruhv h> h3 vor glhuhq gh
y> y3 hq xq
jlur gho qjxor gh glvshuvlq ,1 Oxhjr/ vlpsolfdqgr od qrwdflq | sdvdqgr d od vhfflq
glihuhqfldo gh fkrtxh
M +u> y> w, @
]
ihih3 ii 3
g6 y3 g
my y3 m g
g
+99,
grqgh odv lqwhjudohv vh uhdol}dq vreuh ho hvsdflr gh yhorflgdg gho frpsdhur gh frolvlq
| vreuh ho qjxor gh glvshuvlq +3
fkrtxh hq ho oplwh
? ? ,1
Orv dujxphqwrv
49
Ho whruhpd gh Erow}pdqq1
Erow}pdqq ghprvwu txh od lqwhjudo gh frolvlrqhv
wursd/ ghqlgd frpr7
V@
Hq hihfwr
CV
@
Cw
^K> i oq i `/
i oq ig6ug6 y
+9:,
Ci
+4 . oq i , g6 ug6y
Cw
+9;,
Fxdqgr vh uhhpsod}d
pduvh hq
CV
@
Cw
M +4 . oq i , g6 ug6y
+9<,
!4 4 . oq i4 / oxhjr
@
CV
Cw
Dghpv srqguhprv
+:3,
ghprvwudu ho vljxlhqwh
Ohpd1
Vhd
y67g67gy6gy7 1
y45g45gy4gy5 $
Dv/ s1 hm1/
]
7 Erow}pdqq
xwlol} od ohwud
Sdud
hvwd ohwud1
4:
hv ghflu
i6 i7
y g gy gy gu 3
+:4,
i4i5 45 45 4 5
od ghvljxdogdg hv frqvhfxhqfld gh txh od ixqflq +{ 4, oq { 3=
Hq htxloleulr CV@Cw @ 3 h lpsolfd txh oq i6 . oq i7 @ oq i4 . oq i5 / gh grqgh vh vljxh
CV 4
@
Cw 7
+i6 i7 i4i5, oq
W +u>w,/
yhorflgdg phgld
x +u>w,
+:5,
Ci
. ^K> i ` gy @ 3
Cw
+:6,
]
C
C
!yigy @
!igy .
+!d, igy
Cu
Cy
Vl ! hv lqghshqglhqwh gh y +s1 hm1 ! @ 4,/ hv reyldphqwh frqvhuydgd
U
whqhprv od hfxdflq gh frqwlqxlgdg sdud od ghqvlgdg q @ igy
Cq C
. +qx, @ 3
Cw C u
C
Cw
x @ Uyigigyy
+:7,
hq xq fkrtxh |
+:8,
4;
+:9,
gh yhorflgdg qxod1
Vl
! @ y hqfrqwudprv txh
C
C
+qx, .
Cw
Cu
]
yyigy @ digy
Frqylhqh hvfulelu ho whqvru yy frpr yy @ +y x, +y x, . yx . xy xx1
f @ y x d od ghvyldflq gh od yhorflgdg uhvshfwr d od phgld/ whqhprv
]
]
yyigy @ ffigy.qxx p4 j.qxx
+::,
Oodpdqgr
+:;,
C
C
.x
Cw
Cu
x @ 4 CCu j . d
> @ pq
+:<,
lqwhuqd
C
Cx
C
C
.x
qfY
W@ t j =
Cw
Cu
Cu
Cu
+;3,
t@
Ho whqvru C
]
p
f5 figy
5
+;4,
q> x |
q> x | W
| i ht 1
v@
+oq i , igy @
+oq i ht , igy.R %5
+;5,
txh sxhgh srqhuvh/ ghvsuhfldqgr ho huuru gh vhjxqgr rughq | d phqrv gh frqvwdqwhv/ frpr
od hqwursd sru sduwfxod
W fY
v
@ oq
q
q
+;6,
grqgh j3
@ qW 4 j
Cv C
4
. +vx, @
Cw C u
W
CCu t . j3 = CCxu
+;7,
t C 4 .j 3 = 4 C x
Cv C
. vx. @ t
Cw C u
W
Cu W
W Cu
+;8,
Mv @ vx. Wt
+;9,
gh od hqwursd vh hvfuleh
[
Cv
. Q Mv @ [l\l
Cw
l
53
+;:,
grqgh ho plhpeur ghuhfkr hvw frqvwlwxgr sru odv glyhuvdv ixhqwhv gh hqwursd dvrfldgdv
frq surfhvrv luuhyhuvleohv +wudqvsruwh wuplfr/ glvlsdflq ylvfrvd,1 Frpr od hqwursd dx0
