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~ : 31-3-2014
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1.
+< |<X sh $< |D[ |]~ | + ` 2011 (APSCF-2011)
2.
s+< $< V #+ ` 2009 (RTE-2009)
3.
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(APSCF ` 2011) ` \ d\T
H|<+:
#<T ee&+ nH~ | &T >se|<y T q seT+ eyT . |dT + n~ b<$ T V
L&. b*yT+ ksTTes &&T |\\+<sT HDyTq $<qT b+<&+ s+< $<V
#+ 2009 (RTE-2009) |s+ b<$ T V> e]+~. $_q d+d T\T, ucy$ < *qZ
eTq<X+ n+<] $<qT n+~+#&+ >T]+ ussC+>+ dw+ > |s=+~. > sT <Xu\T>
n+<] $<qT n+~+#& eTq<X+ bH |<\T, se\T neT\T]>sTT, sT>TTHsTT
L&! nsTTq|{ +qT dy seTT+<T edH HsTT. u\], &jT |\\T+&&+
HD|+ yT<q+ |+#&+ j+yT q u<H u dq |jT \T, |eD\ |sT n~
de#s us+ sTy q bs |d \T &, +<q, esT\T, s+\ |]$TyT T q eT+q
$<H\T n&T>+TTq $\Te\T, sEsE ybs <sD |sT>T yTD qysT syTq
#<Te\T, ysT +syTq #<Te\T b+<TTq $<yesD+, eT* edT\ =s yTT<\>T
dyqT eTq+ >eT+#e#T. eTq sh+ |]d L& +<T $_q+> @MT <T . M{ &T |uT
bsX \ |\\ d+K >T eZ TTK+ |& + , de#s C| e TT+#Te&H Cq+> u$+#&+, ]qT\T,
n\d+UesZ\T, u*\T yTT<\>T esZ\T s esZ\ deq+> $< b+< be&eTH n<q|de Td\T
L& HsTT.
+{ |]dT\qT n~>$T+#& us |uT+ CrjT ksTT CrjT $<|D[ #+
`2005 (NCF - 2005) qT ussV nu dq+ (Learning without burden) nH y~ <s+> sb+~++~.
|\\ #<Te\T { $<H\ |]$T+ +&, nse++> es\, HsT=q CH J$+
$j+#\, HsTe&eTH~ bs|d\ |]$T+ s<, +<q, b{+ n~>$T+#
|\ $<H\qT d+d]+#\ CrjT $< |D[ #+ 2005 d++~.
n+X\bT |\\+<sT HDyTq $<qT b+<& #<+ #d s+< $<V
#+ 2009 (Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act - 2009) neT\T e+~. bsX \ $<
\yT q e\ T b<jTT\T. b<jT sD+ |q H HDyTq $< <s|& +T+< b<jT
$< CrjT $< |D[ #+ 2010 (NCFTE - 2010) CrjT b<jT $< d+d (NCTE)
sb+~++~.

us+ $< y~, CrjT $<|D[ #+ (NCF - 2005), $<V #+ (RTE - 2009),
CrjT b<jT $< |D[ #+ (NCFTE) - 2010 |b<q\T, es<Z s \qT |]o*+q|&T
eTq sh+ bsX \ $< d+dsD\T #| & + nedse T u$+#sT. +<Td+ eTqsh+L&
sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ ` 2011 (State Curriculum Frame Work - 2011) qT sb+~+#&
CrjTksTT $wjT |DT\T |Hd \T, b<jTT\T, d#+ < d+| \ duT \T, $X$<\jT #sT\T
yTT<\>T y] d\V d+| , d] +> $T{ sh|uT + @sT#d+ ~. nf $$< d \ T,
dV bs n+X\ #+~q 18 n+X\ |dT |]d $Xw + |b<q\ <s| \qT sb+~+#&
= n+X bdt >|qT L& jT$T++~.
y{ $es\T:
1. $< $wjT <s| \T (Position Papers on Subject Areas) :
1.1 uw ` ucu<q ` <s| + (Position Paper on Language and Language Teaching)
1.2 +>u <q ` <s| + (Position Paper on English Teaching)
1.3 $CqXd $< ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Science Education)
1.4 >D $< ` <s| + (Position Paper on Mathematics Education)
1.5 k+|T Xd $< ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Social Science Education)
1.6 |]ds\T ` nudq+ ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Habitat and Learning)
1.7 $< ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Art Education)
2. eek| d+dsD\T (Position Papers on Systemic Reforms) :
2.1 $< \\T ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Aims of Education)
2.2 eek|s d+dsD\T ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Systemic Reforms)
2.3 b<jT $< ` b<jT e|s n_e~ ` <s| +
(Position Paper on Teacher Education and Teacher Professional Development)
2.4 nudq+ =s eT+q+ ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Assessment of Learning)
2.5 $< k+ ` <s| + (Position Paper on Education Technology)
2.6 $<|D[ ` bs |d \T ` <s| + (Position Paper on Curriculum and Textbooks)
3. sh d++~ eTTKyTq n+X\T (Position Papers on State concerns) :
3.1 $_q esZ\ $< (bdt.d., bdt.{., yTH ` u*\T ` d$T[ $<) ` <s| +
(Position Paper on Education for Diversities - S.C, S.T, Minority, Girls, Inclusive)
3.2 s> ` yjeT $< ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Health and Physical Education)
3.3 us+u $< ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Early Childhood Education)
2

3.4 | eT]jTT $< ` <s|+ (Position Paper on Work and Education)
3.5 H ` $\Te\T ` eqe V\T ` <s|+
(Position Paper on Ethics, Values and Human Rights)
sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ ` 2011 eT]jTT 18 <s|\qT sb+~+#& +~
y~\qT |]>Dq rdTHsT. n$.
sC+> +<q \T us sC+> |y eT]jTT 73, 74 e sC+> desD\T (Constitutronal
Amendment).
CrjT $< |D[ #+ 2005 (NCF - 2005)
ussV nu dq+ y~\T (GOI - Report on Learning without burden)
s+< $<V #+ 2009 (RTE-2009)
b<jT$< ` CrjT $< |D[ |]~ |+ 2010 (NCFTE-2010).
CrjT $Cq MTwH |b<q\T (National Knowledge Commission Recomendations)
| y~\T #+~q, |b<q\ <s+> sw $<|D[ #+ 2011 (APSCF 2011) +~
d\qT |b~++~. M{ <s+>H $$< d \ T, dV bs n+X\ #+~q <s| \qT,
d\dtqT, $<|eD\qT sb+~+#sT. nf bs |d \qT <T ]+, eT+q+ eT]jTT |
d+dsD\T #|&sT. eT+ APSCF-2011 |b~+q sh << (Perspectives of the
State) eT]jTT APSCF-2011 \ d\qT (Key Principles) qT |]o*<+.
eTqsh <<+
(perspective of the State):
$<jTT b<$T <X+ |\\

+<] u<jTTyT q, VT<yTq, bsT\T> (Responsible and
Rational Citizens) jsT#jT&+.
$<\\T B| |<q+> <wk]+#&+. nf |\\T eT

d+ d , d+ |<j\T , ysd | X +dd , ke esT <V<| & e \T>
|\\ qT r]~<& +.
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T HsT e&+ CH eT+ (Cognitive sequence in learning) +T+~. $<|D[qT
eT+ eT]jTT |\\ eqdksTT\ <s+> sb+~+#&+. |*\+f L& y{ b+<
|jT\qT |]|w #jT& n~ b<qe& +. Be\ |\\T e\+ de#s
C|eTT+#Te&++f y{ nse++> b+<&+, $Xw+#&+ e+{ H|D\qT b+<TsT.
CqeTH~ (knowledge) deT>yT+~. B $$< d \ |sT $&Bd eTT\T eTT\T>
n+~+#&e TH~ eTyTq ~. CqeTH~ CH keTs\ (Cognitive abilities) L&q<H~
]y<+X+. n+X $$< \\ k<q d+ nq> uc keTs\ k<q , >D keTs\
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uV||+#+ nqTd+<qyT |\\T, b<jTT\ dHqT |+#& <V<|&*.

$< |D[bT, $<|]b\q, bsX\ #+~q n sb\ $ +BsD qT
(Decentralisation) neT\T#jT &+.
APSCF-2011
eT* d\T (Key principles)
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uw eT]jTT de+ $$< sq Cq eed\qT >s$+#&+, y{ nu dq+
$j +#&+ .
CH &jT{ J$+ nqTd+<q+ #jT&+.
{ $<H\ dd| \ &+ . y{ <T\T> |sd s |#s \T (Interactions) , bC | q T\T, nHwD\T
(Explorations), |j>\T, $Xw
D \T e+{ |< T \<s |\\ T nse ++> HsTe&+.
HsT e& bs |d \ |]$T+ #jT +&, |\\ deT> n_e~d+ $<|D[ q neX\T
*+#&+ . +<TqT>TD+> bs|d\ esT\T #sT\T #|&+.
s+s deT> eT+H (Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation) neT\T #jT &+ <s
|\ qT ds ]+, u<H u dq |jT n+s>+ #jT &+. |\\ T b+ HsT Hs \TdT&
eT+q+ #jT & <T\T |\\ T HsT & <V<|& eT+q $<H\qT d+d]+#&+
(Assessment for Learning).
bs|D[ $_q n+X\qT d$T[+#d , nse ++> HsT& M\T> ke sD
(Social constructivism), $<H\qT T\H / $eTsH (Critical pedagogy) u<H
$<H\
<s+> u<Hudq |jT\qT sV+#&+.
|\\ d+d , nqTuy\T, k n+X\ s> >~ b<q *+#&+.
sh <<+ eT]jTT \ d\ <s+> sh $< |D[ |]~ |+ 2011 qT sb+~+#sT.

~ +~ n+X\ esT\qT #sT\qT |b~++~.
bs|d\T:`
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eT*yT q esT\T HeTe+>H #T#dTHjT #|e#T. nf bs|d\ s|\ q <syT q
$<|D[ #+ < d \ y> <s| \T> >+ sb+~+#< T . B e\ bs |d \
bs+X\T e]qy >, $wjT neT], nuk\ y$ < #T#dT <T . nf bsX \ $<
#+~q d \ <s n+# \\T < d \ due+, |\\ due+ e+{$ bs |d \ s|\ q
|P]> |]>Dq rdT<T . nf bs |d \T |eD\ |sT n~ de#s+ +& sTysTT.
>D+, $CqXd+ e+{ d\ | s>T\ n+X\T +~ s>T\ #ssTT. ~ eqd+ >
4

L& |\\ usyT+~. sw+ neT\T]q APPEP, DPEP e+{ se\e\ b<$ T
s>T\ bs|d\ =+es esT\T #T#dTH, ~ NCF-2005, RTE-2009, APSCF2011 |s+ eT]+ deT>+> es*q neds+ +~.
sh $< |D[ |]~ |+ `2011 M{ n~>$T+ nse+yTq bs|d\qT sb+~+#&
+~ |b<q\T #d+ ~.
uw, >D
+ , $CqXd+ , k+|T Xd+ e+{ d \ bs |d \T sb+~+#& d y>
<s|\T +&*.
bs |d \T |\*
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<V<|&*.
bs |d \T de#s+ sTy +&, |\
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|\T, keT, de duT \ |sd s |#s \T ]> bs |d \T neX+ *+#*.
bs |d \ uw ds + > es*. HsT & uw nes<+ > +&s<T. VQuw
|]>Dq rdTy* (Multilinguality).
bs |d \ bs+X\T *+> $e $es<T. |\\
$Xd+ |+#, +|C d,
eqe V\ | dV |+#$> +&*. +<Td+ #HH| D\T nq> |d+~+#&+
(Reflection), $eTsH+> +#&+ (Critical thinking), VQD +#&+ (Dialectical thinking), dCH+> +#&+
(Creative thinking), ue|ksH| D\T (Communication Skills) e+{$ |+b+~+#*.
k \
T, d+d , < sb\T, k n+X\T yTT<\>Tq$ bs+X\T> +&*.
j d \
s]+q $<|eD\T (Academic Standards), +q nudq |*\T
(Expected learning outcomes) k~+#& M\T> nuk\T +&*.
\T, bC |qT\T, nHwD\T, |j>\T, VQ$<q de<H\T e# |X\T (Open
ended questions), &\T, | yTT<\>T y{ s|+ +|Cd nuk\T +&*.
|\\T e>
+ > HsTH, T|q T bZH , |P]s > <s HsT H nuk\T +&*
(Individual, group, whole class activities).
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>V+#& M\T> bs|d\ bs+X\T eT]jTT nuk\T +&*.
5

bs |d \T +~ s>
T \ #+~q d keTs\ |qXsD neX+ *dH , s> keTs\T
k~+#& eT]jTT | s>T\ #+~q n+X\ nqTd+<+# +&*.

bs|d \T sDj
T +>, n+<+> +&*. HDyTq ||sT, eTT<D, \ L& +&*.
u<H u dq |jT \T (Teaching Learning Processes) :

{| &+ , ey j
T &+, |d \, > &T , |X \ u+\ n+X\qT msjT&+, < j++>
#<e &+ e+{ j+yT q $<H\ <T\T u<H u dq |jT \T |\\ T nse ++> HsT &
<V<|&*. +<Td+ APSCF 2011 +~ |b<q\T #d+ ~.
|sd
s |#s \T (Interactions), djTesD (Self Expression), |+#&+ (Questioning)
e+{$ u<H u dq |jT \ \+ y*.
|j
>\T, nHwD\T, \T, bC |qT\T, &\ T yTT<\>Tq$ u<H u dq |jT n+s>+
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|\\T HsT& |s|+#, bZH #j *. nedse T>T ke |j +#*. n+<TuT
+#*. nudq yesD *+#*.
|\\T e>+ >, {y], b<jTT\ <s, ke <s nu d+# u<Hudq |jT\
sVD +&*. |\\ nudq deTjT+ |P]> d~j>+ y*.
|\\+<sT eT +{ uw HsT& nqTyq @sT / yesD+ +&*. b<jTT\T
|\\ uwqT $j+#*.
u<H
u dq |jT \ sVD |\\ nqTuy \T, |PsCq+ <s+> bs+u+ y*.
k \T, < n+X\T, XeTJe\ nqTuy\qT u<Hudq |j T eqsT \T>
|j +#*.
eT+q+ ` |\T:`
|\* n+#H yjT & |{ es e\+ |\ |H <s|& T TH+. |\ T L& |\*
n+#HyjT & <T\T> |\* <w\T> #|&, qq >TsjT #jT &, &, +<qqT
|+#& &&TTHsTT. s+> | $< eedq T XddT H jT #| e#T. H|< + sh
$< |D[ |]~ |+`2011 +~ |b<q\qT #d+~.
eT+q+ eT]jTT |\T |\* e\+ n+#HyjT& |]$T+ +&, |\\T HsT&
<V<|& *. (Assessment for Learning)
RTE`2009 d+q $<+ > eT+H s+s+ deT>+> sV+#&+. (Continuous and
Comprehensive Evaluation - CCE)
6

|\\
qT n+#HyjT & e\+ |\ |]$T+ +& bC |qT\T, ndH y T +T, bsTb *j\T,
d$THsT, |<s q\T, nH& ={, |]o\q\T e+{y{ L& $j+#&+ . n+X\ d+es+
|\ >T us {sTT+#&+.
+<Td+ eT+H u<qudq |jT n+s>+ #jT&+.
|\ |X \ duy es&+. { |s |+# |X \T, bs |d de#s |]$TeTjT
|X \ kq+ |\\ T k++> + sjT&, eT nqTuy \qT e| s # & , VQ $<q
de<H\T se& (Open Ended Questions), J$+ nqsTT+#& (Application
Oriented) M\T> +|# d |X \T +&&+.
|\\ T eTT b+~q CH @yTs $j+#>\ s n+#HyjT & eT+q+ &&&+.
|\\T eTqT eTT djT eT+q+ #dTe&+, *<+&T\T L& eT |\\ |> djT+>
|+#T& M\T> bs<s, Vs+> eT+q $<H\qT neT\T |s&+.
usT | L& bsX\ sV+q s+s, deT> eT+q n+X\ q us
{sTT+#&+ .
usT |\ yT|\qT ]q|&T *<+&T\ n+<#jT&+. |qsY eT+q+ #jT&+.
dV bs n+Xq yK sT\T, $\Te\T, |, s>+, \T yTT<\>Ty{ L& eT+q+ #jT &+.
eek|syTq d+dsD\T (Systemic Reforms):

sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ 2011 qT neT\T|s#& |q *q n+X\ esT #sT\bT
+< *q eek|syTq d+dsD\qT L& |b~++~.
|]b\q eT]jTT bsX \ sVD $+BsD
d+ |+#sTTr sC d+d\ qT u>keTT\qT
#jT&+.
bsX \ esD |< Hb<jTT& nBq+ |#d ECE +<\qT @sT#jT&+. |\\
d+sD, s> u<\qT ICDS XK, $<u< \T $<XKysT d]+#&+.
RTE 2009 d+q $<+ > n bsX\ eT* edT\T, b<jTT\ jeT\T #|&+ .
nf |\\
*< + &T\ bsX \ jeq $T{\qT @ss, bsX \ sVD y] u>keTT\qT
#jT&+.
|D[, sVD, e]+>, <T \ $j>+ yTT<\>T n n+X\ $+BsD
$<H\q
neT\T|s &+.
b<jT $<bT, b<jT dV jT, dV s eed\
qT |+ #jT &+.
bsX \ $< #+~q $$< d+d\
T (School, School Complex, Mandal Resource Centre, DIET,
SCERT) eT]jTT e\
|rsT d\T (Performance Indicators) sb+~+ neT\Ts|& + <s
yT<q+ |+#&+ .
7

b<jT $< |D[ #{ sb+~+ neT\T|s&+, b<jT $< d+dsD\T #|&+ .
|\ eqe $\Te\T, q yKsT\qT |+b+~+#& s>
y> |\\ d+ | y#\qT
sb+~+#&+ .
bsX \ eT* edT \bT <T k+ |]CH n+<TuT e&+.
de+ dseTTU_e~ k~+#\+f de+ $<s+>+ d+|Ps n_e~ k~+#*.
+<T |H~ bsX \$<. bsX \ $<qT d+d]+, |\\ qT deC_e~ && e\ T>, VT<y T q
bsT\T> r]~<& nedsy T q H| D\T, $\Te\T, yK sT\T |+b+~+#& sh $<|D[ |]~
|+ 2011 ~XsX + #dT + ~. +<Td+ sb+~+q <s| \<s j du \ T eT]jTT n+X\
|b<q\T #XsT. M{ neT\T|s#& eek|s d+dsD\qT #|&sT. +<Td+ nesZ\
|\T, $<y\ T, b<jTd+| \T, b<jTT\T, d#+< d+| \T yTT<\>T y] qT+& d\V\T
d#q\T d]+ nedsyTq esT\T #sT\T #|&sT. <s sh+ $<s+>+ n_e~ k~+,
n>>$T> \|& |jT+ #<+.
s+< $<V #+ ` 2009

>TD n+X\T
H|<+ (Context)
us<X+ dT$X\yTq <X+ . {~ eT+~ |\Tq <X+ . $_q eT\T, \T, esZ\ _q+
@+ L&q <X+. wyTq d+d , d+|<j\ $s\Tq <X+. |&T nq> n
bNq\+H q\+<, \ e+{ ||+ # |d~ > +q $X $<\j\ ||+ # Cq _q T |{q
<X+ eTq~. nsTT <q +s \+ eTq <X+ $< |]d , |\ n_e~ $Xw d > yu y
sTTqT> >T]+#e#T. k++ e sT <Xu\ \+ <{H |{ 100% nsd n+<
<> H +~. k+q+s+ sC+> s\T <s< w <X u$wT $<s+>+|qH <s|&
+T+< $Xd+ |\\+<sT $<qT b+<\, < d\ b+<T|ssT. sy eTq <X+
nsd se\T $]$> sV+#&+ e\ ns d n_e~ >eT+#e#T. nsTTq|{ L&
bsX \ y*q & &T |\\ T #s& + , #]q ysT =qk>&+ , ys+<s
nse ++> HsT e&+,
HsT q< $j+#>\ &Z + , q+<+>, nse ++> HsT e& nqTyq bVsy T q , d#|P ]
yesD+ bsX\ =se&+~. <X $<qT |P] #dq |\\T @$T k~+#*? nH n+X+ |
dw =se&+~. $< ybsyT q y] s+>, y] eTs s+> $< \_dT+&&+
+<q >T]#dT q ~. n~ de#s+ sTy q bs |d \T, &, +<q\ >T]#d |
$<H\T, bsX \qT de+ qT+& ysT #d yK sT\T/ |rsT, |\\ < deC yT<q+
eV+# \D
+ =se&&+ e+{ n+X\T $< eedq T n|V d+ bd T q ~.
H|< + $< eed n|de , nXdj
T $<H\qT # dT+> $eT]d se\dq
esT#sT\ >T]+ b|dsY jTXb >sT 2003 d+es+ us+ $< nH y~qT us
|uT deT]+#sT. M{ <s+> mH.d..sY.{. CrjT $< |D[ #+`2005qT sb+~++~.
1986 d+es+ sy eTq <X+ #T#dTq eT+ se\T, y{ |*\T (OBB, APPEP,
DPEP, SSA yTT<\>T se\T) n~s|P s+> y~ s|+ CrjT $< |D[ #+`2005
<s ey T q$. nssV yT q { $<H\ dd| * nse++> HsT y\, HsTe&+ bs|d \
|]$T+ s<, |\\T eTT HsT n+X\T/ CH <q+~q J$+ $j+#\, de#s+,
Cq+ { e, CqeTH~ |\\ nqTuy \ <s+> #q, $Xw D
\ <s qeTeT+<,
& >T]#d |\ $<H\T d+d]+#&\ mH.d.m|t`2005 |s=q~. M{ ks+ #jT&
$<eed eT*yT q esT\T #sT \T #T#dT y\, de u>keT+ bsX \ $< n_e~
k~+#\ *|+~.
9

bs|d\T #H+>, |\\ nqTuy \ <s+> nse++> HsTe& |j>|&
+&\ d++~ . u<H u dq |jT \T |\\ u>ke |+# Cq sD &&
+&\ *|+~. mH.d.m|t`2005 d+q |\T n+X\bT de+ =+eT+~ |\\T u\
]\T> +&&+, y] |yX bsX\\ jTeT +<q\T n&+> \e&+ e+{ n+X\qT
|]>Dq rdT= b<$ T V> e]q $<qT |\\ +<s b+<& < + eTq <X+ 2009
>dT ed+ us bsy T +{ #{ |yX |{sT . #+ 26 >dT , 2009 us sh|# y<+
b+~+~. us |uT + #{ , s+< $< u\\ V #+ `2009 Right To Education
Act-2009 n |s= 27 >dT, 2009 sEq >{ <s $&T<\ #d+~. sY.{.`2009
sY.{.`2009 #+ @| 1, 2010H{ neT\T e+~. us<X #] #+ <X
|< qeT+ CqT< + q |Hd+ <s neT\T e+~. |< qeT+ q d+<X+ d
<X| u\\+<s n+f C, eT, \ nr+> & #] HDyTq $<qT b+<& #+
<s b<$T V *+#&+~. HDyTq $< <s u<jTTyTq eT+ bsT\T> m<>&
e*q Cq+, H|D\T, yKsT\T, $\Te\T HDyTq $< <s y] n+~+#&sTT.
|T + #]yT q ~. $<qT b<$ T V> |]>D+ #{\T #dq <X\ C_ eTq
<X+ L& #]+~. |<q+> #+ e\ &&T *q |\\T (9`14 d+\ ejTdT) HDyTq $<qT
b+< VqT d+b~+#THsT. HDyTq $<qT |\\ +<s b+<& nedsy T q bsX \\ @sT,
|uT\ u<\T, & u<\T, b<jTT\ u<\T, & +&*q jTe\T , beD\
>T]+ #+ dw+> |s=HsT. B+{ |<q+> s+&T sq n+X\T >eT+#e#T. yTT<{~
|]eDyTq , |]b\H|syTq, neT\T #+~q n+X\T. s+&e~ HDyTq $< d++~+q
ne>Vq, $< |D[\ d++~+q n+X\T. #+ neT\T s>&+ n+f +<T nedsyTq n
n+X\T #sD se&+ n ns+. nq> |\\+<s & #s&+, ys+<s =qk HDyTq
$<qT b+<& nedsyTq #s\T m|{|&T #|&+ <s |*\T k~+#* +T+~.
#+ n<j\T, y{ $es\T (Section in the Act and its details)

sY.{..`2009 #+ n<j\T, dqT >T]+ \TdT+<+.
#+ 7 n<j\T, 38 dqT, w& +~.
bs+u+ #{ bsy T +{ m|&T |yX |{sT , sh|# y<+ b+~q ~, neT\T
|]~ $es\T HsTT.
n<jT+1 #+ |sT, |]~, neT\T, $$< |<\ d++~+q ns\T, s#H\T HsTT.
<VsD &, |\\T, b<$T $<, m+| $<q+ e+{ |<C\ $esD\T HsTT.
$es\qT 1 qT+& 3 dq <s *bsT.
10

n<jT+2 $< u\\ V, & |yX+, ~ <TMsD |+ yTT<\>T n+X\
>T]+ 4, 5 dq <s *bsT.
n<jT+3 +< |uT+, sh |uT+, k |uT +, *<+&T\ u<\ >T]+, |Ps
b<$ T $< +<\ @sT >T]+q $es\T 6 qT+& 11 dq <s *bsT.
n<jT+4 &T\T, b<jTT\ u< \ d++~+q $es\qT dH 12 qT+& 28 es
b+<T|ssT. |< q+> |\\ qT & #]q|&T m+| $<H >T]#jT s<, m+{
|fw H sTdTeTT ed\T #jT s< *bsT. m+{ <T MsD
|\T H |\\ qT &
#sT y\, s> |\\ qT eT =qk+#&+ < bsX\ qT+& =\+#&+ #jTs<,
|\\ qT Xs+> >, eqd+ > > y~+ #&+, +#&+ #jT s< e+{ n+X\ >T]+
dw+ > |s=HsT. qT @sT #jT &+, n$ b{+#*q beD\T, jTe\ >T]+,
b<jTT\ jeT+, y] $<T\T, u<\T yTT<\>T n+X\ >T]+ L& $e]+#sT.
n<jT+5 HDyTq $< d++~+q $< |D[\T, bs |D[\T, eT+q $<H\T
yTT<\>T y{ >T]+ d$es+> dH 29, 30\ <s *bsT. M{ |< q+> $< |D[\qT
sb+~+#|&T , eT+q $<H\qT s]+#|&T |\\ deT> n_e~, sC+> $\Te\qT
| d]> <w |Ty\ #+ |s=HsT. M{bT u<H u dq |jT \T, eT+q
$<H\T, u<q e<eT+, nudq yesD+ e+{ n+X\ >T]+ L& *bsT.
n<jT+6 u\\ V\ d+sD, |syD, |s<T\ |]cs+, CrjT ksTT, sh ksTT
d\V d+|\ @sT >T]+ dH 31 qT+& 34\ <s $e]+#sT.
n<jT+7 #+ neT\T >T]+ <X\T C#d n~s\T, bdL wH, #|{ *q #s \T,
jTeT +<q\T sb+~+#&+ >T]+q $es\qT dH 35 qT+& 38\ <s $e]+#sT.
#+ es nqT+<+ |s=q w& & d++~+q beD\T, jTe\ >T]+
dH 19, 25\qT <w |T= $es\qT b+<T|ssT. M{ |\\ d+KqT { +&*q
b<jTT\ d+K, bsX\ ueq+, ><T\T, ed ks\T, keT, $< d+es+ bsX\
|~H\T, u<H >+\ d+K, b<jTT\T ys |#j *q |>+\ d+K yTT<\>T
y{ $es\qT #ssT.
RTE-2009 `
>TD n+X\T ` #|{q #s\T
RTE-2009 #+
|\\+<s HDyTq $<qT b+<& <+q~. &&T |\\+<s #]
bsX\$<qT m+{ n+s+ @s&+& |P]#j*. eT+ y | s> d++~+q

j du $<|eD\qT k~+#*. nq> du \T s]+q keTs\qT k~+#* +T+~.
+<T d++~+q #+ = |yTq dqqT, y{ >T]+ #|{q #s\qT \TdT+<+.
11

dH (4) :
RTE-200 #+ dH |s+ &&T
|\\T y] ejTdT >Z s> #]
HDyTq $< b+< V * HsT.

&&T |\\T y] ejTdT>Z s> #s eT+ = d+<s\ s> =qk>&
nedsyTq d keTs\qT * +&be#T. nsTTq|{ y $T> |\\uT s>
=qk HDyTq $<qT b+< V #+ <s b+~ HsT. Be\ d keTs\qT |\\ +<s *Z
Hs s]+#Te&+ b<jTT\ u< > e]+~ b<jTT\T | d]> |\\ +<] j
s>T\ d++~+q d keTs\T k~+# D sH s> #+~q bs+X\ <s
s]+q keTs\qT k~+# #&*.
+<Td+ eTq sh+ |\\ +<]# | D
e&+ d+ sh $< |]X<q D
d+d du \
y> nud |d \qT sb+~++~. nf qq bs |d \qT sb+~+#|&T j s> T \
nedsyTq d keTs\qT <w +#T= nuk\qT #ssT.
n<jT+`5 dH 29 (1), (2) n<j\T, bs|D[, eT+q $<H\ < +q$.
M{ n+X\qT |]o*<+.
a)
sC+>+ b+<T|]q $\Te\ nqT>TD+> +&*.

b) u\\ ds yTU_e~ s>*.
c) u\\ Cq+, keTs\T, H|
D\qT |+b+~+#*.
d) u\\ |P] keTs+yTs Xs, eqd X\ n_e~ #+<*.
e) |\\
qT +<+> #dT= y] nqTyq $<H se\T, |]X<q , qT>=qT yTT<\>T
X+B $<H\T, <s |<T HsTy*.
f) #sD
\T k< yTq + es u<H e< eT+ u\\ euw> +T+~.
g) ujT+, +<q e+{ y{ qT+ u\\qT $eTT+
#d ysT eT uy\qT d#>
e ] +#&+ dV jT|&*.
h) CH u\\ ns+ #dT q $<q+, < nqsTT+# keTs\| s+s deT> eT+q+
s>*.
30 (1) m*yT+ $< |PsjTes u\\T mTe+{ usT | VsTs<T. 30(2) m*yT+
$< |P]#d q y] < MsD
|+ C#j *.
|q *q n+X\ $$< $wj\ >T]+ #]<+.
sY.{.`2009 ` u\\ n_e~ (RTE-2009
- Child Development)
n_e~ #+<&+ nH~ |\\ V. u\\ V J$+# V, d+s+ #& V, u>keT|

V, n_e~ #+< V nH |< qyTq V\T HsTT. ||+ #+ u\\+<] $ e]ksTT. u\\+<s
n_e~ #+<& j <X\T n+srjT y~\| q #s \T #|& eT L& #bsTT.

12

|\\ +<s J$+#& nedsy T q bwVs+, >TsT, s>sy T q , |]Xuy T q |]ds\T/
yesD+ * +&&+ . u <, |eT|PsyT q d# yesD+ * +&&+ , |\\ n_e~ &&
bs, dV bs se\+{ bZq&+ e+{$ |\\ V\T. e deT+> ]q|& |\\ +<s
n_e~ k~+#>\TZsT. u\\ V H\T>T L& < +={ |u$+ #dT+~. n+<T u\\
ds eTTU_e~ u\\ V\ D+ ns+ #dT y*q nedse TT+~.
u\\+<s ds eTTU_e~ k~+#&+ nH~ eTq <X+ s+< $<V #+ `2009
<s # <y T + ~. sY.{..`2009 dH (29) du dH (2) u\\+<s
$< <s ds eTTU_e~
k~+# $< |D[\T, bs |D[\T, bs |d \T, eT+q $<H\T +&\ |s=q~.
u\\ ds eTTU_e~ d+ $< $wjT nB d+d (Academic Authority) +~ n+X\|
<w |{ $< |D[\T, bs |D[\T, eT+q $<H\T +&\ RTE-2009 d++~. n$:
- sC+>+ b+<T|]q $\Te\T
<: deq+, d#, ku+, keTy<+, y<+, |CkeT+ yTT$.
- u\\ ds eTTU_e~
- u\\ Cq+, keTs\T, H| D\T, yKsT\T.
- u\\ |P] keTs+ yTs Xs, eqd X\ n_e~.
bsX \ nH~ u\\ deT> m<T>T<\ @sT #dq +<+. |\ @< keTs n_e~|s &+
<s > < = $wj \ |]$TyT y{ k~+#&+ e\ > $< jTT \ + Hsy s < T . u\\
c\T, d \ T y] n_e~|]# s+>\qT >T]+, y{ bZH #jT &+, n+<T nedsy T q
sb\qT bsX \ sV+q|& u\\ ds eTTU_e~ sT>TT+~.
u\+ |\\ m<T>T<\ && <X. deTjT+ |\\ u V]+#$<+ > bsX\
yesD+, |rsT +f, ~ |\\ | re |u y #| u\\ n_e~ s~dT + ~. n+<T u\\
ds eTTU_e~ s>& nedsy Tq n s+> se\T sV+#&*. +<Td+ +~ s+>\|
<w |{*.
u\\ ds eTTU_e~ s+>\T
` Xs n_e~, yT<|sy T q n_e~
` k+|T n_e~
` <> n_e~
` H $\Te\ n_e~
` k+<s dV
13

u\\ dseTTU_e~ ` |dT |]d (All Round Development of Children - Existing
Situtation)
`
-
`
`
`
$< jTT |ses+ |\T, esT\T, s+\T> e]+~.

