19 Respirasi
19 Respirasi
Hukum termodinamika I
Jumlah energi di dunia ini konstan,
artinya bahwa energi tidak dapat
diciptakan atau pun dimusnahkan.
Energi hanya dapat diubah dari satu
bentuk ke bentuk energi yang lain.
Jumlah total energi dalam suatu
sistem dan lingkungan sekitarnya
tetap/konstan,
karena
perubahan
energi berlangsung secara konstan
pula.
Cellular resp. in
mitochondria
Fermentation is a partial
degradation of sugar that
occurs without the help of
oxygen
Waste product of respirations CO2 and H2O are the very substances that chloroplasts use as raw materials for
photosynthesis, thus the chemical elements essentials to life are recycled but energy is not. It flows into an
ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat
menjadi
molekul
yang lebih
Contoh-contoh:
Katabolisme
i.
Jalur Metabolisme
Berbagai reaksi metabolisme terjadi melalui suatu jalur yang berupa
seri reaksi kimia
Manfaat jalur metabolisme digunakan untuk membangun molekul
kompleks atau aktivitas metabolik yang kompleks, menguraikan
molekul kompleks tersebut.
Enzim
Reaksi kimia yang spontan dapat terjadi dengan sangat lambat
i.e. hidrolisis sukrosa (table sugar) menjadi glukosa dan fruktosa
Dalam air steril reaksi akan terjadi selama bertahun-tahun pada
temperatur kamar.
Tapi jika kita tambahkan sedikit saja sukrase, sukrosa akan
terhidrolisa dalam hitungan detik
Bagaimana enzim dapat melakukan hal itu?
Katalis : a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction
Di dalam tubuh mahluk hidup, metabolisme dibantu oleh adanya
biokatalis, yang dinamakan enzim
Enzyme inhibitors
i. Competitive inhibitors
reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking
substrates
from entering active sites
ii. Noncompetitive inhibitors
do not directly compete with the substrate at the active
site
Autotrofi
Tumbuhan hijau, alga, dan beberapa bakteri dikategorikan sebagai
organisme yang autotrof
Menggunakan energi matahari untuk merakit prekursor anorganik,
terutama CO2 dan H2O, untuk membentuk makromolekul organik
(proses fotosintesis)
Heterotrofi
Organisme heterotrof mendapatkan energi dari penguraian molekul
yang ada di sekitarnya (dalam bentuk makanan), yang berasal dari
organisme autotrof.
Penguraian molekul organik terjadi pada proses katabolisme (respirasi)
untuk membentuk ATP
ATP dibutuhkan untuk sintesis makromolekul yang dibuatnya dalam proses
anabolisme
INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Nearly all the cells in our body break down sugars
for ATP production
Most cells of most organisms harvest energy
aerobically, like slow muscle fibers
The aerobic harvesting of energy from sugar is
called cellular respiration
Cellular respiration yields CO2, H2O, and a large
amount of ATP
Respiration
Respiration banks energy in ATP molecules
Glucose
Oxygen gas
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Energy
Energy
Glucose
Gain of hydrogen atoms
REDUCTION
Electron flow
Figure 6.6
Figure 6.6B
High H+
concentration
ATP synthase
uses gradient
energy to
make ATP
Membrane
Electron
transport
chain
Energy from
ATP
synthase
Low H+
concentration
Enzyme
Adenosine
This process
is called
substrate-level
phosphorylation
Organic molecule
(substrate)
Adenosine
Figure 6.7B
Krebs cycle
= citric acid cycle
coz citric acid is
important
intermediate
= tricarboxylic
acid (TCA) cycle
coz citric acid
and isocitric acid
have 3 carboxyl
groups
High-energy electrons
carried by NADH
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose
Cytoplasmic
fluid
Figure 6.8
Pyruvic
acid
KREBS
CYCLE
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN
AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
Mitochondrion
Glucose
Pyruvic
acid
Details of
glycolysis
Steps 1 3 A fuel
molecule is energized,
using ATP.
Glucose
Step
PREPARATORY
PHASE
(energy investment)
Glucose-6-phosphate
2
Fructose-6-phosphate
3
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Step
A six-carbon
intermediate splits into
two three-carbon
intermediates.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
ENERGY PAYOFF
PHASE
Step 5 A redox
reaction generates
NADH.
6
Steps 6 9 ATP
and pyruvic acid
are produced.
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
3-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
9
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecules
per glucose molecule)
Pyruvic
acid
Acetyl CoA
(acetyl coenzyme A)
CO2
Figure 6.10
is a series of
reactions in
which enzymes
strip away
electrons and
H+ from each
acetyl group
KREBS
CYCLE
Figure 6.11A
2
CO2
Citric acid
CO2 leaves cycle
5
KREBS
CYCLE
Malic
acid
4
Alpha-ketoglutaric acid
3
CO2 leaves cycle
Succinic
acid
Step 1
Acetyl CoA stokes
the furnace
Figure 6.11B
Steps 2 and 3
NADH, ATP, and CO2 are generated
during redox reactions.
Steps 4 and 5
Redox reactions generate FADH2
and NADH.
Protein
complex
Intermembrane
space
Electron
carrier
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Electron
flow
Mitochondrial
matrix
ATP SYNTHASE
Cyanide,
carbon monoxide
Oligomycin
ATP SYNTHASE
Mitochondrion
Electron shuttle
across
membranes
GLYCOLYSIS
2
Glucose
Pyruvic
acid
by substrate-level
phosphorylation
2
Acetyl
CoA
KREBS
CYCLE
by substrate-level
phosphorylation
KREBS
CYCLE
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN
AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
by chemiosmotic
phosphorylation
released
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose
Figure 6.15A
2 Pyruvic
acid
2 Ethanol
Figure 6.15C
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose
Figure 6.15B
2 Pyruvic
acid
2 Lactic acid
INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN
MOLECULAR BREAKDOWN AND
SYNTHESIS
Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel
for cellular respiration
Polysaccharides can be hydrolyzed to
monosaccharides and then converted to
glucose for glycolysis
Proteins can be digested to amino acids,
which are chemically altered and then used in
the Krebs cycle
Fats are broken up and fed into glycolysis and
the Krebs cycle
Food, such as
peanuts
Polysaccharides
Fats
Proteins
Sugars
Amino acids
Amino
groups
Glucose
G3P
GLYCOLYSIS
Pyruvic
acid
Acetyl
CoA
KREBS
CYCLE
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN
AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
KREBS
CYCLE
GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS
Acetyl
CoA
Pyruvic
acid
G3P
Glucose
Amino
groups
Amino acids
Sugars
Proteins
Fats
Polyscaccharides
Mitokondria
Struktur Mitokondria
1.
Membran luar
Fungsi utama :
pengubahan energi potensial
(dalam bentuk makanan) menjadi
ATP
2. Membran dalam
Glikolisis
Persamaan reaksi
C3H4O3 + NADH + H+ CO2 +
C2H5OH + NAD+
Persamaan reaksi
C3H4O3 + NADH + H+ C3H6O3 + NAD+
Proses dinamakan fermentasi asam laktat