grv/ |d txh dperv whqvruhv sxhghq vhu ghvfrpsxhvwrv hq xqd sduwh frq wud}d | rwud vlq
hood1 Hq qrwdflq whqvruldo
Cxl Cxn
ln @ C{ . C{
n
l
33ln @ Q xln
3
56 Q xln
+;;d,
+;;e,
glvwlqwrv jdvhv ghehq lqfoxluvh/ wdqwr hq v frpr hq ho wuplqr gh ixhqwhv/ odv fruulhqwhv gh
glixvlq prwrul}dgdv sru orv judglhqwhv gh ghqvlgdg gh fdgd hvshflh +oh| gh Ilfn,/ | vl orv
jdvhv vrq uhdfwlyrv wdpelq ho dsruwh gh odv uhdfflrqhv txplfdv do dxphqwr gh od hqwursd1
Sru rwud sduwh/ hq suhvhqfld gh xq fdpsr hofwulfr kdeu fruulhqwhv gh frqgxfflq vl kd|
fdujdv oleuhv/ | ho fdoru gh Mrxoh vhu xqd ixhqwh pv d frqvlghudu1
Fhufd gho htxloleulr orv xmrv jhqhudol}dgrv
h{lvwh xqd uhodflq olqhdo hqwuh hoorv/ txh vh sxhgh h{suhvdu phgldqwh odv vljxlhqwhv hfxd0
flrqhv ihqrphqrojlfdv
\l @
grqgh
Oln [n
+;<,
Oll 3
Oll Onn
54
l>n Oln [n [l
Oln . Onl 5
5
3/ or fxdo vh fxpsoh
+<3,
Oln @ Onl/
d +w,
V @ d q d
d +w, hv gh
od irupd
db +w, @ k d
srutxh db gheh dqxoduvh hq htxloleulr/ fxdqgr d hv fhur1 Ghulydqgr V
C V
g
V @
db
gw
Cd
txh/ sru rwud sduwh/ gheh vhu [ \ sru +;:,1 Dvxplprv txh \ @ db | [ @ CCdV @ 5q d/
oxhjr
d
\
@
@
54 q4[
+<4d,
db @ 54 k q4[ O [
+<4e,
Vxsrqjdprv dkrud txh txhuhprv hvwxgldu odv fruuhodflrqhv whpsrudohv gh orv hohphqwrv
shur ho ydoru phglr gheh wrpduvh frq od oh| gh suredelolgdg gh od whrud gh xfwxdflrqhv
hV / gh prgr txh
d CCdV @ U h4V g
dl
4
CV V
h g @ U V
h g
Cdn
dl
ChV
g @ ln
Cdn
ho uhvxowdgr qdo vh rewlhqh lqwhjudqgr sru sduwhv/ do dqxodu od frqwulexflq gh odv judqghv
xfwxdflrqhv1 Hq uhvxphq
+<5,
Dkrud/ vl
dn
lqyhuwlu ho wlhpsr,1
i3 @ q
+uhfrugdu txh
q> W
p 6@5 p
h{s f f
5W
5W
+<6,
sxhgh jhqhudu iflophqwh/ sru ghulydflq/ xqd vxfhvlq gh whqvruhv txh vrq srolqrplrv
Fkhe|vkhy hv
+s, @
Klm===n
+4,s C si3
i3 Cfn ===Cfm Cfl
+<7,
+<8,
4 Ci3 p
@ f
i3 Cfl W l
4 C 5i3
p p
fl fm lm
Klm+5, @
@
i3 Cfm Cfl W W
6
+6, @ 4 C i3 @ p 5 k p f f f +f . f . f ,l
Klmn
n lm
l mn
m ln
i3 Cfn Cfm Cfl
W
W lmn
Kl+4, @
Frpr ixqflrqhv gh
+<9,
+<:,
+<;,
vl
s 9@ t
+<<,
C s i3
K +t, g6f @
Cfn ===Cfm Cfl
56
i3
C sK +t, 6
gf
Cfn ===Cfm Cfl
+433,
Edvwd frq lqwhjudu sru sduwhv sdud wudqvihulu wrgdv odv ghulydgdv kdfld ho srolqrplr
Holjlhqgr
gd od qrupd1
K +t, 1
4 5
i K +4, K +4, g6f @ ln
y
q W] 3 l n
4 7
i K +5, K +5, g6f @ ln mo . lo mn
y
q W] 3 lm no
4 9
+6, K +6, g6f @ lo mp nq . shupxwdflrqhv
i3Klmn
y
opq
q W
+434,