C| X |+ #& |]$TyT q |\ $<H\T.
e\+ bs $wj \T n+f uw\T, >D + , keq, k+|T Xk\ b<q.
|\\ n_e~ && $\Te\T, n_sT#T\T, \T, | e+{ n+X\T bsX\ qTeTsT>q$.
*< + &T\ <w L& \T, b\T, <\ T, yjeT+, |#jT &+ e+{$ #<T e u>+
<, M{ e\ eT |\\ #<T e\T <+{jT u$+#&+ .
q+<+> &TH kjT+\+ (|\\ deTjT+), +{| (home work)H, |\ d+ #<e &,
wq , d& d+s y& |]$TyT+ ~.
|\\ T *<+&T\ ] yTs #<e&+.
T b<jTT\T, nT *< + &T\T.... n+<s L& |\\ eTqdT+T+<, y]
#q\T, d \ T +{jT eT], eTwy T q / q n+X\qT \e+q sT<TT HsT. |\\qT
jT+\T> esTdTH sT.
M{ &T |eD\ |sT sTy q #<T e\T n+f (IIT) +>\ |sT | s> T #<y *q
y{ nsy T H , H \e+q +~ s> T H #<e&+.
<jT + +~ yTT<\T s |&T H es |d \ #T, y{ n+X\qT yT< e&
deTj ydTH sT.
M{ |u e+ e\ |\ s> deTd\T, |esH deTd\T qeTTHsTT. &, +<q >Ts
qq eTTbe&+, d + >, d +> +&&+ . d+~+# >TD+ e&+ sT>TTq~.
M{ <w |T= eTq sh+ APSCF-2011qT sb+~+ eTq sh << sdTH+.
u\\ Cq+, keTs\T, H|D\T, $\Te\T, yKsT\T, d+|P]> |+b+~+#&+

(Development of children knowledge, abilities, skills, values and attitudes to the
fullest extent)
u\\ Xs, eqd, k+|T, H, yT<|s, uy<>, k+<s dV e+{ n+X\

n_e~ u\\ dseTTU_e~ nqe#TqT. u\\T d> nud+#&+, ujTsV yesD+
u>keTT\e&+ <s u\\ ds eTTU_e~ k<eTeT+~. u\\qT u$ eT bsT\T> sb+~+
e T Jeq $<H &&< $<. u\\ Xs, eqd n_e~ &&TqT> bsX \ se\T
+&*. u\\ n+sZ X\qT, keTs\qT y*rd $<+> u<Hudq |jT\T sV+#*.
14

1. u\\ dseTTU_e~ :
|\\ +<s Xs, eqd, k+|T, H, <> s+>\ n_e~#+~q|& dseTTU_e~
k~+qT. +<Td+ |\\ T bs $wj \bT dV bs $wj \qT L& nud+#* +T+~. eTq
sh+ RTE-2009 #+ neT\T eq+<Tq dV bs $wj \qT L& bs $wj \ deq +>
nu d+# #jT& #s\T #|{sT. +<Td+ +~ $wj\qT |\\T nu d+#* +T+~. n$ :
q ksTT
b<$ T ksTT
|<eT uw (e uw)
|<eT uw (e uw)
~rjT uw (V+B / \T>T / s)
~rjT uw (+>+
)
rjT uw (+>+ )
>D+
>D+
|]ds\ $Cq+
$Cq Xg+
yjeT, s>$<
k+|T Xg+
$\Te\T, Jeq H|
D\T
yjeT ss >$<
|, +|PsY $<
$\Te\T ` JeqH|
D\T
\T, k+d $<
|, +|PsY $<
\T, k+d $<
bsX \ nH~ u\\ deT> m<T>T<\ @sT #dq +<+. |\ @< keTs n_e~|s # &+
<s> < = $wj \ |]$TyT y{ k~+#&+ e\> $< jTT \+ Hsys < T . u\\ c\T,
d\T y] n_e~|] # s+>\qT >T]+, y{ bZH #jT&+, n+<T nedsy Tq sb\qT
bsX \ sV+q|& u\\ ds eTTU_e~ sT>TT+~. +<TqT>TD+> bs |d \T, bs |D[\T
sb+~+#sT.
u\\ Cq+ (Knowledge):

~ de#s + <T. |d \ < > & T \~ C| + +#T= ] n|C| &+ <T.
|d \ |X \qT, yT\qT > & T / d& y T {sTT e+{$ #d sjT&+ <T. CqeT+f > qTuy \
<s+> eT #q\ qT+& <$ +#~. ~ ne>Vq e#T. $ e#T < e#T,
drsD e#T. Cq+ nH~ n du \ +&<T . j du duy { +T+~. {
uw <\ T sjT&+, nqTuy \T sjT&+, H<\T sjT&+, $\T, > j\T e+{ eeVs sb
+f >D + d\T, d++<\T s|D\T e+{ s|+ +T+~. dq T ueq\T, ne>Vq,
d<+\T, k<sD\ e+{ sb +T+~. k+|T+ eqe eT< d++<\T, eqe JeH
|u $+ #d n+X\qT >T]+#&+ , $\Te\ $se+, #{\T, ke TuT , e+{ sb
+T+~. { Cq sD+ ]H HsTe&+ ]+< u$+#*. $e]+#&+ , #~$+#&+ , #d
sjTeTq&+ e yjT &+ e+{ nssV $<H\ <s Cq sD+ sT><T . +<Td+ \T,
15

bC \ T, nHwD\T, qT>=q&+ e+{ X +B $<H\ <s u<H u dq |jT qT nse ++>
sV+#*.
CqeTH~ de#s+ b+<&+ <T. Cq+ #q\, nqTu T\ d+>eT+, {|
& + , |qXsD
#dT e&+ <s |\y &T b+< de#s eTq+ Cq+ n sT # u$ksT . CqeT+f ~ <T.
CqeTH~ $<] e&~ <T. ~ nqTue + <s djT+> ]+#TH~. |\\T djT+> |
#TsTq b bw+ eT+ eTT #d, #d CH b+<*. u\\T $wj <sTT+| #d
C| + #dq $wj \qT |X \ <s q<TqT> ] #| +#&+ Cq+ <T. B <s |\y
$<e+T #jT&+> u$+#eTT. HsTH $<q+, |<T\T ueq\| de#s d]+, $Xw+,
k<sD ] +# +&*. bsX \ $<+ > |s |+#*, bV+#*. CqeTH~ jT$T \+
|P]> e>*> ~ <T. eqeyT< u+&>s <sTT+| #d~ eyT $< <T. $<] |]o\q,
nqTu T\, #q\ <s Cq sD+ #dT+{&T.
Cq+ $$< T\ +T+~:
1. $wjT d++< |]Cq+ (factural knowledge) C\T, s#H\T, de#s+, |<C \+.
2. ueq\|sy T q Cq+ (conceptural knowledge) $$< ueq\T, ueq\ de#s+
3. |< d++~ Cq+ (procedural knowledge) - s, |< T \T, $$< |< T\T, Cq sD+
#dT e&+.
4. Meta cognition - djT ne>Vq, eTq+ @$T{ m HsT+THeTT nH <| ne>Vq.
u+$TH yT eTVXjTT |s+ @<H ueq| Cq+ +<+f < b\&+, ] q
<q+~q uw < #|>\&Z +, ueT ^jT&+, u>\T >T]+#&+ , <| ne>Vqe
sjT&+, |]o*+ qy<T #jT &+, $esD e&+, ] #|&+ yTT<q $ #jT >\>*. HsT =H
< |j +#>\ >*.
Cq+ q<+f $ #jT>\>*.
` ne>Vq (understanding)
` $j>+ (application)
` $Xw D (analyses)
` d+Xw D (synthesis)
` eT+q+ (evaluvation)
` d+#&+ (creation)
u\\ keTs\T (Competencies/ abilities):
keTs n+f #jT >\>&+ n ns+ . deTs *e+&&+ n ns+ . e{&& + n+<] edT+ ~.
de#s sT\qT n& \TdTe&+ deTs. nf sjT&+ n+<] edT+<. q neds+
d+ <sU dT sjT>\>&+ deTs . D+ eTq+ keTs\qT ns+ #dTy*. n+f H| D+ #+~q
CH keTs+> u$+#*.keTs\T k<sD+> du duy { +{sTT. $ eqdyTq$.
16

#q\T L& +{sTT. bsX \ $< <s |\\ T $$< du \ qT HsT +{sT. M{ <s j
du \ |\\ T @$T k~+#*? @yT+ #jT >\>*? nH~ eTTK+. n+<T | du s> y>
j du \ duy { k~+#*q keTs\qT s]+#sT.
$CqXd+ |\\ T k~+#*q keTs\qT |]o*<+.
$<|eD\T
. d+ .
$<|eD\T
1.
$wj e>Vq
2.
| +# & + , | ] \ q
#jT &+
3.
|j >\T, |] o\q\T
4.
de#s dsD H| D\T,

bC |qT\T
5.
ueT\T
^j T & + ,
qeTH\T j sT#jT &+
<s ue|ks+
n_q+~+#&+ ,
k+<s dV
* +&+, $\Te\T
b{+#&+
6.
7.
J$ $j> +,
Jey$ < + | kqTu
* +&+
$esD
bs +X\ u eq\qT ns s # d T = k+ + >
$e]+#>\>*. <VsD*e&+, b*\T u<\T #|&+,
sD\T $e]+#&+ <s $<H\qT $XB]+#>\ >*.
eqd \qT @ss#T >\>*.
$wj ns + #dT e&, d+<V \qT rsTe&,
#]+#& |\\ T |+#>\ >*. eT |]o\q\ |* \T
m +{j |]\q #jT>*>*. }V+#>\>*.
ueq\qT ns+ #dT e& bs |d + d+q/ k+
|j >\T #jT>\>*. |]s\qT neTs>\>*.
|]o\q\ bZ y~\T j sT #jT >\>*.
bs |d + $_q ueq\qT ns+ #dT e& nedsy Tq
deT#s d ]+ (+s , +sYH { .....<s)
$Xw +#>* > H| D+ * +&*. bC |qT\T
sV+#>\ >*.
qT HsT q $CqXd ueq\ d++~+q \qT
^jT&+ <s, qeTH\T jsT #jT&+, >|t\T ^jT&+
<s q ne>VqqT e+ #jT >\>*.
$CqXk HsTe&+ <s |, eqeXeTqT
>s$+#&+ , n_q+~+#&+ bT k+<s dV *
+&*. sC+> $\Te\qT b{+#>\>*.
HsTq $CqXd $wj\qT <q +~q J$+ m<TsjT
deTd\ |]cs deTse ++> $j +#T>\>*.
Jey$< b<qqT >T]+#>\>*. < b&{
w#j
*.
17

{ M{ |\\+<s k~+# #&&+ eTq u<. +<TqT>TD+>H qq bs|d \T
=H*. M{ dsq $j+#*. nq> bs\ eT< , bs\ +< q keTs<] nuk\qT
|\\ T k++> sd #&*. > & T e+{ y{ #d sjT& w~+#*. #d y] keTs_e~
sT><T . +#&+ , #d #&&+ , n<jTq+ #jT &+, bZq&+, k++> sjT&+ <s keTs\qT
|\\ T b+<TsT. +<Td+ b<jTT\T y] |D[qT, bs |D[qT sb+~+#T= q
d+d< u<H u dq |jT \T sV+#*.
|\\ T mH n+sZ X \ T, keTs\T * +{sT. $< jTT eTTK XjT + u\ +&
dVyTq X\qT n_e~ |s#&yT (capabilities or innate abilities)
u\\ n+sZ X \ T, keTs\T:
n+sZ X \ T | u\T/ u* +{sTT. $ =] $<+ > n_e~ #+~e+&*.
M{ |P]ksTT n_e~ #d eT+ X\T, H|D\T >\ e\qT jsT #jT&yT bsX\ |eTTK
se +.
` +#&+
` |]o*+#&+, b\&+, d]+#&+
` }V+#&+
` u<\T b*\T >T]+#&+, #|&+
` eZ]+#&+, +#&+
` n+#H yjT &+
` sD s\T, dr]+#&+
` |+#&+ , |]\q\T #jT&+
` sD\T #|&+
` jTe\T @ss#& + , k<sD ]+#&+
` $Xw + #&+
` d+Xw + #&+
` #jT&+/d+#&+
` &&+, b&+, n_qjTq+
` dH+> e] +#&+
` deTk |]cs\T d+#&+
` ssD
se&+
` |]s\qT |j +#&+
` eqd \T @ss#T e&+
` ueT\T, |{\T ^jT&+
| X \ T b+ =+ n_e~ #+~ |\\ +<] +{sTT. y{ |P]> e~|s # & +, |\\ |P]
18

keTs+ yTs | X\qT (capabilities) qT e~ |s#&+ bsX\\T, b<jTT\T #j*+~
b<jTT\T eT du u>+>H M{ |+|<\, n_e~ q se\T |D[# k~+#*.
H| D\T (Skills):
|dT b{ ||+ #+ qq dyqT deTse ++> m<Ts=qT |\\T |<] +#*q keTs
H| D\T. H| D\T du <s+> e#T n du n+sZ +> +&$ e#T.
H| D\T eTTK+> s\T> +{sTT.
1. #H H| D\T (Thinking skills)
2. ke H| D\T (Social skills)
3. ue|ks H| D\T (Communicative skills)
4. djT+ sVD H| D\T (Self management skills)
5. |]X<q H| D\T (Reserch skills)
#H H| D\T:
k<sD+> eTq uw ucH|D\T, $CqXd+ |j H|D\T eZsD, b\&+,
|j>\T, ue |ks H|D\T, |]\q\T, nHwD\T ssD yTT<\>Ty{ >T]+ =+ ne>Vq
+~. H| D\T nH$ eqd| s y T q $. nq> #DyT q $. +# $<+ y$ < qT |<] +#
H|D+ *Z +&&+ . M{H #q H| D\T (thinking skills) n+{sT. $ |< q+> H\T>T s\T.
1. |d+~+#&+ (Reflection)
2. VT<+ > +#&+ (Analytical thinking) n+f ydy \T >T]+ sD\T #| >\>&+ .
3. VQD + $Xw + #&+ n+f @ $wjT + >T]+#H $_q D #| >\>&+ , deT]d
e{&& +, <H $u~ d e{&& + @<H | ` n+f |CkeT+ m\ >T]+ |j
H\qT
#| >\>&+ nf |]$TT\qT L& #| >\>&+ .
4. dH #q\T (Creative Thinking): n+f qq |b<q #jT >\&Z + ,=$ dw+#&+,
q sj
|{+#&+ n+f H kq+ +f @+ #k&T? n ds +>/ $Xd+
#|>\>&+ .
5. $eTsH #q\T (Critical Thinking): m+<T? @$T{? |+#&+ <s +|Cj
T &+.
HsTe&+ nH~ +#&+ <sH sT>TT+~. nudq+ s>\+f $<sT\qT ueq\|,
deTd\| +| #j*. +#&+, #jT&+, nqTuy\ <s Cq sD+ sT>TT+~.
CH b+<& +#*. #+&+ <sH ne>Vq, $j>+, $Xw D
, d+XwD
,
eT+q+ nH nTq H|D\ k<q sT>TT+~.
ke H|D\T (Social Skills):
`sT\qT >s$+#&+
ù< \T d]+#&+
19

`sT\ *d | #jT&+, |+#Te&+
`de+ deTV+ q u< qT s]+#&+
`djT $Xd+, qeT+ +&+
` T+ Jeq+, T+ d++<\| +
ue |ds D H| D\T (Communicative Skills):
` u> $q+
` + e{&
+
` #<e +
` #~$+~ ne>Vq #dT = |d+~+#&+
` djT s#q : #~$+~, $q<| ne>Vq yU+#&+
` Ve uy\ <s ueH |ds D
H| D\T, ue e s D
djT sVD H| D\T (Self management Skills):

` eqd #\H H|D\T (, #T\T, y $$< |qT\T #jT+)
` deTjT b\q sVD (Time management)
` s>yTq Jeq $<H\T (Healthy life style)
` +q |\\ |esq
|]X<H H| D\T/de#s H| D\T:
|]X~+#&+ <s \TdTe+, $$< H|D\T k~+#&+ n$
` |+#&+
` |X \ <s+> |]o\q\T #jT &+
` |D[ eT]jTT de#s dsD
` d]+q de#s qy<T $XwD
` qT>=q $wj \T ]bsT s|+ sjT+, |<] +#&+
| bsX \ q d\dt eT]jTT $$< n+s ]\+ se\ <s | H| D\qT |\\ +<]
n_e~ |s#*.
4. yK sT\T (Attitudes/ dispositions):
e\ T eT | eT]jTT de+| |<] +#, VsZ |]# n eTTKyTq eqe $\Te\T,
qeT\T, nqTu T\qT yKsT\T n+{+.
e\ T |<] +# eTTKyTq yK sT\T:
` u< rdTe&+
` *d |#jT&+ (Cooperation)
` dH (Creativity)
` V+, T (Curiosity)
20

`
`
`
`
`
`
`
<qTu (Empathy)
dV q+, zsT
>se+ #|&+
d+
eT, |eT +
bV+#&+, |X+ d+#&+
CsTT, XeT $\Tee+
$< nH~ CrjT n_e~, k+|T n_e~ k~+#~. u\\ n+sZ X\qT >T]+
Xs, eqd , uy<>, <, $\Te\T, jTe\qT n_e~ #jT TqT> bsX \ #jT &+
<s u\\ dseTTU_e~ k<eTeT+~.
u\\ dseTTU_e~ ` n_e~ s+>\T

(All round development of children - Developmental areas)
u\\ |P] keTs+ yTs Xs, eqd X\qT n_e~ #jT&+.

u\\T dseTTU_e~ #+<\+f bsX\ ksTT +~ s+>\| <w|{*.
1. Xs n_e~
2. eqd_e~/ yT<|sy T q n_e~
3. k+|T _e~
4. <>_e~
5. H, $\Te\T o\sD+
6. k+<s dV, |X+d
u\\ dseTTU_e~ Xs, ke, eqd, yT<|s, H, $\Te\T, k+<s
dV $$< s+>\T $T& HsTT. M{ $k bsX \\T +<_+<Te\T y*. M{ L&q
bs |D[ bsX \ neT\Ty*.
nudq+ n+f? (What is Learning?)

# eT+~ nu dq+ n+f |d + de#s |Hd|< <s |\\ n+~+#&+,
|X \ <s n+~+q de#s s& +>H u$ksT . Be\ # bsX \ b<jTT&T
e\+ #| &+, $<] $ ns+ #dT = >TsT |Te&+ sT>TTq~. yde +> nu dqeT+f de#s+
ne>Vq #dT = nqTue + <s Cq+> esTe&+. nedsy T q |&T, d+<s+> CH
$j+#>\ >*. yTs ds q nu dH nqTuy \T b+ CH ]+#T>\sT. |\\ de#s n+<TuT + y] |PsCq+,
21

|PsqTuy\ CH ]+#TH+<T b<jTT\T d+<qs\T> k\us\T> (|d*fsY)
+&*.
k+|<jT+> u$dTqT b<jTT\T Cq<\T sT, |\\ T Cq>V \T sT. Cq s\T.
n+ b<jTT d#q |s+ q&T#T=H eTseTqw\T sT.
| n+X\qT |]o*d de#s |PsqTuy \ d+<q+ #dT = keTs\ |<T qT |T=
d+<sqTks+ $j+# X |+b+~+#Te&yT nudq+ n #|e#T.
nu dq due+, |\\T b HsT +{sT?

(Nature of learning - How children learn)
` |\\ T e\+ $q&+ #<e&+ <sH +& nH s |< T\ <s L& HsT=+{sT.
nq> nqTuy \T (Experience), |qT\T, \T #jT&+ <s (learning by doing) |j >\T
#jT &+ (experimentation), #s \T (discussion), n&>& + / |+#&+ , +#&+ , |d+~+#&+ ,
+ d++> sjT&+, (asking / questioning, listening,thinking, reflecting and expressing,
one self) yTT<\>T y{ <s HsT=+{sT.
` V+> HsTe&+ nH~ |\\ +<] ku$+>H +T+~. n+<sT |\\ T HsT>\sT.
HsT=H keTs+ |\\+<] q~. HsTe&+ nH~ bsX\H >+& jT yesD+
L& sT>TT+~. nu dH yTsT>T|s# \+f | d]> s> >~ nu dH & jT \,
nqTuy \ nqTd+<q+ #j * . #jT &+ <s |]o\q <s, +#&+ <s u>T>
HsT +{sT.
` ns >V +#&+ , ne>Vq #dT e&+, ]+> +#&+ , deTd\ k<q, nHw+#&+ ,
qT>=q&+, #s\T yTT<\>T y{ <s nudq+ u> sT>TT+~.
` |\\ T eqd+>, Xs+ >, yT<|s+ > d+d<T\T eTT+< & |+| nudq+ sT><T .
Te+{ |]d T |\\ T bs\qT { |{ n| #Ts, de#s ne>Vq #dTsT,
J$ nqsTT+#TsT . L& Hs n+X+ | |\\ b<$ T ne>Vq < q
keTs\T H L& |\\ HsT =H $wjT + | nsTTw @s&TT+~. du q T wy T q ~>
u$ksT. { | d]> yT<|s+ > d+d<T\qT #jT&+ eTq u<.
` nu dq+ u> s>\+f q |X\ <s |\\ qT +| #j *. \T, deTd\T, bC \T
<| |\\qT e{&+ #*. #d+~, HsT=q~ ]bsT\ s|+ sjTeTH*. s> >~
|<] + #s |eTH*. #d |\\ T d+w+>, u>T> HsT =+{sT. Te+{ |qT\
y$<+, dy\T (challenge) +T+~. $dT>T<\ +&<T. |qT\T #jT &+ <s HsT +THsT.
eq @> +T+~. |\\ T w+ > #jT &+ e\ y{, V+> bZ+{sT. HsT e&+
dT\u+ > *jT+&H sT>TT+~. |qT eT>+ nesT { n\] #jT &+ yTT<\>T
eTD deTd\T q+ e.
22

` nu dq+ nH~ |]ds\ |\\T |sd s |d+<H\ <s, |]o\q\ <s, de+ $$<
e\ ]| |sd s #s\ <s sT>TT+~.
` |\\ T eTq |Ps Cq+ <s = Cq+ b+<& |jT ksT. Cq sD+ nH~ |\\ T
k++> |]ds\, e\ |sd s #s , |d+<q\ (interactive) <s sT>TT+~. |\\ +<]
|Ps Cq+ ysT ysT > +T+~. { = n+X\ | n+X\ ne>Vq #dT e&+ L& ysT >
+T+~. { |\\ T eT nu dq+ +&sT . |\\ Cq sD, q nqTuy \T,
\T, #s \ <s +|Cj
T &+ nH$ #j *.
` HsT e& eTTKyTq~ s> >~ yesD+, nq> ujT sV yesD+. |\\ u <, |eT
bjT #| +#&+ , b<jTT&T |\\ *dbsTT ysT HsT HT #jT &+, e> + >
#| &+, *jT $wj \T n&>e T |\\ T |+#& bV+#*. s> >~ |]Xu+ >
+&*. q\\, #sT\ T |j + u~+#*. bs d++~+ $$< ueq\ ne>Vq,
= |X \T q\\ | sd, |X \| #]+|Cj
*. #s ]|q n+X\ b\Ty*. |\\ qT
bs+ #~$+, #s\T #sTT+#*. eTTKyTq y{ q\ \| sj*. Be\ |\\T |X\
>T]+ ksT. yT yT\T k++> #TsT. sT \T #|q < $+{sT. s>
>~ HsT e&+ sT>TT+~. BH (interactive learning) #s \T, |d+<q\ <s HsT e&+
n+{sT. eT+ ke yesD + s> >~ @s&TT+~. |\\T eT n_bj\qT
d#> e]+# neX+ +{ $<H\ <s \_dT+~. n+<sT |\\ T #TsT> +{sT.
#s bZ+{sT. > \T, |j>\T, |]o\q\T L& #sTT+#&+ <s nudH
Vu]+ #d |\\ +<s eT>+ njTT #jT#T.
` HsT=H|&T |\T s>&+ #T#dT+T+~. |\\ | \qT m #|&+ , +~+#&+ ,
sT b\&+ +#|s # & + e+{$ #jT L&<T . |\\ T #dq y{ @yT+ #Xs >T]+#*.
n_q+~+#*. ysT #dq |\qT |\ d]~<TH s> #s sV+#*. dsq ~ @<
b<jTT&T $e]+, |\* eTT sdq y{ d]b\TeT nH*. (competition) B e\ |\\ T
HsT =H |jT eTd+ bZ+{sT. n< |> | \T y~ 'X' \T |{ m#|q+ eq,
| m+<T ]+< >T]+#&T. | \T bjTq ujT +/ qq ue+ e{&{,
*jTCjT &, |<] +#& eTT+<T ssT. Be\ nu dq+ +T|&T T+~.s>< T .
u>keT nu dq+ (Collaborative learning)
HsT e&+ nH~ ke |jT , sT \ e{&T , sT\T e{&~ $+Tq|&T,
#s bZ+Tq|&T, { y] *d |#jT&+ <s n|jT+>H nH $wj \qT >VdT+ {sT.
~ d+<s+> L& +T+~. k<sD+> |<\ >, *< +&T\ < b<jTT\T eTT
#| &+ e n $wj \qT |\\ T HsT +THs u$dT+ {sT. = |\\ eTq+ @$T $wj \T
#b*? e\+ $ eyT |\\ \Tk? $T>$ |\\ m \TdT? n d |\\ T HsT =H
$<q+ u<| & T T+~. |\\ T eT { y] * &&+ , b&&+ , eTT#{+#&+ , #]+#&+ , y~+#&+ , *
23

|#jT &+e+{$ sb\ <s me> HsT =+{sT. $wj \T eT { y] #]+#&+ e\ y]
Cq+ $dy T T+~. sT\ *d HsT=H |< T |qT\ <s *+#e#T. ~ u>keT
nu dH &&TT+~.BH bZq&+ <s HsT &+ nqe#T.
|\\ T m HsT =+{sT?
#q nu dH eT\+. eqd Xdy \ T, $<y\ |]X<q \ |s+ |\\ HsT >*q
X n+sZ+> +T+~. ~ |TH d+$TdT+~. |\\T k<sD+> |]ds\ <s edTe\
|sd s |#s\T ]| deTejTdT\T, |<\ dVs+ HsT=+{sT. bsX \ b<jTT&T *+q
d+<syT q nse +yT q \ bZ |PsCq+ <s+> qq CH ]+#T+{&T.
nsTT |\\T HsTe&+ eTTKbqT bw+# |jT\qT \TdT=+<+. n$:
` +#&+
` |]o*+#&+
` |+#&+
` u>keTT\T e&+
` |sds |#s s|&+
` s+s nHwD
` qT>=q&+
` #]+#&+
` |sd s+ uy\qT |+#Te&+
` u, yT<|sy T q \ bZq&+
` d+<]+#&+
nsTT |\\ nudHqTuy\qT *+#|&T eTq+ n+X\+{ |]>Dq
rdT=+THe? nu dq+ |jT \T #T#dT b HsT q~ *e? XXe? d+|Pse ?
nd+|Pse ? n+#+&!
<s nu dq+:
s> ><T |\\ nu dq+ \ <s+> ]> < <s nu dq+ n #| e#T.
|< > = d+es\T> #sD +~ #eT+~ |{es |<|q dsq ne>Vq
+&, d]> nqsTT+#+&H |< <s u~+#& |jT+ sT>T#Tq~. <s |<
ne\_+#*? +> ~ nedse ? nd\T |< m $s$ ++~? nH |X \T b<jTT
|{ y~d H HsTT.
d\+> #b\+f + nH ueq # |sqyTq ~. |\\ nu dq |jT eT[ jTe\|
<s|& +~. yTq <s nudq+ n+f e\+ Xs <* +& eqd n+X\
$T[yT +&*.
24

|\\ T d+<s\ u>T> HsT +{sT:
nu dq+ y] u>keT+ #dq |&T nq> |+ y] +| #dq |&T.
eTT : \ <s HsTe&+ nH~ nqTue |Ps+> HsTe&+ (experiential learning) \T
|#jT&+ e#T, |]o\q\T e#T, >| #s e#T.
\T :
1. Speed of evaporatory liquids.
2. How much of Income, the parents spending on their children education
+ n+f H{ L& # eT+~ b<jTT\T ss \T> n_bjT|&T +{sT. <:

` + n+f e\+ XsyTq~. nd\T nudq|jT B m+{ d++<+ +&<T.
` \T 1,2 s>T\ eyT |j>s+. | s>T\ M{ |j+#&+ e\ mTe+{
|jq+ +&<T.
` + s] \\T, $<H\T, |*\ L& +&*.
` <s u<q e\ d\+ d\dt |P] #jT &+ k< + <T.
+ ` <VsD\T:
<: 1. njTk+\T b ]+#T+{sTT?
2. \ #\H @~ jT+dT+ ~?
3. <y\jTT uwue qkq+
4. yTT\ |sT y{ eZ]+#eTH*.
5. >& yT<q+ dJe, e n+X\ eZ]+#+&.
6. DD+ ]> $<H |j>|P s+> |]o*+#+&.
+&e\dq \D \T:
|\\ +q $<+> nudq+ y>+ >, nse++> +&\+f ]w \D\T
+&*. <.
` #q\T s+#*.
` dy\T L& +&*.
` e> +>, , |P] s> #d~> +&*.
` VQ s> u<q |j>|&~> +&*.
` ksTT qT +&*.
` \+>, #sD+> +&*.
` ds+>, bZq& |]=~> +&*.
` #sT\T, esT\ Mq~> +&*.
` e KsT, KsT~> +&*.
25

|\\ d \ T, n_sT #T\T, nqTu T\T, sTTcsTTc\ <s+> bs+X\ e\ <s+>
\T eTT+< sb+~+#T= s> >~ *+#*. $ e> +>, T>, |P] s> |qT\T>
y*. \T *+#& eTT+<T \ m bZH *| d#q\T dw+ > n+<] nse TjT
$<+> y*. \ bZH d+<s + |\\ T m bZ+THs >eT+#*. n+<s bZH
bV+#*. nedsyTq kjT+ n+~+#*. |\\ T HsT H rsTqT n+#Hyj*. HsT q n+X\qT
|\\ #]+#*. |\\ |d+<q\qT {#sY q & ]sT #j*.
qT>=q&+ (Discovery):
@<H | eTq+ #| &+ +& |\ djT+> qTH bV+#*. <: eTTq>&+,
\&+, eTq |]ds\ q = edTe \T nq> |, ie TT, qT|s, bd | yTT<\>T y{
@$ { \TsTT eTTqT>Tj #|+#*. sTy #d# d qTy*. ysT yTT<\T }V++~
| | \TdT+{sT. > = <wj\qT eTq+ #|+& |\\T #d eT+ eTT
qTy*.
syTq nudq+ |\\ TqT qTeT&+|#dT+~. dy\T L& +&&+e\ |\\T
#TsT> bZ+{sT. qq n+X qT>=HeTq | y] qHC *d eT]+ y>+ >
HsT H #dT + ~. ~ nse +yT q nu dH |]=\TT+~. |< e\ |\\ T u\Xdy \ T>
nqTu #+<TsT.
qT>=q&+ <s nudq+ (Discovery learning)
<: u~+# s> bs |d \ bs+X\ qT>=q&+, nHwD\ <s HsT H neX+
q ueq\T/\qT >T]+ nedsyT q q #sT\T, esT\T #dT |\\ yT djT+>
qT>=q&+, nHw+#&+ <s HsTH neX\T |\\ *+#*. |\\T bZH rsTqT ]sT #j*.
dH y*Tq |\\qT n_q+~+#*.
` qTeTT, n\$TjT+, >E, |+>D yTT<\>T |<s\T @$ eT+ w >V\T
` @ <e |<s\T eT]> c>\ T me> +{sTT. e> +{sTT. }V+#+&, #d
qT+&.
` n yTT\ |sT>T<\ deq+> +T+<. u< \T +{j , \TdT+&. mseT{, q\eT{,
+&TeT{, B me \+ eT +T+~. yTT\T y{ |]o\q <s qT+&.
nHwD (|]X<q) (Explorative Survey)
8e s> JeXd+ Jey$ <+ bs+ \qT sV+#&+ nHwD\T, |]X<q\T
+{sTT. +~ <VsDqT |]o*+#+&.
+`1: s+>T d\ <s |<X+ +& yTT\T, +Te\ y$< qy<T #jT&+.
+`3: b+| #dTq |<X+ yTT, +Te, eTqTw y$< qy<T #jT&+.
26

C #+~q s+&T yTT\qT d]+ y{ eT< u<\qT |]o*+ qy<T#jT&+.
C #+~q s+&T +Te\qT |]o*+ y{ eT< u<\qT |]o*+ qy<T#jT&+.
s> <s T $<sT\ qT |]o*+ y] eT< u< \qT qy<T#jT &+.
syTq \T |\\ \TdTy\q |qqT s*ksTT. ss\ D\ eT<q X*
de#s+ d+ nHwksT. de#s $ywksT . |*+> k<sDsD s>\T>TsT. eT
n_bj\qT <&|s#T+{sT. b<jTT\T $XwD |X\T n& |\\ nHwD, |]X<q <s
qT>=q $wj dVT+> s{*. Te+{ \T *+#&+ e\ |\\ T eT+yT \TdTHeTq
ueq \T>TT+~. bs |d de#s+ <s b+~q CH nqsTTksT . e~ |s# T +{sT.
+= <: MT & esD, MT +{ |s{> @ @ s\ yTT\T HsTT. @ @ s\
\T, |sT>T\T HsTT. |]o*+ < Jey$ < + #| eTH*.
nHwD <s nu dq+ (Learning through exploration):
<:
` nu dq+ nH~ X +B+> s>*.
` |\\T eT #TT q ||+ # J$ nqTuy \T, T |\T n+X\qT nHwd qq
n+X\qT qT>=+{sT.
` ueq\T #| $ |\\ T HsT +{sqTe&+ <T. |\\ T #jT &+, |]o*+#&+ <s uy\qT
ne>Vq #dT y* < k++> qTy*.
` qT>=q nqTuy\ qT+& nHwD <s |\\T djT ne>VqqT ]+#T+{sT. n< d+<s+
eTTKyTq s H|D\T, yKsT\T |+b+~+#T+{sT.
` b<jTT\T |\\ nHwD\T, qT>=q$ nse++> +&T y] bVd >T dV s
y] n+~+#*.
` |\\ ys+ ys |\T qq $wj\qT qT>=q&+ nH~ y] eT+ |sDqT *ZdT+~.
qT>=H n+X\T nu dq \\ #+~qy +&*. ~ | eqsT\qT *+#&+ , dy\T L&
+&&+, nudq \\ k<q |]+# |X\T yjT&+ e+{ y{e\ k<eTeT+~.
` b<jTT\T |\\ nu dH |P]> eTT nqTq s>\qT= \qT sb+~+#T=
*d ysT qq n+X\qT qT>=H d#q T sT. y] dHqT & #dq yssT.
` m|& |\\ T nHw+#\, = n+X\qT qT>=H\qT s]+#T |jT ks, < n|&T
ysT X<> j \ bZq& +, ndq nu dq+ s>& + eTq+ #&e#T. m|&
|\\ T nHwD, qT>=H+<T nqTeTky n|&T y eT nudq+| |P] jT+DqT *
+{sT. eT ne>VqqT, H|D\qT, yKsT\qT eT neds\T, nqTuy\ >ZT> n_e~
|s# T =+{sT. bs+ sd, < @ $<+> \ <s, qTe&+ (Discovery) <s,
nHwD <s, Exploration <s |\\ T djT+ #d, #d HsT +{sT.
27

nHwD ` <VsD\T:
1. @ @ sD\ e\ TTTe\T \T @s&TsTT.
2. @ @ <e |<s\T =+<s> eT]jTT \d+> $] nesTT.
3. sH& & yjTT \Tw se ?
4. @ |+ |+&{ b+ deTjT+ |&T T+~?
5. > ys+ s> |\\T rdT=q Vs |<s\ C_ eT]jTT y{ bw $\Te\T
(|+&|<s\T, b{H, =e |<s\T) j sT #jT+&.
X +B $<
(Child Centred Education)
#<T e nH~ X +<+> |\\ T HsT H$<+ > =qk>*. n+f |\\ nqTuy \, y] #q\,
j
o\ u>ke | <| yjT &+. +<Td+ b<jTT\T |\\ eqd_e~, y] n_sT #T\qT,
+\ qT <w |T u<H u dq |jT \qT |D[<+> sV+#*. $ y$ < u] +>
+&, |\\ u, k+d, ke b<e \ b<q#$ > +&*. |\\ n_bj\
$\Te#$> +&*. s> ><T\ u<Hd+<s+> |\\T |D+ #TsT> bZ+ eT+
eTT HsT H neX\T n+~|#Te&+ |< q+ y*. b<jTT&T d\V<sT>, es<Z ] >,
k\us> eeV]+#*.
|\\ due+| ne>Vq (Understanding Childhood)

` |\\T $X+ q | edTeqT, <wj\qT \TdTy\H T +{sT.
T ku$+. |\\+<] +T+~. B =qk+#&, |+b+~+#& |jT+ s>*.
` |\\ T X e++> +{sT (Children are energitic) |\\ T # Ls+& m|&T @< |
#dT +{sT. e{&T T+{sT. &TT+{sT. m+<T+f m|&T ysT V+> eT]jTT X
+{sT. B HsTe&+ |j+#*. \e++> Lsu{ dy\T L&q (challenging
learning tasks) @ | e+&, y] XX+> @ | #jT +& n\yTqT #jT L&<T
(Culture of silence and idealness).
|\\T sT \ *d ke due+ *Z +{sT
|\\T sT\ *d | #jT& w |&sT. |<\ *d +&{ y, |+&T>
n+<] *d +&\, |qT\T #j \ sT+{sT. bZq+ <s ke H| D\T n\e&TsTT
eq >| |, yTT+ s> | <s \T, bC\T #sTT+#*.
|\\T |X+dqT, bV sT+{sT
|X+d\T, bV+ e\ |\\ T u> T nudq+ bZ+{sT. HsT e& |jT ksT.
eT+ |esq qT n\esTe& |jT ksT . eTqT >eT+#\ sT+{sT. b<$ T+> nu dq+
|X+d, bV+H sT>TT+~. <+&q, ujT+ e\ HsTsT. #<TeqT+&, n+{ |<X+ qT+&
<s+> +&{ |jTksT.
28

|\\ T <+&qq $eTsqT, neeq |s# & d]+#& w| & s T .
|\\ T <+&q, neeq |s# & +, $eTs, uj
T |&+, e#d e{&
+, sy T q d]jTdt
yesD w|&sT. M{ <s+> +{sT. n+{ e\q w|&sT. <wksT.
dV|P] yesD+
(Child Friendly Environment)
|\\T q+<+>, V<s+> HsTy*. ujT+, & d#jTT yesD+ q#H

|\ $d+ u> sT>TT+< eTq+<] *d+<. |\\ n_bj\ , n_sT#T\ q kq+
*+q|&T eyT ysT V<+>, q+<+> +&>\TZsT. X+B u<Hudq |jT\T
*+ u<q |\\ T #TsT> bZH #j *. Te+{ yesD+ s> >~ *+q|&T
eyT n~ dV|P] yesD+ n #| e#T.
dV|P] yesD \D \T:
` uj
T + +& b<jTT&T |\\ d# , *jT ns+ $wj \qT + +& |\\ T
n&> yesD+ *+#&+.
` |\\T |+# bV+#&+.
` |\\ +<s bZq&+.
` ksTT q u<Hudq |jT\T *+#&&+.
` \T V+, |sD, d *++#$ +&*.
` b<jTT&T esZ<]>, d\V<sT>, k\us> , dVT& eeV]+#&+.
` |sds+, { y] <s HsTH neX+ +&&+.
` n_bj* >s$+#&+ .
` &, <+&q ujTsV yesD+.
` nqTuy \T, uy\T, n_bj\qT d#> e ]+# neX+ +&&+.
` n_q+<q, bV+, |sD, neX+ e+{ y{ b<q +&&+. yTT<\>Tq$.
B d++~+q s>>~ <VsD n<jT+H \TdT+<+.
\T, qT>=q&+, nHwD\ <s nu dq+ jTT neT\T ` u< \T

(Learning through Activities, Explorations and Discovery - Implementation and
Responsibilities)
s+< $< u\\V`2009 #+ nudq+ nH~ \T, qT>=q&+, nHwD\

<s s>\ $dw+> |s=+~. B neT\T #j*+~ ksTT s>>~ u<Hudq
|jT \T #|f b<jTT\T. = <Xu\T> <s u<q $<H\ >T]+ |\T se\ |\T
y~\| #]+#Te&+ ]+~. bs|d\T L& <s |< <s+> sb+~+#&+ ]+~.
29

1. s> ksTT \T, qT>=q&+, nHwD\ <s nudq+ ]> #d |P] u<
b<jTT\<. B b<jTT&T u~+#eTT+< #s d++~+ |X \T, \T yTT<\>Tq$
d<+ #dT= s> >~ sy*. n+f b<jTT j, #<e &+, H{ sdTe+ nH$
n+ eTTKyTq$. nHwD, qT>=q&+, \ q <VsD\T |qT\T n$ #jT &+
<s = $wj\qT HsTHT b<jTT&T #j*. = \T, nHwD\T, bC\T
b<jTT\T eT {+> H{ sj*.
2. s> >~ u<q m|{| & |]o*d b<jTT\ >T d\V\T, d#q\T y*q u<
d++~ bsX \ |< Hb<jTT~.
3. ]q nu dH, |> y~\ s|+ mdt.m+.d. deyX\, eT+&\ksTT ]> dMT
deyX\ deT]+ #]+# u< qT |< Hb<jTT\T d]+#*.
4. bsX\\qT d+<]+# e]+> n~sT\T, $wjT|DT\T s> >~ u<qqT |]o*+
\T, qT>=q&+, nHwD\ <s nudq+ +q $<+ > sT>TT+< < >eT+#*.
q esZ<sq+ #j*.
5. $<XK DIET, CTE, mdt.d..sY.{. ksTT u~+# b<jTT\ \T, qT>=q&+,
nHwD\ <s deTse+yT q nu dq+ @ $<+ > sT>TT+< *| / ne>Vq @s]# $<+ >
# { yT{]jT sb+~+ D qT sV+#*. D q+s+ nqTdsD
j
T seT+ #|{ *.
bsX \ u<q nu dq |jT \qT |]o*+#*. D+f be> b<jTT&T djT+
|sT& |$T+#*.
neT\T d\T
(Indicators of Implemntation)
` b<jTT |D[, Teaching Notes |\\ qT #]+|# d |X \T, \T *|+#*.

` |\\ T n&T/ \Te esTd dss > Ls=q+& e\js+, ns es+, >| s# T >
esT +&*.
` |\\T e\+ b<jTT&T #|~ $q&+ +& ` |+#&+, #|&+, {y] #]+#&+,
>| |#jT &+, y~+#&+ e+{$ #j *.
` u<q |Hdq |<, HsTe&+, $q&+ <s +& #s\T, |+#&+, \T #jT&+,
bC yTT<\>Ty{ <s s>*.
` |T +Te\T, n{dT \T, >]<y T , >|\t T, e|t\T, |{ \ T, |{\T e+{ eqsT\qT |\\ T
djT+> $jd HsT y*.
` b<jTT e< u<H keT, |\\ +<] e< nu dq keT +&*.
` b<jTT d+d< ` bs |D[ \T, |j >\T, bC \ T, &\ T e+{ \qT
dw+ > |s=H*. keT d]+#*.
30

` |\\T ueT\qT, keT |]o*d, >D &\T, uc& #TsT> bZ+, |j>\T
#d nu dq \ eT>+ y*.
` eT+q+ s+s+ > deT>+> sVd +&&+ , |> qy<T *+#*.
` bs+u |, Formative, Summative Assessment \ |\\ ksTT |> |+#&+.
n<jT+ eTq+ $<V #+ b+<T|]q $<+> nudq+ @ $<+> +&
\TdTH+. n> |\\T HsTH $<H\T, V<s, dV|P], X+B yesD+ m
*+#e# \TdTH+. n+X\ |s=q $<+> s> ><T\T s|~<Ty*q neds+ +~.
HsT e&+ n+f e\+ bs |d + de#s $+ @y = |X \T n&, |X \ yT\T
> & T \T, d& yT{]jT #d sjTeT, $<+> |\\ T +q $<+> d+~+#s <s u>
HsT Hs u$+#L &<T . |\\ T nHwD\ <s, |]X<q \ <s <s |< eT+ yT
qT>=q& nqTe> +& u<H u dq |jT \T *+q|&T, |\\ T y{ #TsT> bZ
nu kqTuy * b+~q|&T eyT HsT e&+ sT>TT+< u$+#*. ~X b<jTT\T dH,
|P], dV|Ps, d$T[ yesD+ * +& s> ><T\ |jT\qT ]+#Ty*.
eTT+|
eTq sh+ 2010 @| ed+ qT+& RTE #+ neT\T e+~. #+ #]+q >TD
n+X\ <s+> sh $< |D[qT (State Curriculum), bs |D[\qT (Syllabus), $< |eD\qT
(Academic Standards) sb+~+#sT. M{ <s+> 1e s> qT+& 10e s> es bs |d \qT
X +B+> +&, <s|< u~+# M\T> sb+~+#sT. { qq bs |d \qT
ns+ #dT = +q |D[ <+ > u~+#&+ <s |\\ +<] HDyTq $<qT n+~+#e#T...
HDyTq $<qT b+<&+ |\\ V nsTT n+~+#&+ b<jTT\ u< .
31
Cq+ ` CqsD+ ` s> >~ nqjT+
1. Cq+ n+f @$T{?

Cq+ n+f de#s+ <T. Cq+ nH~ sT d +=sT |#TH~ <T. Cq+ nH~ {|
& + ,
|qXsD #dTe&+, q~ qT> n|C|&+ <T. Cq+ nH~ |\\ eT~ ]> eqd |jT\
<s qeTjT ueq. ~ nqTuy\ qT+& #q\ qT+& e ]+|& n+X+. CqeTH~ m
+#, m |]o*+#, m $Xw +#, m |d+~+#, m e ] +# nH $wj \qT
$w]dT+~. |\\T eT nqTuy\T, #q\ @<H $wj |]o*+#&+, >T]+#&+, d++<\T
@ss#&+ , k<sDsD #jT&+, ssD se&+, |PsCH qq d+<s\, <T |] nuk\
|j+#&+ e+{$ #jT>\>&yT Cq+ |{yTq<q& <sq+.
|\\ T eT |]ds\T, eT #T q ||+#+ eTyTyT |sd s |#s \T, nHwD\T, |d+~+#&+ ,
qT>=q&+, bZq&+ e+{$ #jT &+ <s nse +yT q ueq\qT b+<TsT. < Cq+ neT+~.
Cq+ eTq+ #s n+X\T, eTq+ $<\\T> u$+#y{ |_+_keT NCF |s=q~.
$<\\T |\y $eTsH+> +#, |]o*+#, $Xw + #, VT<+ > +&, qeTH\qT
^jT>Z , y$ < uy\|, Jeq+| d+~+# #j
\ |s=+Tq+<Te\ CH eTT\T> n+~+#&+
k< |&< T . Cq+ #q\, nqTu T\ d+>eT+. {|
& + , |qXsD #dT e&+ <s |\y &T b+<
de#s eTq+ Cq+ n s#T u$dTH+. CqeT+f eTq+ \qT |<|< e*+#&+,
{jT+<T. CH s+>+ m\ {jT+>, +<|<X s< V<su< n> nsY
qd+es+ ~ n> u >TsTs D X \Te&y <T. yTq Cq+ |\y
m{ |]o*+#, m $Xw +# neTs VT< , |]d T \| qT m nqTu #+<,
m s+ *+& y$<uy\| m dT+ *Z+& nq $wj\T d$T[+ y*.
n+<Te\ $<\ + $<] de#s eTT\T eTT\T> #+# |+qT+& $<] #H
H| D\qT kq|{q T> +&*.
n+<Te\ CqeTH~ de#s + <T n #| >\+. Cq+ nH~ $<] e&~ <T. <=
djT+#< X, nqTue + <s deTTb]+#&~. qq de#s+| |\y &T #sD sj

ne>Vq *q|&T eyT deTTb]+#&TT+~. |\\ dsq deTjT+ nedsyTq+yTs ksTT
qT> dVjT+ y*. |\\T eTT u>dT\sTTq ||+ #+ #TsTq b bw+ eT+ yT
CH deTTbsq #j *. |\y $wj <sTT+| #d | #dq $wj \qT |X \<s
q<TqT> ] #| +#&+ Cq+ <T. B<s |\y $<e+T #jT &+> u$+#+ . eTq+
32

CH m d+b~+#\ s+#y n~ |\y +|C d, |d+~+|# d neTs, ueq\qT
ns+#dTH e|s +&*. e\+ {jT+> +&s<T. q ueq\qT de#s $Xw+
k<sD]+# +&*. $< $<+ > |s|+#, bV+# +&*.
Cq+ nH~ jT$T \+ |P]> e>*>< nsTT |\y yT<d T de#s s|+
eed +> ~ #jT e#T. $< eqe yTs <sTT+| #d eed nsTT $<]
|s>V&T>H $T*b&T. $<qT <sTT+| #jT&eTH~ nudqeTsTT |\y Cq#\H
s+>+ |]o\q, nqTuT\T |_+_+#+, u>keT |esq\T (NCF P.25) qwb sTT. Cq+
e> y T + ~. ~ <sTT+| d+ |]~ <{q $XqyT+ ~ n (NCF 2005) |s=q~.
| CH s+>+ | |<C \+, ueq\T, d<+\T, esq\T, |< T\qT * +T+~. eqe
\T, nudq k<H\ $X\ #+ k+|T Jeq+, d+d +T+~. e|qTq H, e&+>+,
+&\ j, eekjT+, <TD sVD y{uT <X\T, &\T $\Tyq CH sb\qT
*Z+{sTT. CH s+>+ jTT sb\T #sD duy, ns+ #dTq rsTqT, b+>
#| &sTT. y{ # es n_e~ #+~q keTs\T * +{sTT. djT+ keTs Cq+ keTV
w |X+d\T, yKsT\T, |T<\, eTD\T *Z+T+~.
2. Cq+ Vs de#s+
s> >~ bs |d \T de#s n+~ksTT. de#s b+< eT+ qq |PsCH
$j+#T+ \TdTq de#s + <s+> Cq sD+ #dTy*. ~X eTq q
bsX \\T, eTq bs |d \T, b<jTT\T> eTq+ sy *. +<Td+ eTq+ de#s+, Cq+,
|qsT Cq sD, >V+#&+ e+{ n+X\ >T]+ \TdTy*.
e <s , |d \ <s>, ke <s> $wj b+~qf n~ de#s+ neT+~.
b+~q de#s+ q<q X* nqedsy T q $ e~*yjT &+ < de]+#Te&+, nedsy T q = d+<s\
|PsCH dH+> nqsTT+#Te&+ #ksT. < Cq sD |jT.
s> ><T b<jTT\T> eTq+ < n~ b<q y*? de#s? Cq sD
|jT \?
k<sD+> s> ><T eTq+ #| q $wj \H |\\ T |< |< ey d T +{sT. eTq+ n&q
|X \ yT*dT+ {sT. |d + q de#s, eTq+ n+~+q de#sH ] n|#| T+{sT.
BH |qsT (Repetetion) n+{sT. ~ Cq sD <V<+ #dT + <? |\ Cq sD+ s>\+f
eTq+ @+ #j *? e\+ de#s u <|s # & y T +& ({|
& + +&) nedsy T q d+<s
d+<s+> dH+>, q<q X* $j+#Te&+ s>*. n s>\+f eTqyT+ #j*?
+#+&.
33

Cq sD+ n+f |\\ T eT+ eTT> q *dq |PsCH $j+#T= =
d+<s\ qq $wj\qT $w]+#& Cq sD+ nqe#T.
<VsD 6e s> \T>T b<jTT&T = |<\T y{ q d+ y\
|j+ q\\| sX&T. |\\ sdTeTH&T |\ |< q|&T |\\+
$<+ > {#s Y ssTT+qT>H yT\T sXsT. ~ Cq sD+ neT+<? B @+
n+{sT?
y ny |<\qT eT k+e qq dyX\ # > |j + sdqf ,
|\\ T nse ++> d+<s+> neds\qT>TD+> |<\ #+~q CH ]+#Tqf.
> $T> $wj\ (subjects) <VsD\T e+&.
|\\ T djT+> bZ+T CH ]+#TH eT+ {#s T L& j o\ u>keTT\T y*.
HsT H eT+ |\\ T dV yesD+, nu dq |jT bZ+T CH ]+#T+{sT.
]+#Te&+ +#&+ , |Ps nqTuy\T n+ \ b bwdTHsTT. |\\ T |+#&+ , &
HsTq < jT{ nqTuy\ nqsTT+#Te&+, deTd $$< D #> d+~+#&+ . eT
n_bj\qT n<T+ > e ] +#&+ e+{ d+<s\ Cq sD+ sT>TT+~. Cq+ sT n+~+#~
<T. ~ dw+ #&~. |\\ eT~ ]> |jT \ <s ~ qeTeT+~. Cq+ $wjT +
$$< sb\qT * +T+~.
Cq sD+, de#s+ yTT<\>T n+X\ >T]+ CrjT $< |D[ #+ 2005 @+ #TT+<
#<+.
eT<y T q nqTue yT Cq+> eTq+ |]>Dd T H +. ~ uw <s, ueH sb\T>
@s& ns dwd T + ~. |* +> eTq+ J$dTq ||+ # ns+ #dT e& |j >|& T T++~.
CH eTq+ #sD |< T \T> < #q\ L&q Xs H|D+> L& u$+#e#T.
~ ed <s de |s>eTH <V<+#dT + ~. #] eT+ eqe\T $$<
#q\T, uy\T >\ $Cq eTsT\ T>, ed #jT >\ deTsT\ T> |]D #+~ eT]+
CH ]+#THsT. |\\ +<s Cq d+|<q T eT eTT |qsT #dT y*.
eT]+ deTse ++> ||+ #+ eeV]+#+<T y*q eT] #q\T Be\ y]
\_ksTT. |\\ T CH eT+ m u>keTT\T y HsT y*. eT+
L& ysT u>keTT\T y*. s|+ eTq+ CH e\+ > #&+. n>
CH eTq+ jT sT#dq > u$+qf n~ de#s s|+ e] |\\ yT<
<sTT+#&y T sT>TT+~. n|&T nud \T e\+ d+>V \T> essT. nu dq+
y] |yT jTyT$T +&<T . B _qyTq <<+ eTq+f ||+ # |]o*d, ||+ #+|
d+~d, ||+ #+ |#d , u>keTT\e HsT Hy> |\* eTq+ #&>\+.
34

3. Cq sD+ n+f @$T{?
|\\T dV nud \T eT #T q ||+# d nHw+#&+ , |d+~+#&+ , +#&+ ,
$Xw + #&+ <s eT<q X* CH n_e~ #dT e&+ sT>TT+~. n> eT CH dH+>
$w]+#>\ XkeTs\T |\\T u\+H * +{sT.
Cq+ * q |\\ T eTT #dq , $q, #~$q, bZq n+X\ <s b+~q nqTuy \qT
|\Ts\T>, qq+>, dCH+> e]+#&+ Cq sD+ ]qT u$+#*.
Cq sD+ n+f nu dqyT.
| s+ de+ <s eTT b+~q CH eTT+<Ts n+~+#& eT<+ |
Cq~ @ss#T+ nse+yTq Cq sD &&sT. M{ nqTuy\ <s ns+ #dTe&+
<s Cq d+d [+| #dT e&+ <s njT, d#yesD\ CH ]+#T+{sT.
Cq sD |jT ke |]ds\ u>keTT\e neX\T yT , |jT \T #dT q
d+<s + | \T#d , ysT #dq | \qT y] ys d]~<T + Cq sD+ #dT +{sT. e
n+ dV keTs\T> |\\T #jT>\sT.
nse+yTq nudq+ nH~ < |jT. ~ e\+ de#s y* rd |jT<T.
+#&+ , ucs|+ e ]+#&+ , \T sV+#&+ e+{$ nu dH+X\T. |\\ T # $wj \qT
>TsT+ #T+{sT ns+ #dTsT . J$+ nqsTT+#s T. n+<T C|+ +#Te&yT CqeTH
ueT qT+& eTq+ jT|&*.
ueq\ n_e~ nH~ s+s+ ]> |jT. d++<\qT @ss#T+, ne>Vq #dT+
sD\ |* \qT nHwd , yK sT\qT, <>\qT, $\Te\qT d$T[+ #dT + uc_e~ <s
nqTd+<q+ #dT= e]+#&+ Cq $wsD sT>TT+~.
eT CH $w]+#& <V<|& eTTU+X\T #q, uw. #q, uw nH$ $&BjTs
n+X\T < { eTT&|& q$.
uc|s+> Cq+ n+f |\\ T eTT $q, #dq, #~$q n+X\ qT+& nqTuy\ qT+& $$<
|jsb\ dH+> |<]+#&+.
+<T $q&+, nqsZ + > n+X\ >T]+ e{&& +, #<e &+, |+#&+ , +#&+ #]+#&+ ,
|d+~+#&+, e]+#&+, |X+d+#&+, ns+ #dTe&+. q yKsT\T * +&&eTH$ $T&
+{sTT.
nudqeTH~ &qT, &jT, s+s+> sT>TH +T+~. ~ |sds |#s\<s
n_e~ #+<TT+~.
|\\ Cq sD+ |\ }V+#&+, |\q\T #jT&+, nHwD\T, |]X<q\T, |+#&+,
#]+#&+ , d<+rsD #jT&+, |d+~+#&+ , deTV\ |#jT&+ yTT<\>Tq$ \ bbwksTT.
Cq sD+ |#s \T eTTKu $T bwksTT. |\\T $Xw+ #&, yU+#&, sT\ *d
35

HsT e& |#s \T &&sTT. +|Cj
T &+, y{ e ] +#&+ , Cq sD+ eTTKyTq $.
|\\ T djT+> bZ+ CH ]+#T=H eT+ b<jTT\T j o\ u>keTT\T >*Z
y] b b<q |sT>TT+~. HsT =H Xe qqT bZ+ CqsD+ #dT +{sT |\\ T
|+#&+ , & HsTq< jT nqTuy \ nqsTT+#Te&+, eTq+> +& +& |X
|\Ts\T> d+~+#&+ e q $wj
\T> +#e#T, |\\ ne>Vq |s>& + +#&+
$ # \yT q yTT. |\\ s# T > eT nqTuy \ qT+>, |kse< e\ qT+> = =
#q\T edT+ {sTT. b<jTT q#$<+ > y{ #| &+ |\\ #> be#T ` |P]> *dq<,
<<| *dq < eT< CH +T+~. n& Cq sD+ sT>TT+~. Cq+ H| D\T>
sb+s+ #+<TT+~. d\T jT{, +{, de+ eT< |#d eT+ keTs\T |<T H sTT.
M{ eTq+ >s$+#*.
4. dH Cq+ @ @ sb +T+~?
$CqXk k<sD+> Cq+ $$< sb +T+~. jTe\T (Rules), d<+\T (Theories),
d\T (Peinciples) ueq\T (Concepts)
#]+#&+ , $e]+#&+ , sD\T #| &+, b*\T, u< \T #| &+, d++<\qT >T]+#&+ , de#s
d]+#&+, $Xw+#&+, qeTH\T jsT#jT& +, ueT\T ^jT&+e+{ |jT \<s Cq+
]+#&TT+~.
5. Cq+ Vs nu dq+
mH nu dH d<+\Tq|{ d+w |jT qT ns+ #dT e&+ eTq ne>Vq d\ &
+~. |esHy<T\T #|qT |\y&T UT, @MT sjT& q\\ nH $wj\qT NCF 2005
eT]jTT APSCF 2011 s +<+> sd ]dTHsTT. |\y &T |T H nH >& keTs\qT *Z+{&T.
|\(y&T) +] |jT + <sH m+ w#d H yTT+ nudq s>< T. |\y &T u<q n+s>+
e& X< |D[ sb+~+ neT\T #jT & M\T|& |< + nedse T APSCF u$dT+ ~.
n++& ` nudH eqsTq >+<\jT+, +s{bT |\y *<+&T\T, b<jTT\T
#q de+ bZH X< L&q |D[ neT\T neds+. |\y &T bsX \ e#eTT+< q
q#q $wjT CH *Z +{&T. *<+ &T\ |+|+ , |]ds\T |\y CH =* s+>\esTT.
uc|s+ > d+w sD\qT de|s+ >H HsT = +{&T. nsTTH bsX \ jT $<+<+>
\TdT+~. bsX\ |\y&T esH $esD Cqs+> d]k&T. keqXg+, >DXg+
neTsu y\T, |]ds\ $Cq+ e+{ $wj \ b<jTT, deTejTdT\, *< + &T\ j o\
C+ < |\\ Cqs+>+ |]|Ps+<T. |\\ #+~q |sds#s\T k<|&& ns\
|jT \T #j \ APSCF |b~dT+~. nudq+ s+s |jT. eed d]> =qk+#b
$< n|]| #T#dT +T+~. $<q+ |\\ ey d |< esdT + ~. |\\ T |Tq T+
q>\ nu dqX |]o\q, >T]+#&+ , eZ]+#&+ yTT<q ne>Vq\qT |]ds\ qT+ HsT =
36

$_q T e]k&T, =qkk&T. eT&T d+es\ |\\ keTs\qT $Xw+qsTT uwqT
ysD+> |j
+#&y T +&, d+<s+> q $<q+ $jksT . ~ n_q+~+#*q
n+X+. <Ts<wyTeT+f #es b<jTT\T d n+^]+#sT. y] |esHy<T\T>
<c++ qT+ eTs= <c++ rdT sT. nqTsD , nud+ <s eyT \_dT +< nbV|& sT.
|\\ qT e\+ de#s >V\T > |]>D+ eT yT Cq<\T> u$ksT . ~ j o\ ,
#sD s+s nu dq $<H $sT<+. |\\ Cq sD sy T q yde $sT<y T q ne>Vq\qT
=\+#Ty*. B dT+> nse +yT q d+<s |]dT\qT *+Z =\+#*. |y { <s+>
+~ $wj \qT #| e#T.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
&, us+ |]d T \H |\ nu dq sT>TT+~.

s>syTq nudq yesD+ |\\T n+ d\ d |]o\q\T #ksT.
|\\ nudq $eTs, |\T m+#&+ s>L&<T.
nudq\ <s eT bsbT yT \TdT= d]~<TH +&*.
$_q |]d T \ eTT deTTb]+q CH $jksT .
6. Cq sD+ m|&T sT>TT+~?

a)
|Psueq / |Pss+>+ (Pertext)

@ bs+X+ >T]+#H ueq >T]+#H |\ |PsCq+ < nqTuy\T < ne>Vq +< n
s]+#Ty* b *+#*.
b) |q *Z+#&+
(Urge creation)
|\\T @ $wjHH, m+ wyT H neds+ +f eTd+ eTT bZ+{sT, HsT+{sT. {
|q Z (Urge creation) #&*. neds+ +f |q \TZT+~. d @s&TT+~. uy<
|+b+~+#&+e\ L& |q \TZT+~.
c) eqd |jT \T (Mental Process)
Cq sD+ eqd |jT\T \ b bwksTT. |\\+<s q' HsT>Z keTs *Z
HsT. n+<sT |\\T b\&+, eZ]+#&+, $XwD, d+XwD, C|+ +#Te&+, |qsT #jT&+,
s]+#&+, e| s&+, >T]+#&+ , k<sD] +#&+, }V+#&+, \HX e+{ n+sZ keTs\qT
*Z Hsq $wjT + + eTT+< eTq+ #]+#TH+. M{ e\ |\\ eT~ nH #s \T dw+ #T>\TZsT.
|\\ yT< H&DC\+ C Hq |&T n$ |sds #s\T |jT\T #T#dT=+{sTT. =
+<\qT @ss#T=+{sTT. d+<s+> jT <H eTq+ Cq+ n |\TdT+{eTT. H&
DC\+ (Neorans) eTy\+f neds+ . d, |q, uy< qTe&+ neds+ . <s
eqd #s\T #T#dT+{sTT. CqsD+ sT>TT+~. n +& X> e\+ de#s
>Vd H&DC\+ eTe<T. e\+ |+ #dT+T+~. Be\ m+{ nqTuy\qT b+<sT.
Cq sD+ s><T.
37

{ |\\T eT n+sZ X\qT Mq+yTs $j+#TH, eqd |jT\ e\ #s\T
#T#dTH #&* . +<T nedseT>T yesD+ *+q|& ~ k<eTeT+~. |\\T
ujTsVyTq d#|P] yesD+ eyT eT n+sZ X\qT $j+#>\TZsT.
d) +|Cj
T &+
Cq sD+ ~ eTs= \+X+. k<sD +> +#& <T \T, $_q D
+|Cj
T &+e\ |\\ T CH dw+#T>\TZsT.
e ) bV+, neX+ *+#&+
, |\* u>keTT\qT #jT &+ L& n eTTKyTq $.
7. Cq sD+ s>& s> >~ yesD+ m +&*?