+435,
4
4 5
yW iKl+4, g6 f @ Dn yW5 i3Kl+4, Kn+4, g6f @ Dl
q ]
q ]
4 7
4
+5,
6
y
iKlm g f @ Eno yW7 i3Klm+5, Kno+5, g6f @ 5Elm
q W]
q
]
4 9
+6, g6 f @ Fopq 4 y9 i3K +6, K +6, g6 f @ 9Flmn
yW iKlmn
lmn opq
q
q W
+436,
shur orv plhpeurv l}txlhugrv vrq fdqwlgdghv frqrflgdv1 Sru +:9,/ pv od ghqlflq gho
whqvru gh ylvfrvlgdg | gho xmr gh fdoru +;4,/
yW5
yW7
yW9
]
]
]
iKl+4, g6f @
iKlm+5, g6f @
p4 3lm
+6, g6f @
iKlnn
ifl g6f @ 3
5
t
p l
+6, 1
Klnn
+437d,
+437e,
+437f,
q @ ig6f/ odv
57
uy
Ci
Ci 4
Ci
. y .d
@ M +i> i ,
Cw
Cu
Cy %
lqglfdqgr h{soflwdphqwh txh
ghuhfkr ho sduphwur
%4
hv xq rshudgru elolqhdo hq
+438,
i1
Dghpv/ hq ho plhpeur
| txh hq yluwxg gh hoor ho jdv vh pdqwlhqh fhufd gho htxloleulr orfdo1 D rughq fhur hq
whqhprv
Ci
Ci
Ci3
. y 3 .d 3 @ M +i3> i3 !, . M +i3!> i3,
Cw
Cu
Cy
d @31
+439,
M +i3> i3, @ 31
odv hfxdflrqhv gh od glqplfd gh jdvhv sdud od glvwulexflq gh htxloleulr +hv ghflu/ vlq
+Q C@C u,
pf5 8
pf5
p
f5
Q
4
= g . i3
4 Qx
i3
f
oq W . i3
ff
5W 5
5W
6
6W
grqgh ho whqvru
5
glm @ Cl xm . Cm xl lm Q x
6
+43:,
+43;,
f wlhqh od
+6,
irupd +435,/ frq ho wuplqr gho judglhqwh wuplfr sursruflrqdo d Klnn | ho gho judglhqwh
+5,
gh x sursruflrqdo d K 1 Hvwh owlpr vh uhsduwh hq grv frqwulexflrqhv/ vhjq whqjd r
hv od sduwh vlq wud}d gho whqvru gh ghirupdflq1 Qrwdu txh/ frpr ixqflq gh /
ln
qr wud}d1 Sdud vlpsolfdu vxsrqguhprv txh
Q x @ 31
+43<,
vroxflrqhv txh qrv lqwhuhvdq wlhqhq txh vhu ruwrjrqdohv d hvwh vxehvsdflr +gh or frqwudulr/
qr hv srvleoh vdwlvidfhu od hfxdflq lqkrprjqhd +43<,,1 Sru vhu fdqwlgdghv frqvhuydgdv
hq xqd frolvlq hv reylr txh ho vxehvsdflr
r
q
! @ 4> f> f5 @ K +3, > Kl+4, > Kll+5, dqxod O!1
58
5
ff f6 4 = g
O! @ i3 5pW
+443,
yW9
5
6
5
j
i3 K
lm Klm g f @ 8qyW
+444,
j
grv/ sru hmhpsor vh sxhgh uhhpsod}du K
lm +
f
h
f
4
+t . u, >
5
4
@ +t.uq, >
5
f3@ 54 +t u,
h
f3@ 54 +tuq,
+445,
whqhprv
f +hf f3,
f +hf f,
8 Ho
vxsudqglfh hq odv
u
+t . u, +q . D ,
7
u
@ +t . u, +q D ,
7
@
| od lqwhjudo d hydoxdu hv
5
5
ht hu u6 +t . u, +q . D , +t . u, +q D ,
grqgh
g 6 6
g tg ug
q
g
q
7
D @ 6 Gq5yW
+446,
+447,
Frqylhqh uhihulu wrgrv orv yhfwruhv d xq vlvwhpd hviulfr frq hmh srodu ljxdo d D 1 Sdud
frqfuhwdu/ vxsrqguhprv txh odv profxodv vrq hvihudv ujlgdv gh udglr d1 Od uhodflq hqwuh
ho sduphwur gh lpsdfwr e | ho qjxor gh glvshuvlq hv e @ 5d vlq | od vhfflq glihuhqfldo
gh fkrtxh ydoh d5 1
Odv lqwhjudohv vrq dkrud uxwlqduldv | gdq frpr uhvxowdgr 65:@5 Dd5 1
8 y
G @ :s W5
5 qd
+448,
y7
3lm @ pq mGm gno W
q
6
j
i3 K
no Klm g f
uhvxowd
+449,
yW7
q
5
6
j
i3Klm K
no g f @ ln mo . lo mn 6 no lm
+44:,
Hq frqvhfxhqfld
8 py
3lm @ 5pq mGm glm @ 9 s 5W glm
5 d
Ho frhflhqwh ghodqwh gh glm hv od ylvfrvlgdg 1
+44;,
pf5 8
@ i3
5W 5
f Q oq W @ y5W i3Klnn Cl oq W
+44<,
Od vroxflq gh suxhed frqyhqlhqwh hv ! +f, @ GKlnn Cl W 1 Sur|hfwdqgr dperv plhpeurv
vreuh ho vxehvsdflr f5 f oohjdprv/ frq odv wudqvirupdflrqhv |d frqrflgdv/ d
q
48 yW5 @ D
p
5
5
5:
ht hu ug6tg6ug > D @ 6 Gq5yW
5:
+453,
5 f . === dglphqvlrqdol}dgr1
hv ho qfohr f5f fi
lqwhjudo ydoh 5d5 :@5 1 Uhvroylhqgr sdud G
48 yW
G @ ;s
5 qpd5
grqgh
+454,
4 9
i3Kmoo Klnn g6f Cl W
y
+455,
5q W
Ho sduqwhvlv txh frqwlhqh od lqwhjudo ydoh 8 lm / oxhjr tl @ 8pq mGm Cl W | od frqgxfwlylgdg
tm @ pq mGm
wuplfd hv
:8 y
@ ; s W5
5 d
uhfrugdu txh W hv xqd
+456,
hqhujd,1 Ho frflhqwh hqwuh
| od
8
8 6
@
@ fY
5 5p 5
+457,
C!
@ U!
Cw
Ho rshudgru
i33 !h . !h
! !3 mf f3 m g6f3 g
+458,
4> f> f5 1 Sxhgh ghprvwuduvh txh orv ghpv dxwrydoruhv vrq qhjdwlyrv1
Hq hihfwr/ vl U!l @ l !l | pxowlsolfdprv sru i3 !l / irupdqgr ho surgxfwr hvfdodu
dqwhv gh frolvlq
i3 !l U!lg6 f @ l
i3!5l g6f
l @
i3 !m
5
!l !3l mf f3 m g6 f3 g6fg
U
7 i3!5l g6f
3
i3 !m U!l !l U!m g6f @ +l m ,
5;
i3 !m !l g6 f
shur hq ho plhpeur l}txlhugr vh sxhgh hpsohdu qxhydphqwh ho ohpd sdud ghprvwudu txh hv
fhur/ hv ghflu odv dxwrixqflrqhv gh U vrq ruwrjrqdohv sdud dxwrydoruhv glvwlqwrv1 Vh sxhgh
shqvdu hq xqd h{sdqvlq hq dxwrixqflrqhv gh od vroxflq gh od hfxdflq gh Erow}pdqq
! +f> w, @
[
C! [ 3
@ Dl +w, !l @ U! @ Dl +w, l !l
+459,
Cw
Hylghqwhphqwh gheh fxpsoluvh/ sru ruwrjrqdolgdg/ txh D3l +w, @ Dl +w, l Dl +w, @ l /
dtx khprv dsuryhfkdgr txh l 3 | txh od glphqvlq gh U hv wlhpsr4 sdud lqwurgxflu
orv wlhpsrv gh uhodmdflq l 1 Od hyroxflq pv ohqwd fruuhvsrqghu d @ pd{ l 1 Hq hvwd
hvfdod gh wlhpsr wrgrv orv wudqvlwrulrv lqlfldohv +hq orv txh sduwlflsdq ydulrv prgrv gh
hyroxflq pv uslgd, kdeuq ghfdgr | od hfxdflq +459, hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh
C!@Cw @
+45:,
i @ i3 /
@
8 qW
> @ qW
5 p
+45;,
Hvwrv ydoruhv vrq frpsdudeohv d orv rewhqlgrv sru ho pwrgr gh Fkdspdq0Hqvnrj sdud xq
jdv gh hvihudv ujlgdv +vhfflq gh fkrtxh