$< bdT <sH, {#s Y <sH #sy d edTe <T. yTq $< _& u, k+d
+ dw+ #&TT+~. < +T+~. *<+ &T\, {#s , { |\\ , de+ Hs |
|#s <s n~ eT $d+ b+<TT+~. +{ $< |{w + >, |\|<+ > +T+~.
|jT b<jTT& bqT, Wq eTq+ >T]+#*. <&| s # *. CqdeTTbsq m|&T
|sd s+> +T+~. |<\ +f |\\ T u> |]o*ksT . u> >V ksT . CH dw+ #&+
y q keTs, bqT eTq+ >T]+#*. Hq =~ ne>Vq |\\ e{&+ e\H
\_++< nqTue + #TTHqT.
b.jTXb, CrjT bs |D[`2005
ks< d+|T + n< \T
| n+X #~ysT <! k] +#+&. de#s b+~, < d\\+ bT \
+#T=H C|H Cq+> u$dT+&&+ H&T eTq+ #dTq< ! B ne>Vq> L& |]>D+#&+
sT>TTq~. yde +> Cq+ nH~ dw+ #&~. #q\ <s <$ +#&~. CH dw+ #Te&+
eTq |\\ q X nbsyT q ~. ysT b+< nqTuy \ <s, #q\ <s |\\ T m+ CH
dw+ #T+THsT.
|\\T &jT < & seTT+<T ]| |#s\ <s, eTq n+sZ X\ <s
CH dw+ #Te&+ #dTHsT. e\+ de#s >V+# ysT> +& |+#&+, +#&+,
|#s \T s|&+ , <s eTq Cq|]~ eT]+ $d |s T e&+ >T]+ + eTT+<T n<j
#]+#TH+ L&! |jT \ < $<H\ eTq s> ><T \T @ kq+ *dTH sTT?
nd\T neX+ +<? |\\T eTq Cq+ <s+> < eT]+ $d |sTe& neX+
+<? CqsD+ s>& M\jT eTq s> >~ |jT\T +&\+f, eTq+ @+ #j*?
< eTq s> >~ |jT\T m +&*? +#+&!
n) Cq sD+ ` |dT |]d $XwD
|dT + eTq s> ><T |jT \T Cq sD &&TTHj? <+! eTq s> ><T
@+ sT>TTq~? @ s>H, @ $wjT+ bs+XHH m u~dTHsT? b<jTT&T #<e&+,
38

$e]+#&+ , =+ nud+ #sTT+#&+ , ] |+#&+ , d+| #+<&+ #dTq<! $ eTq k<sD+>
m<TsTq u<H u dq |jT \ #+~q rsTqT\T < nqTuy \T. |jT Cq sD q
b<q m+? Cq sD | |jT \T @ dV ]ksTT? +#+&.
s+> #b\+f, |<q+> |dT+ eTq s>><T de#s n+~+#&+, < C|+
|T& && $<H\| <w |&+ , m+yTs C|+ |T Hs |+ #&+ e+{$ u<Hudq
|jT \+X\T> #T#dTHsTT. C|+ +#Te&yT |ses+ > eTq $<H\T HjTH~
yde +! Be\ Cq sD neX+ \_+#&+ < #| e#T.
n+<T C|+ +#Te&+ eyT Cq+ <T n eTq+ q$T, eTs+ #j\H
#q\ ls+ #Te#T. n< ds d+ n q$T < #Tf |]u$Td, Cq sD
de~{ q yseTe+!
{ de#s + n+~+# e> b<jTT\T, < d]+# ysT> |\\ T, M{ |{w | ]#
$<H\T u<H u dq |jT #T#dT H |]d |dT + H\= +<q ydy n+<s+ >T]<+!
B qT+ m jT|&< y, <+!
+~ dyX\qT |]o*+#+&.
dyX+`1:
n~ =$T<e s>. uXd b<jTT&T eTq+ #T q |<s+ X<y TH? nH bs+
d+|, nd+| <eD\qT jsT#jT&+ nH n+X+ >T]+ #TTH&T. bs|d+ 55e |J
seeTH&T. |\\+<sT |d+ ]#sT. ueTqT #&+&. < #e #s *bsT. #s
yTT+ ]bsTT+~. B nd+| <eD+ n+{sT. s+&e < 8 #e\ #sqT =~> y&#d
*bsT. <+ L& ]bsTT+~. B d+| <eD+ n+{s #b&T. d+| <eD+ n+f
@$T{? nd+| <eD+ n+f @$T{? n |X \T n&>&T. |\\ T de<H\T #bsT.
dyX+`2:
eTs= bsX \ < bs eTs= b<jTT&T b #TTH& #<+.
b<jTT&T |\* >T& e]+> n+ |\]+#&T.
<eD\ >T]+ + eTT+<T |]jT& #]+#+ <! <eDT\T >T]+ MT *dq
$wj\T #| +& n yT+& e|+> #sTT+#&T.
<eD\T, <ed
H +& |T q, <e d L & +{sTT <! <eD n+f @$T{?
<$+ n+f @$T{? <eD dCrjT $TXeT+ n b|&T n+{sT? n+ =
X<H |X \T n& |\\ qT +|CX &T.
$<sT\
qT T> #d \T sV+#&T.
39
;sT 50 $T.. { #e # s *| |]o*+#eTH&T.

eTs= ;sT <eD j
sT#d dq eT+| y&# d b dqT\# s ]bsTT+<
|]o*+#eTH&T. |]o\q\qT HT |d+ qy<T#jTeTH&T.
|\\
|]o\q\| s> >~ #s sV+#&T. ]w c> e< b+ <$+ sT>>\<
n+ ] eq <eD d+| <eD+ n+{s |\\ T #bsT. y& #dq |&T be
#s s>& >\ sD\qT #]+#sT.
|j> $<q+, |]o\q\T, |*\T n+{ |\\T k++> eT eT HT|d\
sdTHsT.
| s+&T d yX\ @ d+<s+ |\\T k++> HsTe& CqsD neX+
*+< MTsT u$dTH sT? b+<T?
a)
|Psueq\ sD+ (Pertext)

eTq Cq |]~ mesT $d |sTy\H, |PsnqTuy\T < ueq\T *Z+&&+ neds+ .
n+f |\\T >V+# $wj #+~q |Pse>Vq < |H~ +&&+ e Cq sD+ <s|&
+T+< >V+#*. { b<jTT\T |d]> |\\ q |PsqTuy\T @$T{? @ yTs
ne>Vq *ZHs |]o*+#*. <: eTq+ > #+~q ys #~$ m +T+~? n< {
#+~q ys #~$ m +T+~? @~ u> nseTeT+~? m+<T? +#+&.
{ #+~q |Ps Cq+ <, ne>Vq +T+~ {, ysq T #~$, u> ne>Vq
#dT>\TZsT. n< >q T #~$ n+ u> ns+ be#T. B sD+ >qTue+>, ne>Vq>
be&+ sDeTeT+~.
{ Cq+ nH~ n+ eTT+<T j e\ q nqTuy \ MT<, ne>Vq\ MT<, #q\ MT<
]+#&TT+< |s=qe#T. yTT< $ Hj <? n s]+#* +T+~. y nTe+{
|H~, |Psueq\T < nqTue + < ne>Vq qsTT, M{ ]+#* +T+~. n+f <VsD
> ysq T #<e & eTT+<T, <| #]+|C d nqTuy *+Z , $wj ne>Vq|]q |<|
#<e eT+f, ne>Vq #dT e& neX+ +T+~.
b<jTT\T @ $wjT +HH Cq sD+ #sTT+#\H, < #+~q |Psueq\ >T]+
|]o*+ s]+ sH nudH se\qT sV+#*.
b) |Psueq\, bs+X ueq\qT d+<q+ #j
*
(Contextualisation of pretest with texual part)
nudH dyX\T, sD+> +&\+f |Psueq\qT < ueq\ |Ps s+>, |H<T\
*+#* +T+~. B <s+>, bs+Xu eq\qT ]+#TH #j
*. s +&e dyX+ @+]+<
k] ne+#+&. |\\ *q |<\qT b&+#&+, < <s+>, bs+X+ |<\qT
s>jT T+> b&eTq&+ ]+~. |\\ T yT #]+#T=, |< s> ss TT+#&+, s]+#T=
40

b&&+ ]+~. n+f >qTuy\ |H<T\ <s+> Cq sD+ ]+~. y |\\ |<\qT
m s>jTT+> #<y *jT+f, yTT< ~ #jT>Z #&* +T+~. s |<\qT
s>jT T+> b&eTqe#T. |Psueq\qT, nqTuy \qT bs+Xu eq\ nqTd+<q+ #j *
+T+~.
c) CH D
(Cognitive apprentiship)
|\\T CH ]+#Te&+ b<jTT\T> eT dVs, dVj n+~+#* +T+~.
n+f |\\ qT +|C d, bV+#*. #q\qT eTB]+#* +T+~. <: |<
b&&+ m T b&e# $+, y] eT]= T L& b&eT bV+#&+ #j *.
>D + eTs= <VsD |]o*<+! deTdqT |< b<jTT&T #d #b&T .
<T |] |\\ qT, +T deTd de<q+ qT>=qe#T +|Cj
T &+, n+<T d#q\T e&+
CH D> |s=qe#T. CH D n+f +|C d neX+ *+#&+. #q\qT
eTB]+#eT ns+ . ~ m+ deT+>, d+<s+> +f, Cq sD+ n+ u> sT>TT+~.
|\\# d#, +|CjT&+, neX+ *+#&+, bV+#&+ e+{$ \b bwksTT.
d)
u>keT nu dq+ (Collaborative Learning)

|\\T due eT{ y] >&|& w|&sT. b<$Tq ksTT |\\T e\+
*+&&yT ><T, eT nqTeH\qT, deTd\qT L& {y] #]ksT . ysD\ d+ |jT ksT .
s+> #b\+f |\\T mH $wj\qT eT {y] <s nudks. > n<jT+ L&
#]+#TH+. CqsD+ |#s \ b >T]+ L& e{&T H+. n+f, |\\ T eT {y]
<s |#s\T s|&+ <s HsT=+{s CH ]+#T+{s #]+#TH+!
{ eTq u<H u dq |jT \T u>keT nu dH neX+ *+#*. n+f |\\ T eT{
y] #]+#&+ , e{&& +, * +#& neX\T *+#*. +<Td+ T |qT\qT sV+#*.
@ $wjT+ >T]+#H, |X*e&+, +#eTq&+, < |+#eTq&+, \T #jTeTq&+, deTd
k~+#eTq&+ e+{$ T #sTT+#e#T. <s u>keT nudq+ #T #dT =+T+~. u>keT
nu dq+ e\ |Ck$T $<H\|, ne>Vq @s&TT+~. n++& *|#jT &+, * +#&+ ,
deTkk<q, $Xd+ e+{$ L& |+b+<TsTT. |\\T eT{ |\\H ><T, b<jTT&
L& #]dT+{sT. { u>keT nudq+ |\<T, b<jTT\T L& u>keTT!
e)
VQ |d+<q\T #q\ sbe&+ (Multiple manifestations)

|\\ T e> + > @$T +#>\ s < sb e>Z*. n+f, eT #q\qT VsZ | s *.
BH e> yT q ~> #| e#T. nf T |qT bZq&+ e\ u>keT nu dq+ e\ L& eT
#q\qT eTB] +#T+{sT. y{ e\ $_q D +#>\ TZsT. #q\ sb,
e|s>Z*. VsZeTjT Cq+ $$< eeVs sb, H|D\ b +T+~. sD
eT |< sT>TT+T+~, e|s#&TT+T+~.
41

f)
ssD
|\\ T s> ><T e> +> +#&+, +#&+, y{ e| s &+ e\ Cq
sD+ sT>TT+~. < $$< sb VsZ | s T dT+ {sT. ~ j duy { $$< $wj \
Cq u+&>s+ y+~. eT+ |\\T yT+ >V+#s, eT eTT s]+#>Z*.
s]+#>* qZ |& eTq u<H u dq |jT \T |\ |<y T q T> u$k+.
8. s> >~ nqjTq+

n) Cq sD+ ` $<|D[ nqTesH \T (Implication of the curriculum)
$< eed |\\ T, b<jTT\T \yT q ysT. |\\ T q n s\ |jT \T, |sd s #s \T
|\\ nudH |u$+ #ksTT. |\\ qT Cq s\T> u$+q|&T b<jTT\, bs|d\
u<H u dq |jT \ Vs yT q esT\T #T#dT y*. $<jTT, \ + |\\ qT |\
j
sT#jT &+ <T. Cq sD && u<H u dq |jT \T &&*. $ nH sq nqTuy \qT
*+#*. |\\T bsX\ e# eTT+< =+ CH *Z+{sT. B <s+ #dT= u<Hudq
|jT \T ]+#*. |\\ uw B+{ \yT + ~. s> >~ |\\ uw s Cq sD |j
>s +>
+&*. uc s> <\T#|&+, >j\T, \jT<yTq b\T e+{ eeVssb\ ucdeTTbsq
+&*. sb\T uwqT HsTH #ksTT.
) bs |d\ b
|dT bs|d\T n~ de#s+ +& $<sT\ n+sZX\ nudq Cq sD
m+{ neX+ e+& HsTT. $< e\+ bs|d\ |]$T+ nsTT+~. ||+ # ne>Vq
#dT e&+ $eTsH #H $<H |P]> kq+ +& bsTT+~. @~ eT+~? @~ #&T ?
eT+ #&T\ $#D L& kq+ +& bsTT+~. |]d |&TqeT\, }V\
<]#|T+~. $wjT+ bs|d\ b m+ eTTKyT+< \TdTy*. bs|d\ <s @
$\Te\T |\y |yX |{*? Cq sD nqT>TD+> bs |d \qT m sb+~+#*? |\\
# |j >s +> bs |d \qT m jT sT#j *? nH$ # \yT q $wj \T> >T]+#*.
$<|D[ $wj \ | dw # neds+. $<|D[qT neT\T]| k<q +> bs |d+
n+<] *dq $wjTyT. $<\\qT k~+#&+ u<Hudq |jT\ esZsXq+ #jT&+
bs |d \T >=| bqT sV+#*.
eT, eTs k+|<sTT \ T nH+ de+ HsTT. $ de+ n&T >T
s |sq n+X\T n*+> nH k+|T deTV\sTTq >\, ]qT\ d\
HsTT. M+{ bs |D[ n+q + #j *. Be\ y] #H <s+ s qeT +~.
$ksy T q |]cs\qT, H| D\qT, keTs\qT |+b+~+#e#T. y{ qMq s|\ q\,
deT~ #jT &+ &&qyseTe+. bsX \ nH~ ns dT\ $Xw> T D+ *qZ ~ nsTTq|{
d+|<jT, ss dT\qT s + #d~ +&L &<T . ns\ eT H| D\T, d+|<j\T,
\ \ b<qy* ` NCF`2005, | 27.
42
d+<s+> sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ bs|d\ >T]+ +~ |b<q\T #d+~.

|\\ nu dq bs |d \ |]$T+ L&<T .
|\\ >qTuy\qT, |PsCH, n+sZ X\qT |j+#&, k |]ds\ *d
|#jT T bs |d \T $d neX\qT *Z+#*.
bs |d \T |\ #H H| D\T |+b+~+|Cd VT<+> $#D
eeV]+#
<V<|&*.
$wjT |]Cq+bT, | nqTue +, k \ T, kV+, Cq|< $Cq+ yTT<q ke
CH+X\bT k de XdjT #sD\qT |_+_+#, bs|d\T +&*.
CqsD+ $<H\T, yd$ d\ <s+> ]q y{ s|D\T |\\ T ne>Vq #dT y*.
bs|d+ n+<T <V<]> +&*.
de+ $$< esZ\ k+|T jTe\T, y] Cq|< T \T bs |d \ |_++#*.
&T>T, nD>]q esZ\ ke H|< +, d+d #s\T bs|d\ |_+_+#*. q
esZ\ |]Cq ueq\T M]| sT< L &<T . bs |d \T +{ n deTd\| X< eV+#*.
bs|d\T X+<+> +&*. {e\ n+<]H <e $dTq~ . ~ e\+
n\+sbjTyT+ ~. yTT+ $<|D[ $<+ByT nsTT $<sT\ d \ T, n_sT #T\T,
nu dHX* , y{ eT\T, H|< eTT ` bs |d \qT n_e~|s &+ \+X\T y*.
<s+> bs |d \T+&*. <s u<q nH~ #sbjT+> $T*bL&<T . me d+<s\
\H$ nss V j+ |jT \ <]rdTH sTT. eTH~ #qqT s +# +&*
ns ~~+#&y , bs #~$+#&y , keT $<]eTT+<T |&j
T &y <T. eTT $<]
#q s +#*. nu dqqT nse ++> #d yd$ \D \qT |_+_+#*. u$ w<] > ssD
VTe\T qT>=H~ +&*. eTq sh $<\\ |s+, sh $<|D[ |]~ |+ 2011
|s+> $< nq> dV s ueqqT, X+, $\Te\qT, eqeV\qT >s$+#*. bs |d +
eqe V\qT #]+|C dT |\\ H |esqqT deTTb]+#T> +&*.
|\\ T de deTq |]d T \qT ne>Vq #dT y*. |#sk<H e# deTd\qT $<]
$Xw+ ns+ #dT>\>*. bs|d\T +{y{ <V<|&*.
$< <s de+ $_qesZ\T n_e~ #+<*. @< esZ #+~q Cq+ bs |d +
b<+ eV+#L&<T. nD>]q esZ\sTTq d\T, <[T\T, | neds\T >\ |\\T, ns\
n\d+U esZ |\ +~> bs|d+ +&L&<T.
|dT |]dT\ ||+ NsD, |y {sD H|<+ $< ybsyT+ ~. $< |sT nqeds
|#s s D\ |\T <|& *neTHsT. |dT |< q deTd @$T+f $< nH~ |\\ qT
de d+eT+ d+ |#d u<jTTyTq bsT\qT jsT#dT+ <? y<T\qT, +sqT,
s <>T\qT jsT#dT + <? de+ _q esZ\ _q y+#\T HsTT. *< +&T\T eT
|\\T eTH n_e~ #+<\ sT+{sT.
43

edTe de+ >\ $\Te| ne>Vq *Z (k+|T ` k+d k+<s , ]
beTTK\T *) e&+ q #| H| D ueqqT sb+~+#T= < d++~+q
edT sD+ #k&T. edT\u Cq+, edT j HD, <s qTe+{ edT
q Cq+, edT eqsT\ \uCq+, bs+u+ qT+ e]< sD+ |<+ eT]jTT
neT\T]| Cq+, k+ H| D\ |j >+, sT \ H| D\qT nqTL\+> eT\#TH
H| D+, nedsy T q |eTT sVD, HD| , dq|, Xw | e T | sj

*Z +{&T.
& e+{ & u <V <sT& +bT, &jTe\ CH, q k+ VTqT,
Xs H| DCH e] +# |D[qT, T dVs ueqqT, s T\qT n+#Hyd,
>*# ePVs#q #d CH *Z+T+~. ` NCF`2005, | 26.
) u<Hu dq |jT\T m +&*?
nqTuy\T eT]jTT |PsCq+ <s deTejTdT\sTTq |\\, >|\ |sds Cq$eTjT+
sT>TT+~. ysT e>+>HH, deTV+HH |sd s #s \<s ne>VqqT b+<>\sT. eTT+<+
yjT>\sT. CH u$w<sH dT>eTq+ #jT>\sT. |+ sD\T \TdTe&+ e\ VT<
<<, uy ne>VqqT n\e#T+{sT. ysT #s<s ne>Vq d++~+q ssD
d++<\qT $e]+#* edT+ ~ qT VT< qT n\esT+{sT. Te+{ $<q+ e\ |\\ T
eT<q d+ ne>Vq CH ]+#T+{sT. $<q+ |]|Ps esT b<jTT b
nedsy T + ~. |\\ nqTeH\qT e #jT & y] dV nud > + #s \ HjT +
eVd, nHwDyT q |X \qT bVdT+ &*. b<jTT&T |\\ *| |#d
, y] u>keTT\qT
#d e s D
\<s, u>keT+ e\ q yK sT\qT #| u<H u dq \+X\qT e ]+#*.
n|& b<jTT&T q |]X< &T> dV s nud &T> d#q*#yH <V<]>
es>\&T.
CqsD |jT |d+~+# u<q (Reflective teaching) neds+ .
|d+~+# u<q \D
\ >T]+ CH &y (John Deway) +< $<+> d+#sT.
1) <X \T, |s ekH\T : |d+~+# u<q |\\ qT | d++<+ \ysT>, \\ |s ekH
n++& k+ |]|PsT\T> r]~<T T+~.
2) #jT |< (Cyclical method) : ~ u<q qT #jT , d]\ |< T \T * +T+~.
b<jTT u<q eT+q+ eT<q |< |qXsD, s+s+> sT>TT+&*.
3) s>>~ nHwD keTs+ (Competence in Classroom Inquiry) : B nHwD
u<HkeTs+ neds+ |< <+X de#s dsD, $XwD, eT+q+, |d+<q,
|D[ s#q, ks\ \q e+{ #s\qT *Z +T+~.
44

4) u<q | yK ] (Attitude towards teaching) : |d+~ u<q $X\ ueHyK ],
u< jTTyTq |]|Ps V<jT+ neds+.
5) b<jTT sj
(Teacher Judgement) : m|y {+> b<jTT sj
<s+ b + > sj
b<jTT eTD eq n+s<Y w |, djT+|d+<q\|
<s|& +T+~.
6) dV#sT\ nudq (Learning with Colleagues) : dV#sT\ d+uwD, dVs+ <s
|d+~ u<q , e|s , nu dq, e> |]|Ps \ T |+b+<TsTT.
) $eTsH u<H Xg+, nqTesH \T (Critical pedalogy, its implications)
$eTsH ($XwD) u<q $<q+. $<sT\T eT| #d |H |+#T #d d+<V\qT,
n|qeT\qT e#jT & <V<|&TT+~. $<] $eTsH #q <V<] neT+~. Ira
Shore (1992) |s+ $<] sjT&+, e{&&+
e+{ y{ |]$T+ +&, ns\ |]~ <{
T\H+>, # q + k&T . $<] nbV\T, }Vu eq\ qT+ u |& *$ |+#T+{&T.
$<] n+sZ ns\T, eT\sD\T, k+|T |]d T \qT, @<H #s jTT e> |s ekH\qT,
edTe\qT, d+|T q\qT, |jT \qT, nqTuy \qT, |D[, bs $wjT +, jTe\T, VQ |#sk<H \T
< eeVs\ >T]+ | ne>Vq #dT y*.
$eTsH u<HXg+ eTTK <X+ $<] deTse ++>, Xe +T> j sT#jT&yT, d#
<V<|&&yT. ds y\\ qT+&, u<\ qT+& $eTT\qT #jT&yT. $<sT\ Cq sDeT+<T
k+|<jT u<H|< T\ b n |]$TyT+ ~. sT\ d+d >s$+#&+, q qT, ||+ #
$_q <D\ $eTsH+> |]o*+#&+ L& $<\\ {. $eTsH u<H Xg+
|\y <ojT eT]jTT nD>]q |& |\ d+d ns+ #dT e& <V<|& *.
n|& nD>]q |&esZ\ T+u\ #+~q |\\T y] y] d+d , #] y] y$ < |eT\ T,
eT+, ysd \qT D+> \TdT+{&T. ~ ysd $\Te\ d+eTD |u e+ y] J$\|
*ZdT+~. ysT deTse+T\T e& <V<|&TT+~.
$< nH~ sjT yTq ~. $eTsH u<H Xg+ |\\ T, b<jTT\ $< #T |]u$ T+#
sjT eeVs\| n|eTT\qT #dT+~. ~ sjT ueq\qT ns+ #dTH |\\qT XeT+T\qT
#dT + ~. deC ns+ #dT =H X dT+ ~.
$eTsH u<HXg+ nqTesH\T :
CqsD $eTsH u<HXg+ ePV+> |#dT+~.
|d+~ #H H| D\T, $eTsH #H H| D\T, ucu< d++< H| D #H

H| D\T $eTsH u<H Xg+ |< qb eVksTT. H| D\qT |+b+~+#& u<H u dq
|jT \T <V<|& *. ~ n $wj \ (Subjects) e]+#*.
45

< : ucu<q s> |< u<H deTjT+ eTq+ $ |< + m+<T sk&H $wj |\
|_+|Cd j> *ZjTT+&*. |<+ sjT&+ yqT <q n+sZ <w @$T{? nf ke
Xk\ deTq deTd\qT b\&+ # eTTKyTq~.
$<sT\ J$qTue+, djTCq+ +& $<qT, nudq sD+ \b eVkjTH $wjT+

b<jTT\ *j*.
eT+ $<eed < bsX \ $<sT\ y| \qT +~+#&y ysT s> >~ q Cq+
| $eTs#jT <T.
b<jTT, $<] eT< qyTq >seue+ +&*.
eTq+ b<jT ` $<] ` b<jT nq> b<jTT&T L& HsT +{&T. n> HsT Hy&T
u~k&T nH $<+> +#*.
b<jTT, $<] eT< qyTq >seue+ +&*.
eTq+ b<jT ` $<], $<] ` b<jT nq> b<jTT&T L& HsT +{&T, n>
HsT Hy&T u~k&T nH $<+> +#*.
b<jTT e| >seue+ *Z+&*.
b<jTT $<]jT T d+d , |PsCq+, uckeTs + \TdT=qT # eTTK+.
b<jTT&T m\|& |ue+T&q |]X<&T> +&*.
nu dq deVs+ nH~ deTk |]cs |< . +<T deTd\qT >T]+#T, |]cs esZ\qT
nHw+#T, #sD
|D[ s|\ q, < neT\T, eT+q+ nH$ eTTK+.
) ke sD y<+ (Social Constructivism)

ke sDy<+ nH~ keXg d<+\| ne>Vq. ~ k<sD CqsD
yd$ J$ nqsTTdT+ ~. $<sT\ T deTV\T> @s& q u>keT d+d , ne>VqqT
]+#T+{sT. m|& $<] +{ d+d jT+<T eT>T&e&, $$< <X\ d+d jT+<T
u>k$T n>TqT HsT+{&T. n Lev Vygotsky (1896`1934) nHsT.
u<q nudq nqTesH \ $wjT yT $<eTHyC Xgy\ T ke sD y< n< jTq+
#XsT. sD nH~ |\y |s_e~ k<q d++~+q d<+\ (|esH y<+, ke
nu dq ke sD+) |eTTKyTq ~. ~ Jean Piaget |b~+q d+CH |s_e~ d<++|
<s|& +~. Piaget |b~+q <X\ d<++ (H\T>T n_e~ <X\ T) sD> H >T]+#&+~.
m+<T+f |\\T eT+ eTT b|+ ne>VqqT ]+#Ty*. ke sD n_e~ s
n+X\qT , d+d eTT&T= sD k+|T sD> sb+<TT+~.
46

Vygotsky q s#q\sTTq Mind in Society (1930, 1978) Thought and Language (1934, 1986)
q+<T |\y sD dueeTT >] Piaget @u$ +#&T. u<H u dq jT+<T $<] +B
s> +&* nH ueq ke sD d<+ + <s+>H sb+~+#&+~. s>>~
$<sT \# keTV #s neT\T#jT &+ <s nH |j H\THsTT . B <s $<]
k<sD]+#&, s>jT+<T nudq <sTT+|qT eT]jTT eT ue |dsD >=| |H<T\T
@ssT+{&T. djT eTBsD , djT sj
\T eT]jTT \ bZqT| d |+#T+{&T.
#s \ $<sT\ qTFsD qT, keTV H| D\T , deTk |]cs keTs\qT |+b+~ksTT.
sy Tq nudq+ $<] HsT q $wj \qT \&> + eTqdTqT+& $Cq nqTuy \T =\b+&
+#TT+~.
}) b<jTT b
+es Cq sD+, Cq sb\T, Cq sD |]dT\T >T]+ \TdTHsT. sD
nu dq+ n+f eTq nu dH dyX\T Cq sD <V<|& *. ~ s>&+ b<jTT b
\yT + ~. b<jTT&T dV u>k$T. qT e\+ u< &>, yV&>, de#s+ n+~+# e>
+&L &<T . |\ Cq sD+ s|& ds q nu dq yesD+ *+#*. bV&> eeV]+#*,
|\\ *dbZH*. |\\ T |P]> eqd+ > nu dq eT>eTjT #&*. |\\ T y] d \
<s+> nudH |jT eT>eTjT #&*. <Ts<weXT |\T d+<s\ \ |sT
b<jTT\T dsqT, dHqT e~*|&sT. s#T> bs|d\ de<H\T |, s
de<H$ L& ds q $ e u$ksT . |\T $<Hq de<H\T+f y{ m n+^]+#*?
n y~ksT . $<y Tq $+&y<+ nu dH, < ns neVq #dT + ~.
eTq $<u<q , #sD
e\+ bs |< \ |]$TyT + ~. ~L& e\+ eT~+| #jT <q
|esq \ k<q dyT. <wqqTd]+ |\y D D b+< bD>H < eTq+ sb+~+# se
sV+# +|PsY>H u$dTH +. Be\ bs+X\ CH+X\qT eTT\T eTT\T> #d
HsT > +sd + #sTT+#&+ < @y = \T #sTT+, y] C| X | |&+ sT>TTq~. u<q
nH~ Vs]jT H kbH\ |]$TyT eTdbdq $<+ > esTTq~. $<q+ es*.
u<H u dq |jT \T |\\ d \ T, ksTT, y$ < \ nqT>TD+> \ L& +&*. |\\ +<s
u>keTT\jT dsq ePV\ L& +&*. $<sT\T +# $<+>, dyqT m<Ts=H $<+>
@+ nuddTHs |\ >V+# $<+>, b<jTT\T bs|<\qT d<+ #j*q neds + +~.
s> b<jTT&T #| q< $<sT\ T ] n|#| &+ e+{$ y]+#&*. $<sT\ +<s
bZH yjT \T, T \T, yTT+ s> \T #T#dT H bs |< \T sb+~+#*.
$<sT\ T d#> e ]+#&, e s D
bT y] eT< |#s \T s|& neX\T *+#*.
b<jTT\T |\\ | n~s #sTT+# ysT> +& y] _q e s D
\qT, n_bj\qT
$H*, eT+#*. +<T bsX \, s> T \T ++ *+#equ< ||+ #+> ese#T. $<sT\ T,
47

b<jTT\T eT yjT, keTV nqTuy\qT @ $<yTq ujTd+#\T +& |#T>*
ysT eT k++> nud+#& neX\T \_ksTT. |\\T eT \_+q CH $eTsH+>
|+#>\>*. Cq+ |b<sD L& bs|d\~ e#T. eT #T q kV
eqsT~ e#T. |\\ T eTTb+~q CH eT |]ds\ nqTuy \b*, yU+#&+ <s
$eTsH << n\esTH #&*. +<TqT>TD+> bs |< \qT / jT{ |< \qT
sb+~+#Ty*. eTdbdq $<H\ |]$TyT u<H u dqqT nHd *+#~> esL&<T .
eTT+| :
|\\T de#s >V\T> |]$T+ +& Cq s\T> es*. +<T <V<|&
bs |d \T, u<H u dq |jT \T, eT+q $<H\T +&*. M{ ks+#d b<jTT
ks s> , dV nud\ T> qq b bw+#* +T+~. |\\ e\+ de#s+ n+~+# e>
+& |\\ qT +|Cj
T &+, deTq |]d T \ nqsTT+#&+, $Xw +#&+ |d+~+|Cj
T &+
e+{ y{| <w|{ neT\T|s*. <s #H, CH deC ]+#>\+.
48
$CqXd due+ - |]~
eqe#] |\T eT u, Je, eTH yC, k+|T ||+#\ >T]+ |sds

d++<e TTq nH $wj \qT \TdTHsT. sT y s\y] $wjT Cq+, eqe C,
< |]ds\qT n++ L me T> ne>Vq #dT e{ |j >|& + ~. $wjT
|]Cq+ b+<& ne\+_+q esZ\T |]o\q, #q, |j >\T #jT +, b b
d]#&+. $<H $CqXg duy *| eT#T Tq\T. XgCq+, $T> $<H
b+< Cq+ +f m _q+> +T+< $ |_+_ksTT. C>> |< |s+ n< jTq+
#d eTq $X+ edTe \, d+|T q\ eesq eTesTT $CqXg + u$dT+ ~. +
$XeTH~ eT<y T q eed n, B eT\d\T n+{ +{jT $CqXg+
u$dT+ ~. n+<T# $X+ u> n< jTq+ #d d+b~+q Cq+ $X+ $T>
b+\ L& |j >|& T T+~. <VsD, | qT+ +~ |& edTe \ #\H $e]+#
#\q+ >TsTs D d++~+q d\T #+<T&T, s >V \ #\H L& $e]+#>\ e.
Xg Cq+ esT qeT+~
$CqXg+ CH ]+# |< . ~ <wj \qT C>> |]o*+#&+ MT<,

|]o\q\ <s+> = d<+\qT |b~+#&+ MT< <s|& +T+~. n+<Te\, @esTTH
= |]o\q\T ] n$ b d<+\qT dy\T #d, = d<+\ <]rd n|{ esL
q Cq+ esT se& sDu eTesTT.
Xg Cq+ me \+ \&> +T+~
+ eTT+<T #|q < ~ es+> |dT+~. & #b#<$T+f, Xg