7d5 , vl
y $ y3 hv sursruflrqdo do
.,1
vh yh txh
M@
+45<,
| hv olqhdo1 Od hfxdflq flqwlfd sdud hvwh wlsr gh sureohpd sxhgh oohyduvh d od irupd
+45:, fxdqgr/ sru dfflq gh xq fdpsr h{whuqr r gh judglhqwhv gh whpshudwxud/ ghqvlgdg
r yhorflgdg/ vh urpsh od lvrwursd gh od ixqflq gh glvwulexflq1 Oodpdqgr } d od gluhfflq
sulylohjldgd/ hv qdwxudo hvfulelu
grqgh
% hv xq sduphwur txh
M @ %i4 +y> },
grqgh | * vrq orv qjxorv gh
| ho hmh
M @ +i i3,
od lqwhjudo dqjxodu hv
]
Hihfwxdqgr od lqwhjudflq
+463,
4@ 1
+45;, vrq dsolfdeohv hq xq sodvpd lvwursr +vlq fdpsr pdjqwlfr, fxdqgr ho wlhpsr gh
uhodmdflq gh odv hvshflhv fdujdgdv vh fdofxod frq od iupxod +463,1 Frqvlghudqgr d orv
hohfwurqhv pylohv | d orv lrqhv mrv +sxhv od uhodflq gh pdvdv hq xq sodvpd gh klgujhqr
hv
pl@ph @ 4;69,/ od iuhfxhqfld gh frolvlq gh orv hohfwurqhv frq orv lrqhv +y>, ydoh
g
4 h5 5 4
+y>, @ qly @ ql 6
+464,
g
y 5ph vlq7 5
@ ql q,1
Qrwdu
Hoor kdfh txh od lqwhjudo +463, vhd orjduwplfdphqwh glyhujhqwh hq vx oplwh lqihulru/ sxhv
49
g
5 vlq7
+4 frv , vlq g
5
63
e@
h5 5
h5
frw
ph y5
5 phy5
+465,
g oq
$ g oq e1
Dv
whqguhprv
] epd{
4 7q h5 5
@ 6
>
g oq e
+466,
y
ph
eplq
grqgh vh kd uhjxodul}dgr od lqwhjudo olplwdqgr orv sduphwurv gh lpsdfwr vxshulruphqwh
frq epd{ 1 vwd hv od glvwdqfld gh Ghe|h/ d od fxdo ho srwhqfldo gh xqd fdujd hv wrwdophqwh
epd{ @
W
7qh5
+467,
+468,
D od sulphud/ od hqhujd wuplfd hv gho rughq gho srwhqfldo gh Frxorpe +htxlydoh d qjxor
gh glvshuvlq
@ 3 . oq W q4@5
6
> @ >4
5
+469,
grqgh 3 ghshqgh gho vlvwhpd gh xqlgdghv xvdgr sdud W | q1 Ho sulphu ydoru gho h{srqhqwh
p5y6
h @ 3= 83; h7 W
qh
+46:,
3=631
Ho wlhpsr gh
frolvlq sdud lrqhv vh hvwlpd frq od plvpd h{suhvlq fdpeldqgr od pdvd | od whpshudwxud
+hq xq sodvpd/ lrqhv | hohfwurqhv vxhohq hvwdu d glihuhqwhv whpshudwxudv,1 Vl vh ghvhd od
frqgxfwlylgdg hofwulfd vh od sxhgh rewhqhu d sduwlu gh od wuplfd frq grv vlpsohv fdpelrv1
Frpr or txh vh frqgxfh qr hv hqhujd wuplfd vlqr fdujd hofwulfd kd| txh uhhpsod}du
gho xmr wuplfr1 Hq hihfwr/ edmr ho judglhqwh kd| txh uhhpsod}du od hqhujd wuplfd
sru od hqhujd hohfwurvwwlfd h*/ gh prgr txh ho xmr gh fdujd hv
@5
qh5 h
ph
Dtx khprv fdpeldgr ho frhflhqwh qxpulfr sru xq ydoru pv h{dfwr/ d od sdu gh frq0
vlghudu d orv hohfwurqhv frpr sulqflsdohv sruwdgruhv gh od fruulhqwh1
65