Cq+ me u>+ \&> +T+~. <VsD HdH k| d<++ |b~+#+
n|{ es q qH #\q jTe\qT |P]> dsq<T. n$ @ |]~ |#kj y{
|]$TT$T{ *b&T. esT m>, n> =qk>+, ds +> +&+ nH$ L& XgCq+
jTT \D
\T. <$<+> $Cq Xg+ <$T<+> #| >*> $ m +{j, #| $ L&
n+ +f me> +{sTT.
$CqXg+ n |X \L deT> de<H*e<T
Xdj
T +> |]o*+# $wj H HsTT. <VsD eTw qeT+ eTT&|&
q nr+~jT X\ T, nr+~jT bDT\T, J$ |se e~ yTT<\sTTq$. $CqXg+ +{
# |X \ de<H*e<T .
XdjT $#sD
eTq yT<d T H, d]jT q sD+, d + qT>=q>\eT |{ qeT+. $CqXg+ eT&T

b<$T |X\qT d+~dT+~. n$
49

n& @eTT+~? (< : #+<T& @eTT+~? ssTT @eTT+~?)
n~ m |#dT + ~? (< : yTT Vs+ j sT#dT e& >* m &&TT+~)
n~ d m e+~ (< : + #d < s #d)
< Xdj
T $#sD. b<$ T+> $CqXg+ $u>\, |]\q\T #jT &+q,
d<+\T #jT&+q , TTEe\| <s|&+q , ] |<T\T |j +#+q
+ nH s $<H\q $<+ > +{sTT. n+<Te\ Xdj
T $#sDqT @ |]X<q ,
@ d+<s + y&s #| +& e]+#e TT. XgCq+ b+<{ <c\ e
K yTq esZyTB <T . XgE\T m|& nqTd]+# dsyTq kbH\T @MT
+&e. nsTT $CqXk q = dV \D\T < XdjT $#sD esZ +>
sb+~+#sTT. XgE\ |]X<q \ \D
\T |dT +> |ksTT. nsTT Xdj
T $#sD
XgE #j \ <T . J$+ m<TsjT nH $wj \qT \TdTe& messTTH
|< nqTd]+#e#T.
$CqXg+ TTEe sTT+~
~ +, ~ sT>TT+~ n $CqXg+ d<++> s|d d]b<T. <wj

|]o*+q|&T n~ dw+> q&*. n+f TTEe |s# &*. n+<T# $CqXg+ KyT q
de#s+ d+b~+#+| <w +B]dT+~.
$CqXg+, s+, }V\ $TXeT+
eTT& de#s + (data) qT+& >, $XwD\ qT+ > XdjT ueq\T / $wsD\T
y{y <$+#e. (eTT+<T> #dq) |]\q\qT, (de#s $Xw+ #d) sj\, ]
$#sD <s \b* n|& = ueq\T <$ksTT. nsTT dqT k] qq $wsD\T
|e<eX >, s d }V\e\> eTT+<T> }V+# +& sT>TsTT.
$CqXg+ $esD\dT+~ eT]jTT s>ujT~ eTT+<T> #TT+~ (Predicts)
eTT+<T> }V+ #|$ > d++~+q TTEe\ >T]+ (+ qT>=q&

n<jTq+ #jT&$) e#T. <VsD eqe |T |Pss\ >T]+ #dq d<++
CC\T, m&H eqe+{ + jT|& < <s+> |+#e#T. u $T
#] > < <| +& JesdT\ #] > $$< |T {\qT |q]]+#\+f +{
$<H\eds+. n> |s\T @s&+, q\ ejTdT e+{ n HeT~> ]> |jT\qT
n< jTq+ #jT & L& $<H\eds+.
dqT d+wyTq k+|T +
$CqXk d++~+q |qT\qT nH <X\ #+~q, nHe T+~, @< <X #d

+{sT. $CqXg+. < nqTesH \ d++~+q | nH <X\, CT\ #+~q
|sTw\T, eTV\T b\T|+#T=+{sT. M ` Xgy\ T, +sT, >D Xgy\ T, y< T \T,
k+ |DT\T, +|PsY b>eTsT, u]jTqT eT]jTT sT \T ` @<sTTH | yT q
\ + < $CqXg n_sT e\ XgCq+ b+<& |jT ksT . ysT de#s
dsD
>, d<+ sD+>, |]s+ ]+#&+ > < de#s |ks+ >
b\T|+#Te#T.
50
|\\ T dH m HsT+{sT
$CqXg b<$ T \D
+ Xdj
T $#sD, nHwD { $ s +& $CqXg u<q
<s+ y*. $CqXg+ ne>Vq y\+f < =~b{ b<$ T Cq+, dq T |<\T
*j*. + Xg |< T \T m |j ks < d++~+q Cq+, ne>Vq, q
$#sD (investigation) #jT+ yTq nqTue+ L& neds+. | $wj Cd |+
nH |X \T yd |\\ $CqXg+ u~+#\+f y] nH u<H u dq bZH
#j *. $CqXgeTH~ Cqu+&>s+ <, n~ CH n_e~ |]# |< *d+~.
{ $CqXgu<q ~X s>*. ~ + > HsT nqT> u<q +&L&<T.
XgE&T #dq qq $wsD >T]+ eyT |eTTK+> #| $<H dd #b*. $wsD
#jT >\>{ <V<|& q |]d T \T, < d++~+q ssD $#sD\qT |eTTK+> #| +
e\ |\ ue ne>Vq, XdjT |<T\T n\e&sTT.
@<sTTH |]\q #d, < b|\T s]+#& |j >\T #d , |*\qT uE
yd k > eT<y T q $#sD $Cq Xg+. n+<T# s> >~ #d |j >\T, \T
|\\ CdqT |+ bw+#$> e+&*. ysT |X\T n&, |]o\q\T #d, uV+>
y~+, |Ck$T |< ys= k<q < sj
=#T>q +&*. $CqXg u<q
<s |\\ T CqsD+ #jT >\>*, y] dV +> +& Cdq T d+|| s # & ysT
m&> XdjT $#sD #jT>\>*. = |j>\, qq d<+\, $wsD\ |*+>
$CqXg+, k+ XgeT n_e~ #+<T eT |]<T \qT $d]+#T+ bTHsTT .
k] = d<++ e b d<++ $e]+q y{q me <wj \qT eT]+
deTse ++> $e]dT+ ~. n+<Te\ b~ bsTT =~ y&T edT+ ~. ~ ne>Vq #dT =
Te+{ esTqT V+# >*> |\\ qT r]~<*. n> sT \T y*Tq $_q n_bj\qT
dV q+ $q+, $eTsH |]o\q #jT + y] |+b+~+#*. XgCq+ nHjd+>
s<T, n_e~ #+<<T. < *q XgE& < =+eT+~ XgE\ w |*+> n~
$s$ dT+ ~. $CqXg+ <qsTTH CqeTT> d]+#\H, >T]+#\H n~ |j >|P s+>
TTEe &*. $<sT\ T $wj [+| #dT = eT bC |qT\qT Xdj
T |<
#d bV+#*.
|\\T dH m HsT+{sT?
sE s|, seTT >*|+ m>s j\qTHsT . ys | + +|, |\\T
n+{+ >*|+ j sT#XsT . < <s+ {sT . yT&MT~ m >* @ ~ Mk+<
|]o*+#sT. >*|+ m>s d |jT + #XsT. n~ m>s < T . <s+ eTT& (d +) d]>
51

+< <q =*#XsT. nsTTH m>s < T . b{> +< + +| n+{+#sT.
=+ mT m] |\T ={+~. b&e d Z+#sT. >*|+ m>sXsT.
| dyX |]o*+#+&. + >*|+> e] >* m>s&+ yq\ <>Tq
dH qT |\\ T m HsT HsT. >*|+ b&e, y&\ T\ &ed @eTeT+~. |\\T n<
$<+> eyT m+<T n+{+#*? <s\qT eTT&y d kH\T e] @eTeT+~? b&e
>*|+ dE
@eTsTTH d++<+ +T+<? >*M# ~X es ~X >*|+ m+<T
m>s< T ? >* |{ |j +# <s+ m +&*? yT&MT< m +& H\ MT<qT+& m>s d
m+<T m>s< T ? +{ |X\+{ |\\ T y_e>\s? y{ >T]+ ysT ks! n
d+<V + edT+ ~. |\\ T >* |{ #dT q +d| m+ ]+> #]d, #d #d, d]#dT +T
eTT+<T k>TsT.
>*|+ m>s b e&eTH deTdqT |]w]+#Te& m+<T ]+< srksT ?
@+ #d m>TsTT+< }VksT , d#q\T #ksT . y{ neT\T #ksT . |* \qT d]#dT +{sT.
e] deTdqT n~>$ TksT . Xdj
T +> +#&+ n+f <. BH eTq+ Xdj
T |< n+T+{+.
dH HsTe&+ <>Tq n+: d+ <.
dV> |\\T eT #T +& |]ds\ | dV d++<+ * +{sT. |]ds\
| nqTuy eT<q D+ $Xw d T +{sT. b<$Tq ksTT |\\ |]o\q, sD\qT
y > * q HsT , qq |]cs\T d +#>\ s < dH #q\T yTT>Z =&T>T
+{sTT. { y] +& dV keTs dssTTq es+Z eT[+ dH HsT H
#jT yT bsX \ se +> +&*.
eTq#T q ||+ #+ |B eqT>y T q <* jTe & +T+~.
< >T]+#&yT dH n<jTq| |<q <X+. < \TdTy\+f m+<T? @$T{? m
n |+# | |]d m<TseT+~. d =&+, { &&+ , ssTT $d] jT\T
s\&+, eTT>TyZ j
T &+, e+#jT &+ ||q dH < +T+~. y{ <
q d\qT, jTe\qT |\\ T eT<q |< ns+ #dT +{sT. eT<q X* k<sD ] ksT .
{ d+<s bsX \ dH |] ]> u<H ePV\T #d
HsTe& b<qy\
*jTCdT H sTT. |\\ T eTT HsT q | n+XeT +> |]o*+#&+ <s, d]#dT e&+
<s b+<>\T>TsT. M{H eTq+ u<H |s+> |j H|D\T> |s=+T+{+. |\\T
eTT #dTq | eqT >+ +< < dH HsTe&eTH dV | s]+#sT.
n+f ysT |* + H |< b<qks ns+. $CqXd n< jTq+ \ n+X+ |
<s|& k>TT+~. Xdy s]+q deTk |]cs+ d+ |#jT &T. n&T | #dT b
+& d+<s + = qq $wsD\T sT>TsTT. eT]= qq deTd\T qeTesTT.
~ dV +> s+<+ +& d#> dH+> sT>TT+~.
52
qqbs|d\T ` H|<+
+#+&:
bs |d + be]d+ < +|&+~? b+<T?

bs|d+ n+X\T |\ |CkeT yK sT\T, XdjT <<+
|+b+~+#& +> dV jT|&T THj ?
|\\ T k++> +#&, |+#& d#> uy e] +#&
neX+ *dTHj ?
|j >X\ #d H s T e&, |#jT & @$<+> bs |d +
|j>|& T T+~.
bs|d+ |X\T VQ de<H\#$> +&&+ nedse? eTq
bs|d\T < nqTL\+> Hj ?
s> >~ $<], b<jTT&T <s b+{ b<q *qys bs |d + L&

n+{ b<q *q n+XyT . |dT \+ bsX \ ]> u<Hu dq |jT \ bs |d +|
<s|& eyT sV+#&T +THsTT. n+f bs |d + n+X $e]+#&+ . |X \T,
de<H\T ssTT+#&+ e+{ |jT \ bs |d + <s+>H sT>TT+{sTT nq$wjT +
eTq+<] *dq<. |dT \+ bs|d+ @ $<+> |j>|&TT+~? < |]$TT\T
@$T{? qq bs |d \T sb+~+#e\dq nedsy T $T{ #]<+.
|dT bs|d\qT b $jdTH+:
|dT bs |d \T de#s b<q#$> HsTT.
d\dt |sT |\T | \T> de#s+ +|yj

T &sTT.
bsX \ |~H\, d\dt b+q +& sbs~+q$ +&&+ e\ d\+

|P]#j
T & M\T>e.
{ $<H bV+#$> HsTT.
<T +> edTq esT\T, |]X<q |* \qT n+~|#T& nqTL\+> e.

53
$CXd duy *qT |dT q|{ |\ #q\T s +#&,

|+#&, |]o\q\<s, |]X<q\ <s HsTe& b<q#$> e.
$CqXd s>>~ ` |j>X\ d+ +<+ q+> u<H |jT\T

e]be& sDeTeTHsTT .
$d +> q de#s+ ` ueq\T ns+#dT e&, $e]+#& b<jTT\T

d + +<T\T b<Ts=H HsTT.
bs|d+ ueq\qT n+{ |\\ nseTjT $d+> $e]+#&,

u~+#& deTjT+ d]bbe&+e\ bsu<q n+f |X\ de<H\T
#| +& e]bsTT+~.
|\* |\ d+d<T * #jT &yT u<q |se s+ > es&+ e\ esT\T k~+#+<T,
s+\T b+<+<T |jT +#&y T | $wjT |]Cq+ n+~+#&+ nqeds|
n+X+> e]bsTT+~.
bs+ yTT+ HsT e&+, ns+#dT e&+ kq+ @y = |X \T {|

& +>
dH u<q e]bsTT+~.
|X \ <T \T, > & T \T eTT+<T= bs |d + neds+ n+X+> e]bsTT+~.
qq bs|d\T b+<T?
CrjT $< |D[ #+ 2005, $<V#+ 2009, sw $< |D[ |]~
|+ 2011 #dq d#q\ yTs bs |d \qT esT#dT e\dq neds+ @s&+~. $CqXk\
|] +es bsX\ neT\eTq bs|d\T |\\T k++> #d, |]o*d, nHwd,
deTk |]cs\T qT>=+, k<sD ]+#T+ HsT=H+<T nqTe> q+<Tq, d\dt
|] bs+X\ |]~ $d + #dT + bsTTq+<Tq bs |d \qT ] sb+~+#Te\dq
neds+ @s&+~
b +&* ` \D\T:
qq bs|d\T sb+~+#Te&+ +~ n+X\T <w +#Te&+ ]+~.
sw $< |D[ |]~ |+ |sds<]yTq, #HyTq, $\Te\L&q

$<|D[qT |b~++~. { bs |D[, bs+X\T, u<H udq |j
T \T,
eT+q+ yTT<q n+X\ y{ |_+_+# +&*.
54
$<sT\T eT{ $<sT\, b<jTT\, keT |sds+ |#s sT|,

#]d HsT H +<T M\T> +&*.
bs+X+ $e]+# n+X\T |\\T nqTuy\ <>Zs> +& qq Cq +
dw+#TH+<T nqTe> +&*. 8,9 s> T \ ksTT $<sT\ T neTs ueq\q
L& ns+ #dT >\sT. { #\qeTT, we TT, |T , DC\T yTT<q n+X\qT
|] d+<s\ bs+_+ q $Xw D
\ <s ueq\T ns+ #dT e&
M\T*> sb+~+#*.
|\\T $$< $CqXd ueq\qT |j>\T #jT&+, |]o*+#&+ , ] sD\qT
$Xw +#&+ <s k<sD ]+#Te& nqTe> +& \T *+#*.
|j>X\ |#jT&+, |]o\q\T #jT&+, y~ sb+~+#&+ \|+
se\T > |]>D+|&TTHsTT.
d H b _w H \ T, y T \T, | s TTsY \ T y T T< qe e\+ | < s H
se\T> sV+#&TTHjT| |\ |]X<H << |+b+~+#+<T
M\T> bs|d\ |j>|&&+ <T.
dH s> |\\T bs>+< #<e&+ <<|> w~+qsTT+~. < kq+
XH u+\T, > & T \T $T+HsTT.
#dT, HsT e&, \T, |j >\T sV+#& bs|d+ =
n+X\Tq|{ y{ sV+#& b<jTT\T #=se #|b e&+e\ $CqXd
s> s d \ & +& bsTT+~.
beeT+~ b<jTT\T bs #~$ $|+, $e]+#> < q\\MT<
eTTU+X\T sd, ueT\T ^d $e]+#&+ eyT #dT H sT. +<Te\ bs |d +
jTT b<q <X+ sT]bsTT+~.
bs+ es q |X \ |\\ T k++> yT\T sdTe& neX+
*+# +& b<jTT& #| &+, bs |d + >TsT\ T |{+ sjTeTq&+ <
> & T \T XH u+\T, esYT\ #d sjTeTq& + nH se |]$TyT
bsTT+~.
bs |d + $Xw D
+> HsT H $<H e~d { |f n+X+> e]bsTT+~.
\ bZq&+ <s |j >\T #jT &+ <s $_q |ej\qT|+ #&+
<s qq CH dw +#T>\>*.
55
s>>~ b<jTT&T #|y&T>, $<] $Hy&T> eyT +&s<T. |\\T

$wj+X\| q #q\ M\T* +# $$< s\T> |+#>\>*.
+<Td+ bs |d + de#s +|&+ +& $wjT +| #]+, |+#+<T
neX+ +& bs\T sb+<sTT.
$CqXde T+f b<jTT&T bs+ #||&T |d + #&s<T . #<e s<T nH
nbVqT =\d |\\ T bs |d + L\+w+ >, +> #~y+<T, #]+#+<T
<s ueqqT ns+#dT H+<T M\T> sb+~+~.
q s> T \ d+w ueq\T $e]+#e\d eq|{ y{ J$ d+<s\
nqTd+<d |]ds\, | eTyT+ #d Hs +&&+ . Be\ $CqXk
de Xj TdT d+ +~+ q $u> +> L & |\ \T ns +#d Te&
M\T>\T>TT+~.
bs |d + #]+# n+X\T, sV+# \T nksT ]wy T q de<H
#$> +& +&*. z|H b+&& \T e&+ <s |\\ T e> +>
#+#&, sjT& neX+ \T>TT+~. { +#+& #]+#+&
e+{ o]\ \T e&+ ]+~.
$w jT+ de#s + ns+ #dTe& s d \ de#s + L&
nedse TeT+~. { u, JeXk\ bs+X\T >D + , k+|T Xd+ , uw\
bs\ d++<+ *q$> +&*. +<Td+ $|T \ ysD, X+, q \T,
eekjT`|+\T yTT<q bs\T k+|T Xd+ d$T[+#d #| &sTT.
bs+ eT< qT, es |\\ T eTqTeTT n+#HydT e& nqTe> |X \T
HsTT.
bs $wj $Xw +#& |X\T n&>& + b+>H |j >|& T T+~ . {
B nqTL\+> | bs+ |\\T |+#&, +#& neX+ *>
bs+X\T sb+~+#sT.
# d+<s\ |\ de<H\T nHw +#&, qT=q& M\T> \T
s b+~+#sT.
bs |d \ q \T, $<sT\T #dq |]\q\T, s]+#Te&,
d]#dTe& <V<|& $ > HsTT.
|\\T djT+> < b<jTT dVs+ |j >\T, |]o\q\T #jT&
M\T> nH \T sb+~+#sT.
56
|\\ |> s+s+ eT~+| #jT& M\T> bs+ eT<, bs+ esq bH
s\ |X \T HsTT.
bs+ q $wjT +bT n<q+> |]o*+#&, \TdTe& nqTe>
MT \Tk, #<T e`q+~+#T, nqT+<+ yTT<q n+X\T b+<T|]#sT.
qq bs |d\T |<q+> |\\ T neTTs ueq\qTd + ns+ #dT e& |]o\q\qT,

|]X<q \<s HsT e& |j >|& $ <+ > sb+~+#sT. #d HsT e&+e\ $CqXd
ueq\| dwy T q n_bj @ss#T e&+bT , eTT HsTq $wj \qT <q +~q
J$+ b<TsjT deTd\qT |]w]+#Te& deTse++> $j+#*q H|D\T
b+<TsT. $CqXd+ HsT e&+<s |\\ T | |, |sesD+| ne>Vq * Xdj
T
yK sT\T *q ysT> b<>& qq bs |d \T b+ |j >|& sTT.
CrjT $< |D[ ` 2005, $<V#+ `2009, sw $< |D[ |]~

|+`2011 d#q\ yTs 8,9 s> T \ qq u skjTqXd +, JeXd+
bs |d \T sb+<sTT.
qq bs |d \T, u, skjTqXk\T $&$&> +& s +&+{ *|
$u>+> sb+~+#sT.
b<jTT\T, $<sT\ T |sd s+ #]+#Te&+ djT+> CqsD+ #dT e&+.
|\\ nqTuy \T, |]ds\qT+& bs+X\qT sb+~+#&+ .
bs+X\qT+& ueq\T |\\T djT+> $Xw +#&+ <s qq CH
]+#Te&+.
|\\ T eT d+<X\qT e#d T e&, = CH b+<& d#> e{&+ ,
|+#>\ >&+ .
$CqXd bs|d, nqT+< |d\qT w+> #<e&+<s ueq\qT ns+
#dTe&+.
|\\T <q+~q J$, | d++<+ * $j+#Te& &&&+.
|j>\T, |]o\q\T #jT&+<s , e>+> |#d HsTe&+.
\T, nuk\T z|H b+&& s|+ +&, e> + > HsT e&, dH+>
+#& <V<|& & +.
$$< $CqXd deTd\T |]w]+#Te&+ neX+ +&&+ .
57
|\\T k++> de<H\T sjT&, e>+> sjT& nqTe> nuk\T

+&&+ .
s+s+ deT> eT+q + #jT & nqTe> +&&+
.
| >T]+ \TdTy\H T m\|& eTw eTdw+ +T+~. |
$+\T, sV k\T n+<T sD+> u$+#e#T. |]ds\ esT\T, y{ |u e+ |* \|
}V+#+, nHw+#+b, ~eT \+ qT+& eqe *q #q eqe H>]
eT\ +. eT+H u, Je d++< |sesD C>> |]o*+#+ nse+yTq
d++<\qT qTe&+ sT>T+~. +<T u>+>H | |#s ]|+<T qq
k<H\qT jsT#dT& + yTT<+~. y| J$ deTd\ |]cs+ eTsy| XdjT
<<+ |+b+~+# |jT\ u>+> <T $CqXd+ yTT<+~.
$Cq Xkq >o\ dueyT n~ nq \+H XU|XK\T> $d+ e&
sDyT+ ~. $CqXd |]~ +> $d e TeT+&&+ bsX \ d+es\ s & Hs
$CqXd n+X\T $<] bsX \ J$+ eTTd H{ nss V + neTHsTT. ~ bsX \\
neT\eTq $<|D[, u<HePV\T qT>TD+> ese\dq neds *jTCk+~.
$CqXd+ |+ , |eD] +q jT<s CqyT, e\+ ueq\T, jT<s\ d+|{
<T. $CqXd+ qq <wj \ bT |{ |#s+ q d<+\qT $Xw + s
d<+\ b* #dT+ ~ . n+<T $Cq Xd+ m\| & j +>qT, |* +>qT,
>o\+>q +T+~. n+f $CqXd+ $<H (Process) b<qdT+ <| |*
(Product) <T.
$Cq Xd+ HsT &+qT, Cq+ d+b~+ ns+ #dT &+qT = \ n+X\THsTT.
yTT<{~ $CqXd+ s> >~ HsTH $<q+, s+&~ |\\ #H |<, eqd ksTT
eT]jTT y] c\T. M{ >eTq+ rdTq|&T HsT e&eT+f de#s + d]+#&+
< eT >qTuy\ qqC&+ = CH ]+#Te&eT ns+#dTy*.
eTq sw+ d+es\ s & bs |d \ ds| duy\ esT<T .k+|<jTyT q
eTd|< T \H =qk>TTHsTT.n{ > esTTq de neds\ bT {e* \+
eq u< H d < + \qT |] > D rdT qT | + # < T . H | < +
CrjT$<|D[ #+ 2005, $<V #+ 2009 deTq ||+ #| dyqT m<Ts=
*# deTse+yTq bsT\qT sb+~+# $<+ > $< +&\ #dq d#q\yTs sw $<
|D[ |]~ |+ 2011 sb+~+~.
58
bs|D [ ` e\T - bs+X\T
8,9 s> T \ qq bs |d \T 6,7 s> T \ d\dt =qk+|> sb+<sTT.

sw $< |D[ |]~ |+`2011 Xj \ yTs |sd s<] $< CqsD
|+b+~+#Te& <V<|& sD $< |_+_+# $<+> bs|D[
sb+~+~. 8, 9, 10 s> T \ $CqXk u skjTqXd+, JeXd+ nH s +&T ysT
ysT $u>\T> +T+~. | $u>+q bs+X\ b+|, e\ <s+> ]+~.
usk jTqXd+ @ @ e\qT <s+> #dT bs+X\ s|\ q ]+< |]o*<+.
1. |<s\T (materials)
2. edTe \T b |#ksTT (How things work)
3. ~ edTe\T, |\ #q\T (moving things people, ideas)
4. dV eqsT\T (natural resources)
5. dV <wj\T (natural phenomena)
| e\qT <s+>#dT= bs+X\ b+| ]+~. |<s\T nH e+
6, 7 s> T \ $e]+q eTq#T +& |<s\T, |<s\qT ysT #jT T |< T \T, |<s\T b
j sesTT nH n+X\qT <s+> #dT = 8,9 s> T \ |<s+ d T \T, eT <s\T
eT]jTT bd \ T, V\T, nV\T yTT<q bs+X\T sb+~+#sT. n<$<+> edTe \T
b |#ksTT nH e+ <s+> < , $<TyV yTT<q bs\T sb+<sTT. \+,
|TsD, y>+, #\q+, sD+ yTT<q bs+X\T ~edTe\T |\ #q\T nH e+
<s+> sb+<sTT. n< $<+> +~ s> T \ eTq#T ] > esT\T nH n+X
<s+> #dT = dV <wj \T nH bs+X+ sb+~+~. | dV +> *>
$|T \ T *q|&T rdTe\dq C>\ >T]+ n+X+ +~ #]+#sT. <V q+, +<H \T,
eT+ nH n+X+ +<H\e+{ dV eqsT\ >T]+ #| Tq|{ $$< |<s\T b
sb +<TsTT. n$ $<+> |e]+#& sD + @$T{ nH n+X\T \TdTe&
|j >|& sTT. q \T, ks T++ e+{ bs+X\T |\\ T eT#T q u ||+ #
< <eq eqT>\qT, jTe\qT |]o*+#& b+>H <V<|& sTT.
e\qT b+| #jT &+ |\\ keTs\T, ke neds\T, Xdk + s+>\
$Xw+ > sT>TTq w, eqe eqsT\T, u$ wY neds\T, | |sesD+ edTq esT\T
yTT<q n+X\qT <w +#Te&+ nedse T CrjT $< |D[ #+`2005 d++~.
59

$d +> sb+<TTq de#s |\\ bs |d + <s n+~+#&+ wk < + { ysT
$$< e< e\ <s nedsy T q n+X\qT d]+#TH HsT qT |+b+~+#Te&+ <s
nedsy T q CH k++> ]+#Te& M\T\T>TT+~.
8,9 s> T\ u skjTq Xd+ @ @ e\ +~ @ @ bs+X\T b+<T|s#s
C_qT |]o*<+.
esTd e+
8e s>
9e s>
d+K
1 |<s\T
` eT <s\T`bd
` eTq#TT q |<s+
` V\T ` nV\T
` |<s+ |]X<yTq<H
` nDTe\T ` |seDTe\T
- |seDTe\|+ @eTT+~
2 edTe \T
`
` | ` X
b |#ksTT
` <
` <
3 ~ edTe\T,
` <y\ $<TY |yV+ ` #\q+
|\T, #q\T
` \+
` #\q jTe\T
` |TsD
` *j& edTe\T
4 dV eqsT\T
` u>TZ ` |{*jT+
` +<H\T <Vq+, eT+
5 dV <wj\T ` = dV <wj\T ` >TsTsD
` q \T, ks T++
e\T b+| #jT &+ |\\ keTs\T, ke neds\T Xd k+ s+>\
$Xw+> sT>TTq w eqe eqsT\T , u$ wY neds\T, | |sesD+ esT\T
>T]+ b+<T|s# & + nedse T CrjT $< |D[ #+`2005 d++~. sEsE
$d +> sb+<TTq de#s |\\ T e\+ bs |d + <s eyT n+~+#&+ wk < +
{ ysT $$< e< e\ <s nedsy T q n+X\qT, n+X|s y T q yTs d]+#TH HsT qT
|+b+~+#Te&+ n\yT #j *, B <s nedsy T q CH k++> ]+#Te&
M\T\T>TT+~.
HqT H $<sT\ b|& @ $wj Hs& |jT +#< T . HsTe&+ b>
n~ eyT HsqT nq HdH e\T $CqXd u<q #sDjT d\T . $CqXd+
|]\q\T, |]o\q\T, |j>\T, ssD\T, d d<+\ deVs+ ` $CqXd |d\T
XdjT yKsT\qT, XdjT << |+b+~+#&yT <X+> s|~<THsTT. $ e\+
60

de#s+ n+~+#$> +& |\\T ` |\\T, |\\T ` b<jTT\T, |\\T ` nudq ke,
|\\T ` de+, |\\T ` | |sds |#s\T sT| (interactive oriented learning)
dH HsT H u<H ePV+ <s+> sb+<sTT. |\\ T eT#TT q $_q n+X\ |#s
s|& + (interaction), $_q D\ +#&+ (dialectical thinking), +> +#&+
(critical thinking), dH+> +#&+ (creative thinking) <s k++> CqsD+
#jT >\>*. Cq+ >o\yTq ~. ~ s+s+ esT\ qeT+~. = nqTuy \T by{
kq+ #] y{ =\+#e#T < eT]+ |+ #jT e#T. n+f |\\ T bsX \ e#d]
$$< n+X\| eT<q ueq\qT (concepts and misconceptions) * +{sT. s> >~
u<H u dq d yX\T y{ |+ #jT e#T < | &T n_bj\ kq+ dss TTq
qq ueq\ k|q s>e#T . { u<Hudq CH#~> +&\H d+| qq
bs |d \T sb+<sTT.
HsT &eT+f $+, #d, #d HsT e&+ { bs |d + #s \, $Xw D
\,
|]o\q\, djT nqTuy\ (Hands on experinence) b<qy*. $q&eT+f eTq
|\T> e] $q&+<T. |d , #]d , T \ bZ+ HsTe&eTqe.
$CqXd jTe\T, d\T, d<+\ eTq J$ nqTuy\qT+& $w]ksTT
{ | bs+ J$ dyX+ bs+ueTeT +~. HsT e&eT+f de#s d]+#&+
<T. de#s+ CH ] +#Te&+ { #q s +# |X \T, \T, de#s
|{ \ ssD
se& neX+ +& \T sb+~+#&+ e\ yj
T T +> $wjT
|]Cq+ |+b+~+#TH+<T M\T \T>TT+~. $CqXd+ |] HsT H n+X\T |\\
J$ nqTuy \ <>sZ > +&* { bs+X\ m+| e b<q $<q+ (Thematic approach) +T+~. n+f @ bs bs+ $&> +& < { d++<+
*q~> HsT e& dT\u s +, nse ++ #d~> +T+<qe.
uws n+X\ eTTK+> dH bs+ #||&T |\\T |d + #&L &<T n #eT+~
b<jTT\T u$d +{sT. |dT bs|d\T #]+#&, $Xw +#&,
nHw+#& nqTL\+> sb+~HsTT. bs |d + $wj ns+#dT < |
u<H |jT\ $<sT\T bZqsT. n++& $CqXd+ bs+X\T #<e&+
n+f uw |d\T #~$qT> +&<T. | y+ ns, $es *e+T+~. <
{ $wj >V +#* +T+~. n+<Te\ |\\ T eTT+<T> bs+ #~$ *jT |<\T,
ueq\ >T]+ =+ ne>Vq #dTy*. sTy u<Hudq |jT\<s $wj
$es+>, k++> HsT e& M\T\>TT+~. { $CqXd s> >~ |\\ T
|d]> bs|d #<y*.
61
$<|eD\T
+#+&:
1. $<|eD\T n+f @$T{ ? $ b+<T &&sTT?
2. $CqXd+ s]+q $<|eD\T @$?
3. bs|d+ $<|eD\T k~ +#& M\T*+#, |j>|&
n+X\T @$T{?
4. $<|eD\ k<q u<H u dq |jT @yTH d++<+ +T+<?
HsTe&eT+f nqTuy \ |]~ $d + #dT + eTT+<T k>&+ (CyT . s ).
+es eTqq n_bj\ kq+ qq ueq\T @s&&+ , > n_bj\T |+
e&+> ]> u<H u dq |jT \T+&*. $CqXk nu d+#&+ <s |\ $$ +#&+ , |]\q\T #jT &+, |* }V+#>\ >&+ , n+#H
yjT >\>&+, #d #&& + <s s| +#Te&+, eT& |* \ qT+& k<sD ] s#&
M\jT n+X\qT y > \ >&+, | |sesD |$T+#&+ , +T e C\+| sT D *
dV qTu eeV ]+#&+ e+{ \D
\qT |+b+~+#Ty*.
$<|eD\T b+<T?
eTq |\\T yTTu bH bH s\ n|wH\qT n\y> |j+#&+ eTq+ #dH
H+. y b #jT >\T>TTHsT n d ... n+X+ y bes bs+ #| &+<T ,
|\T |&+ <T . eT] n+ H| D+ b d+b~+#>\ T>TTHsT? |X de<q+ eTq+<]
\TdT. e\+ #d HsT e&yT | eTs= esZ + <T . dH HsTe&eT+f <.
k>sY &^ es #~y&T. y +{ bH HeT~> sT>TT+f dVT&es +&qsY
e]d d]bT+~ nH&T . n~ m& <=sTT+<, < m neTs k>sY ns+<T .
m+<T=q >=&e nqT= m\w jT H d+ y & + yTT<\T|{&T . +{ k>s\Y T eTq
62

#eT+< +{sT. s > >< T\T dHqT |d + (< |]$TyT) Hs |<
=qk>TT+&&+ e |]d T \T <|]dTH sTT.
qHqT eT y&d# n~ $wT\eTeT+< #<Te+ Cs e+& Vs |<s\T
+T+{+. #T b |sesD+ b&sTTbT+< $+T+{+. +{ m*ywH (n+<+) d+
M~ +& #T q]+#k+. b*BH esT bD+e T mes #| T+{sT. y&&+ eqyjT +
|> |bd >\ u& +. yq { e~k+. >TsT < |+ b+. mH nqTuy \T
eTq#T |ksTT. $CqXd+ HsTe&eT+f +{ y{ | dss TTq ne>Vq *
+&&y T . n s>& + <T . dH qT #<e &+ yT nsTT &s , {#s eT<TyTV+ y~
sL&<T (e+Xbs+|s + $TqVsTT+|) n s_H bds Y nH sH $<y ybj&T, yT
eTq #<T e eTq <q +~q |esq deTqjT+ =se&+~.
|P\ +&q yTTqT #dH , sT m+&q yTTqT #dH d+~ +# eTqdTq
eTqTw\T> eTq+ |dTH+. +Te\ | <jT, | | dTd+<q, dVq+, deTue+
*q qq deC sb+~ +#&y T $CqXd |< q \ +. b>=T q #f yT y*
{ H>], <T sD
|] ]q <c\qT de]+#Ty\+f $CqXk eqMjTD+
b~+#*. n+<Td+ sb+~qy $<|eD\T. M{ e\+ $wjT + HsT H n+X\T>
+& qqD\ #&&+ neds+. q T C&+ ns+#dT H |jT +#<+.
$<|eD\T :
CrjT $<|D[ #+ ` 2005, $<V #+ `2009, sw $< |D[
|]~| + ` 2011 $<sT\ T s> q |eD\qT k~+#\ s +#sTT. bsX \ $<
$CqXd u<q <s |\ +~ nu dq |* \qT $<|eD\T> k~+#*.
1. $wje>Vq :
$<] ueq >T]+ deT>yTq ne>VqqT ~ ddT+~. $wje>Vq n+f
$e]+#&+, eZ]+#&+, $Xw +#&+, <VsD*e&+, sD\T #|&+, eqd \T
@ss#T e&+
$e]+#&+:
qT |]o*+q < #~$q ueq\qT>, #dq d +|TqqT>, #dq +

>T]+ dsq Xd k+ |<\qT |jd $e]+#&+ .
sT \T q < d]+q $es\qT VT<+ > +#&+ <s s+ #dT e&+,

q k+ ueq\qT C&+ $e]+#&+ .
63

eZ]+#&+:
deTV+ edTe
\ eT< &\qT >T]+#>\ >&+
deTV+ edTe
\ eT< b*\qT >T]+#>\ >&+.
| \D+ <s+> edTe\qT deTV\T> #jT>\>&+.

eZs
D
nqTd]+q $<H <s\qT #| &+.
$Xw +#&+:
q k+ uw d+|TqqT >, d+<s > $X<|s#&+.

ueq\qT >T]+ dVTyTq sD\qT b>T|] +#>\>&+ .
d\T, dMTsD
\T, |j >|* \T yTT<q y{ $Xw +#&+ , n+'d\qT,
d++<\qT >T]+#&+ , =d + +<\qT @ss#> \ >*.
<VsD*e&+:
b<jTT&T #| q n+X\qT n< |<
#| + +& |\y &T k+> q
|]CH $j+ n +{ eT]= n+X\T #| >* < <VsD\T
e&+ > |s=qe#TqT.
keq, $_q \D\ <s+> <VsD*e&+.
sD\T #| &+:
|j> |*\T, $$< ueq\T, <wj\T yTT<q y{ sD\ $e]+#&+
.
|#s , #s >\ sD\qT <s+#dT d++<\qT >T]+#&+
.
sD\ <s+> |]o\H+X\qT $e]+#&+
eqd \T @ss#Te&+:
| qTuy
\ <s ns+ #dT e& M\T neTsu eq\qT >D s b\, ]
#q\ ns+#dT e&+, y{ >T]+ eqd+> ueqqT @ss#T e&+.
@ssT#Tq eqd \qT nedsy
T q d+<s\ ] |j +#&+ .
2. |X \T n&>& + , |]\q\T #jT &+
|\ |+# + be> +T+~ { $wj +X\qT V\+ |]o*+

|+# keTs+ *e+&&+ . $$< ueq\| #H |X\T n&>&+.
64
b+#Tq n+X T> $Xw +#& #H |X\T yjT >\>&+.

de#s d]+# d+<s + , |]o*+# d+<s + , +s #jT & nedsy T q
|X \qT sb+~+#&+ .
|+#&+ , |]o*+#&+ |\\ +& dV \D \T. $ nHwD |]X<q eT\T
{ |\ |+# keTs =qkd |]\q\T #d keTs |+b+~+#*.
deTk |]cs <V<|& eTT+<dT #q\T #jT &+ <s |* \qT }V+#&+ .
|j>\T, |]o\q\T #d|&T |*\qT >] eTT+<T> }V+#&+ , |]\q\T
#jT&+.
|j>\T eT]jTT |] o\q\T

B |]s\qT m+|# j
T &+, neTs&+, |]o*+#&+ , qy<T#jT &+, $Xw D
#jT &+,
s]+#&+ ,k<sD ]+#&+ yTT<q H| D\T +{sTT.
|]o*+#&+:
CH+~j\ nqTue+ <s de#s d]+#>\>&+.
edTe
>, d+|T qqT>, <wj > |]o*+#&+ .
]q d+|T q\qT esTd eT+ >T]+#&+
.
qy<T#jT &+:
d]+q $wj |{> HT|d+> qy<T#jT& +.
$Xw +#&+:
q k+ uw d+|T qqqT>, d+<s>, $<H, |* \qT sD\

$e]+#&+.
@<q d+|Tq>T]+ dVTyTq sD\qT b>T|] +#>\>&+.
\TdT=q n+X\ @$ ds q y y k\ <s+> >T]+#>\ >&+.
$wjT |{\T, >|\T, y~\qT +> |]o*+ ueq\qT sb+~+#&+ .
s]+#&+:
|]\q\T d]> }V+#&+ ] M{ |j >|P s+> |]o*+, $Xw +

|* #| &+ s]+#&+ neT+~.
65

de#s H|D\T ` bC\T
HsTH eT+ $<sT\ T nH |<T\ de#s + d]+#e\dq neds+

@s&TT+~. nd]+q de#s+ eZ] +, |{ \ T sb+~+#&+ , sb+~+q
|{ \ >T]+ $Xw + k++> y~> y~ sjT&+.
de#s dsD , H|D+ e\q |\\T nH s\ Jeq |]dT\qT, d+dT\qT,

sT \ n_bj\qT >s$+#&+ .
|]ds\ | kqTu * +&&+ . u<\T d]+#& d<+> +&&+ .

q \T, \Vq\qT n+^]+#&+ . #=se#|&+ , bZq&+.
sT \ *d |#jT &+, |+#Te&+ sT \ dV jTsT\T> +&&+ .
bC |qT\T:
bC nq> $<sT\ T deTdqT bqT= deTd |]cs $$< kbH\T

nqTd]+ s]+# |jT.
~ |\ n+sZX\T, dH X\ $j > |j>|&TqT.
z|, dV q+ |* \T e#< b<TsT#&&+.

T HjT>, nqTjjTT&T > L& |e]+#&+ .
y~\T sjT&+, y{ |<] +#&+ .
$Xw D
+>, <VsD\ <s\ $e]+#&+ .
~ T| , dV su e+, dV que+, |+b+~+#&+ .
\T, >|\t T ^jT&+ ` qeTH\T #jT &+ <s ue|ks+:
+<T ueT\T ^ $e]+#&+ \ <s n_e s D

, + u>\qT >T]+#&+
e+{ n+X\T +{sTT.
|]ds\ neT]qT, |]o\q\qT (d <]) ueT\T^jT&+.
u &j >yT , b# sY , eZs D

|{ \ T sb+~+#&+ .
q n_bj\qT, #qqT dH \ <s, qeTH\T, |ejT |]s\T

j sT#jT & + <s e ]+#&+ .
q d]+q de#s ,|*\qT $$< sU\ s|+ (usY >|t\T, |

>|t\T) e]+#&+ .
66

k+<s dV eT]jTT |X+d
|\ b{ + |+#&+ , z$T, > \T| deq+> d]+# + |+b+~+#&+ .
|\ ydy n+^]+#&+ , |X+ d+#&+ e+{ \D

\T |+b+~+#&+ .
| $$< n+X\qT |]o*+ y{ <eq d++<\qT >T]+#&+ <s

y{ b<qqT >T]+#&+
Je, u, skjT n+X\ |\qT #d q+~+#&+ .
Xdy \ w |X+ d+#&+ .
dH T\T, d$THs bZq&+.
H<\T, s| \T, $\T yTT<q s#q \T #jT &+.
Jey$ < +| dT + / J$+ nqjT+
|\\T |]ds\ Jey$<+ b<qqT >T]+#&+ .
Jey$< |]sD w#jT&+.
| J$ J$+# V +< >T]+#&+ .
eqe\ |esq\e\ | ]> V>T]+ \TdTe&+.
|, |sesD+ | ne>Vq * u<> eeV]+#&+ .
| JesX\ n+]+#bjT CT\| | X<e V+#&+ .
|\\ T eTT b+~q CH J$ dyX\ nqsTT+#&+ .

| eqe eyT k++< < eqe&T u>+ eyTq >V+
eeV]+#&+
67
qq bs|d+ ` bs+ sD eT+
$CqXd qq bs |d + |\\ T eT eTT CH ]+#TH $< +| <s|&

sb+~+~. Xdj
T +> +#&e T+f |] dyX\ n+s+ d\qT jTe\qT
\TdTe& |jT +#&+ . { qq bs |d + bs+ neT] |H<T\|H ]yT q ~.
|\\ J$ d+<s\ m<TsjT dyX\ bs+_+#&+ (Natural experience)
#q s +#, X<H |X \T (Probing questions) <s bs n< jTq+ #jT &
d+d<|s#&+.
\T, $Xw D \ <s $wj $e]+#&+
$$< \T, |j >\T, de#s |{ \ T, dsD
(Analytical exercise)
XdjT #qq, XdjT <<, TqT s+#& n<q| de#s +
n+<TuT +#&+ (Out of box thinking)
nud& <d |sds |#s\ M\T> u<Hudq $<H d$T[+ #d
+&&+ (interactive learning)
|\\T eT d+ #q\T, n_bj\qT C&+ $wj q<q D+
$w]+#TH+<T M\T> djT |d+<q\T+&&+ (Creative response)
s] $<|eD\T k~+#+<T M\T> bs+X $esD\T+&&+ (Academic Standards)
T , djT eT+q+ #dTe& M\T> nu dH yTsT>T|s# T e& &&&+
yj
(Improve learning)
$$< e\ <s+> sb+~q bs|D[ bs+X\T eT|<
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bs+X\T skjTqXd bs\T n< jTq+ #jT & &&j >T]+ y <s+>
bs+X\qT neTs&+ ]+~. n<$<+ > bs+X\ L& ueq\ b<q eT+
68

neTs&+ ]+~. bs+ sD eT+ |] bs+u dyX+ yTT<\T= nu dH
yTsT>T|s# T +<+ es >\ nH n+X\qT D+ |]o*+#&+ neds+.
CqsD+ #dT e&eTH d<+ ePV+| <s|& sb+~q $CqXd bs |d +
$$< $u>\qT +> |]o*<+.
bs+u dyX+ / #H |X\ L&q |]#jT+.
\T / |j >\T
+#+&. #]+#+&.
MT \Tk
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eTq+ @+ HsT H+
nu dH yTsT>T|s# T +<+ (|X \T)
besT #bsT? besT qT>=HsT?

| n+X\ <s+> bs |d + | bs+ sb+~+#sT. M{ eT]+ T>
$Xw +#&+ bT j kbH\qT s> >~ b sV+# |]o*<+.
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bs ns+#dT e& M\T> |\\ T > nqTuy \ <s+> bs+u dyX+
bs+ bs+ue TeT+~. = bs+X\T #H |X \L& bs+ue TesTT.
b sV+#*:
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yT+ & e|+> sV+#*. <VsD \+ bs+ eTq #T nH esT\T sT>TT+{jT
esT\ yqT @<H sD+ +T+< nq |X bs+ bs+ue TeT +~. { b<jTT&T
eTq #T sT>TTq esT\T, y{ sD\ >T]+ #HyT q |X \ |\\ #]+#*.
<| yT+& e|+> sV+#*.
69

2. \T / |j>\T:
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M\T> nH \T / |j>\T sb+~+#sT. $ b<jTT dVjT+ e>+> <
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sV+#&, $Xw +#& X<H |X \TL& +{sTT.
b sV+#*:
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sj*.
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bs |d +> #~$+#*.
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e> +> / / b<jTT dV jT+ |\\ T #j *.
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#]+#*.
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70

+#+&, #]+#+&:
bs+ $wj eT ]+ T> ne>Vq #dTe&>qT bs+ n&&
+#+& ` #]+#+& nH o] +< #H |X \T +{sTT. $ |\\ #]+#&
y] $_q D\ +|Cj
T & < +|&q$.
b sV+#*:
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|jT+#s<T. |\\ #q\ deTk |]cs &&, s<+>
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n+ | b<jTT& de<q+ #| &+ HT|d + ssTT+#&+ #jT L&<T .
o] n+X\| s> d$THs >, bsq+s deyX\ e

n+X+>> e{&+|Cj
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nedsy T q d+<s\ |\\ T nqT+< |j >\T #jT &, |]o*+#&

neX+ *+#*.
MT \Tk:
| bs+ q $$< ueq\qT eT]+ T> ns+#dT e& <| $d +>
|]o*+#& bs |d + H = n<q| |]o\H+X\T MT \Tk o] b+<T|s# sT.
<VsD eT <s\T` edTe \T bs+ u +& Xdy #dq w >T]+ $e]+#sT.
$ |\\ T V+> $$< $CqXd #] n+X\qT (History of Science) |]X<q\qT,
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T yK sT\T, n_sT #T\T
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b sV+#*:
bs+X u<q u>+> #H |X \T n& u n+X |\\ T

w+> #~y+<T bVs+> #]+#*.
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71
B d++~+q nqT+< de#s bs\T > +<\jT+, s{ qT+&

d]+#& bV+#*.
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b sV+#*:
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72

|{ \ T +|&+ ` $Xw + #&+:
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sb+~+#&+ , < |]o*+, $Xw + ssD
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b sV+#*?
bs+X+ <s+> bs |d + q |{ \ d+ de#s+ b d]+#

eTT+<T> d#q*y*.
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de#s |\qT sb+~+#T= + sV+#*.
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b<jTT&T <VsD*y*.
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nedsy T q d+<s + |{ \ qT bsX \>, +{ e<>, de#s+ \_+#
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73
= |{ \ de#s +|& be deTjT+ |&T T+~. <: | \

s|$jT e+{ n+X\qT |]o*+#& nedsy T q + deTj {sTT+#*.
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be de#s d+| s |+ n+<Cj
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ns+#dT e&+ dT\u s e TeT+~.
b sV+#*?
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74
b #sT = <Xq T |]o*+|Cj

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bV+#*.
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qeTH\T jsT#jT&+ ` |<]+#&+:

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75

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b $j+#*?
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76

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77

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79
10
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80

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{#s Y H{ (n<q| eqsT\T, se\T):

1. { $+ |esq | d s de#s d]+ *jTCjT &+. (|T u$ +q dsd T \ |\ \#s\T
J$+ +&& >\ sD\T?)
2. *Heq+ #]qT *jTCjT&+.
3.qMq $<, # eTT, e>Cq T\ qT+& |<s d T \ d++~+q yk\T
4.n+s\+ qT+& yjTT |<s\ y|q+ >T]+q de#s+.
b<jTT |d+<q\T:
bs+ u~+q sT y b<jTT\T djT eT+q+, $<sT\ |d+<q\T qy<T #dT y*.
90
13
|]jT& |<+ ` bs+X u<H kbH\T
bs m |]jT& |PseT+< *| bs |D[ | n&T esTd

|]jT& u~+#*q ueq\qT ddT+ ~. $CqXd u<q +q |* \ k<q $<sT\ qT
nudq \ |P] u>keTT* #j* M\T> $<|eD\qT s]+#Ty*.. nsTT
|]jT& n $< |eD\qT k~+#+. @@ $<|eD\qT k~+#& M\T\T>TT+<
y{ eyT sdT+f d]bT+~.y] d s d |j
H| D\qT, Xdj
T #q\qT
|+b+~+|#j
T & X<H |X \ (b_+> XH) <s bs+X+ | d *Z+#*.
bs+ \+X+| yT+ &e|+> #sTT+#*. $wj e>Vq *+#& ds y T q |j >\T
\T, bC \ T sV+#*. s> >~ J$ d+|T q\qT $CqXd ueq\
nqTd+<+#*. |]jT& bs u<q kbH\qT b nqTd]+# |]o*<+.
kbH\T:
1. yT+& e|+> ` X<H |X\T (Mind Mapping - Probing Questions)
n) |\]+|:
) yT+& e|+>
) X<H |X\T
2. bs |d + #<e &+ ` \|< \T >T]+#&+ (Reading - Recognising Key Words)

n) bs+ #<e&+ ` \|<\T >T]+#&+
) #]+#&+ , b<jTT&T usT | sd $e]+#&+ .
) bs+ >T]+ |\\ qT |X \T n&>e Tq&+
3. \ sVD ` ueq\ ne>Vq (Activities)

4. |<sq ` #s (Demonstration - Discussion)
5. eTT+| ` eT+q+ (Conclusion - Evaluation)
jT{ u<q <s k~+# $<|eD\T < \\T, bs+ b<q\qT >T]+
yTT<{ |]jT& eyT #]+#*
k~+#*q $<|eD\T: $Cq Xk s +q 7 $< |eD\qT bs+ |Psj
T d]
k~+#+<T |jT +#*. { |]jT& @@ ueq\THj >eT+ y{ nqTL\+>
$<|eD\T s ]+#Ty*.
91

bs+ b<q: bs+ m+<T HsTy*? <s |\\ @$T u+ nH D+
b<jTT&T bs+ b<qqT $e]+#*. Be\ bs+ m+<T HsT+THy |\\T ns+
#dT>\T>TsT.
1.Mind Maping #sTT+#T:

|\]+|: |\\ qT |\]+#& >T&e]+> |\\ , |\\ u>THs nH +& ]<$ T
#|Te+{ qq \T, +|Cd |, d>+ ueT < ueT =+ u>+
+|Cj
T &+ yTT<q |< T |\]+#e#T.
yT+&e|+> #sTT+#&+: | bs bs+u |]jT& eyT yT+ &e|+> #sTT+#*.
dssTTq \ |< q\\| sd |\\ n+X+| q ueq\T, n_bj\T, <VsD\T,
\D
\T, <s \T y] e k++> #| + q\\| sj*. ~ bs+ |sT s| +#& #d
|jT + <T. =ksT bs+ |s \|< +> +T+~. nsTT nksT M\T<T. bs
d++~+q <>Z] ueqqT \|<+> y*.
X<H |X \T n&>& +: |\\ qT +|Cj
T & \+|<+ <s+> d++~ ueq\qT
#|+#& Probing Questions (X~+# |X\T) n&T>T #]d \ n+X\qT q\\|
sj* . bs+X+ HsTe& d *Z+# |\\qT |]=*. bs+X ueq\qT
HsT =H+<T $<sT\ qT d+d<T \ qT #j *. ( bs+ bs+u |]jT& eyT yT+ &e|+>
#sTT+#*. sT y |]jT& X<H |X\<s < eTT+<T |]jT& HsTq n+X\|
#H |X \<s |]jT&qT bs+_+#*.)
2. bs |d + #<e &+ ` \|< \T >T]+#&+ (Reading - Recognising Key Words)

bs u<q sE |]jT& s]+#Tq d\dt u~+#e\dq bs u> $<sT\
e> +> #~$+#*. bs #<T e y] ns+ , qq+> |]#jT yTq |<\qT, ueq\T
>T]+|Cj
* . y{ b<jTT&T q\\| sj* . y{ >T]+ #]+|Cj
* .
b<jTT&T $esD y*. bs+ @@ n+X\T \TdTy\qT+THs |+#eTH*.
3. \ sVD ` ueq\ ne>Vq (Activities):

bs+X ueq\qT ne>Vq #dT e&, d+<V \qT e #dT e& |X\T
n&>*. deTd\ |]cs |]\q\T #j*. |]\q\qT ssD #dTe& |j>\T
#sTT+#*. +<T e\dq |]s\qT neTsT&+, |j >+ #jT &+, qy<T #jT &+, deTk
k<q u>+> e>+>, $$< |j H|D\ <s de#s dsD\T, $XwD\T
#sTT+#*. bC \ T sV+#*. |* \qT $Xw +#eTH*.
92

HsT q ueq\qT ueT\T ^jT&+, u>\T >T]+#&+ <s e ] +#*. eqT>\T,
|jT\T, |]o\H |qT\qT *| |{\T ^jT&+, qeTH\T , |ejT |]s\T
j sT#sTT +#*. bs+X+ $CqXd d\ , $wsD\ >=|<H >T]+
|X+ d+# >TD n_e~|s # & y] e{&+#*. Je y$< >T]+ |]ds\qT |]s+ #
dVqT |+b+~+#*. s> >~ b+~q CH J$+ $j+#TH nqjT+
#dT H\T #sTT+#*.
| ueq\ ne>Vq d+ s> >~ u<H udq |jT +~ \qT sV+#*.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
|j>\T, bC\T, |]o\q\T, de#s dsD\T, |{\T sb+~+#&+ .

|{ \ de#s+ $Xw +#&+ , |* \qT s]+#&+ .
+s, C, d$THsY, d+bjT+\T sV+#&+ .
#dq |j>\T, |]o\q\ $<H\T, y~\T sjT&+.
|]o\q\T, |j >\ #+~q |{\T, >| \T ^jT&+, ueT\T ^d u>\T >T]+,
$e]+#&+ , qeTH\ j sT#jT & +
6. $CqXd #] n+X\qT, <\ qT, |]X<q \qT #~$+#&+ .
7. yk\T, bds T , >\T, b\T, <\ T, sH \ T j sT#sTT+#&+ .
8. >& |, |\\ &, bsX\ e>CH , ~jTsY &, ksd d+|T deyX +
sV+#&+ d+ de#s sb+~+#&+ .
(d#q: |]jT& |< + kbq+ n+X{ esT +T+~. |]jT& m+|
#dT q n+X+ <s+> @ n+X m sV+# qq bs |d+ n+X\ $esD n<jT+
#&+&. d#q\ <s+> MT |< + kbH j sT#dT +&. b<jTT\T
nedsy T q keT,|]s\T, edTe \T yTT<q nedsy T q n+X\T d]+ d<+ #dT y*.
y @ + +& e\+ de#s+ eyT q|&T <| #H |X\qT usTM T<
sd y{| |\\ #]+#* .)
4. |<sq ` #s
(Demonstration - Discussion)
ueq\ ne>Vqd+ |\\ T nH \ bZ+{sT. $$< n+X\qT sb+~ksT .

y+{ s> >~ |<] +|Cj
*. y{| #]+#*. |< H+X\qT usT | sj*. y{
<s+> |\\ T sb+~+q n+X\qT $Xw +#*. bs+X $Xw +#&, #]+#&
&& #H |X\qT q\\| sj*.
5. eTT+| ` eT+q+ (Conclusion - Evaluation)

93

u<H u dq+ e]> |\\ T eTT HsT q n+X\qT |qXsD #dT H+<T neX+
*+#*. B b<jTT&T nH |< T\T b{+#e#T. |\\# = n+X #|+
eTT+|e&+, $<] eTT+||+#&+ < b<jTT& eTT+|e&+ yTT<q $.
eT+q+ s +&T $<\T> s>*. bs u<q sT>TTq|&T n+s>+> s>*.
bs u<q nq+s+ s>*.
y$
< |d+<q\ eT+q+ neX$Ty*.
bs |d
+ +& ` #]+#+&. @+ >eT+#s sjT+&. |{ +|+&
yTT<q o]\ u<q u>+>H s>*. (bs{y nddtyT +{) bs+ #| &+,
eT+q + #jT &+ s +& k] sT>TjTqe.
eT+q + deTjT+ +& d+<sqTks+> sV+#&*.
bs+X+ \|<
\| $<sT\ n_bj\qT ueq\qT $e]+#eTH*.
|]jT& HsTq bs+X d++~+ eTqyT+ \TdTH+ o]
n+X\qT
#]+#eTH*. k++> d+<q\qT sjTeTH*.
nu dH yTsT>T|sT #T+<+ o]
n+X\qT e> +> #sTT+#*.
|\\
HT|d \qT, |\qT { $<sT\ >, b<jTT&T > |]o*+#*.
+{|d+ \T *+#*.
94
|]jT& |< + (Physical Science)

s> : 9
n+X+:
uXd+
bs+ : eTq #T q |<s+
|]jT& d+K : 1
bs+X+ : |<s+ ` d T \T ` <s \T
k~+#*q $< |eD\T :
1. $wj e>Vq
|<s+
dT\T, |<s <s\T >T]+ $e]ksT.
|Tq, <e, yjTT |<s\ >\ u<\T \T|sT.
<e|<s\ s+, |Tq|]eD+ ` bqT{ +&& sD\ $e]ksT.
<e, yjTT |<s\ eT< >\ b*\T \T|sT.
|Tq, <e, yjTT |<s\ <VsD*ksT.
2. |+#&+ , |]\q#jT &+
|Tq, <e, yjTT |<s\T y{ |Tq|]eD+| |ksT.
b s, |]eD >\ d++< |]\q#ksT .
3.|j >\T, |]o\q\T
|H
[, bdt |j + |T q|]eD+ =\TksT .
{.b.byT.
q\\|
nu dq nqTuy \T
kbq+
I
1. |\]+|
|\\ .... >T& e]+>
2. yT+&
e|+>
3.X<H
|X \T
eTq #T ss\ |<s\T +{sTT <!

MT *dq |<s\ >T]+ #|+&.
|eV+# |<s\T = #|+&.
sT b s\T> \_dT +
~?
{ d
qT+& eTs= d ese#T.
II
1. bs+
#<e &+
2.
#]+#+&+
bs|d+ 1,2 |J\ bs+ #<e+&.

ns+ |<\+< ^ ^jT+&.
|\\ ... MTsT >T]+q |<\ >T]+
#]+#+&.
95
|<s+
q\\
bs |d +

nu dq nqTuy \T
kbq+
3. usT | sd MT ns+ |<\T #|+&. (|\\T #|q

#]+#&+ |<\T q\\ MT< sj* y{ >T]+ | + >
$e]+#*.
4. bs+|
|+#&+
|\\ .... MTsT bs+ #~ysT< bs+

@y $wj\ >T]+ d+<V \THj n&>+ &.
(|\\ |X \T q\\| sj*.)
III
{.b.byT.
q\\|
#|d ,t |H,
|, dk,
>E, sT
+~ |X\T q\\MT< sd yTT+ s> 1. |<s+ n+f

\ sVD # ]+#*. |\ \ d e< q + < s + > @$T{?
#]+#*.
2. MT *dq
2.
#s :
|<s\ |sT
#]+#+&
|H, #|d
t, bssY yTT<\>Tq$ dk, #| +&?
>dT yjT+&. s+ &e+<? 3. |<s+ @ @
d T \
b+<T?
+T+~?
dwyTq s+, |]eD+ +& |<s\
4. b\T, qH,
<VsD\T e+&.
|{\T e+{
dk bdq| & T dk s+ , >d T
|<s\T @ @
bd q| & T > d T s + b+< y{
<s\T b{ksTT?
<VsD\T #|+&.
+:
>dT +& { rdT+&. $$< s\T
>\ b =+#+ bjT+&. s
>T]+#+&.
s+ Hj?
{ |]eD+ esT @yTH
e+<?
IV |<s q ` #s |\\ MTsT >T]+q n+X\T #|+&.
|Tq|<s\T @ @ <s\T * +{sTT?
<e|<s\T @ @ |<s\T b{ksTT?
(|\\ T #| q eTTU+X\T q\MT< sj*)
96
;sT, C&,
eT>, dk, {,
>dT , sT

kbq+
V eTT+|
q\\|
nu dq nqTuy \T
eT+q+
{.b.byT.
sE eTq+ #]+q n+X\ >T]+ 1. |<s+ n+f

@$T{?
=sT = $wjT + #| +&.
eTq#T +& |<s\T |Tq, <e yjTT 2. |T q|<s+ n+f
d T \+{sTT. |T q |<s\T ]w s+ @$T{?
|] eD + * +{sTT. <y\T b 3. |Tq`<e
s * +{sTT.
|<s\T &\T
|\\ +~ n+X\ yT\T #| +&
@$T{?
4. |qT |Tq|<s+
nq& <s+
@$T{?
b<jTT |d+<q\T:
1. ....................................................................................................................
2. ....................................................................................................................
3. ....................................................................................................................
4. ....................................................................................................................
d#q:
|]jT& n $< |eD\T sj*q neds+ <T .
|\\ |d+<q\T q\\| sj*.
\T #d|&T <>Zs y[ |\\ #]+#*.
|\\ T #dq | |<] +|Cj

*.
|\\ |<sq\| #s sb*.
eTT+| {#sT / $<sT\T eTT+| y*.

97
|]jT& |< + `2
s> : 9
n+X+:
uXd+
bs+ : d+|& ` y|q+
|]jT&\ d+K : 2
bs+X+ : |<s+ ` d T \T ` <s \T
k~+#*q $< |eD\T :
1. $wj e>Vq
yjTTe\ >\ d+|& <s $e]ksT.
yjTTe\ |&H
|T q|]eD >\ d++< >T]ksT .
|Tq, <e, yjTT |<s\T ` d+|&qT #|&+>\ u<\qT \T|sT.
y|H, d+|& >\ &\qT >T]ksT .
y|q+ #+< |<s\ <VsD*ksT.
2. |j>\T, |] o\q\T
ds+ sT, >* +~. d+|& |j>+ #ksT.
n>sT, nsT\ @~ >~ =+<s> y|dT+< #d s]ksT.
3.|X+ d, $\Te\T
|<s\qT ydq <s+> >T]+#& |X+dksT.
e |<X
+ nH |]eD+ >* \#jT &+>\ b<qqT >V ksT.
{.b.byT.
kbq+
nu dq nqTuy \T
q\\|
I
1. |\]+| |\\ .... >T& e]+>

2.X<H +~ |X \ <s > bs+X neq+ #jT &+. (|\*#
|X \T k<sD+> eTq#T |<s\T @ @ dT de<H\
+{sTT?
\ ueq\qT
eT&T d
T q \_+# |<s+ @<H +T+<? q\\M T<
|yV n+f @$T{?
sj*)
<y\, yjTTe\ +& s+&T eT& |X\T
#| +&.
d.bH.. d*+&s
Y \+#& sD+ @$T{?
(|\\... #|q de<H\T q\\MT< sj*)
98
bs |d +
q\\
HT|d \T

nu dq nqTuy \T
{.b.byT.
q\\|
|\\ .... |J 3 + 3, 4\qT #<e +&. MT
II
bs+ #<e &+ ns+ |<\T, ueq\T >T]+ | ^^jT+&. d+|& ` bs |d +
|\\... MTsT >T]+q |<\ >T]+ #]+#+&. y|q+
2.
#]+#+&+
kbq+
MT ns+ |<\T #| +&. (|\\ T #| q |<\T q\\

MT< sj* y{ >T]+ |+> $e]+#*.
|\\ .... MTsT bs+ #~ysT< bs+ @y
$wj\ >T]+ d+<V \THj n&>+&. (|\\ |X \T
q\\| sj*.)
+: $<sT\qT T>#d ds+ >*, sT +|
ds+\, sT
III
\ sVD d+|& <s |]o*+|CjT&+.
ssTu+&
s
e
TT
,
k+\qT
n<
e
T&
+
,
s
s
T
u+&
>
&
+
` ueq\
|+&, |
d+|&
|+&, |qT >dT , dk bjT&+ <s |<s
ne>Vq
dk, >dT ,
<s\qT >T]+#&+ (+#+& ` #]+ \T)
k+
|
d
H
n>sT, nsT ydq\T >~ y|+#& b+

n>sT , ns T
deTjT+ |&TT+< |]o*+#+&.
| \qT #dq s |\\ T sdq |]o\q\qT
IV
|<sq ` #s |<] +|Cd + y> #]+#&+.
+`1:
1. ds+ y\T n&T> +q|&T |dH b+<T eTT+<T
<\<T?
2. >*, sT\ @~ q|&T |dH *> H=>*>sT?
b+<T?
3. e& |+ >* |Tq|]eD+ >TZT+~ <!
{ L& >TZT+<?
4. seTTqT H=q|&T , |dH H=q|&T ]q #s \
& @$T{?
5. |T q, <e, yjTT |<s\T d+|& eT+ b d*+&sY
14.2 . >*
neTse#T?
6. d*+&sY d+|&q + #+~ q >* 14.2 J\ sTe +T+~
+T+~.ds+ >* |]eD }V+#+&.
3. usT | sd
#]+#&+
4. bs+|
|+#&+
99

kbq+
q\\|
b<jTT \T
+:
1. ssT u+& @ syTq |<s+ nqe#T? ssT u+&
b+<T?
2. | >dT , dk s\ e]+~ <! |, >dT, dk
|qT <e|<s+ nqe#?
3. ssT, |\ s+ esT s+ > ssY ` |
+<! & @$T{?
4. k+ n~$Tq|&T <qT+& @yTH k+
jT e+<? n~ b& +& +&e#T?
#sTT rdjT>H @$T sT>TT+~?
5. seTT, k+ & @$T{?
6. | nqTuy \qT { y{ yjTT |<s\T
nqe#T, y{ <e|<s\qe#T?
+: (y|q+ | #s )
1. MTsT y*+q 3 n>sT T\ ydq <e\q
>~ =+<s> y|++~?
2. ydq >* b |j D+ +< MTsT
nqT+THsT?
3. b+ <s+ |jDdT+~?
4. nsT =+<s> y|+#& sD+ @$T{?
5. y|q+ #+<&+ <s eTq+ y|qqT <s
n& dyX >TsT >\ + <! n+{$
= <VsD\T #| +&.
($T< nsTTk dH& yjTTe >* y|q+
#+<&+ e\ ub y~eT+~ D\
#bjsT. ub>dt <Ts
q n+{sT.)
(| |X \qT q\\ < #sTM T< sd #]+|
CksT .de<H\T |\\ T #| q$ usTM T< sd
$e]kqT)
100
s ` k+
{.b.byT.

nu dq nqTuy \T
kbq+
V eTT+|
eT+q+
s+ e]q |<s\ <y\T e. yjTTe\T

d+|& be { |&q+ |+ y{
|T q|]eD + |+#e#T. y|q+ #+<&+
yjTT nDTe\T |<s nDTe\qT syD #ksTT.
MT +{ +~ \D \T b{+# |<s\ C_
sdTs+&.
1. e& *d k>$, s+ es$.
2. e |<X + be |<s+ \ +#&
Mq$.
3. y|q+ <s >T]+q ydq\T, y{
d+<s\T.
4. n|&| &T { ds| s || \T |*bT+{sTT
<. d+|& ksTT |+ @+ sT>TT+~.?
n+{ = d+<s\T d]+#+&.
(s| e#|&T >E>dT , |dT |, |b &,
*eT+<T rdTs+&)
b<jTT |d+<q\T:
1
2
3
101
q\\|
{.b.byT.
|]jT& |< + ` 3
s> : 9
n+X+:
uXd+
bs+ : $<|eD\T
|]jT& d+K : 3
bs+X+ : <y\ y|q+
k~+#*q $< |eD\T :
1. $wj e>Vq
<y\ <e, |T q |<s\T y|q+ #+< $<H $e]ksT .
<y\ y|q+ #+< <e, |T q |<s\ <VsD*ksT.
<y\ y|H, yjTTe\ e|H >\ b*\T u<
\T #| sT.
bDT\T { J$+#>\
>& y|H >\ d++< sD\qT \T|sT.
|+#&+ `|]\q\T #jT&+
|<s+
y|q+ ek\>\ sD\| |ksT.
XdjT , s |ds
D
\ y|q+ ]> $<q+| |ksT . |]\q#ksT .
|j >\T ` |] o\q\T
b{wjT+ |s+>H{ <eD+, d{\T, |sYd { d{\T { y|q+ #+< |j
>\T
#ksT.
|]o\q\| y~ sd |<]
ksT .
|X+ d, $\Te\T
Je\ eTqT>&
y|H>\ d++< n_q+~ksT .
y|q+ e\q ]> uq
c\| yd+ sksT .
q\\|
nu dq nqTuy \T
kbq+
{.b.byT.
I
1. |\]+|
2.X<H
|X \T
|\\ .... >T& e]+>

q{bs+ , +{| <s+> +~ |X \ <s (|\*#
bs+u #s sVkqT.
de<H\
1. b s { eT s+ esTH \ ueq\qT
y+{ <y\T nqe#? b+<T? q\\M T<
sj*)
2. k+ |T q|<s+ nq& <s\T @yT$T
#| e#T?
102
q\\
HT|d \T

nu dq nqTuy \T
q\\|
3. d+|& |Tq|]eD d++<+ @$T{?
4. +{ | | X \ sd q d e < H\T
#]+#&+ .
|\\... |J 4, 5 \ + 5,6 #<e+&.
II
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b #| e#T.
yjTTe\T, <y \ y{
y|q+ =+<s>
sT>TT+~.
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105
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wsY (eTsd+
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(MTsT bs +{<> sZ #<T e= e#sT <!
II
1.bs+ #<e&+ ns+ |<\T, ueq\T #|+& ` y{
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kbq+
106
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b& @s&TT+~.
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eTq+ @+ HsTH+ ueq\ >T]+ e{&sT, $e]ksT. yUksT.
q\\|
kbq+
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nu dq nqTuy \T
I
1. |\]+|
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|X \T
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uw+> es |k <e + eTs T>TkH
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@$T{?
s
n+f @$T{?
II
\|<\T, eTq+ @+ Hs T Hs? n+X\T

bs+ #<e &+
e>+ > #<y*.
III
<sT $<sT\q T>#d bs+
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ueq\ ne>Vq
= \ |<+ >T]+ #| +#*. $esDqT
q\\
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| +> q\\| ssTT+#*. HT |d \
HT|d \T
sdTeTH*.
<s
T $<sT\ qT T> #d ysT b+|# d T q eTTK n+X+
{ < s +&T ueq\ >T]+ e{&+ #*. q\\M T<
n ueq\T |P] njT$<+ > #s*. nedsy T q sj*,
# b<jTT&T $esD y*.
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|<sq ` #s
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T > ns + # d T Hs \ Td T =H + < T
b<jTT&T, { $<sT\T nqT+< |X\T
n&>*.
108

kbq+
nu dq nqTuy \T
q\\|
|\\ T $e]dTq deTjT+ ueq\qT b+ es

T> ns+#dTHs \TdTH+<T
b<jTT&T, { $<sT\T nqT+< |X\T
n&>*.
V
eTT+|
eT+q+
yTT+ bs+ b<q+X\qT |<\T, eTTU+X\T

ueq\ s|+ |\\ #| +#*. bs+ q\\ MT<
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eTq+ @+ HsT H+ n+X\qT HT |d +
sdT s+&.
109
{.b.byT.
|]jT& |< + ` 11, 12

s> : 9
n+X+:
uXd+
bs+ : eTq #T q |<s+
|]jT& d+K : 11, 12
bs+X+ : nudH yTsT>T|sT #T+<+
k~+#*q $< |eD\T :
1. $wj e>Vq
nu dH yTsT>T|sT#T+<+ $<|eD\ y> |X \ k++>, eT n_bj\qT
C&d, HT|d+ sksT.
q\\|
nu dq nqTuy \T
kbq+
I
1. |\]+|
|\\ .... >T& e]+>
2.X<H
|X \T
d+|& , y|q+, d esT q+ ueq\|

|X\T n&>& +
II
\ sVD
ueq\ ne>Vq
III
|<sq ` #s
IV
eTT+|
eT+q+
nu dH yTsT>T|s# T +<+ |X qT
q\\ MT< sj*.
|\\ # #~$+#*.
B| |\\ e{&+ #*.
eTTU+X\T, ueq\T q\\MT< sj*.
de<H yTT+ > ]<] #| +#*.
HT|d\ k++> sjTeTH*.
de<H #~$+, usTM T< sd @ @

n+X\T #j
@ @ n+X\T =\+#
#]+#*.
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#dT= eTs=k] k++> sjTeTH*.
$<+> 11, 12 |]jT& Mq |X\T
s> >~ #]+ k++> ssTT+#*. =
|X \qT +{| > sdTeTH*.
110
D\ #\q+
DC\eTT
s D
D\eT<
d\ +
{.b.byT.
14
$CqXd eqsT\T
$CqXd Cq s+s+ esT #+<TT+~ n+f n_e~ #+<+. n_e~ eqy[

JeqX * y T s T> T | s { , | b& &, d] > d ~ j > + # d Te&
|j >|& T T+~.qT b<jTT&T dH ] > esT\qT , y{ d++~+q n+X\qT
ne>Vq #dT e\d edT+ ~. B n&T nH eqsT\| <s|& e \d edT+ ~. B eTTKyTq ~
]|s H T.
qH >TsTs D jTe $w ]+#+ > *j , |s Y e+{ y] s#q\T
sDeTjsTT . qdH k| d<++ qT=q&+ eH sdq |d\T sDeTjsTT .
e\+ |d $wj \qT d+>V +#& eyT > dH jTT |]~, qT+&,
$e]+# +& $T*q $wj \qT >V + , y{ de<H\T y
+ $j +#*.
k<sD+> ]|s H T $TeT* |+# n+X\T # +{sTT. y{ ne>Vq #dT =
u<H eT+ y& eT+ |* \T eksTT.
$CqXk n+<] n+<TuT #T $$< d+d\ T, bsX \\T, |uT \T,
e\ T |jT dTH sT. Bd+ # yud{ qT j sT#d qq de#s, |j > sVD,
|]s\ j y{ n+<TuT dT q ~. < eT+ = eT+ e>CH L& HsTT.
MT eqsT\T MT CqwqT |+#&, $TeTT* >&#jT& b+>H
<V<|&sTT. n+<Te\ = eqsT\qT y{ C_\T e&+ ]+~.
Publications / Magazines
1.
#eTT
H. No. 3-78, B.C. Colony
>T+&d +>s+, $<q>sY

VqTeT=+&, es+> ` 501009
2.
Resonance (English)
Indian Academy of Sciences
C.V. Raman Avenue, P.B. No. 8005
111

3.
Bangalore - 560080
Science Reporter (English)
CSIR
Dr. K.S. Krishna Marg
Near Pusa Gate
New Delhi - 110012.
4.
Vipnet - News (English)

Vigyan Prasar
BGVS, C-18
Saket
New Delhi-16
5.
Jantar Mantar
Children Science Observatory
130/3; Avvai Shanmugam Salai
Gopalapuram, Chennai - 600086
Pub - Tamilanadu Science Forum
6.
Down to Earth
Centre for Science and Environment
41; Tughlakabad, Institutional Area
New Delhi - 110062
Reference Books:
Telugu Accodomy
y]
` skjTqXd |T +Te
` uXd +|T+Te
` 101 dH b_{
` 71 dH bC
` 99 dH |j>\T
` dH b&T| <\T
` uXd <]
` Problem solved in Physical Science
$CqXd+ b b~+~?
=&e{>+{ sVD |k< What is science?
112

References:
1.
Conceputal Physics - Paul G Hewitt
|d+ e<| |T e\T L& #~$ ns+#dTe#T. B nH J$

n+X\T b+<T|s# &jT Tq$. ~ # eT+ |d +.
2.
Thinking Physics - Epstein
n<Ty T q |d +. n ksTTqT |d $j+#e#T.

3.
Flying Circus of Physics - Jearl Walker
+{ |d + eTs={ <T . e #b\+f It is full of applications | sT

#<e<q |d+. MT V K+> |d+ |+#>\TZT+~.
4.
Gravity - Gamow
Gamow
>=| Xdy . >TsTs D| d+|PsC q+ \_dT + ~. ~ k<sDe

<w |T= sd+~.
5.
Physics for the inquring mind : EM Rogers
+{ |d + eTs={ <T . >=| |d +. | $wj $ # L\+w+> yksT.

6.
The Evaluation of Physics - Einstein and Infield.

Excellent book. Physics structure
ns+#dT e& |j >|& T T+~ .

7.
The textbook of Elementary Physics - Landsberg MIR Publishers, 3 volueme set.
|d \T V d ksTT | HsT e&+ d+ bs |d + y&e#T. B

# \T q$.
8.
Problems in Physics - Zubov & Shalnov

Excellent problem book.
9.
Chemical Elemnets how they are discovered - D. N. Trifonov and V.D. Trifonov
|sT >Zf |d+ n eT\\ <\Tq$.

10.
Silhoveties of chemistry - D.N. Trifonov and L.G. Vlasov
skjTqXd duy ns+ #dT =qT |d + skjTqXd CH <\ s|+

*jTCX&T.
11.
Physics Foundations and Frontiers - Gamow

Simple languge. A good Physics text book high school level
113

12.
Understanding Physics - Cassiday, Holton, Rutherford

Every student must read this book
13.
A Source Book in Physics - F. Magie
1900 d+es+| n_e~ #+~q n n+X\T, ]q ||sY , Xdy \ J$ #],

$esD\ e+T+~.
14.
Physics, The human Adventure - Brush and Holton

Very good for startters.
15.
Mad About Physics - Potter and Jargodski
B # eT+ applications q$.

16.
General Chemistry - L. Pauling
Hu VQeT >V ydq |d +, # dT\u yjT&+~. Chemistry HsTH

y] eT+ Foundation |d+.
Websites:
1.
A. Einstein: http://www.aip.org/history/einstein
2.
A. Sakharov: http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov
3.
M. Curie:
4.
Virtual Physics Laboratoris:http://explorescience.com
5.
Nobel prize winnner:http://nobelprizes.com/nobel/nobel.html
6.
L. Kristick: Physics: An Annotated list of key resources on the Internet

http://www.ala.org/acrl/resmar00.html
7.
Physlink - information resource on all aspects of physics

http://www.physlink.com
8.
Physics Ed: Physics Education Resouces

A host of resource references on curricula, video, demonstration
materials software and more.
http://www.hpcc.astro.washington.edu/scied/physics.html
9.
Physics-2000:
10.
How stuff works: http://www.howstuffworks.com
11.
Physics web:
http://www.aip/org/history/curie/contents.html
Many interactive virtual experiments

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000
http://physicsweb.org/tiptop/lab
114

12.
Beyond discovery series, National Academy of Sciences

http://www.Beyond-Discovery.org
13.
Flash-Card Physics
http://hyperphysics.phys-astr.gsu.edu/hphys.html
14.
Arvindgupta.com
15.
www.sciencebuddics.org
for Science Fair Projects
16.
Bilogy.about.com
17.
http://www.bgvs.org
18.
www.vascsc.org
19.
www.trueknowledge.com
20.
questionhub.com
21.
funwithscience.com
22.
secreatsofphysics.com
23.
secreatsofchemistry.com
115
15
$CqXd |j>X\
|j >\T ` |]o\q\T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
|j >+ n+f @$T{?

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$CqXd |j >X\ b<jTT&T sV +#*q b @$T{?
$CqXd+ 8,9 s> T \ bs+X d++~+ |j >\T sV+#&
e*q keT, skjTH\T @$T{?
|j >\T #jT + $CqXd+ eTTKyTq |jT H| D+. Xd k+ $|e +

|j>\ neT\yTq kq+ +~. Xdy\T #dq nH |j> |*\T eqe J$+
bH $|y esT\ eT\ + |s Y, qsY, &\H, uH , s<s |Y s Y , yT+&|t yTT<\sTTq
Xdy \ T eT |j >\ <s nH $CqXg $wsD\T #XsT. n+<T $CqXd CH
]+#Te+ d+<sqTks+> $<sT djT+> |j >\T#d ueq\T, d\T
ns+#dT =H $CqXd b<jTT&T w#j * . <s $<sT\ CqsD+ #j * .
Te+{ |j >\T #jT+ e\q $<sT\ XdjT << n\esTe#T.
$CqXd+ n<jTq+ #jT&+ |jT H|D\ |j>\ $wkqeTT+~.
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|j
>|] s\ $<sT djT+> #d |]o*+ |* \qT \TdTe&yT |j
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||T, sT, |H \T, dT| dT\T, $<TY e\j\T yTT<\sTTq y{ |j +
|j >\T #jT e\d +T+~ nH u skjTq ueq\qT |]o*+#e\d +T+~. {
b<jTT&T $<sT\ $$< s\ |]s\qT |j +#&+ y~\T jsT#jT&+
H| D+ b+< sb+~ +#*.$CqXd |j>X\ e\ + |j > +& |
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|j>+ ` beTTK\T:
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J$+ ]> nH s\ #s \ |]cs+ qT>=H keTs + e~ \T>TT+~.
116
b+<T? @$T{? b nH |X \ ke<H\T \TdT>\T>TsT .

JeXd+| d |+#T+{sT.
= |j >\T #jT & |PqT+{sT.
JeXk dV yesD+ HsT +{sT.
|j>\T b sV+#*?
|j >\T sV+#|&T |j> |*\qT }V+#eTH*.

|j >\T sV+#|&T Mq + es $<sT djT+> #dT #&*.
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|j >\ eTT+<T #q\T s +# |X\T n&>*.
|j > + sV+#|&T |]o*+#*q n+X\qT >T]+ *jTCj *.
|]o*+q n+X\T qy<T#d |< *b*.
b+| #dT q deTd\qT |]o*+#& e\dq |]s\qT d]+#Ty*.
|j > sVD |D[ sb+~ +#Ty*.
rdTe\dq C>\T *jTCj*.
|j> nqTyq |<X b+|#j*.
|j> sVD nedseTjT |]s\ neT], |j +#&+ e*q
yT\Te\T \b*.
B s < ]V+# \b*.
|j> |*\qT >T]+ |\\T #]+ ssD#jTeTH*.
|j> |*\qT $<sT\T qy<T#dTq sTy, |j> n+X\ |<\qT
esTd @ |* \T e#j / ekj >eT+#+<T \T #sTT+#*.
|j>+ sV+#|&T $<sT\T / b<jTT\T @$T#j*?
|j >+ sT>TTq $<H |]o*+#*.

|]s\qT |j +# $<q+ eT]jTT neT] >eT+#*.
|j >\qT |]o*dTq|&T e# d+<V\qT qy<T#dTy*.
|j > deTjT+ b<jTT&T #H |X \T n&T>TT +&*.
$wj d++~+q ueq\qT |j>|Ps +> b sVdTHy
*jTCj *.
117
ssD d++<\qT >T]+|Cj

*.
d]jTq |<C\+ |j+ $e]+#*.
ydy\ |j> sVD <s eq |*\ >\ d++<\qT, &\qT
>T]+#eTH*.
|j > + |Psj
T es |]o*+#*. bV+#*.
d <] |]o*+q n+X\qT |]o*+q $<+ > Rough Sketch ueTqT pencil
Rough book ^j*.
|*\qT qy<T#j* .
|j >+ ]q sT y @+ #j *?
|]o*+q n+X\qT >T]+ #]+#*.

eTT+<T> ss TT+#Tq |]\q\T yTq y y s]+#Ty*.
|] nqTuy\T |j> |*\ @ $<+> d]bTHj #]+#Ty*.
|j> |*\qT $Xw+#*.
|j > |* \T J$+ b nqsTT+#Ty $e]+#*.
deTd |]cs |j> |*\T b+ es |j>|&j #]+#*.
|\\ qT +|Cj
T &+ b?
|j > eTT+<T |j> + s #q s +# |X \T n&T>T <s

+|Cj *.
|j> + sV+#|&T |* }V+|CjTT.
|j>|*\T $<+>H se& >\ sD\&>&+ .
|j> |]s\ neT]qT d+#eTq&+ neTs&+.
|]s\ neT] |j> $<q+ esT\T #dq|&T e# |]o\q\ |*\T
}V+#T.. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 s> T \ | bs+ d+ |]jT& u
|]jT& |d].
| dH
14 |]jT&
jTT dH
14 |]jT&
bs|d+ dH u ` |]jT&\T u n d#q q# < |d]>

dHu H u |]jT& sV+#*.
118
16
s+s deT> eT+q+
s+s deT> eT+q+ùeq\T`ne>Vq (CCE- Conceptual understanding)

|\\T deT> n_e~ k~+#\ +<Td+ bsX\\T u< eV+#* +T+<
sY.{.`2009 <s eTq \TdT+ ~. |\\ T Xs+ >, eqd+ >, H +>, uy<>|s + > n_e~
#+<*. +<Td+ bs $wj \ bT |\\ d \ T, $\Te\T, yK sT\T yTT<\>T y{ L& |\\ T
n_e~ #+<*.
s+s+ nq> (What is continuous)
bsX\ sV+# eT+H, $d ns+ |]o*+q|&T |\\ |sT>T<\ $k\
KyT q b<qee\d +T+~.
s+s+ n+f |\\ |> d+|T q, d+<s m|& eT&T (3) >+\ |
|]$T+ #jT +& b\|& |]o*+#&+ . nq> s+s+ bsX \|\, y\T|\ |\\ Xs, eqd
$k\qT s# T > eT|< |]o*dTH eT |\ \ *jT+&H |]o*+#*. nu dq b\qT
>T]+ desD #s\T #|&+ <s b<jTT&T, $<] <s djT eT+q+ #dT >\>*.
deT>+ nq> (What is comprehensive)
nq> |\\ ds eTTU_e~. n+f |\\ Xs, eqd, H , CH s+>\ n_e~ n
ns+ . +<Td+ $<|D[ s+q bs, bss n+X\qT $&$&> #& +& s+&+{
deq b<qqT e&yT . nq> uw, >D +, dq T, k+|T + e+{ $wj \bT \ T, |,
$\Te\T, s>+, Jeq H| D\T L& b<q e&+. ~ |\\ |sT>T<\, $k\qT bs+X\
<wH +& y] n_sT#T\T, yKsT\T, keTs\qT L& |]>Dq rdT+T+~. deT> $<
\T, kV+, k+<s $y#q, #s, \+, d+^+ e+{ $wj nTq n+X\ u<q
e+&\ $<y\ T ddTH sT.
M{bT dH, $Xw D
, ] n+X\ L& eT+q+ deq b<qdT+ ~.
|\\ deT> n_e~ n+f @$T{?

(What is Comprehensive Development of the child?)
$< <s |\\ d+|Ps $d+ k~+#\q~ $< \ + nsTTq|&T deT> n_e~ n+f
@$T{ ns+ #dTe&+ neds+ . bsX\ $< |\\T Xs+> m~> ejTdT eTT&|& q n+X+
{ $< Xs $k n+f |\\T ejTdT q, s>+, mT, sTe e+& #d +<T
nedsyTq s>yjeT n+X\T, \+ y*. n> dV+, dVs+, dVqo\, zsT e+{
119

yKsT\T n\e&*. ] $y#q, dH #q\T |+b+~+#&+, deTd\ +b+& m<TsT
* deTd\qT |]w]+# HsTsy*. eT+ yKsT\ eT n_sT *q e> ke u<
s]+#>\ >*. M+{ <s $wjT |]Cq+ b+<>\ >*. { deT> n_e~ n+f |\\ T
bs |d \ <s+> CH ]+#Te&+ eyT +& Xs, eqd <>, k+|T , k+d
$k\qT b+<&+. +<Td+ |\ Cq+, H| D\T, keTs\T, $\Te\T |+b+~+#*. {
bsX \ $< n+X\ nu dH+X\T> |+#*. |\\ deT> $k && n+X\
bs+X. M{ bs , dV bs nq $u< q + neds+ <T . bsX \ *+# nu dq nqTuy\
|\\ deT> $k &&$> e+&*. { $wj \+{ eT+q+ #j *.
CCE
b+<T? (Why CCE?)
eT+qeT+f e\+ |\ T |&+ eyT <T. jT{, f]q |\ |sT m|&

k] |\\ keTs\qT |]o*+#&+ e\ y] nu dq n~ @$<+ >q dV jT|&< T . |> $<y T q
| |< |\\ T @ de#s m+ es >TsT |T>*>s |d T +< | y] $_q keTs\qT
\TdTe& |j>|&<T . eT+q+ |sT nH s\ |\T sV+#&+ e\q |\\T reyTq
& >TseTHsT. {|& neX+ *+# | |<T\T, |\\ <>, k+|T $k\qT
eT~+|#jT & |j >|& e. { |\\ |> s+s+ deT>+> eT\+q+ #jTe\dq neds+
+~. |\\T eTT |]o*+|&TTHeT y] *jT+& eT+q+ #jT&+ e\ e# |*\T
y] |qsud+ *+#& m+>H &&sTT. ujTsV yesD+ d#> eT+q+
#jT&+ e\ m|{| &T b\T >T]+ desD \T sV+#& M\T\T>TT+~.
bs $wj \bT |\\ ds eTTU_e~ d++~+q d \ T, n_sT #T\T, Xs m<T>T<\,
$\Te\T, yK sT\T, _sT n n+X\| ne>Vq *e+&, y{ y{ |\\ n_sT ,
|> \TdTy*. n|& eT+H deT>yT q ~> u$ksT .
CCE
\D\T (Characteristics of CCE)
eT+q+ ` |\\ T de#s >TsT |T {| { |\ sjT& eyT < +q~

<T. s> >~ *+# nu dq nqTuy \T |\\ CH, eqd #\H, uyyX s+>\
rdT=# esT\qT eT~+|#d yTsT>T|s# & &&*. bsX \ $$< $wj \ s|+ n+~+#
de#s+ $wjT |]CH *Z+#& d]b<T. |\\ u$ J$ nedsyTq $Xc, dH
] #HX, djT eTD , ke+> dsT u T #dT e&+ deTd\ | dT+> |d+~+#&+ ,
|]w]+#Te&+ yTT<q Jeq H| D\T, keTs\T |+b+~+#&+ bsX \ u< (bH.d.m|t `
2005). $ bs|d\ <s k~+#& bsX\ bH sq se\T sV +#e\d
+T+~. M+{ eTq+ +e s bs s n+X\T>, dV bs+X\T> u$dTH +. y{ q+
b<q ebe&+ e\ |\ deT> $k u+>+ \T>TT+~. n+<T# sw $< |D[
|+`2011 bs, dVbs+X\H $u<+ +& n+{ bs+X\T>H u$+#\ (bdt.d.m|.t `
120

2011) d++~. { s+s deT> eT+q+ |\\ Xs, eqd, <>, k+|T $k\
deq b<q eT+q+ #j \ s +#Te&+ ]+~. D+ s+s deT> eT+q+
@$T dT+< |]o*<+.
` |\\ CH, eqd #\H, uyyX H| D\qT |+b+~+#&+ , eT+q+ #jT &+.
` {| & , de#s >TsT |Te&eTH s> >~ |jT \ kq+ $Xw D
#q\
k++> Cq sD+ #dT e& bV+#&+ , k++> eT #q\qT, uy\qT e| ] #T
#jT&+.
` eT+H u<H u dq |jT u>+> |]>D+#&+.
` eT+q+ <s |\\ nu dq keTs\qT u<H udq $<H\qT yTsT>T|s# T e&+ eT]jTT
s+s+ |]o*d desD\T #dTe&+.
` eT+q+ <s |\\T b& HsTbTHs \TdT= >T$<+> u~+#&+.
` u<H u dq |jT $<] +B+> k>+<T &&*.
s+s deT> eT+H u<H u dq |jT \ u> +> neT\T#j *. Be\ |\\
d+|Ps $k && $_q s> >~ n+X\T b+ es deTs+> |j>|&TTHsTT nH~
\TdTe& M\T\T>TT+~. s+s deT> eT+q+ bs, dVbs n+X\T nq $u<+
+& n+{ deq b<q *q n+X\T> >T]+ neT\T#j *.
eT+q+ nu dq+ n+s>+> s+s+ ]> |jT > sV+#& q |D[qT
j sT#dT y*. eT+q duy\qT ns+ #dT y*.
eT+q+ due+ (Nature of Assessment)

HsTe&+ u>+>H eT+q+(nudq+ ]>|& eT+q+)
(Assessment as learning)
bsX \ *+# nu dq nqTuy \T |\\ deT> $k <V<|& $ > +&*. |\\ T

nu dq dyX\ bZ HsT +Tq|&T y] eT+q+ #jT & nu dq+ ]>|&T eT+q+
#jT &+ n+{+. <VsD |\\T n+X+| s> >~ ]> #s\ bZq|&T ysT $wj
ns+#dTe& @$<+> |dTHsT, eT n_bj\qT @$< +> e+#dTHsT nH n+X\qT
b<jTT&T |]o*+#& neX+ e+T+~. d+<s+H |\\ d+<V\qT e #jT&
|jT + L& sT>TT+~. n+f |]o\q <s |\\ T @$T HsT HsT nH~ eT+q+ #jT &+
sT>T+<qe. nudq+, eT+q+ ysTysT> +& nudq+ sT>TTq|& eT+q+
L & +T+~. m|{| &T |\\T eTqTeTT d ]#dT + HsT e& b<jTT&T
dV]+#>\T>T&T. ~ bs{y nddtyT+{. |\\ HsTe& + bC q|&T,
n~ #d eTq y~ d nqT @+ HsT H& \TdT+ ~. B{ $<] |> L& \TdT+ ~.
HsT e&+ |> \TdTe&yT e|q+ eT+q+.
121

nu dq+ =s (yTsT>T|s &) eT+q+
(Assessment for Learning)
s> >~ nu dq dyX\ |\\ T bZ HsT +Tq|&T y] |]o*d $<]

HsT+TH& <! @@ n+X\ +~|&TTH&T? @@ n+X\ eT]+ dVjT+ neds+
@ syTq dVs+ n+~+qsTT HsT>\T>T&T? nH $wj\qT <w +#T |]o*+#&+,
u<q esT #dT=H+<T #s\T #|& nudq+ yTsT>T|s#& #d eT+q+ n+{+.
k<sD+> eTq+ eT+q+ d+ |]o*+#&y
, | sV+#&y
#dT + {+. | \qT
<s+> #dT= $<] @ @ n+X\ dVs+ nedsy >T]+ #s\T #|&+ <w|&+
s>< T . nu dH yTsT>T|s# & eT+q+ |]o*+q s yTsT>T|s#& dV s+ n+~+#&+
m+ neds+. |\\ HT|d\qT, +{| |]o*+q|&T |\\T m& |\T #dTHsT? m&
+~|&T THsT n \TdT+ ~. B{ |\\ T m HsT +THsT nH <| b<jTT
ne>Vq edT+ ~. ~ bs{y nddtyT +{.
nudq+ jTT eT+q+
(Assessment of Learning)
|\\ T j $wj \qT b+es HsT Hs *| < nu dq+ jTT eT+q+. $<sT\ T
$$< nu dq \ bZ+ $$< ueq\qT, eeVs sb\qT, |j
H| D\qT b+<TsT.
|\\ T b+~q CH =+\+ s |+#&y T nu dq+ jTT eT+q +. ~ |\\
esT\T, >&T\ s|+ |<] eTT+~. ~b<jTT\T < uVw\ < s +&+{# eT+q+
#jT &TT+~. $<q+ #eT+~ $<sT\ T k] $<+ > eT+q+ #jT &sT. k<sD+>
sY |PssTTq sTy sV+# |\T nudq+ jTT eT+q+qT *jTCksTT. ~ |\\ nudq
k<q| T~ sj |{ +# |<. nq> ed , nsy], d+es+ |\T y{
<VsD\T. ~ dyT {y nddtyT +{.
eT+q+ #j*q n+X\T (1`5 eT]jTT 6`9 s>T\T)

(Areas of Assessment (1-5 and 6-9 classes)
b<$ TksTT (1`5 s> T \T)

` |<eT uw \T>T/s
` >D+
` |]ds\ $Cq+
` +^w
` \ T, k+d $<
` s>, yjeT $<, j>, <q+
` |, +|PsY $<
` $\Te\ $<, Jeq H| D\T, yK sT\T
122

q bsX \ ksTT (1`10 s> T \T)
` |<eT uw
` ~rjT uw
` rjT uw
` >D+
` keqXd+
` k+|T Xd+
` \ T, k+d $<
` s>, yjeT $<, j>, <q+
` |, +|PsY $<
` $\Te\ $<, Jeq H| D\T, yK sT\T
y{ eT+q+ #j*? (What to assess?)

uw\T:
1. $q&+, + e{&&+
2. #<e &+,ns+ #dT |d+~+#&+
3. k++> sjT&+ (djTs#q)
4. |<C _e~
5. dH esD , |X+ d
6. uwqT >T]+ \TdTe&+
>D + :
1. ueq\ ne>Vq, deTd k<q (Problem Solving)
2. sD\T #|&+`s|D
(Reasoning and Proof)
3. e s D (Communication)
4. d+<q+ (Connections)
5. b< +`<osD (Representation-Visulisation)
|]ds\ $Cq+
1. $wje>Vq
2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT&+
3. |j >\T, |]o\q\T
4. de#s H| D\T
5. ueT\T, e|\T ^jT&+, qeTH\T jsT#jT&+
6. yK sT\T, |X+ d, J$ $j>+
123

$Cq Xd+
1. $wje>Vq
2. |+#&+ ` |]\q\T #jT&+
3. |j >\T, |]o\q\T
4. de#s H| D\T
5. ueT\T, >|\t T ^jT&+, qeTH\T jsT#jT&+ <s ue|ks+
6. k+<s dV ` yKsT\T |X+d Je y$<+ ` J$ $j>+
k+|T Xd+
1. $wje>Vq
2. $wj #~$ ns+ #dTe&+, yU+#&+
3. de#s H| D\T
4. deTq, ke n+X\| |d+<q
5. |H| D\T
6. dT + ` |X+ d, yK sT\T
\ T, k+d $<
1. s+>T\T yjT&+, \T ^jT&+, n\+]+#&+, qeTH\T ueT\T jsT #jT&+
2. {H>yT, z]>$T, T, n*\T
3. H{\ T, @+\ q{+#&+, =]j>|,
4. b\T b&&+, y<|]s\ $j>+, q+ ` k sb\T |<] +#&+, yTy T
5. eTq d+d, \T, kV+
s>, yjeT$<
1. d> bZq&+ jTeT +<q \T b{+#&+, &d], | H| D\T
2. j>, <q+, k{, > & , mH.d.d.
3. T+ d++<\T, u<, |<eT
4. s>+, bwVs+, eT+ Vs| n\yT.
5. e> , |]ds\ |]Xu , eT+ n\yT
|, +|PsY $<
1. qeTH\T edTe \ j , |eTTT, keT $j>+.
2. e\ de\ $j>+, y\ bZq&+ (n+s ]\yT se\T, u<\T s]+#&+ )
3. +|PsY <s+> HsT e&+
4. +|PsYqT $j+#&+
5. ke se\T, XeT<q+
124

$\Te\ $<, Jeq H| D\T
1. eT+, #&T $#DCq+, desq
2. sC+> $\Te\T
3. dV q+, <jT , < qTu yTT<\>T e> $\Te\T
4. JeqH| D\T, #H H| D\T
5. b<jTT\T, dV<jTT\T bsX\, |uT dT\ | dsq yKsT\T * +&&+.
CCE
` m eT+q+ #j*? ` $<H\T (CCE How to assess? Procedures)
s+s deT> eT+q+ u> +> bsX \ sV+# eT+q $<H\T |\\ qT
d+|Ps+> |]o*+ qy<T#d$> +&*. b<jTT\T s> >~ |\ jT |\\ qT |]o*d
#d n+X\bT eqT> +> \ee<T \ sV+# eT+q + L& nedsy T . $
ys+, |, ed, ]q sb\ L& +&&+ neds+. nsTT @ eT+q $<q+ nsTTq|{
e# |* \qT { @ <] ] ] b\L&<T . n+f eT+q+ |\\ T b HsT HsT?
@$T HsT HsT? nH n+X\T |]o*+#&+bT HsT q n+X+ ds +> +&+<T L& eT+q+
&&*. CqeTT, ne>Vq $j>+, $Xw D , qq d+<s\ dsTu T#dT e&eTH n+X\uT
n_sT #T\T, yK sT\T, <>\T, | d \ T, Xs b<T>T<\ s>sy T q $wj \TL& +>
eT+q+ #j *. $<y Tq eT+q+ s +&T s\T.
1. sD eT+q+ (bs{y nddtyT+{)
2. d+>VD eT+q+ (dyT{y nddtyT+{)
sD eT+q+
(Formative Assessment)
s> >~ *+q nu dq \ |\\ T bZ+Tq|&T, u<q sT>TTq|&T $<]

@ $<+ > HsT+TH& |]o*+ qy<T #jT &+ <s |\\ nu dH yTsT>T|s#& w#j
T &
sD eT+q+ n+{sT. sD eT+q+ nH~ uj
T sV yesD+, |\\ ds>
* nu dqqT y>e ++ #dT& |] +#~. b<jTT&T |\\ |> s+s+ |]o*d nedsy T q
d+<s\ b<jTT&T |\\ dVjT]> * d]~~ eTT+<T q&|+#*. e\+ esT\T,
>&T\ s|+ +& |\\ y] keTs\ k<H d>T\qT $esD+> *| y] dsq
d#q\T d\V\T bV+ nu dH yTsT>T|s#& sD eT+q+ dV jT|&T T+~.
s> >~ ]> #s \T, |\\ de<H\T, bs+ eT< eT]jTT es q |X \T, nuk\ >T]+
#]dTq |&T |\\ T #s bZ # de<H\T, |\\ T sdq HT|d \T, s> |, +{| ,
bC | q T\T, T |qT\T yTT<q y{ <s+> |\\ T @$T HsT Hs, m HsT +THsH~
b<jTT&T n+#H yjTe#T. BH sD eT+q+ n+{+. u<H u dq sT>TTq deTjT+
s+s+ |& u d b<jTT, $<] eTqT eTT d]#dT H M\T*dT+ ~. nedsy Tq esT\T
#dT e& &&TT+~.
125

sD eT+q+ |<q+> H\T>T s\ k<H\qT |j+#*.
1. |\\ u>keT+`|d+<q\T (10 esT\T)
2. s n+X\T (HT|d \T, +{| yTT$) (10 esT\T)
3. bC |qT\T (10 esT\T)
4. \|T T | (d| t fd)t (20 esT\T)
1. |\\ u>keT+`|d+<q\T
bsX \ *+# u<H u dq dyX\ |\\ T bZH $<q+, ysT HsT H e, |>
*jTCdT + ~. { b<jTT&T $$< u<H u dq |jT |\\ T m bZ+THs? m
|d+~dTH s? |]o*+#&+ <s |\\ |> eT+q+ #jT & M\T \T>TT+~. nu dq
|jT \ |\\ u>ke |d+<q\qT $$< nu dq dyX\ <s |]o*+#e#T.
bs+X+| ]> #s\
\T, T|qT\T #dTq|&T
bC |qT\ bZq|&T
qeTH\T, e~sT\T, |{\T, >|t\T sb+~dTq|&T
dH \ bZ+Tq|&T
yT+&e|+>| ]> #s bZq|&T
bs+ eT<, bs+ es q |X\ de<H\qT >T]+ #]dTq|&T.
b<jTT&T s> >~, s> >~ jT |\\ qT |]o*+#*. s> >~ b<jTT&T
#| bs+ $+Tq~, ~, |\\ T |sd s #s \ (participation, discussion) bZ+TqB, B
\TdTe& |]o\q nH~ k<q +> |j >|& T T+~.
s>>~ jT |\\ eTD, |esq, $$< n+X\ |d+<q, \T ^jT+, b\T
b&+, \T &+, Vs| \yT, s>| n\yT, e> |]dse TT\ |]Xu, $#D |]Cq+
yTT<q $wj \ |\\ qT |]o*+#&+ <s eT~+| #jT e#T. eT]jTT |]o\q\ <s+> $$<
keTs\ b H& n+#H yjTe#T. M] d\V\T + yTsT>T|sT#THT |\T
d]~<THT #jTe#T.Bd+ s>>~ |\, s>>~ jT b\|& b<jTT&T, $<]
|]o*d +&*.
eT | (Oral Test):
s> >~ |\\ T nu dq dyX\ <s HsT +Tq n+X\qT >T]+ |]o*+#& eT
|qT b<jTT&T k<q+> |j+#e#T. |sp s>>~ bs+ #TTq d+<s+
$<] b+es nseTsTT+< \TdTe&b<jTT&T ss\ |X\T yd \TdT+
+{&T. B L& eT |> >V +#e#T. $q&+/ e{&& + nH keTs |+#& $$<
d+<s\ ss\ \T sVdT+ {+. |\\T <s+> #<e&+, #~$ ne>Vq #dT= k+
e\ #| &+. n> >D + eTH>D (H{ \T) #+~q n+X b<jTT&T ss \T>
126

|+ \TdT=+ +{sT. s|Ps+> +& n&> s|+ |+# $<H eT
|> #| e#T. ~ sTw y T q deTj #+~q~ s+s+ >, deT>+>q =qk> |>
>T]+#*.
{#sY & :
bsX\ *+# nudq nqTuy\ |\\ |>, bZ+Tq $<H m|{|&T |]o*+
qy<T #dTe& {#sY& b<jTT m+>H |j>|&TT+~ . u<q sT>TTq|&T,
u<Hq+s+ $<sT\ |d+<q\qT, =+<] $Xw |uq T, < ne>VH b\qT qy<T #jT&,
|ejT esZ\qT >T]+#& b<jTT |j>|&TT+~. qT {#sY& |\\ keTs\qT
eT~+| #d qy<T#dT & b<jTT sEy |j>|& k<q +> u$+#*.
2. |\\ T sdq n+X\T
|\\T eTT HsT q n+X\| eT n_bj\qT C&d k++> sksT. $ |\\T k~+q
keTs\ >T]+ ns+ #dT e& k<H \T> |j >|& sTT. s> >~q, +{ <>sZ |\\ T
nH n+X\qT sksT. M+{ sD eT+q+ |]>Dq rdTy*. |\\T s>
>~ $$< bs+X\ d++~+q nH $wj \qT HT|d \, +{| |d \, bs |d \
sd +{sT. M+{ |]o*+q|&T |\\T m HsT=+THsT? B{ y] ne>Vq, |>
n+#H yjT e#T. m& & | \T #dT H sT? |]o*+ k++> sjT& q dV s+ n+~+#&
M\T\T>TT+~.
(n) HT |d \T:
|\\ T bsX \q, +{e< eT HT |d \ sdq yT\T, #dq \T yTT<q y{
|]o*+ $<] |> \TdTy*. @ $wjT + b+ yqT& H&H~ \TdTe&+ <s $<]
nqTyq u<H u dqqT n+~+#& M\T\T>TT+~. |\\ +<] H{| d e TT\T #T e& bV+#*.
|\\ H{ |d + bs+X\ d++~+q n+XeTT\T, |X\T, yT\T, $$< n+XeTT\ y]
qq n+XeTT\T, |j> $<qeTT\T, ueT\T ^jT+, $$< deTd\T, bC |qT\T, |]\q\T
yTT<q n+XeTT\qT yjT& bV+#*.
() bs |d \ |X \T, nuk\T:
sD nu dq dyX\ bZ+ keTs\qT k~+#& nqTL\+> bs |d \T
sb+<sTT. { |\\ T bs|d\ L& # n+X\qT #]+#&+ eT]jTT sjTe\d +T+~.
bs+ eT<, bs+ es +& |X\ de<H\T, \ |{\T +|&+, de#s dsD
|{ \ T +|&+ , nedsy Tq y~ sjT&+ yTT<q e bs |d\ sjTe\d +T+~. bs u<q ,
#s \ d+<s + qT eT]jTT bs |d \ |\\ T sdq $wj \qT L& |]>Dq rdT= y]
|> n+#H yj*. bs+ es q nuk\ |\\T +, k++> eT<q yT\T
sj*. > & , |d \ #d sjTL&<T .
127

() |\\ & :
|\\ ~q#s y] d+<q\T, #dq $q |T q\ nqTu
T\T, nqTuy \T yTT<q y{ b+<T|s
sdq< |\\ & .
|\\ & <s uc keTs\T, y] CsTTr, n_sT#T\T, |<C \+, d \ T, uwqT
|j +#T rsT \TdTe#T.
() d+|T q s#q (nH ]sY):
@<H d+|T q < dyX+ $<] |esq qT >T]+ b<jTT&T sjT& < +q
]sTq T d+|T q s#q < nq> ]sY n+{sT. Anecdote nq> | d+|T qqT >T]+
d+|+ > sjT&+. | b<jTT&T nH ]sT (d+|Tq\ ]wsT)qT sVksT. nH
]sT qeTHqT |]o*+#+&.
= d+<s\ |\\T |<y ] Xs|s rsT |e]ksT. n+X+ | |\\T <H+>
< TTD+> |d+~+# rsTqT |]o*+#& ~ |j>|&TT+~.
|\\ $Xw |uqT qs d+uwD < d+<s+ >T]+ sjT&+.
() bsYb*j (Portfolio):
$<sT\ T #dq \qT d]+q y{ |<s q\qT, |rsT $es\qT d+\q+ #d u <|s # & y T
portfolio. $$< ksTT\ ysT sdq y{ |<]
+#e#T. M{ e> portfolio n+{sT.
| d+|T q\qT, $Xw |u q]q|&T <s |\qT u <|s # e #T.
|\\ T sdq > j\T, <\ T, b&+q > j\T, ^dq \T, s \T yTT<q $.
3. bC |qT\T
s> >~ e\+ $q&+ <s < #<e&+ <s HsTe&+ n +& #jT&+ <s,
nqTue + <s HsT e& neX+ *+# seTyT bC | q T\T. B<s |\ |]o\q,
|j > H| D\T n_e~# +<TsTT. V+> u<H u dq |jT \ bZq>\T>TsT. uw\T,
uws n+X\ |\\ T k++> CH b+<& bC |qT\T m+>H |j>|& sTT. |\\ T
bC bZq $<H, sb+~+q y~\qT <s+> #dT = eT+q+ #j *. q
n+X+ MT< $<]/ $<sT\T L\+w+> #]+ deTdqT $$< D\ $Xw+, |]o*+
y~qT deT]+#&+.
~ =+eT+~ $<sT\ T +> L& sV+#e#TqT. $<q+ e\q $<]
djT+ nu dq+, qT \TdTq n+X\ MT< ssD
, = $wj \qT d]+#&+, qeTH\qT
jsT#jT&+, deTdqT $Xw+#&+ , sT\ e{&&+ yTT<q >TD\T n\e&sTT.
128

y~ s|\q (Documentation):
|\\T eTT d]+q de#s <s+> #dT= y~qT jsT#ksT. |\\T sV+#
se\qT eT|< sd e>* n~ y~ neT+~. bC |qT\T, de#s dsD
yTT<\>T
y{ ]bsY s|+ sjT& &y T +fwH < y~ s|\ q n+{sT. |qT\ ysT
sV+q rsT, d]+q de#s+ sj*.
4. \|T T | (Slip Test)
sD eT+q+ |\\ keTs\ k<q qT q | s|+ L& |]o*+#e\d
+T+~. nsTT, ~ k<sD jT{ | <T. B >T]+ eTT+<T>H |X|+ sb+~+#Te&+,
|\ fy T fT |{ + #&+ , deTjT+H |q T sV+#&+ e+{$ +&e. b<jTT&T qT
#| q bs+X\ m+| #dT q $< |eD\qT |]o*+#& n|{| & sV+# s
|. B <s |\\ keTs\ k<q qT b<jTT&T s]+#& M\T \T>TT+~. B| m+{
eTT+<dT de#s+ $<sT\ eqeds+ <T . |X \qT q\\| >, #sT | > sj*. |d +
q |X\qT, nuk\qT n> eL&<T . |\\ T + k++> de<H\T sd+<T M\T>
|X\T jsT#d y*.
| bs+ sT>TTq|&T |\\ keTs\qT | k<H \ <s >T]+ esT\ <s+> >&T
(A+, A, B+, B, C) qy<T #j *.
bs {y d\dt |P]>H n|{ es ]q bs\ |\\ keTs\ d>

TqT +
sj * (CCE Module #&+&).
nqTq keTs\T k~+# d+<s+ |\\T eTs\ HsT e& neX+ *+#*. n+f
bs{y eT~+| ]w |X|+, ]w deTjT+ |P]#d s+ | < >T]+#*.
d+>VD eT+q+ (Summative Assessment)

$<] u<H u dq |jT \ <s HsT =q n+X\qT yTT+ > eT+q+ #jT & d+>V D
eT+q+ n+{sT. $ sT yTT+ |P]nsTTq s < s] bs|D[ |PssTTq sTy
|\\ k<q qT |+# |< . |< $<] qT #~$q sT<s @$T HsT H&T?, m+ es
HsTH&T? nH n+X\qT |]o*+#&+ sT>TT+~. k<sD+> s (||sY ` |) |\ s|+
eyT sV+# d+>VD eT+q+ bs$wj\qT eyT|+#&+ sT>TT+~. |\\T
b+ HsTHsT n |+ #&+ . ]q, y] |] sV+# d+>VD eT+q+ $<sT\ T
y] k<qqT, esT\T, s+\ s|+ n+<CdT+~. rs k~+#s < eyT *jTCdT+~.
$<sT\ T #~$q n+X\ ne>Vq #dT = d++> |\ sjTe\d se&+ e\ |\ |\ |
ujT+, y\ +&<T. sV n+sZ eT+q $<q+ |\ |] |\\ eT< *> ny+#jT
b{ +Z #& |j>|&TT+~. B duy eT]+> +> ns+#dT+<+.
129

~ nu dqqT eT+q+ #d |< .
k<sD+> sY, y] |\ s|+ HsTq yTT |dT + ~. nq> e d (Quarterly),
ns y] (Half Yearly) eT]jTT y] (Annual) |\ T s|& +.
$<|eD\ <s+> |\\ |> b<jTT&T djT+> jsT#dq | ||sY |]o*+#
| |< .
| sVD d+ b<jTT\T du y > s]+q $< |eD\ <s+> |X |+
sb+~+#Ty* ($wjTy us |{\qT |]o*+#+&.)
d+>VD eT+q+ (dyT{y nddtyT+{) m sV+#*?

d+>VD eT+q+ L& s keTs\ |\\ |> |]o*+# | e+{~. ~
L& { |&+, j++> yjT&+, & ~> +&*. s+q d\dt |PssTTq s y
| s|+ dyT{y eT~+| #j*. B m sV+# |]o*<+.
s] d\dt <s+> b<jTT&T djT+> |X|+ sb+~+#T= eT~+| #j*.

s d+d\T, e\T sb+~+q |X|\T |j+#L&<T.
$<|eD\ <s+> |X| j sT#dT y*.
b<jTT&T |X|+ <s+> b<$ T j sT#dT y*q neds+ <T .
m+<T+f dyT{y |X|+ |X\T due k++> sjT&, $XwD+>
sjT& M\T> e+{sTT. { s> |\\+<s syTq de<q + sks
u$+#L&<T.
|\\ T k++> de<H\T sjT& |X|+ &&*. =k] bs |d + d+q
<H _qyTq de<q+ $<] q k+ #q, nqTue+ sde+&e#T. n~ ds q ~
nsTTq|&T < L& |]>Dq rdTy*.
| |X 5 esT\T jT{> e+T+~ { b<jTT&T de<H |]o*+ esT\T
{sTT+#*.
$u>+ s+&T esT\T |X\T s+&T esT |X { +<qT+<+. $&$&>
esT\T ydq |{ yTT+ > |X <T >qT b esT\T e#j + qy<T#j*.
$<|eD+ |X \ $u>+H +{sTT { $<|eD b esT\T
#sT, |\\T b esT\T k~+#sT nH~ dT\u+> \TdTe#T.
k<sD+> b<jTT\T +es de<q |\T ~~qf |dT + L& de<q |
~~ esT\T yjT e#T. de<H\T $<] $<] esT +{sTT { C>>
#~$ esT\T {sTT+#*.
130

|+{qT |]o*+#+&:
131
de<q |+ ~~q sT y |q {sTT+q >&T \ @ $<|eD b esT\T

e#sTT, yTT+ esT\T, >&T sj*.
>&T ssTT+#&+ $<] k~+q esT\qT <w +#Ty*. +~ |{ <s+>

esT\ X{ >&Ty*.
X+
>&T
91-100
A+
71-90
51-70
B+
41-50
40 n+H
+~ <VsDqT |]o*+#+&. sj b$T< s> #<Te+~. u skjTq Xd+

dyT {y { qT b+~q esT\T, $<|eD\T b Hj |]o*+#+&.
$<|eD\T
3
4
5
40
10
15
10
15
10
100
20
10
11
62
esT\T
>&T
B+
n+f b<jTT&T sT $u>\T> (dH 7 $<|eD\T e+{sTT. |X|+ 6,7

$< |eD\qT $u>+> y*) |X| 100 esT\ sb+~+#&T. $<|eD\
us |{ |s+ esT\T {sTT+#&T. de<q | ~~ @ $<|eD b esT\T
e#j qy<T#X&T. sj 100 62 esT\T k~++~. |{ |s+ 51`70 esT\T k~+qsTT
B+ >&T edT+~. { sj B+ >&T q< b<jTT&T >T]+#&T.
132

dyT {y e~] |X|+`1
8e s>
u skjTq Xd+
deTjT+:
$<] |sT.........................................dH. .........................H+sY.....................

I
II
III
IV
VI
esT\T >&T
I $wje>Vq
n) +~ @y s +&T |X \ $|\+> de<H\T sjT+&.
2I10R20
1. V\qT r>\T> k>>=e#T <! +{ V\ +& skjTq <s \qT <VsD\

$e]+#+&.
2. MT b++ < \Tw+ *+# n+X\T @$T{? < e\ MT b+ |\T m<Ts=+Tq
qc\T @$T{? y{ y]+#& e # d#q\T @$T{ ?
3. s+>jT |X e\qT yT|+Tq|&T qT+& X+ sTeTT\T, yTsT|\T e#sTT.
$ m @s&sTT? deTjT+ s+sjT @yT$T C>\ T rdTy*?
) +~ |X\ de<H\T sjT+&.

2I5R10
4. |T sD eqy[ $T&T eyT <T $s~ L& n CM< #b&T. e n& m
deT]ke?
5. ksT++ >T]+ MTsT #~ysT <! <>T]+ yd+ sj\+f MTsT m+| #dTH
@yH <T |< H+X\T \|+&. y{>T ]+ $es+> sjT+&.
) +~ |X\ e de<q+ sjT+&.
6. <V qo\ |<s <VsD
7. $<TY $Xw + nq>
8. <e q+ |+# ~
9. ds , q &
10. o|T<Vq+ nq>
133
5I R2

6IR3
) U\ dsq de<q+ sjT+&.

11. eT <s\qT...........................|<s\qT+& d+Xw k sT .
12. jT++ |T sD Z+#& e .......................... |j ke.
13. dTBsY eT+&TTq |\qT |H [ esq +q|&T s| t eT X+ e+~. n~............

yjTTe nsTT +&e#T.
14. < reqT =\e& e |j +# |]s+ ....................
15. X+qT+& u $T #s \\qT ...................... n |\TksT .
16. dk>|qt T |j + ......................... =*# n+X+.
) +~ |<\qT >T]+ MTs$T ns+ #dT Hs sjT+&.
17. sHC w H , 18. $<T~Xw |T +
2I1R2
}) +~ |X\ d]bjT de<H >T]+#+&.
5I R2
19. +~ y @ edTe\qT s|& <s yX *+#eTT

(m) bd d\T
(_) s&
(d) >* +|q u\H (&) seTT
20. s jH <qT+& j seT+~

(m) H\u>TZ
(_) H
(d) Hs
(&) d\TC
21. u>TZ eTTK nqT|T +

(m) sH
(_) H
(d) >*
(&) sT
22. +~ y $<TYyV+ @~
(m) d<q\+
(_) >T sT
(d) =] qH
(&) sdH
23. +~ y nV+
(m) qTeTT
(_) +
II.
(d) s
|+#&+, |]\q\T #jT &+
(&) k&jT+
2I5R10
24. sujT \+ u $T n +<H \T n&T>+{ bTHsTT. n|&T eqy[ Jeq+

m +T+< }V+ sjT+&.
25. { |#Y MT< <=]+# s\sY| | #d $$< \ >T]+ B| nH d+<V \T *>sTT.
MT @yT$T d+<V \T \T>Tj C_ sjT +&.
134

III.
|j>\T ` |]o\q\T
1I10R10
26. MT bsX \ dqT ~He+ sE MT $<T~Xw |T+ #d |<] +# neX+

e+~.<d+ e @@ edTe\T d]ke. < m jsT#ky $es+> sjT+&
( < )
X+ qT| + #$ s |P |Pd+~. B yT nqTd]+q |< @yTe+T+<
#| +&.< <X\ qT esTd> sjT+&
IV. de#s dsD\T ` b |qT\T
27. +~ |{ 1991 qT+& 1997 es us< X + X $T X\ *jTCdT q ~. |{
|]o*+ de#s $Xw +#+&.
1I10R10
e.d+.
d+es+
X $ T %
m)
_)
d)
&)
)
28.
1991
7.9
1992
7.8
1993
8.3
1994
7.4
1995
7.1
1996
9.2
1997
11.5
X $ T |sT>TTq<? >T Z T q<?

1991 b* 1997 X \u |]d m+~?
@ d+es+ X neds+ e> qT MTsT >eT+#sT.
X$T X+ |sT>TTq<H $wjT+ < ddT+~?
|{ u$wT @ n+X+|q <w |{\ dk+~?
MT >eT+/ |D
+ |{*jT+ T\ $j> + >T]+ y~ jsT#jT {
MTsT d ]+#e\dq de#s + @$T{? < qy<T #jT& de#s |{ qT
j sT#jT+&.
5I1R 5
ueT\T ^jT&+, qeTH\T j sT#jT &+ <s ue|ks+
2I5R 10
29. H\u>TZqT y&#d y\Te& yjTTe\ >T]+ \TdT& #jTe\dq |j> $e]+#
ueT ^jT+&. |j>+ rdTe\dq C>\ >T]+ sjT+&.
135

30. njTk+ ~L, u, ysT |j+ fdsTqT jsT#d $<H * | ueT
^jT+&. < |j >+ sjT+&.
VI . |X+d,
$\Te\T, Jey$<+, J$ $j>+
3I5R 15
31. u$T#T ]> |>V\ e\q *> s&jT wH Jey$<+|q @$<yTq |uy *k+<
nH n+X+| e{&* ed @jT n+X\qT eTTK+> |k$ke?
32. V] q +& <>Z] |qT\T #dT e&+ d+ ysY u <T\T> d y&&+ e\ eTq+
# +<H b<T| #jT >\T>T+ n nH&T. $wjT + MTs @yT$T d\V*ksT .
33. y+ de<H\T sjT +&.
m) d +> |jT e\q *> u+
_) |<|< |\T <qT\T $q&+e\ *> qw+
d) |TsD e $j+#TH d+<s+
&) $d+> |j>|&TTq bdqT y |X+dke?
) < \Tw ysD $# d\V @$T{?
136

dyT {y e~] |X|+`2
9e s>
u skjTq Xd+
deTjT+:
$<] |sT...............................................dH. ..................... H+sY.....................

I
II
III
IV
VI
esT\T >&T
I $wje>Vq
n) +~ |X\ @y s+&+{ $es+> de<H\T sjT+&.

2I10R20
1. deTsD #\q dMTsD
\qT ~+#+&.
2. s<sY|sY |seDT +< qeTH |b<q\qT, |]$TT\qT \+&.
3. <e+ $$< T |&q ek d ~+ , < qT+& q+qT
$e]+#+&.
) +~ |X\ de<H\T sjT+&.
2I5R10
4. |<, |H<+\ >\ u<y T$T?
5. >TsTsD e\q #+<T&T u $T| |& b e& >\ sD\qT \+&.
) +~ |X\ y+ de<H\T sjT+&.
5I1R5
6. d+|&
7. n+ d<q+
8. bsT jT{ <es
9. &+
10. k{|t
) U\ dsq de<q+ sjT+&.
5I R2
11. #T ds+, u+>TsT ds\ eT< &qT *| \D
............................. n+{+.
12. u |]\+ qT+& =+ mT q edTe +& d X .................... n+{+.
13. |eD |T q|]eD+ >\ <es ............................. n+{+.
14. d#| q edT sD+ ............................. | <s|& < T .
15. q{H\T |se DTe .............................
137

) +~ |X\ dsq de<H sjT+&.
5I R 2
16. Na CO k&jT+ jTT d+j
m) 1
_) 2
d) 3
&) 4
17. +~ y{ X< |<s+
m) >*
_) k&
d) d<q\+ &) d\T
18. <ey> jTe +~ y{ < $e]+#>\+?
m) qH 2e >eTq jTeT+
_) qH 3e >eTq jTeT+
d) qH 2, 3e >eTq je\T
&) qH 1, 2, 3 >eTq je\T
19. e A qT+& B 40 .MT./>+ y>+ |j D+ ] B qT+& A 50 .MT./>+
y>+ |j D+#&T. nsTTq n dsd] y>+ y>+ .MT./>+\ ..........
20. |<s+ d esT ......................... | <s|& +T+~.
2
II |+#&+,
|]\q\T #jT &+
2I5R10
21. U >dT , |+ q {| $<H #d ns$ +< = |X\T n&>&T.

y @jT |X \T n&T>Te?
22. || qT+& y\Te&q sT +<|& q s { _+<Te\T> $&beqT dT<sY >eT+#&T.
d+<s #dq dT<sY = }V\T #X&T. n$ @$T{ e #| >\y?
III |j>\T`
|]o\q\T
10 esT\T
23. essY |H + $TXeTe? d+j> |<se ? B eTq+ m \TdT>\+? +<Td+

MTsT #dq |j > $<H $e]+#+&.
(<)
24. *j& edTe\ | \D qT>=q& @<H |j> $<H d+#+&.
|j > + #d|&T @jT n+X\T <w +#Ty*. @yT$T C>\ T rdTy*?
IV de#s
25.
dsD`bC |qT\T
2I5R10 esT\T
ii) yVH\ msTTsY
u \T |#d $<q+ >T]+ de#s d]+#\+f mese]

\y*? @ @ $wj\ >T]+ de#s+ d]+#*?
138

+~ |{ q T |]o*+#+&. MTsT >eT+q n+X\T sjT+&.
5 esT\T
e. d+.
eT\+
d+j
d+j> |<s+
H 2O
NH3
CH4
SO 2
H2SO4
V ueT\T
^jT&+, qeTH\T j sT #jT &+ <s ue |ks+
2I5R10
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(b) Present address
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147

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